Proto-Italic: *ordō

Latin: ōrdō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *artʰmós

Ancient Greek: ἀρθμός (arthmós)

>? *h₂er, *h₂r̥ (“thus, so”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ir

Eastern Baltic:

Latgalian: i

Latvian: ir

Lithuanian: ir̃

Old Prussian: ir, er

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄρα (ára)

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ *h₂reh₁- (reanalyzed root)

q

maybe with root <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*(s)neh₁-</i>

⇒ *h₂er-eh₂-k-sneh₂ (possibly, maybe with root *(s)neh₁-)

Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: ἀράχνη (arákhnē), ἀράχνης (arákhnēs) (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

>? Latin: arānea, arāneus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ártʰron

Ancient Greek: ἄρθρον (árthron)

*h₂ér-mn̥ ~ *h₂r̥-mén-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *írˀmen-, *árˀmen-

Proto-Slavic: *òrmę, *òrmo (“shoulder”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ármə

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἅρμα (hárma)
Greek: άρμα (árma)
Classical Syriac: ܐܪܡܐ (ʔarmā)

⇒ *h₂er-mn̥-to-

Italic:

Latin: armenta

⇒ Latin: armentum (see there for further descendants)

*h₂er-mó-s ~ *h₂r̥-mó-s

⇒ Old Armenian: արմուկն (armukn)
Armenian: արմունկ (armunk)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *írˀma-

Old Prussian: irmo

Proto-Germanic: *armaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *armós

Ancient Greek: ἁρμός (harmós)
Greek: αρμός (armós)
→ Ottoman Turkish: آرموز (armuz, armoz)
Turkish: armuz, armoz
Pontic Greek: αρμός (armós)
→ Turkish: armoz
→ Laz: არმოზი (armozi)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: ईर्म (īrmá, “arm, forequarter”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬨𐬀 (arma, “arm, forequarter”)

Ossetian: арм (arm, “hand”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (ārra, “arm; hand paw”)

Wakhi: (/yurm/)

Arabic script: یؤرم

Cyrillic script: юрм (yurm)

Yidgha: یارمه (yārmë, “shoulder”)

Zazaki: erme (/arma/), ermı (/arme/), harme (/hārma/), herme (/harma/)

Old Persian: *𐎠𐎼𐎶 (*a-r-m /*arma/, “arm”)

Middle Persian: (/arm/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlm)

Italic:

Latin: armus m (“forequarter”), arma n pl (“arms, weapons”), (possibly) rāmus (“branch, bough, limb”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *h₂r̥-mo-d-yéti

Proto-Hellenic: *armóďďō

Ancient Greek: ἁρμόζω (harmózō)

⇒ *h₂r̥-mo-n-ih₂

Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἁρμονίᾱ (harmoníā)
→ Latin: harmonia (see there for further descendants)
→ Russian: гармония (garmonija)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: āmpär

*h₂ér-ti-s ~ *h₂r̥-téy-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *ardiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥tíṣ

Sanskrit: ऋति (ṛtí, “prosperity”)

Proto-Iranian: *Hártiš

Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬌𐬙𐬌 (arəⁱti, “reward”)

Proto-Italic: *artis

Latin: ars (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *ārtsä

Tocharian A: ārts

Tocharian B: artsa

*h₂ér-tus ~ *h₂r̥-téw-s

Armenian:

Old Armenian: արդ (ard)
Armenian: արդ (ard), արդուկ (arduk)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀρτύς (artús), ἀρτύω (artúō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥túš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥túṣ

Sanskrit: ऋतु (ṛtú) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥túš

desc

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬎 (ratu, “judgement; period of time”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (rūtā, “season”)

Sogdian: (/rətu ~ ratu/, “period of 10 seconds”)

Manichaean script: 𐫡𐫤𐫇 (rtw), 𐫡𐫤𐫤𐫇 (rttw)

Middle Persian: (/rad/, “chief, master; judge”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (lt')

Proto-Italic: *artus

Latin: artus
Italian: arto

Proto-Tocharian: *ārtw-

Tocharian A: ārt-

Tocharian B: ārtt-

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *arjaz
Proto-West Germanic: *ari
Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (*arjaʀ) (attested in ᚨᚱᛃᛟᛊᛏᛖᛉ (arjosteʀ))
Old Norse: *err
Gothic: *𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 (*arjis)

*h₂ér-yōs ~ *h₂r-is-és

⇒ *h₂ér-(h₁)-isō

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀρείων (areíōn)

⇒ *h₂ér-is-to-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄριστος (áristos)

⇒ *h₂r-is-teró-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀριστερός (aristerós)
Greek: αριστερός (aristerós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háram

Sanskrit: अरम् (áram)

Sanskrit: अलम् (alam)
→ Hindustani: (learned)
Hindi: अलम् (alam)
Urdu: الم

Proto-Iranian: *Háram

Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (ar^əm, “fitting”)

Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἁμαρτή (hamartḗ) (combined with ἅμα (háma)), ὁμαρτέω (homartéō, combined with ὁμός (homós), ὁμοῦ (homoû))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥tás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *artos

Latin: artus
Italian: arto

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔor- (< o-grade form *h₂or-, with the laryngeal neutralized before */o/)

Lycian: [script needed] (ara-, “rite”)

Hittite: 𒀀𒀀𒊏 (āra, “right, proper”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: առնեմ (aṙnem), յարեմ (yarem), յարմար (yarmar), (possibly) անարի (anari), (possibly) արմանամ (armanam) (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *arьmò, *arь̀mъ (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὅμηρος (hómēros) (with ὁμός (homós), ὁμοῦ (homoû))

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अर (ará), आर (āra, “spoke (of a wheel)”)

Proto-Tocharian: *ārӓñce (possibly)

Tocharian B: arañce (“heart”)

Proto-Tocharian: *ārwer (“ready”)

Tocharian A: ārwar

Tocharian B: ārwer

to fit, to fix, to put together, to slot


h₁ésh₂r̥

h₁ésh₂r̥ (nominative singular)
h₁ésh₂ōr (collective nominative)
h₁ésh₂r̥ (singular vocative)
h₁ésh₂ōr (collective vocative)
h₁ésh₂r̥ (accusative singular)
h₁ésh₂ōr (accusative collective)

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔésHr̥ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian: *ehar

Old Armenian: *ար (*ar)

⇒ Old Armenian: արիւն (ariwn)

Armenian: արյուն (aryun)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *asn̥-

Latvian: asinis

Latgalian: asnis, ašņa (1sg.gen.)

Proto-Hellenic: *éhər (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HásHr̥ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *aser

Latin: assyr, aser, ascer

⇒ Latin: assarātum

Proto-Tocharian: *yä́sar

Tocharian A: ysār

Tocharian B: yasar

→ Proto-Germanic: *īsarną

Proto-Celtic: *īsarnom (“iron”) (see there for further descendants)


*h₁éy-ós (nominalization)

desc

Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“sheep, goat”)

Tocharian B: eye

*h₁éy-ti ~ *h₁y-énti (athematic root present)

*h₁e-h₁óy-e ~ *h₁e-h₁y-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Germanic: *ijjē, *ijjēdun (past tense of *gāną, *ganganą)

Old English: ēode, ēodon

Middle English: yode

English: yode, yede

Gothic: 𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰 (iddja), 𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 (iddjēdun)

*h₁éy-mn̥ (“course, way”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háyma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háyma

Sanskrit: एमन् (éman)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: aiñye (“traversable”)

*h₁ey-tw-om (verbal noun)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: aittäṃ (“forth”)

Proto-Italic:

Oscan: eituam (“money, cattle”)

*h₁éy-tr̥ ~ *h₁i-tn-és (r/n-stem)

Proto-Celtic: *oytos

Old Irish: óeth

Proto-Germanic: *aiþaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *ainja

Albanian: eja

Proto-Albanian: *eika

Albanian: iki

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄿𒀉 (i-it), 𒄿𒄿𒀀𒀜𒋫 (i-ya-at-ta /iyatta/)

Luwian: 𒄿𒋾 (i-ti /iti, idi/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háy

Proto-Iranian: *Háy

Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬊𐬥𐬀 (yaona, “way”)

→ Persian: جن (jan, “side, way”)

Northern Kurdish: -ê- (present stem of "hatin", "to come")

Persian: آی (ây) (present stem of آمدن (âmadan, “to come”))

Phrygian: ειτου (eitou)

Proto-Tocharian: *jä-

Tocharian A: i-

Tocharian B: i-


gʷémtis

gʷémtis (nominative singular)
gʷémteyes (nominative plural)
gʷémti (singular vocative)
gʷémteyes (plural vocative)
gʷémtim (accusative singular)
gʷémtims (accusative plural)
gʷm̥téys (genitive singular)
gʷm̥téyoHom (genitive plural)
gʷm̥téys (ablative singular)
gʷm̥tímos (ablative plural)
gʷm̥téyey (dative singular)
gʷm̥tímos (dative plural)
gʷm̥téy (locative singular)
gʷm̥tḗy (locative singular)
gʷm̥tísu (locative plural)
gʷm̥tíh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷm̥tímis (instrumental plural)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʷm̥tís</i>

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gimtís (< *gʷm̥tís)

Latvian: dzìmts

Lithuanian: gimtìs

Proto-Germanic: *kumþiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷə́tis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gátiš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gʷentis

Latin: ventiō

From *gʷem- (“to step”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


gʷem-

*gʷém-t ~ *gʷm-ént (root aorist)

*gʷm̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

*gʷm̥-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷəňňō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gʷənjō (< earlier *gʷəmjō) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷḿ̥s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gás

Sanskrit: ग (ga)

*gʷém-e-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰámati (see there for further descendants)

*gʷe-gʷóm-e ~ *gʷe-gʷm-ḗr (stative)

*gʷém-ti-s ~ *gʷm̥-téy-s

*gʷém-tu-s ~ *gʷm̥-téw-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gántuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gántuṣ

Sanskrit: गन्तु (gántu)

Proto-Italic: *gʷentus

Latin: ventus

*gʷm̥-tó-s

*gʷm̥-dʰ-mo-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βαθμός (bathmós)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *gat

Albanian: gati

Armenian:

Old Armenian: եկ (ek)

Armenian: եկ (ek)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

desc

Old Prussian: gemton (“to give birth (to)”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gỹmis (“birth; nature; face”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: giminė̃ (“family, kin; genus; gender; (dial.) relative”)

→ Latvian: ģimene

Sudovian: gimna (“family; uncles, their wives”)

Proto-Tocharian: *kʷäm-

Tocharian A: kum-

Tocharian B: käm-

Perhaps some variation or gradation of *gʷeh₂- seen also on *mendʰ- - *meh₂dʰ-, *med- - *meh₁-/*meh₁d-.


ters-

*térs-e-tor (deponent thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *þersaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τέρσομαι (térsomai)

*tr̥s-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Germanic: *þurzijaną

Gothic: *𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*þaursjan) (in 𐌰𐍆𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (afþaursjan))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tŕ̥šyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tŕ̥ṣyati

desctree

Sanskrit: तृष्यति (tṛ́ṣyati)
Hindi: तरसना (tarasnā)

*tors-éye-ti (causative) (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥s-eh₁(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Germanic:

Old High German: dorrēn

Proto-Italic: *torz-ēō

Latin: torrēns (see there for further descendants)

*ters-o-

Proto-Italic: *terzā, *terzom

Latin: terra (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌔 (teras), 𐌕𐌄𐌄𐌓𐌞𐌌 (teerúm), 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌞𐌌 (terúm), 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌝𐌔 (tereís), 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌝 (tereí)

*tērs-os or root noun *tḗrs

Proto-Celtic: *tīros (see there for further descendants)

*tīrs-es-mi-

Old Irish: tírimm, tirimm

*tr̥s-ḱós

Proto-Germanic: *þurskaz (“cod”) (see there for further descendants)

*ters-kʷo-

Proto-Celtic: *terskos

Old Irish: terc
Irish: tearc

>? Latin: *te(r)skʷom

Latin: tesquum, tescum

*térs-ti-s ~ *tr̥s-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *þurstiz (see there for further descendants)

*térs-tu-s ~ *tr̥s-téw-s

Proto-Celtic: *tartus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þurstuz (see there for further descendants)

*térs-us

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: tur

Proto-Germanic: *þursuz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táršuš

Proto-Iranian: *táršuš

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬎 (taršu)

Middle Persian: tšknk'

→? Old Armenian: թաշկինակ (tʻaškinak)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: torrus

*tr̥s-nós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tŕ̥šnas (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥s-ós (“flat surface for drying food”)

Proto-Armenian:

Middle Armenian: թառ (tʻaṙ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þarzṓ

desc

Old High German: darra (“apparatus for drying fruits, etc.”)

Middle High German: darre

>? Cimbrian: dèrra

German: Darre

Old Norse:

Norwegian: tarre (“frame for drying malts, etc.”)

