upér

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

Proto-Armenian: *uwer

Old Armenian: վեր (ver)

Proto-Celtic: *uɸer- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *uber (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hupér

Ancient Greek: ὑπέρ (hupér)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *super

Latin: super

Oscan: 𐌔𐌖𐌐𐌓𐌖 (supru, abl.sg)

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌖𐌐𐌄𐌓 (super), 𐌔𐌖𐌁𐌓𐌀 (subra, adverb)

From *úp (“above”) + *-er (locative adverbial suffix). From the same root as *úp-o (“up”). For the suffix compare *n̥dʰ-ér (“under”), *kʷó-r (“where?”), *tó-r (“there”).

suf

ubiri

*upér-i (“over, above”, adverb) (with additional locative suffix *-i)

obaro

Proto-Germanic: *ufaraz; Old High German


wéy

Proto-Anatolian: *wéyes (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wīz (< *wéy-s) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayám (< *weyóm) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *wes

Tocharian A: was

Tocharian B: wes


Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -μενος (-menos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-mHnas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-mHnas

q

Sanskrit: -मान (-māna) (thematic), आन (āna) (athematic) (-ā- in the thematic form is by analogy with the athematic form; the expected thematic form, *-mina, is attested in Middle Indo-Aryan)

Maharastri Prakrit: -𑀫𑀺𑀦 (-mina)

Pali: -māna

Proto-Iranian: *-mHnah

Avestan: 𐬨𐬥𐬀 (mna) (thematic), 𐬁𐬥𐬀 (āna) (athematic)

Proto-Nuristani: *-mna

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri: (< *-nna)

Kamviri: -në-

Kativiri: -në-

Prasuni: -ma-, -mi- (< *-mma)

Proto-Italic: *-manos

Latin: -mnus (syncopated), -mina (unsyncopated) (only in alumnus, fēmina)

Latin: -minī (2pl suffix of deponent verbs)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: -māṃ

Tocharian B: -mane


tuHsont-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tū́ˀsantis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þūsundī (see there for further descendants)

>? Tocharian A: tmām (“ten thousand”)

>? Tocharian B: tmāne (“ten thousand”)

Possibly from *tewh₂- (“to swell”). According to Kroonen, the root should be reconstructed as *tuh₂sdḱmto-, compounded from a prefix *tuh₂s- (from *tewh₂-) and *déḱm̥t (“ten”) or *ḱm̥tóm (“hundred”).


n̥smé

Proto-Germanic: *uns (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἡμεῖς (hēmeîs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *asmá

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *asmá

Sanskrit: अस्मान् (asmā́n) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *ahmá

Avestan: 𐬀𐬵𐬨𐬀 (ahma)

Proto-Italic: *nōs (see there for further descendants)


h₁n̥dʰí

Proto-Anatolian:

Lydian: [script needed] (ẽti)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ádʰi (“over, above”) (conflated with *éti (“over, across”))

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ádʰi

desctree

Sanskrit: अधि (ádhi, “upper, supreme”)
Pali: adhi
→ Hindi: अधि- (adhi-)

Proto-Iranian: *ádi

Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬛𐬍 (aidī)

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬌 (aⁱδi)

Old Persian: [script needed] (adiy)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: ette (“down, lower”)

Likely from *h₁ní (“down, downwards”) + *dʰe (locative particle).

af

Hadʰás

below, downwards; see there for further descendants


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sámaH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sámaH

desc

Sanskrit: समा (sámā, “season, weather, half-year”)

⇒ Sanskrit: ग्रीष्म (grī-ṣmá, “summer”) (< *gʷr̥h₂-sm̥h₂-ó-s)

*sm̥h₂-e/or- (r-stem)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ամառն (amaṙn)

Armenian: ամառ (amaṙ)

q

Germanic can also reflect <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*sm̥h₂-or-o-s</i>

⇒ *sm̥h₂-er-o-s (Germanic can also reflect *sm̥h₂-or-o-s)

>? Proto-Celtic: *samaros

⇒? Gaulish: *Samaro-brīwa (toponym)

→ Latin: Samarobrīva

Proto-Germanic: *sumaraz (see there for further descendants)

*sm̥h₂-ōn (n-stem) (possibly from a heteroclitic r/n-stem)

Proto-Celtic: *samū

desc

⇒ *kentu-samon-yos (“beginning of summer”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *samonyos

⇒ Gaulish: mid samonios (“early summer?”, a month of the Coligny calendar)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ամ (am)
→ Armenian: ամ (am) (learned)

Proto-Celtic: *samos (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬨 (ham-)

Khotanese: [script needed] (hamana-)

Proto-Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ھاوین (hawîn)

Northern Kurdish: havîn

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: ḥʾmyn (hāmīn)

Persian: هامین (hâmin)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: ṣme

Tocharian B: ṣmāye

May be related to *sēmi (“half”), if the original meaning was “half-year” as attested in Vedic. Martirosyan argues that “year” was the original meaning.


*sh₂éy-t ~ *sh₂y-ént (root athematic aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HasHáyt

Proto-Iranian: *HahHáyt

desc

Avestan: 𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬏 (aŋhaiiū, “to become bound”)

*sh₂i-néw-ti (nu-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sHináwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sHináwti

Sanskrit: सिन्वन्त् (sinvant)

*sh₂i-yé-ti (deponent ye-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (iš-ḫi-ya-zi /išḫiyazi/)

*sh₂óy-e ~ *sh₂y-ḗr (stative) (or *sh₂-óy-e ← *seh₂-)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (iš-ḫa-a-i /išḫai/) ~ [script needed] (iš-ḫi-i-er)

*sih₂-éti (tudati-type root thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *siHáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *siHáti

Sanskrit: स्यति (syáti)

*si-né-h₂-ti ~ si-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sinā́ˀtei

Latvian: sìet

Lithuanian: siẽti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sináHti

Sanskrit: सिनाति (sinā́ti, “to bind”)

*sh₂i-sh₂óy-e ~ *sh₂i-sh₂y-ḗr (i-reduplicated stative)

Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian: [script needed] (ḫi-iš-ḫi-ya-an-ti /ḫišḫiyanti/, 3pl.pres.act.)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀊𐀕𐀜 (a-ja-me-no /ai⁽ʰ⁾aimeno, ai⁽ʰ⁾āimeno/, “inlaid”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sHišHā́ya (“to keep bound”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sHiṣHāya

Sanskrit: सिषाय (siṣāya)

Proto-Iranian: *hHišHāya

Avestan: 𐬁𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬁 (āhišāiiā)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sáiˀdlo

Latvian: saiklis (“string, band”)

Lithuanian: ãtsailė (“cross-bar between beam and axle”)

Proto-Slavic: *sidlo (“noose, snare”) (see there for further descendants)

*sh₂éy-mn̥ ~ *sh₂i-méns (“rope”)

Proto-Celtic: *siman

Irish: sim

Proto-Germanic: *sīmô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hímə

Ancient Greek: *ἵμα (*híma)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἱμαῖος (himaîos)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἱμάω (himáō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἱμάς (himás)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἱμάσθλη (himásthlē)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἱμονιά (himoniá) (< collective *hímōn)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *siHmā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *siHmā́

Sanskrit: सीमन् (sīmán, “border, frontier, margin”)

*sh₂éy-ōl ~ *sh₂i-l-és

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (iš-hi-ia-al)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *séiˀlāˀ

Proto-Germanic: *sailą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *silô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sīlô

Dutch: zijl, zijle (“trace, rope”)

German: Seilen (“horse harness”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *sīljaną

Icelandic: síla (“to tie together”)

Proto-Italic: *saitā

Latin: saeta

*sh₂éy-tlo-m (possibly)

*sh₂éy-tu-s ~ *sh₂i-téw-s

Armenian:

Old Armenian: *հայթ (*haytʻ)

⇒ Old Armenian: հայթեմ (haytʻem)

Proto-Germanic: *siduz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sHáytuš (“fetter, band, bridge”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sHáytuṣ

Sanskrit: सेतु (sétu)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀲𑁂𑀉 (seu)

Proto-Iranian: *hHáytuš

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬎 (haētu)

Ossetian: хид (xid)

Persian: خدک (xadak)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒅖𒄭𒈠𒀀𒀸 (iš-ḫi-ma-a-aš /išḫimāš/, “cord, rope”)

*sh₂i-tó-s (“bound, fettered”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sHitás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sHitás

Sanskrit: सित (sitá)

Proto-Iranian: *hHitáh

Avestan: 𐬵𐬌𐬙𐬀 (hita)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sáiˀtas (“tie, cord”)

Latvian: saĩte

Lithuanian: saĩtas

Old Prussian: saytan

Proto-Slavic: *sětь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *saidô (see there for further descendants)

*sh₂óy-wl̥ ~ *sh₂i-wén-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *saiwalō (see there for further descendants)

*sih₂-nó-s (possibly)

Proto-Celtic: *sīnos

Proto-Brythonic: *hin

Old Welsh: hin

Middle Irish: sín

Probably from *seh₂- (“to bind”) + *-éyti (*éy-present verbal suffix).

suf

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
de:Brian D. Joseph


-wénts

-wénts (nominative singular)
Ø-wénts (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
-wéntes (nominative plural)
Ø-wéntes (nominative plural)
-wént (singular vocative)
Ø-wént (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-wéntes (plural vocative)
Ø-wéntes (plural vocative)
-wéntm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø-wéntm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-wéntm̥s (accusative plural)
Ø-wéntm̥s (accusative plural)
-wn̥tés (genitive singular)
Ø-wn̥tés (genitive singular)
-wn̥tóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-wn̥tóHom (genitive plural)
-wn̥tés (ablative singular)
Ø-wn̥tés (ablative singular)
-wn̥tmós (ablative plural)
Ø-wn̥tmós (ablative plural)
-wn̥téy (dative singular)
Ø-wn̥téy (dative singular)
-wn̥tmós (dative plural)
Ø-wn̥tmós (dative plural)
-wént (locative singular)
Ø-wént (locative singular)
-wénti (locative singular)
Ø-wénti (locative singular)
-wn̥tsú (locative plural)
Ø-wn̥tsú (locative plural)
-wn̥tmís (instrumental plural)
Ø-wn̥tmís (instrumental plural)
-wént (nominative singular)
Ø-wént (nominative singular)
-wént (accusative singular)
Ø-wént (accusative singular)

Proto-Anatolian: *-wants (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-wénts

Ancient Greek: -εις (-eis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-wánts

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-wánts

desctree

Sanskrit: -वान् (-vān), -वत् (-vat)
Pali: -vant
→ Bengali: -বান (-ban) (from the masculine singular nominative -वान् (-vān))
→ Hindi: -वान (-vān) (from the masculine singular nominative -वान् (-vān))

Proto-Iranian: *-wánts

Avestan: -𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬥 (-uuan) (for example: 𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬥 (ašauuan, “follower of order”)

Persian: وند (vand)

Forms possessive adjectives from nominal stems.


Ancient Greek: οἶτος (oîtos)

Proto-Celtic: *oytos

Old Irish: óeth

⇒ Old Welsh: an-utonau

Proto-Germanic: *aiþaz (see there for further descendants)

From the o-grade of *h₁ey- (“to go”), after the practice of walking between slaughtered animals as part of taking an oath.


Proto-Hellenic: *wástu

Ancient Greek: ἄστυ (ástu)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwā́stu

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwā́stu

Sanskrit: वास्तु (vā́stu)

Proto-Tocharian: *wostu

Tocharian A: waṣt

Tocharian B: ost

From the o-grade of *h₂wes- (“to dwell”) + *-tu.


morwi-

Proto-Albanian: *mārwa

Albanian: morr

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: մրջիւն (mrǰiwn)

Armenian: մրջյուն (mrǰyun)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *marwis

Proto-Slavic: *morvь, *morvъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *morwis f

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: meryenenn; merion (collective)

Cornish: mwrrian

Middle Welsh: myr

Welsh: mŷr, myrr

Old Irish: moirb

Proto-Germanic: *mauraz, *miurijǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: (with assimilation *morwo- > *mormo-)

Ancient Greek: μύρμηξ (múrmēx) (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: μύρμος (múrmos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *marwíš m (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *mormīkā

Latin: formīca (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: warme


Proto-Albanian: *meg(u)lā

Albanian: mjegull

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *míglāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *omíkʰlā

Ancient Greek: ὀμίχλη (omíkhlē), ὁμίχλη (homíkhlē) — Attic, with secondary aspiration
Greek: ομίχλη (omíchli)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-twāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *-tva (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *-þwō (see there for further descendants)

Earlier *-tu- + *-eh₂ (feminine ending).


Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: նէր (nēr), նեար (near) — reading variant
Armenian: ներ (ner)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jenˀtē

Proto-Slavic: *ętry (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐνάτηρ (enátēr)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: jānitrīcēs

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HyáHtā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HyáHtā

Sanskrit: यातृ (yā́tṛ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *HyáHtā

Persian: جاری (jâri) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: यन्त्रिणी (yantriṇī), यन्त्रणी (yantraṇī)


non-ablauting (romanization)
ḱoph₂óh₁ (dual nominative)
ḱoph₂é (singular vocative)
ḱoph₂óh₁ (dual vocative)
ḱoph₂óh₁ (accusative dual)
ḱoph₂óh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kopyto (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hōfaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćapʰás (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finnic: *kapja


woḱéh₂

woḱéh₂ (nominative singular)
woḱéh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
woḱéh₂ (singular vocative)
woḱéh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
woḱā́m (accusative singular)
woḱéh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
woḱéh₂ (locative singular)
woḱéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waćáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waśáH

Sanskrit: वशा (vaśā́)

Proto-Italic: *wokā

>? Latin: vacca (if not loaned from a Celtic language) (see there for further descendants)

Unknown root *weḱ- + *-éh₂. A probable substrate word.


