See bʰewdʰ- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰéwdʰ-e-ti"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Breton",
"lang_code": "obt",
"word": "dogurbonnue"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Brythonic",
"lang_code": "cel-bry-pro"
},
{
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"word": "ad·boind"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"word": "*bundeti"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "punthánomai",
"word": "πυνθάνομαι"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰu-né-dʰ-ti ~ *bʰu-n-dʰ-énti"
},
{
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰe-bʰówdʰ-e ~ *bʰe-bʰudʰ-ḗr"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"roman": "budhyáte",
"word": "बुध्यते"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Aryan",
"lang_code": "inc-pro",
"word": "*budʰyátay"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "būⁱδiiaēta",
"word": "𐬠𐬏𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Iranian",
"lang_code": "ira-pro",
"word": "*budyátay"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"word": "*bʰudʰyátay"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰudʰ-yé-tor"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"word": "*budḗˀtei"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰudʰ-éh₁ye-ti"
},
{
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰowdʰ-éye-ti"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"word": "rhybudd"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Brythonic",
"lang_code": "cel-bry-pro"
},
{
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"word": "robud"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"word": "*ɸro-bowdos"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"roman": "bodhá",
"word": "बोध"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Aryan",
"lang_code": "inc-pro",
"word": "*bawdʰas"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Younger Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "baoda",
"word": "𐬠𐬀𐬊𐬛𐬀"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Iranian",
"lang_code": "ira-pro",
"word": "*bawdas"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"word": "*bʰawdʰas"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Tocharian A",
"lang_code": "xto",
"word": "pot-"
},
{
"lang": "Tocharian B",
"lang_code": "txb",
"word": "paut-"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Tocharian",
"lang_code": "ine-toc-pro",
"word": "*pāut-"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰowdʰ-os"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"word": "bust"
},
{
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "lt",
"word": "bùsti"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "pŭ́stĭs",
"word": "πῠ́στῐς"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"roman": "búddhi",
"word": "बुद्धि"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Aryan",
"lang_code": "inc-pro",
"word": "*búddʰiṣ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "busti",
"word": "𐬠𐬎𐬯𐬙𐬌"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Iranian",
"lang_code": "ira-pro",
"word": "*búzdiš"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"word": "*bʰúdᶻdʰiš"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰéwdʰ-ti-s ~ *bʰudʰ-téy-s"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"m"
],
"word": "*beudaz"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰewdʰ-os"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cornish",
"lang_code": "kw",
"sense": "will",
"word": "both"
},
{
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"sense": "free will, consent",
"word": "bodd"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Brythonic",
"lang_code": "cel-bry-pro"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"word": "*budos"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"word": "*budą"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"roman": "búdha",
"word": "बुध"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Aryan",
"lang_code": "inc-pro",
"word": "*búdʰa"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"word": "*bʰúdʰa"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰudʰ-o-"
},
{
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰudʰ-tó-s"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "lt",
"word": "budrùs"
}
],
"lang": "Old Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "olt",
"word": "budras"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"word": "*bъ̀drъ"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"word": "*bъ̀dřь"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"word": "*budras"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "zaēnibudra",
"word": "𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬌𐬠𐬎𐬛𐬭𐬀"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Iranian",
"lang_code": "ira-pro",
"word": "*budráh"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"word": "*bʰudʰrás"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰudʰ-ró-s"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰewdʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CeRC-shaped roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to be awake, be aware"
],
"id": "en-bʰewdʰ--ine-pro-root-bndJ0mgz",
"links": [
[
"awake",
"awake"
],
[
"aware",
"aware"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
]
}
],
"word": "bʰewdʰ-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰéwdʰ-e-ti"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Breton",
"lang_code": "obt",
"word": "dogurbonnue"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Brythonic",
"lang_code": "cel-bry-pro"
},
{
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"word": "ad·boind"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"word": "*bundeti"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "punthánomai",
"word": "πυνθάνομαι"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰu-né-dʰ-ti ~ *bʰu-n-dʰ-énti"
},
{
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰe-bʰówdʰ-e ~ *bʰe-bʰudʰ-ḗr"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"roman": "budhyáte",
"word": "बुध्यते"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Aryan",
"lang_code": "inc-pro",
"word": "*budʰyátay"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "būⁱδiiaēta",
"word": "𐬠𐬏𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Iranian",
"lang_code": "ira-pro",
"word": "*budyátay"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"word": "*bʰudʰyátay"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰudʰ-yé-tor"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"word": "*budḗˀtei"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰudʰ-éh₁ye-ti"
},
{
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰowdʰ-éye-ti"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"word": "rhybudd"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Brythonic",
"lang_code": "cel-bry-pro"
},
{
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"word": "robud"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"word": "*ɸro-bowdos"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"roman": "bodhá",
"word": "बोध"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Aryan",
"lang_code": "inc-pro",
"word": "*bawdʰas"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Younger Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "baoda",
"word": "𐬠𐬀𐬊𐬛𐬀"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Iranian",
"lang_code": "ira-pro",
"word": "*bawdas"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"word": "*bʰawdʰas"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Tocharian A",
"lang_code": "xto",
"word": "pot-"
},
{
"lang": "Tocharian B",
"lang_code": "txb",
"word": "paut-"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Tocharian",
"lang_code": "ine-toc-pro",
"word": "*pāut-"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰowdʰ-os"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"word": "bust"
},
{
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "lt",
"word": "bùsti"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "pŭ́stĭs",
"word": "πῠ́στῐς"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"roman": "búddhi",
"word": "बुद्धि"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Aryan",
"lang_code": "inc-pro",
"word": "*búddʰiṣ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "busti",
"word": "𐬠𐬎𐬯𐬙𐬌"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Iranian",
"lang_code": "ira-pro",
"word": "*búzdiš"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"word": "*bʰúdᶻdʰiš"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰéwdʰ-ti-s ~ *bʰudʰ-téy-s"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"m"
],
"word": "*beudaz"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰewdʰ-os"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cornish",
"lang_code": "kw",
"sense": "will",
"word": "both"
},
{
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"sense": "free will, consent",
"word": "bodd"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Brythonic",
"lang_code": "cel-bry-pro"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"word": "*budos"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"word": "*budą"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"roman": "búdha",
"word": "बुध"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Aryan",
"lang_code": "inc-pro",
"word": "*búdʰa"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"word": "*bʰúdʰa"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰudʰ-o-"
},
{
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰudʰ-tó-s"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "lt",
"word": "budrùs"
}
],
"lang": "Old Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "olt",
"word": "budras"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"word": "*bъ̀drъ"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"word": "*bъ̀dřь"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"word": "*budras"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "zaēnibudra",
"word": "𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬌𐬠𐬎𐬛𐬭𐬀"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Iranian",
"lang_code": "ira-pro",
"word": "*budráh"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"word": "*bʰudʰrás"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰudʰ-ró-s"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰewdʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CeRC-shaped roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"glosses": [
"to be awake, be aware"
],
"links": [
[
"awake",
"awake"
],
[
"aware",
"aware"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
]
}
],
"word": "bʰewdʰ-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for bʰewdʰ- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (6.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-08-29 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-23 using wiktextract (ffdbfc3 and b9346a0). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.