See de in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for de meaning in Proto-Indo-European (7.6kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "with instrumental suffix *-h₁; see there for further descendants",
"word": "de-h₁"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "(h₁)n̥-dó"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*da"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *da",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *da"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "da-"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: da-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: da-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "da"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: da",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: da"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*do"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *do",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *do (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*do"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *do",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *do"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "do",
"3": "du"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: do, du",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: do, du"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*ta"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *ta",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *ta"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*dé"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *dé",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *dé"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "δέ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: δέ (dé)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: δέ (dé)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmy",
"2": "𐀆",
"t": "but"
},
"expansion": "Mycenaean Greek: 𐀆 (de, “but”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmy",
"2": "𐀅𐀗𐀆",
"3": "",
"4": "but the people",
"ts": "dāmos de"
},
"expansion": "𐀅𐀗𐀆 (da-mo-de /dāmos de/, “but the people”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Mycenaean Greek: 𐀆 (de, “but”) (e.g. 𐀅𐀗𐀆 (da-mo-de /dāmos de/, “but the people”))"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*-de"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *-de",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *-de"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "-δε"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: -δε (-de)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ὅδε"
},
"expansion": "ὅδε (hóde)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "δόμονδε"
},
"expansion": "δόμονδε (dómonde)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "Ἀθήναζε"
},
"expansion": "Ἀθήναζε (Athḗnaze)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "δεῦρο"
},
"expansion": "δεῦρο (deûro)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: -δε (-de) (e.g. ὅδε (hóde), δόμονδε (dómonde), Ἀθήναζε (Athḗnaze)), δεῦρο (deûro)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmy",
"2": "𐀆",
"t": "towards"
},
"expansion": "Mycenaean Greek: 𐀆 (de, “towards”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmy",
"2": "𐀓𐀈𐀛𐀊𐀆",
"ts": "Kudōnijān-de"
},
"expansion": "𐀓𐀈𐀛𐀊𐀆 (ku-do-ni-ja-de /Kudōnijān-de/)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmy",
"2": "𐀀𐀗𐀳𐀍𐀙𐀆",
"3": "",
"4": "to the wheelwright",
"ts": "harmoteiōna-de"
},
"expansion": "𐀀𐀗𐀳𐀍𐀙𐀆 (a-mo-te-jo-na-de /harmoteiōna-de/, “to the wheelwright”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Mycenaean Greek: 𐀆 (de, “towards”) (e.g. 𐀓𐀈𐀛𐀊𐀆 (ku-do-ni-ja-de /Kudōnijān-de/), 𐀀𐀗𐀳𐀍𐀙𐀆 (a-mo-te-jo-na-de /harmoteiōna-de/, “to the wheelwright”))"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*-de"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *-de",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *-de"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-de"
},
"expansion": "Latin: -de",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "quamde"
},
"expansion": "quamde",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "quande"
},
"expansion": "quande",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "inde"
},
"expansion": "inde",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "unde"
},
"expansion": "unde",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Latin: -de (e.g. quamde/quande, inde, unde)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*kʷomde",
"der": "1",
"t": "when"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Italic: *kʷomde (“when”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Italic: *kʷomde (“when”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osc",
"2": "𐌐𐌞𐌍",
"3": "𐌐𐌖𐌍"
},
"expansion": "Oscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌍 (pún), 𐌐𐌖𐌍 (pun)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osc",
"2": "𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌖𐌌"
},
"expansion": "𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌖𐌌 (punum)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*kʷomdum"
},
"expansion": "*kʷomdum",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Oscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌍 (pún), 𐌐𐌖𐌍 (pun); 𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌖𐌌 (punum) (< *kʷomdum)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xum",
"2": "𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌄",
"3": "𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌉"
},
"expansion": "Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌄 (pune), 𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌉 (puni)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌄 (pune), 𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌉 (puni)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*ád",
"t": "to"
},
"expansion": "*ád (“to”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₂pó",
"3": "*pó"
},
"expansion": "*pó",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*ap"
},
"expansion": "*ap",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₂epó",
"3": "*apó",
"t": "away"
},
"expansion": "*apó (“away”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly related to *ád (“to”). Compare a similar relationship between *pó and *ap, both variants of *apó (“away”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "de ~ *do",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "-de ~ *-do",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "particle",
"head": "*de ~ *do",
"head2": "*-de ~ *-do"
},
"expansion": "*de ~ *do or *-de ~ *-do",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/de",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
", to, towards",
"to, towards"
],
"id": "en-de-ine-pro-adv-Z0IX5tN~",
"links": [
[
"to",
"to"
],
[
"towards",
"towards"
]
],
"qualifier": "pre- and postposition",
"raw_glosses": [
"(pre- and postposition), to, towards"
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 97",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 97",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European particles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "8 92",
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dō",
"tags": [
"Proto-Slavic"
],
"word": "da"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 92",
"sense": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dō",
"tags": [
"Lithuanian"
],
"word": "do"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 92",
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "*do-h₁ (with instrumental suffix *-h₁)",
"word": "tō"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 88",
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"roman": "quan",
"sense": "Proto-Italic: *-dō",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "dō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"sense": "Old Latin: dōnicum, dōnique",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "dōnec"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Emphatic or contrastive particle, and, but"
