kagʰ-

*kágʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *kageti (“to get, receive”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: cael

Welsh: cael

*kagʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Italic: *kaɣeō

Latin: incohō (< *in-kaɣeō) (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌊𐌀𐌇𐌀𐌃 (kahad, 3s.pr.cj.)

Umbrian: cehefi (inf.ps.)

*kagʰ-yó-m (“enclosure”)

*kagʰ-yo-s (cf. above)

Proto-Germanic: *hagjaz

Old Norse: heggr (“bird cherry”) (see there for further descendants)

*kágʰ-l̥-eh₂ ~ *kagʰ-én-eh₂

Proto-Italic: *kaɣela (“small hole”)

Latin: caulae (see there for further descendants)

(possibly) Oscan: kaíla (acc.sg.)

*kágʰ-r̥ ~ *kagʰ-éns (“enclosure, pasture; hedge”)

⇒? *kágʰ-ō ~ *kagʰ-n-és

Proto-Germanic: *hagô (“enclosure, pasture; hedge, shrub”) (see there for further descendants)

q

from the presumed genitive <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*hakkaz</i>

⇒? *hakkją (from the presumed genitive *hakkaz)

Proto-West Germanic: *hakki, ⇒? *hakkī, *hakkju (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *kagʰ-nó-s, *kagʰ-nó-m

⇒? Proto-Armenian: (with a prefix)

desc

Old Armenian: ցանգ (cʻang), ցանկ (cʻank, “hedge, fence”) (see there for further descendants)

q

< collective(?) <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kagʰ-néh₂</i>

Proto-Celtic: *kagnā (< collective(?) *kagʰ-néh₂)

Proto-Brythonic: *kaɨn

Welsh: caen

Proto-Germanic: *hagnaz

>? Proto-West Germanic: *hagn

Middle Dutch: haghen (“fencing”)

Old High German: hagan (“briar”)

⇒? *kagʰ-ró-s

desc

Proto-Celtic: *kagros (“enclosure; fort”)

Proto-Brythonic: *kaɨr

Middle Breton: ker

Cornish: caer

Middle Welsh: cair

Welsh: caer

*kágʰ-so-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: कक्ष (kákṣa, “secluded forest, wooded recess; clearing; room, apartment”) (see there for further descendants)

that which encloses: fence, hedge, barrier


*dʰérh₃-ti ~ *dʰr̥h₃-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *durˀtei (“to stab, prick”)

Lithuanian: dùrti

Latvian: dur̃t

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔθορον (éthoron, “to leap”)

*dʰorh₃-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *darjaną

Proto-West Germanic: *darjan (“to hurt”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰr̥h₃-sḱ-éti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θρῴσκω (thrṓiskō, “to spring, leap”)

*dʰr̥h₃-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *daryeti (“to bull, force oneself, leap upon”)

Old Irish: dairid

Irish: doir

Proto-Germanic: *darō (“injury”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰā́raH (“edge, blade; gush”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰā́raH

Sanskrit: धारा (dhā́rā)

Proto-Iranian: *dā́raH

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬭𐬁 (dārā)

→ Old Armenian: դար (dar)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


*h₂réh₁-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁e-present)

⇒ *h₂reh₁dʰ- (“to think; to arrange”)

*h₂reh₁-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *rēōr (“to think”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂r̥h₁-éy-ti (ey-present)

⇒ *h₂rey- (“to count; to arrange”, reanalyzed root)

Proto-Hellenic: *aréskō

Ancient Greek: ἀρέσκω (aréskō) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *araréskō

Ancient Greek: ἀραρίσκω (ararískō)

Proto-Hellenic: *aretā́

Ancient Greek: ἀρετή (aretḗ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ratōr

q

or derived from <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">ratus</i>

Latin: rator (“thinker”) (or derived from ratus)

Proto-Italic: *ratos
Latin: ratus

*h₂reh₁-tis ~ *h₂rh₁-téys

⇒ *h₂rh₁-ti-Hō

Proto-Italic: *ratjō

Latin: ratiō

desc

Proto-Germanic: *raþjǭ (“account, reasoning”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *rānja

Albanian: rroj

Reanalyzed root of *h₂er- (“to join; to prepare”) + *-éh₁ti.


*h₂rey-dʰ(h₁)- (“to put in order”)

*h₂réy-dʰ-t ~ *h₂ri-dʰ-ént (athematic root aorist)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: rist (“to put in order”)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *raidaz (“ready, arranged”), *raidijaz (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: raids (“ready”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀριθμός (arithmós, “number”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rināti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rīmā (“number, count”) (< *h₂réy-meh₂) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rīmą (“number, calculation”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂réy-tus ~ *h₂ri-téw-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: rītus

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νήριτος (nḗritos, “countless”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rendas (“row”)

Lithuanian: rindà

Latvian: rinda

Proto-Slavic: *rędъ (see there for further descendants)

Reanalysed root of *h₂réyti, from *h₂reh₁- (“to think; to count”) + *-éyti (*éy-present suffix).


spewd-

*spéwd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σπεύδω (speúdō)

*spéwd-os

Proto-Germanic: *speutaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *spaudā́ˀ

Lithuanian: spaudà

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σπουδή (spoudḗ)

*spowd-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

desc

Lithuanian: spáusti (“to press, squeeze”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *spūˀdā́ˀ

Lithuanian: spūdà


ḱéh₃ih₂ (nominative singular)
sḱéh₃ih₂ (nominative singular)
ḱéh₃ih₂ (singular vocative)
sḱéh₃ih₂ (singular vocative)
ḱéh₃ih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
sḱéh₃ih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
ḱyéh₂s (genitive singular)
ḱyéh₂s (ablative singular)
ḱyéh₂ (locative singular)
sḱyéh₂ (locative singular)
ḱyéh₂i (locative singular)
ḱyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
sḱyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Albanian: *skijā

Albanian: hije (“shadow, shade; darkness”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: seja *seĩja (“face, shadow”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σκιά (skiá, “shadow, shade”), σκιάς (skiás, “canopy, umbrel”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *śćaHyáH (“shade”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *skiya

Tocharian B: [Term?] (skiyo, “shadow”)

From *(s)ḱeh₃- (“darkness, shadow”) + *-ih₂ (athematic feminine suffix).


Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: քէն (kʻēn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kainā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷoinā́

Ancient Greek: ποινή (poinḗ)

→ Latin: poena (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kaynáH

Proto-Iranian: *kaynáH

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬁 (kaēnā)

Baluchi: [script needed] (kēnaγ)

Gurani: قین (qīn)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: kîn (kīn)

Central Kurdish: قین (qîn)

Southern Kurdish: قین (qîn)

Old Persian: [script needed] (kainā́)

Middle Persian: kyn' (kēn)

Classical Persian:

Persian: کین (kin)

Tajik: кин (kin)

Ossetian: кийнӕ (kijnæ), кенӕ (kenæ)


kʷey-

*kʷéy-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćáyati

desc

Sanskrit: चयते (cáyate, “to take revenge on”)

Proto-Slavic: *kàjati

*kʷi-néw-ti ~ *kʷi-nw-énti (néw-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷínō

Ancient Greek: τίνω (tínō), τί̄νω (tí̄nō)

*kʷey-no-s

Proto-Slavic: *činъ (see there for further descendants)

*kʷéy-ti-s ~ *kʷi-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷítis

Ancient Greek: τίσις (tísis)


kʷey-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*kʷeyt-

*kʷeys-

*kʷé(h₁)y-e-ti (e-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Slavic: *čàjati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćáHyati

Sanskrit: चायति (cāyati)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τίω (tíō, “to esteem, to respect”)

*kʷ(h₁)i-néw-ti (néw-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čináwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćináwti

Sanskrit: चिनोति (cinoti, “it observes”)

Proto-Iranian: *čináwtī

Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙- (cinuuaṇt-, present active participle)

*kʷe-kʷó(h₁)y-e ~ *kʷe-kʷ(h₁)y-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čikā́ya

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćikā́ya

Sanskrit: चिकाय (cikāya)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τῑμή (tīmḗ)

*kʷé(h₁)y-ti-s ~ *kʷ(h₁)i-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čítis

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćítis

Sanskrit: चिति (citi, “understanding”), अपचिति (ápa-citi, “reverence”)


kʷey-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*kʷey-t (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háčayt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háčayt

Vedic Sanskrit: अचेत् (acet)

*kʷi-néw-ti (néw-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čináwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *čináwti

Sanskrit: चिनोति (cinoti, “it gathers”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čináwti

Northern Kurdish: çinîn (“to reap”), çandin (“to plant”)

Central Kurdish: چنین (çnîn, “to reap”), چاندن (çandin, “to plant”)

Proto-Slavic: *činǫti, *činìti (see there for further descendants)

*kʷoywós

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷoiwós, *kʷoiwéyō

Ancient Greek: ποιϝέω (poiwéō, Doric), ποιέω (poiéō)

*kʷóyos

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kā́yas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kā́yas

Sanskrit: काय (kāya)

*kʷéy-ti-s ~ *kʷi-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čítis

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćítis

Sanskrit: चिति (citi, “a layer”)


Proto-Germanic: *alaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hā́raH f (< *h₁ól-eh₂)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hā́raH

Sanskrit: आरा (ā́rā) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Nuristani:

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: ařë́

Kativiri: vóř

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: ák

Waigali: aẓ

→ Proto-Finno-Ugric: *ora (see there for further descendants)


Likely a substrate term, especially given the irregular variations in the Balto-Slavic anlaut and in the suffix. Note the complementary distribution with synonymous *wern-, which might therefore have been the native PIE term.

ві́льха

Proto-Slavic: *olьxa, *elьxa, *olьša, *elьša; Ukrainian

abskande

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *als(i)nis, *els(i)nis; Old Prussian


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-snāˀ

Proto-Germanic: *-snō, *-isnō, *-usnō, *-asnjō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-snā > *-hnā

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-snaH

λάχνη

earlier *λακσνά (*laksná) < *ϝλακσνά (*wlaksná)


Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: լուսին (lusin)
Armenian: լուսին (lusin)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *láukšnāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lukšás

Proto-Iranian: *luxšáh

desc

Persian: لوخن (loxan, “moon, moonlight”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráwkšnaH

Proto-Iranian: *ráwxšnaH (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *louksnā (see there for further descendants)

From *lewk- (“to shine”) + *-sneh₂. Alternatively from *lewk-s- + *-néh₂, from the s-stem of the same root (compare Proto-Indo-Iranian *ráwčas (“day; light”)). In this case, originally a substantivized adjective *lewk-s-nó-s or *lowk-s-nó-s (“shiny, bright”) (compare Middle High German liehsen (“bright”) from *léwk-s-no-s, Ancient Greek λύχνος (lúkhnos, “lamp”) from *luk-s-nó-s), as the divergent meanings of Avestan, Persian and Old Prussian indicate, and the fact that Iranian has cognates that are adjectives, not nouns. The original Proto-Indo-European lexeme for "moon" was apparently *mḗh₁n̥s, and *lówksneh₂ may have originated as a later poetic synonym.


Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (paršna-)

Proto-Germanic: *fersnō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πτέρνη (ptérnē)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pā́ršniš (< *tpērsneh₂-i-s)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pā́rṣniṣ

Sanskrit: पार्ष्णि (pā́rṣṇi)

Proto-Iranian: *pā́ršniš

Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬱𐬥𐬀 (pāšna)

Gurani: پاژنە (pāžna)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: pehnî, panî

Central Kurdish: پانێ (panê), پانیە (panye), پاژنە (pajne)

Southern Kurdish: پاژنە (pajne)

Old Persian:

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (pʾšnk' /pāšnag/)

Persian: پاشنه (pâšne)

Zazaki: paşne

Proto-Italic: *persnā

Latin: perna (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *porsno (“ankle”) (< *tpērsneh₂-h₁en-)

Tocharian B: porsnai-

Perhaps from *t(s)pērH- (“to kick with the heel”) + *-sneh₂, possible compound of *pd- (“foot”) + *sperH- (“to beat, kick”). Alternatively from *t(s)pḗr-s + *-néh₂, s-stem of the same root.


stew-

*stéw-e ~ *stéw-ēr (root stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stáway

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stáway

Sanskrit: स्तवे (stáve)

*stḗw-ti ~ *stéw-nti (narten-type root athematic present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στεῦται (steûtai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stā́wti (see there for further descendants)

*stéw-tōr ~ *stu-tr-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stawtā́ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (iš-du-u̯a-a-ri /ištuāri/, “to be manifest; be announced”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *staw-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *staw-

Sanskrit: स्तु (stu) (from zero-grade)


-kos

-kos (nominative singular)
-koes (nominative plural)
-ke (singular vocative)
-koes (plural vocative)
-kom (accusative singular)
-koms (accusative plural)
-kosyo (genitive singular)
-koHom (genitive plural)
-kead (ablative singular)
-komos (ablative plural)
-koey (dative singular)
-komos (dative plural)
-key (locative singular)
-koy (locative singular)
-koysu (locative plural)
-kōys (instrumental plural)
-kām (accusative singular)
-kom (nominative singular)
-koy (dual nominative)
-kom (singular vocative)
-koy (dual vocative)
-koy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-kas

Lithuanian: -ingas (with an /n/ infix)

Latvian: -īgs

Proto-Slavic: *-kъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *-kos

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *-ākos

Proto-Germanic: *-gaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-kos

Ancient Greek: -κός (-kós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-kas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *-kos

Latin: -cus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: -icus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *-ikā

Proto-Albanian: *-kā,

*Albanian: -kë,

Creates deadjectival and desubstantival adjectives denoting the characteristic of, typical of, pertaining to.


dʰrā́ks

dʰragʰ- (oblique stem)
dʰrā́ks (nominative singular)
dʰrā́gʰh₁ (dual nominative)
dʰrā́gʰh₁e (dual nominative)
dʰrā́gʰes (nominative plural)
dʰrā́g (singular vocative)
dʰrā́gʰh₁ (dual vocative)
dʰrā́gʰh₁e (dual vocative)
dʰrā́gʰes (plural vocative)
dʰrā́gʰm̥ (accusative singular)
dʰrā́gʰh₁ (accusative dual)
dʰrā́gʰh₁e (accusative dual)
dʰrā́gʰm̥s (accusative plural)
dʰragʰés (genitive singular)
dʰragʰóHom (genitive plural)
dʰragʰés (ablative singular)
dʰragʰmós (ablative plural)
dʰragʰéy (dative singular)
dʰragʰmós (dative plural)
dʰrā́g (locative singular)
dʰrā́gʰi (locative singular)
dʰragʰsú (locative plural)
dʰragʰmís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Germanic: *drōhs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *frakēs

Latin: fracēs (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; possibly borrowed from a substrate language.

drast

Proto-Germanic: *drastaz (< *drahstaz); Proto-West Germanic


non-ablauting (romanization)
ḱléytrām (accusative singular)

Proto-Celtic: *klētrā

Middle Irish: clithar (“shelter”)

Proto-Germanic: *hlīþrō

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 (hleiþra, “hut, tent”)

Proto-Italic: *kleitrā

Latin: clītellae (“pack-saddle”) (< *kleitrela (diminutive)) (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: kletram (acc.sg.)

