*h₂r̥ǵ-ént-s ~ *h₂r̥ǵ-n̥t-és

*h₂r̥ǵn̥t-ó-m (“silver”)

*h₂érǵ-os ~ *h₂érǵ-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *árgos

Ancient Greek: Ἄργος (Árgos)

Proto-Hellenic: *-argḗs

Ancient Greek: ἐν-αργής (en-argḗs)

*h₂érǵ-i-s ~ *h₂r̥ǵ-éy-s

Proto-Anatolian: *Hárǵis

Hittite: 𒄯𒆠𒅖 (ḫarkiš), 𒄯𒅗𒅖 (ḫarkaiš, “white, bright”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥ȷ́i-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥ȷ́i-

Sanskrit: ऋजिश्वन् (ṛji-śvan)

Proto-Hellenic: *argi-

Ancient Greek: ἀργί-πους (argí-pous)

(possibly) *h₂r̥ǵipyós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥ȷ́ipyás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥ȷ́ipyás

Sanskrit: ऋजिप्य (ṛjipyá)

Proto-Hellenic: *argipiós

Ancient Greek: αἰγυπιός (aigupiós), ἀργιόπους (argiópous)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: արծուի (arcui)

Proto-Germanic: *arkrą, *akrą (“type of metal”)

Proto-West Germanic: *arkr, *akr

Old Dutch: *akar

Middle Dutch: *acker

Dutch: aecker (archaic)

q

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *arkanaz (“genuine, pure”) (or more likely *erknaz, from *h₁erg- ~ *h₁erǵ-)

Old English: eorcan, eorcnan, earcnan (in compounds)

Old High German: erchan

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐌽𐍃 (airkns)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ἀργός (argós, “white, bright”) (earlier *ἀργρός (*argrós))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥ȷ́rás (“red, reddish”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥ȷ́rás

Sanskrit: ऋज्र (ṛjrá)

Proto-Italic: *argus

⇒? Proto-Italic: *arguō (denominative)

Latin: arguō (“to make clear”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂érǵ-u-nom or *h₂érǵ-wr̥ ~ h₂r̥ǵ-wén-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hárȷ́unam (“silver, white”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hárȷ́unam

Sanskrit: अर्जुन (árjuna)

→ Hindi: अर्जुन (arjun)

Pali: ajjuna

Bengali: অজ্জুন (ojjun)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀅𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀼𑀡 (ajjuṇa)

*h₂érǵ-u-ros or *h₂érǵ-wr̥ ~ h₂r̥ǵ-wén-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄργυρος (árguros, “silver”)

Proto-Tocharian: *ārkwi (“white”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *argyos (“white”) (reconstruction uncertain)

>? Proto-Brythonic: *ėrɣ (“snow”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Gaulish: *argios

⇒ Gaulish: *Argiotalos?

→ Latin: Argiotalus (given name)

*h₂érǵ-nōw ~ *h₂r̥ǵ-nw-ós

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫargnau-, “palm (of hand), sole (of foot)”)

Proto-Hellenic: *argḗts

Ancient Greek: ἀργής (argḗs)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: արծնեմ (arcnem)

Old Armenian: արծարծեմ (arcarcem)


(s)tew-

*(s)tewd-

*(s)tewg-

*(s)tewk-

*(s)tewp-


(s)tewg-

*(s)téwg-t ~ *(s)tug-ént (root aorist)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔστῠγον (éstugon)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: तुजन्ति (tujánti)

*(s)tug-éye-ti

Proto-Hellenic: *stugéō

Ancient Greek: στῠγέω (stugéō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tuǰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tuȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: तुजयत् (tujáyat)

*(s)tu-né-g-ti ~ *(s)tu-n-g-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *exs-stungeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tunǰánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tunȷ́ánti

Sanskrit: तुञ्जन्ति (tuñjánti), तुञ्जते (tuñjáte)

*stúg-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στύξ (stúx), Ancient Greek: Στύξ (Stúx)

*stug-os ~ *stug-es-os

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στύγος (stúgos)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *stukkaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stukkiją (see there for further descendants)

Extended from *(s)tew- (“to push, hit”).


(s)tewk-

*tuk-id-yé-ti

Proto-Hellenic: *tukíďďō

Ancient Greek: τυκίζω (tukízō, “to clench; to work stone, polish (stone)”)

*túk-os

Proto-Hellenic: *túkos

Ancient Greek: τύκος (túkos, “pick, poleaxe, hammer”)

*tuk-slo-

Proto-Celtic: *tullos (“pierced, perforated”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: taucêt (“to pound, beat”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: tūkât (“to press, knead”)

Proto-Slavic: *tъkàti (“to prick, pierce”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: tukstēt (“to beat”)


(s)tewd-

*stud-éh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)

Proto-Italic: *studēō

Latin: studeō

*tud-é-ti (tudati-type thematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *tudeti

desctree

Old Irish: do·tuit
Middle Irish: do·fuit, ·tuit
Irish: tuit, tit
Manx: tuitt
Scottish Gaelic: tuit

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tudáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tudáti

Sanskrit: तुदति (tudáti)

*tu-né-d-ti ~ *tu-n-d-énti (nasal infix present)

⇒ *(s)tund-tó-s

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *stuntaz (“short, stunted”) (see there for further descendants)

Albanian: tund

Armenian:

Old Armenian: թնդամ (tʻndam)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tundáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tundáti

Sanskrit: तुण्डते (tundáte)

Proto-Iranian: *tundáti (“to act violently”)

Middle Persian: (“sharp, violent”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (twnd /tund/)

Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫇𐫗𐫅 (twnd /tund/)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: توند (tund)

Northern Kurdish: tund

Zazaki: tun

Proto-Italic:

Latin: tundō

*stówd-e-ti (o-grade intensive)

Proto-Germanic: *stautaną (see there for further descendants)

*(s)te-(s)tówd-e ~ *(s)te-(s)tud-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tutáwda

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tutáwda

Sanskrit: तुतोद (tutóda)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: tutudī

*towd-ó-s (“driver”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawdás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tawdás

Sanskrit: तोद (todá)

*téwd-ti-s ~ *tud-téy-s

Italic:

Latin: tussis

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *stūdnja

Albanian: shtyj

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: Τυδεύς (Tudeús), Τυνδάρεος (Tundáreos)

Italic:

Latin: tudes, tuditō, studium


h₂pó

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pa

Latvian: pa

Lithuanian: pa-

Old Prussian: pa-, po-

Proto-Slavic: *po (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸo

Proto-Brythonic: *o (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *po

Latin: po-


Armenian:

Old Armenian: ան- (an-)

Albanian:

Albanian: anë, -aj

Proto-Italic: *ana-Oscan: ανα-Umbrian: 𐌀𐌍-

onṣä

above; see there for further descendants


Proto-Albanian: *apa
Albanian: pa

>? Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒀀𒀊𒉺 (āppa)

Luwian: 𒀀𒀊𒉺 (āppa)

Proto-Germanic: *ab (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *apó

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἀπό (apó), ἀπ’ (ap’) — apocopic, ἀφ’ (aph’) — apocopic, before vowel with rough breathing, ἀπύ (apú) — Aeolic, Arcadocypriot
Greek: από (apó)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀢 (a-pu)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hapá (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ab

Latin: ab (see there for further descendants)

Messapic: 𐌀𐌐𐌀 (apa, “from, out of, by”)

afër

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *apsera (< *h₂ep-s-ero-); Albanian


-ōs

-ōs (nominative singular)
é-ōs (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-oses (nominative plural)
é-oses (nominative plural)
-os (singular vocative)
é-os (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-oses (plural vocative)
é-oses (plural vocative)
-osm̥ (accusative singular)
é-osm̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-osm̥s (accusative plural)
é-osm̥s (accusative plural)
-sés (genitive singular)
Ø-sés (genitive singular)
-sóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-sóHom (genitive plural)
-sés (ablative singular)
Ø-sés (ablative singular)
-smós (ablative plural)
Ø-smós (ablative plural)
-séy (dative singular)
Ø-séy (dative singular)
-smós (dative plural)
Ø-smós (dative plural)
-és (locative singular)
Ø-és (locative singular)
-ési (locative singular)
Ø-ési (locative singular)
-sú (locative plural)
Ø-sú (locative plural)
Ø-séh₁ (instrumental singular)
-smís (instrumental plural)
Ø-smís (instrumental plural)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: some -ως (-ōs)/ -ώς (-ṓs) (ἠώς f (ēṓs), αἰδώς f (aidṓs), γέλως m (gélōs))

Proto-Italic: *-ōs

Latin: -or

From *(é)-os-s from *(é)-os (neuter s-stem) + *-s (non-neuter nominative), with simplification of the geminate consonant /s/ and compensatory lengthening. Compare *-yōs.

af

Creates masculine and feminine action nouns or result nouns from verbs.


(s)mer-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *smar- (see there for further descendants)

*si-smér-ti ~ *si-smr-énti (reduplicated present)

q

possibly, though Beekes prefers <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*seh₁y-</i> (“bond”)

Proto-Hellenic: (possibly, though Beekes prefers *seh₁y- (“bond”))

Ancient Greek: ῑ̔μείρω (hīmeírō)

Aeolic Greek: ἰμέρρω (imérrhō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sišmárti

Proto-Iranian: *hišmárti

desc

𐬀𐬌𐬞𐬌 𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬧𐬙

Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬞𐬌 𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬧𐬙 (aⁱpi hišmaraṇt, red.pres.part.)

*smér-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *smárati (see there for further descendants)

*(s)mor-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *smāráyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *smāráyati

Sanskrit: स्मारयति (smāráyati)

Proto-Iranian: *(s)māráyati

Avestan: 𐬨𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (māraiieⁱti)

*(s)mr̥-néh₂-ti ~ *(s)mr̥-nh₂-énti

Proto-Germanic: *murnaną (“to mourn, grieve, feel sorrow”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *murnaz (“troubled, worried”)

Proto-West Germanic: *murn (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *morā

Latin: mora

*(s)me-(s)mor-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: memor

*(s)me-(s)mr-os

Proto-Germanic: *mimraz

(perhaps) *(s)mer-(s)mer-os

Proto-Hellenic: *mérmeros

Ancient Greek: μέρμερος (mérmeros)

(perhaps) *(s)mer-i-mn-eh₂

Proto-Hellenic: *mérimnā

Ancient Greek: μέριμνα (mérimna)

(perhaps) *(s)mr̥-t-ur-os or *(s)mr̥-tu-ros

Proto-Hellenic: *mə́rturos

Ancient Greek: μάρτυρος (márturos)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *maimrōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mīmrōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mīmraz (“mindful”) (see there for further descendants)

to fall into thinking, remember, care for


(s)mer-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*se-smór-e ~ *se-sm̥r-ḗr

Proto-Hellenic: *héhmore

Ancient Greek: ἔμμορε (émmore)

Ionic Greek: εἵμαρται (heímartai)

*(s)mér-ye-ti (*ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *(h)méřřomai

Ancient Greek: μείρομαι (meíromai)

Proto-Italic: *merēō

Latin: mereō (see there for further descendants)

*(s)mér-os ~ *(s)mér-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *(h)méros

Ancient Greek: μέρος (méros)

*(s)mór-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *(h)móros

Ancient Greek: μόρος (móros)

Proto-Hellenic: *(h)móřřa

desctree

Ancient Greek: μοῖρᾰ (moîra), μοῖρ’ (moîr’) — apocopic
Greek: μοίρα (moíra)
→ English: moirail
→ English: moirocaust

*(s)mr̥-s-tó-s

Proto-Celtic: *marstos, *marstis

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: marzh

Cornish: marth

Middle Welsh: marth

Middle Irish: mart, mairt

Unsorted formations:

(perhaps) Proto-Albanian: *mar(en)

Albanian: marr (I take)


welH-

*wélH-ti ~ *wl̥H-énti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: velt (“to roll, felt”)

Lithuanian: vélti (“to felt, tousle”)

Proto-Germanic: *wulaną (“to well up”) (see there for further descendants)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*wélH-w-ti</i>

Proto-Italic: *wolwō (< *wélH-w-ti) (Uses o-grade for lemma consistency.)