Proto-Celtic: *rīganī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrā́ȷ́niH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrā́ȷ́niH

Sanskrit: राज्ञी (rā́jñī) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Italic: *rēgīnā (see there for further descendants)

From *h₃rḗǵs (“king”) + *-nih₂ (feminizing suffix).


Proto-Celtic: *nextī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *niftiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náptiH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *naptíH

Sanskrit: नप्ती (naptī́)

Proto-Iranian: *náptiH

Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬞𐬙𐬍 (naptī)

Proto-Italic: *neptis

Latin: neptis (see there for further descendants)

From the noun *népōts (“grandson”) + *-ih₂ (athematic feminine suffix).


*m(y)ówh₁-ti ~ m(y)uh₁-énti (o-grade root athematic verb)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ma-uš-zi)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mauˀtei

Lithuanian: mauti

Latgalian: maut (“to swim”)

⇒ Latvian: maudat

⇒ Lithuanian: maudyti

Proto-Slavic: *myti (“to wash”) (see there for further descendants)

*méyh₁w-ti ~ mih₁w-énti (root athematic verb with metathesis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *míHwati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *míHwati

Sanskrit: मीवति (mī́vati)

Proto-Tocharian: *mäiw-

Tocharian B: miw-

*m(y)owh₁-éye-ti (causative)?

Proto-Italic: *moweō

Latin: moveō

Proto-Tocharian: *mäusk-

Tocharian A: musk-

Tocharian B: musk-

*mh₁w-éh₁-ti (stative, with metathesis)

Proto-Germanic: *mawēną (“to scrape”)

Old Norse: má (“to blot out, wear out”)

Icelandic: má

*muH-ó-s

Proto-Germanic: *muwwaz

Norwegian Nynorsk: mugg (“dust”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: mäs-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


bʰey-

báynah

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáynas (< *bʰéyn-o-s)

Old Irish: bechIrish: beachScottish Gaelic: beach


pérkus

pérkus (nominative singular)
pérkewes (nominative plural)
pérku (singular vocative)
pérkewes (plural vocative)
pérkum (accusative singular)
pérkums (accusative plural)
pr̥kʷéws (genitive singular)
pr̥kʷéwoHom (genitive plural)
pr̥kʷéws (ablative singular)
pr̥kʷúmos (ablative plural)
pr̥kʷéwey (dative singular)
pr̥kʷúmos (dative plural)
pr̥kʷéw (locative singular)
pr̥kʷéwi (locative singular)
pr̥kʷúsu (locative plural)
pr̥kʷúh₁ (instrumental singular)
pr̥kʷúmis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷerkʷus

desc

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *kʷerkʷernos (“oak people”)

Gallaecian:

→ Latin: Querquernī (ethnonym)

Venetic:

→ Latin: Quarquenī (ethnonym)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *kʷerxtos (“bush”)

Proto-Brythonic: *perθ

Cornish: Penberth (toponym)

Middle Welsh: perth (“bush, hedge, thicket”)

Old Irish: ceirt (“apple-tree”)

Proto-Germanic: *ferhuz (“body; life; oak-tree”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *ferhwą (“life, essence”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kʷerkʷus

Latin: quercus (“oak-tree”) (see there for further descendants)


(s)kʷálos

kʷálos (nominative singular)
skʷálos (nominative singular)
kʷáloes (nominative plural)
skʷáloes (nominative plural)
kʷále (singular vocative)
skʷále (singular vocative)
kʷáloes (plural vocative)
skʷáloes (plural vocative)
kʷálom (accusative singular)
skʷálom (accusative singular)
kʷáloms (accusative plural)
skʷáloms (accusative plural)
kʷálosyo (genitive singular)
skʷálosyo (genitive singular)
kʷáloHom (genitive plural)
skʷáloHom (genitive plural)
kʷálead (ablative singular)
skʷálead (ablative singular)
kʷálomos (ablative plural)
skʷálomos (ablative plural)
kʷáloey (dative singular)
skʷáloey (dative singular)
kʷálomos (dative plural)
skʷálomos (dative plural)
kʷáley (locative singular)
skʷáley (locative singular)
kʷáloy (locative singular)
skʷáloy (locative singular)
kʷáloysu (locative plural)
skʷáloysu (locative plural)
kʷálōys (instrumental plural)
skʷálōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: kalis (“sheatfish”)

Proto-Germanic: *hwalaz (“whale”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄσπαλος (áspalos, “fish”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)káras

Proto-Iranian: *(s)kárah

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬀 (kara, “kind of fish”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: squalus (“shark”) (see there for further descendants)

Sometimes compared with Proto-Uralic *kala.


tpelH-

*tpólH-i-s

Proto-Hellenic: *ptólis

Ancient Greek: πτόλις (ptólis), πόλις (pólis)

*tpl̥H-i-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pilis

Latvian: pils

Lithuanian: pilìs

*tpĺ̥H

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥H

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥H

Sanskrit: पूर् (pū́r, nom. sg)

⇒ Sanskrit: पुर (pura) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Sanskrit: पुरी (purī) (see there for further descendants)


wern-

Proto-Albanian: *werna

Albanian: verr

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: գերան (geran)
Armenian: գերան (geran)
→ Northern Kurdish: kêran
→ Turkish: keran

Proto-Celtic: *wernā (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: वरण (varaṇa, “sacred garlic pear, Crateva roxburghii?”)


bʰerHǵós

bʰerHǵós (nominative singular)
bʰerHǵóes (nominative plural)
bʰerHǵé (singular vocative)
bʰerHǵóes (plural vocative)
bʰerHǵóm (accusative singular)
bʰerHǵóms (accusative plural)
bʰerHǵósyo (genitive singular)
bʰerHǵóHom (genitive plural)
bʰerHǵéad (ablative singular)
bʰerHǵómos (ablative plural)
bʰerHǵóey (dative singular)
bʰerHǵómos (dative plural)
bʰerHǵéy (locative singular)
bʰerHǵóy (locative singular)
bʰerHǵóysu (locative plural)
bʰerHǵṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *bardza

Albanian: bredh

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bérˀźas m, *bérˀźāˀ f (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *berkō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥Hȷ́ás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰr̥Hȷ́ás

Sanskrit: भूर्ज (bhūrjá)

Kashmiri: بُرزٕ (burzụ)

Proto-Iranian: *br̥Hjás

Ossetian: бӕрз (bærz)


wáy

Proto-Anatolian: *uwáy

Hittite: [script needed] (uwai)

Albanian: vaj

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wái, *uwái

Latvian: vai

Lithuanian: vaĩ

Proto-Slavic: *uvy

Proto-Celtic: *wai (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wai (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *wái

>? Ancient Greek: αἴ (aí), οἴ (oí)

>? Ancient Greek: οὐαί (ouaí) (possibly)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáy, *uwáy

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uwáy

Sanskrit: उवे (uvé)

Kashmiri: وای (wāy)

Proto-Iranian: *wáy

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬫𐬋𐬌 (vayōi)

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wʾd /wāy/), 𐫇𐫀𐫏 (wʾy /wāy/)

Persian: وای (vây)

→ Turkish: vay

Parthian: 𐫇𐫀𐫏 (wʾy /wāy/)

Zazaki: way

→ Old Armenian: վայ (vay)

Armenian: վայ (vay)

Proto-Italic: *wai

Latin: vae (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

⇒? Proto-Celtic: *wailannā (see there for further descendants)

→ English: gull, seagull

Might have been from an earlier *uwáy (“to see oneself”), which has been preserved in Hittite [script needed] (uwai) and Sanskrit उवे (uvé). The form *wáy would then represent a later innovation. But probably of expressive origin.

onomatopoeic

expressive

uwáy

based on Anatolian, Indo-Iranian, Slavic forms


welg-

*wolg-éyeti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wálˀgīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *walg-

Latgalian: volgs, Latgalian: volgons, Latgalian: pavolgs

Latvian: valgs

Proto-Slavic: *volga (see there for further descendants)

Germanic: Proto-Germanic: *wulkaną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *(u)la-n-g

Albanian: lëng

Proto-Albanian: *ulg(a)ma

Albanian: ulmej

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wilgtei

Lithuanian: vìlgti, vìlgyti

Latgalian: velgme

Latvian: vil̂gt, velgme, velgans

Old Prussian: welgen

Proto-Slavic: *vьlgnǫti, *vьlgъkъ (see there for further descendants)

A synonym *welk- with a different coda velar appears to exist, whence Proto-Celtic *wolkos (“rain, wet weather”), Latvian valks (“wet; creek”), Old Icelandic valgr (“wet, moist”) and Old High German welh (“wet; mild”).


koḱs-

káćšas

armpit; see there for further descendants


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *elemas

Proto-Slavic: *jьlьmъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *limos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *elmaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *olmos

Latin: ulmus (see there for further descendants)


(s)mel-

*(s)mél-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: mẽlas (“a lie”)

*(s)mél-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *mélehos

desc

Ancient Greek: μέλεος (méleos, “idle, useless”)

*(s)mól-o-s

Proto-Italic: *malos

q

Latin: malus (“unpleasant, bad”) (possibly, alternatively from *(s)meh₂l- (“small”), cf. *smalaz)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *malwos or *malyos

Oscan: mallom, malom (acc.sg.), mallud, malud (“bad, evil”, abl.sg.)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: smale (“a lie”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: մեղ (meł, “sin, crime”) (possibly)

Armenian: մեղք (meġkʻ)

⇒ Old Armenian: մեղմեխ (mełmex) (possibly, though disputed)

*(s)mel-s-os

desc

Proto-Celtic: *mellos (“destruction, confusion”)

Old Irish: mell (“error, confusion”)

⇒ Old Irish: millid (“to destroy”)

Proto-Hellenic: *mləspʰāmos

Ancient Greek: βλᾰ́σφημος (blásphēmos)

Unsorted formations

Armenian:

Old Armenian: մող (moł), մոլիմ (molim), մոլորիմ (molorim)

Uncertain; the connection between each form is semantically fine, however their isolation makes this reconstruction suspect.


dlongʰos

dlongʰos (nominative singular)
dlongʰoes (nominative plural)
dlongʰe (singular vocative)
dlongʰoes (plural vocative)
dlongʰom (accusative singular)
dlongʰoms (accusative plural)
dlongʰosyo (genitive singular)
dlongʰoHom (genitive plural)
dlongʰead (ablative singular)
dlongʰomos (ablative plural)
dlongʰoey (dative singular)
dlongʰomos (dative plural)
dlongʰey (locative singular)
dlongʰoy (locative singular)
dlongʰoysu (locative plural)
dlongʰōys (instrumental plural)
dlongʰām (accusative singular)
dlongʰom (nominative singular)
dlongʰoy (dual nominative)
dlongʰom (singular vocative)
dlongʰoy (dual vocative)
dlongʰoy (accusative dual)

Proto-Germanic: *langaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *drangʰas

Proto-Iranian: *drangah

Northern Kurdish: direng, dereng

Middle Persian: [script needed] (drang)

desctree

Persian: درنگ (derang)
→ Bengali: দেরেঙ্গ (dereṅgo)

Proto-Italic: *dlongos (see there for further descendants)


gʰrey-

Unsorted derivations:

Proto-Germanic: *grīmô (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: χρίω (khríō)

Balto-Slavic:

q

>? Lithuanian: griẽti (or possibly a variant with g- from *krey-, compare Latvian krìet (“to skim”))


(s)mal-

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mṓˀlas

Proto-Slavic: *màlъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *smalaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *malos

Latin: malus (possibly)


gʰer-

or <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʰér-ye-ti</i> with full-grade root

*gʰr̥-yé-ti (or *gʰér-ye-ti with full-grade root)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰə́řřō
Ancient Greek: χαίρω (khaírō) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰáryati

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: हर्यति (háryati)

Proto-Italic: *herjō (see there for further descendants)

*gʰr̥-t-ós

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰərtós

Ancient Greek: χαρτός (khartós)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥tás

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

the etymology of the root <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">हृ</i> (hṛ, “to take”) is debated

Sanskrit: हृत (hṛtá) (the etymology of the root हृ (hṛ, “to take”) is debated)

*gʰr̥-i-t-

Ancient Greek: χάρις (kháris)

*gʰēr-i-

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ձիր (jir)

Ancient Greek: χαρά (khará) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰér-mn̥

Ancient Greek: χάρμα (khárma)

Ancient Greek: χάρμη (khármē)

*gʰer-no-

Proto-Germanic: *gernaz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: χράω (khráō)

Ancient Greek: χρηστός (khrēstós)

Ancient Greek: χρῄζω (khrḗizō)


gʰer-

*gʰrey-

>? *gʰren(H)dʰ-

*gʰrend-

>? *gʰrónd-ro-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰróndros

desc

>? Ancient Greek: χόνδρος (khóndros, “small mass; corn of grain; cartilage”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰrewd- ~ *gʰr-eu-d- ~ *gʷrod-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: կորկոտ (korkot) < *gʷo-gʷrod- (perhaps)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: graudìnti (“to move, touch”)