From *ḱley- (“to shelter, cover”) + *-treh₂ (instrumental suffix).


desc

Proto-Celtic: *kleitā (“palisade, hurdle”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hlīdō (“slope, incline”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćraytáH

Proto-Iranian: *craytáH

Middle Persian: [script needed] (srat, “ladder”)

Persian: سرت (sart, “ladder”) (dialectal)

From *ḱley- (“to lean, slope”) + *-teh₂.


ḱléyeti

ḱléyom (first-person indicative past singular)
ḱléyōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
ḱléyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
ḱléyes (indicative past second-person singular)
ḱléye (imperative second-person singular)
ḱléyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ḱléyoys (optative second-person singular)
ḱléyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱléyet (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱléyetu (imperative singular third-person)
ḱléyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱléyoyt (optative singular third-person)
ḱléyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
ḱléyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
ḱléyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
ḱléyoywe (dual first-person optative)
ḱléyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
ḱléyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
ḱléyetom (dual imperative second-person)
ḱléyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
ḱléyoytom (dual optative second-person)
ḱléyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
ḱléyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
ḱléyetām (dual imperative third-person)
ḱléyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
ḱléyoytām (dual optative third-person)
ḱléyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
ḱléyome (first-person indicative past plural)
ḱléyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
ḱléyoyme (first-person optative plural)
ḱléyete (indicative plural present second-person)
ḱléyete (indicative past plural second-person)
ḱléyete (imperative plural second-person)
ḱléyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
ḱléyoyte (optative plural second-person)
ḱléyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱléyont (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱléyontu (imperative plural third-person)
ḱléyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱléyonts (indicative participle present)
ḱléyeso (imperative second-person singular)
ḱléyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱléyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱléyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱléyoyto (optative singular third-person)
ḱléyoror (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱléyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱléyoro (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱléyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱléyōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱléyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱléyoyro (optative plural third-person)
ḱléyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: šlieti

Lithuanian: sliet

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćráyati (“to lean”) (see there for further descendants)

Thematic root present of *ḱley- (“to lean”).


ḱl̥néyti

ḱl̥néymi (first-person indicative present singular)
ḱl̥nḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
ḱl̥néysi (indicative present second-person singular)
ḱl̥néys (indicative past second-person singular)
ḱl̥néy (imperative second-person singular)
ḱln̥ydʰí (imperative second-person singular)
ḱl̥néyesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ḱl̥néyti (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱl̥néyt (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱl̥néytu (imperative singular third-person)
ḱl̥néyeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱln̥ywós (dual first-person indicative present)
ḱln̥ywé (dual first-person indicative past)
ḱl̥néyowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
ḱln̥ytés (dual indicative present second-person)
ḱln̥ytóm (dual indicative past second-person)
ḱln̥ytóm (dual imperative second-person)
ḱl̥néyetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
ḱln̥ytés (dual indicative present third-person)
ḱln̥ytā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
ḱln̥ytā́m (dual imperative third-person)
ḱl̥néyetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
ḱln̥ymós (first-person indicative plural present)
ḱln̥ymé (first-person indicative past plural)
ḱl̥néyomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
ḱln̥yté (indicative plural present second-person)
ḱln̥yté (indicative past plural second-person)
ḱln̥yté (imperative plural second-person)
ḱl̥néyete (plural second-person subjunctive)
ḱln̥yénti (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱln̥yént (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱln̥yéntu (imperative plural third-person)
ḱl̥néyonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱln̥yónts (indicative participle present)
ḱln̥yh₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
ḱln̥ysó (imperative second-person singular)
ḱln̥ytór (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱln̥yór (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱln̥ytó (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱln̥yó (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱl̥néyetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱln̥yrór (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱln̥yn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱln̥yró (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱln̥yn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱl̥néyoror (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱl̥néyontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ślíntei

Latvian: slìet

Lithuanian: šliñti

Proto-Germanic: *hlināną (rebuilt as nā-present) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *klíňňō (perhaps secondary from *klínō + *-yō)

Ancient Greek: κλῑ́νω (klī́nō), κλίννω (klínnō) — Aeolic (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Italic: *kleinō (< secondary full-grade *ḱléyneti ~ *ḱlinénti)

Latin: clīnō (“slope, bend”) (see there for further descendants)

From *ḱley- (“to incline”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


ḱleywós

non-ablauting (romanization)
ḱleywós (nominative singular)
ḱleywóes (nominative plural)
ḱleywé (singular vocative)
ḱleywóes (plural vocative)
ḱleywóm (accusative singular)
ḱleywóms (accusative plural)
ḱleywósyo (genitive singular)
ḱleywóHom (genitive plural)
ḱleywéad (ablative singular)
ḱleywómos (ablative plural)
ḱleywóey (dative singular)
ḱleywómos (dative plural)
ḱleywéy (locative singular)
ḱleywóy (locative singular)
ḱleywóysu (locative plural)
ḱleywṓys (instrumental plural)
ḱleywā́m (accusative singular)
ḱleywóm (nominative singular)
ḱleywóy (dual nominative)
ḱleywóm (singular vocative)
ḱleywóy (dual vocative)
ḱleywóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ślaiwás (< *ḱloywós)

desc

Lithuanian: šleĩvas (“bandy-legged, bowlegged”)

Proto-Italic: *kleiwos

Latin: clīvus (“slope, hill”) (see there for further descendants)

From *ḱley- (“to lean, slope”) + *-wós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


ḱlitós

non-ablauting (romanization)
ḱlitós (nominative singular)
ḱlitóes (nominative plural)
ḱlité (singular vocative)
ḱlitóes (plural vocative)
ḱlitóm (accusative singular)
ḱlitóms (accusative plural)
ḱlitósyo (genitive singular)
ḱlitóHom (genitive plural)
ḱlitéad (ablative singular)
ḱlitómos (ablative plural)
ḱlitóey (dative singular)
ḱlitómos (dative plural)
ḱlitéy (locative singular)
ḱlitóy (locative singular)
ḱlitóysu (locative plural)
ḱlitṓys (instrumental plural)
ḱlitā́m (accusative singular)
ḱlitóm (nominative singular)
ḱlitóy (dual nominative)
ḱlitóm (singular vocative)
ḱlitóy (dual vocative)
ḱlitóy (accusative dual)

desc

Proto-Celtic: *klitos (“covered, sheltered”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hlidą (see there for further descendants)

From *ḱley- (“to shelter, cover”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


ḱlitós

Proto-Albanian: *klitā

Albanian: qetë (“jagged rock”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: pašiltas (“bent, crooked”)

Proto-Celtic: *klitā (“pillar, post”)

Old Irish: cleth

Irish: cleith

desc

Proto-Germanic: *hliþą (“slope, incline”) (< *ḱlítom, with irregular stress shift)

Old English: hliþ
Middle English: lith

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄκλῐτος (áklitos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćritás (“leaning”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śritás

Sanskrit: श्रित (śritá)

Proto-Iranian: *critáh

Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬌𐬙𐬀 (srita)


-éyti

-éymi (first-person indicative present singular)
Ø-éymi (first-person indicative present singular)
-ḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-ḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
-éysi (indicative present second-person singular)
Ø-éysi (indicative present second-person singular)
-éys (indicative past second-person singular)
Ø-éys (indicative past second-person singular)
-éy (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-éy (imperative second-person singular)
-idʰí (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-idʰí (imperative second-person singular)
-éyesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-éyesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-éyti (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-éyti (indicative present singular third-person)
-éyt (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-éyt (indicative past singular third-person)
-éytu (imperative singular third-person)
Ø-éytu (imperative singular third-person)
-éyeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-iwós (dual first-person indicative present)
Ø-iwós (dual first-person indicative present)
-iwé (dual first-person indicative past)
Ø-iwé (dual first-person indicative past)
-éyowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
Ø-éyowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-ités (dual indicative present second-person)
Ø-ités (dual indicative present second-person)
-itóm (dual indicative past second-person)
Ø-itóm (dual indicative past second-person)
-itóm (dual imperative second-person)
Ø-itóm (dual imperative second-person)
-éyetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
Ø-éyetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-ités (dual indicative present third-person)
Ø-ités (dual indicative present third-person)
-itā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
Ø-itā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
-itā́m (dual imperative third-person)
Ø-itā́m (dual imperative third-person)
-éyetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-imós (first-person indicative plural present)
Ø-imós (first-person indicative plural present)
-imé (first-person indicative past plural)
Ø-imé (first-person indicative past plural)
-éyomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
Ø-éyomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-ité (indicative plural present second-person)
Ø-ité (indicative plural present second-person)
-ité (indicative past plural second-person)
Ø-ité (indicative past plural second-person)
-ité (imperative plural second-person)
Ø-ité (imperative plural second-person)
-éyete (plural second-person subjunctive)
Ø-éyete (plural second-person subjunctive)
-yénti (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-yénti (indicative plural present third-person)
-yént (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-yént (indicative past plural third-person)
-yéntu (imperative plural third-person)
Ø-yéntu (imperative plural third-person)
-éyonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-yónts (indicative participle present)
Ø-yónts (indicative participle present)
Ø-ih₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
-isó (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-isó (imperative second-person singular)
-itór (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-itór (indicative present singular third-person)
-yór (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-yór (indicative present singular third-person)
-itó (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-itó (indicative past singular third-person)
-yó (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-yó (indicative past singular third-person)
-éyetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-irór (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-irór (indicative plural present third-person)
-yn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-yn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
-iró (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-iró (indicative past plural third-person)
-yn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-yn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
-éyoror (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyoror (plural subjunctive third-person)
-éyontor (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyontor (plural subjunctive third-person)


Proto-Albanian: *daja

Albanian: daj

Proto-Hellenic: *dayomai

Ancient Greek: δαίομαι (daíomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáyatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáyatay

Sanskrit: दयते (dáyate)

Proto-Hellenic: *dā́mos

Ancient Greek: δῆμος (dêmos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *dālom (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: दया (dayā)

>? Northern Kurdish: dêman (“inhabitant”)


Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαίς (daís)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαιτύς (daitús)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαιτυμών (daitumṓn)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαιτρός (daitrós), δαιτρόν (daitrón)

*déh₂i-mō ~ *dh₂i-m̥n-és

Proto-Germanic: *tīmô (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαίμων (daímōn)

Unsorted formations:

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαΐζω (daḯzō)

Ancient Greek: δαίνῡμι (daínūmi)

Ancient Greek: δαίω (daíō, “to share”)

Extension of *deh₂- (“to share, divide”).