Latin: volvō (“to roll, tumble”) (see there for further descendants)

*wé-wolH-ti ~ *wé-wl̥H-n̥ti (e-reduplicated athematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *wallaną (“to well up”) (see there for further descendants)

*wolH-éye-ti (iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *valiti (“to fall”) (see there for further descendants)

*wélH-de-ti

Proto-Germanic: *weltaną (“to roll”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *waltijaną (“to cause to roll about”, secondary causative)

*wl̥H-mí-s (“wave”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥Hmíš (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *walwā

Albanian: valle (“fold dance”)

Proto-Albanian: *walā

Albanian: valë (“wave”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գելում (gelum, “to twist”), գիլ (gil, “rolling”), գալար (galar, “twist”), գաղձն (gałjn, “convolvulus”), գեղձ (gełj, “bindweed”), (possibly) գողտր (gołtr, “mild”)

Balto-Slavic:

Baltic:

Latvian: vēl (“yet, still”)

Lithuanian: vėl (“again”)

Slavic:

Russian: вал (val, “billow”)

Proto-Celtic: *walensnā

Proto-Brythonic: *gwalenn

Middle Breton: goalenn (“green twig”)

Breton: gwalenn

Proto-Celtic: *welnīti

Old Irish: fillid (“to bend”)

Irish: fill

Manx: fill

Scottish Gaelic: fill

Proto-Germanic: *waluz (“stick”), *wiligaz (“willow”), *walwijaną (“to roll”), *walkaną (“to turn, walk”), *walkōną (“to roll, to full”), *walgōną (“to roll”), *wallijǭ (“well; wave”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐλύω (elúō), εἴλω (eílō), εἰλύω (eilúō), ἕλιξ (hélix), εἰλεός (eileós), ἴλη (ílē), ὅλμος (hólmos), ἀολλέες (aollées) (< *sm̥wolnēs), ᾱ̔λής (hālḗs) (< *sm̥wl̥ēs), ᾱ̔λίζω (hālízō), ᾱ̔λία (hālía), ἡλιαία (hēliaía)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: उल्ब (úlba)

Sanskrit: वलय (valaya, “coil”)

Sanskrit: वलयति (valayati, “to cause to turn”)

Sanskrit: वल्लि (valli, “creeper; winding plant”)

Proto-Italic: *wolwumen, *wolgos, *wolwā

Latin: valgus, vallis, vallum, valva, volumen, vulgus, vulva (see there for further descendants)


-oyéti

-oyóm (first-person indicative past singular)
-oyési (indicative present second-person singular)
-oyés (indicative past second-person singular)
-oyé (imperative second-person singular)
-oyḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-oyóys (optative second-person singular)
-oyéti (indicative present singular third-person)
-oyét (indicative past singular third-person)
-oyétu (imperative singular third-person)
-oyḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-oyóyt (optative singular third-person)
-oyówos (dual first-person indicative present)
-oyówe (dual first-person indicative past)
-oyṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-oyóywe (dual first-person optative)
-oyétes (dual indicative present second-person)
-oyétom (dual indicative past second-person)
-oyétom (dual imperative second-person)
-oyḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-oyóytom (dual optative second-person)
-oyétes (dual indicative present third-person)
-oyétām (dual indicative past third-person)
-oyétām (dual imperative third-person)
-oyḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-oyóytām (dual optative third-person)
-oyómos (first-person indicative plural present)
-oyóme (first-person indicative past plural)
-oyṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-oyóyme (first-person optative plural)
-oyéte (indicative plural present second-person)
-oyéte (indicative past plural second-person)
-oyéte (imperative plural second-person)
-oyḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
-oyóyte (optative plural second-person)
-oyónti (indicative plural present third-person)
-oyónt (indicative past plural third-person)
-oyóntu (imperative plural third-person)
-oyṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-oyónts (indicative participle present)
-oyéso (imperative second-person singular)
-oyétor (indicative present singular third-person)
-oyéto (indicative past singular third-person)
-oyḗtor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-oyóyto (optative singular third-person)
-oyóror (indicative plural present third-person)
-oyóntor (indicative plural present third-person)
-oyóro (indicative past plural third-person)
-oyónto (indicative past plural third-person)
-oyṓror (plural subjunctive third-person)
-oyṓntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
-oyóyro (optative plural third-person)
-oyómnos (indicative participle present)

desctree

Proto-Anatolian: *-oyéti
Hittite: -𒀀𒀀𒄑𒍣 (-a-a-iz-zi /-āitsi/)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*-ajaną</i>

>? Proto-Germanic: *-āną (< *-ajaną) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-óyō?

Ancient Greek: -όω (-óō)

Creates factitive verbs from adjectives.


pénkʷedḱomt

Armenian:

Old Armenian: յիսուն (yisun)

Armenian: հիսուն (hisun)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πεντήκοντα (pentḗkonta)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pančaHćát

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *panćaHśát

Sanskrit: पञ्चाशत् (pañcāśát)

Hindustani:

Hindi: पचास (pacās)

Urdu: پچاس (pacās)

Proto-Iranian: *pančaHcát

Northern Kurdish: pêncî

Persian: پنجاه (panjâh)

Italic:

Latin: quīnquāgintā

Vulgar Latin: cīnquāgintā (see there for further descendants)


bʰébʰrus

bʰébʰr- (oblique stem)
bʰébʰrus (nominative singular)
bʰébʰrewes (nominative plural)
bʰébʰru (singular vocative)
bʰébʰrewes (plural vocative)
bʰébʰrum (accusative singular)
bʰébʰrums (accusative plural)
bʰebʰréws (genitive singular)
bʰebʰréwoHom (genitive plural)
bʰebʰréws (ablative singular)
bʰebʰrúmos (ablative plural)
bʰebʰréwey (dative singular)
bʰebʰrúmos (dative plural)
bʰebʰréw (locative singular)
bʰebʰréwi (locative singular)
bʰebʰrúsu (locative plural)
bʰebʰrúmis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bébrus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *bebrus

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: beuer

Welsh: befer

Old Irish: Bibar

→? Late Latin: beber (see there for further descendants)

→? Latin: Bibracte

Proto-Germanic: *bebruz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰábʰruš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *febros

Latin: fiber

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH-
Proto-Indo-European *-us
Proto-Indo-European *bʰébʰrus
Possibly from *bʰerH- (“brown”) via a reduplicated form *bʰebʰr(H)-, although Ringe (2006:106) doubts that such a word existed.


swéḱsdḱomt

Armenian:

Old Armenian: վաթսուն (vatʻsun)

Armenian: վաթսուն (vatʻsun)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἑξήκοντα (hexḗkonta)

Byzantine Greek: ἑξήντα (hexḗnta)

Greek: εξήντα (exínta)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *šwaćšHtí

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ṣwaṭṣHtí f

Sanskrit: षष्टि (ṣaṣṭí)

Pali: saṭṭhi

desc

Sauraseni Prakrit: [script needed] (saṭṭhi)

Hindi: साठ (sāṭh)

Urdu: ساٹھ (sāṭh)

Iranian: *šwašHtí

Northern Kurdish: şêst

Persian: شصت (šast)

Italic:

Latin: sexāgintā

Tocharian

Tocharian B: ṣkaska


tridḱómt

Albanian: tridhjetë

Proto-Armenian: (< *trīḱomt)

Old Armenian: երեսուն (eresun)

Armenian: երեսուն (eresun)

Proto-Celtic: *trīkontes (see there for further descendants) (< *trīḱomt)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τριάκοντα (triákonta)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *triHćát

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *triHśát

Sanskrit: त्रिंशत् (triṃśát)

Hindustani:

Hindi: तीस (tīs)

Urdu: تیس (tīs)

Nepali: तीस (tīs)

Proto-Iranian: *θriHcát

Avestan: 𐬚𐬭𐬌𐬯𐬀𐬙 (θrisat)

Persian: سی (si)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: trīgintā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *täryākā

Tocharian A: taryāk

Tocharian B: täryāka


kʷétwr̥dḱomt

Proto-Armenian: (< *kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt)

Old Armenian: քառասուն (kʻaṙasun)

Armenian: քառասուն (kʻaṙasun)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷeturkont

desctree

Old Irish: cethorcho
Middle Irish: cethracha
Irish: ceathracha

Proto-Hellenic: (< *kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt)

desc

τεσσαράκοντα

Ancient Greek: τεσσαράκοντα (tessarákonta)

Greek: σαράντα (saránta)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čatwārHćát

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćatwārHśát

Sanskrit: चत्वारिंशत् (catvāriṃśát)

Hindustani:

Hindi: चालीस (cālīs)

Urdu: چالیس (cālīs)

Proto-Iranian: *čatwārHcát

Persian: چهل (čehel)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: quadrāgintā (see there for further descendants)

From *kʷetwr̥- (“four”) + *déḱm̥ (“ten”).


(s)neg-

*snog-e-ti (o-grade present?)

Proto-Germanic: *snakaną (see there for further descendants)

*snog-ō

Proto-Germanic: *snakô (see there for further descendants)

*(s)nog-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nāgás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nāgás

Sanskrit: नाग (nāgá) (see there for further descendants)


oḱtódḱomt

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ութսուն (utʻsun)

Armenian: ութսուն (utʻsun), ութանասուն (utʻanasun) (influenced by յոթանասուն (yotʻanasun, “seventy”))

Celtic:

Old Irish: ochtmoga

Irish: ochtó

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀγδοήκοντα (ogdoḗkonta)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *aštaHtí

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *aśiHtíṣ m

Sanskrit: अशीति (aśītí)

Pali: asīti

Bengali: আশি (aśi)

Hindi: अस्सी (assī)

Urdu: اسی (assī)

Proto-Iranian: *aštaHtí

Northern Kurdish: heştê

Persian: هشتاد (haštâd)

Tajik: хаштод (xaštod)

Italic:

Latin: octōgintā (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: oktuk

Tocharian B: oktaṅka, oktamka, oktaṁka


septḿ̥dḱomt

Armenian:

Old Armenian: եօթանասուն (eōtʻanasun)

Armenian: յոթանասուն (yotʻanasun)

Celtic:

Old Irish: sechtmoga

Irish: seachtó

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἑβδομήκοντα (hebdomḗkonta) (< *septm̥ḱómth₂)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saptatí

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saptatí f

Sanskrit: सप्तति (saptatí)

Pali: sattari

Bengali: সত্তর (śottor)

Hindi: सत्तर (sattar)

Urdu: ستر (sattar)

Proto-Iranian: *haptatí

Northern Kurdish: heftê

Persian: هفتاد (haftâd)

Tajik: хафтод (xaftod)

Italic:

Latin: septuāgintā (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: ṣutaṅka

Tocharian B: ṣäptuk

From *septḿ̥ (“seven”) + *déḱm̥ (“ten”).


Proto-Armenian: *in(u)nísun

desctree

Old Armenian: իննսուն (innsun)
Armenian: իննսուն (innsun)

desc

Proto-Hellenic: (*enéwnəekontə >) *enéwnēkontə, *ennéwəkontə

Ancient Greek: ἐνενήκοντα (enenḗkonta), ἐννήκοντα (ennḗkonta)

Greek: ενενήντα (enenínta)

Proto-Italic: *nounagmta

Old Latin: *nūnagintā

Latin: nōnāgintā (see there for further descendants)

Vulgar Latin: *nōvāgintā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *newin(t)śumta

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *devę(t)nòsъto (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *ñäwäka

Tocharian A: nmuk

Tocharian B: ñumka, ñuṅka

Proto-Celtic: *naukontes

desctree

Old Irish: nócha
Middle Irish: nócha
Irish: nócha

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hnawatí (see there for further descendants)

From *h₁néwn̥ (“nine”) + *déḱm̥ (“ten”).


srebʰ-

*sr̥bʰ-et ~ *sr̥bʰ-ont (thematic root aorist)

Albanian:

surb ("gjerb", drink with small sips)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: արբ (arb, “he drank”)

desc

Armenian: հարբել (harbel, “to get drunk”)

*sróbʰ-ey ~ *sr̥bʰ-énti

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒊭𒊏𒁉 (ša-ra-pi /sarāpi/, “sips”)

*srobʰ-éye-ti (iterative)

*sróbʰ-u ~ *sr̥bʰ-éw

Proto-Celtic: *srobu

Old Irish: srub

Middle Irish: srub (“snout”)

Unsorted formations

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: surbt, Latvian: strebt, Latvian: strēbt

Lithuanian: srė̃bti, sur̃bti

Proto-Slavic: *sьrbati (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian: *hrab- (“to sip, suck (in)”)

qual

with the preverb <i class="Latn mention" lang="ira-pro">*uz-</i>

(possibly) Chorasmian: mžβ- (“to absorb, sip, suck in/out”) (with the preverb *uz-)

desc

Ishkashimi: rův- (“to give milk (about cows)”)

Pashto: روول (rəvavə́l, “to suckle, breast feed”), رودل (ravdə́l, rəvdə́l, “to suckle (the breast)”)

Shughni: рӣвдов̌ (rīvdōw, “to suckle (the breast)”)

Wakhi: rowǰ (“teat, comforter made of horn”)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel


pleḱ-

*pléḱ-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *plékō

Ancient Greek: πλέκω (plékō)

Proto-Italic: *plekāō

Latin: plicō (with i from its compounds)

*pléḱ-te-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pleśtei

Proto-Slavic: *plestì (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *flehtaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *plektō

Latin: plectō

*pleḱ-tó-

Proto-Hellenic: *plektós

Ancient Greek: πλεκτός (plektós)

*pleḱ-nó-s or *ploḱ-nó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *praćnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *praśnás

Sanskrit: प्रश्न (praśná, “basket-work, a plaited basket; turban”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *pracnáh

𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬙𐬋𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬥𐬀

Younger Avestan: 𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬙𐬋𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬥𐬀 (ər^əzatōfrašna, “having a golden helmet/coat of mail”)

*pleḱ-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -πλαξ (-plax) (e.g. δίπλαξ (díplax), τρίπλαξ (tríplax))

Proto-Italic: *pleks

Latin: -plex (e.g. simplex, duplex)

*ploḱ-s-om

Proto-Germanic: *flahsą (see there for further descendants)

*ploḱ-o

Proto-Germanic: *flaką (“something flat”) (perhaps)

Old Norse: flaga

Danish: flage

Icelandic: flaga

Norwegian: flak

Swedish: flak

Proto-Germanic: *flakaz (“flat”) (see there for further descendants) (perhaps)

Proto-Hellenic: *plokos

Ancient Greek: πλόκος (plókos)

Ancient Greek: -πλοκος (-plokos) (e.g. πολύπλοκος (polúplokos))

*plok-o-nos (perhaps)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: plakans (“flat, even”)

Lithuanian: plakãnas (“flat”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πλοκή (plokḗ)

*plók-e- (perhaps)

Proto-Germanic: *flahaną (“to flay, strip”)

plók-eh₂ (perhaps)

Proto-Germanic: *flahō (“strip”)

Old Norse: flá (“strip of land, meadow”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: plokščias

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


*h₁iHn̥-yós (“hoarfrost, rime”)

(possibly) Armenian:

q

Old Armenian: եղեամն (ełeamn) (+ -ամն (-amn), cf. սառամանիք (saṙamanikʻ) < սառն (saṙn, “ice”))

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *iˀnios, *iˀnio

Lithuanian: ýnis

Proto-Slavic: *jь̀nьjь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *īsą (“ice”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HiHsúš

Proto-Iranian: *HiHsúš (“coldness”)

Avestan: 𐬌𐬯𐬎 (isu)

desc

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾys /*ēs, *īs/)


Proto-Tocharian: *er- (“to evoke, bring forth, produce”)

Tocharian A: ar-

Tocharian B: er-

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: ऋ (ṛ), ईर् (īr)

*h₃ér-t ~ *h₃r-ént (athematic perfective)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: յարեայ (yareay)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὦρτο (ôrto)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: आर्त (ā́rta)

Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬎𐬰𐬁𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬎𐬎𐬁 (uzār^əšuuā, 2nd.aor.impv.med.)

>? Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: ertär

*h₃r̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥sćáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥sćáti

Sanskrit: ऋच्छति (ṛcchati)

*h₃i-h₃ér-ti ~ *h₃i-h₃r-énti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HiHárti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HiHárti

Sanskrit: इयर्ति (íyarti, iyárti)

Proto-Iranian: *HiHárti

Younger Avestan: 𐬍𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬏 (īratū)

*h₃r̥-néw-ti ~ *h₃r̥-nw-énti (new-present)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒅈𒉡𒊻𒍣 (ar-nu-uz-zi), 𒅈𒉡𒍣 (ar-nu-zi)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: յառնեմ (yaṙnem)
Armenian: → հառնել (haṙnel) (learned), > արի՛ (arí) (inherited)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *rinǫti (or from *h₃ri-né-H-ti < *h₃reyH-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rinnaną (or from *h₃ri-né-H-ti < *h₃reyH-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *órnūmi

Ancient Greek: ὄρνῡμι (órnūmi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥náwti (see there for further descendants)

*h₃ér-os ~ *h₃ér-es-os

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὄρος (óros), οὖρος (oûros) — Epic, Lyric, ὦρος (ôros) — Doric
Greek: όρος m (óros, “mountain”)
→ English: oro-
⇒ Italian: oro-

*h₃ér-ti-s ~ *h₃r̥-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥tíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥tíṣ

Sanskrit: ऋति (ṛtí)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒀀𒊒𒈾𒀸 (a-ru-na-aš)

>? *h₃érō (“eagle”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: արմն (armn), արմ (arm)

Armenian: արմ (arm)

(perhaps) >? Old Armenian: արթ- (artʻ-)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *ortь (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *arniz

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *ernustuz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀρίνω (orínō)

Ancient Greek: ὄρμενος (órmenos), ὅρμενος (hórmenos)
→ Latin: ormenos

Ancient Greek: ὀροθῡ́νω (orothū́nō)

>? Ancient Greek: ἐρέθω (eréthō)

>? Ancient Greek: ἐρίζω (erízō)

>? Ancient Greek: ἔρις (éris)
Greek: έριδα (érida)

>? Ancient Greek: Ἐρινύς (Erinús)
Greek: Ερινύς (Erinýs)
plural: Ερινύες (Erinýes)
→ Latin: Erinys (pl. Erinyes)
→ English: Erinys, Erinyes

Italic:

Proto-Italic: *orjōr
Latin: orior
⇒ Romanian: urca
⇒ Latin: orīgō (see there for further descendants)
Umbrian: orto (participle perfect)

>? Proto-Tocharian: *ār-

Tocharian A: ār-

Tocharian B: ār-


*h₂li-né-H-ti ~ *h₂li-n-H-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Germanic: *līmaz (see there for further descendants)

Latin: līmus (“mud”) (see there for further descendants)

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (halīna-)


ǵʰewd-

*ǵʰewd- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *geutaną (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰu-ne-d- ~ *ǵʰu-n-d- (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *hundō (see there for further descendants)


-éh₁yōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-éh₁yōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *-ěti (present tense declension)

Proto-Celtic: *-īti

Proto-Brythonic: *-id

Proto-Germanic: *-janą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -έω (-éō) (partially)

Proto-Italic: *-ēō

Latin: -eō

Latin: -ō (single case of stō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-áHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-áHyati

Sanskrit: -आयति (-ā́yati)

Thematicization of the athematic stative verbal suffix; see *-yeti.


memóne

memón (imperative second-person singular)
memn̥dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
meménesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
memóne (indicative singular third-person)
memóntu (imperative singular third-person)
meméneti (singular subjunctive third-person)
memn̥wé (dual first-person indicative)
meménowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
memn̥tóm (dual imperative second-person)
meménetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
memn̥tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
meménetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
memn̥mé (first-person indicative plural)
meménomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
memné (indicative plural second-person)
memn̥té (imperative plural second-person)
meménete (plural second-person subjunctive)
memnḗr (indicative plural third-person)
memnéntu (imperative plural third-person)
meménonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
memn̥wṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Germanic: *munaną

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μέμονα (mémona)

Proto-Italic: *memonai

Latin: meminī

Reduplicated perfect of the root *men- (“to think, mind”).


wóyde

wóyd (imperative second-person singular)
widdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
wéydesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wóyde (indicative singular third-person)
wóydtu (imperative singular third-person)
wéydeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
widwé (dual first-person indicative)
wéydowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
widtóm (dual imperative second-person)
wéydetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
widtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
wéydetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
widmé (first-person indicative plural)
wéydomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
widé (indicative plural second-person)
widté (imperative plural second-person)
wéydete (plural second-person subjunctive)
widḗr (indicative plural third-person)
widéntu (imperative plural third-person)
wéydonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
widwṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Armenian: *gēt-

Old Armenian: գիտեմ (gitem, “to know”)

Balto-Slavic:

desc

Latgalian: iraida (“is/are (visible, noticeable)”) (from *irvaida where "ir, ira, irā" ("is/are"))

Latgalian: navaida (“is/are not (visible, noticeable)”)

Latgalian: sovvaids (“peculiar”) (where the first part - sovs (“one's own”))

Proto-Slavic: *věděti (“to know”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *witaną (“to know”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: οἶδα (oîda, “to know”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáyda

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáyda

Sanskrit: वेद (véda)

⇒ Sanskrit: वेत्ति (vetti, present verb)

Proto-Iranian: *wáyda

Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬛𐬁 (vaēdā)

*woidai (see *widēō)

Latin: vīdī

Root stative/perfect of *weyd- (“to see”).


weyk-

*wi-né-k-ti ~ wi-n-k-énti

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: विनक्ति (vinakti)

Proto-Germanic: *wikkōną (“to practice sorcery”) (see there for further descendants)

*weyk-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *wīhaz (“sacred”) (see there for further descendants)

*wéyk-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *wīhą (“sanctuary”) (see there for further descendants)

*wik-tm̥mó-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: victima (see there for further descendants)


weyk-

*wik-é-ti (zero-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *wiketi (“to fight”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wiganą (see there for further descendants)

*wi-né-k-ti ~ *wi-n-k-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *winkō

Latin: vincō

*wi-wéyk-ti ~ *wi-wik-énti (reduplicated athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wiwiktá

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wiwiktá

Sanskrit: विविक्त (viviktá)

*wéyk-ye-ti (ye-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: veĩkti

*wéyk-tōr ~ *wik-tr-és

Italic: *wiktōr

Latin: victor

*wóyk-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wáikas

Lithuanian: viẽkas

Proto-Slavic: *věkъ (“age”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: vīkt


weyk-

*we-woyk- (dupl. perfect)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔοικα (éoika)

*wik-sḱeti

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἴσκω (ískō)

*we-wik-sḱeti

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐΐσκω (eḯskō)

*wéyk-ō ~ *wik-nés

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: εἰκών (eikṓn)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀεικής (aeikḗs)

Ancient Greek: εἰκάζω (eikázō)

Ancient Greek: εἴκελος (eíkelos)

Ancient Greek: ἐπιεικής (epieikḗs)


weyk-

*weyk-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *wéikō

Ancient Greek: εἴκω (eíkō)

*wi-né-k- ~ *wi-n-k- (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *winkjō

Latin: vinciō

*wik-i-s

Proto-Italic: *wikis

Latin: vicis (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *weyk-i-eh₂

Proto-Italic: *wikiā

>? Latin: vicia (“vetch”) (see there for further descendants)

wéyk-s (root noun)

>? Proto-Italic: *kerweiks (+ *ḱerh₂-)

Latin: cervīx (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *uig-

Albanian: vig

Albanian: vigan

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wíkti

Proto-Iranian: *wíxti

Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬘 (vij, “to shake”)

Middle Persian:[script needed] (wyc- /wēz-/, “to swing, fling, sprinkle”)

> Proto-Iranian: *ṷi-wíxti:

Middle Persian: [script needed] (whyc /wihēz/, “to move, progress”), [script needed] (whyck' /wihēzag/, “intercalary month”)

Persian: بهیزه (behize, “intercalary month in the Zoroastrian calendar”)

Sodgian:

Christian Sogdian: ܘܝܨ (wyc /wēč/, “to move, shake”)

Buddhaist Sogdian: 𐼴𐼷𐼿 (wyc /wēč/, “to move, shake”)

Persian:بیختن (bixtan, “to shake”) , آویختن (âvixtan, “to hang, suspend”)

Baluchi:گتک (gētk, “to put, swim, turn towards, abort”)

Zazaki: vijyanyış (vīžyāyiš, “to come out, appear”)

Proto-Germanic: *wihslaz

Proto-Germanic: *wīkwaną


*h₃émh₃-ti ~ *h₃m̥h₃-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HámHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HámHti

Sanskrit: अमीति (ámīti)

Proto-Italic: *amō

Marrucinian: amatens (“they have received”, 3pl. act. perf.)

⇒ Latin: amō (see there for further descendants)

*h₃m̥-né-h₃-ti ~ *h₃m̥-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic: *ómnumi

Ancient Greek: ὄμνυμι (ómnumi)

Proto-Celtic: *nāmants (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *ammōną (see there for further descendants)

to grab, to grasp, to seize, to take hold, tackle, touch


q

*(H)yéh₁-k-t ~ *(H)ih₁-ént (k-aorist) (or athematic root aorist with k-extension or intrusive *-k-)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἕηκα (héēka), ἧκα sg (hêka), εἷμεν pl (heîmen)

Proto-Italic: *jēkai

Latin: iēcī

⇒ Proto-Italic: *jakjō (< earlier *jīkjō; possibly influenced by *fakjō, if not predictable)

Latin: iaciō (“to throw”)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *jakēō (+ *-ēō)

Latin: iacēō (“to lie down”) (see there for further descendants)

*(H)yi-(H)yéh₁-ti (reduplicated athematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *yiyēmi

desc

Ancient Greek: ἵημι (híēmi, “to release, let go; to throw”)

>? *(H)yéh₁-(h₁)se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἥσω (hḗsō)


*melh₂-dʰh₁- (“to beat, pound, grind”)

⇒? *méldʰeti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *márdʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *márdʰati

Sanskrit: मर्धति (mardhati, “to abandon, neglect”)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *meldǭ (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μαλθακός (malthakós)

⇒ *meldʰ-n- (“lightning”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mildnis

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *mъldni (“lightning”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: milna (“hammer of the thunderer”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: mealde (“lightning”)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *meldunjaz

Proto-Norse: *ᛗᛖᛚᛚᚢᚾᛁᚨᛉ (*melluniaʀ)

Old Norse: Mjǫllnir (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *mlāks

Ancient Greek: βλάξ (bláx)

Proto-Hellenic: *məlakos

Ancient Greek: μαλακός (malakós)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: malcad (“rottenness, putrefaction”)

Proto-Albanian: *melana

⇒ Albanian: mëllë, mullâ

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μελαίνω (melaínō)

>? *mélh₂-n-s

Proto-Hellenic: *mélās

Ancient Greek: μέλᾱς (mélās) (see there for further descendants)

*mélh₂-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *meleti (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mélˀtei
Latvian: mal̃t
Lithuanian: málti
Proto-Slavic: *mèlti (see there for further descendants)

*mélh₂-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mélˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *melti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *melō (see there for further descendants)

*ml̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *ml̥-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: մաղեմ (małem)
Armenian: մաղել (małel)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥náHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mr̥náHti

Sanskrit: मृणाति (mṛṇā́ti)

*molh₂-e-ti (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *malaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *málas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *málas

Sanskrit: मल (mála)

*melh₂-tlo- (perhaps)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: marculus, martulus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *melwa

Albanian: miell

Proto-Germanic: *melwą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *muldō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *mólā

Ancient Greek: μύλη (múlē)

Proto-Italic: *molā

Latin: mola (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *malmaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: malleus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *málam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *málam

Sanskrit: मलम् (málam)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *moltъ (see there for further descendants)

*ml̥h₂- (zero-grade)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mulˀ-kis

Latvian: muļķis

Lithuanian: mùlkis

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *melana

Albanian: mëllë, Albanian: mullâ

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (malla-ⁱ)

Luwian: [script needed] (mal(ḫ)u-)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: մալեմ (malem), *մուլ- (*mul-), մամուլ (mamul), մղեղ (młeł)

Armenian: մլակ (mlak), մլուկ (mluk), մլիկ (mlik), մղմող (mġmoġ), մղմեղ (mġmeġ), մուղ (muġ)

Balto-Slavic:

desc

Proto-Slavic: *mělъ (“finely ground substance, chalk”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *malina (“raspberry”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: málnos (“millet”)

Proto-Germanic: *mildijaz (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μελίνη (melínē, “millet”)

>? Proto-Italic: *meljom

Latin: milium (“millet”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: mӓl-


kʷ-

*kʷi-

*kʷís (“who? what?”)