Proto-Slavic: *gruditi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: grūst

Lithuanian: grūsti

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: gruds (“grain, corn”), grauds

Lithuanian: grūdas, graûds

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Baltic:

Lithuanian: grúodas (“frost; frozen mud or street dirt”)

→ Proto-Finnic: *routa (“frost on the ground”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *grùda (“heap, lump”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *grautaz (“coarse, crude; big, large”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *greutaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *greutą (“grit, rubble”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *grautiz

Proto-Germanic: *grūtiz, *grūtą

Proto-West Germanic:

desctree

Old English: grūt (“malt marsh”)
Middle English: growte, grout
English: grout

Old High German:

desc

Middle High German: grūz (“corn of sand or grain”)

→ Medieval Latin: grutum, grudum, grutdum (“flour, meal”)

desctree

Old Norse: grautr (“porridge”)
Icelandic: grautur
Faroese: greytur
Norwegian Nynorsk: graut
→ Norwegian Bokmål: graut
Swedish: gröt
Danish: grød
Norwegian Bokmål: grøt

*gʰrewh₂-, *gʰreh₂w-

⇒ *gʰrewh₂-ǵ(ʰ)-

⇒ *gʰrowǵ(ʰ)os

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grauˀźas (“crushed stone, gravel”)

Latvian: gruži pl (“crushed stone”)

Lithuanian: gráužas, graũžas (“gravel, coarse sand”)

Proto-Slavic: *gruzъ (“crushed stone, gravel”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *gʰrówh₂-mn̥ or *gʰróh₂u-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrṓwmə

Ancient Greek: χρῶμα (khrôma, “color; skin”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *gʰrówh₂-s or *gʰróh₂u-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrṓws

Ancient Greek: χρώς (khrṓs, “color; skin”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀒𐀫𐀸𐀁 (a-ko-ro-we-e /(h)akʰroweʰe/)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: gŗaût (“to destroy, demolish, bring down”)

Lithuanian: griáuti (“to destroy, demolish”)

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: ἔχραον (ékhraon, “attack, assault”)

Proto-Italic: *grūō

Latin: *gruō

⇒? Latin: ingruō (“make an onslaught upon, attack, assail, fall on, threaten”)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Italic: *grandis

⇒ Latin: grandis (“large”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰeráts

>? Ancient Greek: χεράς (kherás, “pebble, gravel”)

*gʰer-gʰr-o- (reduplicated)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰénkʰros (with dissimilation r…r > n…r)

>? Ancient Greek: κέγχρος (kénkhros, “grain of millet”)

*gʰ-n̥-gʰr-u-s (reduplicated and infixed)?

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰə́kʰrus

>? Ancient Greek: κάχρυς (kákhrus) (but probably Pre-Greek)

*gʰér-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰérmə

Ancient Greek: χέρμα (khérma)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰermáts

>? Ancient Greek: χερμάς (khermás, “stone (for throwing)”)


ml̥dus

ml̥dus (nominative singular)
ml̥dewes (nominative plural)
ml̥du (singular vocative)
ml̥dewes (plural vocative)
ml̥dum (accusative singular)
ml̥dums (accusative plural)
ml̥déws (genitive singular)
ml̥déwoHom (genitive plural)
ml̥déws (ablative singular)
ml̥dúmos (ablative plural)
ml̥déwey (dative singular)
ml̥dúmos (dative plural)
ml̥déw (locative singular)
ml̥déwi (locative singular)
ml̥dúsu (locative plural)
ml̥dúmis (instrumental plural)
ml̥du (nominative singular)
ml̥du (accusative singular)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: մեղկ (mełk)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *maldás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mildijaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βλαδύς (bladús), Ancient Greek: ἀμαλδύνω (amaldúnō)

Proto-Italic: *moldus

Latin: mollis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥dúš (see there for further descendants)

From *mel- (“soft, weak, tender”). Related to *melh₂-. Presumably also related to *(s)meld-.


*h₂po-h₁ém-os (“taken off”)

Proto-Italic: *poomos (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: իմանամ (imanam)
Armenian: իմանալ (imanal), իմա (ima)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *émtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *jьměti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *emeti

⇒ Old Irish: ar·foím

q

preterite of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">con·ói</i>

⇒ Old Irish: con·óiter (preterite of con·ói)

⇒ Old Irish: do·eim

Proto-Italic: *emō (see there for further descendants)

Possibly related to *nem- (“to take or give one's due”).


Proto-Germanic: *fijāną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *patos

⇒ Latin: patior (see there for further descendants)

*péh₁-mn̥ ~ *ph₁-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *pēmə

Ancient Greek: πῆμα (pêma)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paHmā́ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píHyati

Sanskrit: पीयति (pī́yati)


kʷséps

kʷséps (nominative singular)
kʷsépes (nominative plural)
kʷsép (singular vocative)
kʷsépes (plural vocative)
kʷsépm̥ (accusative singular)
kʷsépm̥s (accusative plural)
kʷspés (genitive singular)
kʷspóHom (genitive plural)
kʷspés (ablative singular)
kʷspmós (ablative plural)
kʷspéy (dative singular)
kʷspmós (dative plural)
kʷsép (locative singular)
kʷsépi (locative singular)
kʷspsú (locative plural)
kʷspmís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšáps (see there for further descendants)


*h₂eh₃-mó-s (see there for further descendants)

*h₂éh₃-mr̥ (see there for further descendants)


h₂éh₃mr̥

Proto-Armenian: *amur ~ *aʷmur

Old Armenian: օր (ōr)

Proto-Hellenic: *ā́mər

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἦμᾰρ (êmar), ἆμᾰρ (âmar) — Doric, Arcadocypriot
Greek: ημέρα (iméra)
Tsakonian: αμέρα (améra)
→? Albanian: zëmër

From *h₂eh₃- (“to be hot, burn”) + *-mr̥.


Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: հում (hum)
Armenian: հում (hum)
→ Georgian: უმი (umi), ჰუმი (humi)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: oms (“Sudden, fast, swift”)

Proto-Celtic: *omos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ōmós

Ancient Greek: ὠμός (ōmós)
Greek: ωμός (omós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HaHmás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HaHmás

Sanskrit: आम (āmá)

Proto-Iranian: *HaHmáh

Northern Kurdish: xav

Persian: خام (xâm)

→ Old Armenian: խամ (xam)

Probably from *h₂eh₃- (“to be hot, burn”) + *-mós.

amārus

with analogical change of the suffix to -ārus?

>? Proto-Germanic: *ampraz

*h₂h₃m-ro- (“sour, bitter; sorrel?”) (or thematicized from *h₂éh₃-mr-)


sokʷós

non-ablauting (romanization)
sokʷós (nominative singular)
sokʷóes (nominative plural)
sokʷé (singular vocative)
sokʷóes (plural vocative)
sokʷóm (accusative singular)
sokʷóms (accusative plural)
sokʷósyo (genitive singular)
sokʷóHom (genitive plural)
sokʷéad (ablative singular)
sokʷómos (ablative plural)
sokʷóey (dative singular)
sokʷómos (dative plural)
sokʷéy (locative singular)
sokʷóy (locative singular)
sokʷóysu (locative plural)
sokʷṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *źak-

Albanian: gjak (“blood”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sakás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *sakʷos (“fir”)

⇒ Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: sybwydd

Gaulish: *sappos (“fir tree”)

→ Latin: sappinus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hokʷós

desc

Ancient Greek: ὀπός (opós, “juice (of plants)”)

Proto-Tocharian: *sekwe (“pus”)

Tocharian A: saku

Tocharian B: sekwe


-níd-

Proto-Albanian: *tsanidā

Albanian: thëri

Proto-Armenian: *anic

Old Armenian: անիծ (anic) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gnī́ˀdāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *snidā

Old Irish: sned

Irish: sniodh

Manx: snieg

Scottish Gaelic: sneadh

Welsh: nedd

Cornish: nedh

Breton: nez

Proto-Germanic: *hnits (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κονίς (konís)

Believed by Kroonen to be a non-Indo-European substrate word related to Latin lēns (“id.”), though the latter may also be a direct, nasally dissimilated reflex of this root. Words for 'louse' and 'nit' are frequently subject to irregular tabooistic changes.


kakka-

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kākā́ˀtei
East Baltic:
Latvian: kākāt, kakāt
Lithuanian: kakóti
Proto-Slavic: *kàkati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kakkajō

Ancient Greek: κᾰκκᾰ́ω (kakkáō) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kakāō

Latin: cacō; cacāre (see there for further descendants)

Albanian:

Albanian: kakë

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kākā

Latvian: kaka

Lithuanian: kaka

Proto-Slavic: *kàka (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kakkā

Ancient Greek: κάκκη (kákkē)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian: *kakka

Pashto: ککه (kaká)

desc

Old Mazanderani: ککا (kakā, “sheep's excrement”)

Classical Persian: ککه (kaka), ککی (kakê)

Iranian Persian: ککه (kake) (in Isfahani dialect ککه (keke))

Proto-Italic: *kakkā

Vulgar Latin: *cacca

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: քակոր (kʻakor)

Middle Armenian: քաք (kʻakʻ)

Armenian: քաք (kʻakʻ)

Armenian: քակոր (kʻakor)

Proto-Celtic: *kakkā

Old Irish: cacc

Irish: cac

Scottish Gaelic: cac

Proto-Brythonic: *kax

Middle Breton: cauch

Breton: cac'h

Cornish: caugh

Welsh: cach

Probably a Lallwort of imitative/expressive origin. Calvert Watkins claimed in particular: "imitative of glottal closure during defecation".

onomatopoeic

imitative


káput

káput ~ *kap-wét-s (canonical neuter)
káput (nominative singular)
káput (singular vocative)
káput (accusative singular)
kapwéts (genitive singular)
kapwéts (ablative singular)
kapwétey (dative singular)
kapwét (locative singular)
kapwéti (locative singular)

Proto-Germanic: *hafudą ~ *haubeþaz (“head”) (metathesized < *habweþaz) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kaput (see there for further descendants)

From *kap- (“head”), possibly of substrate origin, or perhaps related to *kap- (“seize, hold”), + rare suffix *-ut.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


peg-

*peg-só-s (“wing”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pakšás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pakṣás

Sanskrit: पक्ष (pakṣá)

*peg-to-s

Proto-Italic: *pektos

Latin: pectus

*peg-tu-s

Proto-Celtic: *ɸextus

Old Irish: ucht

Irish: ucht

Scottish Gaelic: uchd


sélos

séles- (oblique stem)
sélos (nominative singular)
sélōs (nominative plural)
sélos (singular vocative)
sélōs (plural vocative)
sélos (accusative singular)
sélōs (accusative plural)
sélesos (genitive singular)
sélesoHom (genitive plural)
sélesos (ablative singular)
sélesmos (ablative plural)
sélesey (dative singular)
sélesmos (dative plural)
séles (locative singular)
sélesi (locative singular)
sélesu (locative plural)
sélesmis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Armenian: (perhaps)

Old Armenian: եղտիւր (ełtiwr)

Proto-Hellenic: *hélos

Ancient Greek: ἕλος (hélos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáras (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic:

German: Saale

From a late, southern dialectal variant that is found mostly in East Indo-European languages, namely the Armenian, Greek and Indo-Iranian branches.


ḱlewH-

*ḱlewH-

Proto-Albanian: *klusla

Albanian: qull

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: šlúoti (“to wipe”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: cluō (“to clean”)

*ḱlu-d-

Proto-Celtic: *clud (cleansing)

→English: Clyde

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κλύζω (klúzō, “to wash”), κλῠ́δων (klúdōn)

*ḱluH-d-ro-

Proto-Armenian: (probably)

Old Armenian: լուրթ (lurtʻ)

Proto-Germanic: *hlūtraz (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Italic: *kloākā (maybe formed to a factitive *klowā- from a PIE adjective *ḱlewH-o-)

>? Latin: cloāca (see there for further descendants)

*ḱluH-ro-

Proto-Celtic:

desc

Welsh: clir (“light, bright, clear, clean, joyful”)

*ḱluH-r-yo- ~ *ḱluH-r-yeh₂-

Proto-Armenian: (probably)

Old Armenian: լուրջ (lurǰ)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Baltic:

Latvian: slaucīt, slaukt, slota

Lithuanian: šlúota, šlaukýti (“to wipe, to rub”), sliaũkti (“to crawl; to slide; to cast off, to make slide; to wipe; to flow slowly”)

→ Proto-Finnic: *luuta (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Slavic: *Slovǫta (“Dniepr”) (see there for further descendants)


(s)kewd-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oswald Szemerényi
Vladimir Orel

*(s)kéwd-e-ti ~ *(s)kéwd-o-nti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáwdati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćáwdati

Sanskrit: चोदति (codati) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *skeuda

Albanian: hedh (“to throw”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *skeutaną (“to shoot”) (disputed) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kud-tó-s (“propelled”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čutˢtás

Proto-Iranian: *custáh

Persian: چست (čost, “quick, active”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kūˀdā́ˀtei

Latvian: kûdît, kûdinât (“to drive, to urge”) (possibly)

Lithuanian: skiautė, skutai

Proto-Slavic: *kydati impf, *kydnǫti pf (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *huttōną (“to run”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Scythian: *Skuδa (“shooter”)

→ Ancient Greek: Σκύθης (Skúthēs, “Scythian”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Persian: 𐎿𐎣 (s-k, “Scythia”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ 𐎿𐎣𐎠 (s-k-a, “Scythian”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Akkadian: 𒅖𒆪𒍝𒀀𒀀 (Iškuzaya, “Scythian”) (see there for further descendants)


Hrugʰís

Hrugʰímos (ablative plural)
Hrugʰímos (dative plural)
Hrugʰísu (locative plural)
Hrugʰímis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rugís (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rugiz (see there for further descendants)

Most likely a wanderwort that spread in post-PIE times.


