léyǵʰti

léyǵʰmi (first-person indicative present singular)
léyǵʰm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
léyǵʰoh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
liǵʰyéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
léyǵʰsi (indicative present second-person singular)
léyǵʰs (indicative past second-person singular)
léyǵ (imperative second-person singular)
liǵʰdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
léyǵʰesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
léyǵʰti (indicative present singular third-person)
léyǵʰt (indicative past singular third-person)
léyǵʰtu (imperative singular third-person)
léyǵʰeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
liǵʰwós (dual first-person indicative present)
liǵʰwé (dual first-person indicative past)
léyǵʰowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
liǵʰtés (dual indicative present second-person)
liǵʰtóm (dual indicative past second-person)
liǵʰtóm (dual imperative second-person)
léyǵʰetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
liǵʰtés (dual indicative present third-person)
liǵʰtā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
liǵʰtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
léyǵʰetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
liǵʰmós (first-person indicative plural present)
liǵʰmé (first-person indicative past plural)
léyǵʰomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
liǵʰté (indicative plural present second-person)
liǵʰté (indicative past plural second-person)
liǵʰté (imperative plural second-person)
léyǵʰete (plural second-person subjunctive)
liǵʰénti (indicative plural present third-person)
liǵʰént (indicative past plural third-person)
liǵʰéntu (imperative plural third-person)
léyǵʰonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
liǵʰónts (indicative participle present)
liǵʰh₂ér (first-person indicative present singular)
liǵʰh₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
liǵʰih₁h₂é (first-person optative singular)
liǵʰth₂é (indicative past second-person singular)
liǵʰsó (imperative second-person singular)
liǵʰtór (indicative present singular third-person)
liǵʰór (indicative present singular third-person)
liǵʰtó (indicative past singular third-person)
liǵʰó (indicative past singular third-person)
léyǵʰetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
liǵʰih₁ó (optative singular third-person)
liǵʰwédʰh₂ (dual first-person indicative past)
liǵʰmédʰh₂ (first-person indicative past plural)
liǵʰdʰh₂wé (indicative plural present second-person)
liǵʰdʰh₂wé (indicative past plural second-person)
liǵʰdʰh₂wé (imperative plural second-person)
liǵʰrór (indicative plural present third-person)
liǵʰn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
liǵʰró (indicative past plural third-person)
liǵʰn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
léyǵʰoror (plural subjunctive third-person)
léyǵʰontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: լիզեմ (lizem), լիզանեմ (lizanem), լիզում (lizum), լեզում (lezum)
Armenian: լիզել (lizel)
→? Georgian: ლეზვი (lezvi)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *léiźtei
Lithuanian: liẽžti
Proto-Slavic: *līzàti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ligeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *léikʰō

Ancient Greek: λείχω (leíkhō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *láyždʰi, *ráyždʰi ~ *liȷ́ʰánti, *riȷ́ʰánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *láyẓḍʰi, *ráyẓḍʰi ~ *liźʰánti, *riźʰánti

desc

Sanskrit: रेढि (réḍhi), रेळ्हि (réḷhi), लेढि (léḍhi)

Athematic root present of *leyǵʰ- (“to lick”).


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
de:Brian D. Joseph

*péyh₂-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyHati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páyHati

Sanskrit: पयते (payate, “to swell, fatten”)

*péyh₂-de-ti (de-present)

Proto-Tocharian: *päit- (“to be swollen, fat”)

⇒ Proto-Tocharian: *päit-sk- (“to become swollen, fat”) (or < *péyh₂d-sḱe-ti)

⇒? Tocharian B: pitke (“fat, grease, oil”) (or < *päits-ko- < *péyh₁d-s)

⇒ Proto-Tocharian: *päit-tāk

>? Tocharian B: pittāk (“blister, swelling”)

⇒? *péyh₂d-s ~ *pih₂d-(s)-és (“pitch, resin”)

⇒ *poyh₂d-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *faitaz (“fat”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *puojtē (see there for further descendants)

*péyh₂-t ~ *pih₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pīˀtei

Lithuanian: pýti (“to be come wet, become muddy, start to give milk”)

*pi-né-h₂-ti ~ *pi-nh₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pináHti ~ *pinHánti

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinHáwti (“to be swollen, fat”) (see there for further descendants)

*pi-póyh₂-e ~ *pi-pih₂-ḗr (i-reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pipā́yHa (“to be swollen (with milk)”) (see there for further descendants)

*pih₂-tó (root athematic aorist, middle only)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *piHtá

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piHtá

Sanskrit: पियान (píyāna, “full of, overflowing with”, ptc.med.)

*péyh₂-mō ~ *pih₂-mén-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyHmā

Proto-Iranian: *páyHmā (“milk”) (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finno-Ugric: *pejmä (“milk”)

Proto-Finnic: *piimä (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyHas (“milk”) (see there for further descendants)

*péyh₂-tu ~ *piH-téw-s (“something fattening, nourishing”)

*péyh₂-wr̥ ~ *pih₂-wén-s (“fat; swelling”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píHwas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píHwas

Sanskrit: पीवस् (pī́vas, “fat”)

Proto-Iranian: *píHwah

Avestan: 𐬞𐬍𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵 (pīuuah)

Khotanese: [script needed] (pyau, “swelling, overflowing”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: píeva (“meadow”)

Latvian: piẽva (“meadow”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pοiwā

Ancient Greek: ποίη (poíē, “gras, meadow”), πόᾱ (póā)

*póyh₂-mn̥ ~ *pih₂-m̥nés

Proto-Germanic: *faimô (“maiden, girl”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fajaz, *fajjaz

Dutch: vei (“fat, lush, fertile”) (dialectal)

>? *póyh₂-h₃n̥gʷ-i-s ~ *pih₂-h₃n̥gʷ-éy-s (+ *h₃éngʷn̥ (“fat, butter”)?)

Proto-Italic: *pīngwis

Latin: pinguis (“fat, greasy”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pīmós

Ancient Greek: πῑμελή (pīmelḗ, “soft fat, lard”) (+ -ελη (-elē)?, cf. ἀγέλη (agélē))

>? Proto-Italic: *pīmos

⇒ Proto-Italic: *oppīmos (+ *op- (“towards”))

Latin: opīmus (“fat, fertile, rich”) (or < opī (“power, resources”) + -mus) (see there for further descendants)

*pih₂-nó-s, *peh₂i-nó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pā́ˀinas (“milk”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *piHnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piHnás

Sanskrit: पीन (pīna, “fat, swollen”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *piHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piHtás

Sanskrit: पीत (pīta, “swollen, full”)


kwep-

*kwḗp-ti ~ *kwép-n̥ti (root athematic Narten present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kwḗptei

Latvian: kvêpt (“to smell”) (partially, sta-present)

⇒ Latvian: kvêpêt (“to smoke”)

Lithuanian: kvė̃pti (“to smell”)

*kup-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kupyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kupyati

Sanskrit: कुप्यति (kupyati)

Proto-Italic: *kupiō

Latin: cupiō (“to desire”) (or from athematic i-stem)

*kup-/*kūp-eh₁(-yé)-ti (secondary essive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kūpḗˀtei

Lithuanian: kupêt (“to seethe”)

Lithuanian: kūpėti

Proto-Slavic: *kypěti (“to boil up, to seethe”) (see there for further descendants)

*kub-eh₂(-yé)-ti (factive)

Proto-Germanic: *hupōną

Proto-West Germanic: *hopōn (see there for further descendants)

*kwob-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *hwapjaną (“to suffocate”) (see there for further descendants)

*kwop-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kvápas

Lithuanian: kvãpas (“aroma”)

>? *kʷap-nó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kapnós

Ancient Greek: καπνός (kapnós, “smoke, steam”) (possibly, but not very likely)

⇒ Ancient Greek: καπνίζω (kapnízō, “to smoke”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kapnás

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kopněti (“to melt, to long for”) (denominal stative present) (see there for further descendants)

>? *kʷap-ró-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kaprás

Proto-Slavic: *koprъ (“dill”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kopriva (“nettle”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *koprina (“silk”)

>? *kʷap-ō-s

Proto-Italic: *kwapōs (possibly)

Latin: vapor

>? *kʷap-ú-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kapús (possibly)

Ancient Greek: καπύς (kapús, “smoke, steam”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: καπυρός (kapurós, “dry”) (extended with -ρός)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kapús

q

with the partitive extension <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*-ъtъ</i>

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kopъtъ (“soot, dim smoke”) (with the partitive extension *-ъtъ) (see there for further descendants)

>? *kup-/*kūp-ró-s

Paleo-Balkan: (possibly)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: κύπερος (kúperos, “galingale”) (Pre-Greek)

Proto-Celtic: *kubros (“desiring”)

Old Irish: cobar

Gaulish: cobro-

Proto-Italic: *kupros

Umbrian: cupras (gen. sg.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kūprás (possibly vṛddhi construction?)

Proto-Slavic: *kyprъ (“bonny”)

*kūp-ó-s

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kūpōˀtei (denomial fientive)

Lithuanian: kūpúoti (“to initiate boiling”)

Proto-Slavic: *kypovati (“to initiate boiling”)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Celtic: *kʷeɸ- (“to pant, to breathe”) (possibly)

Welsh: peuo (“to roar, to breathe”) (attested relatively late)


bʰuHyéti

bʰuHyóm (first-person indicative past singular)
bʰuHyési (indicative present second-person singular)
bʰuHyés (indicative past second-person singular)
bʰuHyé (imperative second-person singular)
bʰuHyḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰuHyóys (optative second-person singular)
bʰuHyéti (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰuHyét (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰuHyétu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰuHyḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰuHyóyt (optative singular third-person)
bʰuHyówos (dual first-person indicative present)
bʰuHyówe (dual first-person indicative past)
bʰuHyṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰuHyóywe (dual first-person optative)
bʰuHyétes (dual indicative present second-person)
bʰuHyétom (dual indicative past second-person)
bʰuHyétom (dual imperative second-person)
bʰuHyḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰuHyóytom (dual optative second-person)
bʰuHyétes (dual indicative present third-person)
bʰuHyétām (dual indicative past third-person)
bʰuHyétām (dual imperative third-person)
bʰuHyḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰuHyóytām (dual optative third-person)
bʰuHyómos (first-person indicative plural present)
bʰuHyóme (first-person indicative past plural)
bʰuHyṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰuHyóyme (first-person optative plural)
bʰuHyéte (indicative plural present second-person)
bʰuHyéte (indicative past plural second-person)
bʰuHyéte (imperative plural second-person)
bʰuHyḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰuHyóyte (optative plural second-person)
bʰuHyónti (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰuHyónt (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰuHyóntu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰuHyṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰuHyónts (indicative participle present)
bʰuHyéso (imperative second-person singular)
bʰuHyétor (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰuHyéto (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰuHyḗtor (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰuHyóyto (optative singular third-person)
bʰuHyóror (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰuHyóntor (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰuHyóro (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰuHyónto (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰuHyṓror (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰuHyṓntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰuHyóyro (optative plural third-person)
bʰuHyómnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Celtic: *bwiyeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *būaną (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰúyō

Ancient Greek: φυίω (phuíō), φύω (phúō)

Proto-Italic: *fuiō

Latin: fīō

From *bʰuH- (“to be, become, grow, appear”) + *-yéti.

suffix

to be becoming, to be growing, to be appearing


tengʰ-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*téngʰ-t ~ tn̥gʰ-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tengtei ~ *tingtei

Proto-Slavic: *tęťi pf (“to pull”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tędzati impf (“to pull, to extract”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęgnǫti (“to pull”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęgъ, *tęga (“traction, weight”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tǫgъ (“hard, strong”) (see there for further descendants)

*tḗngʰ-ti ~ téngʰ-n̥ti (narten-type root athematic present)

Proto-Tocharian: *täṅk- (“to check, stop, hinder”)

Tocharian A: täṅk-

Tocharian B: täṅk-

*tongʰ-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tangīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *tǫžiti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tʰanǰʰáyati

Proto-Iranian: *θanǰáyati (“to pull; to weigh (down)”) (see there for further descendants)

*tn̥gʰ-eh₁(yé)-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tingēˀtei

Lithuanian: tingė́ti (“to be lazy”)

Proto-Slavic: *tęžati (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęžava (“weight”) (see there for further descendants)

*tn̥gʰ-sḱé-ti (*sḱe-fientive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tìngti (“to become slow”)

*tn̥gʰ-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ting(je)tei

Proto-Slavic:

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęžestь (“weight”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þungijaną (“to weigh down, make heavy”)

Old Norse: þyngja (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þinhslō (see there for further descendants)

*téngʰ-u-s ~ *tn̥gʰ-éw-s (“heavy”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tingús

Lithuanian: tingùs

q

Proto-Slavic: *tęžьkъ (with irregular *-ž- spread from the comparative *tęžьjь) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þunguz

Old Norse: þungr (see there for further descendants)

Extension of *ten- (“to stretch; to extend”).


torséyeti

torséyom (first-person indicative past singular)
torséyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
torséyes (indicative past second-person singular)
torséye (imperative second-person singular)
torséyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
torséyoys (optative second-person singular)
torséyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
torséyet (indicative past singular third-person)
torséyetu (imperative singular third-person)
torséyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
torséyoyt (optative singular third-person)
torséyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
torséyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
torséyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
torséyoywe (dual first-person optative)
torséyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
torséyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
torséyetom (dual imperative second-person)
torséyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
torséyoytom (dual optative second-person)
torséyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
torséyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
torséyetām (dual imperative third-person)
torséyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
torséyoytām (dual optative third-person)
torséyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
torséyome (first-person indicative past plural)
torséyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
torséyoyme (first-person optative plural)
torséyete (indicative plural present second-person)
torséyete (indicative past plural second-person)
torséyete (imperative plural second-person)
torséyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
torséyoyte (optative plural second-person)
torséyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
torséyont (indicative past plural third-person)
torséyontu (imperative plural third-person)
torséyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
torséyonts (indicative participle present)
torséyeso (imperative second-person singular)
torséyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
torséyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
torséyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
torséyoyto (optative singular third-person)
torséyoror (indicative plural present third-person)
torséyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
torséyoro (indicative past plural third-person)
torséyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
torséyōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
torséyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
torséyoyro (optative plural third-person)
torséyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (tars-ʰʰⁱ)

Proto-Albanian: *torseje

Albanian: ter

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *þarzijaną
Proto-West Germanic: *þarʀijan
Old High German: derren
Middle High German: derren
Cimbrian: dèrran
German: dörren
→ Old French: tarir
French: tarir
Old Norse: þerra
Icelandic: þerra
Norwegian: terra, terre

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वितर्षयति (vitarṣáyati)

Proto-Italic: *torzeō
Latin: torreō (see there for further descendants)

From *ters- (“dry”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).