*kʷo-

*kʷo-dʰe / *kʷó-dʰi / *kʷo-dʰey

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *kъde (“where?”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷótʰi

Ancient Greek: πόθῐ (póthi, “where? whither?”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: (c)ubī (“where? what place?”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kudʰa

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬐𐬎𐬛𐬁 (kudā, “where?”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: कुह (kuha, “where?”)

*kʷo-h₁ (old ablative?)

Proto-Germanic: *hwō (“how”, instrumental) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷō

Ancient Greek: πω (pō), πώ (pṓ, “up to now, yet, ever”)

Ionic Greek: κω (kō)

Proto-Italic: *kʷō

Latin: quō (“whereto; to what end, why”) (see there for further descendants)

*kʷo-r, *kʷóri

Proto-Germanic: *hwar (“where?”) (see there for further descendants)

Latin: cur (“why”), quirquir

Sanskrit: कर्हि (karhi, “when? what time?”)

⇒ *kʷoryos

Proto-Germanic: *hwarjaz (“which of many?”) (see there for further descendants)

*kʷo-s (“which? what?”)

*kʷó-teros (“which of two?”)

Ancient Greek: πηλί-κος (pēlí-kos, “how great?”) (with adjectival -κός (-kós) extension)

Latin: quālis (“what kind?”) (see there for further descendants)

*kʷú-só-

Proto-Albanian: *kusa

Albanian: kush (“who”)

Messapic: kos (“someone”)

Proto-Tocharian: *kuse

Tocharian A: kus

Tocharian B: kᵤse (“who”)

q

<i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kʷu</i> not expected; see boukólos rule

>? *ku, *kū (“where”) (*kʷu not expected; see boukólos rule)

Proto-Albanian: *ku

Albanian: ku (“where”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ku, *kū

Proto-Iranian: *kū

Avestan: 𐬐𐬏 (kū, “where”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ku, *kū

Sanskrit: कु (ku), कू (kū, “where?”) (also कुत्र (kútra, “whereto”))

⇒ *kur

Proto-Albanian: *kur

Albanian: kur (“when”)

Old Armenian: ուր (ur, “where”)

Armenian: ուր (ur, “where”)

Proto-Baltic: *kur

Latvian: kur (“where”)

Lithuanian: kur̃, kur (“where”)

Unsorted formations:

Cretan Greek: ὀπυι (opui, “whither”)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *hwilīkaz (“what kind?”) (see there for further descendants)

Theorized by some linguists, particularly proponents of the Indo-Uralic hypothesis, to be related to Proto-Uralic *ku-.


wósr̥

wésn̥- (oblique stem)
wósr̥ (nominative singular)
wósr̥ (singular vocative)
wósr̥ (accusative singular)
wésn̥s (genitive singular)
wésn̥s (ablative singular)
wésney (dative singular)
wésn̥ (locative singular)
wésni (locative singular)
wésr̥ (nominative singular)
wésr̥ (singular vocative)
wésr̥ (accusative singular)
uséns (genitive singular)
usénoHom (genitive plural)
uséns (ablative singular)
usénmos (ablative plural)
uséney (dative singular)
usénmos (dative plural)
usén (locative singular)
uséni (locative singular)
usénsu (locative plural)
usénmis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: գարուն (garun)

Armenian: գարուն (garun)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *was(e)r (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wesrū

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *wesrakos (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Celtic: *wesnālā (“swallow (bird)”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wazrą (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *wéhər
Ancient Greek: ἔαρ (éar)
Greek: έαρ (éar)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wásr̥ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wezor (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps from *h₁wes-, *h₁ews- (“to become warm; to burn”) + *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix)


ǵʰey-

*ǵʰéy-mn̥ ~ *ǵʰi-mén-s

*ǵʰéy-ōm ~ *ǵʰi-m-és


ǵʰey-

*ǵʰéy-t ~ *ǵʰy-ént (athematic aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ʰayt ~ *Háȷ́ʰyant

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háźʰayt ~ *Háźʰyant

desc

Sanskrit: अहेम (áhema, 1pl.act.), अह्यन् (ahyan)

*ǵʰi-néw-ti ~ *ǵʰi-nw-énti (new-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰináwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰináwti

Sanskrit: हिनोति (hinóti)

*ǵʰoy-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰāyáyati

Proto-Iranian: *jāyáyati

Avestan: *zāyayaiti

𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬨𐬌

⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬨𐬌 (frazaiiaiiāmi, 1sg.caus.act.)

*ǵʰéy-mn̥ ~ *ǵʰi-méns

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáyma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáyma

Sanskrit: हेमन् (hemán)

Proto-Iranian: *jáyma

Old Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬨𐬀𐬥 (zaēman)

*ǵʰéy-o-s


ǵʰéyōm

ǵʰim- (oblique stem)
ǵʰéyōm (nominative singular)
ǵʰéyom (singular vocative)
ǵʰéyōm (accusative singular)
ǵʰimés (genitive singular)
ǵʰimés (ablative singular)
ǵʰiméy (dative singular)
ǵʰyém (locative singular)
ǵʰyémi (locative singular)
ǵʰiméh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰyémm̥ (accusative singular)
ǵʰimós (genitive singular)

ine-decl-noun-mf

ǵʰyém, ǵʰyémi

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒄀𒂊𒈪 (gi-e-mi /gyemi/, “in the winter”, loc.sg.) (< loc.sg. *ǵʰyémi)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ձիւն (jiwn, “snow”) (< gen.sg. *ǵʰim-ós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *gōį̄

Old Norse: gói (“late winter”), gæ

Icelandic: gói, góa

Swedish: göja

Scanian: Gyja

Norwegian Nynorsk: gjø, dial. goi, goa, go

Danish: gue (dial.)

Faroese: gø (“month”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰimás (< gen.sg. *ǵʰim-ós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰiṓn (“snow”)

Ancient Greek: χιών (khiṓn) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *hiom-

Latin: hiems

→ Middle Persian: (/hazangrōzim/, “Zoroastrian millennium”)

twigimaz

⇒ *dwi-ǵʰim-os (“two years old”, literally “of two winters”)

δύσχιμος

winterly, troublesome, fearful, terrible; of bad winters

ingimus

Proto-West Germanic: (Frankish) *ainagim


-né-

-n- (oblique stem)
-né-mi (first-person indicative present singular)
-né-m̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
-né-si (indicative present second-person singular)
-né-s (indicative past second-person singular)
-né- (imperative second-person singular)
-n-dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
-né-esi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-né-ti (indicative present singular third-person)
-né-t (indicative past singular third-person)
-né-tu (imperative singular third-person)
-né-eti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-n-wós (dual first-person indicative present)
-n-wé (dual first-person indicative past)
-né-owos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-n-tés (dual indicative present second-person)
-n-tóm (dual indicative past second-person)
-n-tóm (dual imperative second-person)
-né-etes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-n-tés (dual indicative present third-person)
-n-tā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
-n-tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
-né-etes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-n-mós (first-person indicative plural present)
-n-mé (first-person indicative past plural)
-né-omos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-n-té (indicative plural present second-person)
-n-té (indicative past plural second-person)
-n-té (imperative plural second-person)
-né-ete (plural second-person subjunctive)
-n-énti (indicative plural present third-person)
-n-ént (indicative past plural third-person)
-n-éntu (imperative plural third-person)
-né-onti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-n-ónts (indicative participle present)
-n-só (imperative second-person singular)
-n-tór (indicative present singular third-person)
-n-ór (indicative present singular third-person)
-n-tó (indicative past singular third-person)
-n-ó (indicative past singular third-person)
-né-etor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-n-rór (indicative plural present third-person)
-n-n̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
-n-ró (indicative past plural third-person)
-n-n̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
-né-oror (plural subjunctive third-person)
-né-ontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Forms mostly transitive imperfective verbs from perfective intransitive roots.


-néwti

-néwmi (first-person indicative present singular)
Ø-néwmi (first-person indicative present singular)
-nḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-nḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
-néwsi (indicative present second-person singular)
Ø-néwsi (indicative present second-person singular)
-néws (indicative past second-person singular)
Ø-néws (indicative past second-person singular)
-néw (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-néw (imperative second-person singular)
-nudʰí (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-nudʰí (imperative second-person singular)
-néwesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-néwesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-néwti (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-néwti (indicative present singular third-person)
-néwt (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-néwt (indicative past singular third-person)
-néwtu (imperative singular third-person)
Ø-néwtu (imperative singular third-person)
-néweti (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-néweti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-nuwós (dual first-person indicative present)
Ø-nuwós (dual first-person indicative present)
-nuwé (dual first-person indicative past)
Ø-nuwé (dual first-person indicative past)
-néwowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
Ø-néwowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-nutés (dual indicative present second-person)
Ø-nutés (dual indicative present second-person)
-nutóm (dual indicative past second-person)
Ø-nutóm (dual indicative past second-person)
-nutóm (dual imperative second-person)
Ø-nutóm (dual imperative second-person)
-néwetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
Ø-néwetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-nutés (dual indicative present third-person)
Ø-nutés (dual indicative present third-person)
-nutā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
Ø-nutā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
-nutā́m (dual imperative third-person)
Ø-nutā́m (dual imperative third-person)
-néwetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
Ø-néwetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-numós (first-person indicative plural present)
Ø-numós (first-person indicative plural present)
-numé (first-person indicative past plural)
Ø-numé (first-person indicative past plural)
-néwomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
Ø-néwomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-nuté (indicative plural present second-person)
Ø-nuté (indicative plural present second-person)
-nuté (indicative past plural second-person)
Ø-nuté (indicative past plural second-person)
-nuté (imperative plural second-person)
Ø-nuté (imperative plural second-person)
-néwete (plural second-person subjunctive)
Ø-néwete (plural second-person subjunctive)
-n̥wénti (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-n̥wénti (indicative plural present third-person)
-n̥wént (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-n̥wént (indicative past plural third-person)
-n̥wéntu (imperative plural third-person)
Ø-n̥wéntu (imperative plural third-person)
-néwonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-néwonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-n̥wónts (indicative participle present)
Ø-n̥wónts (indicative participle present)
-nusó (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-nusó (imperative second-person singular)
-nutór (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-nutór (indicative present singular third-person)
-n̥wór (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-n̥wór (indicative present singular third-person)
-nutó (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-nutó (indicative past singular third-person)
-n̥wó (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-n̥wó (indicative past singular third-person)
-néwetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-néwetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-nurór (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-nurór (indicative plural present third-person)
-n̥wn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-n̥wn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
-nuró (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-nuró (indicative past plural third-person)
-n̥wn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-n̥wn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
-néworor (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-néworor (plural subjunctive third-person)
-néwontor (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-néwontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Anatolian: *-nū́di (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-neumi

Ancient Greek: -νῡμι (-nūmi), also thematicised -νεω (-neō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-náwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-náwti

Sanskrit: -नोति (-nóti), -णोति (-ṇoti)

Proto-Iranian: *-náwti

Avestan: -𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌 (-naoⁱti), -𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (-nuuaⁱṇti) (in some cases)

Forms transitive imperfective verbs from roots.