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*kl̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *kl̥-n-h₂-énti (athematic nasal infix present)

Proto-Italic: *kelnō

⇒ Latin: per-cellō

Proto-Italic: *klāwā

Latin: clāva (“club”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κλᾰ́ω (kláō)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kálˀtei (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kl̥h₂d-é-ti

Proto-Celtic: *kladeti (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *koldom (“destruction”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kol(h₂)d-éye-ti (factitive)

Proto-Germanic: *haltijaną (“to make lame”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kol(h₂)d-o-s (adjective)

Proto-Germanic: *haltaz (“lame, limp”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *kól(h₂)d ~ *kl̥d-és n (root noun) (with laryngeal deletion?)

Proto-Germanic: *hultą (“wood, grove”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *klə́dos

Ancient Greek: κλᾰ́δος (kládos, “branch, shoot”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *kol(h₂)d-éh₂

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kálˀdāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *kolda (“log, block (of wood)”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kl̥h₂-d-eh₁-s

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kl̥h₂-dʰeh₁-s</i>

>? Proto-Italic: *klādēs (or from *kl̥h₂-dʰeh₁-s)

Latin: clādēs (“breaking, destruction”)

⇒? *kel(h₂)-g(H)-

⇒ *kol(h₂)g-eh₂

Proto-Celtic: *kolgā

Proto-Brythonic: *kolɣ

Cornish: colgh

Middle Welsh: coly

Welsh: col

Old Irish: colg

Irish: colg


(s)mewk-

*sméwk-eti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *smáwčati

Proto-Iranian: *hmáwčati (see there for further descendants)

*méwk-t ~ muk-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mukatei

Proto-Slavic: *mъčati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hámučat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hámućat

Sanskrit: अमुचत् (ámucat, 3sg.act.aor.)

*méwk-se-ti (*(h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máwkšati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máwkṣati

desc

Sanskrit: मोक्षते (mókṣate, “to free one's self”, 3sg.med.)

⇒ Sanskrit: मोक्ष (mokṣa) (see there for further descendants)

*muk-yé-ti (*yé-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mučyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mućyáti

Sanskrit: मुच्यते (múcyate, “be set free, released”, 3sg.med.)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀπομύσσω (apomússō)

*mu-n-ék-ti ~ *mu-n-k-éti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *muktei

Latvian: mukt (“knock off, slip”)

Lithuanian: mùkti, munkù, mukaũ (“be released, escape”)

Proto-Slavic: *mъknǫti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *munčáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *munćáti

Sanskrit: मुञ्चति (muñcáti, “to free, let loose”)

⇒ Sanskrit: आमुञ्चति (āmuñcáti, “to dress”)

Proto-Iranian: *munčáti

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *patimunčáti (“to clothe”)

Sogdian: (/pət(ī)menǰ-/)

Buddhist: [script needed] (pt’ym’ync, 3sg.impf.)

Christian: [script needed] (ptmynct, 3sg.pres.), [script needed] (ptymync, 3sg.impf.)

Manichaean: [script needed] (pt’ymync, 3sg.impf.)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prámunčati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prámunćati

Sanskrit: प्रमुञ्चति (prámuñcati, “to untie, loosen”)

Proto-Iranian: *frámunčati

Sogdian:

Christian: [script needed] (fr’mnc-, “to divest oneself of, take off”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: ēmungō

*mí-muk-(h₁)se-ti (i-reduplicated *(h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mímukšati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mímukṣati

Sanskrit: मुमुक्षति (múmukṣati, “to wish to free one's self”)

*muk-tó-s (“released, discharged”)

Proto-Albanian: *mukta

Albanian: mut (“excrement”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *muktás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *muktás

desctree

Sanskrit: मुक्त (muktá, “discharged, freed, loosed”)
→ Bengali: মুক্ত (mukto)
→ Hindi: मुक्त (mukt)
→ Marathi: मुक्त (mukta)
→ Telugu: ముక్తము (muktamu)


ḱens-

*ḱéns-e-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćánsati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śánsati

Sanskrit: शंसति (śáṃsati)

Proto-Iranian: *cánhati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kensēō (< earlier *kensējō)

Latin: cēnseō

*ḱóns-mo-

Proto-Hellenic: *kónsmos

Ancient Greek: κόσμος (kósmos)

*ḱómso- (possibly)

Hellenic: [Term?]

Ancient Greek: κῶμος (kômos)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *θēm-

Albanian: them

Proto-Germanic: *hazjaną

Perhaps an old ingressive s-formation of *ḱem-.


bʰelǵ-

*bʰélǵ-mn̥ ~ *bʰl̥ǵ-mén-s

Proto-Italic: *flagmen

Latin: *flāmen ⇒ *sub-flāmen (“brake”)

*bʰélǵ-ō, *bʰólǵ-ō

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *belkô, *balkô, *balkuz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *bliga

Albanian: bligë

>? Ancient Greek: φᾰ́λᾰγξ (phálanx) (see there for further descendants)

variant *bʰelḱ-?

*bʰl̥ḱ-yé-ti

Proto-Italic: *folkjō

Latin: fulciō (“to prop up, support”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰə́lkās

>? Ancient Greek: φάλκης (phálkēs, “rib of a ship? (= beam, crossbar?); *gunwale”) (see there for further descendants)

Helmut Rix
Kluge's law
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


desctree

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sasás (“corn, grass, herb”)
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sasás
Sanskrit: सस (sasá)
Magadhi Prakrit:
Assamese: সাহ (xah, “crops”)
Odia: ସସ (sasa, “kernel”)

*(s)h₁és-ō ~ *(s)h₁s-nés

q

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *asenis, *esenis f (“autumn”) (alternation perhaps due to "Rozwadowski's rule")

Old Prussian: assanis

Sudovian: asenis

Proto-Slavic: *(j)esenь (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *azaniz f (“harvest-time; summer”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *asnō (“harvest, earning, wage”)(see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *osnā (perhaps)

Proto-Italic: *atnosnā (+ *atnos (“year”) (whence annus))

Latin: annōna (“produce, supply, food, corn”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sásnuš

Proto-Iranian: *háhnuš

Old Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬎𐬱 (haŋhuš, “harvest, fruit; benefit, profit”)

*(s)h₁ós-r̥ ~ *(s)h₁és-n̥s

Proto-Armenian: *(h)o(h)ár-a-

Old Armenian: ար-ա-ց (ar-a-cʻ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *asunz (“day-laborer”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *(h)ohər

q

+ *opi- (related to Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ἐπι-</i> (epi-), from *h₁epi (“on, at”)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *opohərā (contracted from *opi(h)ohərā, + *opi- (related to Ancient Greek ἐπι- (epi-), from *h₁epi (“on, at”))

desc

Ancient Greek: ὀπώρα (opṓra, “end of the summer, start of autumn; harvest, fruit”)

Proto-Celtic: *sasyos (“barley”) (see there for further descendants)

Extended forms

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [Term?] (/šešd-/, “to grow”)

Unsorted forms

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒊺𒂊𒊭𒀭𒈾𒀸 (še-e-ša-an-na-aš), 𒊺𒂊𒊭𒈾𒀸 (še-e-ša-na-aš, “fruit (tree), harvest, crop”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: աշուն (ašun, “autumn”) (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finno-Ugric: *kesä (“summer”)

Proto-Finnic: *kesä (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *keasē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *kizə (see there for further descendants)

Reanalyzed root from *sh₁es ~ *sh₁s-o-s (“sowing”), from *seh₁- (“to sow”).


dʰeygʷ-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov

*dʰeygʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Italic: *feigʷō

Latin: fīvō, later fīgō

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: díegti (“to prick”)

*dʰeygʷ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *dīkaz (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *děgati (“to clinch”)

*dʰigʷ-neH-ti

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *dьgnǫti (“to prick”)

Proto-Albanian: *dʰingʷ-u

Albanian: deng


yúHs

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jūˀšē

Lithuanian: jū́šė (“fish soup”)

Old Prussian: iuse (“broth”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yúHs

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yúHs

Sanskrit: यूस् (yū́s, “soup, broth”)

Proto-Italic: *jūs

Latin: iūs (“soup”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic: *yūskos, *yuskos

Middle Irish: úsc, úsca (“lard, fat”)

Probably from a root *yewH- (“to mix”), whence also possibly Proto-Celtic *yutos (“porridge”).

jūxà

soup; with unexplained loss of laryngeal; see there for further descendants

Ancient Greek: ζύμηGreek: ζύμη→ English: zyme

zymo-→⇒ German: Enzym→ English: enzyme→ French: enzyme→ Italian: enzima→ Spanish: enzima

यूष

soup; water in which pulses have been boiled; see there for further descendants


len-

*len-tos

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lentas

Lithuanian: leñtas

Proto-Germanic: *linþaz (“flexible, soft”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *lentos

Latin: lentus (“pliant, flexible; slow”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *linwaz (“soft, mild, gentle”)


*h₂lég-e-ti (thematic root verb)

>? Proto-Germanic: *lekaną

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *lēkiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *alégō

Ancient Greek: ἀλέγω (alégō, “to care, mind, heed”)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *legō
Latin: *legō (only in dī-ligō, intel-legō, neg-legō (these may be derivatives of Latin legō, from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ-, but were at least influenced by this verb))
⇒ Latin: *religō (“to observe”)
⇒ Latin: religiō (“reverence”) (see there for further descendants)
Oscan: leíguss
Paelignian: lexe

*h₂lḗg-s-t (s-aorist)

Italic:

Latin: -lēxī (in compounds above)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: ἄλγος (álgos, “pain”)


*dʰe-dʰónh₂-e (stative)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: τέθνᾰμεν (téthnamen, 1sg.pf.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dadʰā́nHa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dadʰā́nHa

Vedic Sanskrit: दधन्वाँस् (dadhanvā́m̐s-, “running”, ptc.)

*dʰénh₂- ~ dʰn̥h₂-u- (present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰánwati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰánwati

Sanskrit: धन्वति (dhánvati)

*dʰonh₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰánayati

Proto-Iranian: *dánayati

Persian: دنیدن (danidan, “to hasten, run”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Vedic Sanskrit: धनयति (dhanáyati, “to set in motion”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *daniz (“Dane”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰánHas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰánHas

Sanskrit: धन (dhána, “competition, contest, strife; prize”)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *tʰnāiskō

Ancient Greek: θνῄσκω (thnḗiskō, “to die”), ἔθᾰνον (éthanon, aor.)

*dʰónh₂-ti-s ~ *dʰn̥h₂-téy-s

Proto-Italic: *fontis

Latin: fōns (“fountain, (well)spring, source”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: दधन्ति (dadhanti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰanH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰanH-

Sanskrit: धन् (√dhan)

Proto-Tocharian: *tsän-

Tocharian A: tsno (“to flow”, pf.ptc.)

