See dʰrewgʰ- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for dʰrewgʰ- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (6.2kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰréwgʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*dreuganą",
"t": "to mislead, deceive"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *dreuganą (“to mislead, deceive”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *dreuganą (“to mislead, deceive”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰrugʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*dʰruǰʰyáti",
"t": "to deceive"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰruǰʰyáti (“to deceive”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰruǰʰyáti (“to deceive”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰréwk-s ~ *dʰrugʰ-és"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*drukos",
"t": "bad",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Celtic: *drukos (“bad”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "< *dʰruk-o-s"
},
"expansion": "(< *dʰruk-o-s)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Celtic: *drukos (“bad”) (< *dʰruk-o-s) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*drugą",
"t": "delusion"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *drugą (“delusion”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "< *dʰrugʰ-o-m"
},
"expansion": "(< *dʰrugʰ-o-m)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *drugą (“delusion”) (< *dʰrugʰ-o-m) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*dʰrúkš",
"t": "lie, deceit"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰrúkš (“lie, deceit”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰrúkš (“lie, deceit”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰrówgʰ-os"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰrówgʰ-mo-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*draumaz",
"t": "dream"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *draumaz (“dream”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *draumaz (“dream”) (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰrewgʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to deceive"
],
"id": "en-dʰrewgʰ--ine-pro-root-ine_pro:deceive",
"links": [
[
"deceive",
"deceive"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:deceive"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "dʰrewgʰ-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰréwgʰ-e-ti (root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*dreuganą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *dreuganą",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *dreuganą (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰrewgʰ-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*dreugaz",
"t": "enduring, lasting"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *dreugaz (“enduring, lasting”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *dreugaz (“enduring, lasting”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰrowgʰ-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*draugás",
"t": "friend"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *draugás (“friend”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *draugás (“friend”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰréwgʰ-tis"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*druhtiz",
"t": "troop"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *druhtiz (“troop”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *druhtiz (“troop”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*druhtinaz",
"der": "1",
"t": "leader, lord"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Germanic: *druhtinaz (“leader, lord”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Germanic: *druhtinaz (“leader, lord”) (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰrewgʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 85 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CReRC-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 96 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 91 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 92 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to serve one's tribe"
],
"id": "en-dʰrewgʰ--ine-pro-root-ine_pro:serve",
"links": [
[
"serve",
"serve"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:serve"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"loyal"
],
"id": "en-dʰrewgʰ--ine-pro-root-zAP0ArDs",
"links": [
[
"loyal",
"loyal"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben",
"Rick Derksen"
],
"word": "dʰrewgʰ-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-European CReRC-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European contranyms",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰréwgʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*dreuganą",
"t": "to mislead, deceive"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *dreuganą (“to mislead, deceive”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *dreuganą (“to mislead, deceive”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰrugʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*dʰruǰʰyáti",
"t": "to deceive"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰruǰʰyáti (“to deceive”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰruǰʰyáti (“to deceive”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰréwk-s ~ *dʰrugʰ-és"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*drukos",
"t": "bad",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Celtic: *drukos (“bad”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "< *dʰruk-o-s"
},
"expansion": "(< *dʰruk-o-s)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Celtic: *drukos (“bad”) (< *dʰruk-o-s) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*drugą",
"t": "delusion"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *drugą (“delusion”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "< *dʰrugʰ-o-m"
},
"expansion": "(< *dʰrugʰ-o-m)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *drugą (“delusion”) (< *dʰrugʰ-o-m) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*dʰrúkš",
"t": "lie, deceit"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰrúkš (“lie, deceit”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰrúkš (“lie, deceit”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰrówgʰ-os"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰrówgʰ-mo-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*draumaz",
"t": "dream"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *draumaz (“dream”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *draumaz (“dream”) (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰrewgʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to deceive"
],
"links": [
[
"deceive",
"deceive"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:deceive"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "dʰrewgʰ-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-European CReRC-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European contranyms",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰréwgʰ-e-ti (root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*dreuganą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *dreuganą",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *dreuganą (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰrewgʰ-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*dreugaz",
"t": "enduring, lasting"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *dreugaz (“enduring, lasting”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *dreugaz (“enduring, lasting”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰrowgʰ-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*draugás",
"t": "friend"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *draugás (“friend”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *draugás (“friend”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰréwgʰ-tis"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*druhtiz",
"t": "troop"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *druhtiz (“troop”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *druhtiz (“troop”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*druhtinaz",
"der": "1",
"t": "leader, lord"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Germanic: *druhtinaz (“leader, lord”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Germanic: *druhtinaz (“leader, lord”) (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰrewgʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to serve one's tribe"
],
"links": [
[
"serve",
"serve"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:serve"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"loyal"
],
"links": [
[
"loyal",
"loyal"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben",
"Rick Derksen"
],
"word": "dʰrewgʰ-"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (e9e0a99 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.