-sḱéti

-sḱóh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
Ø-sḱóh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
-sḱóm (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-sḱóm (first-person indicative past singular)
-sḱṓh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-sḱṓh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-sḱóyh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
-sḱési (indicative present second-person singular)
Ø-sḱési (indicative present second-person singular)
-sḱés (indicative past second-person singular)
Ø-sḱés (indicative past second-person singular)
-sḱé (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-sḱé (imperative second-person singular)
-sḱḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-sḱḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-sḱóys (optative second-person singular)
Ø-sḱóys (optative second-person singular)
-sḱéti (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-sḱéti (indicative present singular third-person)
-sḱét (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-sḱét (indicative past singular third-person)
-sḱétu (imperative singular third-person)
Ø-sḱétu (imperative singular third-person)
-sḱḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-sḱḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-sḱóyt (optative singular third-person)
Ø-sḱóyt (optative singular third-person)
-sḱówos (dual first-person indicative present)
Ø-sḱówos (dual first-person indicative present)
-sḱówe (dual first-person indicative past)
Ø-sḱówe (dual first-person indicative past)
-sḱṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
Ø-sḱṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-sḱóywe (dual first-person optative)
Ø-sḱóywe (dual first-person optative)
-sḱétes (dual indicative present second-person)
Ø-sḱétes (dual indicative present second-person)
-sḱétom (dual indicative past second-person)
Ø-sḱétom (dual indicative past second-person)
-sḱétom (dual imperative second-person)
Ø-sḱétom (dual imperative second-person)
-sḱḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
Ø-sḱḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-sḱóytom (dual optative second-person)
Ø-sḱóytom (dual optative second-person)
-sḱétes (dual indicative present third-person)
Ø-sḱétes (dual indicative present third-person)
-sḱétām (dual indicative past third-person)
Ø-sḱétām (dual indicative past third-person)
-sḱétām (dual imperative third-person)
Ø-sḱétām (dual imperative third-person)
-sḱḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
Ø-sḱḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-sḱóytām (dual optative third-person)
Ø-sḱóytām (dual optative third-person)
-sḱómos (first-person indicative plural present)
Ø-sḱómos (first-person indicative plural present)
-sḱóme (first-person indicative past plural)
Ø-sḱóme (first-person indicative past plural)
-sḱṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
Ø-sḱṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-sḱóyme (first-person optative plural)
Ø-sḱóyme (first-person optative plural)
-sḱéte (indicative plural present second-person)
Ø-sḱéte (indicative plural present second-person)
-sḱéte (indicative past plural second-person)
Ø-sḱéte (indicative past plural second-person)
-sḱéte (imperative plural second-person)
Ø-sḱéte (imperative plural second-person)
-sḱḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
Ø-sḱḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
-sḱóyte (optative plural second-person)
Ø-sḱóyte (optative plural second-person)
-sḱónti (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-sḱónti (indicative plural present third-person)
-sḱónt (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-sḱónt (indicative past plural third-person)
-sḱóntu (imperative plural third-person)
Ø-sḱóntu (imperative plural third-person)
-sḱṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-sḱṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-sḱónts (indicative participle present)
Ø-sḱónts (indicative participle present)
Ø-sḱóh₂e (first-person indicative past singular)
-sḱéso (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-sḱéso (imperative second-person singular)
-sḱétor (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-sḱétor (indicative present singular third-person)
-sḱéto (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-sḱéto (indicative past singular third-person)
-sḱḗtor (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-sḱḗtor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-sḱóyto (optative singular third-person)
Ø-sḱóyto (optative singular third-person)
-sḱóror (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-sḱóror (indicative plural present third-person)
-sḱóntor (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-sḱóntor (indicative plural present third-person)
-sḱóro (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-sḱóro (indicative past plural third-person)
-sḱónto (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-sḱónto (indicative past plural third-person)
-sḱṓror (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-sḱṓror (plural subjunctive third-person)
-sḱṓntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-sḱṓntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
-sḱóyro (optative plural third-person)
Ø-sḱóyro (optative plural third-person)
-sḱómnos (indicative participle present)
Ø-sḱómnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Albanian: *-ska

Albanian: -h

Armenian:

Old Armenian: -ց- (-cʻ-)

Proto-Hellenic: *-skō

Ancient Greek: -σκω (-skō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-sćáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-śćáti

Sanskrit: -च्छति (-ccháti), -श्चति (-ścáti) (rare)

Iranian:

Old Avestan: -𐬯𐬀- (-sa-) (for example: 𐬘𐬀𐬯𐬀 (jasa, “to go, to come”) from 𐬔𐬀𐬨 (gam, “to come”))

Old Persian: -𐎿𐎠- (-s-a- /sā/)

Proto-Italic: *-skō

Latin: -scō, -āscō, -ēscō, -īscō

Forms durative or iterative imperfective verbs from roots.


-yeti

-yom (first-person indicative past singular)
é-yom (first-person indicative past singular)
é-yōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
-yesi (indicative present second-person singular)
é-yesi (indicative present second-person singular)
-yes (indicative past second-person singular)
é-yes (indicative past second-person singular)
-ye (imperative second-person singular)
é-ye (imperative second-person singular)
-yēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
é-yēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-yoys (optative second-person singular)
é-yoys (optative second-person singular)
-yeti (indicative present singular third-person)
é-yeti (indicative present singular third-person)
-yet (indicative past singular third-person)
é-yet (indicative past singular third-person)
-yetu (imperative singular third-person)
é-yetu (imperative singular third-person)
-yēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
é-yēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-yoyt (optative singular third-person)
é-yoyt (optative singular third-person)
-yowos (dual first-person indicative present)
é-yowos (dual first-person indicative present)
-yowe (dual first-person indicative past)
é-yowe (dual first-person indicative past)
-yōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
é-yōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-yoywe (dual first-person optative)
é-yoywe (dual first-person optative)
-yetes (dual indicative present second-person)
é-yetes (dual indicative present second-person)
-yetom (dual indicative past second-person)
é-yetom (dual indicative past second-person)
-yetom (dual imperative second-person)
é-yetom (dual imperative second-person)
-yētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
é-yētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-yoytom (dual optative second-person)
é-yoytom (dual optative second-person)
-yetes (dual indicative present third-person)
é-yetes (dual indicative present third-person)
-yetām (dual indicative past third-person)
é-yetām (dual indicative past third-person)
-yetām (dual imperative third-person)
é-yetām (dual imperative third-person)
-yētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
é-yētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-yoytām (dual optative third-person)
é-yoytām (dual optative third-person)
-yomos (first-person indicative plural present)
é-yomos (first-person indicative plural present)
-yome (first-person indicative past plural)
é-yome (first-person indicative past plural)
-yōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
é-yōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-yoyme (first-person optative plural)
é-yoyme (first-person optative plural)
-yete (indicative plural present second-person)
é-yete (indicative plural present second-person)
-yete (indicative past plural second-person)
é-yete (indicative past plural second-person)
-yete (imperative plural second-person)
é-yete (imperative plural second-person)
-yēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
é-yēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
-yoyte (optative plural second-person)
é-yoyte (optative plural second-person)
-yonti (indicative plural present third-person)
é-yonti (indicative plural present third-person)
-yont (indicative past plural third-person)
é-yont (indicative past plural third-person)
-yontu (imperative plural third-person)
é-yontu (imperative plural third-person)
-yōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
é-yōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-yonts (indicative participle present)
é-yonts (indicative participle present)
-yeso (imperative second-person singular)
é-yeso (imperative second-person singular)
-yetor (indicative present singular third-person)
é-yetor (indicative present singular third-person)
-yeto (indicative past singular third-person)
é-yeto (indicative past singular third-person)
-yētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
é-yētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-yoyto (optative singular third-person)
é-yoyto (optative singular third-person)
-yoror (indicative plural present third-person)
é-yoror (indicative plural present third-person)
-yontor (indicative plural present third-person)
é-yontor (indicative plural present third-person)
-yoro (indicative past plural third-person)
é-yoro (indicative past plural third-person)
-yonto (indicative past plural third-person)
é-yonto (indicative past plural third-person)
-yōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
é-yōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
-yōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
é-yōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
-yoyro (optative plural third-person)
é-yoyro (optative plural third-person)
-yomnos (indicative participle present)
é-yomnos (indicative participle present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: -եմ (-em) (partially)

Proto-Germanic: *-(i)ja- (j-presents, class 1 weak verbs)

Proto-Hellenic: *-yō

Ancient Greek: -έω (-éō) (partially, when added to roots, when compounded with *-e- (noun thematic vowel), ie. *-eyé-, when added to s-stem nouns, ie. *-esyé-)

Ancient Greek: -όω (-óō) (aboriginal ἀρόω (aróō) and new denominative verbs to o-stem nouns)

Ancient Greek: -πτω (-ptō) (< *-pye-, *-pʰye-)

Ancient Greek: -σσω (-ssō), -ττω (-ttō) (< *-kye-, *-kʰye-, *-kʷye-, *-kʷʰye-, *-tye-, *-tʰye-, *-gye-)

Ancient Greek: -ζω (-zō) (< *-gye-, *-gʷye-, *-dye-)

Ancient Greek: -λλω (-llō) (< *-lye-)

Ancient Greek: -ιCω (-iCō) (< *-Cye-)

Italic:

Latin: -iō (Third conjugation verbs iō-variation)

Latin: -iō (Fourth conjugation verbs, partially, when compounded with *-i- (noun thematic vowel), ie. *-iyé-, or by later non-inherited fabrications)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-yati

Sanskrit: -यति (-yati) (some class 4 verbs, e.g. पश्यति (páśyati))

Proto-Iranian: *-yati

Younger Avestan: -𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (-iieⁱti)

Creates transitive imperfective verbs from roots.


-éh₁m̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-éh₁m̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-éh₁oh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-éh₁s (indicative past second-person singular)
-éh₁ (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-éh₁ (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-éh₁dʰi (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-éh₁t (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-éh₁tām (dual indicative past third-person)
Ø-éh₁tām (dual imperative third-person)
Ø-éh₁n̥t (indicative past plural third-person)
-éh₁m̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-éh₁m̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-éh₁oh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-h₁yéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
Ø-éh₁s (indicative past second-person singular)
-éh₁ (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-éh₁ (imperative second-person singular)
-h₁dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-h₁dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-éh₁t (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-h₁wé (dual first-person indicative past)
Ø-h₁tā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
Ø-h₁tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
Ø-h₁mé (first-person indicative past plural)
Ø-h₁té (indicative plural present second-person)
Ø-h₁té (indicative past plural second-person)
Ø-h₁té (imperative plural second-person)

Proto-Anatolian: *-ǣ́di

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *-ěti

Creates inchoative (or fientive) verbs from perfective roots.

Creates inchoative (or fientive) verbs from nominals.


*séh₂g-ti ~ *sh₂g-énti (athematic root present) or *sh₂g-é-ti (zero-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *sakaną (see there for further descendants)

*séh₂g-ye-ti (ye-present)

*sh₂g-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Celtic: *sagyeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *-sagyetor (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: sāgus (“prophetic”)

Proto-Germanic: *sakō

*séh₂g-ti-s ~ *sh₂g-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *sahtiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sahtaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: ἡγέομαι (hēgéomai, “to lead”)


Proto-Albanian: *eta

Albanian: jetë

Proto-Armenian: *ayú

Old Armenian: այո (ayo) (possibly)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hā́yu (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂ey- ("vital force, life, age, eternity").


*gʰéh₁bʰ-t ~ *gʰh̥₁bʰ-ént (root athematic aorist)

Proto-Italic: *hēpai

Oscan: hipid (3.sg.perf.subj.), hipust (3.sg.fut.perf.)

⇒ Oscan: pruhipid (3.sg.perf.subj.), pruhipust (“to prevent”, 3.sg.fut.perf.)

*gʰh̥₁bʰ-éh₁ye-ti (eh₁(ye)-stative)

Proto-Italic: *habēō or *haβēō

Latin: habeō (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌉𐌀 (habia, 3.sg.pres.subj.), 𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌄𐌕𐌖 (habetu), habitu (3.sg.ipv.II), 𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌕𐌖 (habetutu), habituto (3.pl.ipv.II), habiest (3.sg.fut.), habus (3.sg.fut.perf.), habuerent (3.pl.fut.perf.), 𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌄 (habe, “to have, hold”, 3.sg.pr.act/pass.), habe

⇒ Umbrian: 𐌍𐌄𐌉𐌛𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌀𐌔 (neiřhabas, pres.subj.) (+ negation and ař-)

⇒ Umbrian: 𐌐𐌓𐌄𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌉𐌀 (prehabia), 𐌐𐌓𐌄𐌇𐌖𐌁𐌉𐌀 (prehubia, “to furnish, achieve”, 3.sg.pres.subj.) (+ pre-)

⇒ Umbrian: 𐌇𐌀𐌇𐌕𐌖 (hahtu), 𐌇𐌀𐌕𐌖 (hatu), hatu (3.sg.ipv.II), 𐌇𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌕𐌖 (hatutu), hatuto (“to grab”, 3.pl.ipv.II) (suffixless imperatives)

*gʰh̥₁bʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *gabyeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *habiō or *haβiō

Oscan: haieist (3.sg.fut.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gāˀbāˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *gabati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *gablā (“fork”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Germanic: *-iþō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-taH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-taH

desctree

Sanskrit: -ता (-tā)
→ Bengali: -তা (-ta)
→ Hindi: -ता (-tā)
→ Malayalam: -ത (-ta)

Proto-Iranian: *-taH

q

Avestan: -𐬚𐬁 (-θā) (for example: 𐬔𐬀𐬉𐬚𐬁 (gaēθā, “world, living substance”) from 𐬔𐬀𐬉 (gaē, “to live”) and -𐬚𐬁 (-θā, a feminine noun suffix))

Used to form nouns representing state of being


sewH-

*séwH-tor ~ *séwH-n̥tor (root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *súHtay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *súHtay

Sanskrit: सूते (sū́te)

Proto-Iranian: *húHtay

desc

Khotanese: ahvyāña- (“not produced, eternal”) (+ neg. *a-)

*su-né-H-ti ~ *su-n-H-énti (nasal-infix present)

Anatolian:

Luwian: 𒋗𒈾𒀜𒊒𒉿𒀭𒋾𒅔 (šu-na-at-ru-u̯a-an-ti-in /šunatruu̯antin/, “rich in outpourings”, acc.sg.c.)