Swedish: tarre

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ταρσός (tarsós, “cheese hurdle; flat surface, board, blade, sole, palm”)

*tr̥s-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥štás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tr̥ṣṭás

Sanskrit: तृष्ट (tṛṣṭá)

Proto-Italic: *torstos

Latin: torstus, tostus (see there for further descendants)

Other formations:

Proto-Albanian: *tarsja

Albanian: ter

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: թառամ (tʻaṙam), թարշամ- (tʻaršam-)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


mréǵʰus

mréǵʰus (nominative singular)
mréǵʰuh₁ (dual nominative)
mréǵʰewes (nominative plural)
mréǵʰu (singular vocative)
mréǵʰuh₁ (dual vocative)
mréǵʰewes (plural vocative)
mréǵʰum (accusative singular)
mréǵʰuh₁ (accusative dual)
mréǵʰums (accusative plural)
mr̥ǵʰéws (genitive singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwoHom (genitive plural)
mr̥ǵʰéws (ablative singular)
mr̥ǵʰúmos (ablative plural)
mr̥ǵʰéwey (dative singular)
mr̥ǵʰúmos (dative plural)
mr̥ǵʰéw (locative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwi (locative singular)
mr̥ǵʰúsu (locative plural)
mr̥ǵʰúh₁ (instrumental singular)
mr̥ǵʰúmis (instrumental plural)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂ (nominative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual nominative)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂ (singular vocative)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual vocative)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (accusative dual)
mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂ (locative singular)
mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
mréǵʰu (nominative singular)
mréǵʰuh₂ (nominative plural)
mréǵʰuh₂ (plural vocative)
mréǵʰu (accusative singular)
mréǵʰuh₂ (accusative plural)
mr̥ǵʰús (nominative singular)
mr̥ǵʰúh₁ (dual nominative)
mr̥ǵʰúh₁e (dual nominative)
mr̥ǵʰúes (nominative plural)
mr̥ǵʰú (singular vocative)
mr̥ǵʰúh₁ (dual vocative)
mr̥ǵʰúh₁e (dual vocative)
mr̥ǵʰúes (plural vocative)
mr̥ǵʰúm (accusative singular)
mr̥ǵʰúh₁ (accusative dual)
mr̥ǵʰúh₁e (accusative dual)
mr̥ǵʰúms (accusative plural)
mr̥ǵʰéws (genitive singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwoHom (genitive plural)
mr̥ǵʰéws (ablative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwmos (ablative plural)
mr̥ǵʰéwey (dative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwmos (dative plural)
mr̥ǵʰéw (locative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwi (locative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwsu (locative plural)
mr̥ǵʰéwh₁ (instrumental singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwmis (instrumental plural)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂ (nominative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual nominative)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂ (singular vocative)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual vocative)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (accusative dual)
mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂ (locative singular)
mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
mr̥ǵʰú (nominative singular)
mr̥ǵʰúyh₁ (dual nominative)
mr̥ǵʰúh₂ (nominative plural)
mr̥ǵʰúyh₁ (dual vocative)
mr̥ǵʰúh₂ (plural vocative)
mr̥ǵʰú (accusative singular)
mr̥ǵʰúyh₁ (accusative dual)
mr̥ǵʰúh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Germanic: *murguz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *brəkʰús

Ancient Greek: βραχύς (brakhús)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥ȷ́ʰúš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *breɣʷis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *bъ̑rzъ (likely)

From *mreǵʰ- (“short”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).


h₂éd

Proto-Celtic: *ad-

Proto-Germanic: *at, *at- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáH, *HaH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáH, *HaH-

Sanskrit: आ (ā)

Proto-Iranian: *HáH, *HaH- > *ā, *ā-

Avestan: 𐬁 (ā)

Proto-Italic: *ad, *ad-

Latin: ad, ad-, (ap)ud (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌀𐌆 (az)

Phrygian: αδ (ad), αδ- (ad-)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ántaras

Latgalian: ūtrs, ūtrys

Latvian: ùotrs, uotars, otrs

Lithuanian: añtras, añtaras

Old Prussian: antars, antrā, anters

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*vъntorъ</i>

>? Proto-Slavic: *vъtorъ (< *vъntorъ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *anþeraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hántaras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hántaras

Sanskrit: अन्तर (ántara)

Proto-Iranian: *Hántarah

Avestan: 𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 (aṇtara)

Ossetian: ӕндӕ́р (ændǽr)

Proto-Italic: *anteros

Latin: *anterus (adjective)

⇒ Latin: anterior (comparative) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Germanic: *airi (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic: (or < *h₂ews-er-i < *h₂ews-)

Ancient Greek: ἦρι (êri)

From *h₂ey- (“day, morning”) + *-eri (locative adverbial suffix).


bʰreg-

*bʰreg- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *brekaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰr̥-ne-g- ~ *bʰr̥-n-g- (nasal-infix present)

Italic:

Latin: frangō

Proto-Germanic: *brekō

Proto-West Germanic: *breku

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: brishtë, breshër

Proto-Germanic: *brōks (see there for further descendants)


diwyós

Proto-Hellenic: *diyyos

Ancient Greek: (Homeric) δῖος (dîos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *diwyás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *diwyás

Sanskrit: दिव्य (divyá)

Proto-Iranian: *diwyáh

desc

Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬀 (daēuuiia, “deavic, related to daeva”)

Italic:

Latin: dīus

From *dyew- (“sky, heaven”) + *-yós (denominative adjectival suffix).


Proto-Hellenic: *pʰugā́ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fugā (see there for further descendants)

From *bʰewg- (“to flee, to escape”) + *-éh₂.


bʰeh₂ǵʰús

bʰéh₂ǵʰus (nominative singular)
bʰéh₂ǵʰuh₁ (dual nominative)
bʰéh₂ǵʰuh₁e (dual nominative)
bʰéh₂ǵʰu (singular vocative)
bʰéh₂ǵʰuh₁ (dual vocative)
bʰéh₂ǵʰuh₁e (dual vocative)
bʰéh₂ǵʰum (accusative singular)
bʰéh₂ǵʰuh₁ (accusative dual)
bʰéh₂ǵʰuh₁e (accusative dual)
bʰéh₂ǵʰums (accusative plural)
bʰeh₂ǵʰéws (genitive singular)
bʰeh₂ǵʰéws (ablative singular)
bʰeh₂ǵʰéw (locative singular)
bʰeh₂ǵʰéwi (locative singular)
bʰeh₂ǵʰúsu (locative plural)
bʰeh₂ǵʰúh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Germanic: *bōguz

Proto-Hellenic: *pā́kʰus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaHȷ́ʰúš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *pokowjä-

Tocharian A: poke

Tocharian B: poko


bʰeydʰ-

*bʰéydʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*bʰéydʰ-e-tor (deponent)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáydʰatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *báydʰatay

Sanskrit: बाधते (bā́dhate)

*bʰe-bʰóydʰ-e ~ *bʰe-bʰidʰ-ḗr (stative)

*bʰidʰ-tó-s

*bʰeydʰ-os

Proto-Hellenic: *peitʰos

desc

Ancient Greek: πειθός (peithós, “persuasive, credible, faithful”) (⇒ Εὐπείθης (Eupeíthēs), εὐπειθής (eupeithḗs, “persuadable”); ἀπειθής (apeithḗs, “unconvinced, disobedient”))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaydʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *baydʰás

Sanskrit: बाध (bādhá)

Proto-Italic: *feiðos

Old Latin: fīdus (“loyal, faithful, ally”)

Latin: foedus (“treaty, pact, alliance”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáydʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *báydʰas

Sanskrit: बाधस् (bā́dhas)

*bʰoydʰ-éh₂ (“pledge”)

*bʰeydʰ-ti-s

Proto-Albanian: *baitši

Albanian: besë

>? Proto-Celtic: *banssus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pítstis

Ancient Greek: πί̆στῐς (pístis)

*bʰoydʰ-éye-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baideitei

Proto-Slavic: *běditi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *baidijaną (see there for further descendants)


bʰidʰtós

non-ablauting (romanization)
bʰidʰtós (nominative singular)
bʰidʰtóes (nominative plural)
bʰidʰté (singular vocative)
bʰidʰtóes (plural vocative)
bʰidʰtóm (accusative singular)
bʰidʰtóms (accusative plural)
bʰidʰtósyo (genitive singular)
bʰidʰtóHom (genitive plural)
bʰidʰtéad (ablative singular)
bʰidʰtómos (ablative plural)
bʰidʰtóey (dative singular)
bʰidʰtómos (dative plural)
bʰidʰtéy (locative singular)
bʰidʰtóy (locative singular)
bʰidʰtóysu (locative plural)
bʰidʰtṓys (instrumental plural)
bʰidʰtā́m (accusative singular)
bʰidʰtóm (nominative singular)
bʰidʰtóy (dual nominative)
bʰidʰtóm (singular vocative)
bʰidʰtóy (dual vocative)
bʰidʰtóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Hellenic: *pitstós

Ancient Greek: πιστός (pistós)

Greek: πιστός (pistós)

Proto-Italic: *fissos

Latin: fīsus

From *bʰeydʰ- (“to trust”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: տայգր (taygr), տագր (tagr)

Armenian: տեգր (tegr), տագր (tagr)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dāˀiwēris

Lithuanian: díeveris

Latvian: diẽveris

Proto-Slavic: *dě̀verь (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Germanic: *taikuraz (with *k < *h₂ from Cowgill's law, reformed as an a-stem in analogy to *swehuraz)

Proto-Hellenic: *dāiwḗr

Ancient Greek: δᾱήρ (dāḗr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *daHiwā́ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *daiwēr

⇒ Latin: lēvir, laevir (see there for further descendants)


bʰeyd-

*bʰéyd-e-ti (thematic root present)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáydati (“to break, to split”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéydt (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Germanic: *bītaną (“to bite”)

>? Ancient Greek: φείδομαι (pheídomai, “to spare, to have consideration for, to refrain from”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hábʰayt

*bʰóyd-os

Proto-Germanic: *baitaz (“boat, ship”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *baitō (“food, bait”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰíd-is

Proto-Germanic: *bitiz m (see there for further descendants)

*bʰid-nós

*bʰid-tós

*bʰid-rós

Proto-Germanic: *bitraz (see there for further descendants)

*bʰi-né-dti (“to be splitting”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Armenian: բդկել (bdkel, “to burst, to explode”)


bʰudʰtós

non-ablauting (romanization)
bʰudʰtós (nominative singular)
bʰudʰtóes (nominative plural)
bʰudʰté (singular vocative)
bʰudʰtóes (plural vocative)
bʰudʰtóm (accusative singular)
bʰudʰtóms (accusative plural)
bʰudʰtósyo (genitive singular)
bʰudʰtóHom (genitive plural)
bʰudʰtéad (ablative singular)
bʰudʰtómos (ablative plural)
bʰudʰtóey (dative singular)
bʰudʰtómos (dative plural)
bʰudʰtéy (locative singular)
bʰudʰtóy (locative singular)
bʰudʰtóysu (locative plural)
bʰudʰtṓys (instrumental plural)
bʰudʰtā́m (accusative singular)
bʰudʰtóm (nominative singular)
bʰudʰtóy (dual nominative)
bʰudʰtóm (singular vocative)
bʰudʰtóy (dual vocative)
bʰudʰtóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Hellenic: *pustós

Ancient Greek: πυστός (pustós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰudᶻdʰás (see there for further descendants)

From *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


deywós

non-ablauting (romanization)
deywós (nominative singular)
deywóes (nominative plural)
deywé (singular vocative)
deywóes (plural vocative)
deywóm (accusative singular)
deywóms (accusative plural)
deywósyo (genitive singular)
deywóHom (genitive plural)
deywéad (ablative singular)
deywómos (ablative plural)
deywóey (dative singular)
deywómos (dative plural)
deywéy (locative singular)
deywóy (locative singular)
deywóysu (locative plural)
deywṓys (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Anatolian: *diu̯- (“daylight god”)

Lycian: 𐊈𐊆𐊇 (ziw)

Lydian: 𐤣𐤦𐤥𐤦 (diwi)

Luwian: 𒋾𒉿𒊍 (tiwaz, “a sun god”)

Palaic: 𒋾𒅀𒊍 (ti-ia-az /tiyaz/)

→⇒? Old Armenian: աստուած (astuac, “god”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *deiwás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *deiwos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *tīwaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *daywás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *deiwos (see there for further descendants)

Schwebeablaut or vṛddhi derivative of zero-grade *dyew- (“sky, heaven”) + *-ós.


deyḱ-

*déyḱ-ti ~ *diḱ-énti (athematic root present)

*deyḱ-néw- ~ *deyḱ-nú- (full-grade nu-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *deiknéumi

Ancient Greek: δείκνῡμι (deíknūmi), thematicized δεικνύω (deiknúō)

Greek: δείχνω (deíchno)

*dḗyḱ-s-t ~ *déyḱ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

*doyḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *taikijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dayśáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dayśáyati

Sanskrit: देशयति (deśayati)

*diḱ-é-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dićáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *diśáti

Sanskrit: दिशति (diśáti)

*déyḱ-s ~ *diḱ-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *díćš ~ *dićás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *díṭṣ ~ *diśás

Sanskrit: दिश् (diś)

Proto-Italic: *-diks

Latin: *-dex

⇒ Latin: in-dex, iū-dex, vin-dex (see there for further descendants)

*deyḱ-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dayćás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dayśás

Sanskrit: देश (deśá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *díkā

Ancient Greek: δίκη (díkē) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Ancient Greek: δικαίωμα (dikaíōma)

Greek: δικαίωμα (dikaíoma)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *díćaH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *díśaH

Sanskrit: दिशा (díśā, “direction”) (see there for further descendants)

*déyḱ-mn̥ ~ *diḱ-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *déikmə

Ancient Greek: δεῖγμα (deîgma) (see there for further descendants)

*diḱ-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dištás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *diṣṭás

Sanskrit: दिष्ट (diṣṭá)

Proto-Italic: *diktos

Latin: dictus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *taihwǭ, *taikną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *digitos

Latin: digitus (see there for further descendants)

>? Lithuanian: daiktas


bʰidtós

non-ablauting (romanization)
bʰidtós (nominative singular)
bʰidtóes (nominative plural)
bʰidté (singular vocative)
bʰidtóes (plural vocative)
bʰidtóm (accusative singular)
bʰidtóms (accusative plural)
bʰidtósyo (genitive singular)
bʰidtóHom (genitive plural)
bʰidtéad (ablative singular)
bʰidtómos (ablative plural)
bʰidtóey (dative singular)
bʰidtómos (dative plural)
bʰidtéy (locative singular)
bʰidtóy (locative singular)
bʰidtóysu (locative plural)
bʰidtṓys (instrumental plural)
bʰidtā́m (accusative singular)
bʰidtóm (nominative singular)
bʰidtóy (dual nominative)
bʰidtóm (singular vocative)
bʰidtóy (dual vocative)
bʰidtóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰitˢtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰittás

Sanskrit: भित्त (bhittá, “bit”)

⇒ Proto-Nuristani: (“board”)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: bitëlë

Kativiri: bëtyel

Prasuni: vëtlë, vatël

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: bitalë

Waigali: bitala

Proto-Italic: *fissos

Latin: fissus

From *bʰeyd- (“to split”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


bʰrem-

*bʰrém-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *bremeti

Proto-Brythonic: *brėβ̃ɨd

Middle Welsh: brefu, brefad

Gaulish: Bremia, Bremenium

Proto-Germanic: *bremaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *brummōną (see there for further descendants)

q

unless =<i class="Latn mention" lang="iir-pro">*bʰrámHati</i>; the root is uncertain

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰrámati (unless =*bʰrámHati; the root is uncertain)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰrámati

desc

Sanskrit: भ्रमति (bhrámati, “to wander, rove, ramble”)

Proto-Iranian: *brámati

Parthian: 𐫁𐫡𐫖𐫀𐫖 (brmʾm, 1sg.pres.ind.), 𐫁𐫡𐫖𐫀𐫖 (brmʾm, 1pl.pres.ind.), 𐫁𐫡𐫖𐫏𐫗𐫅 (brmynd, 3pl.pres.ind.)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (blʾmynd /brāmēnd/, 3sg.pres.ind.)