ǵéwseti

ǵéwsom (first-person indicative past singular)
ǵéwsōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
ǵéwsesi (indicative present second-person singular)
ǵéwses (indicative past second-person singular)
ǵéwse (imperative second-person singular)
ǵéwsēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ǵéwsoys (optative second-person singular)
ǵéwseti (indicative present singular third-person)
ǵéwset (indicative past singular third-person)
ǵéwsetu (imperative singular third-person)
ǵéwsēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ǵéwsoyt (optative singular third-person)
ǵéwsowos (dual first-person indicative present)
ǵéwsowe (dual first-person indicative past)
ǵéwsōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
ǵéwsoywe (dual first-person optative)
ǵéwsetes (dual indicative present second-person)
ǵéwsetom (dual indicative past second-person)
ǵéwsetom (dual imperative second-person)
ǵéwsētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
ǵéwsoytom (dual optative second-person)
ǵéwsetes (dual indicative present third-person)
ǵéwsetām (dual indicative past third-person)
ǵéwsetām (dual imperative third-person)
ǵéwsētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
ǵéwsoytām (dual optative third-person)
ǵéwsomos (first-person indicative plural present)
ǵéwsome (first-person indicative past plural)
ǵéwsōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
ǵéwsoyme (first-person optative plural)
ǵéwsete (indicative plural present second-person)
ǵéwsete (indicative past plural second-person)
ǵéwsete (imperative plural second-person)
ǵéwsēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
ǵéwsoyte (optative plural second-person)
ǵéwsonti (indicative plural present third-person)
ǵéwsont (indicative past plural third-person)
ǵéwsontu (imperative plural third-person)
ǵéwsōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
ǵéwsonts (indicative participle present)
ǵéwseso (imperative second-person singular)
ǵéwsetor (indicative present singular third-person)
ǵéwseto (indicative past singular third-person)
ǵéwsētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
ǵéwsoyto (optative singular third-person)
ǵéwsoror (indicative plural present third-person)
ǵéwsontor (indicative plural present third-person)
ǵéwsoro (indicative past plural third-person)
ǵéwsonto (indicative past plural third-person)
ǵéwsōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
ǵéwsōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
ǵéwsoyro (optative plural third-person)
ǵéwsomnos (indicative participle present)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *guseti (“to choose”)

Old Irish: do·goa; asa·gúsi; do·gega (3sg.fut.rel.); do·roigu (3sg.pret.rel.)

Irish: togh

Scottish Gaelic: tagh

Proto-Germanic: *keusaną (“to trial, select”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *géuhō

Ancient Greek: γεύω (geúō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́áwšati (see there for further descendants)

Thematic root present of *ǵews- (“to taste, try”).


ksnew-

*ksnow-éye-ti (*éye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšnawáyati

Proto-Iranian: *xšnawáyatī

𐬑𐬱𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌

Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (xšāuuaiieⁱti, “to satisfy”)

*ksnḗw-s-t ~ *ksnéw-s-n̥t (*s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšnā́wšt

Proto-Iranian: *xšnā́wšt

Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬁𐬏𐬱 (xšāūš, “to listen”)

Proto-Italic: *(ks)nowātlā

Latin: novācula (“razor”)

*ksnéw-tro-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšnáwtram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣṇáwtram

Sanskrit: क्ष्णोत्र (kṣṇótra, “whetstone”)

*ksnow-ó-s (“scraping”)

Proto-Germanic: *snaw-waz (“bald”)

Old Norse: snǫggr, snøggr (< *snawwiz)

Icelandic: snöggur

Swedish: snygg

*ksnéw-tu-s ~ *ksnu-téw-s

Proto-Germanic: *snauþuz (“naked, poor”) (see there for further descendants)

*ksnu-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšnutás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣṇutás

Sanskrit: क्ष्णुत (kṣṇutá, “sharpened”)

Proto-Iranian: *xšnutáh

Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬥𐬎𐬙𐬀 (xšnuta)

Old Persian: 𐎧𐏁𐎵𐎢𐎫 (x-š-nu-u-t /xšnuta/)

Reanalysed root of *ksnéwti, from *kes- (“to scrape, comb”) + *-néwti (*néw-present suffix).


ksew-

*kséw-ti ~ *ksu-énti (athematic present)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skutei (“to shave”) (metathesis)

Latvian: skũt, skuvu (1sg.pret.)

Lithuanian: skutù, skùsti

*ksu-yé-ti (*yé-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *ksuyō

Ancient Greek: ξύω (xúō, “to shave, smooth, scratch”)

*ksḗw-s-t ~ *kséw-s-n̥t (*s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ξέσαι (xésai)

*ksow-éye-ti (“to scrape”, éye-causative)

Proto-Italic: *(k)sawejō

Latin: sauciō (“I wound; I trim”) (see there for further descendants)

*ksów-no-m

Proto-Hellenic: *ksównon

Ancient Greek: ξόανον (xóanon)

*ksow-ó-s (“scraping”)

Proto-Italic: *(k)sawos (“wound”)

Latin: saucius (< *sawVkio- < *ksow-Vk-) (see there for further descendants)

*ksu-ró-s

Proto-Hellenic: *ksurón

Ancient Greek: ξυρόν (xurón)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšurás (see there for further descendants)

*ksu-lo-

Proto-Hellenic: *ksúlon

Ancient Greek: ξύλον (xúlon)

>? Proto-Celtic: *skutā (with metathesis)

desctree

Old Irish: scoth (“point, tip, edge”)
Middle Irish: scoth
Irish: scoth
⇒ Middle Irish: scothaid (“to cut, lop off”)

Extensions

desc

>? *ksew-d- (“to crush into pieces, disintegrate”)

Reanalysed root of *kés-u-s ~ *ks-éw-s, from *kes- (“to scrape, comb”) + *-us.


ksen-

*ksén-e-ti ~ *ksén-onti (“thematic root present”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšanánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣanánti

Sanskrit: वि अक्षणन् (vi akṣaṇan, 3pl.impf.act.), विक्षणत् (vi-kṣaṇat, “to card”, ptc.act.)

*ksn̥-yé-ti ~ *ksn̥-yonti (“zero-grade *yé-present”)

Proto-Hellenic: *ksəňňō

Ancient Greek: ξαίνω (xaínō, “to card; to scratch”)

*ksén-ti-s ~ ksn̥-téy-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sentis (“thorn”) (see there for further descendants)

*ksén-tu-s ~ ksn̥-téw-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sentus (“thorny”) (see there for further descendants)

Reanalysed root of *kés-r̥ ~ *ks-én-s, from *kes- (“to scrape, comb”) + *-r̥ (n-stem).


ksnéwti

ksnéwmi (first-person indicative present singular)
ksnḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
ksnéwsi (indicative present second-person singular)
ksnéws (indicative past second-person singular)
ksnéw (imperative second-person singular)
ksnudʰí (imperative second-person singular)
ksnéwesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ksnéwti (indicative present singular third-person)
ksnéwt (indicative past singular third-person)
ksnéwtu (imperative singular third-person)
ksnéweti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ksnuwós (dual first-person indicative present)
ksnuwé (dual first-person indicative past)
ksnéwowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
ksnutés (dual indicative present second-person)
ksnutóm (dual indicative past second-person)
ksnutóm (dual imperative second-person)
ksnéwetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
ksnutés (dual indicative present third-person)
ksnutā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
ksnutā́m (dual imperative third-person)
ksnéwetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
ksnumós (first-person indicative plural present)
ksnumé (first-person indicative past plural)
ksnéwomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
ksnuté (indicative plural present second-person)
ksnuté (indicative past plural second-person)
ksnuté (imperative plural second-person)
ksnéwete (plural second-person subjunctive)
ksn̥wénti (indicative plural present third-person)
ksn̥wént (indicative past plural third-person)
ksn̥wéntu (imperative plural third-person)
ksnéwonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
ksn̥wónts (indicative participle present)
ksnusó (imperative second-person singular)
ksnutór (indicative present singular third-person)
ksn̥wór (indicative present singular third-person)
ksnutó (indicative past singular third-person)
ksn̥wó (indicative past singular third-person)
ksnéwetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
ksnurór (indicative plural present third-person)
ksn̥wn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
ksnuró (indicative past plural third-person)
ksn̥wn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
ksnéworor (plural subjunctive third-person)
ksnéwontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Anatolian: *ksnū́di

desc

Hittite: 𒆠𒅖𒉡𒊻𒍣 (ki-iš-nu-uz-zi, 3sg.pres.act.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšnáwti (see there for further descendants)

From *kes- (“to scrape, comb”) + *-néwti.


kes-

Proto-Germanic: *hezdǭ (“flax fibers”)

Proto-West Germanic: *heʀdā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hazdaz (“hair”) (see there for further descendants)

*kés-ti ~ *ks-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian: 𒆠𒊭𒀭𒁕 (ki-ša-an-da, 3pl.pret.act.), 𒆠𒊭𒄠𒈠 (ki-ša-am-ma /kišama/, part.)

Hittite: 𒆠𒅖𒍣 (ki-iš-zi, “to comb, card”, 3sg.pres.act.)

*ks-néw-ti ~ *ks-nw-énti (*néw-present) (see there for further descendants)

*kes-/*kos-yé-ti (yé-fientive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *késtei

Lithuanian: kàsti

Proto-Slavic: *česàti (“to scratch, comb”) (see there for further descendants)

*kos-éye-ti (*éye-causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kasīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *kositi (“to mow”) (see there for further descendants)

*kés-r̥ ~ *ks-én-s

*ksen- (reanalysed root)

>? Proto-Albanian: *kasra > *kāra

Albanian: korr (“to harvest, reap”)

⇒ *ke-ks-r-éh₂ (with reduplication of the root)

>? Proto-Celtic: *kīsrā (“comb”) (possibly < *kēsrā < *kexsrā)

Old Irish: cír (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kes-ró-m

>? Proto-Germanic: *hērą (“hair”) (see there for further descendants)

*kés-s ~ *ks-és

*kses- (reanalysed root)

*ksés-ti (athematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *kséhō

Ancient Greek: ξέω (xéō, “to shave, carve, smooth, polish”)

*kses-tós (verbal adjective)

Proto-Hellenic: *ksestós

Ancient Greek: ξεστός (xestós, “smoothed, polished, wrought”)

*kés-u-s ~ *ks-éw-s

*ksew- (reanalysed root)

Proto-Albanian: *kaxā (“plaited hair”)

Albanian: kezë (“woman’s head-dress, bonnet, hair-net”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kasā́ˀ

Latvian: kasa (“braid”)

Lithuanian: kasà (“braid”)

Old Prussian: kexti (“braided hair”)

Proto-Slavic: *kosà (“hair, braided hair”) (see there for further descendants)

*kos-eh₂-yé-ti ~ *kos-eh₂-yónti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kasā́ˀtei

Latvian: kàsît

Lithuanian: kasýti

Proto-Slavic: *kasati (see there for further descendants)

*kós-mo-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kasmas

Proto-Slavic: *kosmъ (see there for further descendants)

(possibly) *kos-ó-s

Proto-Albanian: *kaxa (“ox”)

Albanian: ka

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


-ḗn

-ḗn (nominative singular)
Ø-ḗn (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
-énes (nominative plural)
Ø-énes (nominative plural)
-én (singular vocative)
Ø-én (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-énes (plural vocative)
Ø-énes (plural vocative)
-énm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø-énm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-énm̥s (accusative plural)
Ø-énm̥s (accusative plural)
-nés (genitive singular)
Ø-nés (genitive singular)
-nóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-nóHom (genitive plural)
-nés (ablative singular)
Ø-nés (ablative singular)
-n̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-n̥mós (ablative plural)
-néy (dative singular)
Ø-néy (dative singular)
-n̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-n̥mós (dative plural)
-én (locative singular)
Ø-én (locative singular)
-éni (locative singular)
Ø-éni (locative singular)
-n̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-n̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-néh₁ (instrumental singular)
-n̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-n̥mís (instrumental plural)


-r̥

-r̥ (canonical)
-r̥ (canonical neuter)
-r̥ (nominative singular)
ó-r̥ (nominative singular)
ó-r̥h₂ (nominative plural)
-ōr (nominative)
é-ōr (nominative)
-r̥ (singular vocative)
ó-r̥ (singular vocative)
ó-r̥h₂ (plural vocative)
-ōr (vocative)
é-ōr (vocative)
-r̥ (accusative singular)
ó-r̥ (accusative singular)
ó-r̥h₂ (accusative plural)
-ōr (accusative)
é-ōr (accusative)
-n̥s (genitive singular)
é-n̥s (genitive singular)
-noHom (genitive plural)
é-noHom (genitive plural)
-nés (genitive)
Ø-nés (genitive)
-n̥s (ablative singular)
é-n̥s (ablative singular)
-n̥mos (ablative plural)
é-n̥mos (ablative plural)
-nés (ablative)
Ø-nés (ablative)
-ney (dative singular)
é-ney (dative singular)
-n̥mos (dative plural)
é-n̥mos (dative plural)
-néy (dative)
Ø-néy (dative)
-n̥ (locative singular)
é-n̥ (locative singular)
-ni (locative singular)
é-ni (locative singular)
-n̥su (locative plural)
é-n̥su (locative plural)
-én (locative)
Ø-én (locative)
-éni (locative)
Ø-éni (locative)
é-n̥h₁ (instrumental singular)
-n̥mis (instrumental plural)
é-n̥mis (instrumental plural)
Ø-néh₁ (instrumental)
-r̥ (nominative singular)
é-r̥ (nominative singular)
é-r̥h₂ (nominative plural)
-ōr (nominative)
é-ōr (nominative)
-r̥ (singular vocative)
é-r̥ (singular vocative)
é-r̥h₂ (plural vocative)
-ōr (vocative)
é-ōr (vocative)
-r̥ (accusative singular)
é-r̥ (accusative singular)
é-r̥h₂ (accusative plural)
-ōr (accusative)
é-ōr (accusative)
-éns (genitive singular)
Ø-éns (genitive singular)
-énoHom (genitive plural)
Ø-énoHom (genitive plural)
-nés (genitive)
Ø-nés (genitive)
-éns (ablative singular)
Ø-éns (ablative singular)
-énmos (ablative plural)
Ø-énmos (ablative plural)
-nés (ablative)
Ø-nés (ablative)
-éney (dative singular)
Ø-éney (dative singular)
-énmos (dative plural)
Ø-énmos (dative plural)
-néy (dative)
Ø-néy (dative)
-én (locative singular)
Ø-én (locative singular)
-éni (locative singular)
Ø-éni (locative singular)
-énsu (locative plural)
Ø-énsu (locative plural)
-én (locative)
Ø-én (locative)
-éni (locative)
Ø-éni (locative)
Ø-énh₁ (instrumental singular)
-énmis (instrumental plural)
Ø-énmis (instrumental plural)
Ø-néh₁ (instrumental)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: -𒅈 (-ar)

Proto-Hellenic: *-ər

Ancient Greek: -αρ ~ -ατος (-ar ~ -atos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-r̥

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-r̥

Sanskrit: -र् (-r)

Proto-Italic: *-or ~ *-enes

Latin: -or/-ur ~ -inis,-oris,-inoris

Derives nouns from roots, frequently mass nouns.