Hittite: 𒋗𒌦𒈾𒄿 (šu-un-na-i /šunnai/, “fills”, 3sg.pres.act.)

Palaic: 𒋗𒌑𒈾𒀜 (šu-ú-na-at /šūnat/, 3sg.pres.act.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sunáHti

Proto-Iranian: *hunáHti

Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬥𐬁𐬨𐬌 (hunāmi), 𐬵𐬎𐬥𐬁𐬵𐬌 (hunāhi, “give birth, beget”)

*se-sówH- ~ *se-suH- (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sasúHwa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sasúHwa

Sanskrit: ससूव (sasū́va)

>? *súH-s (“sow > pig”)

*séwH-tus

Proto-Celtic: *sutus

Old Irish: suth

*sowHus or *sowHows

Proto-Anatolian: *sóʔus or *sóʔaus

Hittite: 𒋗𒌋𒍑 (šu-u-uš /sós/, /sɔ́ʔus/, “full”, nom.sg.c.)

*suHnús

*súHs

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सू (sū)

*suH-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *suHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *suHtás

Sanskrit: सूत (sūtá)

Proto-Iranian: *huHtáh (perfect participle)

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi: to bear daevic offspring (wšwtn' /wišūdan/) (+ *wi-)

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ (perhaps) Iranian: *frahuHtáh (“child, offspring”)

desc

Bakhtiari: [script needed] (rūd, “child”)

Luri:

rū(d)

Persian: رود (rôd, “child”)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ڕۆڵە (rolle, “child”)

Kumzari: [script needed] (rōr, “child”)

*suHyús

Perhaps an extension of *sew- (“to pour; squeeze”).


*kʷas-l-

Proto-Albanian: *kāslā

Albanian: kollë

*kʷéh₂s-e- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *hwōsaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *káHsatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *káHsatay

Sanskrit: कासते (kā́sate) (see there for further descendants)

*kʷeh₂s-t-ō ~ *kʷeh₂s-t-en-

Proto-Germanic: *hwōstô; *hwōstōną (see there for further descendants)

*kʷh₂s-tó-s? *kʷéh₂s-tu-s ~ *kʷh₂s-téw-s?

Proto-Celtic: *kʷast- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: kosi

Unsorted formations:

(perhaps) Armenian:

Old Armenian: հազեմ (hazem), հազ (haz)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: kãsulis

Lithuanian: kosulỹs

Proto-Slavic: *kaš(ь)ľь (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: kósėti

Proto-Slavic: *kašьľati (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Celtic: *kādos

Proto-Brythonic: *kọð

Middle Breton: cuez, queuz

Breton: keuz

Cornish: kueth, cüth

Middle Welsh: cawdd

Welsh: cawdd

Proto-Italic: *kādos

Oscan: cadeis

*kéh₂d-os ~ *kéh₂d-es-os (s-stem noun)

Proto-Hellenic: *kā́dos

Ancient Greek: κῆδος (kêdos)

Doric Greek: κᾶδος (kâdos)

*kéh₂d-tis ~ *kh₂d-téy-s

Proto-Celtic: *kassis (see there for further descendants)

*kh₂d-os ~ *kh₂d-es-os (zero-grade s-stem noun)

Proto-Germanic: *hataz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬯𐬁𐬛𐬭𐬀 (sādra, “misery, suffering”)

Speculative links have been made to *ḱh₂d- (“to fall”).


trewd-

*tréwd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Albanian: * ̊truδ-

Albanian: ndrydh

(perhaps) Celtic:

Welsh: cythrudd

Proto-Germanic: *þreutaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *troudō

Latin: trūdō

*trud-néh₂-ti ~ *trud-n̥h₂-énti (innovative denominative present)

Proto-Germanic: *þruttōną (see there for further descendants)

*trowd-eh₂yé-ti (innovative *o-grade iterative present)

Proto-Germanic: *þrautōną

*trowd-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Albanian: *entrūda

Albanian: ndrydh

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *traudéiˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *truditi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þrautijaną (see there for further descendants)

*trowd-o-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tráudas

Proto-Slavic: *trudъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þrautą (see there for further descendants)

*trewd-to-s or *trewd-so-s

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: triū̃sas

*trud-(s)mo-

Proto-Celtic: *trummos (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Germanic: *þrustijaną

Old Norse: þrysta

→ English: thrust

Old Irish: troit

Irish: troid

Scottish Gaelic: troid

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


Sanskrit: क्री (krī)

*kʷri-né-h₂-ti ~ *kʷri-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

*kʷréyh₂-t ~ *kʷrih₂ént (root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *kriti

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: käryā-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐπριάμην (epriámēn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kriHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kriHtás

Sanskrit: क्रीत (krītá)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: Tocharian B: käry-


*kʷyeh₁- (root aorist)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: quiēvī

*kʷih₁-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *po-čiti (see there for further descendants)

*kʷyeh₁-sḱe- (innovated full-grade sḱe-present)

Proto-Italic: *kʷjēskō

Latin: quiēscō (see there for further descendants)

*kʷyéh₁-ti-s ~ *kʷih₁-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čyáHtiš

Proto-Iranian: *šyáHtih (“happiness”)

Avestan: 𐬱𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (šāⁱti)

Old Persian: 𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎶 (š-i-y-a-t-i-m /šiyātim/, acc.sg.), 𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠 (š-i-y-a-t-i-y-a /šiyātiyā/, inst.sg.)

Proto-Italic: *kʷjētis

Latin: quiēs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čyaHtas

Proto-Iranian: *šyaHtas (“happy”)

Avestan: 𐬱𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬙𐬀- (šiiāta-)

Old Persian: 𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎫 (š-i-y-a-t /šiyāta/)

⇒ Middle Persian: [script needed] (šʾt' /šād/)

Persian: شاد (šâd)

→ Aghwan: 𐕐𐔰𐔳 (šad)

→ Old Armenian: շատ (šat)

Proto-Italic: *kʷjētos

Latin: quiētus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čirás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćirás

>? Sanskrit: चिर (cirá) (unexpected short -i-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *(trāns)kʷīlos

Latin: (trān)quillus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *čilā-

Proto-Albanian: *(a-)čila-

Albanian: (e)sëll

Albanian: sillë

Proto-Germanic: *hwīlō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *hwīlāną (see there for further descendants)

*kʷoyh₁-o- (with metathesis in the root)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *po-kojь (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հանգչիմ (hangčʻim, “to rest”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *samčiH-

Proto-Iranian: *hamšiH-

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (hncy-, “to rest, repose”)

Ossetian: ӕнцад (æncad, “quiet, tranquil”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾncʾy, “to stay, remain”)


pekʷ-

*pékʷ-e-ti (root present)

*pékʷ-ye-ti (full-grade ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *péťťō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páčyatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páćyatay

Sanskrit: पच्यते (pácyate)

*pékʷ-mn̥ ~ *pkʷ-mén-

Proto-Hellenic: *pékʷmə

Ancient Greek: πέμμᾰ (pémma)

*pékʷ-tis ~ *pkʷ-téy-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *péktis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pékʷtis

Ancient Greek: πέψῐς (pépsis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pákti ~ *paktí

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pákti ~ *paktí

Sanskrit: पक्ति (pákti, paktí)

Proto-Italic: *kʷektjō

Latin: coctiō

*pékʷ-tōr ~ *pkʷ-trés (“one who cooks”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέπτρια (péptria, “female baker”) (< *pékʷ-trih₂)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paktā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *paktā́

Sanskrit: पक्तृ (paktṛ́)

Proto-Italic: *kʷektōr

Latin: coctor

*pókʷ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *pókʷos

Ancient Greek: ἀρτοκόπος (artokópos)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀵𐀡𐀦 (a-to-po-qo /artopókʷos/)

Proto-Italic: *kʷokʷos

Latin: coquus (see there for further descendants)

*pokʷ-tó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paktas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷoxtos (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) Proto-Hellenic: *pekʷtós

Ancient Greek: πεπτός (peptós)

Proto-Italic: *kʷoktos

Latin: coctus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páktas

Proto-Iranian: *páktah

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬗𐬙𐬀 (pacta)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Anatolian: *pekʷ-

Hittite:

⇒ Hittite: 𒉺𒀝𒆪𒍑𒃷𒍣 (pa-ak-ku-uš-kán-zi, “pound, crack, crush, grind”, impf.3pl.pres.act.)

⇒ Hittite: 𒉺𒀝𒋗𒉿𒀭 (pa-ak-šu-wa-an /pak(kuš)šuu̯ant-/, “cracked (of grain)”)

⇒ Hittite: 𒉺𒀝𒆪𒍑𒋗𒅈 n (pa-ak-ku-uš-šu-ar /pakkušš(u)u̯ar/, “wooden implement for crushing cereals”)

⇒ Lydian: 𐤥𐤹𐤡𐤠𐤲𐤶𐤫𐤯 (wcpaqẽnt, “tramples upon”, 3sg.pres.ind.act.)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पक्व (pakva) (see there for further descendants)


*gʷréh₂-u-s ~ *gʷr̥h₂-éw-s

*gʷréh₂-mr̥ ~ *gʷr̥h₂-méns

Proto-Tocharian: *krāmär

Tocharian A: *krāmär

⇒ Tocharian A: krāmärts

Tocharian B: krāmär

*gʷréh₂-mō ~ *gʷr̥h₂-m̥nés

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gárHmā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gárHmā

Sanskrit: गरिमन् (gariman), गरिमा (garimā, nom.sg.)

*gʷr̥h₂-smh₂-ós (+ *semh₂-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Hsmás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Hsmás

Sanskrit: ग्रीष्म (grīṣmá, “summer”) (see there for further descendants)


bʰleyǵ-

*bʰléyǵ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *blīkaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰli-né-ǵ-ti ~ *bʰli-n-ǵ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Germanic: *blinkaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *blankaz (see there for further descendants)

*bʰliǵ-sḱé-ti (*sḱe-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blišketei

Lithuanian: blyškė́ti, blizgė́ti

*bʰloyǵ-ó-s

Proto-Germanic: *blaikaz (see there for further descendants)

*bʰlóyǵ-s-ko-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blaiskas

Latvian: blaiskums, blaizgums

Proto-Slavic: *blě̑skъ (see there for further descendants)

*bʰley-m-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bleim-

Proto-Slavic: *blimati (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *bliką (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: भ्रेजते (bhrejate)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰl-z

Proto-Iranian: *bʰel-z-

Northern Luri: بڵێز (bełız, “Blaze, Alight”)


ǵʰers-

*ǵʰérs-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáršati (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰors-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰaršáyati (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰo-ǵʰérs-t ~ *ǵʰo-ǵʰr̥s-ént (o-reduplicated athematic root aorist)

*Háȷ́ʰāȷ́ʰaršt

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ʰāȷ́ʰaršt (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰr̥s-éh₁(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Italic: *horzēō

Latin: horreō

*ǵʰr̥s-é-ti (tudati-type root thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥šáti

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥šáti (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰr̥s-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰr̥šyáti (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰórs-ōs

Proto-Italic: *horzōs

Latin: horror

*ǵʰers-to-s

Proto-Italic: *herztos

Latin: hīrtus (“hairy, shaggy”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰérs-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰérsos

Ancient Greek: χέρσος (khérsos)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ձառ (jaṙ)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Pashto: زيږ (ziģ)


*gʰroh₁-(y)e-ti (o-grade present)

Proto-Germanic: *grōaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *grōniz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grēˀnas

Proto-Slavic: *grěnъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *grēwaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: rāvus, grāvastellus (or from *ǵerh₂-?) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰréh₁-mn̥ ~ *gʰr̥h₁-mén-s or perhaps *gʰréh₁-s-mn̥ ~ *gʰr̥h₁-s-mén-s

Proto-Italic: *grāmen or *grazmen

Latin: grāmen

Proto-Germanic: *grēdaz

Old English: grǣd

Unsorted formations:

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (kariyant-, “grass”)

Proto-Iranian:

Persian: روییدن (ru'idan, “to grow”)

Proto-Germanic: *grasą (cannot be directly from *gʰr̥h₁-s-)

Proto-Germanic: *grōsō

Proto-West Germanic: *grōsu

Old Saxon: *grōsa

Middle Low German: grôse

Old Dutch: *gruosa

Middle Dutch: groese

Old High German: *gruosa

Middle High German: gruose

→ Proto-Finnic: *rooho (“grass”) (see there for further descendants)