Proto-Italic: *fremō

Latin: fremō

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *brьměti

West Slavic:

Polish: brzmieć

*bʰrém-ti-s ~ *bʰrm̥-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *brumþiz

*bʰrōm-is

Proto-Germanic: *brōmiz

*bʰrem-onts

q

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰramants (or *bʰrámHants; cf. *bʰrám(H)ati above)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰramants

desc

Sanskrit: भ्रमत् (bhramat, “wandering about, roaming”)

*bʰŕ̥m-gos

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰŕ̥ngas

>? Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰŕ̥ngas

Sanskrit: भृङ्ग (bhṛ́ṅga, “a species of large black bee, the humble bee”)


dyew-

*dyḗws

*dyutkós (“celestial, heavenly”) (+ *tek- (“to obtain, receive”))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyukšás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dyukṣás

Vedic Sanskrit: द्युक्ष (dyukṣá)

*deyn-o-s (“day”) (probably a back-formation from *deywós, interpreting *dey- as the root)

Proto-Albanian: *deina

Albanian: din (“to break (of dawn)”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *deinas, *dinas

Latgalian: dīna

Latvian: diena

Lithuanian: diena

Old Prussian: dēinā

Samogitian: dėina

Proto-Slavic: *dьnь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *tīnaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dinám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dinám

Sanskrit: दिन (diná) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *dinos

⇒ Latin: nūndinus, perendinus

*deywós

*diwyós

*d(i)wi-n- (possibly)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: երկինք (erkinkʻ)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian: *Diw-ōt-s

Hittite: [script needed] (šiwatt-, “day”)

Luwian: [script needed] (Tiwaz), [script needed] (Tiwad-, “theonym”)

Palaic: [script needed] (Tiyaz), [script needed] (Tiyad-, “theonym”)

⇒ Lycian: Τευδιαρμα (“Sun-Moon, given name”)

⇒ Lydian: 𐤯𐤦𐤰𐤣𐤠𐤩𐤦𐤳 (tiudališ, “given name”)

Proto-Celtic: *dīyos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒅆𒌦𒅀𒋻 (/šiuniyatar/, “divine image, divinity”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyú, *diwám, *dyáwš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dyú, *diwám, *dyáwṣ

Sanskrit: द्यु (dyú), दिव (divá, “sky, heaven”), द्यो (dyó, “heaven”)

Proto-Iranian: *dyú, *diwám, *dyáwš

Sogdian: ܠܝܘܐܟܟ (δēwāk, “heavenly”), ܠܝܘܮܘܢ (δēwγōn, “heavenly”)

⇒ Persian: لیو (liv, “sun”) (δēwāk > *lēwāk > lēw > lēv > līv) (perhaps)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyumā́

Sanskrit: द्युमान् (dyumān)

→ Proto-Uralic: *juma


-nós

-nós (nominative singular)
Ø-nós (nominative singular)
Ø-nóh₁ (dual nominative)
-nóes (nominative plural)
Ø-nóes (nominative plural)
-né (singular vocative)
Ø-né (singular vocative)
Ø-nóh₁ (dual vocative)
-nóes (plural vocative)
Ø-nóes (plural vocative)
-nóm (accusative singular)
Ø-nóm (accusative singular)
Ø-nóh₁ (accusative dual)
-nóms (accusative plural)
Ø-nóms (accusative plural)
-nósyo (genitive singular)
Ø-nósyo (genitive singular)
-nóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-nóHom (genitive plural)
-néad (ablative singular)
Ø-néad (ablative singular)
-nómos (ablative plural)
Ø-nómos (ablative plural)
-nóey (dative singular)
Ø-nóey (dative singular)
-nómos (dative plural)
Ø-nómos (dative plural)
-néy (locative singular)
Ø-néy (locative singular)
-nóy (locative singular)
Ø-nóy (locative singular)
-nóysu (locative plural)
Ø-nóysu (locative plural)
Ø-nóh₁ (instrumental singular)
-nṓys (instrumental plural)
Ø-nṓys (instrumental plural)
Ø-néh₂ (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
Ø-néh₂ (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-nā́m (accusative singular)
Ø-nā́m (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
Ø-néh₂ (locative singular)
Ø-néh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
-nóm (nominative singular)
Ø-nóm (nominative singular)
-nóy (dual nominative)
Øy (dual nominative)
Øyh₁ (dual nominative)
Ø-néh₂ (nominative plural)
-nóm (singular vocative)
Ø-nóm (singular vocative)
-nóy (dual vocative)
Øy (dual vocative)
Øyh₁ (dual vocative)
Ø-néh₂ (plural vocative)
-nóy (accusative dual)
Øy (accusative dual)
Øyh₁ (accusative dual)
Ø-néh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-nas, *-inas

Lithuanian: -inas

Old Prussian: -ins

Proto-Slavic: *-ьnъ (from *-inas)

Proto-Slavic: *-nъ (most past passive participles)

Proto-Germanic: *-anaz (all strong past participles)

Old English: -en

Middle English: -en, -e

English: -en, -Ø

Proto-Hellenic: *-nos

Ancient Greek: -νος (-nos)

Proto-Italic: *-nos

Latin: -nus, -ānus (and -iānus after that), -ēnus, -īnus, -ūnus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-nás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *-njā

Albanian: -një


bʰidnós

non-ablauting (romanization)
bʰidnós (nominative singular)
bʰidnóes (nominative plural)
bʰidné (singular vocative)
bʰidnóes (plural vocative)
bʰidnóm (accusative singular)
bʰidnóms (accusative plural)
bʰidnósyo (genitive singular)
bʰidnóHom (genitive plural)
bʰidnéad (ablative singular)
bʰidnómos (ablative plural)
bʰidnóey (dative singular)
bʰidnómos (dative plural)
bʰidnéy (locative singular)
bʰidnóy (locative singular)
bʰidnóysu (locative plural)
bʰidnṓys (instrumental plural)
bʰidnā́m (accusative singular)
bʰidnóm (nominative singular)
bʰidnóy (dual nominative)
bʰidnóm (singular vocative)
bʰidnóy (dual vocative)
bʰidnóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Germanic: *bitanaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰidnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰidnás

Sanskrit: भिन्न (bhinná)

From *bʰeyd- (“to split”) + *-nós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


Proto-Germanic: *dōmaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰōmos

Ancient Greek: θωμός (thōmós)

From *dʰeh₁- (“to put”) + *-mos (action or result suffix).


dʰewbʰ-

*dʰewbʰ-é-ti

Proto-Slavic: *ďubati (see there for further descendants)

*dʰowbʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *daupijaną (see there for further descendants)

*dʰéwbʰ-et-o-s

Proto-Albanian: *deubeta

Arbëresh Albanian: dejët, deejt, dejt (“sea”)

Gheg Albanian: dēt (South Gheg)

Albanian: det

*dʰewbʰ-nó-s

Proto-Germanic: *deupaz (see there for further descendants)

*dʰéwbʰ-u-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dubus

Latvian: dobs

Lithuanian: dubùs

Proto-Celtic: *dubus (see there for further descendants)

*dʰubʰ-nó-s

*dʰub⁽ʰ⁾-ó-s

*budʰ-ó-s (metathesized)

Proto-Hellenic: *butʰós (or *tʰubós, if the metathesis happened later)

desctree

>? Ancient Greek: βυθός (buthós, “depth”), βυσσός (bussós)
Greek: βυθός (vythós)

*dʰubʰ-ró-s

*bʰudʰ-mḗn (possibly, with metathesis)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian:

desc

>? Albanian: dudum (“dumb person, fool”)

Proto-Albanian: *deupa

Albanian: djep

Proto-Germanic: *dumbaz (“mute, dumb”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

>? Ancient Greek: τυφλός (tuphlós, “unseen, obscure, hazy, dark; blind”)
Greek: τυφλός (tyflós)


-yós

-yós (nominative singular)
Ø-yós (nominative singular)
Ø-yóh₁ (dual nominative)
-yóes (nominative plural)
Ø-yóes (nominative plural)
-yé (singular vocative)
Ø-yé (singular vocative)
Ø-yóh₁ (dual vocative)
-yóes (plural vocative)
Ø-yóes (plural vocative)
-yóm (accusative singular)
Ø-yóm (accusative singular)
Ø-yóh₁ (accusative dual)
-yóms (accusative plural)
Ø-yóms (accusative plural)
-yósyo (genitive singular)
Ø-yósyo (genitive singular)
-yóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-yóHom (genitive plural)
-yéad (ablative singular)
Ø-yéad (ablative singular)
-yómos (ablative plural)
Ø-yómos (ablative plural)
-yóey (dative singular)
Ø-yóey (dative singular)
-yómos (dative plural)
Ø-yómos (dative plural)
-yéy (locative singular)
Ø-yéy (locative singular)
-yóy (locative singular)
Ø-yóy (locative singular)
-yóysu (locative plural)
Ø-yóysu (locative plural)
Ø-yóh₁ (instrumental singular)
-yṓys (instrumental plural)
Ø-yṓys (instrumental plural)
Ø-yéh₂ (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
Ø-yéh₂ (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-yā́m (accusative singular)
Ø-yā́m (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
Ø-yéh₂ (locative singular)
Ø-yéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
-yóm (nominative singular)
Ø-yóm (nominative singular)
-yóy (dual nominative)
Øy (dual nominative)
Øyh₁ (dual nominative)
Ø-yéh₂ (nominative plural)
-yóm (singular vocative)
Ø-yóm (singular vocative)
-yóy (dual vocative)
Øy (dual vocative)
Øyh₁ (dual vocative)
Ø-yéh₂ (plural vocative)
-yóy (accusative dual)
Øy (accusative dual)
Øyh₁ (accusative dual)
Ø-yéh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-jas

Lithuanian: -ỹs, -ias/-jas

Proto-Slavic: *-jь (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -ιος (-ios)

Italic:

Latin: -ius

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-yás

Sanskrit: -य (-yá)

Proto-Iranian: *-yáh

Avestan: -𐬌𐬌𐬀 (-iia) (e.g. 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬌𐬌𐬀 (haomiia, “made from Haoma”) from 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬀 (haoma, “Haoma”))

Proto-Germanic: *-jaz

Proto-Norse: -ᛃᚨᛉ (-jaʀ), -ᛁᛉ (-iʀ)


Proto-Germanic: *dēdiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰétis

Ancient Greek: θέσις (thésis) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fētis

⇒ Latin: fētialis, fētiales (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰHtíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰHtíṣ

Sanskrit: धीति (dhītí)

Proto-Slavic:

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *bolgodětь

Old Church Slavonic: благодѣть (blagodětĭ)
→ Russian: благодать (blagodatʹ)

From *dʰeh₁- (“to put”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


non-ablauting (romanization)
dʰoHnā́m (accusative singular)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

>? Middle Armenian: դոն (don)
Armenian: դոն (don)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dṓˀnāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰaHnáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰaHnáH

Sanskrit: धाना (dhānā́)

Punjabi: ਧਾਣ (dhāṇ)

desc

⇒? Sanskrit: धानक (dhānaka), धन्याक (dhanyāka), धानेय (dhāneya, “coriander”)

Proto-Iranian: *daHnáH

Middle Persian: dʾn' (dān)

Persian: دانه (dâne)

Northern Luri: دۆنںە (downa)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tāno


bʰendʰ-

*bʰéndʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *bindaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰándʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bándʰati

Sanskrit: बन्धति (bándhati) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰondʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *bandijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰandʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bandʰáyati

Sanskrit: बन्धयति (bandháyati)

Proto-Iranian: *bandáyati

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬥𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (bandaiiaⁱti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰadʰnáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *badʰnáHti

Sanskrit: बध्नाति (badhnā́ti)

Assamese: বান্ধা (bandha)

Latin: funda (see there for further descendants)

*bʰondʰ-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *bandiz (see there for further descendants)

*bʰondʰ-ni-s

Proto-Italic: *fondnis

>? Latin: fūnis (“rope”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰn̥dʰ-tó-s (“bound, tied”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰadᶻdʰás (see there for further descendants)

*bʰn̥dʰ-tú-s (“bond, agreement, custom”)

Proto-Celtic: *banssus (see there for further descendants)

*bʰn̥dʰ-ó-m

Proto-Germanic: *bundą (“bundle”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰn̥dʰ-yó-m

Proto-Germanic: *bundiją

Proto-West Germanic: *bundī

Frankish: *bunni

⇒ Frankish: *obbunni

→ Late Latin: abbonis, obbonis (“ribbon of a headdress”)

→? Basque:

→ Spanish: boina (“beret”)

→ Old French: bonet

Middle French: bonet

→ Catalan: bonet (“(a historical type of) biretta; spindle fruit”)

→ Middle English: bonet

desctree

English: bonnet
→ Scottish Gaelic: bonaid

desc

→ Piedmontese: bonet (“bonnet, cap; rounded cake mold; bonet, a traditional pudding”)

→ Italian: bonet (“bonet”)

→? Spanish: bonete (“biretta; cone hat”)

desctree

French: bonnet
→ Portuguese: boné
→ Spanish: bonete
→ Turkish: bone

Jersey Norman: bannète

Unsorted formations

Armenian

Old Armenian: պինդ (pind) (or borrowed from Iranian)
Armenian: պինդ (pind)

>? Old Armenian: պապանձիմ (papanjim)
Armenian: պապանձվել (papanjvel), պապանձել (papanjel)

Balto-Slavic

Lithuanian: beñdras

Polish: pęta

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: buinne
Irish: buinne
⇒ Middle Irish: buinnén (“sprig, shoot”)

Hellenic

Ancient Greek: πεῖσμα (peîsma) (for *πένθσμα (*pénthsma))

Ancient Greek: πενθερός (pentherós)
Greek: πεθερός (petherós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰándʰanam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bándʰanam

Sanskrit: बन्धन (bandhana)

Hindi: बन्धन (bandhan)

→ English: bandana (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰandʰas

Proto-Iranian: *bandah

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬥𐬛𐬀 m (banda)

Pashto: وندی (wandai)

Western Iranian

Zazaki: bend

Talysh: band

Old Persian: *𐎲𐎴𐎭 (*b-n-d /*bandaʰ/)

Persian: بند (band)

desc

⇒ Old Persian: 𐎲𐎠𐎭𐎲𐎴𐎭 (b-a-d-b-n-d /bādubandaʰ/)

Middle Persian: [Term?] (/bāhuβand/)

→ Old Armenian: բահուանդ (bahuand)

⇒ Central Kurdish: بەستن (bestin)

⇒ Persian: بستن (bastan)

→ Georgian: ბანდი (bandi)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: բանտ (bant), բանդ (band)
Armenian: բանտ (bant)

→⇒ Old Armenian: -աւանդ (-awand)

→⇒ Old Armenian: -աւանդակ (-awandak)

→⇒ Old Armenian: մեհեւանդ (mehewand)

→⇒ Old Armenian: կարաւանդք (karawandkʻ)

→⇒ Old Armenian: պախճաւանդ (paxčawand)

→⇒ Old Armenian: պարաւանդ (parawand)

desc

→⇒ Old Armenian: դանդանաւանդ (dandanawand)

→⇒ Old Armenian: շարաւանդ (šarawand)

→ Proto-Permic: *bɔn

Komi:

Komi-Permyak: бон (bon)

Komi-Zyrian: бон (bon)

Udmurt: бун (bun)

Italic:

Latin: *fendīx

⇒ Latin: offendīx

Sanskrit: बन्ध् (bandh)


dʰewgʰ-

dʰewgʰ- (canonical)
possibly *dʰewgʰ- (canonical)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*dʰéwgʰ-ti ~ *dʰugʰ-énti (athematic root present)

*dʰu-né-gʰ-ti ~ *dʰu-n-gʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic: *tunkʰanō

desctree

Ancient Greek: τυγχάνω (tunkhánō)
Greek: τυχαίνω (tychaíno)

*dʰi-dʰugʰ-sḱé-tor

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τιτύσκομαι (titúskomai)

*dʰe-dʰówgʰ-e ~ *dʰe-dʰugʰ-ḗr (stative)

*dʰugʰ-

(possibly) Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: յ-ան-դուգն (y-an-dugn, “bold, rash”)

*dʰéwgʰ-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáwgʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰáwgʰas

Sanskrit: दोहस् (dóhas)

⇒ Sanskrit: दोहसे (doháse)

Proto-Hellenic: *téwkʰos

Ancient Greek: τεῦχος (teûkhos)

Proto-Hellenic: *túkʰā

desctree

Ancient Greek: τύχη (túkhē), τιούχᾱ (tioúkhā), τούχᾱ (toúkhā) — Boeotian
Greek: τύχη (týchi)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *dukkǭ (“power, strength; muscle”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰugʰ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *dugъ (“strength, power”)

*dʰugʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰugdʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dugdʰás

Sanskrit: दुग्ध (dugdhá)

*dʰugh₂tḗr (perhaps)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: duhet (“must”, verb)

Proto-Germanic: *dugunþō (“utility, virtue, strength”) (see there for further descendants)

Irish: dual

Scottish Gaelic: duan

Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture
w:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture


bʰewg-

*bʰéwg-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰéugō

Ancient Greek: φεύγω (pheúgō)

Greek: φεύγω (févgo)

*bʰug-é-t (thematic root aorist)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔφυγον (éphugon)

*bʰug-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Italic: *fugiō

Latin: fugiō

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰauǰyáti

Proto-Iranian: *bauǰ, *bauxtah

Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬏𐬘 (būj, “to save, redeem”)

Bactrian: βογ- (bog-, “to save”)

Baluchi: بوج- (bōǰ-, “to open”)

Kurdish: (perhaps)

Central Kurdish: بووژانەوە (bûjanewe /būžānawa/), بووژێ- (bûjê- /būžē-/, “to revive”)

Parthian: (/buxtan, bōž-/, “to free, liberate, save”)

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫇𐫟𐫤𐫗 (bwxtn), 𐫁𐫇𐫋- (bwj-)

Middle Persian: (/buxtan, bōz-/, “to free, liberate, save”)

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫇𐫟𐫤𐫗 (bwxtn), 𐫁𐫇𐫉- (bwz-)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwhtn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwc-)

*bʰug-tos

Proto-Italic:

Latin: fugitus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰauǰtás

Proto-Iranian: *bauxtah, > *bauxtakah

Ossetian: (“open (of space), not enclosed, laid bare”)

Digor Ossetian: бугъдӕг (buǧdæg)

Iron Ossetian: быгъдӕг (byǧdæg)

Parthian: (/buxt, buxtag/)

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫇𐫟𐫤 (bwxt), 𐫁𐫇𐫟𐫤𐫃 (bwxtg)

Middle Persian: (/buxt, buxtag/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwht'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwhtk')

Apparently originally the same root as the synonymous *bʰegʷ-.


bʰewg-

*bʰu-né-g-ti ~ *bʰu-n-g-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰunákti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰunákti

Sanskrit: भुनक्ति (bhunákti, “to be of use”, active), भुन्क्ते (bhuṅkté, “to enjoy”, middle)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *fungōr (“to perform, function”)

Latin: fungor

⇒ Proto-Armenian:

⇒ Old Armenian: բուծանեմ (bucanem, “to nourish”)

Armenian: բուծել (bucel, “to breed, cultivate”)

⇒? Proto-Celtic: *bungeti (“to reap, break”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰe-bʰówg-e ~ *bʰe-bʰug-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰubʰuǰáy

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bubʰuȷ́áy

Sanskrit: बुभुजे (bubhujé)

*bʰéwg-ti-s ~ *bʰug-téy-s

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: բուտ (but, “nourishment”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰuktiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰuktiṣ

Sanskrit: भुक्ति (bhukti, “enjoyment”)

*bʰéwg-s (or only originating in Indo-Iranian)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúkš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰúkṣ

Sanskrit: भुज् (bhúj, “enjoyment”), भुक् (bhúk, nom. sg)

Proto-Iranian: *búkš

Avestan: 𐬠𐬏𐬘 (būj, “atonement”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáwkšnas

Proto-Iranian: *báwxšnas

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬊𐬑𐬱𐬥𐬀 (baoxšna, “refreshment”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Khotanese: 𑀩𑀽𑀚𑁆𑀲𑀦 (būjsana, “feasting”)


dʰubʰrós

non-ablauting (romanization)
dʰubrós (nominative singular)
dʰubróes (nominative plural)
dʰubré (singular vocative)
dʰubróes (plural vocative)
dʰubróm (accusative singular)
dʰubróms (accusative plural)
dʰubrósyo (genitive singular)
dʰubróHom (genitive plural)
dʰubréad (ablative singular)
dʰubrómos (ablative plural)
dʰubróey (dative singular)
dʰubrómos (dative plural)
dʰubréy (locative singular)
dʰubróy (locative singular)
dʰubróysu (locative plural)
dʰubrṓys (instrumental plural)
dʰubrā́m (accusative singular)
dʰubróm (nominative singular)
dʰubróy (dual nominative)
dʰubróm (singular vocative)
dʰubróy (dual vocative)
dʰubróy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dubrás

⇒ Latvian: dubra (“puddle”) (a-stem derivative)

⇒ Lithuanian: Dubrà (a-stem derivative)

i

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *dъbrь (“ravine”) (i-stem derivative, refined in later times into *dьbrь) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dubraz

Old Norse: Dófrar (place name)

Norwegian: Dovre (place name)

Swedish: Dovra (place name)

Proto-Celtic: *dubros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *täpre

Tocharian A: tpär

Tocharian B: tapre

From *dʰewb- (“deep”) + *-rós (Caland system suffix).

suffix

Brill Publishers
Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen


gel-

*gol- (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *kalaną (“to be cold”) (see there for further descendants)

*gol-tó-s

Proto-Germanic: *kaldaz (“cold”) (see there for further descendants)

*gol-i-

Proto-Germanic: *kaliz (see there for further descendants)

*gel-u-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: gelus m, gelū n (“frost”), gelidus (“icy, frosty”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Baltic:

Lithuanian: gelumà

→? Proto-Finno-Permic: *külmä

Proto-Finnic: *külmä (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Permic: *kɨn

Komi-Permyak: кын (kyn)

Udmurt: кын (kyn)

Proto-Samic: *këlmētēk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *golotь

Old Church Slavonic: голоть (golotĭ)

>? Proto-Slavic: *xȏldъ

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: जल (jala), Sanskrit: जड (jaḍa)


glewbʰ-

*gléwbʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *kleubaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *glouβō (see there for further descendants)

*glúbʰ-e-ti (thematic zero-grade root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *glúpʰō

Ancient Greek: γλύφω (glúphō)

*glowbʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *klaubijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *glouβ(s)mā

Latin: glūma (“husk, chaff”) (see there for further descendants)

*gléwbʰ-ti-s ~ *glubʰ-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *kluftiz (see there for further descendants)

*glubʰ-on-

Proto-Germanic: *klubô

Proto-West Germanic: *klubō

Old High German: chlobo

Middle High German: klobe

Cimbrian: khlóop

German: Klobe, Kloben

Middle Dutch: clove

desctree

Dutch: kloof
Afrikaans: kloof
→ English: kloof
→ Papiamentu: kloof (dated)

Old Norse: klofi (“fork of a river”)

Old English: clufu
Middle English: clove, clof, clowe
English: clove
Scots: clow

Old Norse: klof (“fissure”)

Icelandic: klof (“crotch”)

Middle Irish: *clob (“tongs”)

Irish: tlú, clobhadh (obsolete)

Manx: cloughyn pl

Scottish Gaelic: clobha


gʰóstis

gʰóstis (nominative singular)
gʰósteyes (nominative plural)
gʰósti (singular vocative)
gʰósteyes (plural vocative)
gʰóstim (accusative singular)
gʰóstims (accusative plural)
gʰostéys (genitive singular)
gʰostéyoHom (genitive plural)
gʰostéys (ablative singular)
gʰostímos (ablative plural)
gʰostéyey (dative singular)
gʰostímos (dative plural)
gʰostéy (locative singular)
gʰostḗy (locative singular)
gʰostísu (locative plural)
gʰostímis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gastis

Latgalian: gosts

Proto-Slavic: *gostь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *gostis

desc

Lepontic: 𐌊𐌏𐌑𐌉𐌏 (kośio), 𐌖𐌅𐌀𐌌𐌏𐌊𐌏𐌆𐌉𐌔 (uvamokozis)

Proto-Germanic: *gastiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *hostis (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from *gʰes- (“to eat”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix). Compare Sanskrit घसति (ghásati), Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬵 (gah, “to eat, to gorge”).


*h₂yéw-os ~ *h₂yéw-es-

desctree

Proto-Italic: *jowos
Old Latin: ious
Latin: iūs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáwš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáwṣ

Sanskrit: योस् (yós)

Proto-Iranian: *Hyáwš

Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬊𐬱 (yaoš)

Proto-Celtic: *yowdos

Proto-Brythonic: *jʉð (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *jowestos

Latin: iūstus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *jowezāō

Latin: iūrō (see there for further descendants)

*Hyewdʰ-

Back-formation from the noun *h₂óyu ~ *h₂yéw-, from the root *h₂ey- (“vital force, life”).


