See gʰer- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSONL data for gʰer- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (16.8kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰrey-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*gʰrendʰ-",
"alt": "*gʰren(H)dʰ-",
"nolb": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? *gʰren(H)dʰ-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? *gʰren(H)dʰ-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰrend-?"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*gʰrónd-ro-s",
"nolb": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? *gʰrónd-ro-s",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? *gʰrónd-ro-s"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʰróndros"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰróndros",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰróndros"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "χόνδρος",
"t": "small mass; corn of grain; cartilage",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Ancient Greek: χόνδρος (khóndros, “small mass; corn of grain; cartilage”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Ancient Greek: χόνδρος (khóndros, “small mass; corn of grain; cartilage”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰrewd- ~ *gʰr-eu-d- ~ *gʷrod-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "կորկոտ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: կորկոտ (korkot)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "perhaps"
},
"expansion": "(perhaps)",
"name": "qualifier"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: կորկոտ (korkot) < *gʷo-gʷrod- (perhaps)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "graudìnti",
"t": "to move, touch"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: graudìnti (“to move, touch”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: graudìnti (“to move, touch”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*gruditi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *gruditi",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *gruditi (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "grūst"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: grūst",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: grūst"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "grūsti"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: grūsti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: grūsti"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "gruds",
"t": "grain, corn"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: gruds (“grain, corn”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: gruds (“grain, corn”), grauds"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "grūdas"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: grūdas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: grūdas, graûds"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bat-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Baltic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Baltic:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "grúodas",
"t": "frost; frozen mud or street dirt"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: grúodas (“frost; frozen mud or street dirt”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: grúodas (“frost; frozen mud or street dirt”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "*routa",
"bor": "1",
"t": "frost on the ground"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Finnic: *routa (“frost on the ground”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Finnic: *routa (“frost on the ground”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*grùda",
"t": "heap, lump"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *grùda (“heap, lump”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *grùda (“heap, lump”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grautaz",
"t": "coarse, crude; big, large"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grautaz (“coarse, crude; big, large”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grautaz (“coarse, crude; big, large”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*greutaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *greutaną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *greutaną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*greutą",
"t": "grit, rubble"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *greutą (“grit, rubble”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *greutą (“grit, rubble”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grautiz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grautiz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grautiz"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grūtiz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grūtiz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grūtiz, *grūtą"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "grūt",
"t": "malt marsh"
},
"expansion": "Old English: grūt (“malt marsh”)\nMiddle English: growte, grout\nEnglish: grout",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: grūt (“malt marsh”)\nMiddle English: growte, grout\nEnglish: grout"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Old High German:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "grūz",
"t": "corn of sand or grain"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: grūz (“corn of sand or grain”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: grūz (“corn of sand or grain”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ML.",
"2": "grutum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Medieval Latin: grutum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Medieval Latin: grutum, grudum, grutdum (“flour, meal”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "grautr",
"t": "porridge"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: grautr (“porridge”)\nIcelandic: grautur\nFaroese: greytur\nNorwegian Nynorsk: graut\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: graut\nSwedish: gröt\nDanish: grød\nNorwegian Bokmål: grøt",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: grautr (“porridge”)\nIcelandic: grautur\nFaroese: greytur\nNorwegian Nynorsk: graut\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: graut\nSwedish: gröt\nDanish: grød\nNorwegian Bokmål: grøt"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰrewh₂-, *gʰreh₂w-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*gʰrewh₂-ǵ(ʰ)-",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ *gʰrewh₂-ǵ(ʰ)-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ *gʰrewh₂-ǵ(ʰ)-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*gʰrowǵ(ʰ)os",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ *gʰrowǵ(ʰ)os",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ *gʰrowǵ(ʰ)os"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*grauˀźas",
"t": "crushed stone, gravel"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grauˀźas (“crushed stone, gravel”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grauˀźas (“crushed stone, gravel”)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "gruži",
"g": "p",
"t": "crushed stone"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: gruži pl (“crushed stone”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: gruži pl (“crushed stone”)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "gráužas"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: gráužas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: gráužas, graũžas (“gravel, coarse sand”)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*gruzъ",