Latin: herba


steygʰ-

*stéygʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*stḗygʰ-s-t ~ *stéygʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Celtic: *teixstē

Old Irish: tías

*stoygʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *staigijaną (“to raise up, elevate”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *staigraz (“elevating; steep”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *staigriz (“scaffold; stairs”) (see there for further descendants)

*stigʰ-néw-ti ~ *stigʰ-n̥w-énti (new-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stingneutei

Proto-Slavic: *stìgnǫti (“to attain, reach”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stigʰnáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stigʰnáwti

Sanskrit: स्तिघ्नोति (stighnóti, “to mount, step up, rise”)

*sti-né-gʰ-ti ~ *sti-n-gʰ-énti (nasal-infix)

Proto-Celtic: *tinxti

* Old Irish: téit (see there for further descendants)

*stéygʰ-s ~ *stigʰ-és (“path”)

*stéygʰ-ti-s ~ *stigʰ-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *stihtiz (“track”)

Proto-West Germanic: *stihti

Dutch: sticht

Old Norse: stétt

Norwegian: stætt

*stóygʰ-i-s ~ *stigʰ-éy-s

Proto-Germanic: *stigiz (“a climb, ascent”) (see there for further descendants)

*stóygʰ-o-s (“path, way”)

*stigʰ-tó-s

Proto-Germanic: *stihtaz

Old Norse: stéttr (“pavement”) (see there for further descendants)


gʰrendʰ-

*gʰrendʰ-is

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʰrn̥dʰ-ís</i>

Proto-Balto-Slavic: (< *gʰrn̥dʰ-ís)

Lithuanian: grindis (“floorboard”)

Proto-Germanic: *grindiz (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *grindilaz

Proto-West Germanic: *grindil (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grandā́ˀ

Old Prussian: *grandā

⇒ grandico

Proto-Italic: *ɣrondā

Latin: grunda (perhaps a backformation from suggrunda) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰrondʰ-il-os

Proto-Germanic: *grandilaz

Proto-West Germanic: *grandil (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grindā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)


gʰrendʰ-

*gʰréndʰ-(e)-ti (root present)

Proto-Albanian:

>? Albanian: grind (“to brawl”) (cf. also gërdhij (“to scratch”) < Proto-Albanian *gradīnja; grij (“to grind, gnaw, cut”) < *grinja)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grenˀd-

desc

Lithuanian: grę́sti (“to scrape, scratch”)

Proto-Germanic: *grindaną (“to grind”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

>? Latin: frendō (“to gnash the teeth; to crush to bits”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *grindō (“gravel, pebbles, sand”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰrendʰ-o-

Proto-Germanic: *grindaz ~ *grindą

Proto-West Germanic: *grind

Old Dutch: *grint n

Middle Dutch: grint

Dutch: grind (“scabies, mange”)

Old High German: grint m

Middle High German: grint

German: Grind (“scab; scurf; (dial.) head”)

*gʰróndʰ-o-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] m or f

>? Proto-Slavic: *grǫdъ m (“heap, lump; hill; breast ?”), *grǫ̀da f

Proto-Germanic: *grandą n

Proto-West Germanic: *grand

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German:

Low German: grand (“rough sand”)

Old Norse: *grand

Icelandic: grand n (“grain, particle, little bit”)

*gʰrondʰ-ō

Proto-Germanic: *grandô, *grandǭ

Old Norse: grandi (“isthmus”)

Proposed to be a nasal-infixed dental extension of *gʰer- (“to rub, grind”), or suffixed from *gʰren- as in Ancient Greek χραίνω (khraínō, “to stroke, brush, smear”).


*h₁rébʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *erépʰō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rébra (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ribją (see there for further descendants)


*h₂e-h₂óyḱe ~ *h₂eh₂iḱḗr (stative)

*h₂éyḱ-tis ~ *h₂iḱ-téy-

Proto-Germanic: *aihtiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HiHćás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HiHśás

Sanskrit: ईश (īśá) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Tocharian: *aik-

Tocharian A: aik-

Tocharian B: aik-

to obtain, come in possession of, to possess, to own


*h₁wogʷʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Old Armenian: գոգեմ (gogem, “to say”)

Proto-Italic: *wogʷeō (see there for further descendants)

*h₁wogʷʰ-ét ~ *h₁wogʷʰ-ónt (o-grade root thematic?)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwāgʰát

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwāgʰát

Sanskrit: वाघत् (vāghát)

From metathesized *h₁ewgʰ-

*h₁éwgʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀄𐀐𐀵 (e-u-ke-to)

Proto-Hellenic: *eukʰomai

desctree

Ancient Greek: εὔχομαι (eúkhomai)
→ Greek: εύχομαι (éfchomai) (learned)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwǰʰati (see there for further descendants)

*h₁éwgʰ-os ~ *h₁éwgʰ-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *éukʰos

Ancient Greek: εὖχος (eûkhos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwǰʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwźʰas

Sanskrit: ओहस् (óhas)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Huktʰám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Huktʰám

Sanskrit: उक्थ (ukthá)

Proto-Iranian: *Huxθám

Avestan: 𐬎𐬑𐬜𐬀 (uxδa, “word”)


*h₃éngʷ-e-ti (thematic root present) (perhaps)

Proto-Italic: *ongʷō

Latin: unguō, ungō (see there for further descendants)

*h₃n̥-né-gʷ-ti ~ *h₃n̥-n-gʷ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: աւծանեմ (awcanem) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hanákti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hanákti

Sanskrit: अनक्ति (anákti)

*h₃éngʷ-n̥ ~ *h₃n̥gʷ-én-s (“fat, butter”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₃éngʷ-os ~ *h₃éngʷ-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hánǰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hánȷ́as

Sanskrit: अञ्जस् (áñjas) (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: anctan (“butter”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haktás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Haktás

Sanskrit: अक्त (aktá)

Proto-Italic: *ənktos

Latin: unctus (see there for further descendants)


*h₁éws-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *éuhō

Ancient Greek: εὕω (heúō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwšati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwṣati

Sanskrit: ओषति (óṣati)

Proto-Italic: *ouzō

Latin: ūrō

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hawšás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hawṣás

Sanskrit: ओष (oṣá)

(perhaps) *h₁us-néh₂-ti ~ *h₁us-n̥h₂-énti (*néh₂-present)

Proto-Germanic: *uznaną (see there for further descendants)

*h₁ḗwst ~ *h₁éws-n̥t (*s-aorist)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: εὗσα (heûsa)

Italic:

Latin: ussī

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hušnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Huṣṇás

Sanskrit: उष्ण (uṣṇá)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Huštás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Huṣṭás

Sanskrit: उष्ट (uṣṭá)

Proto-Italic: *ustos

Latin: ustus

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *uzjǭ (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *aimuzjǭ (see there for further descendants)


*h₂énk-ti ~ h₂n̥k-énti (root-present)

Proto-Celtic: *anketi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háčati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háćati

Sanskrit: अचति (ácati), अञ्चति (áñcati) (later thematicization)

*h₂enk-os or *h₂n̥k-os

Proto-Celtic: *ankos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ankos

Latin: ancus

*h₂énk-os ~ *h₂énk-es-os

*h₂ónk-o-s (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) *h₂énk-tis ~ *h₂n̥k-tey- or *h₂n̥k-tós

Armenian:

Old Armenian: անթ (antʻ), անութ (anutʻ)

*h₂énk-ō ~ *h₂n̥k-én-s

Proto-Germanic: *angô (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀγκών (ankṓn)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: անգղ (angł), անկղ (ankł)

Armenian: անգղ (angġ)

Proto-Germanic: *anhulaz

Old Norse: ǫ́ll, áll

Proto-Germanic: *angulaz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀγκύλος (ankúlos)

*h₂énk-ul-eh₂ (“belt”)

Proto-Germanic: *anhulō

Old Norse: ǫ́l, ál

Proto-Hellenic: *ankúlā

Ancient Greek: ἀγκύλη (ankúlē)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HankúlaH

Proto-Iranian: *HankúlaH

Middle Persian:

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾnkwrʾk' /angurāg/, “finger; paw”)

Pazend script: 𐬀𐬥𐬔𐬎𐬭𐬁 (angurā)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: ἄγκῡρα (ánkūra, “anchor”)

Proto-Anatolian:

(perhaps) Hittite: 𒀭𒆪𒉿𒀸 (“Ankuwash, Ankara”)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


selp-

Proto-Germanic: *salbō (see there for further descendants)

?*sólp-r̥, or irregularly *sélp-os ~ *sélp-es-

Italic:

Latin: sulpur, sulphur

*sélp-os ~ *sélp-es-

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *selpa (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: (perhaps) ἔλπος (élpos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sarpíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sarpíṣ

Sanskrit: सर्पिस् (sarpís)

Proto-Tocharian: *ṣälype

Tocharian A: ṣälyp

Tocharian B: ṣalype

*sl̥p-rós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sr̥prás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sr̥prás

Sanskrit: सृप्र (sṛprá)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Middle Persian: clp (čarb)

Parthian: 𐫝𐫡𐫁 (crb /čarb/, “smooth, mild”)

Pashto: څورب (śorb)

Baluchi: [script needed] (čarp, “fat”)

Central Kurdish: چەور (çewr, “fat”)

Ossetian: царв (carv)


seǵʰ-

*séǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *hékʰō (“to possess, retain, have”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáȷ́ʰatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáźʰatay

Sanskrit: सहते (sáhate, “to overpower, conquer”, 3sg.med.) (see there for further descendants)

*séǵʰ-se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Hellenic: *héksō

Ancient Greek: ἔξω (éxō)

*sḗǵʰ-s-t ~ *séǵʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásāȷ́žʰat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hásāḍẓʰat

Sanskrit: असाक्षि (ásākṣi, 1sg.med.), सक्षत् (sákṣat, “to overpower”, 3sg.subj.act.)

*se-sóǵʰ-e ~ *se-sǵʰ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

>? Proto-Tocharian: *sākā (“remain (behind); to restrain”)

Tocharian A: sākam

Tocharian B: sākāu

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sasā́ȷ́ʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sasā́źʰa

Sanskrit: ससाह (sasā́ha), ससाहे (sasā́he, “to defeat, be victorious”, 3sg.med.)

*sǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *ḗskʰe

Ancient Greek: ἔσχον (éskhon, “bring to a halt, hold on”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: σχεδόν (skhedón)

⇒ Ancient Greek: σχέσις (skhésis)

⇒ Ancient Greek: σχέτλιος (skhétlios)

⇒ Ancient Greek: σχῆμα (skhêma)

⇒? Ancient Greek: σχολή (skholḗ)

*si-séǵʰ-ti ~ *si-sǵʰ-énti (i-reduplicated present)

Proto-Hellenic: *hískʰō

Ancient Greek: ἴσχω (ískhō, “bring to a halt, hold on”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἰσχύς (iskhús) (see there for further descendants)

*sí-sǵʰ-se-ti (i-reduplicated (h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sízȷ́žatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *síẓḍẓatay

Sanskrit: सीक्षते (sīkṣate)

*soǵʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Hellenic: *hókʰeyō

Ancient Greek: ὀχέω (okhéō, “to have, hold”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sāȷ́ʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sāźʰáyati

Sanskrit: साहयति (sāháyati)

*séǵʰ-os ~ *séǵʰ-es-os

*seǵʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saždʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saẓḍʰás

Sanskrit: साढ (sāḍhá)

⇒ Sanskrit: अषाढ (ásāḍha)

*sǵʰ-ró-s

Proto-Celtic: *sagros (see there for further descendants)

*séǵʰ-tōr ~ *sǵʰ-tr-és

Proto-Hellenic: *héktōr

Ancient Greek: ἕκτωρ (héktōr, “holding fast”)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *Héktōr (personal name) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáždʰā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáẓḍʰā

Sanskrit: साढृ (sā́ḍhṛ), साळ्हृ (sā́ḷhṛ)

*séǵʰ-wr̥ ~ *sǵʰ-wén-s

*sǵʰ-wént-s ~ *sǵʰ-unt-és

>? Proto-Germanic: *swinþaz, *sundaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saȷ́ʰwāns (secondary?)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saźʰwāns

Sanskrit: सह्वत् (sahvat, nom.sg.), सह्वन् (sáhvan, “powerful , mighty”, voc.sg.)