>? Proto-Albanian: *bunga

Albanian: bung (“chestnut, oak”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bāˀźas

Proto-Slavic: *bazъ (“elder”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *bāgos

Gaulish: *bagos (“beech”)

Proto-Germanic: *bōkō (“beech”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰāgós (“oak”)
Ancient Greek: φηγός (phēgós)
Doric Greek: φᾱγός (phāgós)

Proto-Italic: *fāgos

Latin: fāgus (“beech”)


yū́

Proto-Albanian: *ju(s)

Albanian: ju

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ձեզ (jez) (< *y(us)e), ձեր (jer) (< *y(us)er)

Armenian: ձեզ (jez), ձեր (jer)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jūˀ, *jūˀs (< *yū́-s)

Latgalian: jius

Latvian: jūs

Lithuanian: jūs

Old Prussian: ioūs, jūs

Proto-Germanic: *jūz, *jut (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yúH, *yúH(s) (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: yas

Tocharian B: yes


*h₁réwdʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: արոյդ (aroyd), երոյդ (eroyd), արուրդ (arurd), երուրդ (erurd)

Proto-Germanic: *reudaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *eréutʰō

Ancient Greek: ἐρεύθω (ereúthō)

*h₁rudʰ-éh₁-ti (éh₁-stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráwdʰitas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *russos

Latin: russus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rūˀdjas (post-PIE lengthened grade *h₁ruHdʰ-yo-s)

Proto-Slavic: *ryďь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *raudsas

Proto-Slavic: *rusъ (see there for further descendants)

*h₁rowdʰ-os ~ *h₁rowdʰ-es-os

Proto-Italic: *rouβos ~ *rouβoses

Old Latin: rōbos ~ rōbores

Latin: rōbur

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρυσίπελας (erusípelas)

Unsorted formations:

Italic:

Latin: rutilus (perhaps) (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: raũmins

Lithuanian: raumuõ

Proto-Slavic: *ruměnъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *rъďa, *rъďavъ (see there for further descendants)

Albanian:

>? Proto-Albanian: *awa-ruđa

Albanian: fruth

>? Proto-Albanian: *apa-ruđa

Albanian: pruth


Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒁁𒋻 n (pát-tar /pattar/, “wing”), 𒁁𒁕𒈾𒀸 (pád-da-na-aš /pattanaš/, gen.sg.)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: թեր (tʻer, “*wing, *feather; *leaf; side”), թերթ (tʻertʻ, “leaf”), թիթեռն (tʻitʻeṙn, “butterfly”) < *pter-

Armenian: թեր (tʻer, “leaf”)

Old Armenian: թիռ- (tʻiṙ-, “to fly”) < *ptēr-

qual

Old Armenian: փետուր (pʻetur, “feather”) (possibly; or a borrowing from other descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸatar

Proto-Brythonic: *adar

Welsh: adar

Unsorted formations

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

ὑποπετρίδιος

ὑπο-πετρίδιος

Ancient Greek: ὑπο-πετρίδιος (hupo-petrídios, “winged”)

Ancient Greek: πτέρυξ (ptérux) (possibly)

From *peth₂- (“to fly”) + *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix).

>? Proto-Slavic: *pero

feather; see there for further descendants


*péth₂-e-ti (thematic root present)

*pe-póth₂-e (stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *papā́ta

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *papā́ta

Sanskrit: पपात (papā́ta)

*pí-pth₂-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *píptō

desctree

Ancient Greek: πίπτω (píptō), πίσσω (píssō) — Aeolic
Greek: πέφτω (péfto)

*pt-né-h₂-ti ~ *pt-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

Ancient Greek: πίτνημι (pítnēmi)

Proto-Italic: *patnō

Latin: pandō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāt(H)áyati

Proto-Iranian: *pāt(H)áyati

desc

Sanskrit: पातयति (pātáyati, “to cause to fly, throw, send; to cause to fall, fell; to spill, pour”)

*péth₂-lom (“leaf”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pétalon

Ancient Greek: πέτᾰλον (pétalon) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *feþlą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pátram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pátram

Sanskrit: पत्र (pátra, “leaf”), पत्त्र (pattra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *pátram

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (patar^əta, “winged”)

*péth₂-r̥ (“feather, wing”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *peta

Albanian: pjetë

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ընթանամ (əntʻanam)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸanssā

Old Irish: éis

Irish: éis

Proto-Germanic: *faþmaz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πετάννῡμι (petánnūmi), πέτασος (pétasos), πέτηλος (pétēlos), ποταμός (potamós), πότμος (pótmos), πετηνός (petēnós), πτῶμα (ptôma), πτῆσις (ptêsis), πτῶσις (ptôsis), πτωτικός (ptōtikós), πτωτός (ptōtós), πτίλον (ptílon), πατάνη (patánē)

Italic:

Latin: pateō (see there for further descendants)

Latin: patera (see there for further descendants)

Latin: passus (“step”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: impetus, praepes, perpetuus (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Latin: propitius (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: petulans, petulcus (see there for further descendants)

Existing in variations, *pet-, *peth₁-, *peth₂-.

to fly (through the sense ‘spread one’s wings’)


tribʰí

instrumental masculine/neuter of *tréyes


tres-

*trés-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *tréhō

Ancient Greek: τρέω (tréō)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *trestós

Ancient Greek: ἄτρεστος (átrestos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trásati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *trásati

Sanskrit: त्रसति (trásati) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Aryan: *trastás

Sanskrit: त्रस्त (trastá)

*tr̥s-sḱé-ti (*sḱe-inchoative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥sćáti

Proto-Iranian: *tr̥ŝáti (see there for further descendants)

*tros-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trāsáyati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *trozeō

Latin: terreō

Umbrian: 𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄𐌕𐌖 (tusetu), tursitu (3sg.ipv.II); 𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌕𐌖 (tusetutu), tursotuto (3p.ipv.II), tursiandu (3p.pr.sb.ps.)

Proto-Italic: *torsā (The name of a goddess, invoked to curse enemies)

Umbrian: 𐌕𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄 (tupse), 𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄 (tuse), turse (dat.sg.); tursar (gen.sg.); tursa (voc.sg.)

*trés-mn̥

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trásma

Proto-Iranian: *θráhma (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥s-ró-s

Proto-Hellenic: *trəhrós

Ancient Greek: τρηρόν (trērón), τρήρων (trḗrōn)

Doric Greek: τρᾱρόν (trārón), τᾱρόν (tārón)

*tr̥s-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥štás

Proto-Iranian: *tr̥štáh

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬀 (taršta)

Parthian: 𐫤𐫏𐫡𐫘𐫀𐫅 (tyrsʾd)

Middle Persian: (/tarsīd/)

Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫏𐫡𐫘𐫀𐫅 (tyrsʾd)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (tlsyt)


Proto-Hellenic: *óťťomai

Ancient Greek: ὄσσομαι (óssomai)

*h₃ékʷ-s-e-tor (s desiderative)?

Proto-Hellenic: *ókʷsomai

Ancient Greek: ὄψομαι (ópsomai)

*h₃ékʷ-ti-s ~ *h₃kʷ-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic: *ókʷtis

Ancient Greek: ὄψις f (ópsis) (see there for further descendants)

*h₃ékʷ-mn̥ ~ *h₃kʷ-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *ókʷmə

Ancient Greek: ὄμμα n (ómma, “eye”)

Proto-Hellenic: *okʷā́

Ancient Greek: ὀπή (opḗ, “sight; opening, hole”) (see there for further descendants)

q

*h₃ekʷ-(e)lo-s, *h₃okʷ-(e)lo-s (grade uncertain, the diminutivisation is probably secondary)

Proto-Italic: *okʷ(e)los

Latin: oculus (“eye”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hanti(H)kás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hanti(H)kás

desc

Sanskrit: अन्तिक (antiká, “near, in the vicinity; nearness, proximity”)

Proto-Italic: *antīkʷos

Latin: antīquus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *enīkʷom

Brythonic:

Old Breton: enep

Old Cornish: eneb

Old Welsh: enep

Middle Welsh: wyneb

Primitive Irish: ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐᚌᚂᚐᚄ (ineqaglas)

Old Irish: enech (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *enōkʷā́

Ancient Greek: ἐνωπή (enōpḗ)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HániHkas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HániHkas

Sanskrit: अनीक (ánīka)

Proto-Iranian: *HániHkah

Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬌𐬐𐬀 (aⁱnika)

Northern Kurdish: enî (“forehead”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (anîg, “front, forehead”)

Proto-Hellenic: *prótsōkʷon

Ancient Greek: πρόσωπον (prósōpon)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: प्रतीक (prátīka)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Tocharian: *ekʷṣäliē (see there for further descendants)


Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄷𒉿𒀭𒍝 (ḫu-wa-an-za /huwanza/), 𒄷𒌋𒉿𒀭𒍝 (ḫu-u-wa-an-za /hūwanza/)

Proto-Celtic: *wintos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *windaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *awḗəts

Ancient Greek: ἀείς (aeís), ἀέντα (aénta, acc.s.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwáHatas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wentos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *wyente (see there for further descendants)

Participle of *h₂wḗh₁ti (“to blow”), from the root *h₂weh₁-.

(as substantive) that which blows; the wind, air


h₁n̥gʷníh₁ (dual nominative)
h₁n̥gʷní (singular vocative)
h₁n̥gʷníh₁ (dual vocative)
h₁n̥gʷníh₁ (accusative dual)

Proto-Albanian: *agni

Albanian: e enjte

Albanian: En

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *úngnis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hagníš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *əngʷnis (see there for further descendants)


dʰew-

*dʰew- (root present)

Proto-Albanian: *dej

Albanian: vdekje

Albanian: vdes

Proto-Germanic: *dewaną

*dʰow-eye- (causative-iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *dawjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dawéiˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *davìti (see there for further descendants)

*dʰu-iH-to-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դի (di, “corpse”)

*dʰu-iH-tu-

Celtic:

Old Irish: díth

*dʰów-tus

Proto-Germanic: *dauþuz (“death”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰu-Hnós

Proto-Italic: *fūnos

Latin: fūnus

*dʰow-Htós

Proto-Germanic: *daudaz (“dead”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: doíni (suppletive plural of duine)

Rix considers the "die" sense to be related to the "flow" sense in Etymology 2, the latter which he seems to view as the original. For a semantic parallel, compare English pass away.


dʰew-

*dʰéw-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰéwō

Ancient Greek: θέω (théō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰā́wati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰā́wati

Sanskrit: धावति (dhā́vati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *dā́wati

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: LHTWN-tn' (dawīdan)

Classical Persian: دَوِیدَن (dawīdan)

Tajik: давидан (davidan)


sep-

*s(ə)p-yé-ti or *sh₁p-yé-ti or *sop-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *sapjō

Latin: sapiō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sabjaną (see there for further descendants)

Old Armenian: համ (ham, “taste”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic: *saɸeros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Oscan: sipus (“knowing”)

Volscian: sepu (“knowing”) (ablative singular)

Proto-Germanic: *sebô


wídḱm̥ti

Proto-Albanian: *w(ī)džatī

Albanian: -zet

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: քսան (kʻsan)
Armenian: քսան (kʻsan)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dwideśimt (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wikantī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ewīkəti

Ancient Greek: εἴκοσι (eíkosi), ἐείκοσῐ (eeíkosi), ἐείκοσῐν (eeíkosin) — Epic, ϝίκᾰτῐ (wíkati) — Doric, ϝείκᾰτῐ, ϝίκᾰτῐ, βείκᾰτῐ (weíkati, wíkati, beíkati) — Laconian
Greek: είκοσι (eíkosi)

Doric: ϝείκατι (weíkati)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwiHćati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wīgentī
Latin: vīgintī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *w'īkän

Tocharian A: wiki

Tocharian B: ikäṃ

Tocharian B: ikante

From earlier *dwidḱómt, with loss of initial *d- (or perhaps, as suggested by Hellenic, dissimilation to *h₁-) and compensatory lengthening, from *dwi- (“two”) + *déḱm̥ (“ten”). The change from *wīdḱómt- > wīḱm̥t- was in analogy to *déḱm̥ (“ten”).


Proto-Anatolian: *páHʷr̥ (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հուր (hur) (< *puh₂r-)

Old Armenian: հն-ոց (hn-ocʻ, “furnace”) (< *ph₂wéns + -ոց (-ocʻ))

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: pūrs (“winter wheat”) but more often pūr̨i in analogy to kvieši, rudzi, mieži

desc

Lithuanian: pū̃ras (“one corn of winter-wheat; used in the plural for winter-wheat”)

Old Prussian: panno (“fire”), pure (“bromegrass”)

Proto-Slavic: *pyrь (“cinder; couch grass; spelt”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *panu (“fire”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fōr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pāwər?

Ancient Greek: πῦρ (pûr), πῠρᾰ́ (purá)

desctree

Ancient Greek: πῡρός (pūrós, “wheat”)
→? Arabic: بُرّ (burr, “wheat”)
→ Old Georgian: პური (ṗuri)
Georgian: პური (ṗuri, “wheat; bread”)
→ Armenian: պուրի (puri)
→ Sicilian: puru puru (“repeated interjection to call hens, now disconnected from the sense of 'wheat'”)

desc

⇒ Ancient Greek: πύρνον (púrnon, “wheaten bread; food, meat”) (compare the Arabic طَعَام (ṭaʕām) for the semantics)

Proto-Italic: *pūr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *puwār

Tocharian A: por

Tocharian B: puwar

Often considered to contain the substantifying suffix *-wr̥ or *-r̥ on some root (see *peh₂- and *peh₂w-).