Tocharian A: tsnāntär (subjunctive)

Tocharian B: *tsnamo (“flowing”)


stegʷʰ-

*stégʷʰ-e- (“thematic present”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στέφω (stéphō)

*stégʷʰ-s- (“s-aorist”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔστεψα (éstepsa)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *stožěrъ (“pivot”)

Bulgarian: стожер (stožer)


stebʰ-

*stebʰ-h₁-yé-ti (essive present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: stebėti

*st-né-bʰ-ti ~ *stn̥bʰ-énti (nasal infix)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stámbʰatay (rebuilt)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stámbʰatay

Sanskrit: स्तम्भते (stámbhate)

⇒ Sanskrit: स्तम्भ (stámbha, “pillar”) (see there for further descendants)

*stobʰ-néH-ti (transitive perfective)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stabʰnā́ti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stabʰnā́ti

Sanskrit: स्तभ्नाति (stabhnā́ti, “to support, strengthen”)

*stebʰ-lóm

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

q

>? Proto-Slavic: *stьblò (intertwined with *steybʰ- (“to puncture”), see *stьbъ) (see there for further descendants)

*stóbʰ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *stabaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stabas

Latvian: stabs (“pole”)

Lithuanian: stãbas (“idol”)

Proto-Slavic: *stoborъ (“column”) (+ *-orъ) (see there for further descendants)

*stebʰ-ró-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stabʰrás

Proto-Iranian: *stabráh

Middle Persian:

desc

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫘𐫤𐫁𐫡 (ʾstbr /istabr/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (stabr)

*stebʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stabdʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stabdʰás

Sanskrit: स्तब्ध (stabdha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *stabdáh

Parthian:

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫘𐫤𐫜𐫤 (ʾstft /istaft/)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫘𐫤𐫛𐫤 (ʾstpt /istaft/)

Unsorted formations:

Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: σταφυλή (staphulḗ) (most likely Pre-Greek) (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

→ Proto-Finnic: *sambas (see there for further descendants)


bʰrekʷ-

*bʰr̥kʷ-yé-ti (“ye-present”)

Proto-Italic: *farkjō

Latin: farciō (“to cram, fill completely, stuff”)

q

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰrakʷjō (possibly, or perhaps from *bʰerǵʰ- (“to be high; to rise”))

desc

Ancient Greek: φράσσω (phrássō, “to fence”)

*bʰr̥kʷ-s-

Proto-Italic: *fraksō (“to patrol”)

Latin: fraxō

*bʰrékʷ-nt-s ~ *bʰr̥kʷ-nt-ós

Proto-Italic: *frekʷents

Latin: frequēns (“occurring at close intervals”)

Reconstructed with a labiovelar to include Latin frequēns, but due to this unusual root structure, possibly a substrate borrowing.


streyg-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*stréyg-e- (“thematic present”)

Proto-Germanic: *strīkaną (“to stroke, rub”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *striťi (“to cut (hair, fleece, grass), shear, to slip”) (see there for further descendants)

*stri-né-g- (“ne-present”)

Proto-Italic: *stringō

Latin: stringō (“to draw tight, to stip off, prune, to touch lightly”) (see there for further descendants)

*strig-ís (may derive from *ster- (“line”))

Proto-Germanic: *strikiz (“line, streak”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *strižьka (“haircut, hairdo”) (root *-i- elongated due to Winter's law)

*stréyg-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *straikaz (“stroke”)

Proto-West Germanic: *straik (“stroke, line, dash”) (see there for further descendants)


kʷeyt-

*(s)kʷéyt-t ~ *(s)kit-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *(s)keistéi

Latvian: šķist

Proto-Slavic: *čisti (see there for further descendants)

*kʷéyt-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáytati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćáytati

Sanskrit: चेतति (cétati, “to perceive”)

*(s)kʷéyt-eh₂-yé-ti (iterative present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *(s)keitā́ˀtei

Lithuanian: skaityti

Latvian: skaitīt

Proto-Slavic: *čitati (see there for further descendants)

*kʷoyt-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čaytáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćaytáyati

Sanskrit: चेतयति (cetáyati, “to make one attentive; to observe; to get accustomed to”)

*kʷi-kʷóy-te (perfective)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čikáyta

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćikáyta

Sanskrit: चिकेत (cikéta, “knew”)

*kʷéyt-os ~ kʷéyt-es-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáytas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćáytas

Sanskrit: चेतस् (cétas)

*(s)kʷít-tis

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *(s)kístis

Proto-Slavic: *čьstь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čítˢtiš (see there for further descendants)

Per LIV, it is assumed that the root is a t-extension of *kʷey- (“to estimate”).


sterbʰ-

*(s)dʰerbʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *sterbaną (“to become stiff”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *derbaną (“to perish”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)dʰerbʰ-/*(s)dʰr̥bʰ-ti (aorist)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *stьrbnǫti (suffixed with *-neH-)

Lithuanian: dirbti (“to work”)

*storbʰ-eye-ti (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *storbiti

Old Church Slavonic: oустрабити (oustrabiti, “to relieve pain, to heal”)

*sterbʰ-os

Ancient Greek: στέρφος (stérphos, “skin”)

* According to LIV, the root is an example of Siebs's law, probably from *dʰer- (“to hold, to support”) enlarged by *-bʰ;
* or it could be just an enlargement of *sterh₃- (“to stretch”) or of *sterh₁- (“to be stiff”).


h₁órǵʰis

h₁órǵʰis (nominative singular)
h₁órǵʰih₁ (dual nominative)
h₁órǵʰih₁e (dual nominative)
h₁órǵʰi (singular vocative)
h₁órǵʰih₁ (dual vocative)
h₁órǵʰih₁e (dual vocative)
h₁órǵʰim (accusative singular)
h₁órǵʰih₁ (accusative dual)
h₁órǵʰih₁e (accusative dual)
h₁r̥ǵʰéys (genitive singular)
h₁r̥ǵʰéys (ablative singular)
h₁r̥ǵʰímos (ablative plural)
h₁r̥ǵʰéyey (dative singular)
h₁r̥ǵʰímos (dative plural)
h₁r̥ǵʰéy (locative singular)
h₁r̥ǵʰḗy (locative singular)
h₁r̥ǵʰísu (locative plural)
h₁r̥ǵʰíh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₁r̥ǵʰímis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *ardzai

Albanian: herdhe

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (arki-)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: որձիք (orjikʻ)

Proto-Celtic: *orgyā

Middle Irish: uirge

Irish: úirí

Proto-Hellenic: *órkʰis

Ancient Greek: ὄρχις (órkhis) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬍 (ər^əzī)


derHgʰ-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen

*derHgʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Albanian: djerg (“to be sick”)

*derHgʰ-eye-ti (causative)

Albanian: dergj (“to get ill”)

Proto-Germanic: *targijaną (“to tarry, to tug”) (O-grade) (see there for further descendants)

*dr̥Hgʰ(-eh₂)-ti (factive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dirˀgāˀtei

Lithuanian: dìrgti (“to get weak”)

Proto-Slavic: *dьrgati (“to pluck”) (see there for further descendants)

*dr̥Hgʰ-ne-ti (ne-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: dìrginti (“to irritate”)

Proto-Slavic: *dьrnǫti (“to rub”) (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *dòrga (“road”)


bak-

*bak-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bakas

Proto-Slavic: *bokъ (“flank”) (possibly)

*bakk-o-s

Proto-Celtic: *bakkos (“hook”)

*bak-sḱ- (possibly)

Balto-Slavic:

⇒ Lithuanian: bàkstelėti (“to thrust”)

⇒ Latvian: bakstīt (“to poke”)

*bak-tro-m, *bak-tlo-m

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βάκτρον (báktron)

Proto-Italic: *bakklom

Latin: baculum

Proto-Germanic: *pagjō

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *pagilaz


yem-

*yém-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yámati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yámati

Sanskrit: यमति (yámati)

*h₂e-yḗm-ti ~ *h₂e-yem-énti (narten-type root aorist present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hayā́mti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hayā́mti

Sanskrit: अयमुर् (ayamur, 3pl.act.)

Proto-Iranian: *Hayā́mti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *yäm- (“to achieve”)

Tocharian A: yomär

*yem-néH-ti (neH-present)

Proto-Tocharian: *yämnā- (“to achieve”)

Tocharian A: [Term?] (yomnās, 3sg.fut.)

Tocharian B: [Term?] (yanmacer, 2pl.fut.)

*ym̥-sḱ-éti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yaŝćáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yaćśáti

Sanskrit: यच्छति (yácchati), यछति (yáchati)

Proto-Iranian: *yaŝáti (see there for further descendants)

ye-yóm-e ~ ye-ym̥-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *́yayā́ma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yayā́ma

Sanskrit: ययन्थ (yayantha, 2sg.act.)

yom-éye-ti (eye-causative)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yāmáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yāmáyati

Sanskrit: आ यामयन्ति (ā́ yāmayanti)

*yém-ont-s ~ *ym̥-nt-és

⇒ *ym̥nt-(t)ró-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yantrám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yantrám

Sanskrit: यन्त्र n (yantrá, “fastening”) (see there for further descendants)

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ *ym̥nt-wr̥

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yantwŕ̥

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yantwŕ̥

Sanskrit: *यन्तुर् (*yantúr, nom.sg.), यन्तुरम् m (yantúram, “guider, guiding”, acc.sg.)

yém-o-s

Proto-Albanian: *jama

Albanian: gjem (“bridle”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yámas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yámas

desc

Sanskrit: यम (yáma, “rein, curb, bridle”)

*yém-ti-s ~ *ym̥-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yátis

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yátis

Sanskrit: यतिस् (yátis, “holding, guidance”)

*yom-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yāmás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yāmás

Sanskrit: सुयाम (suyāmá, “restraining well”) (+ सु (su))

*ym̥-tó-s (“held, restrained”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yatás (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *jēmaraz (“miserable, sorrowful, sad”)


perkʷ-

*perkʷ-unyo-s (“forest”)

Proto-Celtic: *Φerkunyos (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *fergunją (“(forested) mountain(land)”) (see there for further descendants)

*pérkʷ-u-s ~ *pr̥kʷ-éw-s (see there for further descendants)

*pr̥kʷ-éh₂ (“pine”)

Proto-Germanic: *furhō (“fir, pine; forest”) (see there for further descendants)


ses-

*sésti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian: *sésti

Hittite: [script needed] (šešzi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sásti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sásti

Sanskrit: सस्ति (sásti)


Hittite: 𒉺𒄴𒊭𒊑 (pa-aḫ-ša-ri)

Balto-Slavic: *pāˀstéi

Proto-Slavic: *pastì (“pasture, herd, feed”) (see there for further descendants)

Athematic s-extended root present of *peh₂- (“to protect”).

pāzēō

*peh₂-s-éh₁ye-ti (eh₁-stative over s-present)

pāskō

*ph₂-sḱé-ti (*sḱé-present) (analogically enlarged into a sḱe-present)


swe-

Proto-Celtic: *swe-

Proto-Germanic: *se- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swa-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sē- (see there for further descendants)


ḱréddʰh₁ōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćradᶻdʰádʰaHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śraddádʰaHti

Sanskrit: श्रद्दधाति (śraddádhāti)

Proto-Celtic: *kreddīti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *krezðō (see there for further descendants)

From *ḱḗr ~ *ḱr̥d-és (“heart”) + *-dʰh₁eti.


pléh₁dʰh₁ōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práHdʰHati

Proto-Iranian: *fráHdHati (“to increase”)

Old Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬛𐬀𐬝 (frādat̰, “to further”, prs.subj.)

Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬙𐬌 (frāδati, “to further”)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (šʾzy-, “to increase”)

Proto-Iranian: *wifráHdHati (“furthered, promote”)

Parthian:

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (wyfr’ynd, 3pl.pres.act.)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (wyprʾyd)

Proto-Hellenic: *plḗtʰō

Ancient Greek: πλήθω (plḗthō, “to become full, swell”)

From *pleh₁- (“to fill”) + *-dʰh₁eti (resultative verbal suffix).


kérdʰh₁ōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skerstei (“to cut, slaughter”)

Latvian: šķērst

Lithuanian: sker̃sti

Proto-Celtic: *skerdeti (“to scrape off”)

Old Irish: sceirtid

From *(s)ker- (“to cut off”) + *-dʰh₁eti (resultative verbal suffix).

suffix

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skardą

Proto-Germanic: *skardaz (see there for further descendants)

kr̥dʰHúš

short, crooked, defective; see there for further descendants

scurdis

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skurd-; Old Prussian


weys-

*wéys-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wéištei

desc

Latvian: viest (“to rear, raise, increase”)

Lithuanian: veĩsti (“to breed, rear”)

*wéys-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁e-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáyždʰHati

Proto-Iranian: *wáyždHati

Avestan: 𐬬𐬋𐬌𐬲𐬛𐬀𐬝 (vōiždat̰, “to raise”)

⇒ *wéysdʰ-ti ~ *wisdʰ-én-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáyždᶻdʰi

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáyḍḍʰi

Sanskrit: विड्ढि (viḍḍhí, “to labour, produce”, 2sg.imp.)

*wis-né-s-ti ~ *wis-n̥-s-én-ti (nasal-infix)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vìsti (“to multiply, breed”)

*wis-éh₁-ye-ti (stative)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *wizēō
Latin: vireō (see there for further descendants)

*wí-weys-ti (i-reduplicated athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wíwayšti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wíwayṣṭi

desc

Sanskrit: विवेष्टि (víveṣṭi, “to labour, produce”)

*woys-ó-s (“fruit, sprout”)

Proto-Albanian: *waiša

Albanian: vesh m (“grape, wine grape”)

*wóys-eh₂ (“fruit, sprout”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *waišāˀ

Lithuanian: vaĩsius (“fruit”)

Old Prussian: wēisin (“fruit”, acc.sg.)