ǵnéh₃t

ǵnéh₃m̥ (first-person indicative singular)
ǵnéh₃oh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
ǵn̥h₃yéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
ǵnéh₃s (indicative second-person singular)
ǵnéh₃ (imperative second-person singular)
ǵn̥h₃dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
ǵn̥h₃yéh₁s (optative second-person singular)
ǵnéh₃t (indicative singular third-person)
ǵn̥h₃yéh₁t (optative singular third-person)
ǵn̥h₃wé (dual first-person indicative)
ǵn̥h₃ih₁wé (dual first-person optative)
ǵn̥h₃tóm (dual indicative second-person)
ǵn̥h₃tóm (dual imperative second-person)
ǵn̥h₃tā́m (dual indicative third-person)
ǵn̥h₃tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
ǵn̥h₃ih₁tā́m (dual optative third-person)
ǵn̥h₃mé (first-person indicative plural)
ǵn̥h₃ih₁mé (first-person optative plural)
ǵn̥h₃té (indicative plural second-person)
ǵn̥h₃té (imperative plural second-person)
ǵn̥h₃ih₁té (optative plural second-person)
ǵn̥h₃ént (indicative plural third-person)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔγνων (égnōn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́naHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háȷ́naHt

Sanskrit: अज्ञात् (ájñāt)

Proto-Tocharian: *knā-

Tocharian A: kñā-

Athematic root aorist of *ǵneh₃- (“to recognise, to know”).


mregʰ-

*mrégʰ-mn̥ ~ *mr̥gʰ-mén-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βρέχμα (brékhma)

*mregʰ-mó-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βρεχμός (brekhmós)

*mrogʰ-no-m

Proto-Germanic: *bragną (see there for further descendants)

*móst-mr̥gʰ-on- (possibly)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mastr̥gʰā́n

Sanskrit: मस्तृहन् (mastṛhan)


mosgʰós

non-ablauting (romanization)
mosgʰós (nominative singular)
mosgʰóes (nominative plural)
mosgʰé (singular vocative)
mosgʰóes (plural vocative)
mosgʰóm (accusative singular)
mosgʰóms (accusative plural)
mosgʰósyo (genitive singular)
mosgʰóHom (genitive plural)
mosgʰéad (ablative singular)
mosgʰómos (ablative plural)
mosgʰóey (dative singular)
mosgʰómos (dative plural)
mosgʰéy (locative singular)
mosgʰóy (locative singular)
mosgʰóysu (locative plural)
mosgʰṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *masgás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mazgą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mazgʰás (see there for further descendants)

Possibly continues earlier *most-gʰ-os, perhaps compare Sanskrit मस्तृहन् (mastṛhan, “brain”), Tocharian B mrestīwe (“marrow”), from *móst-r̥ ~ *mést-n̥s.


gewH-

*géwH-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *kewaną (“to cry”)

Old Norse: kjá

(perhaps) Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáwbati

Proto-Iranian: *gáwbati (see there for further descendants)

*gowH-éye-ti (causative)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *kawjaną (“to call, name”) (see there for further descendants)

*gowh₂-dʰh₁-y-ónti (denominative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gaustei

Lithuanian: gaũsti, gaudžiù (“to make a sound, hum”, 1sg.)

Latvian: gaũst, gaūžu (“to wail, lament”, 1sg.)

Proto-Slavic: *gǫsti (“to make a sound, hum, sing, weep, play an instrument”) (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gaudùs (“sonorous”)

Latvian: gàuds (“miserable”)

*gowH-oro-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gawaras

Latvian: gaura (“chatter”)

Proto-Slavic: *gȍvorъ (“talk”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷowH-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Italic: *gʷow-

Latin: bovō (“loudly call upon, cry aloud”)

*gʷowH-os

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γόος (góos, “wailing, weeping, lament”)

*guH-mós

Proto-Germanic: *kūmaz (“thin, weak, frail”)

⇒ Old High German: kūmo (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Old English: cyme

Unsorted formations:

>? Sanskrit: जोगुवे (joguve, “to call, invoke”)

Perhaps connected to the synonymous *ǵʰewH-.


weyp-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*wéyp-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *wīpaną (from *wéyb-eti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáypati (“to tremble”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáypati

Sanskrit: वेपते (vépate)

Proto-Iranian: *wáypati (“to swing, shake”)

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀 (vaēpaiia, “to be homosexual”)

Northeastern Iranian:

Khufi: wib (“cry to bullock”)

Ossetian:

Digor: (ӕйй)евун ((æjj)evun, “to change (color)”), (ӕйй)ивд ((æjj)ivd)

Iron: и́вын (ívyn, “to change (color)”), ивд (ivd)

Yazghulami: wib-, wipt (“to turn round a team bullocks while threshing”)

Persian گیفر (geyfar, “butterchurn”)

*woyp-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *waibijaną (“to wind (around), wrap”)

Old High German: ziweibjan (“to scatter, disperse”)

Old Norse: veifa (“to swing, wave”)

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (biwaibjan, “to wind around, wrap, clothe”)

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (faurwaipjan, “to muzzle, bind”)

Proto-Germanic: *waibjō

Old Norse: veifa (“flag”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waypáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waypáyati

Sanskrit: वेपयति (vepayati, “to cause to tremble, agitate, shake, move”)

Proto-Iranian: *waypáyati

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vaēpaiieⁱti)

*wi-né-b-ti ~ *wi-m-b-énti

Proto-Germanic: *wimpaną

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *wimpilaz (“wrapped cloth, scarf, wimple”) (see there for further descendants)

*wip-rós (“trembling, swinging, agitated”)

Proto-Germanic: *wibraz (“missile, sword”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wiprás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wibrāō (“trembling”)

Latin: vibrō (“to move to and fro”)

Proto-Germanic: *waibōną

Old English: wāfian (“to be agitated, to stare in amazement”)

*weyp-s-

Proto-Slavic: *visěti

Proto-Slavic: *věšati

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: viẽpti, viẽpia, viẽpē (“to make a face, gape”)

Latvian: viẽptiês, viêptiês (“to rotate, twist, makea face, grimace”)

Lithuanian: vaipī́tis (“to grimace, make a sour face, bend”)

Lithuanian: vī́burti, vī́buria, vī́burē (“swing, turn around, flutter”)

Lithuanian: vìpti, vim̃pa, vìpo (“to fall off, gape”)

Lithuanian: vỹpti, vỹpsta, vỹpo (“to bend”)

Latvian: vaîbît, vaîbu, vaîbît (“to distort, adjust (one's face)”)

Latvian: viêbt, viêbju, viêbĩju (“to adjust (one's face)”)

Latvian: vìepe (“covering, casing, linen envelope”)

Latvian: viept, viepju, viepu (“to cover, distort (one's face)”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waypas

Proto-Iranian: *waypah (“inspired song”) (possibly)

→ Old Armenian: վէպ (vēp)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: wip-, wīpäṣṣäṃ (“to shake, swing”, 3s.)

Tocharian B: waipalau, waiwalau (“vertigo, giddiness”)

Tocharian B: waipe* (m.sg.), waipe (“banner, flag”, obl.sg.)


ksweybʰ-

ksweybʰ- (canonical)
kʷsweybʰ- (canonical)
kʷseybʰ- (canonical)

*kswéybʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *swībaną (“to revolve, sway, sweep”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšwáypati, *kšwáybʰati

Proto-Iranian: *xšwáypati, *xšwáybati (“to vibrate, tremble, shake”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *šibati (“to whip”) (see there for further descendants)

*kswip-é-ti (zero-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšwipáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣipáti

Sanskrit: क्षिपति (kṣipáti, “to throw”)

*kswibʰ-néh₂-ti (innovative denominative present)

Proto-Germanic: *swippōną (see there for further descendants)

*kswoybʰ-éye-ti (*éye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *swaipijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšwaypáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣaypáyati

Sanskrit: क्षेपयति (kṣepayati, “to cause to cast, throw into”)

*kswibʰ-éh₁-ti (*éh₁-stative)

Proto-Celtic: *xswibīti (“move, recede”)

Middle Irish: scibid

Proto-Brythonic: *hwɨβid (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáHyati (see there for further descendants)

*uh₁y-éye-ti (“to wrap, plait”, zero-grade causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uHyáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uHyáyati

Sanskrit: व्ययति (vyáyati)

Proto-Italic: *wijejō

Latin: vieō (“to bind, plait, weave”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *winati (“to bend, enclose”)

Old Irish: ad·fen (“repay, requite”)

Old Irish: ar·fen

Old Irish: for·fen

Old Irish: im·fen (“enclose, hedge round”)

*uh₁i-t (zero-grade root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*wéh₁i-mn̥ ~ *uh₁i-mén-s (“plaiting”) (see there for further descendants)

*weh₁i-ro-s (“turned, twisted”)

Proto-Celtic: *weiros (“crooked”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wīraz (“wire”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weiˀš-

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weiˀšā́ˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *vixati

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weiˀšuras, *weiˀšulas (“whirlwind”) (see there for further descendants)

*wéh₁i-ti-s ~ *uh₁i-téy-s (“willow; that which twines or bends”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *waigaz (“a wall”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wajjuz (“a wall”) (see there for further descendants)

*woh₁y-éh₂ (“branch, twig”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wejā́ˀ

Proto-Slavic: *věja

Old Church Slavonic: вѣꙗ (věja)

Slovene: vȇja (tonal orthography)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *vějьka (“twig”)

Bulgarian: ве́йка (véjka)

Russian: ве́йка (véjka)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waHyáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waHyáH

Sanskrit: वया (vayā́)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *waiˀn-

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *waiˀníkas (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *waiˀnukas

Latvian: vaîņuks (dialectal)

Proto-Slavic: *věnъkъ (see there for further descendants)

*uh₁y-ḗn (possibly)

Proto-Hellenic: *uyḗn

Ancient Greek: ὑιήν (huiḗn, “grapevine”)

*wéyh₁-ō ~ *wih₁-n-és (“(*product of the vine >) wine”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *witos

Old Irish: fithe (“woven, plaited”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Baltic:

Old Prussian: witwan

Proto-Slavic: *větvь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wítus

Ancient Greek: ἴτῠς (ítus, “felloe”)

Aeolic Greek: ϝῐ́τῠς (wítus)

Proto-Italic: *witus

Latin: vitus (“felloe”)


pewḱ-

Proto-Hellenic: *péukā

desctree

Ancient Greek: πεύκη (peúkē)
Greek: πεύκο (péfko)

Proto-Tocharian: *pyäwtsyā

→ Proto-Nuristani: *pyóccī

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: pǖći

Kativiri: pīći

Prasuni: vyoć

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: pić

Waigali: püć

Proto-Germanic: *fiuhtijǭ

Proto-West Germanic: *fiuhtijā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pjauśjāˀ

Old Prussian: peuse

*púḱ-i-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *puśis

Lithuanian: pušìs

Proto-Celtic: *ɸuxtākā

Middle Irish: ochtach

According to Beekes, probably not related to *pewǵ- (“to punch, prick”).


