See gʰrem- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰrém-e-ti (thematic present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʰrémō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrémō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrémō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "*χρέμω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: *χρέμω (*khrémō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: *χρέμω (*khrémō)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "χρεμετίζω",
"der": "1",
"t": "to neigh, whinny"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Ancient Greek: χρεμετίζω (khremetízō, “to neigh, whinny”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Ancient Greek: χρεμετίζω (khremetízō, “to neigh, whinny”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*gʰrámati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*grámati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *grámati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *grámati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬨𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬄𐬨",
"pos": "gen.pl.ptc.pres.",
"t": "to anger"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬨𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬄𐬨 (graməṇtąm, “to anger”, gen.pl.ptc.pres.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬨𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬄𐬨 (graməṇtąm, “to anger”, gen.pl.ptc.pres.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰé-gʰrom-ti ~ *gʰé-gʰr̥m-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "gramė́ti",
"t": "to fall with a rumble"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: gramė́ti (“to fall with a rumble”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: gramė́ti (“to fall with a rumble”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰrém-ye-ti (ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*gʰrámyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámyati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*grámyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *grámyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *grámyati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sog",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Sogdian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sogdian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sog",
"pos": "3sg.dur.",
"sc": "Syrc",
"sclb": "1",
"t": "to roar",
"tr": "ɣryntq",
"ts": "ɣrintē"
},
"expansion": "Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (ɣryntq /ɣrintē/, “to roar”, 3sg.dur.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (ɣryntq /ɣrintē/, “to roar”, 3sg.dur.)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal"
},
"expansion": "Middle Persian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Persian:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "غرمیدن",
"t": "to thunder, roar, fly in a passion",
"tr": "ğarmidan"
},
"expansion": "Persian: غرمیدن (ğarmidan, “to thunder, roar, fly in a passion”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Persian: غرمیدن (ğarmidan, “to thunder, roar, fly in a passion”)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tg",
"2": "ғармидан"
},
"expansion": "Tajik: ғармидан (ġarmidan)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tajik: ғармидан (ġarmidan)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰrom-éye-ti (eye-causative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*gramjaną",
"t": "to anger",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Germanic: *gramjaną (“to anger”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "or denominative from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"gem-pro\">*gramaz</i>"
},
"expansion": "(or denominative from *gramaz)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Germanic: *gramjaną (“to anger”) (or denominative from *gramaz) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰr̥-né-m-ti ~ *gʰr̥-n-m-énti (nasal-infix)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grimmaną",
"t": "to roar"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grimmaną (“to roar”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "< metathesized *gʰr-én-m-ti"
},
"expansion": "(< metathesized *gʰr-én-m-ti)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grimmaną (“to roar”) (< metathesized *gʰr-én-m-ti) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰr̥m-éh₁-ti (eh₁-stative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*grimēˀtei"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grimēˀtei",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "with present stem from *gʰr̥m-h₁yé-ti ?"
},
"expansion": "(with present stem from *gʰr̥m-h₁yé-ti ?)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grimēˀtei (with present stem from *gʰr̥m-h₁yé-ti ?)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*grьměti",
"t": "to thunder, to roar"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *grьměti (“to thunder, to roar”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *grьměti (“to thunder, to roar”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "grumė́ti"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: grumė́ti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: grumė́ti"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰrem-no-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grimmaz",
"t": "grim, grimly, fierce"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grimmaz (“grim, grimly, fierce”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grimmaz (“grim, grimly, fierce”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰróm-o-s"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰr̥m-eh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "χάρμη",
"t": "joy of battle"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: χάρμη (khármē, “joy of battle”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: χάρμη (khármē, “joy of battle”)"
}
],
"etymology_text": "An old sound symbolic root according to Kroonen.",
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰrem-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "100 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CReR-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to roar, rumble"
],
"id": "en-gʰrem--ine-pro-root-1jPNDvoP",
"links": [
[
"roar",
"roar"
],
[
"rumble",
"rumble"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*bʰrem-"
},
{
"word": "*dʰwen-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to thunder"
],
"id": "en-gʰrem--ine-pro-root-0A0VSLzf",
"links": [
[
"thunder",
"thunder"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*(s)tenh₂-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to be angry"
],
"id": "en-gʰrem--ine-pro-root-wA-9hOUV",
"links": [
[
"angry",
