See Hrewp- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for Hrewp- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (13.8kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*Hréwp-t ~ *Hrup-ént (athematic root aorist)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*Hrup-yé-ti (zero-grade yé-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hrupyáti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrupyáti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrupyáti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*Hrupyáti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrupyáti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrupyáti"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "रुप्यति",
"t": "to violate, disturb, confound; to suffer violent pain",
"tr": "rúpyati"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: रुप्यति (rúpyati, “to violate, disturb, confound; to suffer violent pain”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: रुप्यति (rúpyati, “to violate, disturb, confound; to suffer violent pain”), लुप्यति (lúpyati, “to confound, confuse, disturb”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*Hru-né-p-ti ~ *Hru-m-p-énti (nasal-infix present)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*Hrowp-éye-ti (éye-causative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*raubijaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *raubijaną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *raubijaną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hlawpáyati",
"t": "to have/cause physical pain"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlawpáyati (“to have/cause physical pain”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlawpáyati (“to have/cause physical pain”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*Hlawpáyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hlawpáyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hlawpáyati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "लोपयति",
"tr": "lopáyati"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: लोपयति (lopáyati)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: लोपयति (lopáyati)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*Hrawpáyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *Hrawpáyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *Hrawpáyati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae-old",
"2": "𐬎𐬭𐬏𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬍",
"pos": "3pl."
},
"expansion": "Old Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬏𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬍 (urūpaiieⁱṇtī, 3pl.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬏𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬍 (urūpaiieⁱṇtī, 3pl.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*Hrewp-í-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hrawpiš"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrawpiš",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrawpiš"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*Hrawpiṣ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrawpiṣ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrawpiṣ"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "रोपि",
"t": "acute or racking pain",
"tr": "rópi"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: रोपि (rópi, “acute or racking pain”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: रोपि (rópi, “acute or racking pain”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*Hrewp-(e)h₁-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"alt": "*roupēs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *roupēs",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *roupēs"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rūpēs",
"t": "cliff, crag"
},
"expansion": "Latin: rūpēs (“cliff, crag”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: rūpēs (“cliff, crag”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*Hréwp-o-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hráwpas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráwpas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráwpas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*Hráwpas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráwpas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráwpas"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "रोप",
"t": "disturbing, confusing",
"tr": "rópa"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: रोप (rópa, “disturbing, confusing”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: रोप (rópa, “disturbing, confusing”), लोप (lópa, “breaking, injury, destruction”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*Hrowp-éh₂, *Hrowp-óm"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*rupa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *rupa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *rupa"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "ру́па"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: ру́па (rúpa)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: ру́па (rúpa)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "rȕpa//ру̏па",
"t": "hole"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian: rȕpa／ру̏па (“hole”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian: rȕpa／ру̏па (“hole”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*raubō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *raubō",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*raubōną",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ *raubōną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *raubō, ⇒ *raubōną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hrawpám"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrawpám",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrawpám"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*Hrawpám"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrawpám",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrawpám"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "रोप",
"t": "hole, fissure",
"tr": "ropá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: रोप (ropá, “hole, fissure”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: रोप (ropá, “hole, fissure”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "?"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "",
"name": "?"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"alt": "*roupā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *roupā",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": " Proto-Italic: *roupā"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rūpa",
"qq": "Apul."
},
"expansion": "Latin: rūpa (Apul.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: rūpa (Apul.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*Hrowp-ó-s (“plundering, pillage, loot”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*raubaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *raubaz",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *raubaz, *raubą (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hlawpás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlawpás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlawpás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*Hlawpás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hlawpás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hlawpás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "लोप",
"tr": "lopá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: लोप (lopá)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: लोप (lopá) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*Hlawpáh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *Hlawpáh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *Hlawpáh"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal",
"tr": "lwp",
"ts": "rōb"
},
"expansion": "Middle Persian: [script needed] (lwp /rōb/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Persian: [script needed] (lwp /rōb/)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal",
"der": "1",
"tr": "lwpk",
"ts": "rōbag"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Middle Persian: [script needed] (lwpk /rōbag/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Middle Persian: [script needed] (lwpk /rōbag/)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*Hrup-tó-m"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hluptám"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hluptám",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hluptám"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*Hluptám"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hluptám",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hluptám"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "लुप्त",
"t": "plunder, loot, disappearance",
"tr": "luptá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: लुप्त (luptá, “plunder, loot, disappearance”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: लुप्त (luptá, “plunder, loot, disappearance”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*Hrup-tó-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hluptás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hluptás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hluptás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*Hluptás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hluptás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hluptás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "लुप्त",
"t": "broken, injured, disappeared",
"tr": "luptá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: लुप्त (luptá, “broken, injured, disappeared”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: लुप्त (luptá, “broken, injured, disappeared”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*ruptos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *ruptos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *ruptos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ruptus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: ruptus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: ruptus (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*Hrówp-tro-m"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hláwptram"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hláwptram",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hláwptram"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*Hláwptram"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hláwptram",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hláwptram"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "लोप्त्र",
"t": "stolen property, loot"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: लोप्त्र (loptra, “stolen property, loot”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: लोप्त्र (loptra, “stolen property, loot”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*Hrewp-i-yo-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro",
"2": "*krupiye"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian: *krupiye",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian: *krupiye (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rupex",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Latin: rupex",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Latin: rupex"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "?"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "",
"name": "?"
