See ǵʰers- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*ǵʰérs-e-ti (thematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*ȷ́ʰáršati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáršati",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáršati (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*ǵʰr̥s-éh₁(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"alt": "*horzēō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *horzēō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *horzēō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "horreō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: horreō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: horreō"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*ǵʰr̥s-é-ti (tudati-type thematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*gʰr̥šáti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥šáti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥šáti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*gr̥šáti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *gr̥šáti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *gr̥šáti (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*ǵʰr̥s-yé-ti (ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*ȷ́ʰr̥šyáti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰr̥šyáti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰr̥šyáti (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*ǵʰors-éye-ti (eye-causative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*ȷ́ʰaršáyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰaršáyati",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰaršáyati (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*ǵʰe-ǵʰórs-e ~ *ǵʰe-ǵʰr̥s-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "जाहृषाण",
"pos": "ptc.mid.",
"tr": "jāhṛṣāṇá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: जाहृषाण (jāhṛṣāṇá, ptc.mid.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: जाहृषाण (jāhṛṣāṇá, ptc.mid.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "? *ǵʰórs-ōs"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"alt": "*horzōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *horzōs",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *horzōs"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "horror"
},
"expansion": "Latin: horror",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "or derived from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"la\">horreō</i>"
},
"expansion": "(or derived from horreō)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Latin: horror (or derived from horreō)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*ǵʰers-to-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*herztos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *herztos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *herztos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "hīrtus",
"t": "hairy, shaggy"
},
"expansion": "Latin: hīrtus (“hairy, shaggy”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: hīrtus (“hairy, shaggy”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*ǵʰérs-o-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʰérsos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰérsos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰérsos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "χέρσος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: χέρσος (khérsos)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: χέρσος (khérsos)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "ձառ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: ձառ (jaṙ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: ձառ (jaṙ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "घृषु",
"tr": "ghṛ́ṣu"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: घृषु (ghṛ́ṣu)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: घृषु (ghṛ́ṣu)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kho",
"t": "rough",
"tr": "ysīra"
},
"expansion": "Khotanese: [script needed] (ysīra, “rough”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Khotanese: [script needed] (ysīra, “rough”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ps",
"2": "زيږ",
"t": "rough, stiff",
"tr": "ziģ"
},
"expansion": "Pashto: زيږ (ziģ, “rough, stiff”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Pashto: زيږ (ziģ, “rough, stiff”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "हृष्"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: हृष् (hṛṣ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: हृष् (hṛṣ)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰers-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"stiff"
],
"id": "en-ǵʰers--ine-pro-root-5~k6Yovu",
"links": [
[
"stiff",
"stiff"
]
],
"qualifier": "to be",
"raw_glosses": [
"(to be) stiff"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CeRC-shaped roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"surprised"
],
"id": "en-ǵʰers--ine-pro-root-D0ccNHKE",
"links": [
[
"surprised",
"surprised"
]
],
"qualifier": "to be",
"raw_glosses": [
"(to be) surprised"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "ǵʰers-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CeRC-shaped roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*ǵʰérs-e-ti (thematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*ȷ́ʰáršati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáršati",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáršati (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*ǵʰr̥s-éh₁(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"alt": "*horzēō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *horzēō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *horzēō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "horreō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: horreō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: horreō"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*ǵʰr̥s-é-ti (tudati-type thematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*gʰr̥šáti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥šáti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥šáti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*gr̥šáti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *gr̥šáti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *gr̥šáti (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*ǵʰr̥s-yé-ti (ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*ȷ́ʰr̥šyáti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰr̥šyáti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰr̥šyáti (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*ǵʰors-éye-ti (eye-causative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*ȷ́ʰaršáyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰaršáyati",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰaršáyati (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*ǵʰe-ǵʰórs-e ~ *ǵʰe-ǵʰr̥s-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "जाहृषाण",
"pos": "ptc.mid.",
"tr": "jāhṛṣāṇá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: जाहृषाण (jāhṛṣāṇá, ptc.mid.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: जाहृषाण (jāhṛṣāṇá, ptc.mid.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "? *ǵʰórs-ōs"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"alt": "*horzōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *horzōs",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *horzōs"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "horror"
},
"expansion": "Latin: horror",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "or derived from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"la\">horreō</i>"
},
"expansion": "(or derived from horreō)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Latin: horror (or derived from horreō)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*ǵʰers-to-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*herztos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *herztos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *herztos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "hīrtus",
"t": "hairy, shaggy"
},
"expansion": "Latin: hīrtus (“hairy, shaggy”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: hīrtus (“hairy, shaggy”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*ǵʰérs-o-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʰérsos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰérsos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʰérsos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "χέρσος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: χέρσος (khérsos)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: χέρσος (khérsos)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "ձառ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: ձառ (jaṙ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: ձառ (jaṙ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "घृषु",
"tr": "ghṛ́ṣu"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: घृषु (ghṛ́ṣu)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: घृषु (ghṛ́ṣu)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kho",
"t": "rough",
"tr": "ysīra"
},
"expansion": "Khotanese: [script needed] (ysīra, “rough”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Khotanese: [script needed] (ysīra, “rough”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ps",
"2": "زيږ",
"t": "rough, stiff",
"tr": "ziģ"
},
"expansion": "Pashto: زيږ (ziģ, “rough, stiff”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Pashto: زيږ (ziģ, “rough, stiff”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "हृष्"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: हृष् (hṛṣ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: हृष् (hṛṣ)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰers-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"stiff"
],
"links": [
[
"stiff",
"stiff"
]
],
"qualifier": "to be",
"raw_glosses": [
"(to be) stiff"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"surprised"
],
"links": [
[
"surprised",
"surprised"
]
],
"qualifier": "to be",
"raw_glosses": [
"(to be) surprised"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "ǵʰers-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for ǵʰers- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (6.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-02 using wiktextract (b81b832 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.