See de in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "with instrumental suffix *-h₁; see there for further descendants",
"translation": "with instrumental suffix *-h₁; see there for further descendants",
"word": "dé-h₁"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Lithuanian"
],
"word": "do"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"tags": [
"Proto-Slavic"
],
"translation": "see there for further descendants",
"word": "da"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "dō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"translation": "see there for further descendants",
"word": "dū"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"translation": "see there for further descendants",
"word": "tō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"roman": "quan",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"translation": "see there for further descendants",
"word": "dō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-dō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "with instrumental suffix *-h₁",
"translation": "with instrumental suffix *-h₁",
"word": "dó-h₁"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "⇒ Lithuanian: -adà"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"alt": "< *-déh₂-m; e.g. *kadā́ˀn; alternatively from *-dʰe",
"english": "when; derives time adverbs",
"translation": "when; derives time adverbs",
"word": ">? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-dā́ˀn?"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "-dā́",
"tags": [
"Sanskrit"
],
"word": "-दा"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-dáH"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"alt": "e.g. 𐬐𐬀𐬛𐬁 (kadā; )",
"english": "when",
"roman": "-dā",
"translation": "when",
"word": "-𐬛𐬁"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "derives time adverbs",
"translation": "derives time adverbs",
"word": "-dáH"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "with feminine/collective *-h₂?",
"translation": "with feminine/collective *-h₂?",
"word": "? *-dé-h₂"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"alt": "with accusative *-m̥",
"word": "-dé-h₂-m̥"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "(h₁)n̥-dó"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "lt",
"word": "da-"
},
{
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"word": "da"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"word": "*do"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"word": "*da"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"word": "*de"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"word": "*ta"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro",
"word": "*dḗ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "-de",
"word": "-δε"
},
{
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "hóde",
"word": "ὅδε"
},
{
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "dómonde",
"word": "δόμονδε"
},
{
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "Athḗnaze",
"word": "Ἀθήναζε"
},
{
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "deûro",
"word": "δεῦρο"
},
{
"lang": "Mycenaean Greek",
"lang_code": "gmy",
"roman": "-de",
"sense": "towards",
"word": "-𐀆"
},
{
"lang": "Mycenaean Greek",
"lang_code": "gmy",
"roman": "ku-do-ni-ja-de",
"word": "𐀓𐀈𐀛𐀊𐀆"
},
{
"lang": "Mycenaean Greek",
"lang_code": "gmy",
"roman": "a-mo-te-jo-na-de",
"sense": "to the wheelwright",
"word": "𐀀𐀗𐀳𐀍𐀙𐀆"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro",
"word": "*-de"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Italic",
"lang_code": "itc-pro",
"word": "*-de"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*h₂éd",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂éd"
],
[
"*pó",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂pó"
],
[
"*h₂epó",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂epó"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"id": "to",
"pos": "word"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly related to *h₂éd (“to”). Compare a similar relationship between *pó and *ap, both variants of *h₂epó (“away”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "de ~ *dó",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "-de ~ *-do",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "particle",
"head": "*de ~ *dó",
"head2": "*-de ~ *-do"
},
"expansion": "*de ~ *dó or *-de ~ *-do",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/de",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to, towards"
],
"id": "en-de-ine-pro-adv-8Z5Bjywf",
"links": [
[
"to",
"to"
],
[
"towards",
"towards"
]
],
"qualifier": "pre- and postposition",
"raw_glosses": [
"(pre- and postposition), to, towards"
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 91",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 97",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 97",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European particles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "19 81",
"sense": "⇒ Proto-Italic",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "dōnec"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 81",
"sense": "⇒ Proto-Italic",
"tags": [
"Old-Latin"
],
"word": "dōnicum"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 81",
"english": "while, as long as, until",
"sense": "⇒ Proto-Italic",
"tags": [
"Old-Latin"
],
"translation": "while, as long as, until",
"word": "dōnique"
},
{
"_dis1": "41 59",
"alt": "e.g. kaden",
"english": "when",