"t": "crushed stone, gravel"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *gruzъ (“crushed stone, gravel”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *gruzъ (“crushed stone, gravel”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*gʰrówh₂-mn̥",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ *gʰrówh₂-mn̥",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ *gʰrówh₂-mn̥ or *gʰróh₂u-mn̥"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʰrṓwmə"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrṓwmə",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrṓwmə"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "χρῶμα",
"t": "color; skin"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: χρῶμα (khrôma, “color; skin”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: χρῶμα (khrôma, “color; skin”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*gʰrówh₂-s",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ *gʰrówh₂-s",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ *gʰrówh₂-s or *gʰróh₂u-s"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʰrṓws"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrṓws",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrṓws"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "χρώς",
"t": "color; skin"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: χρώς (khrṓs, “color; skin”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: χρώς (khrṓs, “color; skin”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmy",
"2": "𐀀𐀒𐀫𐀸𐀁",
"der": "1",
"ts": "(h)akʰroweʰe",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀒𐀫𐀸𐀁 (a-ko-ro-we-e /(h)akʰroweʰe/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀒𐀫𐀸𐀁 (a-ko-ro-we-e /(h)akʰroweʰe/)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "graût",
"alt": "gŗaût",
"t": "to destroy, demolish, bring down"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: gŗaût (“to destroy, demolish, bring down”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: gŗaût (“to destroy, demolish, bring down”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "griáuti",
"t": "to destroy, demolish"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: griáuti (“to destroy, demolish”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: griáuti (“to destroy, demolish”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἔχραον",
"t": "attack, assault",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Ancient Greek: ἔχραον (ékhraon, “attack, assault”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Ancient Greek: ἔχραον (ékhraon, “attack, assault”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*grūō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *grūō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *grūō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"alt": "*gruō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: *gruō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: *gruō"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ingruō",
"der": "1",
"t": "make an onslaught upon, attack, assail, fall on, threaten",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒? Latin: ingruō (“make an onslaught upon, attack, assail, fall on, threaten”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒? Latin: ingruō (“make an onslaught upon, attack, assail, fall on, threaten”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*grandis",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Italic: *grandis",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Italic: *grandis"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "grandis",
"der": "1",
"t": "large"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Latin: grandis (“large”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Latin: grandis (“large”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰer-h₂d-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʰeráts"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰeráts",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰeráts"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "χεράς",
"t": "pebble, gravel",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Ancient Greek: χεράς (kherás, “pebble, gravel”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Ancient Greek: χεράς (kherás, “pebble, gravel”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰer-gʰr-o- (reduplicated)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʰénkʰros"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰénkʰros",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "with dissimilation r…r > n…r"
},
"expansion": "(with dissimilation r…r > n…r)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰénkʰros (with dissimilation r…r > n…r)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κέγχρος",
"t": "grain of millet",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Ancient Greek: κέγχρος (kénkhros, “grain of millet”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Ancient Greek: κέγχρος (kénkhros, “grain of millet”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰ-n̥-gʰr-u-s (reduplicated and infixed)?"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʰə́kʰrus"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰə́kʰrus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰə́kʰrus"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κάχρυς",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Ancient Greek: κάχρυς (kákhrus)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "but probably Pre-Greek"
},
"expansion": "(but probably Pre-Greek)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": ">? Ancient Greek: κάχρυς (kákhrus) (but probably Pre-Greek)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰér-mn̥"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʰérmə"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰérmə",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰérmə"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "χέρμα"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: χέρμα (khérma)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: χέρμα (khérma)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰer-m-h₂d-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʰermáts"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰermáts",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰermáts"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "χερμάς",
"t": "stone (for throwing)",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Ancient Greek: χερμάς (khermás, “stone (for throwing)”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Ancient Greek: χερμάς (khermás, “stone (for throwing)”)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰer-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to rub"
],
"id": "en-gʰer--ine-pro-root-hi9WHBpS",
"links": [
[
"rub",
"rub"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to stroke"
],
"id": "en-gʰer--ine-pro-root-SETc231R",
"links": [
[
"stroke",
"stroke"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to grind"
],
"id": "en-gʰer--ine-pro-root-Z7eRVPPd",
"links": [
[
"grind",
"grind"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "39 0 0 61",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CeR-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 0 0 92",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 0 0 95",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to remove"