pewǵ-

*pu-né-ǵ-ti ~ *pu-n-ǵ-énti (nasal-infix present)

desc

Proto-Italic: *pungō (“to prick, sting”)

Latin: pungō

*puǵ-s

Proto-Hellenic: *púks

Ancient Greek: πύξ (púx, “with fists, in a fist-fight”)

Proto-Italic: *pūgjō

Latin: pūgiō (“dagger”)

*puǵ-li-s

Proto-Italic: *pugls

Latin: pugil (“boxer, fist-fighter”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pugmā́

Ancient Greek: πυγμή (pugmḗ, “fist, fist-fight”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *fukkōną (“to strike, copulate”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *faukōną (“to strike, beat”)

*puǵ-nó-s

Proto-Italic: *pugnos

Latin: pugnus (“fist”)

>? *pu-n-ǵ-sti-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pęstь (“fist”)

Proto-Germanic: *funstiz (“fist”) (< *funkstiz)

Proto-West Germanic: *fūsti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *púktās

Ancient Greek: πύκτης (púktēs, “boxer, fist-fighter”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *φougīti

Old Irish: *óigid, con·óigi (“to sew”)

Middle Irish: úaigid (“to sew”)

Irish: fuaigh

Scottish Gaelic: fuaigh

⇒ Manx: fuaill (from the verbal noun)

Probably not related to *pewḱ- (“pine”).


kl̥H-

*kl̥H-wó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kl̥Hwás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kl̥Hwás

Sanskrit: कुल्व (kulvá)

Proto-Iranian: *kr̥Hwáh

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀 (kaᵘruua)

Persian: کل (kal, “bald”)

→ Turkish: kel

Proto-Italic: *kalowos

Latin: calvus (“bald, hairless”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kalowā

Latin: calva (“skull”) (see there for further descendants)

Formally unable to be related to Proto-Indo-European *gelH- (“naked, head”); however, the superficial phonetic and semantic resemblance of the two roots, as well as the existence of words meaning "bald" (a non-basic vocabulary term) in various descendants of both roots via the same suffixing pattern of -wó-s, is striking.


Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*bʰéyh₂-e-tor ~ *bʰéyh₂-o-ntor (mediopassive root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáyHatay (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéyh₂-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: baĩdît

Lithuanian: baidýti

Old Prussian: pobaiint

desc

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baiˀsás (“demon, evil spirit”)

Proto-Italic: *foiðō

⇒ Proto-Italic: *foiðos

Latin: foedus (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéyh₂-t ~ *bʰih₂-ént (athematic root perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáyHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáyHt

Sanskrit: भेम (bhema, 1pl.inj.act.)

*bʰí-bʰeyh₂-ti (i-reduplicated present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bajā́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰíbʰayHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bíbʰayHti

Sanskrit: बिभेति (bibheti)

*bʰi-bʰóyh₂-e ~ *bʰi-bʰih₂-ḗr (i-reduplicated stative)

Proto-Germanic: *bibāną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰibʰā́yHa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰiHmás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰiHtás (see there for further descendants)


*bʰéyh₂-ti ~ *bʰih₂-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bī́ˀtei (“to beat”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰih₂-éh₁ye-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Germanic: *bijēną, *biēną (“to hit”)

Icelandic: bjá

*bʰi-né-h₂-ti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *binati (“to strike, hit”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *finō

Latin: *perfinō (“I break”), perfinēs (2p.sing.pres.act.subj.)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰītrós

Ancient Greek: φιτρός (phitrós, “trunk, log”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bī́ˀtwāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *bìtva (“a battle, fight”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baiˀjas

Proto-Slavic: *bojь (“a battle, fight”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bainą (see there for further descendants)

Possibly connected with *bʰeyh₂- (“to shake; to fear”) above, as a semantic relationship between “shake” and “strike” is widely paralleled.


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáHima

Proto-Indo-European: *wáHima

Sanskrit: वेमन् (véman, “loom, slay”)

Proto-Celtic: *wēman

Middle Irish: fíam (“a chain”)

Proto-Germanic: *wīmą (“osier, wattle”)

Middle Low German: wīm, wīme

Middle Dutch: wīme

Proto-Italic: *weimən (“branch for plaiting”)

Latin: vīmen (“branch for wickerwork”) (see there for further descendants)

From *weh₁y- (“to twist, wrap”) + *-mn̥ (action or result suffix).


ḱeyp-

*ḱoyp-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śaipeitei

desc

Lithuanian: šaipýtis (“to ridicule, snarl at”)

*ḱoyp-ós

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śaipas

Lithuanian: šaĩpas (“ridicule, mockery”)

*ḱoyp-stis

Proto-Germanic: *haifstiz (“conflict”) (see there for further descendants)


dʰwṓr

dʰwṓr (nominative singular)
dʰwóres (nominative plural)
dʰwór (singular vocative)
dʰwóres (plural vocative)
dʰwórm̥ (accusative singular)
dʰwórm̥s (accusative plural)
dʰurés (genitive singular)
dʰuróHom (genitive plural)
dʰurés (ablative singular)
dʰwr̥mós (ablative plural)
dʰuréy (dative singular)
dʰwr̥mós (dative plural)
dʰwór (locative singular)
dʰwóri (locative singular)
dʰwr̥sú (locative plural)
dʰwr̥mís (instrumental plural)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒀭𒄙𒍝 (an-dur-za) (< *h₁en-dʰur-)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dwírs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *dwōrā

Albanian: derë

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դուռն (duṙn) (< *dʷwor-m̥ (acc.s.))

Armenian: դուռ (duṙ)

Proto-Celtic: *dwār (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *durz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θῠ́ρα (thúra), θῠ́ρᾱζε (thúrāze)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰwā́r

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dwā́r

Sanskrit: द्वार् (dvā́r), द्वारः (dvā́raḥ, nom.p.), , द्वारा (dvā́rā, nom.d.), दुरः (dúraḥ, acc.p.)

Proto-Iranian: *dwā́r

Younger Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (duuar^əm, acc.s.), 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 (duuar^ə, loc.s.)

Ossetian: дуар (dwar)

Proto-Italic: *fworis

Latin: foris (see there for further descendants)

From *dʰwer- (“door”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


bʰéwdʰeti

bʰéwdʰom (first-person indicative past singular)
bʰéwdʰōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
bʰéwdʰesi (indicative present second-person singular)
bʰéwdʰes (indicative past second-person singular)
bʰéwdʰe (imperative second-person singular)
bʰéwdʰēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰéwdʰoys (optative second-person singular)
bʰéwdʰeti (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰéwdʰet (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰéwdʰetu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰéwdʰēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰéwdʰoyt (optative singular third-person)
bʰéwdʰowos (dual first-person indicative present)
bʰéwdʰowe (dual first-person indicative past)
bʰéwdʰōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰéwdʰoywe (dual first-person optative)
bʰéwdʰetes (dual indicative present second-person)
bʰéwdʰetom (dual indicative past second-person)
bʰéwdʰetom (dual imperative second-person)
bʰéwdʰētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰéwdʰoytom (dual optative second-person)
bʰéwdʰetes (dual indicative present third-person)
bʰéwdʰetām (dual indicative past third-person)
bʰéwdʰetām (dual imperative third-person)
bʰéwdʰētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰéwdʰoytām (dual optative third-person)
bʰéwdʰomos (first-person indicative plural present)
bʰéwdʰome (first-person indicative past plural)
bʰéwdʰōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰéwdʰoyme (first-person optative plural)
bʰéwdʰete (indicative plural present second-person)
bʰéwdʰete (indicative past plural second-person)
bʰéwdʰete (imperative plural second-person)
bʰéwdʰēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰéwdʰoyte (optative plural second-person)
bʰéwdʰonti (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰéwdʰont (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰéwdʰontu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰéwdʰōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰéwdʰonts (indicative participle present)
bʰéwdʰeso (imperative second-person singular)
bʰéwdʰetor (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰéwdʰeto (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰéwdʰētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰéwdʰoyto (optative singular third-person)
bʰéwdʰoror (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰéwdʰontor (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰéwdʰoro (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰéwdʰonto (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰéwdʰōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰéwdʰōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰéwdʰoyro (optative plural third-person)
bʰéwdʰomnos (indicative participle present)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bjaustei
Proto-Slavic: *bľustì (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *beudaną (“to offer, to bid”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰéutʰomai

Ancient Greek: πεύθομαι (peúthomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáwdʰati (see there for further descendants)

Thematic root present of *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake, aware”).

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


bʰebʰówdʰe

bʰebʰówd (imperative second-person singular)
bʰebʰudʰdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
bʰebʰéwdʰesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰebʰówdʰe (indicative singular third-person)
bʰebʰówdʰtu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰebʰéwdʰeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰebʰudʰwé (dual first-person indicative)
bʰebʰéwdʰowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰebʰudʰtóm (dual imperative second-person)
bʰebʰéwdʰetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰebʰudʰtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
bʰebʰéwdʰetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰebʰudʰmé (first-person indicative plural)
bʰebʰéwdʰomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰebʰudʰé (indicative plural second-person)
bʰebʰudʰté (imperative plural second-person)
bʰebʰéwdʰete (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰebʰudʰḗr (indicative plural third-person)
bʰebʰudʰéntu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰebʰéwdʰonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰebʰudʰwṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: at·bobuid

Proto-Germanic: *baud ~ *budun

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέπυσμαι (pépusmai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰabʰáwdʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: बुबोध (bubodha)

⇒ Sanskrit: बुबोधति (búbodhati, perf.subj.), बुबुधान (bubudhāná, perf.med.ptc.)

Reduplicated perfect of *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake, be aware”).


bʰowdʰéyeti

bʰowdʰéyom (first-person indicative past singular)
bʰowdʰéyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
bʰowdʰéyes (indicative past second-person singular)
bʰowdʰéye (imperative second-person singular)
bʰowdʰéyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰowdʰéyoys (optative second-person singular)
bʰowdʰéyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰowdʰéyet (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰowdʰéyetu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰowdʰéyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰowdʰéyoyt (optative singular third-person)
bʰowdʰéyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
bʰowdʰéyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
bʰowdʰéyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰowdʰéyoywe (dual first-person optative)
bʰowdʰéyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
bʰowdʰéyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
bʰowdʰéyetom (dual imperative second-person)
bʰowdʰéyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰowdʰéyoytom (dual optative second-person)
bʰowdʰéyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
bʰowdʰéyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
bʰowdʰéyetām (dual imperative third-person)
bʰowdʰéyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰowdʰéyoytām (dual optative third-person)
bʰowdʰéyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
bʰowdʰéyome (first-person indicative past plural)
bʰowdʰéyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰowdʰéyoyme (first-person optative plural)
bʰowdʰéyete (indicative plural present second-person)
bʰowdʰéyete (indicative past plural second-person)
bʰowdʰéyete (imperative plural second-person)
bʰowdʰéyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰowdʰéyoyte (optative plural second-person)
bʰowdʰéyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰowdʰéyont (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰowdʰéyontu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰowdʰéyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰowdʰéyonts (indicative participle present)
bʰowdʰéyeso (imperative second-person singular)
bʰowdʰéyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰowdʰéyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰowdʰéyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰowdʰéyoyto (optative singular third-person)
bʰowdʰéyoror (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰowdʰéyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰowdʰéyoro (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰowdʰéyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰowdʰéyōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰowdʰéyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰowdʰéyoyro (optative plural third-person)
bʰowdʰéyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *báudīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰawdʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bawdʰáyati

Sanskrit: बोधयति (bodháyati)

Proto-Iranian: *bawdáyati

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬊𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (baodaiieⁱti)

From *bʰewdʰ- (“aware, alert”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).


bʰers-

*bʰars- ~ *bʰors- ~ *bʰor-es- (“spike, prickle”) (possibly)

Albanian: bar (“grass”)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *buras (< *bʰr̥-(e)s-)

Proto-Slavic: *bъrъ (“foxtail millet”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *bargos, *barginā (“cake, bread”)

Breton: bara (“bread”)

Old Cornish: bara

Old Irish: bairgen (“bread, loaf”)

Welsh: bara (“bread”)

Proto-Germanic: *baraz (“spiky leaves, needles of the fir or pine; awn; barley”)

English: bere, barley

⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌶𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (barizeins, “barley”)

Old Norse: barr (“grain”)

Proto-Italic: *fars

Latin: far (“type of husked wheat, emmer; grain, flour, grits”)

Faliscan: 𐌅𐌀𐌓 (far, “emmer wheat”)

*bʰr̥s-ko-s or *bʰr̥s-ḱo-s

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰrus-go-</i>?

>? Proto-Germanic: *bruskaz (“tuft; thicket”) (or from *bʰrus-go-?)