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwaH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HwaH-

Sanskrit: वा (vā)

*h₂wḗh₁-ti ~ *h₂wéh₁-n̥ti (athematic Narten root present)

*h₂wéh₁-n̥ts (“wind”, active participle)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wēˀtrāˀ

Lithuanian: vė́tra (“storm”)

Latvian: vȩ̄tra (“storm”)

Old Prussian: vetro (“wind”)

Proto-Slavic: *větrъ (“wind”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂weh₁-yú-s (“wind”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vė́jas (“wind”) (or formed synchronically)

Latvian: vējš (“wind”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwaHyúš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: աւդ (awd), օդ (ōd)

Armenian: օդ (ōd)

Proto-Celtic: *awelā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫūda-, “readiness, ability to act swiftly”)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫuntarii̯a(i)-, “to break wind”)

*h₂uh₁-oy-ey ~ h₂uh₁-i-enti

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫuu̯ai-), [script needed] (ḫui-, “to run, hurry”)

Proto-Hellenic: *awetʰlon

Ancient Greek: ἄεθλον (áethlon)

Proto-Hellenic: *aweľľā

Ancient Greek: αὔελλα (aúella), ἀέλλη (aéllē), ἄελλα (áella)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: vetëtin (“it thunders”)

>? Proto-Albanian: *awuòr

Albanian: fjur (“aloft”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vėsùs (“fresh, cool”)

Latvian: vȩ̄ss (“fresh, cool”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀτμός (atmós), ἀϋτμή (aütmḗ), ἀίσθω (aísthō)

Germanic:

Old Norse: vængr (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Indic:

Sanskrit: वीज् (vīj)

Iranian:

Persian: وز (vaz)

Italic:

Latin: vannus (for *vatnus), vatillum


gʷíh₃wōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gīˀwetei

Latvian: dzīt, dzīvot

Lithuanian: gyventi

Old Prussian: gi(j)wan

Proto-Slavic: *žiti (see there for further descendants)

Celtic:

Breton: beva

Scottish Gaelic: bi

Welsh: byw

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *ďṓwō (< *gʷyṓw-ō < *gʷyéh₃w-oh₂)
Ancient Greek: ζώω (zṓō), ζῶ (zô), ζάω (záō)
Greek: ζω (zo)
Mariupol Greek: зу (zu)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰíHwati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gʷīwō
Latin: vīvō (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian: (from *gwíh₃-ō)

Tocharian A: śo-

Tocharian B: śai-

Apparently from the adjective *gʷih₃wós (“alive, living”), ultimately from the root *gʷeyh₃- (“to live”).
However, Gąsiorowski (2006) takes this verb (and thus the root) to be an irregular dissimilation of *gʷígʷwe-, an isolated reduplicating thematic present from a lost *gʷew- (“move”) (?) with an o-grade root noun in *gʷṓws.


mr̥tós

non-ablauting (romanization)
mr̥tós (nominative singular)
mr̥tóes (nominative plural)
mr̥té (singular vocative)
mr̥tóes (plural vocative)
mr̥tóm (accusative singular)
mr̥tóms (accusative plural)
mr̥tósyo (genitive singular)
mr̥tóHom (genitive plural)
mr̥téad (ablative singular)
mr̥tómos (ablative plural)
mr̥tóey (dative singular)
mr̥tómos (dative plural)
mr̥téy (locative singular)
mr̥tóy (locative singular)
mr̥tóysu (locative plural)
mr̥tṓys (instrumental plural)
mr̥tā́m (accusative singular)
mr̥tóm (nominative singular)
mr̥tóy (dual nominative)
mr̥tóm (singular vocative)
mr̥tóy (dual vocative)
mr̥tóy (accusative dual)

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: մարդ (mard, “man, mortal”)

Armenian: մարդ (mard, “man, person”)

Proto-Hellenic: *mrətós

Ancient Greek: βροτός (brotós, “mortal”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥tás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *murþą (see there for further descendants)

From *mer- (“to die”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gīˀwás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *biwos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kwiwaz, *kwikwaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷīwos

Ancient Greek: βίος (bíos) (or possibly a syncope of βίοτος (bíotos))

Greek: βίος (víos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰiHwás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gʷīwos (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: śāw-, śāy-

From *gʷeyh₃- (“to live”) + *-wós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

suffix

giwato

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gīˀwatas; Old Prussian

Old Irish: bethu

Proto-Celtic: *biwotūts (“life, existence”)

bethadMiddle Irish: bethaIrish: beathaManx: beaScottish Gaelic: beatha


h₁eǵʰs

Proto-Albanian: *its

desc

Albanian: ith (“back, backward”), ish- (“former”) (< ek's)

Proto-Albanian: *eś-

Albanian: sh-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *iź, *iś

Latvian: iz

Lithuanian: iš

Old Prussian: is

Proto-Slavic: *jьz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *exs, *exs- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *eh

Proto-Hellenic: *eks, *eks-

Ancient Greek: ἐξ (ex), ἐξ- (ex-) > ἐκ (ek), ἐκ- (ek-)

Greek: εξ (ex), εξ- (ex-), εκ (ek), εκ- (ek-)

Mycenaean Greek: *eks-

⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀒𐀰𐀺𐀒 (e-ko-so-wo-ko, “outside workers”)

Proto-Italic: *eɣ, *eks

Latin: ex, ex- (see there for further descendants)

→ English: ex-

Oscan: -𐌇𐌄 (-he)

Umbrian: -𐌄𐌇𐌄 (-ehe)

actIrish: achManx: aghScottish Gaelic: ach

>? Ancient Greek: ἔσχατος

Proto-Hellenic: *ékʰstətos (with regular superlative suffix from *-tm̥-tos)

with metathesis and simplification of the cluster

outermost, farthest, most remote, last; see there for further descendants


Proto-Albanian: *śālā

Albanian: gjollë (“salt”)

Proto-Albanian: * ̊śali(m)-

Albanian: ngjelmë (“salty”)

Proto-Albanian: *en-salima

Albanian: ngjelmët (“salty, briny”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: աղ (ał)

Old Armenian: աղտ (ałt) < *séh₂ld-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *salˀdus (from *sh₂el-d-u-s or *sh₂l-d-u-s), *sāˀlis

Latgalian: sõļs, solds, soldons

Latvian: sāls, salds

Old Prussian: sal

Lithuanian: saldus, sálti (“sweeten”)

Proto-Slavic: *solь (see there for further descendants), *soldъ (“malt”) (see there for further descendants), *soldъkъ (“sweet”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Iranian: *solH (“salt”)

Zazaki: sol (“salt”)

Northern Kurdish: solin (“salt”), sû (“saltless”)

Proto-Celtic: *sālos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *salanos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *saltą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hāls

Ancient Greek: ἅλς (háls)

Greek: αλάτι (aláti)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सलिल (salila, “water”)

→ Bengali: সলিল (śolil)

Iranian

Persian: هلتاک (haltâk, “salty yoghurt”), هلث (halþ~halt, “salty, salty food”)

Italic:

Latin: sāl (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: salu

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: sāle

Tocharian B: salyiye

qual

→ Proto-Uralic: (independent loans from early Indo-European at least in Finno-Permic and Ob-Ugric; common Finno-Permic *sala is sometimes reconstructed)

Proto-Ugric:

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: салнә (salnə)

Northern Khanty: сӑл (săl)

Proto-Permic:

Komi:

Komi-Permyak: сов (sov), сол (sol)

Komi-Zyrian: сов (sov)

Udmurt: сылал (sylal)

Mari:

Eastern Mari: шинчал (šinčal)

Proto-Mordvinic:

Erzya: сал (sal)

Moksha: сал (sal)

Proto-Finnic: *soola (see there for further descendants)


suH-

súHs (nominative singular)
súHes (nominative plural)
súH (singular vocative)
súHes (plural vocative)
súHm̥ (accusative singular)
súHm̥s (accusative plural)
suHés (genitive singular)
suHóHom (genitive plural)
suHés (ablative singular)
suHmós (ablative plural)
suHéy (dative singular)
suHmós (dative plural)
suHé (locative singular)
suHéy (locative singular)
suHsú (locative plural)
suHmís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *sūs

Albanian: thi, thaj — Gheg

q

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sū́ˀēnas (< *suH-en- or independently derived in Baltic from unrepresented *sū́ˀs)

Latvian: sivēns, suvēns

Proto-Germanic: *sūz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hūs, *sūs

Ancient Greek: ὗς (hûs), σῦς (sûs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *suH- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sūs

Latin: sūs (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: sif

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*suw-on-</i>

⇒ Proto-Tocharian: (< *suw-on-)

Tocharian B: suwo

Has been suggested to derive from *sewH- (“to give birth”) if the original meaning was “sow”.
Possibly related to Akkadian 𒊺𒄷𒌑 (še-hu-u₂, “pig”) (Old Babylonian šahû), which may be an Indo-European borrowing, as well as Sumerian 𒋚 (šah), 𒂄 (šaḫ) and 𒍢𒄴 (ze₂-eh).

⇒ *svinьja

Proto-Slavic: *svinъ (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic: *sukkos

< *su(H)k-kós?; or perhaps borrowed from another language

sugu

>? Proto-Germanic: *sugō f (< *su(H)k-éh₂?; or *suwu-: see second reconstruction note); Proto-West Germanic

huHkáh

see Proto-Indo-Iranian *suH- for further descendants

>? Sanskrit: सूकर

may be a compound formed in Sanskrit; see there for further descendants


webʰ-

*wébʰ-e-ti ~ *wébʰ-o-nti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *webaną (see there for further descendants)

*wébʰ-ti ~ *ubʰ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wabdʰi

Proto-Iranian: *wabdi

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬟- (vaf-, “to weave”)

Parthian: wfyd (ind.3sg.)

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: wp- (waf-)

Persian: بافتن (bâftan)

*wobʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *wabjaną (see there for further descendants)

*u-né-bʰ-ti ~ *u-m-bʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *umbʰáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *umbʰáti

Sanskrit: उम्भति (umbháti), उनब्द्धि (unábddhi)

*ubʰ-néH-ti ~ *ubʰ-nH-énti (*néH-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ubʰnáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ubʰnā́ti

desc

Sanskrit: उभ्नाति (ubhnā́ti, “cover over; hurt, kill”)

Proto-Iranian: *ubnáHti

Northern Kurdish: hûnan

*ubʰ-yéti ~ *ubʰ-yónti (*yé-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ubʰyáti

Proto-Iranian: *ubyáti

Avestan: 𐬎𐬟𐬌𐬌𐬀- (ufiia-, “to weave, to web”)

*wobʰ-eh₂-ti (o-grade eh₂-iterative-intensive)

Proto-Tocharian: *wäp- (“to weave, braid”)

Tocharian A: wäp-

Tocharian B: wāp-

*webʰ-n- (either denominal from an n-stem or deverbal from an n-infixed verb)

⇒ *webʰ-n-ye-

Proto-Albanian: *webnja

Albanian: vej

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὑφαίνω (huphaínō)

Greek: υφαίνω (yfaíno)

*wobʰ-ó-s

Proto-Tocharian: *yape (“spider”)

Ancient Greek: ὑφή (huphḗ)

*ubʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ubdʰás

Proto-Iranian: *ubdáh

Avestan: 𐬎𐬠𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀 (ubdaēna, “made of cloth”)

*wóps ~ *webʰ-és

*wébʰ-tis

Proto-Germanic: *wiftiz (see there for further descendants)

*wobʰ-yo-m

Proto-Germanic: *wabją (“web”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *wabōną, *wabijaną (“to wave”)

desctree

Old English: wafian (“to wave”)
Middle English: waven
English: wave

desc

Middle High German: waben (“to wave, undulate”)

Old Norse: váfa

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wabʰuš

Proto-Iranian: *wabuš

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬟𐬏𐬱 (vafūš, “hymn, web”)


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HyúHā (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂óyu (“long time, lifetime”) + *-Hō (Hoffman's suffix).


*pe-plóh₁-e ~ *pe-pl̥h₁-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paprā́Ha (see there for further descendants)

*pí-pleh₁-ti ~ *pí-pl̥h₁-n̥ti (i-reduplicated root athematic present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: յղփանամ (yłpʻanam)

Proto-Hellenic: *píplēmi

Ancient Greek: πίμπλημι (pímplēmi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pípraHti ~ *pípr̥Hati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparHti

Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti)

*pléh₁-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *plḗtʰō

Ancient Greek: πλήθω (plḗthō) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práHdʰati

Proto-Iranian: *fráHdati (see there for further descendants)

*pleh₁-t ~ *pl̥h₁-ént (root athematic aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *plētó (< middle voice *pl̥h₁-tó)

Ancient Greek: πλῆτο (plêto)

*pléh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *plējō

Latin: pleō (see there for further descendants)

*plḗh₁-s-t ~ *pléh₁-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ելից (elicʻ)

⇒ Old Armenian: յեղց (yełcʻ)

Proto-Hellenic: *éplēse

Ancient Greek: ἔπλησα (éplēsa)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáprāHst

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáprāHst

q

with later <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अप्रात्</i> (aprāt) as specifically 3sg.

Sanskrit: अप्रास् (aprās, 2/3sg.aor.ind.act.) (with later अप्रात् (aprāt) as specifically 3sg.)

*pl̥h₁-éh₁-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pilˀḗˀtei

Latvian: pilēt, pildīt

Lithuanian: pìlti

*pl̥h₁-néw-ti (new-present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: հեղում (hełum) (secondary full-grade?)