],
"id": "en-gʰer--ine-pro-root-G11PZKef",
"links": [
[
"remove",
"remove"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "gʰer-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-European CeR-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰrey-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*gʰrendʰ-",
"alt": "*gʰren(H)dʰ-",
"nolb": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? *gʰren(H)dʰ-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? *gʰren(H)dʰ-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰrend-?"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*gʰrónd-ro-s",
"nolb": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? *gʰrónd-ro-s",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? *gʰrónd-ro-s"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʰróndros"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰróndros",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰróndros"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "χόνδρος",
"t": "small mass; corn of grain; cartilage",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Ancient Greek: χόνδρος (khóndros, “small mass; corn of grain; cartilage”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Ancient Greek: χόνδρος (khóndros, “small mass; corn of grain; cartilage”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰrewd- ~ *gʰr-eu-d- ~ *gʷrod-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "կորկոտ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: կորկոտ (korkot)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "perhaps"
},
"expansion": "(perhaps)",
"name": "qualifier"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: կորկոտ (korkot) < *gʷo-gʷrod- (perhaps)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "graudìnti",
"t": "to move, touch"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: graudìnti (“to move, touch”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: graudìnti (“to move, touch”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*gruditi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *gruditi",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *gruditi (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "grūst"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: grūst",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: grūst"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "grūsti"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: grūsti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: grūsti"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "gruds",
"t": "grain, corn"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: gruds (“grain, corn”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: gruds (“grain, corn”), grauds"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "grūdas"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: grūdas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: grūdas, graûds"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bat-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Baltic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Baltic:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "grúodas",
"t": "frost; frozen mud or street dirt"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: grúodas (“frost; frozen mud or street dirt”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: grúodas (“frost; frozen mud or street dirt”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "*routa",
"bor": "1",
"t": "frost on the ground"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Finnic: *routa (“frost on the ground”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Finnic: *routa (“frost on the ground”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*grùda",
"t": "heap, lump"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *grùda (“heap, lump”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *grùda (“heap, lump”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grautaz",
"t": "coarse, crude; big, large"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grautaz (“coarse, crude; big, large”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grautaz (“coarse, crude; big, large”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*greutaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *greutaną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *greutaną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*greutą",
"t": "grit, rubble"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *greutą (“grit, rubble”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *greutą (“grit, rubble”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grautiz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grautiz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grautiz"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grūtiz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grūtiz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grūtiz, *grūtą"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "grūt",
"t": "malt marsh"
},
"expansion": "Old English: grūt (“malt marsh”)\nMiddle English: growte, grout\nEnglish: grout",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: grūt (“malt marsh”)\nMiddle English: growte, grout\nEnglish: grout"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Old High German:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "grūz",
"t": "corn of sand or grain"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: grūz (“corn of sand or grain”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: grūz (“corn of sand or grain”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ML.",
"2": "grutum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Medieval Latin: grutum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Medieval Latin: grutum, grudum, grutdum (“flour, meal”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "grautr",
"t": "porridge"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: grautr (“porridge”)\nIcelandic: grautur\nFaroese: greytur\nNorwegian Nynorsk: graut\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: graut\nSwedish: gröt\nDanish: grød\nNorwegian Bokmål: grøt",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: grautr (“porridge”)\nIcelandic: grautur\nFaroese: greytur\nNorwegian Nynorsk: graut\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: graut\nSwedish: gröt\nDanish: grød\nNorwegian Bokmål: grøt"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰrewh₂-, *gʰreh₂w-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*gʰrewh₂-ǵ(ʰ)-",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ *gʰrewh₂-ǵ(ʰ)-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ *gʰrewh₂-ǵ(ʰ)-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*gʰrowǵ(ʰ)os",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ *gʰrowǵ(ʰ)os",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ *gʰrowǵ(ʰ)os"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*grauˀźas",
"t": "crushed stone, gravel"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grauˀźas (“crushed stone, gravel”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grauˀźas (“crushed stone, gravel”)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "gruži",
"g": "p",
"t": "crushed stone"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: gruži pl (“crushed stone”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: gruži pl (“crushed stone”)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "gráužas"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: gráužas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: gráužas, graũžas (“gravel, coarse sand”)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*gruzъ",