Proto-Slavic: *věxà (“straw bundle”)

Proto-Germanic: *waisō (“sprout, stem”)

Old English: wīse

Old Saxon: wisa

Middle Low German: wēse

Low German: Wees

⇒ Old Saxon: wiska

Middle Low German: wische

Low German: Wisch

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: wēse; wisch

Old High German: wīsa

Middle High German: wise

German: Wiese

Old Norse: vísir

Norwegian: veis


-dʰeti (canonical)
-dʰh₁ōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
é-dʰh₁ōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

Proto-Anatolian: *-dʔeti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-stei

Latvian: -st

Lithuanian: -sti

Proto-Slavic: *-sti

Proto-Hellenic: *-tʰō

Ancient Greek: -θω (-thō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-dHati

Proto-Iranian: *-dāti

Central Iranian:

Old Avestan: -𐬛𐬀𐬝 (-dat̰)

Younger Avestan: -𐬜𐬀𐬙𐬌 (-δati)


bʰénǵʰus

bʰénǵʰus (nominative singular)
bʰénǵʰuh₁ (dual nominative)
bʰénǵʰuh₁e (dual nominative)
bʰénǵʰewes (nominative plural)
bʰénǵʰu (singular vocative)
bʰénǵʰuh₁ (dual vocative)
bʰénǵʰuh₁e (dual vocative)
bʰénǵʰewes (plural vocative)
bʰénǵʰum (accusative singular)
bʰénǵʰuh₁ (accusative dual)
bʰénǵʰuh₁e (accusative dual)
bʰénǵʰums (accusative plural)
bʰn̥ǵʰéws (genitive singular)
bʰn̥ǵʰéwoHom (genitive plural)
bʰn̥ǵʰéws (ablative singular)
bʰn̥ǵʰúmos (ablative plural)
bʰn̥ǵʰéwey (dative singular)
bʰn̥ǵʰúmos (dative plural)
bʰn̥ǵʰéw (locative singular)
bʰn̥ǵʰéwi (locative singular)
bʰn̥ǵʰúsu (locative plural)
bʰn̥ǵʰúh₁ (instrumental singular)
bʰn̥ǵʰúmis (instrumental plural)
bʰn̥ǵʰéwih₂ (nominative singular)
bʰn̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual nominative)
bʰn̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (dual nominative)
bʰn̥ǵʰéwih₂ (singular vocative)
bʰn̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual vocative)
bʰn̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (dual vocative)
bʰn̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
bʰn̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (accusative dual)
bʰn̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (accusative dual)
bʰn̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥s (accusative plural)
bʰn̥ǵʰuyéh₂s (genitive singular)
bʰn̥ǵʰuyéh₂s (ablative singular)
bʰn̥ǵʰuyéh₂ (locative singular)
bʰn̥ǵʰuyéh₂i (locative singular)
bʰn̥ǵʰuyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
bʰénǵʰu (nominative singular)
bʰénǵʰwih₁ (dual nominative)
bʰénǵʰuh₂ (nominative plural)
bʰénǵʰwih₁ (dual vocative)
bʰénǵʰuh₂ (plural vocative)
bʰénǵʰu (accusative singular)
bʰénǵʰwih₁ (accusative dual)
bʰénǵʰuh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Anatolian: *bn̥ǵús

Hittite: 𒉺𒀭𒆪𒍑 (pa-an-ku-uš)

Proto-Hellenic: *pəkʰús

Ancient Greek: παχύς (pakhús) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaȷ́ʰúš (see there for further descendants)

From *bʰenǵʰ- (“thick”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).


yemHós

non-ablauting (romanization)
yemHós (nominative singular)
yemHóes (nominative plural)
yemHé (singular vocative)
yemHóes (plural vocative)
yemHóm (accusative singular)
yemHóms (accusative plural)
yemHósyo (genitive singular)
yemHóHom (genitive plural)
yemHéad (ablative singular)
yemHómos (ablative plural)
yemHóey (dative singular)
yemHómos (dative plural)
yemHéy (locative singular)
yemHóy (locative singular)
yemHóysu (locative plural)
yemHṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yamás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *jemos

q

with contamination of <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">Rōmulus</i>

Latin: Remus (with contamination of Rōmulus)


puHrós

non-ablauting (romanization)
puHrós (nominative singular)
puHróes (nominative plural)
puHré (singular vocative)
puHróes (plural vocative)
puHróm (accusative singular)
puHróms (accusative plural)
puHrósyo (genitive singular)
puHróHom (genitive plural)
puHréad (ablative singular)
puHrómos (ablative plural)
puHróey (dative singular)
puHrómos (dative plural)
puHréy (locative singular)
puHróy (locative singular)
puHróysu (locative plural)
puHrṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: pūŗi

Lithuanian: purai

Old Prussian: pure

Proto-Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: пꙑре (pyre)

Russian: пыре́й (pyréj)

Ukrainian: пирій (pyrij)

Proto-Germanic:

Old English: fyrs

English: furze

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰurós (< metathesized *pHurós)

Ancient Greek: πυρός (purós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *puHrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *puHrás

Sanskrit: पूर (pūra)

Possibly from *pewH- (“to mow, harvest”) + *-rós (compare Latin putō (“to prune (trees), scour (wool)”), Latvian pļaũt (“to mow, harvest”)), or perhaps *ph₂-u-ró-s, from *peh₂- (“to strike”). Alternatively borrowed from Proto-Semitic (compare Hebrew בָּר (bar, “wheat”), Arabic بُرّ (burr, “wheat”)), or a Wanderwort.


tétḱō

tétḱō (nominative singular)
tétḱones (nominative plural)
tétḱon (singular vocative)
tétḱones (plural vocative)
tétḱonm̥ (accusative singular)
tétḱonm̥s (accusative plural)
tḱnés (genitive singular)
tḱnóHom (genitive plural)
tḱnés (ablative singular)
tḱn̥mós (ablative plural)
tḱnéy (dative singular)
tḱn̥mós (dative plural)
tḱén (locative singular)
tḱéni (locative singular)
tḱn̥sú (locative plural)
tḱnéh₁ (instrumental singular)
tḱn̥mís (instrumental plural)

From *tetḱ- (“to create; to hew”) + *-ō.


gʷréh₂wō

Proto-Celtic: *brawū (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *grā́wā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *grā́wā

Sanskrit: ग्रावन् (grā́van)

From the adjective *gʷréh₂us (“heavy”) + *-ō (individualizing suffix).

suf

gírˀnūˀ

*gʷérh₂nu-s ~ *gʷr̥h₂nw-és (< metathesized *gʷérh₂un-s ~ *gʷr̥h₂un-és)


ḱérh₂sō

ḱérh₂sō (nominative singular)
ḱr̥h₂sén (locative singular)
ḱr̥h₂sn̥sú (locative plural)
ḱr̥h₂snéh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Germanic: *hersô, *herznô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kárahə, genitive *krahətós, plural *kárahna

Ancient Greek: κᾰ́ρᾱ (kárā), κράς (krás)

Epic, Ionic Greek: κᾰ́ρη (kárē)

desc

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀏𐀨𐀀𐀠 (ka-ra-a-pi /kraʰat-pʰi/, inst.pl.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥Hsá

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śr̥Hsá

Vedic Sanskrit: शीर्षन् (śīrṣán)

From an s-stem *ḱérh₂-os ~ *ḱŕ̥h₂-es-os, from *ḱerh₂- (“head, horn”), + *-ō.

hirzniją

brain; see there for further descendants

κρᾱνίον

upper part of the head, skull; see there for further descendants


Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [Term?] (/atešša/, “adze, axe, hatchet”)


dléwkus

dléwkus (nominative singular)
dléwkewes (nominative plural)
dléwku (singular vocative)
dléwkewes (plural vocative)
dléwkum (accusative singular)
dléwkums (accusative plural)
dlukéws (genitive singular)
dlukéwoHom (genitive plural)
dlukéws (ablative singular)
dlukúmos (ablative plural)
dlukéwey (dative singular)
dlukúmos (dative plural)
dlukéw (locative singular)
dlukéwi (locative singular)
dlukúsu (locative plural)
dlukúmis (instrumental plural)
dléwku (nominative singular)
dléwku (accusative singular)
dlukús (nominative singular)
dlukúes (nominative plural)
dlukú (singular vocative)
dlukúes (plural vocative)
dlukúm (accusative singular)
dlukúms (accusative plural)
dlukéws (genitive singular)
dlukéwoHom (genitive plural)
dlukéws (ablative singular)
dlukéwmos (ablative plural)
dlukéwey (dative singular)
dlukéwmos (dative plural)
dlukéw (locative singular)
dlukéwi (locative singular)
dlukéwsu (locative plural)
dlukéwmis (instrumental plural)
dlukú (nominative singular)
dlukú (accusative singular)

>? Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: քաղցր (kʻałcʻr) (conflation with *swéh₂dus?; see entry)

Armenian: քաղցր (kʻaġcʻr)

Proto-Hellenic: *dléukus, *dlukús

Ancient Greek: γλυκύς (glukús) (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: γλεῦκος (gleûkos) (see there for further descendants)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀆𐀩𐀄𐀒 (de-re-u-ko /dleukos/)

Proto-Italic: *dulkwis (< metathesized *dulk-ú-s)

Latin: dulcis (see there for further descendants)


-lós

de:Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen

-lós (nominative singular)
Ø-lós (nominative singular)
Ø-lóh₁ (dual nominative)
-lóes (nominative plural)
Ø-lóes (nominative plural)
-lé (singular vocative)
Ø-lé (singular vocative)
Ø-lóh₁ (dual vocative)
-lóes (plural vocative)
Ø-lóes (plural vocative)
-lóm (accusative singular)
Ø-lóm (accusative singular)
Ø-lóh₁ (accusative dual)
-lóms (accusative plural)
Ø-lóms (accusative plural)
-lósyo (genitive singular)
Ø-lósyo (genitive singular)
-lóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-lóHom (genitive plural)
-léad (ablative singular)
Ø-léad (ablative singular)
-lómos (ablative plural)
Ø-lómos (ablative plural)
-lóey (dative singular)
Ø-lóey (dative singular)
-lómos (dative plural)
Ø-lómos (dative plural)
-léy (locative singular)
Ø-léy (locative singular)
-lóy (locative singular)
Ø-lóy (locative singular)
-lóysu (locative plural)
Ø-lóysu (locative plural)
Ø-lóh₁ (instrumental singular)
-lṓys (instrumental plural)
Ø-lṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-lás, *-las

Proto-Slavic: *-lъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *-los

Proto-Germanic: *-laz

Proto-Hellenic: *-lós, *-los

Ancient Greek: -λός (-lós), -λος (-los)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-lás, *-las, *-rás, *-ras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-lás, *-las, *-rás, *-ras

Sanskrit: -ल (-la), -र (-ra)

Proto-Iranian: *láh, *-lah, *-ráh, *-rah

Proto-Italic: *-los

Latin: -lus

Proto-Tocharian: *-le

Notes

⇒ *h₂eḱilo-

⇒? *-i-los (or perhaps originally thematicized from an old suffix *-yl̥)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *-urahakah

Proto-Iranian: *-ulah, *-urah (diminutive suffix)

Forms adjectives with the sense “pertaining to …” (alternative form of *-rós).


dʰe

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-de

Proto-Slavic: *-de

Proto-Germanic: *-þ

Gothic: -𐌸 (-þ)

Proto-Hellenic: *-tʰe, *-tʰi

Ancient Greek: -θε (-the), -θι (-thi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-dʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-dʰa

Sanskrit: ध (dha)

Possibly derived from *dʰeh₁- (“to place”).


h₁n̥dʰér

Proto-Germanic: *under (conflated with *h₁entér (“between”)) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hadʰári

Proto-Iranian: *Hadári (see there for further descendants)

From *h₁n̥dʰí (“under, below”) + *-ér, *-éri (innovative locative suffix) (compare the suffix in *h₂éyeri).


bʰed-

*bʰód-e-ti (o-grade intensive)

Proto-Germanic: *bataną

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bataz (“good”, past participle) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *batizô (“better”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *batnaną (“to get better”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *batô (“improvement, advantage”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bōtō (“improvement”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bōtijaną (“to improve”)(see there for further descendants)

*bʰed-ró-s

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: betë (“great”)

desctree

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰadrás
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰadrás
Sanskrit: भद्र (bhadrá), भल्ल (bhalla)
Proto-Iranian: *badráh
⇒ Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬠𐬀𐬜𐬭𐬀 (hubaδra, “fortunate”)

*bʰód-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *batiz (“better”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰod-ó-s

q

Proto-Celtic: *bodos (“pleasure, satisfaction, good will”) (or *budā < *bʰudʰ-éh₂ < *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake”))

Proto-Brythonic: *boð

Old Breton: bodlon

Cornish: both

Middle Welsh: boð

Welsh: bodd

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *bodyā (or *budyā)

Old Irish: buide


*bʰédʰh₂-e-ti (root thematic present)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bestei (“to pierce, stab”)

Lithuanian: bèsti

Latvian: best

Old Prussian: embaddusisi (npl.ptc.pf.act.)