*pléh₃w-e-ti (thematic present) or *pléh₃-we-ti (*we-present?)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pláuˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *flōaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plṓ(w)ō

Ancient Greek: πλώω (plṓō)

*ploh₃w-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *plàviti (see there for further descendants)

*pléh₃-tu-s ~ *pl̥h₃-téw-s

Proto-Germanic: *flōduz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plauˀtá (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

(perhaps) Latin: plōrō

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plū́ˀtei (zero grade with secondary long vowel) (see there for further descendants)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


-ónts

-ónts (nominative singular)
Ø-ónts (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
-óntes (nominative plural)
Ø-óntes (nominative plural)
-ónt (singular vocative)
Ø-ónt (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-óntes (plural vocative)
Ø-óntes (plural vocative)
-óntm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø-óntm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-óntm̥s (accusative plural)
Ø-óntm̥s (accusative plural)
-n̥tés (genitive singular)
Ø-n̥tés (genitive singular)
-n̥tóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-n̥tóHom (genitive plural)
-n̥tés (ablative singular)
Ø-n̥tés (ablative singular)
-n̥tmós (ablative plural)
Ø-n̥tmós (ablative plural)
-n̥téy (dative singular)
Ø-n̥téy (dative singular)
-n̥tmós (dative plural)
Ø-n̥tmós (dative plural)
-ént (locative singular)
Ø-ént (locative singular)
-énti (locative singular)
Ø-énti (locative singular)
-n̥tsú (locative plural)
Ø-n̥tsú (locative plural)
Ø-n̥téh₁ (instrumental singular)
-n̥tmís (instrumental plural)
Ø-n̥tmís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *-atos

q

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *gónwatos (< *gonwós (compare γουνός (gounós)) < *ǵonwós)

desc

Ancient Greek: γόνατος (gónatos, “knee”)

Greek: γόνατο (gónato)

q

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *krāhatos (< *krās (compare κράς (krás)) < *ḱr̥h₂s)

desc

Ancient Greek: κρᾱ́ατος (krā́atos), κρᾱτός (krātós, “shank”)

Proto-Celtic: *-ants m, *-antā f, *-antī f

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *abrants (“eye-lid”)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *brāgants (“neck, throat”)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *dowsantā (“arm”)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *sleixsantī (“thigh”)

Proto-Germanic: *-undaz m, *-undō f, *-undą n

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *harundą (“flesh”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *waisundaz (“windpipe”)

planta

Proto-Italic: *plantā (“sole of the foot”)


ǵʰéslom

From *ǵʰes- (“hand”) + *-lom, as if "full hand".


Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian: 𒉿𒀀𒋗𒍑

Proto-Celtic: *wesus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wesuz

Old High German: *wisu (in personal names)

Gothic: 𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌶𐌰 (iusiza) (?)

Proto-Hellenic: *ewéhus

Ancient Greek: ἠΰς (ēǘs), ἐῠ̈́ς (eǘs)

Illyrian: *ves (in personal names)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwásuš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *wesū

Tocharian A: wṣe

Tocharian B: yaṣe

From *h₁wes- + *-us (Caland system suffix).


kʷŕ̥mis

Proto-Albanian: *krimi

Albanian: krimb

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kírmis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷrimis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kŕ̥miš (see there for further descendants)

The root is unknown; compare *wr̥mis of the same meaning.

animals resembling worms:
larva, grub, maggot

animals resembling worms:
(small) snake; serpent

animals resembling worms:
snake; serpent


tewk-

*túk

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *túk, *túč

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *túk, *túć

Sanskrit: तुक् (túk, “boy”), तुच् (túc, “offspring, children (only attested in RV dat. fem. तुचे (tucé))”)

*tewk-ós

Proto-Germanic: *þeuhą (“thigh”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tauˀkás

Latgalian: tauks

Lithuanian: taukaĩ pl

Latvian: tàuki pl

Old Prussian: taukis

Proto-Slavic: *tȗkъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawkás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tawkás

Sanskrit: तोक (toká, “offspring, including of animals”)

Ossetian: тог (tog, “blood”) (Digoron)

Ossetian: туг (tug, “blood”) (Iron)

*téwk-mos

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwkmas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táwkmas

Sanskrit: तोक्म (tókma, “a young shoot, offspring”)

*téwk-mn̥

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwkma (see there for further descendants)

*tewk-tḗr

Proto-Germanic: *þeuhtēr (“descendant”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Latgalian: tyukt' (“to plump, to swell”)

Latgalian: tuklys (“portly, fat, plumpy”)

Latgalian: tyucis (“cloud, crowd”)

Proto-Celtic: *tuknā (< *tuk-mn̥) (possibly)

Old Irish: tón (“anus”)

Scottish Gaelic: tòin (“anus, arse”)

Irish: tóin (“anus, buttocks”)

Proto-Celtic: ? / Proto-Italic: ?

→? Latin: tucca (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: tūcētum, tuccētum (see there for further descendants)

→? Umbrian: toco

Compare *tewh₂- (“to swell, crowd, be strong”). Possibly analyzed as *tewh₂-k- or *tewH-k-, though the evidence is unclear. Superficially similar to *(s)tewk- (“to strike, hit”) but unclear whether semantically related.


sperdʰ-

*spérdʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: սպրդեմ (sprdem) (uncertain, see entry for discussion)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spárdʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spárdʰati

Sanskrit: स्पर्धते (spárdhate, “to compete with, rival”, 3sg.med)

Proto-Iranian: *spárdati (uncertain)

Khotanese: spal- (“to twitch”)

*spérdʰ-ti ~ *spr̥dʰ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (iš-par-zi-zi /išpartzi/)

*spérdʰ-t ~ *spr̥dʰ-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háspr̥dʰant

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háspr̥dʰant

Sanskrit: अस्पृध्रन् (áspṛdhran)

*spŕ̥dʰ-

Proto-Germanic: *spurdz (“racecourse”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spŕ̥dʰ-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spŕ̥dʰ-

Sanskrit: स्पृध् (spṛ́dh, “contest, battle, fight; rival, enemy”)

Proto-Iranian: *spŕ̥d-

Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬁 (spərədā, “zeal”)


ḱíteros

non-ablauting (romanization)
ḱíteros (nominative singular)
ḱíteroes (nominative plural)
ḱítere (singular vocative)
ḱíteroes (plural vocative)
ḱíterom (accusative singular)
ḱíteroms (accusative plural)
ḱíterosyo (genitive singular)
ḱíteroHom (genitive plural)
ḱíteread (ablative singular)
ḱíteromos (ablative plural)
ḱíteroey (dative singular)
ḱíteromos (dative plural)
ḱíterey (locative singular)
ḱíteroy (locative singular)
ḱíteroysu (locative plural)
ḱíterōys (instrumental plural)
ḱíterām (accusative singular)
ḱíterom (nominative singular)
ḱíteroy (dual nominative)
ḱíterom (singular vocative)
ḱíteroy (dual vocative)
ḱíteroy (accusative dual)

Proto-Germanic: *hidrê (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kiteros

Latin: citer

PIE word
 *ḱe
From *ḱí or *ḱís (deictic) + *-teros (contrastive suffix).


gʰe

gi (canonical)
ge (canonical)
go (canonical)

Proto-Hellenic: *ge

desc

Ancient Greek: γε (ge, “at least, at any rate, only; in fact”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰí, *ǰʰa, *gʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰí, *źʰa, *gʰa

Sanskrit: हि (hí), ह (ha), घ (gha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ge

Proto-Slavic: *že (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *-k

Gothic: -𐌺 (-k)

Postpositional intensifying particle: indeed, at any rate, in fact

नहि

not at all, no indeed; see there for further descendants

Discourse particle: indeed, of course, surely


péruti

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: հերու (heru)
Armenian: հերու (heru)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: pȩ̃rn

Lithuanian: pérnai

Proto-Celtic: *ɸeruti, *ɸerutam
Old Irish: uraid, urid
Middle Irish: uraid
Irish: anuraidh
Manx: nurree
Scottish Gaelic: an-uiridh

Proto-Germanic: *ferudi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *péruti

Ancient Greek: πέρυσι (pérusi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parut (see there for further descendants)

From the locative singular form of a compound of *per (“around, through”) + *wet- (“year”), literally “on the other side of a year”.


Hellenic:

Ancient Greek ἔνη (énē, “last day of month; day after tomorrow”)

Italic:

Latin: enim

Oscan: 𐌝𐌍𐌝𐌌 (íním, “and”)

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (eni-, uni-, “that”)

q

Proto-Tocharian: *äna- (Descendants only attested in compounds.)

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (anniš, “that”) (or from *h₁nós)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *anas
Lithuanian: anàs
Proto-Slavic: *onъ (see there for further descendants)

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (anniš, “that”) (if not from *h₁ónos)

Italic:

Latin: nam

Old Armenian: *նո- (*no-)

From the adverb *h₁é (“and, then”) + *-nós.

jainaz

*Hyo-h₁enos (formed with the relative pronoun *Hyós)


*ḱéwh₁-t ~ *ḱuh₁-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔκῡσᾰ (ékūsa)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáćwaHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáśwaHt

q

Sanskrit: अश्वत् (áśvat) (possible innovation based on ह्वयते (hváyati)/अह्वत् (áhvat))

Proto-Iranian: *HášwaHt

desc

Avestan: 𐬯𐬏𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌 (sūidiiāi, 3sg.aor.act.inf.)

*ḱe-ḱówh₁-e ~ *ḱe-ḱuh₁-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćaćuHā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śaśuHā́

Sanskrit: शूशुवुर् (śūśuvur, “are swollen”)

*ḱí-ḱewh₁-ti ~ *ḱí-ḱuh₁-n̥ti (i-reduplicated athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćíćHuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śíśHuṣ

Sanskrit: शिशु (śíśu, “child, infant”)

*ḱuh₁-éye-ti (zero-grade éye-present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κυέω (kuéō, “to be pregnant, become pregnant”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHáyati (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *kīje- (< (Thurneysen's rule) *kūje-)

Latin: inciēns (“big with young”)

*ḱuh₁-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHyáti

Proto-Iranian: *cuHyáti

Ossetian:

Digor: рӕсуйун (ræsujun)

Iron: рӕсыйын (ræsyjyn)

*ḱwéh₁-dʰ-o-h₁ or *ḱuh₁-o-dʰ-ó-h₁ (dual)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwáHdʰaH or *ćuHādʰáH

Proto-Iranian: *cwáHdaH (“army”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱéwh₁-mn̥ ~ *ḱuh₁-mén-s

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *kūmə (“a swell, wave”)
Ancient Greek: κῦμα (kûma)

*n̥-ḱéwh₁-mō ~ *n̥-ḱuh₁-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *əkūmōn
Ancient Greek: ἀκύμων (akúmōn)

>? *ḱéwh₁-neh₂

Proto-Celtic: *kawanā

Old Irish: cúan (“troop”)

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *hūną (“top of a stick”)

Old English: *hūn

⇒ Old English: hūnþyrel

Middle Dutch: hune

Old Norse: húnn

Icelandic: húnn

Faroese: húnn

Norwegian: hun, hune (dialectical)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śuHnás

Sanskrit: शुन (śuná, “thriving”)

q

or the nouns are thematicized from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ḱéwh₁-r̥</i>?

*ḱewh₁-ró-s, *ḱuh₁-ró-s (“strong”) (or the nouns are thematicized from *ḱéwh₁-r̥?)

