See dʰrewgʰ- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"sense": "to mislead, deceive",
"word": "*dreuganą"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰréwgʰ-e-ti"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"sense": "to deceive",
"word": "*dʰrúǰʰyati"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰrugʰ-yé-ti"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"inherited",
"uncertain"
],
"sense": "bad",
"word": "*drukos"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"sense": "delusion",
"word": "*drugą"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"sense": "lie, deceit",
"word": "*dʰrúkš"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰréwk-s ~ *dʰrugʰ-és"
},
{
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰrówgʰ-os"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"sense": "dream",
"word": "*draumaz"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰrówgʰ-mo-s"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰrewgʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to deceive"
],
"id": "en-dʰrewgʰ--ine-pro-root-ine_pro:deceive",
"links": [
[
"deceive",
"deceive"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:deceive"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "dʰrewgʰ-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"word": "*dreuganą"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰréwgʰ-e-ti"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"sense": "enduring, lasting",
"word": "*dreugaz"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰrewgʰ-os"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"sense": "friend",
"word": "*draugás"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰrowgʰ-ós"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"sense": "leader, lord",
"word": "*druhtinaz"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"sense": "troop",
"word": "*druhtiz"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰréwgʰ-tis"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰrewgʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 91 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CReRC-shaped roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 97 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 96 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 96 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to accompany, follow, be loyal"
],
"id": "en-dʰrewgʰ--ine-pro-root-ine_pro:accompany",
"links": [
[
"accompany",
"accompany"
],
[
"follow",
"follow"
],
[
"loyal",
"loyal"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:accompany"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"loyal"
],
"id": "en-dʰrewgʰ--ine-pro-root-zAP0ArDs",
"links": [
[
"loyal",
"loyal"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "dʰrewgʰ-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CReRC-shaped roots",
"Proto-Indo-European contranyms",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"sense": "to mislead, deceive",
"word": "*dreuganą"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰréwgʰ-e-ti"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"sense": "to deceive",
"word": "*dʰrúǰʰyati"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰrugʰ-yé-ti"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"inherited",
"uncertain"
],
"sense": "bad",
"word": "*drukos"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"sense": "delusion",
"word": "*drugą"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"sense": "lie, deceit",
"word": "*dʰrúkš"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰréwk-s ~ *dʰrugʰ-és"
},
{
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰrówgʰ-os"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"sense": "dream",
"word": "*draumaz"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰrówgʰ-mo-s"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰrewgʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to deceive"
],
"links": [
[
"deceive",
"deceive"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:deceive"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "dʰrewgʰ-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CReRC-shaped roots",
"Proto-Indo-European contranyms",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"word": "*dreuganą"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰréwgʰ-e-ti"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"sense": "enduring, lasting",
"word": "*dreugaz"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰrewgʰ-os"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"sense": "friend",
"word": "*draugás"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰrowgʰ-ós"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"sense": "leader, lord",
"word": "*druhtinaz"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"sense": "troop",
"word": "*druhtiz"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰréwgʰ-tis"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰrewgʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to accompany, follow, be loyal"
],
"links": [
[
"accompany",
"accompany"
],
[
"follow",
"follow"
],
[
"loyal",
"loyal"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:accompany"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"loyal"
],
"links": [
[
"loyal",
"loyal"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "dʰrewgʰ-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for dʰrewgʰ- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (3.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-08-29 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-23 using wiktextract (ffdbfc3 and b9346a0). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.