Frankish: *brusk

→ Old French: brosse, broce, broche

→ Middle English: brusche, brusshe

English: brush

Old Norse: brúskr

Icelandic: brúskur

Norwegian: brusk (“shrub, undergrowth”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰərskos

>? Ancient Greek: *φαρσκος (*pharskos)

desc

Ancient Greek: φάσκος (pháskos, “tufts of moss”)

*bʰr̥s-t-yós

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *burštjás

Proto-Slavic: *bъ̃rščь (“hogweed”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰr̥s-ó-s

Proto-Celtic: *barros (“top, point”) (< earlier *barsos)

Brythonic:

Old Breton: barr

Breton: barr

Cornish: bar

Middle Welsh: barr
Welsh: bar

Old Irish: barr

*bʰérs-ti-s ~ *bʰr̥s-tí-s

Proto-Germanic: *burstiz (“bristle”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥štíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰr̥ṣṭíṣ

Sanskrit: भृष्टि (bhṛṣṭí, “a point, top”)

Proto-Iranian: *br̥štíš

𐬬𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬙-

𐬬𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎-𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬙-

Avestan: 𐬬𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎-𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬙- (voᵘru-bar^əšt-, “northwest side of the earth”)

Proto-Italic: *farstjagjom

Latin: fastīgium (“sharp point”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰors-i(H)n- ~ *bʰars-i(H)n-

*bʰors-in-óm ~ *bʰars-in-óm n

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baršina

Proto-Slavic: *bȏršьno (“flour, food”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bar(š)- + *-ība

Latvian: barĩba (“food”)

*bʰors-iHn-eh₂ ~ *bʰars-iHn-eh₂ f

Proto-Italic: *farsīnā

Latin: fārīna (“flour”) (< *farrina)

*bʰórs-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *barsaz (“pike, bass”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *barskaz

Old Saxon: *barsk

Middle Low German: barsch (“sharp, rough, stern”)

→ German: barsch

→ Danish: barsk

→ Norwegian: barsk

→ Swedish: barsk

Unsorted formations:

Lithuanian: brū̃sgai m pl (“underbrush”)

Compounds

*bʰros-dʰ(h₁)-o- (with vowel metathesis)

Proto-Celtic: *brosdos

Old Irish: brot (“goad, spike”)

Proto-Germanic: *brazdaz, *brazdą (“edge, brim”)

Proto-West Germanic: *braʀd m

Old English: breard (“brim, margin”)

Old High German: brart (“edge”)

Middle High German: brart (“edge; board”)

Old Norse: *bradd

Elfdalian: bradd m (“edge”)

Icelandic: bradd n (“edge”)

Norwegian: bradd n (“shore, side”)

Proto-Germanic: *bruzdaz (“point, spike, thorn”) (see there for further descendants)


*ǵʰréh₁d-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *grētaną (“to weep, cry”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰráHdati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰráHdati

Sanskrit: ह्रादते (hrā́date, “to sound, make noise”)

Proto-Iranian: *jráHdati

>? Avestan: 𐬰𐬭𐬁𐬛𐬀 (zrāda, “chainmail”)

*ǵʰroh₁d-éye-ti (causative)

>? Proto-Celtic: *glādītor (deponent)

⇒ Old Irish: ad·gládathar (“to address”)

Proto-Germanic: *grōtijaną (“to cause to weep, scold, address”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κέχλαδα (kékhlada, “to sound, sing aloud”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: krāt- (“to challenge”)

Celtic:

Middle Welsh: griddfan

Welsh: griddfan (“to groan”)

found at least in Old Irish ad·gládathar and Ancient Greek κέχλᾱδα (kékhlāda)


*sh₂-né-k-ti ~ *sh₂-n-k-énti (post-PIE nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *sankjō (see there for further descendants)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒊭𒀝𒆷𒅖 (ša-ak-la-iš), 𒊭𒀝𒆷𒀀𒅖 (ša-ak-la-a-iš), 𒊭𒀀𒀝𒆷𒀀𒅖 (ša-a-ak-la-a-iš /šāklāiš/)

*séh₂k-mn̥ ~ *sh₂k-mén-s

Italic:

Latin: sagmen

Proto-Italic: *sākris (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sakros (see there for further descendants)


prep-

*prép-e-ti

Armenian:

Old Armenian: երեւիմ (erewim)

Proto-Hellenic: *prépō

Ancient Greek: πρέπω (prépō)

*pr̥p-yé-ti

>? Proto-Germanic: *furbijaną

Proto-West Germanic: *furbēn (see there for further descendants)

*prép-tu-s ~ *pr̥p-téw-s

Proto-Celtic: *ɸrixtus

*próp-os (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θεο-πρόπος (theo-própos)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: երես (eres)


prew-

*préw-e-tor (thematic middle)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práwatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práwatay

Sanskrit: प्रवते (právate)

*prow-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *frawaz (see there for further descendants)

*prew-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prawás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prawás

Sanskrit: प्रव (pravá)

*prów-to-s

Proto-Germanic: *frauþaz

*pru-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prutás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prutás

Sanskrit: प्रुत (prutá)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Persian: پر (par) (present stem of پریدن (paridan, “to jump, fly”))


némos

némos (nominative singular)
némōs (nominative plural)
némos (singular vocative)
némōs (plural vocative)
némos (accusative singular)
némōs (accusative plural)
némesos (genitive singular)
némesoHom (genitive plural)
némesos (ablative singular)
némesmos (ablative plural)
némesey (dative singular)
némesmos (dative plural)
némes (locative singular)
némesi (locative singular)
némesu (locative plural)
némesmis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *némos

Ancient Greek: νέμος (némos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *námas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *nemos

Latin: nemus (“wood, forest”)


pers-

*pérs-e-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páršati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *párṣati

Sanskrit: पर्षति (párṣati)

*pe-pérs-ti ~ *pe-pr̥s-énti (reduplicated athematic present)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒉺𒀊𒈦𒀸𒍣 (pa-ap-pár-as-zi)

*pr̥s-ló-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *puršlas

Lithuanian: pur̃slas

*pérs-ont-s ~ *pŕ̥s-ont-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥šants

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬀 (paršuiia)

Northern Kurdish: pelişîn (“to scatter, sprinkle, crush, decay”)

Persian: پاشیدن (pâšidan)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥ṣants

Sanskrit: पृषत् (pṛ́ṣat)

*pors-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paršas

Latvian: pā̀rsla

Proto-Slavic: *pȏrxъ (see there for further descendants)

*pŕ̥s-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *piršas

Proto-Slavic: *pь̑rxъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fursaz (see there for further descendants)

*pŕ̥s-ti-s ~ *pr̥s-téy-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pirštis

Latvian: pìrkstis

Lithuanian: pir̃kšnys

Proto-Slavic: *pь̑rstь (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Tocharian: *pärs-

Tocharian A: präsā-

⇒ Tocharian A: pärs-

→? Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰺𐰽 (bars /b¹r¹s¹/, “leopard”)

→ Old Uyghur: 𐽼𐽰𐽾𐽻 (bars), 𐾀𐽰𐽿𐾅 (taš)

Tocharian B: pärsā-


*dh₂p-yé-ti (yé-present) (Beekes prefers a Pre-Greek origin)

Proto-Hellenic: *dapťō

Ancient Greek: δάπτω (dáptō)

*déh₂p-s ~ *dh₂p-és

Proto-Italic: *daps

Latin: daps

Proto-Germanic: *tappōną

Old Norse: tapa

Icelandic: tapa

Faroese: tapa

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: tape

Norwegian Nynorsk: tape, tapa

Old Swedish: tappa, tapa

Swedish: tappa

Old Danish: tapæ, tapa

Danish: tabe

Elfdalian: tappa

Gutnish: tappe

Scanian: taba

Armenian:

Old Armenian: տաւն (tawn)

Proto-Germanic: *tabną

Old Norse: tafn

Proto-Italic: *dapnom

Latin: damnum

Proto-Celtic: *daunā

Middle Irish: dúan

Irish: duan

Scottish Gaelic: duan

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαπάνη (dapánē)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ᴸᵁtappala-, “person responsible for court cooking”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: tāpal (“food”)


bʰreHg-

*bʰr̥Hg-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Celtic: *bragyeti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰréHg-ye-ti

(possibly) Germanic: *brēkijaną

Middle High German: bræhen

*bʰréHg-mn̥ ~ *bʰr̥Hg-mén-s

Proto-Celtic: *braxsman

Brythonic:

Middle Breton: bramm

Cornish: bram

Middle Welsh: bram

Old Irish: broim

*bʰr̥Hg-nó-s

Proto-Celtic: *bragnos

Proto-Brythonic: *braɨn

Middle Breton: brein

Breton: brein

Middle Welsh: braen

Middle Irish: brén

Hispano-Celtic:

Galician: braña

*bʰr̥Hg-ró-s

Proto-Italic: *fragros → *fragrāō

Latin: fragrō

Unsorted descendants:

(possibly) Proto-Balto-Slavic: *brāˀg-

Proto-Slavic: *braga (“pre-distilled alcohol mixture, must”)

Proto-Slavic: *bražiti (“to ferment”) (causative)

Proto-Slavic: *brězgati/*brьzgati (“to burst, to get bitter, to decompose”) (inchoative)

Proto-Slavic: *broščь (“madder (Rubia tinctorum)”)


pes-

*pés-os ~ *pés-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *péhos

Ancient Greek: πέος (péos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pásas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pásas

Sanskrit: पसस् (pásas)

*pés-ō ~ *ps-n-és

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒇽𒀸 (LÚ-aš, nom.sg) ~ 𒁉𒌍𒈾𒀸 (pé-eš-na-aš /pešnaš/, gen.sg.)

Proto-Italic: *peznis (< *pésn-i-s ~ *psn̥-yé-s)

Latin: pēnis (see there for further descendants)

*pós-l̥ ~ *pés-n̥s

Proto-Germanic: *faslaz (“brood, offspring, progeny”)

Proto-Germanic: *fasl

Old English: fæsl (“offspring, progeny”)

Old High German: fasal (“offspring”)

Middle High German: vasel (“breeding animal”)

German: Fasel

Old Norse: fösull


puH-

*púH-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: pũt (with ste-present)

Lithuanian: pū́ti (with ne-present)

*púH-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *púHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *púHyati

Sanskrit: पूयति (pū́yati)

Proto-Iranian: *púHyati

Avestan: 𐬞𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬙𐬌 (puiieti)

*powH-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *fawjaną (see there for further descendants)

*púH-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *pū́tʰomai

Ancient Greek: πῡ́θομαι (pū́thomai)

*puH-lo-s

Proto-Germanic: *fūlaz (see there for further descendants)

*pewH-l-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: praûls

Lithuanian: piaũlas

*pewH-l-yo-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: piaulaĩ

*puH-l-yo-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: pūlis

Lithuanian: pū́liai

*puH-ō

Proto-Germanic: *fūô

Old Norse: fúi

Faroese: fúgvi

*púH-o-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πῦον (pûon), πῡός (pūós)

Greek: πύον (pýon), πύο (pýo)

*púH-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: puvesis

Lithuanian: puvė̃sis

Proto-Hellenic: *pū́os

Ancient Greek: πῡ́ος (pū́os)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *púHas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *púHas

Sanskrit: पुवस् (púvas)

Proto-Italic: *puos

Latin: pūs (see there for further descendants)

*puH-nó-s

Proto-Germanic: *fūanaz

Old Norse: fúinn

*puH-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *puHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *puHtás

Sanskrit: पूत (pūtá)

Proto-Iranian: *puHtáh

Middle Persian: [script needed] (pwtk /pūdag/)

Proto-Italic: *pūtēō (< *pūtos)

Latin: pūteō

*púH-ti-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *púHtiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *púHtiṣ

Sanskrit: पूति (pū́ti)

Proto-Iranian: *púHtiš

Avestan: 𐬞𐬏𐬌𐬙𐬌 (pūⁱti)

Middle Persian: pwtk' (pūdag)

Persian: پود (pud), پوده (pude)

→ Old Armenian: փուտ (pʻut)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *putso

Albanian: + -rr

Albanian: puçërr

Proto-Albanian: *spHul

Albanian: fëlliq


bʰreyH-

*bʰriH-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *brīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *brìti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰri-né-H-ti ~ *bʰriH-né-n-ti (nasal-infix present)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *brinati
Old Irish: ro·bria (3sg. subj.), ro·bríathar (pass. sg. subj.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰriHnáHti, *bʰriHnánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰriHnáHti, *bʰriHnánti

Sanskrit: बृणाति (bhrīṇā́ti), भ्रीणन्ति (bhrīṇánti)

Proto-Iranian: *briHnáHti, *briHnánti

desc

𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬠𐬭𐬍𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬠𐬭𐬍𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈 (paⁱribrīnəṇte, 3pl.pres.med.)

Old Persian:

Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫁𐫡𐫏𐫗𐫏𐫅 (brynyd, 3sg.pres.ind.)

Parthian: 𐫁𐫡𐫏𐫗𐫏𐫗𐫅 (brynynd, 3pl.pres.ind.)