Proto-Celtic: *kawaros (“hero”, noun) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kūrós (noun)

desc

Ancient Greek: κῦρος (kûros, “supremacy”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHrás (“strong”, adjective) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kúrios (“lord, master”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: κύριος (kúrios, “lord, master”)

*ḱéwh₁-s ~ *ḱuh₁-s-és

⇒ *ḱéwh₁-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáwHas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śáwHas

Sanskrit: शवस् (śávas, “strength, power”)

Proto-Iranian: *cáwHah

Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (sauua)

⇒ *ḱéwh₁s-mn̥ ~ *ḱuh₁-s-méns

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćúšma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śúṣma

Sanskrit: शुष्म (śúṣma, “strong”)

⇒ *ḱuh₁s-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHsás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śuHsás

Sanskrit: शूष (śūṣá, “strength”)

Proto-Celtic: *kuwyos (“young animal”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: cyw

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwamH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śwamH-

Sanskrit: *śvám

Sanskrit: शम् (śam)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬇𐬧 (spə̄ṇ, “beneficial”)


kʷetwr̥-

head

*kʷ(e)twr̥- (before cons.) or *kʷ(e)tur- (before vow.) or *kʷ(e)tru- (with metathesis)

kʷtwr̥- (canonical)
kʷtur- (canonical)
kʷtru- (canonical)

Proto-Germanic: *feþur-

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τετρα- (tetra-)

Italic:

Latin: quadr-, quadri-, quadru-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čatwr̥-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćatwr̥-

Sanskrit: चतुर्- (catur-)


dʰǵʰyés

Proto-Albanian: *de (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰtʰés

Ancient Greek: χθές (khthés) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰyás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *gēz (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from *dʰeǵʰ- (“day”), whence perhaps Proto-Germanic *dagaz.


dʰǵʰyésteros

dʰǵʰyésteros (nominative singular)
dʰǵʰyésteroes (nominative plural)
dʰǵʰyéstere (singular vocative)
dʰǵʰyésteroes (plural vocative)
dʰǵʰyésterom (accusative singular)
dʰǵʰyésteroms (accusative plural)
dʰǵʰyésterosyo (genitive singular)
dʰǵʰyésteroHom (genitive plural)
dʰǵʰyésteread (ablative singular)
dʰǵʰyésteromos (ablative plural)
dʰǵʰyésteroey (dative singular)
dʰǵʰyésteromos (dative plural)
dʰǵʰyésterey (locative singular)
dʰǵʰyésteroy (locative singular)
dʰǵʰyésteroysu (locative plural)
dʰǵʰyésterōys (instrumental plural)
dʰǵʰyésterām (accusative singular)
dʰǵʰyésterom (nominative singular)
dʰǵʰyésteroy (dual nominative)
dʰǵʰyésterom (singular vocative)
dʰǵʰyésteroy (dual vocative)
dʰǵʰyésteroy (accusative dual)

Proto-Germanic: *gesteraz (adjective)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *gesteran

Proto-West Germanic: *gesteran (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *gestrą (adverb)

Gothic: *𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 (*gistra)

q

+ <i class="Goth mention" lang="got">𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃</i> (dagis, “day”)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (gistradagis) (+ 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (dagis, “day”))

Proto-Italic: *hesternos (see there for further descendants)

From the adverb *dʰǵʰyés (“yesterday”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix).


yós

yós (canonical)
Hyós (canonical)
yós (nominative singular)
yóh₁ (dual nominative)
yóy (nominative plural)
yóm (accusative singular)
yóh₁ (accusative dual)
yóms (accusative plural)
yósyo (genitive singular)
yóysoHom (genitive plural)
yósmead (ablative singular)
yóymos (ablative plural)
yósmey (dative singular)
yóymos (dative plural)
yósmi (locative singular)
yóysu (locative plural)
yṓys (instrumental plural)
yéh₂ (nominative singular)
yā́m (accusative singular)
yéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
yód (nominative singular)
yóy (dual nominative)
yéh₂ (nominative plural)
yód (accusative singular)
yóy (accusative dual)
yéh₂ (accusative plural)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *jь (partially) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *yos, *yo

Celtiberian: ios

Gaulish: -ío

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *yós
Ancient Greek: ὅς (hós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyás (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: iam (< *jā́m)

Phrygian: ιος (ios /jos/)

Unsorted formations:

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὡς (hōs) ὅστις (hóstis), ἡλίκος (hēlíkos), ἡνίκα (hēníka), ἦμος (êmos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HyátraProto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyátra(H)Vedic Sanskrit: यत्राSanskrit: यत्रPali: yatraProto-Iranian: *Hyátra(H)Old Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬁Younger Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀


Proto-Albanian: *dīti

Albanian: ditë

Proto-Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: տի (ti, “age, year, day, time”)

Proto-Germanic: *tīdiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαῖσις (daîsis, “division (of property)”)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *diHtíš

>? Proto-Indo-Aryan: *diHtíṣ

>? Sanskrit: दीति (dītí, “brightness; time”)

From *deh₂y- (“to share, divide”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).

suffix

with laryngeal metathesis and progressive accent


*h₁él-h₁ēn or *h₁él-h₁en-i

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: եղն (ełn, “hind”)

Armenian: եղնիկ (eġnik, “doe”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *elenias

Latvian: alnis (“elk, moose”)

Lithuanian: élnias, élnis, álnis (“deer”)

Proto-Slavic: *eleňь (see there for further descendants)

*h₁ól-h₁n-ih₂ ~ *h₁él-h₁n-ih₂

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *alˀnīˀ

Lithuanian: álnė, élnė

Old Prussian: alne

Proto-Slavic: *òlni (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *elanī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *elantī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *yälä

Tocharian A: yäl

Tocharian B: yal

Proto-Hellenic: *éləpʰos

desc

Ancient Greek: ἔλαφος (élaphos, “red deer”)

Greek: ελάφι (eláfi)

Proto-Hellenic: *elnós

Ancient Greek: ἐλλός (ellós)

*h₁ól-ḱ-is ~ h₁él-ḱ-is

Proto-Germanic: *algiz, *elhaz (see there for further descendants)

→ Ancient Greek: ἄλκη (álkē)

→ Latin: alcēs

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *alśis

Proto-Slavic: *ȏlsь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hŕ̥ćyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hŕ̥śyas

Vedic Sanskrit: ऋश्य (ṛ́śya)

→ elephant

various tree species with bright bark, e.g. alder, elm, fir


ǵʰésōr

ǵʰésōr (nominative singular)
ǵʰésorh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰésores (nominative plural)
ǵʰésor (singular vocative)
ǵʰésorh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰésores (plural vocative)
ǵʰésorm̥ (accusative singular)
ǵʰésorh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰésorm̥s (accusative plural)
ǵʰsrés (genitive singular)
ǵʰsróHom (genitive plural)
ǵʰsrés (ablative singular)
ǵʰsr̥mós (ablative plural)
ǵʰsréy (dative singular)
ǵʰsr̥mós (dative plural)
ǵʰsér (locative singular)
ǵʰséri (locative singular)
ǵʰsr̥sú (locative plural)
ǵʰsréh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰsr̥mís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *dāsrā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian: *ǵésōr ~ *ǵsrós (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ձեռն (jeṙn)
→ Arabic: زرنوك (zarnūk)
Armenian: ձեռք (jeṙkʻ), ձեռ (jeṙ)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰéhər

Ancient Greek:

Aeolic Greek: χέρρ (khérrh, acc.sg.)

Doric Greek: χέρς (khérs), χήρ (khḗr)

Ionic Greek: χείρ (kheír)

*kʰéhrnikʷs (< + *neygʷ- (“to wash”))

desc

Ancient Greek: χέρνιψ (khérnips, “water for washing the hands”)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀐𐀛𐀣 (ke-ni-qa /kʰéhrnigʷa/, acc.sg.) (= χέρνιβα (khérniba))

Proto-Italic: *hezor

Latin: hir

Proto-Tocharian: *ṣar

Tocharian A: tsar

Tocharian B: ṣar

>? Proto-Celtic: *garros

(calf of the) leg, shank; limb; earlier ?; see there for further descendants


úderos

non-ablauting (romanization)
úderos (nominative singular)
úderoes (nominative plural)
údere (singular vocative)
úderoes (plural vocative)
úderom (accusative singular)
úderoms (accusative plural)
úderosyo (genitive singular)
úderoHom (genitive plural)
úderead (ablative singular)
úderomos (ablative plural)
úderoey (dative singular)
úderomos (dative plural)
úderey (locative singular)
úderoy (locative singular)
úderoysu (locative plural)
úderōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wēˀdera (“belly, stomach”) (< Winter's law < *udera) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὕδερος (húderos), (Hesychius) ὅδερος (hóderos, “dropsy”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *udáras (“belly, abdomen, stomach”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *uderos

Latin: uterus (“womb, uterus, belly”) (see there for further descendants)

Deadjectival form of *úd-er-o-s, variant of *údteros (“higher, outer”), from *úd (“out, outward”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix).


údteros

non-ablauting (romanization)
údteros (nominative singular)
údteroes (nominative plural)
údtere (singular vocative)
údteroes (plural vocative)
údterom (accusative singular)
údteroms (accusative plural)
údterosyo (genitive singular)
údteroHom (genitive plural)
údteread (ablative singular)
údteromos (ablative plural)
údteroey (dative singular)
údteromos (dative plural)
údterey (locative singular)
údteroy (locative singular)
údteroysu (locative plural)
údterōys (instrumental plural)
údterām (accusative singular)
údterom (nominative singular)
údteroy (dual nominative)
údterom (singular vocative)
údteroy (dual vocative)
údteroy (accusative dual)

Proto-Hellenic: *ústeros

desc

Ancient Greek: ὕστερος (hústeros, “ulterior, posterior”)

Greek: ύστερος (ýsteros, “later; last”)

Byzantine Greek: υστερινός (usterinós), υστερνός (usternós, “last”)

Greek: στερνός (sternós, “last”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *útˢtaras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *úttaras

Sanskrit: उत्तर (uttara, “upper, better, later, north, answer”)

Proto-Iranian: *úctarah

Pashto: استرۍ (ustərai, “last, lastest”)

Sogdian: 𐼀𐼑𐼚𐼘𐼁 ('str' /əstara/, “later”)

From the adverb *úd (“out, outward”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix).

ὑστέρη

Ancient Greek: ὑστέρᾱ (hustérā, “womb, uterus”)


-tm̥mós

-tm̥mós (nominative singular)
-tm̥móes (nominative plural)
-tm̥mé (singular vocative)
-tm̥móes (plural vocative)
-tm̥móm (accusative singular)
-tm̥móms (accusative plural)
-tm̥mósyo (genitive singular)
-tm̥móHom (genitive plural)
-tm̥méad (ablative singular)
-tm̥mómos (ablative plural)
-tm̥móey (dative singular)
-tm̥mómos (dative plural)
-tm̥méy (locative singular)
-tm̥móy (locative singular)
-tm̥móysu (locative plural)
-tm̥mṓys (instrumental plural)
-tm̥mā́m (accusative singular)
-tm̥móm (nominative singular)
-tm̥móy (dual nominative)
-tm̥móm (singular vocative)
-tm̥móy (dual vocative)
-tm̥móy (accusative dual)

q

Proto-Germanic: *-umô (< *-m̥mō < *-m̥mós, see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-təmos

Ancient Greek: -τᾰτος (-tatos) (contamination from *-istos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tamás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *-temos

Latin: -timus

Unknown. Possibly from an original *-m̥mós with an intrusive -t- from *-teros.

-em

Proto-Celtic: *-samos, *-isamos; Old Irish

-issimus

Proto-Italic: *-isemos, *-semos, *-ismos


(s)poH(y)-

*(s)poHy-m-os

Proto-Germanic: *faimaz m or n (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: spūma f (see there for further descendants)

*(s)póHy-nh₂-os, *(s)pHóy-nh₂-os (metathesized variant)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pʰáynas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pʰáynas

Sanskrit: फेन m or n (phéna) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *(s)páiˀnāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Italic:

Latin: pūmex (“pumice”) (see there for further descendants)

De Vaan and Lubotsky suggest that this may be derived from a y-extension of *speh₁- (“to be filled to the brim”).


supnós

non-ablauting (romanization)
supnós (nominative singular)
supné (singular vocative)
supnóm (accusative singular)
supnósyo (genitive singular)
supnéad (ablative singular)
supnóey (dative singular)
supnéy (locative singular)
supnóy (locative singular)

Proto-Albanian: *supna

Albanian: gjumë

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *súpnas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *sounos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *húpnos

Ancient Greek: ὕπνος (húpnos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *sŭmne

Tocharian B: *sanme (metathesis)

desc

⇒ Tocharian B: sänmetstse (“calm, tranquil, soothed”)

Perhaps rebuilt from the genitive of *swóp-r̥ ~ *swép-n̥s, from *swep- (“to sleep”) + *-r̥.


dʰǵʰúHs

dʰǵʰúHs (nominative singular)
dʰǵʰúHh₁ (dual nominative)
dʰǵʰúHh₁e (dual nominative)
dʰǵʰúHes (nominative plural)
dʰǵʰúH (singular vocative)
dʰǵʰúHh₁ (dual vocative)
dʰǵʰúHh₁e (dual vocative)
dʰǵʰúHes (plural vocative)
dʰǵʰúHm̥ (accusative singular)
dʰǵʰúHh₁ (accusative dual)
dʰǵʰúHh₁e (accusative dual)
dʰǵʰúHm̥s (accusative plural)
dʰǵʰúH-os (genitive singular)
dʰǵʰúH-ooHom (genitive plural)
dʰǵʰúH-os (ablative singular)
dʰǵʰúH-omos (ablative plural)
dʰǵʰúH-oey (dative singular)
dʰǵʰúH-omos (dative plural)
dʰǵʰúH-o (locative singular)
dʰǵʰúH-oy (locative singular)
dʰǵʰúH-osu (locative plural)
dʰǵʰúH-oh₁ (instrumental singular)
dʰǵʰúH-omis (instrumental plural)