Proto-Slavic: *bosti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰódʰh₂-ey ~ *bʰdʰh₂-énti

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒁁𒁕𒀀𒄿 (pád-da-a-i /páddāi/, “to dig”), 𒁁𒁕𒄿 (pád-da-i)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bádīˀtei (“to pierce, stab”)
East Baltic:
Latgalian: badeit
Latvian: badīt
Lithuanian: badýti
Proto-Slavic: *bodìti
⇒ Proto-Slavic: *boďati
⇒ Old Church Slavonic: пробождати (proboždati)

Proto-Italic: *foðjō

Latin: fodiō (“to pierce; to dig”)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *fossā (⇐ *fossos (pp.) < *bʰodʰh₂-tó-s)

Latin: fossa (“ditch, trench”)

→ Ancient Greek: φόσσα (phóssa)

→ Old Armenian: փոս (pʻos)

→ Georgian: ფოსო (poso)

Proto-Tocharian: *pāt- (“to plow”)

Tocharian A: pāt-

Proto-Celtic: *bedom (“grave, ditch”)

Proto-Brythonic: *beð

Middle Breton: bez

Cornish: beth

Middle Welsh: bedd

*bʰódʰh₂-r̥ ~ *bʰédʰh₂-n̥s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰádʰHr̥ ~ *bʰádʰHas

Proto-Iranian: *bádHr̥ ~ *bádHah (“spade, shovel”) (see there for further descendants)

>? *bʰodʰh₂-wo-s

Proto-Celtic: *bodwos (“fight”)

Old Breton: bodou (“crow”)

desc

Middle Irish: bodb (“goddess of death in war”)

Proto-Germanic: *badwō (“battle, fight”) (see there for further descendants)

q

>? *bʰodʰh₂-yó-m (possibly, or perhaps < *bʰh₁-tó-s < *bʰeh₁- (“to warm”))

Proto-Germanic: *badją (“bed, bedding”) (see there for further descendants)

The root is considered to be a member of the so-called molō-present class―roots which conjugate with the early h₂e-conjugation in present and exhibit R(e/o)-ablaut.


meyk-

Proto-Celtic: *mikneti

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: dismegans

Breton: dismeg

Welsh: dirmygu, edmygu, myged

Old Irish: do·meiccethar

Middle Irish: dimicnigid

Latin: micō

Proto-Slavic: *mikati

Lower Sorbian: mikaś

Upper Sorbian: mikać

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *mьčьtъ, *mьčьta (see there for further descendants)


bʰel-

*bʰel(h₁)-nos (n-participle)

Proto-Germanic: *bellǭ (“bell”) (*-eh₂ reflex) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bellaną (“to roar”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰol-so-s (s-stem)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *balsas

Latgalian: bolss (“voice”)

Latvian: balss (“voice”)

Lithuanian: balsas (“voice”)

*bʰl̥- (zero-grade)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *biltei

Lithuanian: bilti (“to speak”)

desc

⇒ Lithuanian: byla (“speech; case, file”)

Old Prussian: billīt, billītwei (“to say, speak”)

Proto-Slavic: *bьltati (“to babble”) (extended with -t-)

*bʰl̥d- (zero-grade, extended with -d-)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bilstei

Lithuanian: bilsti (“to knock, rumble”)

Latvian: bilst (“to utter”) (bildu)

Latvian: bildēt (“to speak”)

Lithuanian: bildėti (“to knock, make noise”)

Proto-Germanic:

>? Middle Low German: bulderen

Unsorted formations

(perhaps) Proto-Tocharian: *päl- (“to praise, commend”)

Tocharian A: päl-

Tocharian B: päl-


bʰel-

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Proto-Albanian: *baltā

Albanian: baltë

*bʰel-g-

Proto-Italic: *folgēō

Latin: fulgeō (see there for further descendants)

*bʰél-g-os- ~ *bʰél-g-es-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárgas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰárgas

Sanskrit: भर्गस् (bhárgas)

*bʰl̥-g-ro-

Proto-Italic: *flagros

⇒ Latin: flagrō (“to burn, blaze”)

Proto-Italic: *flagmā

Latin: flamma (“flame”)

*bʰle-g-

*bʰlé-g-e-ti

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰlegō

Ancient Greek: φλέγω (phlégō)

*bʰlé-g-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰlegmə

Ancient Greek: φλέγμα (phlégma)

*bʰleyǵ-

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *blāukā

Albanian: blokër (“rubbish, trash”)

*bʰolH-o-

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: bõls (“pale, dull”)

Latvian: bāls (“pale”)

Lithuanian: bãlas (“white”)

*bʰl̥H-o-

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰalós

Ancient Greek: φᾰλός (phalós)

*bʰḗlH-o- / *bʰl̥-ós

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *bělъ (“white”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bēlą (“(bon)fire, pyre”)

Unsorted formations

Albanian: bal

Latgalian: blõvs (“dim”)

Latvian: blāvs (“dim”)

Lithuanian: blãvas

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: भाल (bhāla, “splendour”)

desctree

Old Armenian: բալ (bal, “fog”)
Armenian: բալ (bal)


bʰel-

*bʰel-ǵʰ-

*bʰl-ew-

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰléwō

Ancient Greek: φλέω (phléō)

⇒ *bʰl-ew-H-

Proto-Italic: *flāō

>? Latin: flō

*bʰél-mn̥

>? Proto-Armenian: (or from the n-stem below)

Old Armenian: բեղմն (bełmn, “semen”)
Armenian: բեղմ (bełm)

Old Armenian: բեղուն (bełun, “fruit, product; semen”), բեղն (bełn)
→ Armenian: բեղուն (bełun) (learned)

q

Pokorny considered a heteroclitic <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰélr̥ ~ *bʰl̥nés</i>

*bʰél-ō ~ *bʰl̥-n-ós/és (“round object”, n-stem noun) (Pokorny considered a heteroclitic *bʰélr̥ ~ *bʰl̥nés)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *bullô m, *bullǭ f (“ball, bowl”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bellǭ (“~ knoll”)

Old Norse:

Icelandic: bjalla (“hill”)

⇒ Swedish: fot-bjälle, fota-bjälle (“ankle, heel”)

q

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰə́llōn (with schwa and geminate *ll taken from the oblique stem)

Ancient Greek: *φάλλων (*phállōn)

desc

⇒? Ancient Greek: φάλλαινα (phállaina, “whale”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *bʰól-ō (o-grade)

Proto-Germanic: *ballô, *balluz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *ballō

Old High German: ballo, bal

Middle High German: balle

German: Ball, Ballen

⇒ *bʰl-ḗn ~ *bʰl̥-n-ós/és (“round body part, penis, testicle?”)

Proto-Germanic: *bulô, *bullô (“bull”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *bʰl̥n-ós

Proto-Celtic: *ballos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰəllós

Ancient Greek: φαλλός (phallós) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *bʰ(o)ln-is

Proto-Italic: *folnis

q

and/or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰelǵʰ-</i>?

Latin: follis (“bag; bellows; ball”) (and/or from *bʰelǵʰ-?) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰol-tos (t-participle)

>? Proto-Germanic: *balþaz (“bold”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

→? Ancient Greek: βαλλίον (ballíon) (from a dialect that preserved the voicing of *bʰ)

Ancient Greek: φάλης (phálēs)

German: Bille (“penis”) (dialectal)


bʰel-

*bʰel-(e)no- (n-participle)

Balto-Slavic:

desc

Proto-Slavic: *bel(e)nъ (“day-dream, henbane”)

Unsorted formations

Old High German: bilsa

Middle High German: bilse

German: Bilsenkraut

Proto-Italic: *feliks

Latin: filix (“fern”)


Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: գառն (gaṙn)

Proto-Hellenic: *warḗn

Ancient Greek: ἀρήν (arḗn)

lamb in general, or more probably only the male, ram.


Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στάς (stás)

Proto-Italic: *stants

Latin: stāns


widónts

widónts (nominative singular)
widóntes (nominative plural)
widónt (singular vocative)
widóntes (plural vocative)
widóntm̥ (accusative singular)
widóntm̥s (accusative plural)
widn̥tés (genitive singular)
widn̥tóHom (genitive plural)
widn̥tés (ablative singular)
widn̥tmós (ablative plural)
widn̥téy (dative singular)
widn̥tmós (dative plural)
widént (locative singular)
widénti (locative singular)
widn̥tsú (locative plural)
widn̥tmís (instrumental plural)
widónt (nominative singular)
widónt (accusative singular)

Proto-Germanic: *witandz

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἰδών (idṓn)

Proto-Italic: *widents, *prowidents

Latin: vidēns, prūdēns

Sanskrit: विदत् (vidat)


bʰéronts

bʰéronts (nominative singular)
bʰérontes (nominative plural)
bʰéront (singular vocative)
bʰérontes (plural vocative)
bʰérontm̥ (accusative singular)
bʰérontm̥s (accusative plural)
bʰrn̥tés (genitive singular)
bʰrn̥tóHom (genitive plural)
bʰrn̥tés (ablative singular)
bʰrn̥tmós (ablative plural)
bʰrn̥téy (dative singular)
bʰrn̥tmós (dative plural)
bʰrént (locative singular)
bʰrénti (locative singular)
bʰrn̥tsú (locative plural)
bʰrn̥tmís (instrumental plural)
bʰéront (nominative singular)
bʰéront (accusative singular)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *berants

Proto-Slavic: *bery

Proto-Germanic: *berandz

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰéronts

Ancient Greek: φέρων (phérōn)

Proto-Italic: *ferents

Latin: ferēns


Proto-Anatolian: *ʔdónts

Hittite: 𒀀𒁕𒀭𒍝 (adanz)

Proto-Hellenic: *édonts

Ancient Greek: ἔδων (édōn)

Proto-Italic: *edents

Latin: edēns


mel-

*mél-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic:

μέλω, μέλομαι

Ancient Greek: μέλω, μέλομαι (mélō, mélomai, “to worry”)

*me-mól-e (perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

μέμηλα, μέμβλεται

Ancient Greek: μέμηλα, μέμβλεται (mémēla, mémbletai)

*ml̥-no-s

Proto-Celtic: *mallos

Old Irish: mall (“late”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Italic:

Latin: promellō (“to postpone (a court case)”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μέλλω (méllō, “to intend, delay”)


*(s)méh₂-se-ti (se-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *māˀsātei (“to wave”)

Lithuanian: mosúoti

Proto-Slavic: *māxàti (see there for further descendants)

*(s)méh₂-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *māˀjatei (“to beckon, wave”)

Lithuanian: móti

Proto-Slavic: *majati (see there for further descendants)

*(s)m(e)h₂-néw-ti (nu-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *manǫti

Old Church Slavonic: поманѫти (pomanǫti, “to beckon, wave”)

Proto-Hellenic: *mānúō

Ancient Greek: μηνύω (mēnúō, “to notify, betray, announce”)

Proto-Celtic: *smatyeti (“to beckon, nod, gesture”) (equivalent to *(s)mh₂t-yé-ti)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėnmėtjɨd (+ *an- < Celtic *ande-)

Old Breton: enmeitiam

Old Welsh:

Welsh: emneidio

⇒ Old Welsh: enmeituou pl (“a nod, gesture”)

Middle Welsh: amnaid, emneid

Middle Irish: sméitid

Irish: sméid

Scottish Gaelic: smèid


From *ǵʰeh₁- (“to go, to leave behind”).

derelict; an abandoned or forsaken person


kʷétesres

feminine nominative/vocative of *kʷetwóres


-sōr

-sōr (nominative singular)
é-sōr (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-sores (nominative plural)
é-sores (nominative plural)
-sor (singular vocative)
é-sor (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-sores (plural vocative)
é-sores (plural vocative)
-sorm̥ (accusative singular)
é-sorm̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-sorm̥s (accusative plural)
é-sorm̥s (accusative plural)
-srés (genitive singular)
Ø-srés (genitive singular)
-sróHom (genitive plural)
Ø-sróHom (genitive plural)
-srés (ablative singular)
Ø-srés (ablative singular)
-sr̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-sr̥mós (ablative plural)
-sréy (dative singular)
Ø-sréy (dative singular)
-sr̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-sr̥mós (dative plural)
-sér (locative singular)
Ø-sér (locative singular)
-séri (locative singular)
Ø-séri (locative singular)
-sr̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-sr̥sú (locative plural)
-sr̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-sr̥mís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: -𒀸𒊭𒊏𒀸 (-ššaraš)

Derives feminine gender stems from roots


gʰedʰ-

*gʰodʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: gadeitīs

Latvian: gadīties

Proto-Slavic: *godìti

*gʰodʰ-o-s

Proto-Albanian: *en-gadā (with intensive prefix *en-)

Albanian: nge

Proto-Germanic: *gadaz

Proto-West Germanic: *gad (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gadás

Latgalian: gods

Latvian: gads

Proto-Slavic: *gȏdъ (see there for further descendants)

*gʰodʰ-r̥

Proto-Germanic: *gadur

Proto-West Germanic: *gadur (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Latgalian: gadīns

Lithuanian: gadynė

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gōdas

Latgalian: gūds

Latvian: guods

Lithuanian: guõdas

Proto-Germanic: *gōdaz


kewk-

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*kewk-éh₁-ti (“eh₁-stative”)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *čučati

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kjaukāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *čuka (see there for further descendants)

Albanian: çukë

*kékw-mn̥, *kéwk-mō

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *heuhmô
Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌼𐌰 (hiuhma)

*kówk-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *hauhaz (see there for further descendants)

*kowk-ó-s

Proto-Germanic: *haugaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kauk-

Lithuanian: kaũkas

Proto-Slavic: *kuka (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: कुच (kuca, “female breast”)


*h₂méygʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *améigʷō

Ancient Greek: ἀμείβω (ameíbō)
Greek: αμείβω (ameívo)

Proto-Italic: *migros

⇒ Latin: migrō (“to wander”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

→? Proto-Uralic: *mixe- (see there for further descendants)


*h₁éǵ-mi ~ *h₁ǵ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἠμί (ēmí)

*h₁ǵ-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Italic: *agjō

Latin: aiō

Proto-Tocharian: *āks-

Tocharian A: āks-

Tocharian B: āks-

*h₁e-h₁óǵ-h₂e (perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: (ἄν)ωγα ((án)ōga)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HaHā́ȷ́Ha

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: आह (āha)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: (prōd)igium

Unsorted formations:

Latin: axō (< *aksāō)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: aksaṣṣuki

Old Armenian: ասեմ (asem)


gelH-

*golH-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *golъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *gāla

Albanian: guall

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *galˀwā́ˀ
East Baltic:
Latgalian: golva
Latvian: gal̂va
Lithuanian: galvà
West Baltic:
Old Prussian: gallū, galwo
Sudovian: kałfa
Proto-Slavic: *golvà (see there for further descendants)

*golH-wo-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *galˀwas

Proto-Slavic: *golvъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kalwaz (see there for further descendants)

Formally unable to be related to Proto-Indo-European *kl̥H- (“bald, naked”); however, the superficial phonetic and semantic resemblance of the two roots, as well as the existence of words meaning "bald" (a non-basic vocabulary term) in various descendants of both roots via the same suffixing pattern of -wó-s, is striking.


strowéyeti

strowéyom (first-person indicative past singular)
strowéyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
strowéyes (indicative past second-person singular)
strowéye (imperative second-person singular)
strowéyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
strowéyoys (optative second-person singular)
strowéyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
strowéyet (indicative past singular third-person)
strowéyetu (imperative singular third-person)
strowéyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
strowéyoyt (optative singular third-person)
strowéyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
strowéyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
strowéyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
strowéyoywe (dual first-person optative)
strowéyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
strowéyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
strowéyetom (dual imperative second-person)
strowéyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
strowéyoytom (dual optative second-person)
strowéyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
strowéyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
strowéyetām (dual imperative third-person)
strowéyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
strowéyoytām (dual optative third-person)
strowéyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
strowéyome (first-person indicative past plural)
strowéyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
strowéyoyme (first-person optative plural)
strowéyete (indicative plural present second-person)
strowéyete (indicative past plural second-person)
strowéyete (imperative plural second-person)
strowéyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
strowéyoyte (optative plural second-person)
strowéyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
strowéyont (indicative past plural third-person)
strowéyontu (imperative plural third-person)
strowéyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
strowéyonts (indicative participle present)
strowéyeso (imperative second-person singular)
strowéyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
strowéyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
strowéyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
strowéyoyto (optative singular third-person)
strowéyoror (indicative plural present third-person)
strowéyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
strowéyoro (indicative past plural third-person)
strowéyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
strowéyōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
strowéyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
strowéyoyro (optative plural third-person)
strowéyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *strujiti (possibly)

Old Church Slavonic: строуити (struiti)

Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: strouis

Old Irish: a·sroíther

Proto-Germanic: *strawjaną

From *strew- (“to spread, strew”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).


