See (s)mel- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*(s)mél-o-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*melas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *melas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *melas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "mẽlas",
"t": "a lie"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: mẽlas (“a lie”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: mẽlas (“a lie”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*(s)mél-es-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*mélehos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *mélehos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *mélehos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "μέλεος",
"t": "idle, useless"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: μέλεος (méleos, “idle, useless”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: μέλεος (méleos, “idle, useless”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*(s)mól-o-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*malos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *malos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *malos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "malus",
"t": "unpleasant, bad"
},
"expansion": "Latin: malus (“unpleasant, bad”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly",
"2": "alternatively from *(s)meh₂l- (“small”), cf. *smalaz"
},
"expansion": "(possibly, alternatively from *(s)meh₂l- (“small”), cf. *smalaz)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Latin: malus (“unpleasant, bad”) (possibly, alternatively from *(s)meh₂l- (“small”), cf. *smalaz)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*malwos",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Italic: *malwos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Italic: *malwos or *malyos"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osc",
"2": "mallom"
},
"expansion": "Oscan: mallom",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Oscan: mallom, malom (acc.sg.), mallud, malud (“bad, evil”, abl.sg.)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xto",
"2": "smale",
"t": "a lie"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian A: smale (“a lie”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian A: smale (“a lie”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*(s)mel-s-eh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "մեղ",
"t": "sin, crime"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: մեղ (meł, “sin, crime”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly"
},
"expansion": "(possibly)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: մեղ (meł, “sin, crime”) (possibly)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "մեղք"
},
"expansion": "Armenian: մեղք (meġkʻ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Armenian: մեղք (meġkʻ)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "մեղմեխ",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Old Armenian: մեղմեխ (mełmex)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly",
"2": "though disputed"
},
"expansion": "(possibly, though disputed)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Old Armenian: մեղմեխ (mełmex) (possibly, though disputed)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*(s)mel-s-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*mellos",
"t": "destruction, confusion"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *mellos (“destruction, confusion”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *mellos (“destruction, confusion”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "mell",
"t": "error, confusion"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: mell (“error, confusion”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: mell (“error, confusion”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "millid",
"der": "1",
"t": "to destroy"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Old Irish: millid (“to destroy”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Old Irish: millid (“to destroy”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*(s)ml̥-s-bʰeh₂-mo-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*mləspʰāmos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *mləspʰāmos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *mləspʰāmos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "βλᾰ́σφημος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: βλᾰ́σφημος (blắsphēmos)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: βλᾰ́σφημος (blắsphēmos)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "մող"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: մող (moł)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: մող (moł), մոլիմ (molim), մոլորիմ (molorim)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain; the connection between each form is semantically fine, however their isolation makes this reconstruction suspect.",
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)mel-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CReR-shaped roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots with s-mobile",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"false, erroneous"
],
"id": "en-(s)mel--ine-pro-root-rLzKroXA",
"links": [
[
"false",
"false"
],
[
"erroneous",
"erroneous"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"bad, evil"
],
"id": "en-(s)mel--ine-pro-root-7cHqcESm",
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "mel-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "(s)mal-"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"fr:Jacques André"
],
"word": "(s)mel-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CReR-shaped roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots",
"Proto-Indo-European roots with s-mobile",
"Proto-Indo-European terms with unknown etymologies"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*(s)mél-o-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*melas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *melas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *melas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "mẽlas",
"t": "a lie"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: mẽlas (“a lie”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: mẽlas (“a lie”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*(s)mél-es-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*mélehos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *mélehos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *mélehos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "μέλεος",
"t": "idle, useless"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: μέλεος (méleos, “idle, useless”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: μέλεος (méleos, “idle, useless”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*(s)mól-o-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*malos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *malos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *malos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "malus",
"t": "unpleasant, bad"
},
"expansion": "Latin: malus (“unpleasant, bad”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly",
"2": "alternatively from *(s)meh₂l- (“small”), cf. *smalaz"
},
"expansion": "(possibly, alternatively from *(s)meh₂l- (“small”), cf. *smalaz)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Latin: malus (“unpleasant, bad”) (possibly, alternatively from *(s)meh₂l- (“small”), cf. *smalaz)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*malwos",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Italic: *malwos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Italic: *malwos or *malyos"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osc",
"2": "mallom"
},
"expansion": "Oscan: mallom",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Oscan: mallom, malom (acc.sg.), mallud, malud (“bad, evil”, abl.sg.)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xto",
"2": "smale",
"t": "a lie"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian A: smale (“a lie”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian A: smale (“a lie”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*(s)mel-s-eh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "մեղ",
"t": "sin, crime"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: մեղ (meł, “sin, crime”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly"
},
"expansion": "(possibly)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: մեղ (meł, “sin, crime”) (possibly)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "մեղք"
},
"expansion": "Armenian: մեղք (meġkʻ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Armenian: մեղք (meġkʻ)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "մեղմեխ",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Old Armenian: մեղմեխ (mełmex)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly",
"2": "though disputed"
},
"expansion": "(possibly, though disputed)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Old Armenian: մեղմեխ (mełmex) (possibly, though disputed)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*(s)mel-s-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*mellos",
"t": "destruction, confusion"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *mellos (“destruction, confusion”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *mellos (“destruction, confusion”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "mell",
"t": "error, confusion"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: mell (“error, confusion”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: mell (“error, confusion”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "millid",
"der": "1",
"t": "to destroy"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Old Irish: millid (“to destroy”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Old Irish: millid (“to destroy”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*(s)ml̥-s-bʰeh₂-mo-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*mləspʰāmos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *mləspʰāmos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *mləspʰāmos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "βλᾰ́σφημος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: βλᾰ́σφημος (blắsphēmos)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: βλᾰ́σφημος (blắsphēmos)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "մող"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: մող (moł)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: մող (moł), մոլիմ (molim), մոլորիմ (molorim)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain; the connection between each form is semantically fine, however their isolation makes this reconstruction suspect.",
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)mel-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"false, erroneous"
],
"links": [
[
"false",
"false"
],
[
"erroneous",
"erroneous"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"bad, evil"
],
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "mel-"
},
{
"word": "(s)mal-"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"fr:Jacques André"
],
"word": "(s)mel-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for (s)mel- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (5.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (ca09fec and c40eb85). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.