Armenian:

⇒ Old Armenian: ձուկն (jukn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źū́ˀs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ikʰtʰū́s (unetymological prothetic vowel)

Ancient Greek: ἰχθῡ́ς (ikhthū́s) (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Semitic: [Term?] (“fish”)

Hebrew: דָּג (dāḡ)

Ugaritic: 𐎄𐎂 (dg)

Tentatively suggested to be connected to Old Irish deug (“drink, draught, potion”), and Lithuanian dažaĩ (“paint, dye”), presuming a *dʰeǵʰ- (“liquid”) root.


dóws

dóws (nominative singular)
déwsōs (collective nominative)
dóws (singular vocative)
déwsōs (collective vocative)
dóws (accusative singular)
déwsōs (accusative collective)
déwsos (genitive singular)
dusés (collective genitive)
déwsos (ablative singular)
dusés (ablative collective)
déwsey (dative singular)
duséy (collective dative)
déws (locative singular)
déwsi (locative singular)
déws (collective locative)
déwsi (collective locative)

Proto-Celtic: *dows

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *dowsants (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáwš (see there for further descendants)


*kyeh₂-yé-ti ~ *kyeh₂-yó-nti (yé present)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: διαττάω (diattáō, prefixed with δια-)

*ki-né-h₂-ti ~ *ki-n-h₂-é-nti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ki-na-iz-zi /kinaezi/)

*kyéh₂-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *ťḗtʰō

Ancient Greek: σήθω (sḗthō)


ǵem-

*ǵm̥-is (“marriage”)

Proto-Iranian: *ȷ́ā́miš

Avestan: 𐬰𐬁𐬨𐬌 (zāmi, “giving birth”)

*ǵm̥-rós (“son in law”)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵem-tēr</i>

>? Proto-Albanian: *dzanra (or from *ǵem-tēr)

desc

Albanian: dhëndër, dhëndërr, dhandër — Gheg

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: γαμβρός (gambrós), γαβρός (gabrós), γαμρός (gamrós), γαββρός (gabbrós), γαμερός (gamerós)
Greek: γαμπρός (gamprós)

Proto-Italic: *genros

Latin: gener (see there for further descendants)

*ǵém-ti-s ~ *ǵm̥-téy-s (“matrimony”)

Proto-Iranian: *ȷ́ā́mtiš

Avestan: 𐬰𐬁𐬨𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zāmiti, “child-birth”)

Unsorted formations:

desc

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źénˀtis, *źénˀtas (“son-in-law”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γᾰ́μος (gámos) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ γαμέω (gaméō)

⇒ γαμέω (gaméō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ā́mātā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

ȷ́ā́ra, ȷ́ārá

Sanskrit: जार (ȷ́ā́ra, ȷ́ārá, “paramour, lover, intimate companion”)

Sanskrit: जार्य (jāryá, “intimacy; companionship”)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: जाया (jāyā́, “wife”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: जामि (ȷ́āmí, “female relative; daughter-in-law; consanguinity”)


Proto-Germanic: *wetmô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wēˀdná

Proto-Slavic: *vě̑no (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ewednon

Ancient Greek: ἕδνον (hédnon)


twerH-

*turH-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Baltic: *turētei

Latvian: turēt (“to hold, keep”)

Lithuanian: turėti (“to have”)

*twérH-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: tvert (“to grab, seize”)

Lithuanian: tvérti

*tworH-éye-ti (causative-iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *twárīˀtei

Latvian: tvarstīt (“to snap, to catch”)

Lithuanian: tvárstyti (“to bandage”)

Proto-Slavic: *tvorìti (“to make”) (see there for further descendants)

*twōr (root noun)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tvora (“fence”)

Proto-Slavic: *tvarь (see there for further descendants)

*tworH-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *twaras

Lithuanian: ap-tvaras (“fence”)

Proto-Slavic: *tvȏrъ (“creation, creature”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tworós

Ancient Greek: σορός (sorós, “coffin, urn”)

*twérH-ō ~ *turH-nés

>? Proto-Germanic: *þwerō; *þurraz

⇒? Proto-West Germanic: *þurruk (“hold (of a ship)”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tseřřā́

Ancient Greek: σειρά (seirá), σειρή (seirḗ), σηρᾱ́ (sērā́)


Proto-Albanian: *enter

Albanian: ndër

Proto-Celtic: *enter (see there for further descendants)

conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁n̥dʰér</i> (“under”)

Proto-Germanic: *under (conflated with *h₁n̥dʰér (“under”)) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hantár (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ənter (see there for further descendants)


-mḗn

-mḗn (nominative singular)
Ø-mḗn (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
-ménes (nominative plural)
Ø-ménes (nominative plural)
-mén (singular vocative)
Ø-mén (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-ménes (plural vocative)
Ø-ménes (plural vocative)
-ménm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø-ménm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-ménm̥s (accusative plural)
Ø-ménm̥s (accusative plural)
-m̥nés (genitive singular)
Ø-m̥nés (genitive singular)
-m̥nóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-m̥nóHom (genitive plural)
-m̥nés (ablative singular)
Ø-m̥nés (ablative singular)
-mn̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-mn̥mós (ablative plural)
-m̥néy (dative singular)
Ø-m̥néy (dative singular)
-mn̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-mn̥mós (dative plural)
-mén (locative singular)
Ø-mén (locative singular)
-méni (locative singular)
Ø-méni (locative singular)
-mn̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-mn̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-m̥néh₁ (instrumental singular)
-mn̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-mn̥mís (instrumental plural)

Cognates with a different ablaut:
* *-mn̥
* *-mō


-wr̥

-wr̥ (nominative singular)
é-wr̥ (nominative singular)
-wōr (nominative)
é-wōr (nominative)
-wr̥ (singular vocative)
é-wr̥ (singular vocative)
-wōr (vocative)
é-wōr (vocative)
-wr̥ (accusative singular)
é-wr̥ (accusative singular)
-wōr (accusative)
é-wōr (accusative)
-wéns (genitive singular)
Ø-wéns (genitive singular)
-unés (genitive)
Ø-unés (genitive)
-wéns (ablative singular)
Ø-wéns (ablative singular)
-unés (ablative)
Ø-unés (ablative)
-wéney (dative singular)
Ø-wéney (dative singular)
-unéy (dative)
Ø-unéy (dative)
-wén (locative singular)
Ø-wén (locative singular)
-wéni (locative singular)
Ø-wéni (locative singular)
-wén (locative)
Ø-wén (locative)
-wéni (locative)
Ø-wéni (locative)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: -𒉿𒅈 (-wa-ar)

Derives object nouns from verbal roots (e.g., per- "to go through" > pérwr̥ "ford, crossing").


Proto-Albanian: *swexurā (assimilation from expected *swetsurā)

Albanian: vjehrrë

Old Armenian: սկեսուր (skesur)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *swekrūˀ

Proto-Slavic: *svekry (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *swekrū
Proto-Brythonic: *hwegr
Old Cornish: hweger
Welsh: chwegr

Proto-Germanic: *swegrō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἑκυρά (hekurá)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swaćrúH (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *swekrus

Latin: socrus (see there for further descendants)

Metathesis of an earlier *sweḱúrh₂, feminine of *swéḱuros.


misdʰós

misdʰós (nominative singular)
misdʰóes (nominative plural)
misdʰé (singular vocative)
misdʰóes (plural vocative)
misdʰóm (accusative singular)
misdʰóms (accusative plural)
misdʰósyo (genitive singular)
misdʰóHom (genitive plural)
misdʰéad (ablative singular)
misdʰómos (ablative plural)
misdʰóey (dative singular)
misdʰómos (dative plural)
misdʰéy (locative singular)
misdʰóy (locative singular)
misdʰóysu (locative plural)
misdʰṓys (instrumental plural)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μισθός (misthós)

From *mey-s- (“exchange”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place”). The first element appears to be an s-stem noun.


Proto-Albanian: *sana

Albanian: gjë (“thing”)

Albanian: senë (“thing”)

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔsṓnts (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: sañt

Proto-Slavic: *sy (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *sonts

Old Irish: os, as, es, is
Middle Irish: os

desc

Proto-Germanic: *sanþaz (“real, true”), *sundī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ehónts

Ancient Greek: ἐών (eṓn), ὤν (ṓn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hsáns (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sonts

Latin: sōns (“guilty, criminal”), (ab-sēns, prae-sēns)


selǵ-

*sélǵ-e-ti

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒊭𒀠𒀝𒍣 (ša-al-ak-zi /šalkzi/, “knead, mix”) (possibly)

Proto-Germanic: *selkaną (“to fall in drops; dribble; droop”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sárȷ́ati (“to let go”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *selgā (see there for further descendants)

Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
w:Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


pérwr̥

pérwr̥ (nominative singular)
pérwōr (collective nominative)
pérwr̥ (singular vocative)
pérwōr (collective vocative)
pérwr̥ (accusative singular)
pérwōr (accusative collective)
pr̥wéns (genitive singular)
prunés (collective genitive)
pr̥wéns (ablative singular)
prunés (ablative collective)
pr̥wéney (dative singular)
prunéy (collective dative)
pr̥wén (locative singular)
pr̥wéni (locative singular)
pr̥wén (collective locative)
pr̥wéni (collective locative)

Proto-Hellenic: *pérwər

Ancient Greek: πεῖρᾰρ (peîrar) (< *πεῦρᾰρ (*peûrar))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *párwr̥

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *párwr̥

Sanskrit: पर्वन् (párvan), परुर् (párur, nom.sg.)

From *per- (“to go through”) + *-wr̥ (substantifying suffix).

suf

ᾰ̓πείρων

< *ᾰ̓πεύρων (*apeúrōn)


pérwr̥

pérwr̥ (nominative singular)
pérwr̥ (singular vocative)
pérwr̥ (accusative singular)
péruns (genitive singular)
pérunoHom (genitive plural)
péruns (ablative singular)
pérunmos (ablative plural)
péruney (dative singular)
pérunmos (dative plural)
pérun (locative singular)
péruni (locative singular)
pérunsu (locative plural)
pérunmis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊒 (pé-e-ru /péru/, nom.acc.sg.), 𒁉𒂊𒊒𒉌 n (pé-e-ru-ni /péruni/, “rock”, dat.loc.sg.)

⇒ Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊒𒈾𒀭𒍝 (pé-e-ru-na-an-za /pérunanta/, “rocky, craggy”)

Thracian: peru

𐬞𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬙𐬁

Proto-Iranian: *párwataH f; Younger Avestan

fergunją

mountain; see there for further descendants


pérḱus

pérḱus (nominative singular)
pérḱewes (nominative plural)
pérḱu (singular vocative)
pérḱewes (plural vocative)
pérḱum (accusative singular)
pérḱums (accusative plural)
pr̥ḱéws (genitive singular)
pr̥ḱéwoHom (genitive plural)
pr̥ḱéws (ablative singular)
pr̥ḱúmos (ablative plural)
pr̥ḱéwey (dative singular)
pr̥ḱúmos (dative plural)
pr̥ḱéw (locative singular)
pr̥ḱéwi (locative singular)
pr̥ḱúsu (locative plural)
pr̥ḱúh₁ (instrumental singular)
pr̥ḱúmis (instrumental plural)

(possibly) Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: parz, parzëm

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírˀśis (with unexpected laryngeal) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *párćuš (see there for further descendants)


Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒅖𒄩𒀀𒀸 (išḫāš, “master”)

Celtic: (possibly)

Gaulish: Esus, Aesus (“Esus, a Gaulish deity”)

Proto-Italic: *ezos (see there for further descendants)


-tr̥

-tr̥ (nominative singular)
é-tr̥ (nominative singular)
-tṓr (nominative)
Ø-tṓr (nominative)
-tr̥ (singular vocative)
é-tr̥ (singular vocative)
-tṓr (vocative)
Ø-tṓr (vocative)
-tr̥ (accusative singular)
é-tr̥ (accusative singular)
-tṓr (accusative)
Ø-tṓr (accusative)
-téns (genitive singular)
Ø-téns (genitive singular)
-tnés (genitive)
Ø-tnés (genitive)
-téns (ablative singular)
Ø-téns (ablative singular)
-tnés (ablative)
Ø-tnés (ablative)
-téney (dative singular)
Ø-téney (dative singular)
-tnéy (dative)
Ø-tnéy (dative)
-tén (locative singular)
Ø-tén (locative singular)
-téni (locative singular)
Ø-téni (locative singular)
-tén (locative)
Ø-tén (locative)
-téni (locative)
Ø-téni (locative)

Probably related to either *-r̥ or *-ter-, but only the former has the same r/n heteroclitic pattern.