*bʰriH-nos

(possibly) Germanic: *brīnaz, *brīnijaz

Old English: brīne, brȳne

Middle English: brine, bryne

Scots: brime

English: brine

Old Dutch: *brīni

Middle Dutch: brine

Dutch: brijn

West Flemish: brijne

Old Frisian: brein

West Frisian: brein

*bʰriH-o-s

Proto-Italic: *frios → *friāō

Latin: friō

*bʰriH-wo-s

Proto-Italic: *frīwos

Latin: (re)frīvus

Unsorted formations:

Phrygian: βρειτ (breit)

Proto-Albanian: *brin(i)

Albanian: brij


twerḱ-

*twr̥ḱ-é-ti (zero-grade thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twr̥ćáti

Proto-Iranian: *twr̥cáti

𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀

Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 (frāθβər^əsaēta, “to cut”, 2pl.opt.act.)

*tworḱ-ó-s (“cutter, boar”)

Proto-Celtic: *tworkos (“boar”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twarćas

Proto-Iranian: *θwarcah

Avestan: 𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬋 (θβər^əsō, “piglet”)

*twr̥-n-ḱ-ó-s (nasal-infix)

Proto-Italic: *trunkos

Latin: truncus (“a cut off piece; maimed”) (see there for further descendants)

*turḱ-s (s-stem)

Proto-Celtic: *truxs (“slain, cut man”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *súrks, *swə́rks

Ancient Greek: σύρξ (súrx), σάρξ (sárx, “piece of meat, body part”)

Proto-Italic: *truks

Latin: trux (“wild, fierce, harsh”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *turḱ-s-os

Proto-Celtic: *truxsos (“a cut off piece”) (see there for further descendants)

*twérḱ-tōr

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twárštā (see there for further descendants)


ḱers-

*ḱr̥s-é-ti (zero-grade thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *hurzaną (“to rush”)

English: hurry

Proto-Italic: *korzō (“I run”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱr̥s-néh₂-ti ~ *ḱr̥s-n̥h₂-énti (néh₂-present)

Proto-Germanic: *hurzōną (“to rush”)

*ḱr̥s-kó-s

Proto-Germanic: *hurskaz (“quick, lively”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱr̥s-ó-s

*ḱr̥s-tó-s

Proto-Italic: *korstos

Latin: cursus

*ḱr̥s-r-u-

Proto-Tocharian: *kwärsär (“league, path, course”)

Tocharian A: kursär

Tocharian B: kwarsär


gʷéru

gʷéru (nominative singular)
gʷéru (singular vocative)
gʷéru (accusative singular)
gʷréws (genitive singular)
gʷréwoHom (genitive plural)
gʷréws (ablative singular)
gʷrúmos (ablative plural)
gʷréwey (dative singular)
gʷrúmos (dative plural)
gʷréw (locative singular)
gʷréwi (locative singular)
gʷrúsu (locative plural)
gʷrúh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷrúmis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *beru (“spit”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kweru (“sharp stick”)

Gothic: 𐌵𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿 (qairu)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáru

Proto-Iranian: *gráw, *gáru (“stick, hollow reed”)

Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬬𐬀 (grava, “staff”)

Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫃𐫡𐫇𐫇 (grww, “cane, reed”)

Persian: غرو (ğarv)

Proto-Italic: *gʷeru (“spit”) (see there for further descendants)


*h₁i-h₁éysh₂-ti ~ *h₁i-h₁ish₂-énti (reduplicated present)

(perhaps) Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἰάομαι (iáomai, “to cure, heal”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HiHišHánti

Proto-Iranian: *HiHišHántī

Avestan: 𐬌𐬱𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬍 (išəṇtī, 3pl.pres.act.ind.), 𐬌𐬱𐬀𐬝 (išat̰, 3sg.pres.act.inj.)

*h₁is-né-h₂-ti ~ *h₁is-n-h₂-énti (nasal present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἰνάω (ináō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HišnáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HiṣṇáHti

Sanskrit: इष्णाति (iṣṇā́ti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HíšHyati (see there for further descendants)

*h₁oysh₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HayšHáyati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *eizā

Latin: īra (“anger, wrath”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *aisōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: οἶμα (oîma)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáyšHmas

Proto-Iranian: *HáyšHmah (see there for further descendants)


bʰuǵ-

būzas

possibly attested in Thracian personal names Byzas, Byzes

बोको

Sanskrit: बुक्क (bukka, “he-goat”); Nepali


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ankas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ónkos

Ancient Greek: ὄγκος (ónkos), ὄγκη (ónkē)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hánkas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hankás

Sanskrit: अङ्क (aṅká)

Proto-Iranian: *Hankáh

Avestan: 𐬀𐬥𐬐𐬎 (anku, “hook”)

Proto-Italic: *onkos

Latin: uncus


(H)ísus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(H)íšuš (see there for further descendants)


gʷelbʰ-

*gʷélbʰ-us ~ *gʷl̥bʰ-éws

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δελφύς (delphús, “womb”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἀδελφεός (adelpheós)

⇒ Ancient Greek: δελφίς (delphís)

⇒ Ancient Greek: Δελφοί (Delphoí)

*gʷl̥bʰus- (zero-grade neuter s-stem)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥bʰuš

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥buš

Avestan: 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬠𐬎𐬱 (gər^əbuš, “young animal”)

*gʷólbʰ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δολφός (dolphós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gárbʰas (see there for further descendants)

*sm̥-gʷelbʰós (“of the same womb”)

Proto-Hellenic: *əgʷelpʰós (“brother”)

Sanskrit: सगर्भ्य (sagarbhya, “brother”)


kr̥snós

non-ablauting (romanization)
kr̥snós (nominative singular)
kr̥snóes (nominative plural)
kr̥sné (singular vocative)
kr̥snóes (plural vocative)
kr̥snóm (accusative singular)
kr̥snóms (accusative plural)
kr̥snósyo (genitive singular)
kr̥snóHom (genitive plural)
kr̥snéad (ablative singular)
kr̥snómos (ablative plural)
kr̥snóey (dative singular)
kr̥snómos (dative plural)
kr̥snéy (locative singular)
kr̥snóy (locative singular)
kr̥snóysu (locative plural)
kr̥snṓys (instrumental plural)
kr̥snā́m (accusative singular)
kr̥snóm (nominative singular)
kr̥snóy (dual nominative)
kr̥snóm (singular vocative)
kr̥snóy (dual vocative)
kr̥snóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kiršnas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kr̥šnás (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Albanian: *tšārnā

Albanian: sorrë (“crow”)

Thracian: *kersas

From *kers- + *-nós or *ker-s- + *-nós. Compare Proto-Celtic *dusnos (“dark, brown”) (see also *dubus (“black”) and *dubnos (“deep; world”)).
Possibly related words:
* Lithuanian kéršas (“with black/white spots/patches”), kéršė (“pied cow”) and kiršlỹs (“grayling”)
* Swedish harr (“grayling”) < Proto-Germanic *harzuz. See also Proto-Finnic *harjus (“grayling”).
* Bulgarian чер (čer, “black”) < *черх (*čerh) like вет (vet) < ветх (veth), if not shortened from черен (čeren, “black”).
* In 3+2 anthroponyms: Thracian *kersas.
* River name: Hungarian Körös (“Criș”), Fekete-körös (“Crișul Negru”).
* Probably unrelated to Proto-Turkic *kara (“black”) and other similar words.
Compare "black" (absorbing/without light) names:
* burn (soot/char/tan): (*dʰegʷʰ-) Lithuanian dègti (“to burn”) : dãglas (“fire/burn-colored?”), dẽglas (“black-piebald?”), (*gʷʰer-) Serbo-Croatian gȃr (“ashes, cinder”) : gȁrav (“soot-colored, black”), Slovene čad (“smoke/fume, haze”) : čadeti (“to become smoke-like, blackish”), (?*(s)mewg-) Old East Slavic смага (smaga, “fire, flame”) : Russian Church Slavonic смаглъ (smaglŭ, “dark-skinned”).
** See also *kerh₃- (“to burn”), *wer- (“to burn”), *dʰewh₂- (“smoke?”), *h₁óngʷl̥ (“charcoal”), *h₂eh₁ter- (“fire”) and Proto-Dravidian *kār.
* dirt/spot: (*melh₂-/*mel-) Ancient Greek μέλας (mélas, “dark, black”) : Sanskrit मल (mala, “dirt, filth, dust”), Latvian īls (“very dark (pitch-dark)”) : Ancient Greek ἰλύς (ilús, “mud, slime”), (*swerd-) Old High German swarz (“black”) : Latin sordēs (“dirt, filth”).
* dark: *(s)ḱeh₃-, *temH-, *merk-/*merHk-, *h₂mergʷ-/*mergʷ-, *h₁regʷ-, ?*dʰewbʰ-.


ḱweyt-

*ḱwéyt-t ~ *ḱwit-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćwaytˢt ~ *Háćwitan

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háśwayt ~ *Háświtan

desc

Sanskrit: अश्वितन् (áśvitan, “to become bright, white”)

*ḱwéyt-ti ~ *ḱwit-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śweistei

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śweisas

Lithuanian: šviesa (“light”)

*ḱwḗyt-ti ~ *ḱwéyt-n̥ti (Narten-type athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śwēistei

Lithuanian: šviẽsti (“to shine”)

*ḱwi-né-t-ti ~ *ḱwi-n-t-énti (nasal infix)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śwístei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwinátˢti ~ *ćwintánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *świnátti ~ *świntánti

Sanskrit: श्विन्दते (śvindate, “to shine”)

*ḱwéyt-e-tor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwáytatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śwáytatay

Sanskrit: श्वेतते (śvetate, “to shine, be white”)

*ḱwit-éh₁(ye)-ti ~ *ḱwit-е́h₁(ye)-n̥ti (eh₁(ye)-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *świtḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*ḱweyt-ó-s (“white”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kweitás (analogical k-?)

Lithuanian: kvietys, kvieši (“wheat”) (or borrowed from Old Norse or Gothic)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwaytás (see there for further descendants)

*ḱweyt-ōr ~ ḱwit-nós?

i

Proto-Germanic: *hwītaz, *hwittaz (see there for further descendants) (Kroonen assumes Kluge's law in the genitive singular)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *hwaitijaz (“wheat”) (or < *ḱweyd-) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱwoyt-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śwaitas

Proto-Slavic: *světъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śwaitī́ˀtei

Lithuanian: švaitýti

Proto-Slavic: *světiti (see there for further descendants)

q

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kwaitas (or perhaps from a separate root *kweyt- (“to shine, gleam; to bloom”))

Proto-Slavic: *květъ (“flower”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱwit-ró-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwitrás (see there for further descendants)


gʷet-

*gʷét-u ~ gʷt-éw-s

*gʷet-yó-s

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *betyos

Gaulish: *betyos

→ Vulgar Latin: *betius

Catalan: bez

Occitan: bez

Spanish: biezo

*gʷēt-

Proto-Germanic: *kwēdǭ

Old Norse: kváða

Norwegian: kvåde, kode

Swedish: kåda

Elfdalian: kwåða

*gʷēt-yo-m

Proto-Germanic: *kwēdiją

Old Norse: *kvæði

Norwegian: kvæde


gʷet-

*gʷét-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *kweþaną (see there for further descendants)

*gʷot-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *kwadjaną (see there for further descendants)

*gʷot-ye-ti (ye-present)

Old Armenian: կոչեմ (kočʻem) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷēt-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *kwēdiz (see there for further descendants)

*gʷet-í-s

Proto-Germanic: *kwidiz (see there for further descendants)

*gʷét-ti-s

Proto-Germanic: *kwissiz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Slavic: *gatati (see there for further descendants)


gʷétu

gʷétu (nominative singular)
gʷétu (singular vocative)
gʷétu (accusative singular)
gʷtéws (genitive singular)
gʷtéwoHom (genitive plural)
gʷtéws (ablative singular)
gʷtúmos (ablative plural)
gʷtéwey (dative singular)
gʷtúmos (dative plural)
gʷtéw (locative singular)
gʷtéwi (locative singular)
gʷtúsu (locative plural)
gʷtúh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷtúmis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *betu (“birch”)

Gaulish: *betu

→⇒? Latin: betulla (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kweduz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gʷetu

Osco-Umbrian:

→⇒ Latin: bitūmen (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰátu (see there for further descendants)

betuyā

birch; see there for further descendants


*kowh₂-e-ti (o-grade iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *káuˀtei

Latvian: kaût

Lithuanian: káuti

Proto-Slavic: *kuti, *kovati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hawwaną (see there for further descendants)

*kéwdʰh₁-e-ti (dʰh₁e-present) or *keh₂u-d-, *kuh₂-d-

Proto-Italic: *kūdō (“beat, knock”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: kot-

Tocharian B: kaut-

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic:

>? Lithuanian: kuodas (“tuft”)