}
],
"text": " Paleo-Balkan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txh"
},
"expansion": "Thracian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Thracian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ῥομφαία",
"bor": "1",
"t": "Thracian spear"
},
"expansion": "→ Ancient Greek: ῥομφαία (rhomphaía, “Thracian spear”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ancient Greek: ῥομφαία (rhomphaía, “Thracian spear”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "rrufe",
"alt": "rrufé, -ja",
"t": "lightning"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: rrufé, -ja (“lightning”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: rrufé, -ja (“lightning”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "рофия",
"3": "руфя",
"bor": "1",
"t2": "lightning"
},
"expansion": "→ Bulgarian: рофия (rofija), руфя (rufja, “lightning”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Bulgarian: рофия (rofija), руфя (rufja, “lightning”)"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Perhaps an extension of *Hrew- (“to tear out, dig out”). Compare also *h₁reyp- (“to tear, tear down”).",
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/Hrewp-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European HReRC-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European perfective roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to break, tear (up)"
],
"id": "en-Hrewp--ine-pro-root-zUBxK6k4",
"links": [
[
"break",
"break"
],
[
"tear",
"tear"
],
[
"up",
"up"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"perfective",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben",
"bg:Иван Дуриданов"
]
}
],
"word": "Hrewp-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*Hréwp-t ~ *Hrup-ént (athematic root aorist)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*Hrup-yé-ti (zero-grade yé-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hrupyáti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrupyáti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrupyáti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*Hrupyáti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrupyáti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrupyáti"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "रुप्यति",
"t": "to violate, disturb, confound; to suffer violent pain",
"tr": "rúpyati"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: रुप्यति (rúpyati, “to violate, disturb, confound; to suffer violent pain”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: रुप्यति (rúpyati, “to violate, disturb, confound; to suffer violent pain”), लुप्यति (lúpyati, “to confound, confuse, disturb”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*Hru-né-p-ti ~ *Hru-m-p-énti (nasal-infix present)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*Hrowp-éye-ti (éye-causative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*raubijaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *raubijaną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *raubijaną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hlawpáyati",
"t": "to have/cause physical pain"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlawpáyati (“to have/cause physical pain”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlawpáyati (“to have/cause physical pain”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*Hlawpáyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hlawpáyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hlawpáyati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "लोपयति",
"tr": "lopáyati"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: लोपयति (lopáyati)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: लोपयति (lopáyati)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*Hrawpáyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *Hrawpáyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *Hrawpáyati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae-old",
"2": "𐬎𐬭𐬏𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬍",
"pos": "3pl."