-ótr̥

-ótr̥ (nominative singular)
Ø-ótr̥ (nominative singular)
-ótōr (nominative)
Ø-ótōr (nominative)
-ótr̥ (singular vocative)
Ø-ótr̥ (singular vocative)
-ótōr (vocative)
Ø-ótōr (vocative)
-ótr̥ (accusative singular)
Ø-ótr̥ (accusative singular)
-ótōr (accusative)
Ø-ótōr (accusative)
-otnés (genitive singular)
Ø-otnés (genitive singular)
-otnés (genitive)
Ø-otnés (genitive)
-otnés (ablative singular)
Ø-otnés (ablative singular)
-otnés (ablative)
Ø-otnés (ablative)
-otnéy (dative singular)
Ø-otnéy (dative singular)
-otnéy (dative)
Ø-otnéy (dative)
-oténi (locative singular)
Ø-oténi (locative singular)
-otén (locative)
Ø-otén (locative)
-oténi (locative)
Ø-oténi (locative)

Proto-Anatolian: *-ṓdr̥

q

Proto-Italic: (with regular metathesis, see unda, pando)

Latin: -undī, -undō, -undum


Proto-Italic: *eitər, *eitor

Latin: iter (“journey”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háytr̥

Proto-Iranian: *Háytr̥

Avestan: *𐬌𐬚𐬥𐬀 (*iθna)

desc

⇒ 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌-𐬌𐬚𐬥𐬀- (paⁱri-iθna-, “(end of a) lifetime”)

Proto-Tocharian: *yätār (see there for further descendants)

From *h₁ey- (“to go”) + *-tr̥ (deverbal nominal suffix).


Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dieve

Lithuanian: deivė

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáywiH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáywiH

Sanskrit: देवी (devī́)

Proto-Iranian: *dáywiH

desc

Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬍 (daēuuī, “female Daeva”)

Schwebeablaut or vṛddhi derivative of zero-grade *dyew- (“sky, heaven”) + *-ih₂ (athematic feminine suffix).


ine-decl-noun-mf

ǵn̥h₁tr̥yéh₂

ǵn̥h₁tr̥yéh₂ (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tr̥yéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ánHtriH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánHtriH

Sanskrit: जनित्री (jánitrī)

Proto-Italic: *genatrīks

Latin: genitrīx

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γενέτειρα (genéteira)

From the noun *ǵénh₁tōr (“parent”) + *-ih₂ (athematic feminine suffix).


é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
Ø-yéh₂ (locative singular)
Ø-yéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Albanian: *-jā

Albanian: -e

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-īˀ

Proto-Slavic: *-i

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *-ica

Proto-Celtic: *-ī

Proto-Germanic: *-ī/*-jō

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-iH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-iH

Sanskrit: -ई (-ī)

Proto-Iranian: *-iH

Avestan: -𐬍 (-ī) (e.g. 𐬀𐬤𐬵𐬍 (aŋᵛhī, “lady”) is a feminine form of 𐬀𐬵𐬎 (ahu, “lord”))

Proto-Tocharian: *-ā

Tocharian A: -ā

Tocharian B: -ā, -a

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: -ιᾰ (-ia), -σσᾰ (-ssa), -ττᾰ (-tta), -V̄ρᾰ (-V̄ra), -ινᾰ (-ina), -ιρᾰ (-ira), -ζᾰ (-za)


pres-

*pres-s-t (s-aorist)

Proto-Italic: *pressai

Latin: pressī

*pres-lo-m

Proto-Italic: *preslom

Latin: prēlum

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Italic: *premō

Latin: premō (on the model of tremō)

Possibly an extension of *per- (“to attempt, try, risk”), but this is guesswork.


h₁n̥dó

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔn̩dṓ

Hittite: 𒀭𒁕 (an-da /anda/)

Luwian: 𒀀𒀭𒋫 (a-an-ta /ānta/)

Lycian: [script needed] (ñte)

Proto-Italic: *(e)ndo (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *ande-
Proto-Brythonic: *an-
Breton: an-
Middle Welsh: an-
Welsh: an-, af-
Old Irish: ind-
Gaulish: ande-

desc

Proto-Tocharian: *ene (“inside, within”) (possibly)

Tocharian A: ane

Tocharian B: eneṃ

From *h₁én (“in”) and *do (demonstrative particle, "towards").

Old Irish: andMiddle Irish: annIrish: annManx: aynScottish Gaelic: ann


bʰenǵʰ-

*bʰénǵʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰánȷ́ʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bánźʰati

Sanskrit: बंहते (báṃhate, “to increase, grow”)

Proto-Iranian: *bánjati

Avestan: 𐬠𐬄𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (bązaⁱti)

*bʰénǵʰ-u-s ~ *bʰn̥ǵʰ-éw-s (“thick”)

*bʰénǵʰ-yōs ~ *bʰn̥ǵʰ-is-és (“thicker”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pə́ťťōn

Ancient Greek: πάσσων (pássōn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰánȷ́ʰyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bánźʰyas

Sanskrit: बंहीयस् (báṃhīyas)

*bʰénǵʰ-istʰ-os (“thickest”)

Ancient Greek: πάχιστος (pákhistos)

*bʰánȷ́ʰištʰas

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰánȷ́ʰištʰas

*bánźʰiṣṭʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bánźʰiṣṭʰas

Sanskrit: बंहिष्ठ (báṃhiṣṭha)

*bʰónǵʰ-ō ~ *bʰn̥ǵʰ-n-és (“swelling”) (with secondary o-grade?)

Proto-Germanic: (originally) *bangô ~ *bunkkaz

*bungô ~ *bunkaz, ⇒? *bunkô (“heap, lump”), *bankô (“hill; bank”) (back-formed) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *bungō

Old High German: bungo (“swelling, tuber”)

Middle High German: bunge

German: Bunge

⇒ *bank-iz (“bulge, hill; slope, bank, bench”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *bung-jô

Frankish: *bungjō

q

or from Gaulish <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-gau">*bunia</i>?

Old French: bugne, buyne, bigne (“lump, swelling”) (or from Gaulish *bunia?)

French: bugne

desc

→? Proto-Finno-Ugric: *poŋka (“protuberance, unevenness; knot, knob, tuber”)

Proto-Finnic:

Estonian: pung

Proto-Ugric:

Hungarian: bog

*bʰénǵʰ-os ~ *bʰénǵʰ-es-os (“thickness”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάχος (pákhos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰánȷ́ʰas

Proto-Iranian: *bánjah

Avestan: 𐬠𐬄𐬰𐬀𐬵 (bązah)

*bʰn̥ǵʰ-tó-s (“thickened”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaždʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *baẓḍʰás

desctree

Sanskrit: बाढ (bāḍhá)
Assamese: বাৰু (baru)


waylos

non-ablauting (romanization)
waylos (nominative singular)
wayloes (nominative plural)
wayle (singular vocative)
wayloes (plural vocative)
waylom (accusative singular)
wayloms (accusative plural)
waylosyo (genitive singular)
wayloHom (genitive plural)
waylead (ablative singular)
waylomos (ablative plural)
wayloey (dative singular)
waylomos (dative plural)
wayley (locative singular)
wayloy (locative singular)
wayloysu (locative plural)
waylōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: գայլ (gayl)
Armenian: → գայլ (gayl) (learned), > գել (gel) (inherited)
→? Old Georgian: მგელი (mgeli)
Georgian: მგელი (mgeli)
→? Laz: მგერი (mgeri), მჯვერი (mcveri), გვერი (gveri), გუ̂ერი (gûeri)
→? Mingrelian: გერი (geri), ნგერი (ngeri)

Proto-Celtic: *wailos (see there for further descendants)

The word is usually explained as ‘the howler’ and derived from *wáy (“woe”, or onomatopoeia for shouting) + *-los. Armenian and Celtic replaced the usual Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”) because of taboo.


Hyewdʰ-

*Hyúdʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyúdʰyati (“to fight, to battle”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyúdʰyati

Sanskrit: युध्यति (yúdhyati), युध्यते (yúdhyate)

Proto-Iranian: *Hyúdyati

Avestan: 𐬫𐬏𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (yūⁱδiieⁱti)

*Hyowdʰ-éye-ti (éye-causative)

*Hyowdʰ-ó-s

Proto-Celtic: *youdos

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *jʉð
Middle Welsh: ut, ud, udd
Welsh: udd

*Hyudʰ-sḱé-ti (sḱé-present)

Proto-Tocharian: *yutkǝ-

Tocharian A: yutkatār (“to worry”)

*Hyudʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyudᶻdʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyuddʰás

Sanskrit: युद्ध (yuddhá)

Kashmiri: یۆد (yod)

Proto-Italic: *jussos

Latin: iussus

*Hyudʰ-(s)mós (“warrior”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jud-mas

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *ojьminъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: *ὑσμός (*husmós)

desc

⇒ Ancient Greek: ὑσμίνη (husmínē, “battle”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyudʰmás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyudʰmás

Sanskrit: युध्म (yudhmá, “warrior”)

*Hyéwdʰ-tōr ~ *Hyudʰ-tr-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáwdᶻdʰā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáwddʰā

Sanskrit: योद्धृ (yoddhṛ)

*Hyéwdʰ-tu-s ~ *Hyudʰ-téw-s

Proto-Italic: *jussus

Latin: iussus

*Hyéwdʰ-u-s ~ *Hyudʰ-éw-s

Ancient Greek: εὐθύς (euthús), ῑ̓θῠ́ς (īthús) — Ionic, Epic

*Hyéwdʰ-r̥

>? Ancient Greek: *εὖθαρ (*eûthar), εἶθαρ (eîthar)

>? Latin: iubar

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyawdʰ- (see there for further descendants)

A derivation from *h₂yew- (“straight, upright”), most likely with *-dʰh₁eti.

moving erect, to be agitated or push forward in such a fashion that one is straight or upright (for example as walking into battle)


wosux

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *āˀźis; Old Prussian


Proto-Germanic: *aiks (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒁄𒋫𒈾𒀸 (pal-ta-na-aš /paltanaš/)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸlitanos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plətanos

>? Ancient Greek: πλᾰ́τᾰνος (plátanos, “planetree”) (disputed)


*h₃ni-né-d-ti ~ h₃ni-n-d-én-ti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: निन्दति (níndati) (thematicised) (see there for further descendants)

*h₃nḗyd-s-t ~ *h₃néyd-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: անէծ (anēc)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHnāytˢt

Proto-Iranian: *HáHnāyst

Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬁𐬌𐬯𐬙 (nāist)

*h₃noyd-éye-ti (iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *naitijaną (see there for further descendants)

*h₃nid-éh₁ye-ti ~ *h₃nid-éh₁ye-nti (stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: níedėti

Latvian: nîdêt

Proto-Hellenic: *oneidos

Ancient Greek: ὄνειδος (óneidos)


sengʷ-

*séngʷ- ~ *sn̥gʷ- (aorist)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: անկաւ (ankaw)

*séngʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *sinkwaną (see there for further descendants)

*songʷ-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ընկենում (ənkenum)


Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: ūss

Latvian: osis

Lithuanian: uosis

Proto-Albanian: *aksa

Albanian: ah (“beech”)

Proto-Germanic: *askaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian: *hoskíyā

Old Armenian: հացի (hacʻi)

Armenian: հացի (hacʻi)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ṓˀsenas

Proto-Slavic: *àsenь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *osnos (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Old Irish: uinnius
⇒ Irish: fuinseog
⇒ Scottish Gaelic: uinnseann

Welsh: onn

Italic:

Latin: ornus (see there for further descendants)

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


tews-

*tus-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tušćáti

Proto-Iranian: *tuŝáti

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬎𐬯𐬆𐬥 (tusən, 3.pl.inj)

*tows-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawšáyati

Proto-Iranian: *tawšáyati

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬊𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬙𐬌 (taošaiieti, 3.sg.pres.ind)

*tus-sḱ-yós (“empty”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tuskjas (“empty”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tušćyás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tuśćyás

Vedic Sanskrit: तुच्छ्य (tucchyá, “empty”)

Proto-Iranian: *tuŝyás

Khotanese: tuśśaa (“empty”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (twhyg /tuhīg/)

Persian: تهی (tohi, “empty”)

Parthian: [script needed] (twsyg, “empty”)

Unsorted formations:

Italic:

Latin: tesqua (“desert”)

Proto-Germanic: *þustaz (“manure”)


tews-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov

*tus-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (tu-uš-ki-ez-zi /tuškezzi/, “to be happy”)

*tus-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tušyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tuṣyáti

desctree

Sanskrit: तुष्यति (túṣyati) (metrically तुष्यते (túṣyate))
Pali: tussati

*tows-éye-ti (causative-iterative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawšáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tawṣáyati

Sanskrit: तोषयति (toṣáyati)

Unsorted formations

desc

Proto-Slavic: *tušiti (“to make still, to quench”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þusiþaz (“silent”) (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: तूष्णीम् (tūṣṇīm, “silently”)

Old Prussian: tusnan (“still”)

Probably an extension of *tewH- (“to favour”).