],
"id": "en-de-ine-pro-adv-6gWoX4gf",
"links": [
[
"and",
"and"
],
[
"but",
"but"
],
[
"Michiel de Vaan",
"w:Michiel de Vaan"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme",
"Rick Derksen"
],
"word": "de"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European particles"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "with instrumental suffix *-h₁; see there for further descendants",
"word": "de-h₁"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dō",
"tags": [
"Proto-Slavic"
],
"word": "da"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dō",
"tags": [
"Lithuanian"
],
"word": "do"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "*do-h₁ (with instrumental suffix *-h₁)",
"word": "tō"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"roman": "quan",
"sense": "Proto-Italic: *-dō",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "dō"
},
{
"sense": "Old Latin: dōnicum, dōnique",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "dōnec"
},
{
"word": "(h₁)n̥-dó"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*da"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *da",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *da"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "da-"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: da-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: da-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "da"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: da",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: da"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*do"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *do",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *do (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*do"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *do",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *do"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "do",
"3": "du"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: do, du",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: do, du"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*ta"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *ta",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *ta"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*dé"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *dé",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *dé"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "δέ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: δέ (dé)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: δέ (dé)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmy",
"2": "𐀆",
"t": "but"
},
"expansion": "Mycenaean Greek: 𐀆 (de, “but”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmy",
"2": "𐀅𐀗𐀆",
"3": "",
"4": "but the people",
"ts": "dāmos de"
},
"expansion": "𐀅𐀗𐀆 (da-mo-de /dāmos de/, “but the people”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Mycenaean Greek: 𐀆 (de, “but”) (e.g. 𐀅𐀗𐀆 (da-mo-de /dāmos de/, “but the people”))"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*-de"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *-de",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *-de"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "-δε"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: -δε (-de)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ὅδε"
},
"expansion": "ὅδε (hóde)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "δόμονδε"
},
"expansion": "δόμονδε (dómonde)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "Ἀθήναζε"
},
"expansion": "Ἀθήναζε (Athḗnaze)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "δεῦρο"
},
"expansion": "δεῦρο (deûro)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: -δε (-de) (e.g. ὅδε (hóde), δόμονδε (dómonde), Ἀθήναζε (Athḗnaze)), δεῦρο (deûro)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmy",
"2": "𐀆",
"t": "towards"
},
"expansion": "Mycenaean Greek: 𐀆 (de, “towards”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmy",
"2": "𐀓𐀈𐀛𐀊𐀆",
"ts": "Kudōnijān-de"
},
"expansion": "𐀓𐀈𐀛𐀊𐀆 (ku-do-ni-ja-de /Kudōnijān-de/)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmy",
"2": "𐀀𐀗𐀳𐀍𐀙𐀆",
"3": "",
"4": "to the wheelwright",
"ts": "harmoteiōna-de"
},
"expansion": "𐀀𐀗𐀳𐀍𐀙𐀆 (a-mo-te-jo-na-de /harmoteiōna-de/, “to the wheelwright”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Mycenaean Greek: 𐀆 (de, “towards”) (e.g. 𐀓𐀈𐀛𐀊𐀆 (ku-do-ni-ja-de /Kudōnijān-de/), 𐀀𐀗𐀳𐀍𐀙𐀆 (a-mo-te-jo-na-de /harmoteiōna-de/, “to the wheelwright”))"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*-de"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *-de",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *-de"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-de"
},
"expansion": "Latin: -de",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "quamde"
},
"expansion": "quamde",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "quande"
},
"expansion": "quande",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "inde"
},
"expansion": "inde",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "unde"
},
"expansion": "unde",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Latin: -de (e.g. quamde/quande, inde, unde)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*kʷomde",
"der": "1",
"t": "when"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Italic: *kʷomde (“when”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Italic: *kʷomde (“when”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osc",
"2": "𐌐𐌞𐌍",
"3": "𐌐𐌖𐌍"
},
"expansion": "Oscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌍 (pún), 𐌐𐌖𐌍 (pun)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osc",
"2": "𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌖𐌌"
},
"expansion": "𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌖𐌌 (punum)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*kʷomdum"
},
"expansion": "*kʷomdum",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Oscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌍 (pún), 𐌐𐌖𐌍 (pun); 𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌖𐌌 (punum) (< *kʷomdum)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xum",
"2": "𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌄",
"3": "𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌉"
},
"expansion": "Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌄 (pune), 𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌉 (puni)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌄 (pune), 𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌉 (puni)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*ád",
"t": "to"
},
"expansion": "*ád (“to”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₂pó",
"3": "*pó"
},
"expansion": "*pó",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*ap"
},
"expansion": "*ap",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₂epó",
"3": "*apó",
"t": "away"
},
"expansion": "*apó (“away”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly related to *ád (“to”). Compare a similar relationship between *pó and *ap, both variants of *apó (“away”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "de ~ *do",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "-de ~ *-do",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "particle",
"head": "*de ~ *do",
"head2": "*-de ~ *-do"
},
"expansion": "*de ~ *do or *-de ~ *-do",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/de",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
", to, towards",
"to, towards"
],
"links": [
[
"to",
"to"
],
[
"towards",
"towards"
]
],
"qualifier": "pre- and postposition",
"raw_glosses": [
"(pre- and postposition), to, towards"
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Emphatic or contrastive particle, and, but"
],
"links": [
[
"and",
"and"
],
[
"but",
"but"
],
[
"Michiel de Vaan",
"w:Michiel de Vaan"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme",
"Rick Derksen"
],
"word": "de"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-12 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (ae36afe and 304864d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.