},
"expansion": "Old Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬏𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬍 (urūpaiieⁱṇtī, 3pl.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬏𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬍 (urūpaiieⁱṇtī, 3pl.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*Hrewp-í-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hrawpiš"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrawpiš",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrawpiš"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*Hrawpiṣ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrawpiṣ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrawpiṣ"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "रोपि",
"t": "acute or racking pain",
"tr": "rópi"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: रोपि (rópi, “acute or racking pain”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: रोपि (rópi, “acute or racking pain”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*Hrewp-(e)h₁-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"alt": "*roupēs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *roupēs",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *roupēs"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rūpēs",
"t": "cliff, crag"
},
"expansion": "Latin: rūpēs (“cliff, crag”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: rūpēs (“cliff, crag”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*Hréwp-o-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hráwpas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráwpas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráwpas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*Hráwpas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráwpas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráwpas"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "रोप",
"t": "disturbing, confusing",
"tr": "rópa"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: रोप (rópa, “disturbing, confusing”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: रोप (rópa, “disturbing, confusing”), लोप (lópa, “breaking, injury, destruction”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*Hrowp-éh₂, *Hrowp-óm"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*rupa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *rupa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *rupa"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "ру́па"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: ру́па (rúpa)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: ру́па (rúpa)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "rȕpa//ру̏па",
"t": "hole"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian: rȕpa／ру̏па (“hole”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian: rȕpa／ру̏па (“hole”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*raubō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *raubō",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*raubōną",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ *raubōną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *raubō, ⇒ *raubōną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hrawpám"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrawpám",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrawpám"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*Hrawpám"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrawpám",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrawpám"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "रोप",
"t": "hole, fissure",
"tr": "ropá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: रोप (ropá, “hole, fissure”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: रोप (ropá, “hole, fissure”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "?"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "",
"name": "?"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"alt": "*roupā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *roupā",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": " Proto-Italic: *roupā"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rūpa",
"qq": "Apul."
},
"expansion": "Latin: rūpa (Apul.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: rūpa (Apul.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*Hrowp-ó-s (“plundering, pillage, loot”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*raubaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *raubaz",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *raubaz, *raubą (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hlawpás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlawpás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlawpás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*Hlawpás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hlawpás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hlawpás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "लोप",
"tr": "lopá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: लोप (lopá)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: लोप (lopá) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*Hlawpáh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *Hlawpáh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *Hlawpáh"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal",
"tr": "lwp",
"ts": "rōb"
},
"expansion": "Middle Persian: [script needed] (lwp /rōb/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Persian: [script needed] (lwp /rōb/)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal",
"der": "1",
"tr": "lwpk",
"ts": "rōbag"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Middle Persian: [script needed] (lwpk /rōbag/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Middle Persian: [script needed] (lwpk /rōbag/)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*Hrup-tó-m"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hluptám"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hluptám",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hluptám"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*Hluptám"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hluptám",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hluptám"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "लुप्त",
"t": "plunder, loot, disappearance",
"tr": "luptá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: लुप्त (luptá, “plunder, loot, disappearance”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: लुप्त (luptá, “plunder, loot, disappearance”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*Hrup-tó-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hluptás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hluptás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hluptás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*Hluptás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hluptás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hluptás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "लुप्त",
"t": "broken, injured, disappeared",
"tr": "luptá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: लुप्त (luptá, “broken, injured, disappeared”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: लुप्त (luptá, “broken, injured, disappeared”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*ruptos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *ruptos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *ruptos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ruptus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: ruptus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: ruptus (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*Hrówp-tro-m"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hláwptram"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hláwptram",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hláwptram"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*Hláwptram"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hláwptram",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hláwptram"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "लोप्त्र",
"t": "stolen property, loot"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: लोप्त्र (loptra, “stolen property, loot”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: लोप्त्र (loptra, “stolen property, loot”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*Hrewp-i-yo-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro",
"2": "*krupiye"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian: *krupiye",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian: *krupiye (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rupex",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Latin: rupex",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Latin: rupex"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "?"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "",
"name": "?"
}
],
"text": " Paleo-Balkan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txh"
},
"expansion": "Thracian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Thracian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ῥομφαία",
"bor": "1",
"t": "Thracian spear"
},
"expansion": "→ Ancient Greek: ῥομφαία (rhomphaía, “Thracian spear”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ancient Greek: ῥομφαία (rhomphaía, “Thracian spear”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "rrufe",
"alt": "rrufé, -ja",
"t": "lightning"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: rrufé, -ja (“lightning”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: rrufé, -ja (“lightning”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "рофия",
"3": "руфя",
"bor": "1",
"t2": "lightning"
},
"expansion": "→ Bulgarian: рофия (rofija), руфя (rufja, “lightning”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Bulgarian: рофия (rofija), руфя (rufja, “lightning”)"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Perhaps an extension of *Hrew- (“to tear out, dig out”). Compare also *h₁reyp- (“to tear, tear down”).",
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/Hrewp-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-European HReRC-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European perfective roots",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"glosses": [
"to break, tear (up)"
],
"links": [
[
"break",
"break"
],
[
"tear",
"tear"
],
[
"up",
"up"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"perfective",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben",
"bg:Иван Дуриданов"
]
}
],
"word": "Hrewp-"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (e9e0a99 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.