*h₂éysd-e-ti ~ h₂éysd-o-nti (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: αἴδομαι (aídomai, “to be ashamed; to honour, respect”)

*h₂isd-sḱé-ti ~ *h₂isd-sḱó-nti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hiždŝćáti

Proto-Iranian: *Hiždŝáti

Avestan: 𐬌𐬱𐬀𐬯𐬁 (išasā, 1.sg.subj)

*h₂eysd-éh₁ye-ti ~ *h₂eysd-éh₁ye-nti (stative)

Proto-Germanic: *aistāną (see there for further descendants)

*h₂i-h₂éysd-ti ~ *h₂í-h₂isd-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HiHáyšti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HiHáyṣṭi

Sanskrit: ईट्टे (ī́ṭṭe)

*h₂óysd-e ~ *h₂isd-ḗr (root perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hížday

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Híẓḍay

Vedic Sanskrit: ईळे (ī́ḷe) (probably synchronically formed)

Sanskrit: ईडे (ī́ḍe)

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: αἰδώς (aidṓs)


p(t)erH-

*p(t)rH-tis

Proto-Celtic: *ɸratis (see there for further descendants)

*p(t)orH-no-

*po-p(t)orH-tis

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: paparde

Lithuanian: papartis

Proto-Slavic: *paportь (see there for further descendants)


*h₁érs-ti ~ *h₁r̥s-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔérsti

Hittite: 𒀀𒅈𒀸𒍣 (a-ar-aš-zi /ʔárštˢi/), 𒅈𒀸𒍣 (ar-aš-zi)

Luwian: 𒀀𒅈𒅆𒅀𒀭𒁺 (a-ar-ši-ya-an-du, 3.pl.imp.act)

*h₁érs-e-ti ~ *h₁érs-o-nti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háršati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hárṣati

Sanskrit: अर्षति (árṣati)

*h₁irs-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *irzijaną (see there for further descendants)

*h₁ers-eh₂ye/o-ti (stative?)

Proto-Italic: *erzāō

Latin: errō (“to err”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *irzijaz (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: aršùs

Lithuanian: įširsti

Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: इरस्यति (irasyati)

Sanskrit: ईर्ष्यति (īrṣyati)


pewH-

*péwH-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páwHati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páwHati

Sanskrit: पवते (pávate)

*pu-né-H-ti ~ *pu-n-H-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *punáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *punáHti

Sanskrit: पुनाति (punā́ti)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀧𑀼𑀡𑀇 (puṇaï)

Pali: punāti

*powH-éye-ti (“to purify, to clean”, éye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pawHáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pawHáyati

Sanskrit: पवयति (paváyati)

Proto-Germanic: *fawjaną (see there for further descendants)

*pḗwH-s-t ~ *péwH-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HápāwHšt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HápāwHṣṭ

Sanskrit: अपविष्ट (ápaviṣṭa), अपाविषुर् (ápāviṣur)

*pewH-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pawHás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pawHás

Sanskrit: पव (pavá)

*pewH-eno-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pawHanas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pawHanas

Sanskrit: पवन (pávana)

*puH-ró-s

Proto-Celtic: *ɸūros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pūros

Latin: pūrus (see there for further descendants)

*puH-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *puHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *puHtás

desctree

Sanskrit: पूत (pūtá)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀧𑀽𑀅 (pūa)

→ Proto-Finnic: *puhtas (“clean”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *putos

Latin: putus

⇒ Latin: putō (see there for further descendants)

*puH-yó-s (“purifying”)

Proto-Italic: *pwījos (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pawHākás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pawHākás

Sanskrit: पावक (pāvaká) (metrically पवाक (pavāká))

Proto-Iranian: *pawHākáh

desc

Khotanese: [script needed] (pā̮, “pure”)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: پاک (pāk)

Northern Kurdish: pak (pāk), paqij (pāqīž)

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

Caspian:

Gilaki: پاک (pāk)

Old Mazanderani: پاک (pāk)

Mazanderani: پاک (pāk)

Old Median:

Harzani: پوک (pök)

Zaza-Gorani:

Gurani: پاک (pāk)

Zazaki: pak (pāk)

Parthian: (/pawāg/, “pure; holy”)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (pw'g)

Middle Persian: (/pāk/, “pure; clean; free; holy”)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (pʾk), [Manichaean needed] (pʾq)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (pʾk'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (DKYA)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pawara or *pūra

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pawara or *pūra

Northwest Pashayi: pūr (“bonfire”)

Shumashti: pōr (“burning embers”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *puHitíkas

Proto-Iranian: *puHitíkah

Avestan: 𐬞𐬏𐬌𐬙𐬌𐬐𐬀 (pūⁱtika)

→ Middle Persian: (/Pūidīg/, “Persian Gulf”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (pwytyk')


tum-

*tum-éh₁ye-ti (stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tumė́ti (“to thicken”)

Proto-Celtic: *tumīti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *tumēō

Latin: tumeō (“to swell; to be violent”)

*tum-id-o-s

Proto-Italic: *tumidos

Latin: tumidus (see there for further descendants)

*tu(h₂)m-ō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þūmô (*ū arose as analogical full grade)

*tum-ō-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: tumor (see there for further descendants)

*tum-ó-s

Proto-Celtic: *tumos (“strength; growth”)

Proto-Brythonic: *tuβ̃

Welsh: twf

Old Breton: tum

Breton: teñv

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumás

Proto-Iranian: *tumáh

⇒ Avestan: 𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬁𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬥𐬀 (tumāspana, “with fat horses”, personal name)

*tum-o-ló-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumalás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tumalás

Sanskrit: तुमुल (tumula, “tumultuous”)

Proto-Italic: *tumolos

Latin: tumulus (see there for further descendants)

*tum-ró-s (“swollen”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tumrás

Sanskrit: तुम्र (tumrá, túmra, “big, strong”)

*tum-bʰ-

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: թումբ (tʻumb, “embankment, mound”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tumbos

Middle Irish: tomm (“small hill”)

Middle Welsh: tom (“dung, mound”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τύμβος (túmbos, “mound, burial mound, grave”), τύμβη (túmbē) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic: *towmā

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: tumon, tumion (“haunches”)

Middle Irish: túaim (“hill, mound”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tūtumás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tūtumás

Sanskrit: तूतुम (tūtumá, “strong, effective”)

Proto-Italic: *tumoltos

Latin: tumultus (“earth-hill; uproar, turmoil, disturbance, tumult”) (see there for further descendants)

Thought to be related to *tewh₂- (“to swell”). However, the laryngeal is problematic. De Vaan suggests a hypothetical **tu- as the underlying form of this and *tewh₂-.


*h₂sús-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *ahúhyō

Ancient Greek: αὔω (aúō, “to light a fire”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hsúšyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hsúṣyati

Sanskrit: शुष्यति (śúṣyati) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂sus-né-w-ti ~ *h₂sus-n-w-énti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *sъxnǫti (see there for further descendants)

*h₂sows-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sáušīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *sušiti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hsawšáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hsawṣáyati

Sanskrit: शोषयति (śoṣáyati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sauzijaną (see there for further descendants)

English: sear

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *saušás
East Baltic:
Latgalian: sauss
Latvian: sàuss
Lithuanian: saũsas (the result of assimilation s-š > s-s, or inherited from a Balto-Slavic dialect in which the RUKI sound change didn't occur)
Proto-Slavic: *sȗxъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sauzaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: αὖος (aûos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hsawšas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hsawṣas

Sanskrit: शोष (śoṣa)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: saũsti (“to wither”), saũsinti (“to dry (transitive)”)

Latvian: sust (“to dry”)(intransitive)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hsúškas (see there for further descendants)


h₂eǵʰ-

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: եզն (ezn)

Armenian: եզ (ez)

Proto-Celtic: *agos

Old Irish: ag (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haȷ́ʰíH (see there for further descendants)


serḱ-

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: ṣärk- (“to surpass”)

*sr̥ḱ-yé-ti (zero-grade yé/ó-present)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sarcīo (“to mend”) (supposedly PIE *Cr̥CC can lead to Latin CarCC)

*sr̥-né-ḱ-ti ~ *sr̥-n-ḱ-énti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (šar-ni-ik-zi /šarni(n)kzi/) (< *sr̥-nén-k-ti, a type 1 nasal infix per Kloekhorst)

⇒ Hittite: [script needed] (šar-ni-ik-zi-il /šarnikzil/, “compensation”)

*sr̥ḱ-ú-s / *sórḱ-us ~ *sr̥ḱ-éw-s (u-stem adjective)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (šar-ku /šarku, šargaw/, “eminent, illustrious”)

*sérḱ-os ~ *sérḱ-es-os

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἕρκος (hérkos, “fence, enclosure”), ὅρκος (hórkos)


(s)néHtr̥

néHtr̥ (nominative singular)
snéHtr̥ (nominative singular)
n̥Htṓr (collective nominative)
sn̥Htṓr (collective nominative)
néHtr̥ (singular vocative)
snéHtr̥ (singular vocative)
n̥Htṓr (collective vocative)
sn̥Htṓr (collective vocative)
néHtr̥ (accusative singular)
snéHtr̥ (accusative singular)
n̥Htṓr (accusative collective)
sn̥Htṓr (accusative collective)
n̥Hténs (genitive singular)
sn̥Hténs (genitive singular)
n̥Htnés (collective genitive)
sn̥Htnés (collective genitive)
n̥Hténs (ablative singular)
sn̥Hténs (ablative singular)
n̥Htnés (ablative collective)
sn̥Htnés (ablative collective)
n̥Hténey (dative singular)
sn̥Hténey (dative singular)
n̥Htnéy (collective dative)
sn̥Htnéy (collective dative)
n̥Htén (locative singular)
sn̥Htén (locative singular)
n̥Hténi (locative singular)
sn̥Hténi (locative singular)
n̥Htén (collective locative)
sn̥Htén (collective locative)
n̥Hténi (collective locative)
sn̥Hténi (collective locative)

Uncertain; possibly from *(s)neh₁- (“to twist, turn”), or perhaps *(s)neh₂- (“to swim”) + *-tr̥.


mews-

*mews-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *meusą

desctree

Old English: mēos
Middle English: meose, mese, messe
English: mese
Scots: mese

Middle Dutch: mies

Old High German: mios

Alemannic German: Mies

*mus-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *musą (see there for further descendants)

*mus-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *muśas

Lithuanian: mū̃sas

Proto-Slavic: *mъxъ (see there for further descendants)

*mows-ko-s

Italic:

Latin: mūscus

>? Proto-Germanic: *miuzijō (“swamp”) (see there for further descendants)

mus-ro-

>? Proto-Armenian: *mus-r-

Old Armenian: մամուռ (mamuṙ, “moss”)


wegʷ-

*wogʷ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *wakwaz (see there for further descendants)

*ug-ró-s

Proto-Hellenic: *ugrós

Ancient Greek: ὑγρός (hugrós)

*wogʷ-edʰo-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: ūvidus, ūdus

*wogʷ-mo-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: ūmeō

>? *ugʷ-s-ḗn (“bull, ox”)

Unsorted formations:

desc

Sanskrit: उक्षति (ukṣáti, “to wet, moisten, sprinkle with water; to emit seed”)


Proto-Germanic: *miggо̄ną

Dutch: miggelen

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmaygʰás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mihsą

Middle Dutch: mes

Old English: meox

Proto-Germanic: *mihstaz (see there for further descendants)

*h₃méygʰ-s ~ *h₃migʰ-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmíčš ~ *Hmiǰʰás (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: miegoti (“to sleep”), Lithuanian: miegas (“sleep”)

Proto-Slavic: *měžiti (“to close one's eyes”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *migati (“to blink”) (see there for further descendants)

qual

Old Armenian: մէգ (mēg) (or borrowed from an Iranian descendant)


desctree

Proto-Celtic: *sī
Proto-Brythonic: *hi
Breton: hi
Welsh: hi
Old Irish: sí
Irish: sí

Proto-Germanic: *sī

Old Saxon: sia, sie
Middle Low German: sê, su, sia
Dutch Low Saxon: zee
German Low German: se
Plautdietsch: see

Old Dutch: siu, sia
Middle Dutch: si, sie, soe, so
Dutch: zij
Afrikaans: sy
Limburgish: zie

Old High German: siu, si

Middle High German: si, sie

Alemannic German: si

Cimbrian: zi, si (Luserna), ze

German: sie

Hunsrik: sie

Luxembourgish: si

Yiddish: זי (zi)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹 (si)

Derived from *só (masculine demonstrative pronoun) + *-ih₂; *sih₂ then displaced the original female version *séh₂ at least in pre-Celtic.


>? *h₁iǵ-yé-ti (deponent ye-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Luwian: (“to worship?; to make, perform”)

Anatolian Hieroglyphs script: [Term?] (/izi-/)

*h₁yáǵ-e-ti (root thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáȷ́ati (see there for further descendants)

*h₁yā́ǵ-s-t ~ h₁yáǵ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyā́ȷ́št

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyā́ȷ́ṣṭ

Sanskrit: अयाट् (áyāṭ), अयष्ट (áyaṣṭa)

*h₁yáǵ-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *haďďomai

Ancient Greek: ἅζομαι (házomai)

Proto-Italic: *jagjō ~ *jagjentō

Latin: ieientō, ientō (“to have breakfast”) (see there for further descendants)

>? *h₁ya-né-ǵ-ti ~ h₁ya-n-ǵ-énti (nasal infix)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: yāṅk- (“to be deluded; to cast a spell on, bewitch”)

Proto-Hellenic: *hagnós

Ancient Greek: ἁγνός (hagnós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyaȷ́nás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáȷ́uš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáȷ́uṣ

Sanskrit: यजुस् (yájus, “veneration, worship, sacerdotal formula”)

Proto-Hellenic: *hágijos

Ancient Greek: ἅγιος (hágios)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáȷ́yas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáȷ́yas

Sanskrit: यज्य (yájya)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáȷ́yuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáȷ́yuṣ

Sanskrit: यज्यु (yájyu, “worshipping, devout; worthy of worship, adorable”)

Proto-Italic: *jagjus

⇒ Proto-Italic: *jagjūnos

Latin: iaiūnus, ieiūnus (“fasting, abstinent”) (see there for further descendants)