⇒ Old Armenian: ողողեմ (ołołem)

*pl̥h₁-yé-tor (ye-deponent)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hyátay (see there for further descendants)

*pl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ *pl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

>? Proto-Celtic: *ɸlīros (“sea, ocean”)

Old Irish: ler

Proto-Hellenic: *plērós

Ancient Greek: *πληρός (*plērós)

⇒ Ancient Greek: πλήρης (plḗrēs)

Proto-Italic: *plēros

Latin: plērus

*pléh₁-ti-s *pl̥h₁-téy-s

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: լիր (lir)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práHtiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práHtiš

Sanskrit: प्राति (prātí)

*pléh₁-yōs ~ *pl̥h₁-is-és

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πληθύς (plēthús)

Proto-Italic: *plēðūs

Latin: plēbs

(perhaps) Proto-Italic: *poplos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fulką (“folk”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸelus

Old Irish: il, hil
Irish: il
Manx: yl

Proto-Germanic: *felu

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πολύς (polús)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πολλός (pollós), πολλή (pollḗ)

Proto-Italic: *plows

Latin: plūs

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पॄ (pṝ)

Proto-Iranian: *parH-

Birgit Anette Olsen
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Mate Kapović
de:Brian D. Joseph


lewbʰ-

*lubʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Albanian: *luPi-

Albanian: lyp

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lubʰyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lubʰyáti

desc

Sanskrit: लुभ्यति (lúbhyati, “to desire, to be perplexed”) (see there for further descendants)

*lowbʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Albanian: *laubitja

Albanian: lubi

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ljaubī́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lawbʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lawbʰáyati

Sanskrit: लोभयति (lobháyati, “to make crazy”)

*lubʰ-eh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)

Proto-Italic: *luβēō (see there for further descendants)

*lewbʰ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ljaubas

Proto-Slavic: *ľubъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *leubaz (“dear, beloved”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *lubō (“love”), *leubō (see there for further descendants)

*lubʰ-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *lubą (“praise”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *lubōną (“to praise”) (see there for further descendants)

*lubʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: लुब्ध (lubdha) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: liaupsė (“praise”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ljaubūˀ

Proto-Slavic: *ľubỳ (“love”, noun) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *louβ-

Oscan: loufir

desctree

Sanskrit: लोभ (lobha)
→ Bengali: লোভ (lōbh) (learned)
→ Hindi: लोभ (lobh) (learned)
→ Kannada: ಲೋಭ (lōbha) (learned)
→ Marathi: लोभ (lobh) (learned)

to desire, covet, want (someone or something)


lewbʰ-

*lowbʰ-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *laubą (see there for further descendants)

lubʰ-ró-s

Proto-Italic: *luβros (see there for further descendants)

*lowbʰ-ó-s

Proto-Slavic: *lubъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: labë (“rind, cork”)

Proto-Celtic: *lubā (“herb, plant”)

Ancient Greek: λυπή (lupḗ, “pain”)

Lithuanian: lùpti (“to peel, to shell”)


*h₃méyǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*h₃meyǵʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *meiɣjō

Latin: mēiō

Proto-Slavic: *mižati (see there for further descendants)

*h₃mi-ne-ǵʰ- ~ *h₃mi-n-ǵʰ- (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *minɣō

Latin: mingō

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmiždʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmiẓḍʰás

Sanskrit: मीढ (mīḍhá), मीळ्ह (mīḷhá)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: mictus

*h₃meyǵʰ-s-tus or *h₃miǵʰ-s-tus

Proto-Germanic: *mihstuz (see there for further descendants)

*h₃moyǵʰos or *h₃meyǵʰos

Old Armenian: մէզ (mēz, “urine”)
Armenian: մեզ (mez)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmáyȷ́ʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmáyźʰas

Sanskrit: मेह (méha, “urine”)

Proto-Iranian: *Hmáyjah

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀 (maēza, “urine”)

Unsorted formations:

Latgalian: meizols (“urine”)

Latgalian: meiznīks, meižka (“organ of urinary”)

desc

Latgalian: meizeļs (“person who urinates”)

Proto-Albanian: *medzra

Albanian: përmjerr

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Middle Persian: myc (mēz-), mstn' (mistan)

Persian: میزیدن (mêz-), میزیدن (mêzidan), میختن (mêxtan)

Northern Kurdish: mîz, میز (mîz), mîstin

Proto-Slavic: *mězga

Proto-Slavic: *mьza, *mьzěti

Proto-Slavic: *mьža, *mьžati, *mьžiti

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: miśo (< *h₃m(e)iǵʰyeh₂-)


*h₂mélǵ-ti ~ *h₂ml̥ǵ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *mligeti

Old Irish: mligid

Middle Irish: bligid

*h₂mélǵ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *melźtei

Lithuanian: melžti (“to milk”)

Proto-Slavic: *melzti (“to milk”)

Proto-Germanic: *melkaną (“to milk”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀμέλγω (amélgō, “I milk”)

Greek: αρμέγω (armégo)

*h₂molǵ-éye-ti (iterative)

Proto-Italic: *molgeō

Latin: mulgeō (“I milk”)

*h₂mélǵ-os ~ h₂mélǵ-es-os (s-stem noun)

Proto-Celtic: *melgos

Old Irish: melg

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *melj́-ō

Albanian: mjel (“to milk”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: malks (“sip, nip, swig”)

Lithuanian: malkas

Proto-Celtic: *mlixtus (< *h₂ml̥ǵtus)

Old Irish: mlicht

Middle Irish: blicht

Irish: bleacht (“milk yield”)

Proto-Brythonic: bliθ

Welsh: blith (“milch”)

Proto-Germanic: *melkaz (“milky, milk-giving”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *milkijaz

Old English: *melċe, *milċe (þrimilċe)

Middle English: milche, melche

English: milch

Old Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: meelk

Old Saxon:

Low German: melke

Old High German: melch

Middle High German: mëlch, melk

Alemannic German: mëlch

German: melk

Old Norse:

Icelandic: milkur, mjólkur

Proto-Germanic: *meluks (“milk”) (with unexplained -u-)

→ Proto-Samic: *mielkkē

→? Proto-Slavic: *melko (“milk”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: malke (“milk”), mālk- (“to milk”) (< *h₂melǵ-ei̯e)

Tocharian B: malkwer (“milk”), mālkant (“to milk”)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bardā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bardaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *farβā (see there for further descendants)

From the stem *bʰar-/-bʰor- (“projecting forward; tip, point; bristle, awn”), form of *bʰer- (“to cut, to grate, to split, to hit”).

barbātus

the initial /b-/ is also found in barba; see there for further descendants


péysks

péysks (nominative singular)
péyskes (nominative plural)
péysk (singular vocative)
péyskes (plural vocative)
péyskm̥ (accusative singular)
péyskm̥s (accusative plural)
piskés (genitive singular)
piskóHom (genitive plural)
piskés (ablative singular)
piskmós (ablative plural)
piskéy (dative singular)
piskmós (dative plural)
péysk (locative singular)
péyski (locative singular)
pisksú (locative plural)
piskmís (instrumental plural)

Limited to West Indo-European, which has led to some speculation of a substrate borrowing. Alternatively reconstructed as a vṛddhi derivative of a sḱ-present verb:
* *peyḱsḱ- (“something painted, spotted”), from *piḱ-sḱé-ti, from *peyḱ- (“to paint, mark; spotted”), compare semantics of Ancient Greek πέρκη (pérkē, “perch”), Old Irish erc (“perch”), Proto-Germanic *furhnō (“trout”), from Proto-Indo-European *perḱ- (“colored, speckled”);
* *peytsḱ- (“something nourishing, food”), from *pit-sḱé-ti, from *péyh₂tu (“something fattening, nourishing”), cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *piHtú (“fat; food”), Proto-Slavic *piťa (“food”);
* *peysḱ- (“something winged, finned”), cognate with Sanskrit पिच्छ (piccha, “tail feather, wing”), Czech pisk (“young feather”), perhaps further related to Proto-West Germanic *finnā (“fin”), Latin pinna (“wing, feather, fin”), from *(s)peyh₂-; also compare semantics of Ancient Greek πτερόν (pterón, “feather, wing, fin”), Sanskrit पक्ष (pakṣa, “wing, fin”);
* or *peysḱ- (“something soft tissued”), cognate with Sanskrit पिच्छ (piccha, “calf (of the leg)”), compare semantics of Proto-Slavic *jьkra (“fish roe; calf of leg”), Dutch kuit (“fish roe; calf of leg”).

noncog

→ Albanian: peshk

Latin: piscis (see there for further descendants)


yóh₁r̥

yóh₁r̥ (nominative singular)
yóh₁r̥h₂ (nominative plural)
yéh₁ōr (collective nominative)
yóh₁r̥ (singular vocative)
yóh₁r̥h₂ (plural vocative)
yéh₁ōr (collective vocative)
yóh₁r̥ (accusative singular)
yóh₁r̥h₂ (accusative plural)
yéh₁ōr (accusative collective)
yéh₁n̥ (locative singular)
yéh₁n̥h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáHr̥ ~ *yáHas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáHr̥ ~ *yáHas

desc

⇒ Sanskrit: पर्यारिणी (paryāríṇī, “calving after a year”)

Proto-Iranian: *yáHr̥ ~ *yáHah

Avestan: 𐬫𐬁𐬭𐬆 (yār^ə) ~ 𐬫𐬃 (yā̊), 𐬫𐬁 (yā))

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *dušyārah (“bad year, drought”) (+ *duš-)

Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬲𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (dužiiāⁱriia, “bad year, drought, harvest bringing bad seasons”)

Parthian: [script needed] (dušyār, “drought”), [script needed] (dižyārīft, “famine”)

Old Persian: 𐎯𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐎶 (dušiyāram, “bad year, drought, ill-crop”)

Persian: دچار (dočâr)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *Hhuyārah (“good year, non-drought year”) (+ *Hhu-)

Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (huiiāⁱriia, “good year, non-drought year, harvest bringing good seasons”)

Beekes mentions a possible derivation from *(H)yeh₁- (“to send”).

jarъ

summer; spring; see there for further descendants

hōrnus

⇒ Proto-Italic: *hōrnos (< earlier *hojōrnos < *ho- (“this”) + *jōros + *-nos, cf. hodiē (“today”))


dáḱru

dáḱru (nominative singular)
dáḱru (singular vocative)
dáḱru (accusative singular)
dḱréws (genitive singular)
dḱréwoHom (genitive plural)
dḱréws (ablative singular)
dḱrúmos (ablative plural)
dḱréwey (dative singular)
dḱrúmos (dative plural)
dḱréw (locative singular)
dḱréwi (locative singular)
dḱrúsu (locative plural)
dḱrúh₁ (instrumental singular)
dḱrúmis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Armenian:

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*draḱru-</i>

Old Armenian: արտաւսր (artawsr, “tear”) (< *draḱru-)

desctree

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*draḱu-</i>

Old Armenian: արտասուք (artasukʻ, “tears”) (< *draḱu-)
Armenian: արտասուք (artasukʻ), արցունք (arcʻunkʻ)

desc

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*dáḱr-o-m</i>

Proto-Celtic: *dakrom (< *dáḱr-o-m)

Proto-Brythonic: *dagr

Cornish: dagr

desctree

Old Irish: dér, dǽr
Middle Irish: dér f
Irish: deoir
Scottish Gaelic: deur
Manx: jeir

desc

Proto-Celtic: *dakrū (plural or collective) < *dáḱruh₂ pl

Proto-Brythonic: *dėgr

Middle Welsh: deigyr

Welsh: deigr (archaic)

⇒ Welsh: deigryn

Proto-Germanic: *tahrą (< *dáḱr-o-m) (see there for further descendants)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*dráḱ-nu-s</i>

Proto-Germanic: *trahnuz (< *dráḱ-nu-s)

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: δάκρυ (dákru), δάκρυον (dákruon)
Greek: δάκρυ (dákry)
→ English: dacryo-

desc

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*-meh₂</i>

⇒ Proto-Italic: (+ *-meh₂)

Old Latin: dacruma, dacrima

Latin: lacruma, lacrima (see there for further descendants)

Linked to *h₂éḱru in some way, but the derivation is unclear. One possibility is that it is a contraction from earlier *dh₂éḱru, from the compound *dr̥ḱ-h₂éḱru (“eye-bitter”). This hypothesis explains the Old Armenian reflexes and Proto-Germanic *trahnuz well, but creates other questions. Even aside from the lack of known phonological parallels to such a contraction, it is unclear why the root *derḱ- was used rather than the main word for “eye” in Proto-Indo-European, *h₃ókʷs, though C.J. Ruijgh suggests that the semantic distinction was a meaning “fixed eye” for the former.


wr̥mis

wórmis (nominative singular)
wórmeyes (nominative plural)
wórmi (singular vocative)
wórmeyes (plural vocative)
wórmim (accusative singular)
wórmims (accusative plural)
wr̥méys (genitive singular)
wr̥méyoHom (genitive plural)
wr̥méys (ablative singular)
wr̥mímos (ablative plural)
wr̥méyey (dative singular)
wr̥mímos (dative plural)
wr̥méy (locative singular)
wr̥mḗy (locative singular)
wr̥mísu (locative plural)
wr̥mímis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *wrimi

Albanian: rrime

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: որդն (ordn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wārmi-, *wārmas

Lithuanian: var̃mas (“mosquito, horse-fly, fly, bug”)

Old Prussian: wormyan (“red”), urminan, warmun

Proto-Slavic: *vьrmьje (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: gwraint

Proto-Germanic: *wurmiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wrómos

Ancient Greek: ῥόμος (rhómos, “wood-worm”)

Proto-Italic: *wormis

Latin: vermis (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from the root *wer- (“to turn, to bend”). Alternatively, a mutation of the synonymous *kʷr̥mis. Ancient Greek ὅρμικας pl (hórmikas, “ants”), Tocharian B warme (“ant”) and Sanskrit वम्र (vamrá, “ant”), traditionally linked to *morwi- (“ant”), may however point to a distinct root *worm-, which could be the source of *wr̥mis.

cog

an animal resembling a worm, especially: insect larva


ǵómbʰos

non-ablauting (romanization)
ǵómbʰos (nominative singular)
ǵómbʰoh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵómbʰoes (nominative plural)
ǵómbʰe (singular vocative)
ǵómbʰoh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵómbʰoes (plural vocative)
ǵómbʰom (accusative singular)
ǵómbʰoh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵómbʰoms (accusative plural)
ǵómbʰosyo (genitive singular)
ǵómbʰoHom (genitive plural)
ǵómbʰead (ablative singular)
ǵómbʰomos (ablative plural)
ǵómbʰoey (dative singular)
ǵómbʰomos (dative plural)
ǵómbʰey (locative singular)
ǵómbʰoy (locative singular)
ǵómbʰoysu (locative plural)
ǵómbʰoh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵómbʰōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *dzamba

Albanian: dhëmb

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źámbas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kambaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gómpʰos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ámbʰas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *këmë

Tocharian A: kam

Tocharian B: keme

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: ծամեմ (camem, “to chew, ruminate”)

Armenian: ծամել (camel)

From a virtual root *ǵembʰ- + *-os, but the root's precise identity is debated. Most likely it meant “to bite” and is the source of at least Sanskrit जम्भति (jámbhati, “to snap at; to snatch with the mouth (chomp)”), जम्भयति (jámbhayati, “to crunch, crush”), Lithuanian žem̃bti (“to cut slantwise, sharpen”) and Albanian dhemb (“to ache”). Furthermore, this appears to be a nasal-infixed form (perhaps *ǵ-né-bʰ-ti ~ *ǵ-m̥-bʰ-énti) of the poorly attested root *ǵebʰ-, possibly found in Proto-Celtic *gobbos (“muzzle, snout”), Gaulish *gauta (“cheek”) (inferred only from descendants of Vulgar Latin *gauta, including Occitan gauta/jauta and French joue), Proto-Germanic *kaflaz (“jaw, jowl”), German Kiefer (“jaw”), Proto-Slavic *zȍbь (“fodder, oats”), *zobъ (“peck; beak, mouth; goiter”), Serbo-Croatian gȕbica (“snout, muzzle”), Lithuanian žė̃bti (“jaw, jowl”), and Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬟𐬀𐬭𐬆 (zafar^ə, “mouth”). As these are all nouns, the verbal function of the original root is only hypothetical.


dʰwer-

*dʰwṓr ~ *dʰurés (see there for further descendants)

*dʰwor-o-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dwára (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *dworā, *duros

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: dor

Cornish: dor

Old Welsh: dor

Middle Welsh: dor

Old Irish: dorus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰwā́ram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dwā́ram

Sanskrit: द्वार (dvā́ra)

→ Assamese: দুৱাৰ (duar)

Kashmiri:

Arabic script: دٲر (dạ̄r)

Devanagari script: दऻर (dạ̄r)

Marathi: दार (dār)

Pali: dvāra

→ Burmese: ဒွာရ (dwara.)