⇒? Proto-Italic: *kaudā

Latin: cauda (“tail”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Italic: *kaudeks

desc

Latin: caudex (“tree trunk, stump; post”), cōdex (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kū́ˀjas

Lithuanian: kū́jis

Proto-Slavic: *kyjь (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kawš-

Proto-Iranian: *kawš- (“to fight, struggle; to kill”)

Persian: کُشتَن (koštan, “to kill, put out, switch off, suppress”)

Persian: کوشیدن (kušidan, “to try, strive, endeavor”)

Proto-Tocharian: *kāu- (“kill, strike down, chop”)

Tocharian A: ko-

Tocharian B: kau-

→? Proto-Finnic: *kaatadak (“to overturn; to spill, pour out”)


kʷeḱ-

*kʷéḱ-t ~ *kʷḱ-ént (aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hákšat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hákṣat

Sanskrit: अक्षत् (ákṣat)

Proto-Iranian: *Háxšat

Old Avestan: 𐬁𐬑𐬯𐬋 (āxsō, injunctive), 𐬑𐬯𐬁𐬌 (xsāi, subjunctive)

*kʷḗḱ-ti ~ *kʷéḱ-n̥ti (Narten present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kā́ćati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kā́śati

Sanskrit: काशते (kā́śate)

Proto-Iranian: *kā́cati

Younger Avestan: 𐬁𐬐𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬝 (ākasat̰)

*kʷe-kʷóḱ-e ~ *kʷe-kʷḱ-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čákšr̥š

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćákṣr̥ṣ

Sanskrit: चक्षुर् (cákṣur)

⇒ *kʷé-kʷ-ḱ-u-s (neuter participle)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čákšuš (see there for further descendants)

?*kʷṓḱ-ye-ti, *kʷṓǵ-ye-ti (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *kāzàti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kā́ćyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kā́śyati

Sanskrit: काश्यते (kā́śyate)

*kʷéḱ-s-ti ~ kʷḱ-s-énti (desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáštay (see there for further descendants)

*kʷéḱ-mr̥ ~ *kʷḱ-mén-s, *kʷéḱ-mōr ~ *kʷḱ-mn-és (collective)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷékmər, *kʷékmōr

Ancient Greek:

Attic Greek: τέκμᾰρ (tékmar)

Epic Greek: τέκμωρ (tékmōr)

*kʷéḱ-s-mn̥ ~ *kʷḱ-s-mén-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáćšma (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Tocharian: *kekts'en- (“body”)

Tocharian A: kapśañi

Tocharian B: kektseñe


tr̥nós

tr̥nós (nominative singular)
tr̥nóes (nominative plural)
tr̥né (singular vocative)
tr̥nóes (plural vocative)
tr̥nóm (accusative singular)
tr̥nóms (accusative plural)
tr̥nósyo (genitive singular)
tr̥nóHom (genitive plural)
tr̥néad (ablative singular)
tr̥nómos (ablative plural)
tr̥nóey (dative singular)
tr̥nómos (dative plural)
tr̥néy (locative singular)
tr̥nóy (locative singular)
tr̥nóysu (locative plural)
tr̥nṓys (instrumental plural)
tr̥nā́m (accusative singular)
tr̥nóm (nominative singular)
tr̥nóy (dual nominative)
tr̥nóm (singular vocative)
tr̥nóy (dual vocative)
tr̥nóy (accusative dual)

Possibly derived from *(s)ter- (“stiff”) + *-nós.


neygʷ-

*ni-néygʷ-ti ~ *ni-nigʷ-énti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nináykti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nináykti

Sanskrit: निनिक्त (niniktá, 2p.imperf.)

*nigʷ-yé-ti (*ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *nigyeti

desctree

Middle Irish: nigid
Irish: nigh
Manx: niee
Scottish Gaelic: nigh

Proto-Hellenic: *niďďō (see there for further descendants)

*ne-nóygʷ-e ~ *ne-nigʷ-ḗr (perfect)

Celtic:

⇒ Old Irish: fo·nenaig

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νένιπται (néniptai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nináyǰa, *niniǰáy

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nináyȷ́a, *niniȷ́áy

Sanskrit: निनेज (ninéja), निनिजे (ninijé)

*néy-noygʷ-ti ~ *néy-nigʷ-ti (secondary intensive)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náynaykti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *náynaykti

Sanskrit: नेनेक्ति (nénekti), नेनिक्ते (nenikté)

Proto-Iranian: *náynayxti

Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬌𐬲𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (naēnižaⁱti)

*nigʷ-ō-s ~ *nigʷ-es-es

Proto-Germanic: *nikwaz

Old English: nicor

Middle English: niker, nycker

English: nicker, nickel

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: nicker

Dutch: nikker

Old High German: nihhus, nichus

Middle High German: niches, nickes

German: Nix

Old Norse: nykr

Faroese: nykur

Norwegian Nynorsk: nykk

Swedish: Näcken

⇒ Germanic: *nikwasjō

Old High German: nickessa

Middle High German: nixe

German: Nixe

→ Dutch: nix

*néygʷ-tis ~ *nigʷ-téy-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νίψις (nípsis)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: निर्णिक्ति (nirṇikti)

*nigʷ-tḗr ~ *nigʷ-trés, *néygʷ-tōr ~ *nigʷ-trés

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νῐπτήρ (niptḗr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nayktā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nayktā́

Sanskrit: पादावनेक्तृ (pādāvanektṛ)

*nigʷ-tó-s

Proto-Celtic: *nixtos

Old Irish: necht

q

<i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*n̥-nigʷ-tó-s</i>

Proto-Hellenic: *ənikʷtos (*n̥-nigʷ-tó-s)

Ancient Greek: ἄνιπτος (ániptos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *niktás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *niktás

Sanskrit: निक्त (niktá)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *něgati (see there for further descendants)


*h₂gér-ye-ti (ye-present)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *agéřřō
Ancient Greek: ἀγείρω (ageírō)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ᾰ̓γορᾱ́ (agorā́)

*h₂gr̥-tro-m (instrument noun)

Proto-Germanic: *kurþrą (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: grùmulas

Proto-Slavic: *gromada (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(H)grā́mas (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: गण (gaṇá)

Proto-Italic: *greks

Latin: grex (see there for further descendants)


súHros

non-ablauting (romanization)
suHrós (nominative singular)
suHróes (nominative plural)
suHré (singular vocative)
suHróes (plural vocative)
suHróm (accusative singular)
suHróms (accusative plural)
suHrósyo (genitive singular)
suHróHom (genitive plural)
suHréad (ablative singular)
suHrómos (ablative plural)
suHróey (dative singular)
suHrómos (dative plural)
suHréy (locative singular)
suHróy (locative singular)
suHróysu (locative plural)
suHrṓys (instrumental plural)
suHrā́m (accusative singular)
suHróm (nominative singular)
suHróy (dual nominative)
suHróm (singular vocative)
suHróy (dual vocative)
suHróy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sū́ˀras (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sūraz (see there for further descendants)


*wéyh₁-ti ~ *wih₁-énti (athematic root present)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wīˀtei (“to drive away, chase, pursue”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wī́emai (“to pursue”)

Ancient Greek: ἵεμαι (híemai) (with aspiration taken from ἵημι (híēmi) by analogy)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáyHti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: vīs

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vajóti

Proto-Tocharian: *weyā

Tocharian A: wā-, wāw-

Tocharian B: wāyā-

Proto-Celtic: *weinā (“troop, band of warriors”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáyHas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáyHas

Sanskrit: वयस् (váyas) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wīwô (“kite, falcon”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wīs

Ancient Greek: ἴς (ís)

Proto-Italic: *wīs (“strength, force, power”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayHuš

Proto-Iranian: *wayHukah

Parthian: 𐫇𐫀𐫏𐫇𐫃 (wʾywg, “hunter”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (w’ywq, “hunter”)

Proto-Italic: *wijā (see there for further descendants)

*wih₁-ḗḱ-s ~ *wih₁-eḱés

>? Proto-Hellenic: *wīrēks

Ancient Greek: ἱέρᾱξ (hiérāx, “hawk, eagle”), ἱάρᾱξ (hiárāx) — Doric, ῑ̓́ρηξ (ī́rēx) — Ionic

Proto-Italic: *wijelos (“chasing, violating”)

⇒ Latin: violō (see there for further descendants)

>? *wih₁-ró-s

Proto-Italic:

⇒? Latin: (in)vītus, (in)vītō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: οἴμη (oímē)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: οἶμα (oîma)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

q

Ancient Greek: οἶμος (oîmos) (alternatively from *h₃eys- (“to move quickly”))

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wajas

Proto-Slavic: *vojь (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *waiþō (“a hunt; pasture”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *waiþijaną (“to hunt, graze”) (see there for further descendants)


Hrew-

*Hrew-d-

*Hrew-d-os ~ *Hru-d-és-

Italic:

Latin: rūdus (see there for further descendants)

*Hrew-d-i-

Italic:

Latin: rudis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rutāną (see there for further descendants)

*(H)rewH-

*h₃rew-k-, *Hrewk-

*Hru-k-wo-

Proto-Germanic: *rūhaz (see there for further descendants)

*Hrew-p-

*Hréw-mn̥

Proto-Balto-Slavic: (< *Hrow-mn-o-)

Proto-Slavic: *rūnò (“fleece”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: rúamnae (“blanket”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráwma (“body hair”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *ruxo (“garment, clothing”)


*h₃ru-né-k-ti ~ *h₃ru-n-k-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrunčáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrunćáti

Sanskrit: लुञ्चति (luñcáti)

Proto-Italic: *runkō

Latin: runcō

*h₃ruk-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *orúťťō

Ancient Greek: ὀρύσσω (orússō), ὀρύττω (orúttō)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *rugōną

Proto-Germanic: *rukkōną

Proto-Germanic: *rukkijaną

Proto-Celtic: *ruskos

Perhaps an extension of *Hrew- (“to tear out, dig out”).


*h₃rew-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Italic: *rowō

Latin: ruō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *rauša

Albanian: rashë

*h₃réw-tr-om (instrument noun)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *routrom
Proto-Brythonic: *rʉdr
Middle Welsh: ruthyr (with irregular -th-; contaminated by Old/Middle Irish?)
Welsh: rhuthr, rhuthyr
Middle Irish: rúathar
Irish: ruathar
Scottish Gaelic: ruathar

*h₃rów-e-ti (o-grade present)

Proto-Hellenic: *orówō

Ancient Greek: ὀρούω (oroúō)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *raušas

Proto-Slavic: *ruxъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Iranian:

desc

Proto-Iranian: *Hrum- (“destroy, collapse”) (perhaps)

Persian: رمبیدن (rombidan, “destroy, collapse”)

Central Kurdish: ڕوخان (ruxan, “destroy, collapse”)

Northern Luri: رئمئسئ (remese, “get destroyed”)

*-w- extension of *h₃er- (“to move, stir”).


(H)rewH-

*(H)réwH-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *rewaną

Icelandic: rjá

Proto-Italic: *rowō

Latin: ruō

*(H)ruH-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Germanic: *rūjaną

Old Norse: rýja

Icelandic: rýja

*(H)r(e)wH-tro-m

Proto-Italic:

Latin: rūtrum

*(H)ruH-dʰlo-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rūˀdla

Proto-Slavic: *rydlo (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ráuti

Proto-Slavic: *ryti, *rъvati (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ravė́ti

Proto-Slavic: *ryti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rawwō

Old Norse: rǫggr, rǫgg

→ English: rag

Icelandic: rögg

Swedish: ragg

Norwegian: ragg

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: राविषम् (rā́viṣam), रवत् (rávat)

Proto-Tocharian: *ru-

Tocharian A: ru-

Tocharian B: ru-


h₁óngʷl̥

h₁óngʷōl (nominative singular)
h₁n̥gʷél (locative singular)
h₁n̥gʷl̥sú (locative plural)
h₁n̥gʷléh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Albanian: *tsangila

Albanian: thëngjill

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *anˀglís (see there for further descendants)

انگل

Old Mazanderani: انگشت (angešt, “ember”)

ածուխ

Old Armenian: ածուղ (acuł), ածուխ (acux)


ǵelu-

Celtic:

Old Irish: gil

Welsh: gêl

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́aluš (see there for further descendants)


tyegʷ-

*tyégʷ-e-tor (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *tségʷomai (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tyáǰatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tyáȷ́atay

Sanskrit: त्यजते (tyájate)

*tyégʷ-e-ti (present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tyáǰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tyáȷ́ati

Sanskrit: त्यजति (tyájati) (see there for further descendants)

*te-tyógʷ-e ~ *te-tigʷ-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tityā́ǰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tityā́ȷ́a

Sanskrit: तित्याज (tityā́ja)

*tyogʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Hellenic: *tsogʷéyō

Ancient Greek: σοβέω (sobéō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tyāǰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tyāȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: त्याजयति (tyājáyati)