"t": "crushed stone, gravel"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *gruzъ (“crushed stone, gravel”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *gruzъ (“crushed stone, gravel”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*gʰrówh₂-mn̥",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ *gʰrówh₂-mn̥",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ *gʰrówh₂-mn̥ or *gʰróh₂u-mn̥"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʰrṓwmə"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrṓwmə",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrṓwmə"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "χρῶμα",
"t": "color; skin"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: χρῶμα (khrôma, “color; skin”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: χρῶμα (khrôma, “color; skin”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*gʰrówh₂-s",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ *gʰrówh₂-s",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ *gʰrówh₂-s or *gʰróh₂u-s"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʰrṓws"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrṓws",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrṓws"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "χρώς",
"t": "color; skin"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: χρώς (khrṓs, “color; skin”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: χρώς (khrṓs, “color; skin”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmy",
"2": "𐀀𐀒𐀫𐀸𐀁",
"der": "1",
"ts": "(h)akʰroweʰe",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀒𐀫𐀸𐀁 (a-ko-ro-we-e /(h)akʰroweʰe/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀒𐀫𐀸𐀁 (a-ko-ro-we-e /(h)akʰroweʰe/)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "graût",
"alt": "gŗaût",
"t": "to destroy, demolish, bring down"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: gŗaût (“to destroy, demolish, bring down”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: gŗaût (“to destroy, demolish, bring down”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "griáuti",
"t": "to destroy, demolish"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: griáuti (“to destroy, demolish”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: griáuti (“to destroy, demolish”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἔχραον",
"t": "attack, assault",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Ancient Greek: ἔχραον (ékhraon, “attack, assault”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Ancient Greek: ἔχραον (ékhraon, “attack, assault”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*grūō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *grūō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *grūō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"alt": "*gruō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: *gruō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: *gruō"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ingruō",
"der": "1",
"t": "make an onslaught upon, attack, assail, fall on, threaten",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒? Latin: ingruō (“make an onslaught upon, attack, assail, fall on, threaten”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒? Latin: ingruō (“make an onslaught upon, attack, assail, fall on, threaten”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*grandis",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Italic: *grandis",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Italic: *grandis"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "grandis",
"der": "1",
"t": "large"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Latin: grandis (“large”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Latin: grandis (“large”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰer-h₂d-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʰeráts"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰeráts",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰeráts"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "χεράς",
"t": "pebble, gravel",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Ancient Greek: χεράς (kherás, “pebble, gravel”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Ancient Greek: χεράς (kherás, “pebble, gravel”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰer-gʰr-o- (reduplicated)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʰénkʰros"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰénkʰros",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "with dissimilation r…r > n…r"
},
"expansion": "(with dissimilation r…r > n…r)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰénkʰros (with dissimilation r…r > n…r)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κέγχρος",
"t": "grain of millet",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Ancient Greek: κέγχρος (kénkhros, “grain of millet”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Ancient Greek: κέγχρος (kénkhros, “grain of millet”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰ-n̥-gʰr-u-s (reduplicated and infixed)?"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʰə́kʰrus"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰə́kʰrus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰə́kʰrus"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κάχρυς",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Ancient Greek: κάχρυς (kákhrus)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "but probably Pre-Greek"
},
"expansion": "(but probably Pre-Greek)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": ">? Ancient Greek: κάχρυς (kákhrus) (but probably Pre-Greek)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰér-mn̥"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʰérmə"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰérmə",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰérmə"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "χέρμα"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: χέρμα (khérma)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: χέρμα (khérma)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰer-m-h₂d-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʰermáts"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰermáts",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰermáts"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "χερμάς",
"t": "stone (for throwing)",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Ancient Greek: χερμάς (khermás, “stone (for throwing)”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Ancient Greek: χερμάς (khermás, “stone (for throwing)”)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰer-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to rub"
],
"links": [
[
"rub",
"rub"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to stroke"
],
"links": [
[
"stroke",
"stroke"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to grind"
],
"links": [
[
"grind",
"grind"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to remove"
],
"links": [
[
"remove",
"remove"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "gʰer-"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-27 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-06-20 using wiktextract (0f7b3ac and b863ecc). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.