*sóǵʰ-o-s

>? Proto-Hellenic: *hókʰos

Ancient Greek: ὄχος (ókhos) (unless from *wókʰos < *wóǵʰos)


*h₂us-sḱé-ti (ske-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hušćáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Huṣśáti

Sanskrit: उच्छति (uccháti, “to dawn”)

*h₂us-yé-tor (ye-deponent)

>? Proto-Italic: *ozjōr (“to dawn”) (unexpected lowering) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂wés-t ~ *h₂us-ént (root athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHwašt ~ *HáHusant

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáHwast ~ *HáHusant

Sanskrit: आवस् (āvas), आवात् (āvāt, “to become light”)

*h₂wos-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwāsáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwāsáyati

Sanskrit: वासयति (vāsáyati, “to let become light”)

Proto-Tocharian: *wyäsā (“gold”)

Tocharian A: wäs

Tocharian B: yasā

⇒? Tocharian B: yasna

→? Proto-Uralic: *waśke (“copper, brass”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *auzom (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂éws-ōs ~ *h₂us-és

*h₂éws-tero-s, *h₂usés-tero-s

*h₂éws-ti-s ~ *h₂us-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Húštiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Húṣṭiṣ

q

combined with <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">वि-</i> (vi-, “around, about”)

⇒ Sanskrit: व्युष्टि (vyùṣṭi, “first gleam of dawn, daybreak”) (combined with वि- (vi-, “around, about”))

*h₂ḗws ~ *h₂us-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Húš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Húṣ

Sanskrit: उष् (úṣ, “dawn, morning”)

*h₂óws-i-s ~ *h₂us-éy-s

Proto-Germanic: *auziz

desc

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *Auziwandilaz (“Morning Star”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ausmas

Latvian: ausma (“dawn”)

⇒ Latvian: Ausma

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Husrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Husrás

Sanskrit: उस्र (usrá, “reddish, ruddy; bright; matutinal”)


Proto-Germanic: *ausaną (“to scoop”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *auzjō

Latin: hauriō (“to draw, scoop up”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂ews-e-ti or *h₂ews-ye-ti

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: αὔω (aúō)

⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀢𐀨𐀄𐀵𐀫 (pu-ra-u-to-ro /puraustrō/)

Proto-Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: (ἀφ)ύσσω ((aph)ússō, “to draw or scoop liquids”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian:

Palaic: 𒄷𒍑𒅆𒄿𒅔𒀭𒋫 (ḫu-uš-ši-i-in-an-ta /hussīnta, ḫuššīnanta/, “they draw water for themselves; sacrificial offering, in particular libations”)

Proto-Celtic: *awsetlo- or *awselo- (“flesh-fork”) (possibly)

>? Old Irish: aél (or from Old English awul)


*h₂érk-ti ~ *h₂r̥k-énti (root present)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄯𒍝 (ḫar-za /ḫarza/), 𒄯𒍣 (ḫar-zi /ḫarzi/)

*h₂orké-ye-ti (causative)

Proto-Italic: *arkeō

Latin: arceō

𐌕𐌓𐌝𐌁𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌊𐌀𐌅𐌞𐌌

Oscan: 𐌕𐌓𐌝𐌁𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌊𐌀𐌅𐌞𐌌 (tríbarakavúm, inf.), 𐌕𐌓𐌝𐌁𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌊𐌀𐌕𐌕𐌝𐌍𐌔 (tríbarakattíns, 3pl.perf.subj.), 𐌕𐌓𐌝𐌁𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌊𐌀𐌕𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄𐌕 (tríbarakattuset, “build”, 3pl.fut.perf.) (< *trēb-ark-ā-, denominative of 𐌕𐌓𐌝𐌁𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌊𐌊𐌋𐌖𐌚 (tríbarakkluf, “building”, nom.sg.) < *trēb-ark-iōn-s)

*h₂poh₂orké-ye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *fargijaną

Faroese: fergja

Icelandic: fergja

Norwegian Nynorsk: fergja

Proto-Italic: *porkeō

Latin: porceō

Proto-Italic: *parkō

Latin: parcō

Proto-Italic: *orkos

Latin: Orcus

*h₂érk-os ~ *h₂érk-es-

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄρκος (árkos)

Ancient Greek: ἀρκέω (arkéō)

Proto-Italic: *arkezā

Latin: arcera

Proto-Italic: *arks

Latin: arx

Proto-Italic: *arkā

Latin: arca, arcānus, arcānum

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: արգել (argel)


⇒ *h₂en(h₁)ǵʰ-eh₂yé-ti

Proto-Germanic: *angōną

desctree

Old Norse: anga (“to exhale; to emit a scent”)
Icelandic: anga

⇒ *h₂en(h₁)ǵʰ-ō

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: անձն (anjn) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *angô

Old Norse: angi (“smell, scent”)
Icelandic: angi
Danish: ange

⇒ *h₂en(h₁)ǵʰ-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *angą

Old Norse: ang

*h₂énh₁-ti ~ h₂n̥h₁-énti (athematic root present)

*h₂enh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Albanian: *anja

desc

Albanian: ëj (“to blow; to blow up, swell”)

Proto-Germanic: *anadô (see there for further descendants)

*h₂énh₁-i-lo-s or *h₂énh₁-il-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HánHilas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HánHilas

Sanskrit: अनिल (ánila, “air, wind”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *anaman (“soul”)

Italic:

Latin: anhēlus, ⇒? hālō

⇒ *h₂énh₁-tl-eh₂

Proto-Celtic: *anatlā (“breath”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *aHnáHyah

Avestan: 𐬅𐬥𐬍𐬌𐬌𐬀 (ą̇nīiia, “breathing”)

Compounds:

>? *h₂enh₁-h₁éh₁t-men-

Proto-Tocharian: *āñcäme (“self, soul; wish, desire”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *antā

Albanian: ëndë (“pleasure, delight”)

Proto-Iranian: *HnaHha-

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ھەناسە (henase)

Northern Kurdish: henase

→ Iranian Persian: هناسه (hanāse, “oh, cold breathe”)

Old Median:

Old Tati:

Old Azari: هنای (hunāy, “breathe”)

Persian: هناهین (hanâhin, “(horse) noise”)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: هناسه (henāsa)

Balagarivey: انه (ena, “breathe”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wyaHnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wyaHnás

Sanskrit: व्यान (vyāna)

Proto-Iranian: *wyaHnáH

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬥𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁 (viiānaiiā)

Southeastern Iranian:

q

Pashto: ځان (źân, “life; body”) (Perhaps influenced from Western Iranian)

Northwestern Iranian:

Baluchi: جان (jàn)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: گیان (gyan)

Northern Kurdish: giyan, gyan

Southern Kurdish: گیان (gyan)

Laki: گیان (gyan)

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

Caspian:

Gilaki: جان (soul; body; dear)

Mazanderani: جان (soul; dear)

Old Median:

Kermanic:

Khunsari: گیون (giyūn)

Old Azari: گیان (giyān)

Harzani: گون (gun, “soul; body”)

Sivandi: gān (“soul”)

Proto-Zaza-Gorani:

Zazaki: giyan, gan

Gurani: گیان (giyān)

Parthian: (/gyān/)

desc

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭂𐭉𐭀𐭍 (gyʾn)

Manichaean script: 𐫃𐫏𐫀𐫗 (gyʾn)

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian: (/gyān/, “soul, ghost”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (yʾn'), [script needed] (HYA)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭢𐭩𐭠𐭭𐭩 (gyʾny)

Manichaean script: 𐫃𐫏𐫀𐫗 (gyʾn)

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮇𐮈𐮀 (HYA)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: añiye

Tocharian B: anāsk-

Proto-Tocharian: *ān- (“to breathe”)

Proto-Tocharian: *ānelme (abstract form)

Tocharian B: onolme (“creature, being, person”)


gʰebʰ-

*gʰebʰ-e-ti (root present)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gebtei

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: gebė́ti (“to be able, wont (to)”)

Proto-Germanic: *gebaną (see there for further descendants)

*gʰe-gʰóbʰ-e (stative)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

⇒ Lithuanian: at-gė́bau (“brought about”, 1s.pret.)

Proto-Germanic: *gab (“gave”, 1s/3s.ind.pret.)

*gʰébʰ-os ~ gʰébʰ-es-os (s-stem)

⇒ *gʰébʰ-es-tis (“arm, hand”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰábʰastiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gábʰastiṣ

Sanskrit: गभस्ति (gábhasti)

>? *gʰébʰ-l̥ ~ gʰbʰ-l-és (“head”), *gʰébʰ-ōl

Unsorted formations:

>? Latvian: gãbtiês (“snatch, grab”)

>? Lithuanian: góbti (“to snatch, grab, take”)

>? Proto-Slavic: *gabati (“to seize, take”) (see there for further descendants)


ḱwen-

*ḱwentos

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śwentas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwantas

Proto-Iranian: *cwantah

Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬀 (spəṇta)

→ Persian: سپنتا (sepantâ)

Persian: سپند (sepand)

*ḱunt-slo

Proto-Germanic: *hunslą (see there for further descendants)


preyH-

*pri-né-H-ti ~ *pri-n-H-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prináHti (see there for further descendants)

*priH-ye-tor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *priHyatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *priHyatay

Sanskrit: प्रीयते (prī́yate, “to be pleased”)

*prḗyH-s-t ~ *préyH-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práyHšat (3sg.aor.subj.act.)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práyHṣat

Sanskrit: प्रेषत् (préṣat, “shall please”)

*priH-mḗn

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *priHmā́

Proto-Iranian: *friHmā́

Ossetian: (“friend, lover”)

Digor Ossetian: лимӕн (limæn), нимӕл (nimæl)

Iron Ossetian: лымӕ́н (lymǽn)

*priH-nó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *priHnás

Proto-Iranian: *friHnáh

Pashto: ورين (wrin, “open, happy, sincere”)

*priH-ó-s


megʰ-

*(me-)mógʰ-e ~ *(me-)m̥gʰ-ḗr ((possibly unreduplicated?) stative)

*megʰ-óm

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *magʰám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *magʰám

Sanskrit: मघ (maghá)

*megʰ-ú-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *magʰúš

Proto-Iranian: *magúš

Avestan: 𐬨𐬊𐬕𐬎 (moġu)

Old Persian: 𐎶𐎦𐏁 (m-gu-š /maguš/) (see there for further descendants)

*mogʰ-tis? (probably secondary from the verb, o-grade would not be expected)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *magtis

Proto-Slavic: *moťь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mahtiz (see there for further descendants)

*mogʰ-tus? (as above)

Proto-Germanic: *mahtuz

Old Norse: máttr

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *smaxtus

desctree

Old Irish: smacht
Irish: smacht
Scottish Gaelic: smachd

Proto-Germanic: *maginą (see there for further descendants)


*h₃émbʰ-ō ~ *h₃m̥bʰ-nés

Proto-Germanic: *ambô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ombō

Latin: umbō (see there for further descendants)

*h₃nēbʰ-o- ~ *h₃nēbʰ-eh₂-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: անիւ (aniw, “wheel”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nabāˀ

Latgalian: noba

Latvian: naba

Proto-Germanic: *nabō (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *napa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nabis

Old Prussian: nabis

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hnā́bʰiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hnā́bʰiṣ

Sanskrit: नाभि (nā́bhi) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hnábʰyam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hnábʰyam

Sanskrit: नभ्य (nábhya)

*h₃nṓbʰ-s ~ *h₃nebʰ-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hnā́ps ~ *Hnabʰás

Proto-Iranian: *Hnā́fas (see there for further descendants)


*h₂lu-né-gʰ-ti ~ h₂lu-n-gʰ-énti (nasal infix present)

i

with contamination by <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*tek-</i>

Proto-Celtic: *tungeti (with contamination by *tek-)

*h₂léwgʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *leuganą (see there for further descendants)

*h₂lugʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lugtei

East Baltic:

Latvian: lùgt

Lithuanian: lūgóti

Proto-Slavic: *lъgati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *laugnaz

Gothic: *𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌽𐍃 (*laugns) (in 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌽𐍃 (analaugns))

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *laugnijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *laugnō

Old Norse: laun

Old High German: lougna

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lugis

Proto-Slavic: *lъžь

Proto-Germanic: *lugiz

Old English: lygge

Old Saxon: luggi

Old High German: lucki

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lugāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *lъža

Unsorted formations:

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫaluka-)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: follugaid

Proto-Celtic: *lugiyom

Old Irish: luige

Welsh: llw

Proto-Germanic: *leugō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *luginō

Old English: lyġen

Old Frisian: leine

Old Saxon: lugina

Old Dutch: lugina

Middle Dutch: logene, luegene

Dutch: leugen

Old High German: lugina

German: Lüge

Old Norse: *lygn

Faroese: lygn

Elfdalian: lyngen


lendʰ-

*londʰ-om

Proto-Germanic: *landą (see there for further descendants)

*ln̥dʰ-om

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *linda

Old Prussian: lindan (“valley”)

Proto-Slavic: *lędo (“untilled land”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *lędina (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *lęděninъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *landā (see there for further descendants)


lendʰ-

*londʰ-ih₂ ~ *londʰ-yeh₂-

Proto-Germanic: *landį̄ (see there for further descendants)

*lóndʰ-rom

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rándʰram (“split, hole”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rándʰram

Sanskrit: रन्ध्र (rándhra)

*londʰ-wos

Proto-Italic: *lonðwos

Latin: lumbus (possibly from Osco-Umbrian)

*ln̥dʰ-w-yom

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *lędvьje (see there for further descendants)


lendʰ-

*ln̥dʰ-yé-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *radʰyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *radʰyáti

Sanskrit: रध्यति (radhyati)

*londʰ-éye-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *randʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *randʰáyati

Sanskrit: रन्धयति (randhayati) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Old Armenian: աղանձեմ (ałanjem)

Armenian: աղանձել (aġanjel), ⇒ աղանձ (aġanj)

Ancient Greek: λάσανα (lásana)

Old Prussian: landan (“food”)

Irish: lann (“frying pan”)

Old Welsh: lann (“frying pan”)