*tyégʷ-os ~ *tyégʷ-es-

(perhaps) Hellenic: *tségʷos

Ancient Greek: σέβας (sébas)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tyáǰas (see there for further descendants)


yek-

*yék-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *jehaną (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yā́čati

>? Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yā́ćati

>? Sanskrit: याचति (yā́cati)

*yék-ti-s ~ *ik-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *jihtiz (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: juoktis

Proto-Celtic: *yextis (see there for further descendants)

*yók-o-s

Proto-Italic: *jokos

Latin: iocus (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *jehwlą (see there for further descendants)


*léh₁d-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *lētaną (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ληδεῖν (lēdeîn)

Proto-Albanian: *lēda

Albanian: lodh

Proto-Albanian: *ladna

Old Albanian: *lan

Albanian: lë

Proto-Germanic: *lataz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *lassos

Latin: lassus

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *lādrā

Albanian: lodër


nes-

*nés-e-tor (deponent thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *nesaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *néhomai

Ancient Greek: νέομαι (néomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *násatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *násatay

Sanskrit: नसते (násate)

*nos-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *nazjaną (see there for further descendants)

*n̥s-tó-s

⇒ *ń̥s-to-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ástam (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *nōzijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *nayyō

Ancient Greek: ναίω (naíō)

Proto-Hellenic: *nahwós

Ancient Greek: ναός (naós)

Proto-Hellenic: *nóstos

Ancient Greek: νόστος (nóstos)

>? Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: nas-

Tocharian B: nes-


*wélh₃-ti ~ *wl̥h₃-énti (athematic root present)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒉿𒀠𒄴𒍣 (walḫzi)

*wl̥-né-h₃-ti ~ *wl̥-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *welnō

Latin: vellō

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: wälläṣtär

Proto-Germanic: *walaz (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) *welh₃-wr̥-ti- (a derivative of heteroclitic *welh₃-wr̥/-wen-)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գեղարդն (gełardn)

Unsorted formations:

Celtic:

*wlannos

desctree

Middle Irish: flann
Irish: flann
Scottish Gaelic: flann

*wolis (see there for further descendants)

*welīsos

Proto-Brythonic: *gweli

Cornish: goly

Middle Breton: goulyow pl

Breton: gouli

Middle Welsh: gweli

Welsh: gweli

Proto-Germanic: *welwaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wala- (“dead”)

desc

Old Norse: valr (“fallen in the battlefield”), Valhǫll (“Valhalla”), valkyrja (“Valkyrie”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: οὐλή (oulḗ)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἁλίσκομαι (halískomai)

Italic:

Latin: vulnus

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Persian: والانه (vâlâne, “wound”) ولانه (valâne, “wound”) (possibly)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *welias, *weliā

Baltic:

Lithuanian: vėlė (“corpse, ghost”)

Lithuanian: veliónis (“dead”)

Latvian: veļi

Slavic:

Czech: válka (“war”)

Polish: walka (“fight, combat”)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: wäl (“to die”)

Tocharian A: walu (“dead one”)


*yéh₂-ti ~ *ih₂-énti (athematic root present)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jā́ˀtei
East Baltic:
⇒ Latgalian: juot
⇒ Latvian: jāt
⇒ Lithuanian: jóti
Proto-Slavic: *jě̀ti (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Proto-Slavic: *jě̀xati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáHti

Sanskrit: याति (yā́ti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *yáHti

Avestan: 𐬫𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (yāⁱti)

*yéh₂-os ~ *yéh₂-es-

Proto-Celtic: *yās

Old Irish: á (“chariot”)

*yéh₂-lo- (“zeal”)

Balto-Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian: jȃl/ја̑л (“envy, malice”)

desc

Proto-Celtic: *yālos (“praise, worship”)

Proto-Brythonic: *yọl

Middle Welsh: iawl (“prayer, supplication, worship”)

Welsh: iawl

Old Irish: áil (“request, desire”)

Irish: áil

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ζῆλος (zêlos, “zeal”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáHma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáHma

Sanskrit: यामन् (yā́man)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ջան (ǰan, “zeal, effort, labour”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáHnam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáHnam

Sanskrit: यान (yā́na) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *jānos

Latin: Iānus, iānua (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *ěto (see there for further descendants)

*yéh₂-tu-s ~ *ih₂-téw-s

Proto-Celtic: *yātus (see there for further descendants)

*yéh₂-wēr or *yéh₂-wō

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáHwā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáHwā

Sanskrit: यावन् (yā́van, “rider, invader on horseback”)

Proto-Tocharian: *iyā-

Tocharian A: yā-

Tocharian B: iyā-

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: ꙗдо (jado, “to travel”)

Ancient Greek: ζητέω (zētéō)

Ancient Greek: ζημία (zēmía)


krep-

*kérp-s ~ *kr̥p-é-s

Proto-Celtic: *krixs

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *kriɸmos

Proto-Brythonic: *krɨβ̃ (“strong”) (see there for further descendants)

Middle Irish: crí (“body”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kŕ̥ps

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kŕ̥ps

Sanskrit: कृप् (kṛ́p), कृपा (kṛpā́, instr. sg.)

Proto-Iranian: *kŕ̥pš

Avestan: 𐬐𐬆𐬵𐬭𐬞𐬇𐬨 (kəhrpə̄m, acc. sg.)

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (klp /kirb/)

→ Old Armenian: կերպ (kerp)

*krép-os ~ *krép-es-os

Proto-Germanic: *hrefaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *korpos (The change in the stem vowel may be a conflation of the *s-stem noun with the root noun *kérp-s ~ *kr̥p-é-s)

Latin: corpus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *krepa

Albanian: krep

Proto-Albanian: *kurpna

Albanian: kurm

Armenian:

Old Armenian: որովայն (orovayn)

>? Proto-Celtic: *krittā (unlikely) (see there for further descendants)


h₁ówdʰr̥ (nominative singular)
h₁ówdʰr̥ (singular vocative)
h₁ówdʰr̥ (accusative singular)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: paū́drė (perhaps), ūdróti

Proto-Slavic: *vỳmę (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ūdarą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *óutʰər

Ancient Greek: οὖθαρ (oûthar)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HúHdʰr̥

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HúHdʰr̥

Vedic Sanskrit: ऊधर् (ū́dhar)

Proto-Iranian: *HúHdr̥

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (δʾrk)

→ Proto-Finno-Permic: *utare

Proto-Finnic: *udar (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic:

Erzya: одар (odar)

Moksha: одар (odar)

Proto-Italic: *ouðer

Latin: ūber (see there for further descendants)


lewg-

*lu-né-g-ti ~ *lu-n-g-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *lungeti (see there for further descendants)

*lug-o-

Proto-Germanic: *luką (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λύγος (lúgos), λυγίζω (lugízō)

*lug-tó-s

Proto-Italic: *luktos

Proto-Italic: *luktāōr

Latin: luctor (see there for further descendants)

*lug-nó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rugnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rugnás

Sanskrit: रुग्ण (rugṇá, “bent, crooked”)

*lug-so-s

Proto-Italic: *luksos

Latin: luxus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *awa-luga

Albanian: vlug

Proto-Germanic: *lūkaną (see there for further descendants)


ḱr̥sós

non-ablauting (romanization)
ḱr̥sós (nominative singular)
ḱr̥sóh₁ (dual nominative)
ḱr̥sóes (nominative plural)
ḱr̥sé (singular vocative)
ḱr̥sóh₁ (dual vocative)
ḱr̥sóes (plural vocative)
ḱr̥sóm (accusative singular)
ḱr̥sóh₁ (accusative dual)
ḱr̥sóms (accusative plural)
ḱr̥sósyo (genitive singular)
ḱr̥sóHom (genitive plural)
ḱr̥séad (ablative singular)
ḱr̥sómos (ablative plural)
ḱr̥sóey (dative singular)
ḱr̥sómos (dative plural)
ḱr̥séy (locative singular)
ḱr̥sóy (locative singular)
ḱr̥sóysu (locative plural)
ḱr̥sóh₁ (instrumental singular)
ḱr̥sṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *karros (“wagon”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *hrussą (“horse”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἐπίκουρος (epíkouros, “helper, support”)

Proto-Italic: *korzos

Latin: currus (“chariot”)


ǵʰéyos

non-ablauting (romanization)
ǵʰéyos (nominative singular)
ǵʰéyoh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰéyoes (nominative plural)
ǵʰéye (singular vocative)
ǵʰéyoh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰéyoes (plural vocative)
ǵʰéyom (accusative singular)
ǵʰéyoh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰéyoms (accusative plural)
ǵʰéyosyo (genitive singular)
ǵʰéyoHom (genitive plural)
ǵʰéyead (ablative singular)
ǵʰéyomos (ablative plural)
ǵʰéyoey (dative singular)
ǵʰéyomos (dative plural)
ǵʰéyey (locative singular)
ǵʰéyoy (locative singular)
ǵʰéyoysu (locative plural)
ǵʰéyoh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰéyōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Armenian: *jeioh

Old Armenian: ձի (ji)

Armenian: ձի (ji)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáyas (see there for further descendants)

From *ǵʰey- (“to drive”) + *-os.
A Southern Indo-European word (found only in Armenian and Indo-Iranian), *ǵʰéyos represented a poetic word, belonging to the “language of gods”, as opposed to the usual unmarked *h₁éḱwos.


dʰrówgʰos

non-ablauting (romanization)
dʰrówgʰos (nominative singular)
dʰrówgʰoes (nominative plural)
dʰrówgʰe (singular vocative)
dʰrówgʰoes (plural vocative)
dʰrówgʰom (accusative singular)
dʰrówgʰoms (accusative plural)
dʰrówgʰosyo (genitive singular)
dʰrówgʰoHom (genitive plural)
dʰrówgʰead (ablative singular)
dʰrówgʰomos (ablative plural)
dʰrówgʰoey (dative singular)
dʰrówgʰomos (dative plural)
dʰrówgʰey (locative singular)
dʰrówgʰoy (locative singular)
dʰrówgʰoysu (locative plural)
dʰrówgʰōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Germanic: *draugaz (“apparition, ghost”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰráwgʰas (“deception, treachery”) (see there for further descendants)


h₂ómh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂óm (singular vocative)
h₂ómh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂ṓm (accusative singular)
h₂ómh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂ém (locative singular)

Proto-Armenian: *u(m)s

Old Armenian: ուս (us)

Armenian: ուս (us)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ljáudis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *liudiz (see there for further descendants)


dʰgʷʰéytis

dʰgʷʰéytis (nominative singular)
dʰgʷʰéyteyes (nominative plural)
dʰgʷʰéyti (singular vocative)
dʰgʷʰéyteyes (plural vocative)
dʰgʷʰéytim (accusative singular)
dʰgʷʰéytims (accusative plural)
dʰgʷʰitéys (genitive singular)
dʰgʷʰitéyoHom (genitive plural)
dʰgʷʰitéys (ablative singular)
dʰgʷʰitímos (ablative plural)
dʰgʷʰitéyey (dative singular)
dʰgʷʰitímos (dative plural)
dʰgʷʰitéy (locative singular)
dʰgʷʰitḗy (locative singular)
dʰgʷʰitísu (locative plural)
dʰgʷʰitíh₁ (instrumental singular)
dʰgʷʰitímis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰtʰítis

Ancient Greek: φθῐ́σῐς (phthísis) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰítiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ḍẓʰítiṣ

Sanskrit: क्षिति (kṣíti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *(k)sitis

Latin: sitis (see there for further descendants)

From *dʰgʷʰey- (“to decline, perish”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


déwkti

déwkmi (first-person indicative present singular)
déwkm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
déwksi (indicative present second-person singular)
déwks (indicative past second-person singular)
déwk (imperative second-person singular)
dukdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
déwkesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
déwkti (indicative present singular third-person)
déwkt (indicative past singular third-person)
déwktu (imperative singular third-person)
déwketi (singular subjunctive third-person)
dukwós (dual first-person indicative present)
dukwé (dual first-person indicative past)
déwkowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
duktés (dual indicative present second-person)
duktóm (dual indicative past second-person)
duktóm (dual imperative second-person)
déwketes (dual second-person subjunctive)
duktés (dual indicative present third-person)
duktā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
duktā́m (dual imperative third-person)
déwketes (dual subjunctive third-person)
dukmós (first-person indicative plural present)
dukmé (first-person indicative past plural)
déwkomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
dukté (indicative plural present second-person)
dukté (indicative past plural second-person)
dukté (imperative plural second-person)
déwkete (plural second-person subjunctive)
dukénti (indicative plural present third-person)
duként (indicative past plural third-person)
dukéntu (imperative plural third-person)
déwkonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
dukónts (indicative participle present)

Proto-Albanian: *enduka

Albanian: nduk

Proto-Celtic: *duketi

Proto-Brythonic: *dugɨd (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *teuhaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáwkti ~ dučánti (to milk)

Proto-Iranian: *dáwxti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *doukō (see there for further descendants)

Athematic root present of *dewk- (“to pull, to draw; to lead”).


neyk-

*néyk-eti

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] (“to winnow”)

Latvian: niẽkât

Lithuanian: niekóti

Proto-Hellenic: *niknā́ (“winnowed”)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *niknáō (“to winnow”)

Ancient Greek: *νικνάω (*niknáō), *νικμάω (*nikmáō), λικμάω (likmáō), ἰκμάω (ikmáō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: εὐνίκμητον (euníkmēton)

⇒ Ancient Greek: *νίκνον (*níknon), νίκλον (níklon)

*nik-tó-s

Proto-Celtic: *nixtos (“winnowed; wheat”) (see there for further descendants)


tens-

*téns-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *þinsaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tánsati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tánsati

Sanskrit: तंसति (táṃsati), तंसते (táṃsate)

*téns-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tenstei

Latvian: tìest

Lithuanian: tę̃sti

Old Prussian: tiēnstwei

*te-tons-e ~ te-tn̥s-ḗr (root perfect)

Proto-Germanic:

Gothic: -𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 (-þans)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tatasráy

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tatasráy

Sanskrit: ततस्रे (tatasré)

*tons-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tanseitei

Lithuanian: tąsýti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tansáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tansáyati

Sanskrit: तंसयते (taṃsáyate)

*tóns-u-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tąsus

Extended form of *ten- (“to stretch, extend”).