From *h₂eh₁- (“to be hot, warm, dry”) + *-tēr (agentive nominal suffix).
The root is found functionally in Palaic 𒄩𒀀 (ḫa-a /ḫā/, “to be hot”) and with another derivative in Proto-Celtic *ā-ti- f (“drying kiln”). More at *h₂eHs-.

suf

𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭

Iranian: *HáHtr̥š (“fire”) (see there for further descendants)

to be/become dry, to burn, to glow, hearth, ashes


gnewH-

*gnuH-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Germanic: *knūjaną (see there for further descendants)

*gnowH-éye-ti (??)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gnjawīˀtei

Proto-Slavic:

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian: gnjáviti


seyt-

*séyt-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *sīþaną

Old Norse: síða

Proto-Germanic: *sidnō

⇒ Old English: -siden

*soyt-ó-s


soytós

non-ablauting (romanization)
soytós (nominative singular)
soytóes (nominative plural)
soyté (singular vocative)
soytóes (plural vocative)
soytóm (accusative singular)
soytóms (accusative plural)
soytósyo (genitive singular)
soytóHom (genitive plural)
soytéad (ablative singular)
soytómos (ablative plural)
soytóey (dative singular)
soytómos (dative plural)
soytéy (locative singular)
soytóy (locative singular)
soytóysu (locative plural)
soytṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *saitas

Lithuanian: saĩtas, seĩtas

Proto-Celtic: *soitos

Proto-Brythonic: *hʉd (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *saidaz (see there for further descendants)

From *seyt- (“magic”) + *-ós (agentive nominal suffix).


bʰosós

bʰosós (nominative singular)
bʰosóes (nominative plural)
bʰosé (singular vocative)
bʰosóes (plural vocative)
bʰosóm (accusative singular)
bʰosóms (accusative plural)
bʰosósyo (genitive singular)
bʰosóHom (genitive plural)
bʰoséad (ablative singular)
bʰosómos (ablative plural)
bʰosóey (dative singular)
bʰosómos (dative plural)
bʰoséy (locative singular)
bʰosóy (locative singular)
bʰosóysu (locative plural)
bʰosṓys (instrumental plural)
bʰosā́m (accusative singular)
bʰosóm (nominative singular)
bʰosóy (dual nominative)
bʰosóm (singular vocative)
bʰosóy (dual vocative)
bʰosóy (accusative dual)

⇒ Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: բոկ (bok)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *basás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bazaz (see there for further descendants)


dʰégʷʰeti

dʰégʷʰoh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
dʰégʷʰom (first-person indicative past singular)
dʰégʷʰōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
dʰégʷʰoyh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
dʰégʷʰesi (indicative present second-person singular)
dʰégʷʰes (indicative past second-person singular)
dʰégʷʰe (imperative second-person singular)
dʰégʷʰēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
dʰégʷʰoys (optative second-person singular)
dʰégʷʰeti (indicative present singular third-person)
dʰégʷʰet (indicative past singular third-person)
dʰégʷʰetu (imperative singular third-person)
dʰégʷʰēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
dʰégʷʰoyt (optative singular third-person)
dʰégʷʰowos (dual first-person indicative present)
dʰégʷʰowe (dual first-person indicative past)
dʰégʷʰōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
dʰégʷʰoywe (dual first-person optative)
dʰégʷʰetes (dual indicative present second-person)
dʰégʷʰetom (dual indicative past second-person)
dʰégʷʰetom (dual imperative second-person)
dʰégʷʰētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
dʰégʷʰoytom (dual optative second-person)
dʰégʷʰetes (dual indicative present third-person)
dʰégʷʰetām (dual indicative past third-person)
dʰégʷʰetām (dual imperative third-person)
dʰégʷʰētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
dʰégʷʰoytām (dual optative third-person)
dʰégʷʰomos (first-person indicative plural present)
dʰégʷʰome (first-person indicative past plural)
dʰégʷʰōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
dʰégʷʰoyme (first-person optative plural)
dʰégʷʰete (indicative plural present second-person)
dʰégʷʰete (indicative past plural second-person)
dʰégʷʰete (imperative plural second-person)
dʰégʷʰēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
dʰégʷʰoyte (optative plural second-person)
dʰégʷʰonti (indicative plural present third-person)
dʰégʷʰont (indicative past plural third-person)
dʰégʷʰontu (imperative plural third-person)
dʰégʷʰōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
dʰégʷʰonts (indicative participle present)
dʰégʷʰoh₂e (first-person indicative past singular)
dʰégʷʰōh₂er (first-person singular subjunctive)
dʰégʷʰeso (imperative second-person singular)
dʰégʷʰēth₂er (second-person singular subjunctive)
dʰégʷʰetor (indicative present singular third-person)
dʰégʷʰeto (indicative past singular third-person)
dʰégʷʰētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
dʰégʷʰoyto (optative singular third-person)
dʰégʷʰōwosdʰh₂ (dual first-person subjunctive)
dʰégʷʰōmosdʰh₂ (first-person plural subjunctive)
dʰégʷʰēdʰh₂we (plural second-person subjunctive)
dʰégʷʰoror (indicative plural present third-person)
dʰégʷʰontor (indicative plural present third-person)
dʰégʷʰoro (indicative past plural third-person)
dʰégʷʰonto (indicative past plural third-person)
dʰégʷʰōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
dʰégʷʰōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
dʰégʷʰoyro (optative plural third-person)
dʰégʷʰomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Albanian: *dega

Albanian: djeg

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *degtéi (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *degut(j)as (“tar”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáǰʰati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *tsäk- (“to burn up”)

Tocharian B: tsäk-

Thematic root present of *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”).


bʰā́m (first-person indicative past singular)
bʰéh₂oh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
bʰh₂yéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
bʰéh₂s (indicative past second-person singular)
bʰéh₂ (imperative second-person singular)
bʰh₂dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
bʰéh₂t (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰh₂wé (dual first-person indicative past)
bʰh₂tā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
bʰh₂tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
bʰh₂mé (first-person indicative past plural)
bʰh₂té (indicative plural present second-person)
bʰh₂té (indicative past plural second-person)
bʰh₂té (imperative plural second-person)
bʰh₂h₂ér (first-person indicative present singular)
bʰh₂h₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
bʰh₂ih₁h₂é (first-person optative singular)
bʰh₂th₂é (indicative past second-person singular)
bʰh₂só (imperative second-person singular)
bʰh₂ór (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰh₂tó (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰh₂ó (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰh₂ih₁ó (optative singular third-person)
bʰh₂wédʰh₂ (dual first-person indicative past)
bʰh₂médʰh₂ (first-person indicative past plural)
bʰh₂dʰh₂wé (indicative plural present second-person)
bʰh₂dʰh₂wé (indicative past plural second-person)
bʰh₂dʰh₂wé (imperative plural second-person)
bʰh₂ró (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰh₂n̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: բամ (bam)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bā́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰā́mi

Ancient Greek: φημί (phēmí), φαμί (phamí)

Proto-Italic: *fāōr

Latin: for

Athematic root present of *bʰeh₂- (“to speak, say”).


*h₂éndʰ-os ~ *h₂éndʰ-es-os

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: end


dusmenḗs

dusmenḗs (nominative singular)
dusmenéses (nominative plural)
dusmenés (singular vocative)
dusmenéses (plural vocative)
dusmenésm̥ (accusative singular)
dusmenésm̥s (accusative plural)
dusmenésos (genitive singular)
dusmenésoHom (genitive plural)
dusmenésos (ablative singular)
dusmenésmos (ablative plural)
dusmenésey (dative singular)
dusmenésmos (dative plural)
dusmenés (locative singular)
dusmenési (locative singular)
dusmenésu (locative plural)
dusmenésmis (instrumental plural)
dusménes (nominative singular)
dusménēs (nominative plural)
dusménes (singular vocative)
dusménēs (plural vocative)
dusménes (accusative singular)
dusménēs (accusative plural)
dusménesos (genitive singular)
dusménesoHom (genitive plural)
dusménesos (ablative singular)
dusménesmos (ablative plural)
dusménesey (dative singular)
dusménesmos (dative plural)
dusménes (locative singular)
dusménesi (locative singular)
dusménesu (locative plural)
dusménesmis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *dusmenḗs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dušmanā́s m

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *duẓmanā́s

Sanskrit: दुर्मनास् (durmanā́s)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dušmánas (< *dus-ménos) (see there for further descendants)

From *dus- (“bad”) + *ménes- (“mind, thought”) + *-s.


⇒ Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: անկիւն (ankiwn)

Armenian: անկյուն (ankyun)

Proto-Hellenic: *ánkos

Ancient Greek: ἄγκος (ánkos)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: ancus (possibly)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hánkas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hánkas

Sanskrit: अङ्कस् (áṅkas)


h₂éndʰōs (nominative plural)
h₂éndʰōs (plural vocative)
h₂éndʰōs (accusative plural)

Proto-Albanian: *and-

Albanian: endë

desc

>? Old Armenian: անդ (and, “field of grain”), հանդ (hand)

Armenian: հանդ (hand), անդ (and)

Proto-Hellenic: *ántʰos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hándʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hándʰas

Vedic Sanskrit: अन्धस् (ándhas)


pornóm

non-ablauting (romanization)
pornóm (nominative singular)
pornóy (dual nominative)
pornóm (singular vocative)
pornóy (dual vocative)
pornóm (accusative singular)
pornóy (accusative dual)
pornósyo (genitive singular)
pornóHom (genitive plural)
pornéad (ablative singular)
pornómos (ablative plural)
pornóey (dative singular)
pornómos (dative plural)
pornéy (locative singular)
pornóy (locative singular)
pornóysu (locative plural)
pornṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *parnas (“wing”)

Latvian: spārns

Lithuanian: spar̃nas

Proto-West Germanic: *farn (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parnám (see there for further descendants)


meytH-

*méytH-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *mīþaną (“to avoid”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máytʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máytʰati

Sanskrit: मेथति (méthati, “to alternate; to become hostile, quarrel”), मेथेते (methete)

Proto-Italic: *meitō

Latin: mittō (< *mītō) (see there for further descendants)

*moytH-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *maidijaną (see there for further descendants)

*moytH-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *móitos

Ancient Greek: μοῖτος (moîtos, “reward, thanks”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máytʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *maytʰás

Sanskrit: मिथस् (mithás, “opposite, in opposition”)

Proto-Iranian: *maytʰah

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬉𐬚𐬁 (maēθā, “deviating, changeable”), 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬋 (miθō, “wrongly,falsely”) , 𐬁𐬨𐬋𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬭𐬁 (āmōiiastrā, “changes of events”), 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬀 (miθa, “false”), 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬡𐬀 (miθβa, “paired”), 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬡𐬀𐬥𐬀 (miθβana, “paired”)

Proto-Iranian: *máytʰah-wā́čah, *máytʰah-ūxtáh

Avestan: 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬗𐬀𐬵 (miθahuuacah, “speaking falsely”), 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬏𐬑𐬙𐬀 (miθūxta, “false words”)

→ Middle Persian: [script needed] (mēhūxt, “Mihuxt, false speaking demon”)

Persian: میهوخت (mihuxt, “Mihuxt demon in Zoroastrian mythology”)

*moytH-to-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *město (see there for further descendants)

*mitH-tó-s

Proto-Germanic: *missa- (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *missijaną (see there for further descendants)

*mitH-tis

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *mьstь

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *mьstiti (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: mît

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: मिथति (mitháti, “to alternate”)