"angry"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "gʰrem-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CReR-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰrém-e-ti (thematic present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʰrémō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrémō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrémō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "*χρέμω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: *χρέμω (*khrémō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: *χρέμω (*khrémō)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "χρεμετίζω",
"der": "1",
"t": "to neigh, whinny"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Ancient Greek: χρεμετίζω (khremetízō, “to neigh, whinny”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Ancient Greek: χρεμετίζω (khremetízō, “to neigh, whinny”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*gʰrámati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*grámati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *grámati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *grámati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬨𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬄𐬨",
"pos": "gen.pl.ptc.pres.",
"t": "to anger"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬨𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬄𐬨 (graməṇtąm, “to anger”, gen.pl.ptc.pres.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬨𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬄𐬨 (graməṇtąm, “to anger”, gen.pl.ptc.pres.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰé-gʰrom-ti ~ *gʰé-gʰr̥m-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "gramė́ti",
"t": "to fall with a rumble"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: gramė́ti (“to fall with a rumble”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: gramė́ti (“to fall with a rumble”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰrém-ye-ti (ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*gʰrámyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámyati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*grámyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *grámyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *grámyati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sog",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Sogdian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sogdian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sog",
"pos": "3sg.dur.",
"sc": "Syrc",
"sclb": "1",
"t": "to roar",
"tr": "ɣryntq",
"ts": "ɣrintē"
},
"expansion": "Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (ɣryntq /ɣrintē/, “to roar”, 3sg.dur.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (ɣryntq /ɣrintē/, “to roar”, 3sg.dur.)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal"
},
"expansion": "Middle Persian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Persian:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "غرمیدن",
"t": "to thunder, roar, fly in a passion",
"tr": "ğarmidan"
},
"expansion": "Persian: غرمیدن (ğarmidan, “to thunder, roar, fly in a passion”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Persian: غرمیدن (ğarmidan, “to thunder, roar, fly in a passion”)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tg",
"2": "ғармидан"
},
"expansion": "Tajik: ғармидан (ġarmidan)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tajik: ғармидан (ġarmidan)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰrom-éye-ti (eye-causative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*gramjaną",
"t": "to anger",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Germanic: *gramjaną (“to anger”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "or denominative from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"gem-pro\">*gramaz</i>"
},
"expansion": "(or denominative from *gramaz)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Germanic: *gramjaną (“to anger”) (or denominative from *gramaz) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰr̥-né-m-ti ~ *gʰr̥-n-m-énti (nasal-infix)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grimmaną",
"t": "to roar"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grimmaną (“to roar”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "< metathesized *gʰr-én-m-ti"
},
"expansion": "(< metathesized *gʰr-én-m-ti)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grimmaną (“to roar”) (< metathesized *gʰr-én-m-ti) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰr̥m-éh₁-ti (eh₁-stative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*grimēˀtei"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grimēˀtei",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "with present stem from *gʰr̥m-h₁yé-ti ?"
},
"expansion": "(with present stem from *gʰr̥m-h₁yé-ti ?)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grimēˀtei (with present stem from *gʰr̥m-h₁yé-ti ?)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*grьměti",
"t": "to thunder, to roar"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *grьměti (“to thunder, to roar”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *grьměti (“to thunder, to roar”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "grumė́ti"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: grumė́ti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: grumė́ti"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰrem-no-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grimmaz",
"t": "grim, grimly, fierce"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grimmaz (“grim, grimly, fierce”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grimmaz (“grim, grimly, fierce”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰróm-o-s"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰr̥m-eh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "χάρμη",
"t": "joy of battle"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: χάρμη (khármē, “joy of battle”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: χάρμη (khármē, “joy of battle”)"
}
],
"etymology_text": "An old sound symbolic root according to Kroonen.",
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰrem-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to roar, rumble"
],
"links": [
[
"roar",
"roar"
],
[
"rumble",
"rumble"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*bʰrem-"
},
{
"word": "*dʰwen-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to thunder"
],
"links": [
[
"thunder",
"thunder"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*(s)tenh₂-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to be angry"
],
"links": [
[
"angry",
"angry"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "gʰrem-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for gʰrem- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (7.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.