*tn̥h₁-yé-tor (passive)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tāHyátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tāHyátay

Sanskrit: तायते (tāyáte)

*ténh₂-mn̥ ~ *tenh₂-món-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tánHmā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tánHmā

Sanskrit: तनिमन् (tániman, “shallowness, weakness”)

*ténh₂-us (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *utˢtaHnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uttaHnás

Sanskrit: उत्तान (uttāná)

Proto-Iranian: *ustaHnáh

Avestan: 𐬎𐬯𐬙𐬁𐬥𐬀 (ustāna)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *utˢtaHnáȷ́ʰastas (“with hands outstretched”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uttaHnáźʰastas

Sanskrit: उत्तानहस्त (uttānáhasta)

Proto-Iranian: *ustaHnájástah

Avestan: 𐬎𐬯𐬙𐬁𐬥𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀 (ustānazasta)

Possibly an extended form of *ten- (“to stretch, extend”).


-tn̥nós

-tn̥nós (nominative singular)
-tn̥nóes (nominative plural)
-tn̥né (singular vocative)
-tn̥nóes (plural vocative)
-tn̥nóm (accusative singular)
-tn̥nóms (accusative plural)
-tn̥nósyo (genitive singular)
-tn̥nóHom (genitive plural)
-tn̥néad (ablative singular)
-tn̥nómos (ablative plural)
-tn̥nóey (dative singular)
-tn̥nómos (dative plural)
-tn̥néy (locative singular)
-tn̥nóy (locative singular)
-tn̥nóysu (locative plural)
-tn̥nṓys (instrumental plural)
-tn̥nā́m (accusative singular)
-tn̥nóm (nominative singular)
-tn̥nóy (dual nominative)
-tn̥nóm (singular vocative)
-tn̥nóy (dual vocative)
-tn̥nóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Armenian: *-aþayn (< earlier *-aþani < *-eh₂-tn̥n-i-s)

Old Armenian: -այն (-ayn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: -tìnis, -tinas

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tanás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-tanás

Sanskrit: -तन (-taná), -त्न (tná)

Proto-Italic: *-tenos

Latin: -tinus

From *ten- (“to extend, stretch”) + *-nós.


tend-

*ténd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Albanian: *tend-

Albanian: tend

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tándati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tándati

Sanskrit: तन्दते (tándate, “become relaxed”)

Proto-Iranian: *tándati (“to languish, faint”)

Parthian: tnd (tand, “faint, languishing”)

Proto-Italic: *tendō

Latin: tendō

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌔𐌕𐌄𐌍𐌕𐌖 (ustentu), 𐌖𐌔𐌕𐌄𐌕𐌖 (ustetu), ostendu, 𐌖𐌔𐌕𐌄𐌍𐌕𐌖𐌕𐌀 (ustentuta), ostensendi

*tn̥d-tó-s

Proto-Italic: *tensos

Latin: tensus

*ténd-u-s ~ *tn̥d-éw-s:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tandùs (“lazy, sloppy”)

Probably from the synonymous *ten-, but with an uncertain suffix *-d(H)-.


tend-

*ténd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *tendeti (“to break, cut”)

Old Irish: teinnid

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τένδω (téndō, “to gnaw at”)

*tond-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Italic: *tondeō

Latin: tondeō (“to cut, shear”)

*tn̥-né-d-ti ~ *tn̥-n-d-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: -tenn

*te-tónd-e ~ *te-tn̥d-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: tethainn

Proto-Italic:

Latin: totondī

Proto-Celtic: *tondā (“skin, surface”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: tonnenn

Middle Breton: tonnenn

Breton: tonnenn

Old Welsh:

Middle Welsh: tonn

Welsh: ton

Old Irish: tonn

Possibly an extension of *temh₁- (“to cut”).


non-ablauting (romanization)
tń̥nām (accusative singular)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: tina

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *tanā (“time”)
Proto-Brythonic: *tan
Old Breton: tan, dan
Middle Cornish: tan
Cornish: tann, yn-dann
Middle Welsh: tan
Welsh: tan
Old Irish: tan

desc

Proto-Germanic: *þunō (“springe; tenter, stretcher”)

Old High German: dona

German: Dohne

Old Norse: þǫn

Old Gutnish: þan

Old Swedish: þan

Swedish: tana

Norwegian: tan

From *ten- (“to extend, stretch”) + *-néh₂.


stóygʰos

non-ablauting (romanization)
stóygʰos (nominative singular)
stóygʰoes (nominative plural)
stóygʰe (singular vocative)
stóygʰoes (plural vocative)
stóygʰom (accusative singular)
stóygʰoms (accusative plural)
stóygʰosyo (genitive singular)
stóygʰoHom (genitive plural)
stóygʰead (ablative singular)
stóygʰomos (ablative plural)
stóygʰoey (dative singular)
stóygʰomos (dative plural)
stóygʰey (locative singular)
stóygʰoy (locative singular)
stóygʰoysu (locative plural)
stóygʰōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *staiga
Albanian: shteg

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *staigas

Latvian: staĩga

Proto-Germanic: *staigō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *stóikʰos

Ancient Greek: στοῖχος (stoîkhos)


ǵn̥néh₃m̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
ǵn̥néh₃oh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
ǵn̥nh₃yéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
ǵn̥néh₃s (indicative past second-person singular)
ǵn̥néh₃ (imperative second-person singular)
ǵn̥nh₃dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
ǵn̥néh₃t (indicative past singular third-person)
ǵn̥nh₃wé (dual first-person indicative past)
ǵn̥nh₃tā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
ǵn̥nh₃tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
ǵn̥nh₃mé (first-person indicative past plural)
ǵn̥nh₃té (indicative plural present second-person)
ǵn̥nh₃té (indicative past plural second-person)
ǵn̥nh₃té (imperative plural second-person)
ǵn̥nh₃h₂ér (first-person indicative present singular)
ǵn̥nh₃h₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
ǵn̥nh₃ih₁h₂é (first-person optative singular)
ǵn̥nh₃th₂é (indicative past second-person singular)
ǵn̥nh₃só (imperative second-person singular)
ǵn̥nh₃ór (indicative present singular third-person)
ǵn̥nh₃tó (indicative past singular third-person)
ǵn̥nh₃ó (indicative past singular third-person)
ǵn̥nh₃ih₁ó (optative singular third-person)
ǵn̥nh₃wédʰh₂ (dual first-person indicative past)
ǵn̥nh₃médʰh₂ (first-person indicative past plural)
ǵn̥nh₃dʰh₂wé (indicative plural present second-person)
ǵn̥nh₃dʰh₂wé (indicative past plural second-person)
ǵn̥nh₃dʰh₂wé (imperative plural second-person)
ǵn̥nh₃ró (indicative past plural third-person)
ǵn̥nh₃n̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źināˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *gnināti (“to recognize”) (see there for further descendants)

q

innovated root <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵenn-</i>

Proto-Germanic: *kunnaną (“to know (how), be able to”) (innovated root *ǵenn-) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *kannijaną (“to know, to recognise”) (causative of the above innovated root) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ānáHti (“to know, recognize”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: knānat

From *ǵneh₃- (“to recognise, know”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


péteti (canonical)
péth₂ōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸeteti

Proto-Brythonic:

⇒ Middle Welsh: ehedec (< *exs-ɸet-atikā)

⇒ Welsh: ehedfan, hedfan

Old Irish: ette (< *ɸettiyā)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέτομαι (pétomai)

Koine Greek: ἵπταμαι (híptamai)

Greek: ίπταμαι (íptamai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pátati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pátati

Sanskrit: पतति (pátati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *pátatī

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (pataⁱti)

Proto-Italic: *petō

Latin: petō (see there for further descendants)


h₂wésōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

Proto-Germanic: *wesaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwásati (see there for further descendants)

Thematic root present of *h₂wes- (“to dwell”).


h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm

h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm (nominative singular)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóy (dual nominative)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóyh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂r̥ǵn̥téh₂ (nominative plural)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm (singular vocative)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóy (dual vocative)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóyh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂r̥ǵn̥téh₂ (plural vocative)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm (accusative singular)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóy (accusative dual)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóyh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂r̥ǵn̥téh₂ (accusative plural)
h₂r̥ǵn̥téy (locative singular)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóy (locative singular)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Armenian: *arcant-

desctree

Old Armenian: արծաթ (arcatʻ) (or borrowed from an Indo-Iranian cognate)
Armenian: արծաթ (arcatʻ)

Proto-Celtic: *argantom (< *h₂erǵn̥t-ó-m) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥ȷ́atám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hraȷ́atám (< *h₂reǵn̥t-ó-m)

Sanskrit: रजत (rajatá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥jatám

Avestan: 𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬙𐬀 (ər^əzata)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐎭𐎫 (a-r-d-t /ardata/)

Persian: آلی (âli, “silver”) (Yazidi, rd> l , ta>∅)

Middle Persian: (/arzīz/)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫡𐫉𐫏𐫉 (ʾrzyz)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlcyc)

Proto-Scythian: arzatam (Saqqez inscription)

Khotanese: [script needed] (āljsata-)

Ossetian: ӕрзӕ́т (ærzǽt)

Proto-Italic: *argentom (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂erǵ- (“white, argent, glittering”).
Probably entered the vocabulary with the meaning 'white metal, (probably) silver' around 3,500 BC.


spḗr

spḗr (nominative singular)
spéres (nominative plural)
spér (singular vocative)
spéres (plural vocative)
spérm̥ (accusative singular)
spérm̥s (accusative plural)
sprés (genitive singular)
spróHom (genitive plural)
sprés (ablative singular)
spr̥mós (ablative plural)
spréy (dative singular)
spr̥mós (dative plural)
spér (locative singular)
spéri (locative singular)
spr̥sú (locative plural)
spr̥mís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *spḗr

Ancient Greek: ψήρ (psḗr) (Ionic), ψάρ (psár, “starling”)

Unknown; perhaps of non-Indo-European origin, like many other bird names.

frau

Proto-Celtic: *sɸrawos (“crow”) (Dybo's law)


kagʰyóm

non-ablauting (romanization)
kagʰyóm (nominative singular)
kagʰyóy (dual nominative)
kagʰyóm (singular vocative)
kagʰyóy (dual vocative)
kagʰyóm (accusative singular)
kagʰyóy (accusative dual)
kagʰyósyo (genitive singular)
kagʰyóHom (genitive plural)
kagʰyéad (ablative singular)
kagʰyómos (ablative plural)
kagʰyóey (dative singular)
kagʰyómos (dative plural)
kagʰyéy (locative singular)
kagʰyóy (locative singular)
kagʰyóysu (locative plural)
kagʰyṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *kagyom (“pen, enclosure”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hagjō

Proto-West Germanic: *haggju (“hedge”) (see there for further descendants)

From *kagʰ- (“to take, seize”) + *-yóm. Related to Latin cohum.


*h₁réyp-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *rīfaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρείπω (ereípō, “to ruin, tear down”)

*h₁rip-néh₂-ti ~ *h₁reyp-n̥h₂-énti (*néh₂-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic:

Russian: ре́пнуть (répnutʹ, “to burst”) (dialectal)

Proto-Celtic: *rēbbāti

Middle Irish: répaid

Proto-Germanic: *rippōną (see there for further descendants)

*h₁réyp-eh₂ (“steep slope”)

Proto-Germanic: *rīpō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *reipā

Latin: rīpa (“river bank”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *raupā

Albanian: repë (“desert”)

Compare also *Hrewp- (“to break, tear (up)”).