"sense": "Old Prussian",
"translation": "when",
"word": "-den"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Emphatic or contrastive particle, and, but"
],
"id": "en-de-ine-pro-adv-6gWoX4gf",
"links": [
[
"and",
"and"
],
[
"but",
"but"
],
[
"Michiel de Vaan",
"w:Michiel de Vaan"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme"
],
"word": "de"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with etymon",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European particles"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "with instrumental suffix *-h₁; see there for further descendants",
"translation": "with instrumental suffix *-h₁; see there for further descendants",
"word": "dé-h₁"
},
{
"tags": [
"Lithuanian"
],
"word": "do"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"tags": [
"Proto-Slavic"
],
"translation": "see there for further descendants",
"word": "da"
},
{
"word": "dō"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"translation": "see there for further descendants",
"word": "dū"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"translation": "see there for further descendants",
"word": "tō"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"roman": "quan",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"translation": "see there for further descendants",
"word": "dō"
},
{
"word": "-dō"
},
{
"sense": "⇒ Proto-Italic",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "dōnec"
},
{
"sense": "⇒ Proto-Italic",
"tags": [
"Old-Latin"
],
"word": "dōnicum"
},
{
"english": "while, as long as, until",
"sense": "⇒ Proto-Italic",
"tags": [
"Old-Latin"
],
"translation": "while, as long as, until",
"word": "dōnique"
},
{
"english": "with instrumental suffix *-h₁",
"translation": "with instrumental suffix *-h₁",
"word": "dó-h₁"
},
{
"alt": "e.g. kaden",
"english": "when",
"sense": "Old Prussian",
"translation": "when",
"word": "-den"
},
{
"word": "⇒ Lithuanian: -adà"
},
{
"alt": "< *-déh₂-m; e.g. *kadā́ˀn; alternatively from *-dʰe",
"english": "when; derives time adverbs",
"translation": "when; derives time adverbs",
"word": ">? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-dā́ˀn?"
},
{
"roman": "-dā́",
"tags": [
"Sanskrit"
],
"word": "-दा"
},
{
"word": "-dáH"
},
{
"alt": "e.g. 𐬐𐬀𐬛𐬁 (kadā; )",
"english": "when",
"roman": "-dā",
"translation": "when",
"word": "-𐬛𐬁"
},
{
"english": "derives time adverbs",
"translation": "derives time adverbs",
"word": "-dáH"
},
{
"english": "with feminine/collective *-h₂?",
"translation": "with feminine/collective *-h₂?",
"word": "? *-dé-h₂"
},
{
"alt": "with accusative *-m̥",
"word": "-dé-h₂-m̥"
},
{
"word": "(h₁)n̥-dó"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "lt",
"word": "da-"
},
{
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"word": "da"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"word": "*do"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"word": "*da"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"word": "*de"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"word": "*ta"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro",
"word": "*dḗ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "-de",
"word": "-δε"
},
{
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "hóde",
"word": "ὅδε"
},
{
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "dómonde",
"word": "δόμονδε"
},
{
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "Athḗnaze",
"word": "Ἀθήναζε"
},
{
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "deûro",
"word": "δεῦρο"
},
{
"lang": "Mycenaean Greek",
"lang_code": "gmy",
"roman": "-de",
"sense": "towards",
"word": "-𐀆"
},
{
"lang": "Mycenaean Greek",
"lang_code": "gmy",
"roman": "ku-do-ni-ja-de",
"word": "𐀓𐀈𐀛𐀊𐀆"
},
{
"lang": "Mycenaean Greek",
"lang_code": "gmy",
"roman": "a-mo-te-jo-na-de",
"sense": "to the wheelwright",
"word": "𐀀𐀗𐀳𐀍𐀙𐀆"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro",
"word": "*-de"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Italic",
"lang_code": "itc-pro",
"word": "*-de"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*h₂éd",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂éd"
],
[
"*pó",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂pó"
],
[
"*h₂epó",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂epó"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"id": "to",
"pos": "word"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly related to *h₂éd (“to”). Compare a similar relationship between *pó and *ap, both variants of *h₂epó (“away”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "de ~ *dó",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "-de ~ *-do",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "particle",
"head": "*de ~ *dó",
"head2": "*-de ~ *-do"
},
"expansion": "*de ~ *dó or *-de ~ *-do",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/de",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to, towards"
],
"links": [
[
"to",
"to"
],
[
"towards",
"towards"
]
],
"qualifier": "pre- and postposition",
"raw_glosses": [
"(pre- and postposition), to, towards"
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Emphatic or contrastive particle, and, but"
],
"links": [
[
"and",
"and"
],
[
"but",
"but"
],
[
"Michiel de Vaan",
"w:Michiel de Vaan"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme"
],
"word": "de"
}
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This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (1a05e46 and e3d6d4e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.