→ Gujarati: દ્વાર (dvār)

→ Hindi: द्वार (dvār)

→ Bengali: দ্বার (dar)

Romani: vudar

→ Urdu: دوار (dvār)

→ Thai: ทวาร (tá-waan)

Proto-Iranian: *dwara (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fworom

Latin: forum (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌚𐌖𐌓𐌖 (furu), furo

Proto-Tocharian: *twere

Tocharian B: twere

Proto-Italic: *fworā

Latin: forās, forīs

*dʰwōr-eh₂ (innovative collective)

Proto-Albanian: *dwōrā

Albanian: derë

*dʰur-éh₂ (collective)

Proto-Germanic: *durō

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 (daura)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰurā

Ancient Greek: θῠ́ρᾱ (thúrā)

Greek: θύρα (thýra)

*dʰur-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *durą

*dʰúr-m̥ ~ *dʰwor-m̥

Old Armenian: դուռն (duṙn)

Armenian: դուռ (duṙ)

*dʰwor-es-tus (innovative)

Proto-Celtic: *dworestus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Northern Kurdish: derî

Nuristani:

Kamviri: [script needed] (du)

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


Proto-Albanian: *aśt-

Albanian: asht

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄩𒀸𒋫𒄿 (ḫa-aš-ta-a-i /ḫaštāi/)

Luwian: 𒄩𒀀𒀸𒊭 (ḫa-a-aš-ša /ḫāšša/)

Armenian: (< *Host-wer-)

Old Armenian: ոսկր (oskr)

Armenian: ոսկոր (oskor)

Celtic:

Brythonic:

Welsh: asgwrn (< *astkornu), ais (< *astū < *h₂estōn), asen (< *astonion)

Old Irish: asna (< *astniyos)

Irish: easna

Manx: asney

Scottish Gaelic: asna

Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: ὀστέον (ostéon), ὀστοῦν (ostoûn) — Attic, ὀστεῦν (osteûn) — Poetic, ὄστιον (óstion) — Aeolic
Greek: οστό (ostó)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HástʰH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HástʰH

Sanskrit: अस्थि (ásthi) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *HástH (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani:

Kamviri: âṭi

Italic:

Latin: os (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *āyä

Tocharian A: āy

Tocharian B: āy (plural āsta)


perd-

*pérd-e-tor (deponent thematic root present)

*pr̥d-éh₁ye-ti (stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pirdḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *pьrdě̀ti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸrikkā

Proto-Brythonic: *rex

Welsh: rhech

*pr̥d-u-s

Proto-Germanic: *furtuz, *fertaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *furtu (see there for further descendants)

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Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


*gʷéyh₃-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷéyomai

Ancient Greek: βείομαι (beíomai), βέομαι (béomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰáyHati

Proto-Iranian: *ǰáyHati

Persian: زیستن (zistan, “to live”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: śo-

Tocharian B: śai-

*gʷoyh₃-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gájīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *gojìti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gajás

Proto-Slavic: *gȍjь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *géiˀta (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *beitom (see there for further descendants)

*gʷih₃-wó-s (“alive, living”)

Proto-Italic: *gʷītā (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *džita

Albanian: nxit

Armenian:

Old Armenian: կեամ (keam)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὑγιής (hugiḗs)

Italic:

Latin: iūgis


kʷékʷlos

non-ablauting (romanization)
kʷékʷlos (nominative singular)
kʷékʷloes (nominative plural)
kʷékʷle (singular vocative)
kʷékʷloes (plural vocative)
kʷékʷlom (accusative singular)
kʷékʷloms (accusative plural)
kʷékʷlosyo (genitive singular)
kʷékʷloHom (genitive plural)
kʷekʷlósyo (collective genitive)
kʷékʷlead (ablative singular)
kʷékʷlomos (ablative plural)
kʷekʷléad (ablative collective)
kʷékʷloey (dative singular)
kʷékʷlomos (dative plural)
kʷekʷlóey (collective dative)
kʷékʷley (locative singular)
kʷékʷloy (locative singular)
kʷékʷloysu (locative plural)
kʷekʷléy (collective locative)
kʷekʷlóy (collective locative)
kʷékʷlōys (instrumental plural)

Anatolian:

desc

(perhaps) Hittite: 𒃻𒆪𒄢𒆷 (ᴺᴵᴺᴰᴬKU.GUL.LA, “lard biscuit, doughnut”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kaklas (< *kʷokʷlos)

Latgalian: koklys (“neck”)

Latvian: kakls (“neck”)

Lithuanian: kãklas (“neck”)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kakla (“neck”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hwehwlą (< *kʷekʷlóm) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷókʷlos (< *kʷokʷlos) or *kúklos? (< *kʷukʷlos)

Ancient Greek: κύκλος (kúklos, “cycle, wheel”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čakrám (< *kʷekʷlóm) (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: κίκλην (kíklēn) (+ *-ēn)

Proto-Tocharian: *kuk(ä)le (< *kʷukʷlo-)

Tocharian A: kukäl

Tocharian B: kokale

Reduplicated derivative of *kʷel- (“to turn”).

kuklós

= *kʷₔkʷlós reanalyzed as containing *-lós?


(s)kreybʰ-

*(s)kréybʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *hrībaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *skreiβō (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kréybʰ-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skréibtei

Lithuanian: skriẽbti

*(s)kréybʰ-i-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skréibis-tas

Latgalian: skreibsts (“hook”)

Proto-Slavic: *xrьbьtъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: skre(i)beļs

Latgalian: skrybyns (“scraper”)

(perhaps) Celtic: *skrībbāti (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σκᾰ́ρῑφος (skárīphos)

Probably an extended form of *(s)ker- (“to cut off, sever”).


sweyd-

*swéyd-e-ti (root present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ῑ̓δίω (īdíō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáydati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swáydati

Sanskrit: स्वेदते (svédate)

*swíd-ye-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *switjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swídyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swídyati

Sanskrit: स्विद्यति (svídyati)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: syā-

*swoyd-éye-ti (causative)

Germanic:

Old High German: sweizzen

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swaydáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swaydáyati

Sanskrit: स्वेदयति (svedáyati)

*swéyd-os ~ *swéyd-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *éidos

Ancient Greek: ἶδος (îdos)

Italic:

Latin: sūdor

*swéyd-r̥ ~ *swid-én-s (*r/n heteroclitic)

Proto-Albanian: *(ui)dertśiā (< *swid-ro-t-yeh₂)

Albanian: djersë

Armenian:

Old Armenian: քիրտն (kʻirtn)

Armenian: քրտինք (kʻrtinkʻ)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: sviêdri

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ῑ̔δρώς (hīdrṓs)

*swid-tós

Proto-Celtic: *swissos

Proto-Brythonic: *hwɨs

Middle Breton: hues

Breton: c’huès, c’hwès

Cornish: hwys

Middle Welsh: chuis

Welsh: chwys

*swoyd-o-

Proto-Germanic: *swaitaz, *swaitą, *swaitô

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáydas (see there for further descendants)

Italic: (denominative)

Latin: sūdō


wes-

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (waš-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *was-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *was-

Sanskrit: वस् (vas)

Proto-Iranian: *wah- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *wäs-

Tocharian A: wäs-

Tocharian B: wäs-

*wés-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wásati

Proto-Iranian: *wáhati

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vaŋhaⁱti)

*wés-tor ~ *wés-ror (deponent athematic Narten root present)

*wes-néw- ~ *wes-nu- (nu-present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: զգենում (zgenum)

Proto-Hellenic: *wehnūmi

Ancient Greek: ἕννῡμῐ (hénnūmi)

Ionic Greek: εἵνῡμῐ (heínūmi)

*wos-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Hellenic: *wéhanos

Ancient Greek: ἑᾰνός (heanós), εἱᾰνός (heianós) (verse-initially), ἑᾱνός (heānós) (later)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀸𐁀𐀜𐀂 (we-ha-no-i /wehanoiʰi/, dat.pl.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wásanas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wásanas

Sanskrit: वसन (vásana)

Proto-Iranian: *wáhanah

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬥𐬀 (vaŋhana)

*wés-m̥h₁nos (present middle participle of *wéstor)

Proto-Hellenic: *wéhmenos

Ancient Greek: εἱμένος (heiménos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wásaHnas

Proto-Iranian: *wáhaHnah

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬁𐬥𐬀 (vaŋhāna)

*wés-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *wéhmə

Ancient Greek: εἷμα (heîma), εἵματα (heímata, “clothes”)

Aeolic Greek: ἔμμα (émma)

Cretan Greek: ϝῆμα (wêma)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wásma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wásma

Sanskrit: वस्मन् (vásman)

*wés-tis ~ *us-téy-s (see there for further descendants)

*wés-trom

Germanic:

Middle High German: wester (“christening dress”)

Proto-Hellenic: *wéstrā

Doric Greek: ϝέστρᾱ (wéstrā)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wástram (see there for further descendants)

*wés-tus

Armenian:

Old Armenian: զգեստ (zgest)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: առա-գաստ (aṙa-gast) (< *wés-t-eh₂-) (possibly)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐσθής (esthḗs)

Tocharian:

q

infinitive of <i class="Latn mention" lang="txb">wäs-</i>

Tocharian B: wastsi (infinitive of wäs-)


wes-

*wḗs-ti (acrodynamic present)

Latin: vēscor (“to nourish oneself”) (see there for further descendants)

Hittite: wesiyattari (“grazes”)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *wesaną (“to consume, feast”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic: *westā (“food, feast”) (see there for further descendants)

*wes-ti-

Proto-Germanic: *wistiz (“provisions, food”) (see there for further descendants)

*wes-ri-

Tocharian A: wäsri (“pasture”)

Unsorted formations:

Hittite: wēsi- (“meadow”)

Hittite: wastara- (“herdsman”)

Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭 (vāstar, “herdsman”)

Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬯𐬙𐬭𐬀 (vāstra, “pasture”)

Proto-Germanic: *wisundz (“bison”)


wes-

*wés-ti ~ *us-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [Term?] (/u̯a-a-ši/)

*we-wós-e ~ *we-wus-ḗr (perfect)

Hittite: [Term?] (/wāsi/)

*wós-n̥ ~ *us-né-s (“sale; price”) (see there for further descendants)

*wes-ó-s (“selling, trade”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wasás

Proto-Iranian: *waháh

Khotanese: 𑀩𑀳𑁄𑀬𑁆𑀲𑀦 (bahoysana)

Middle Persian: [Term?] (/wahāg/)

Persian: بها (bahâ)

Ossetian: уӕй (wæj)

Sogdian: [Term?] (/xwʾqr/, “merchant”)

q

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kʷel-</i> (“to walk”)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *wahá-čāra- (“market”) (with *kʷel- (“to walk”))

desc

Gilaki: واجار (vājār, “open market, bazaar”)

Mazanderani: واجار (vājār)

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wʾčʾl /wāzār/)

Persian: بازار (bâzâr) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finno-Ugric: *wosa (see there for further descendants)


dʰegʷʰ-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel

*dʰégʷʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*dʰogʷʰ-éye-ti (*éye-causative)

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *en-dadžja

Albanian: ndez

Proto-Celtic: *degʷyeti (“to flame, blaze”)

Welsh: deifio

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰāǰʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dāźʰáyati

Sanskrit: दाहयति (dāháyati)

Proto-Italic: *foɣʷeō (see there for further descendants)

*dʰḗgʷʰ-s- (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hádʰākš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hádʰākṣ

q

later <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अधाक्षीत्</i> (ádhākṣīt)

(later अधाक्षीत् (ádhākṣīt))

Sanskrit: अधाक् (ádhāk) (later अधाक्षीत् (ádhākṣīt))

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tsekär (3pl.), tseksamai (1sg.med.)

*dʰgʷʰ-éh₁ye-ti ~ *dʰgʷʰ-éh₁yonti (thematic *éh₁-stative)

desc

*ȷ́ʰžʰáHyati

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰáHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ḍẓʰáHyati

Sanskrit: क्षायति (kṣā́yati)

*dʰgʷʰ-éy-ti (*éy-present)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *dʰgʷʰey- (“to decline, perish”, reanalyzed root)

*dʰegʷʰ-i-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dеgis, *dаgis

Lithuanian: dẽgis

Proto-Celtic: *degʷis (“flame, blaze”)

Old Irish: daig

Irish: daigh, doigh

Middle Welsh: goddeith

Welsh: goddaith

Proto-Celtic: *uɸo-dextā

Middle Welsh: goddeith

(possibly) *dʰₔgʷʰ-tós (?)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰagdʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dagdʰás

Sanskrit: दग्ध (dagdhá, “burned”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dagāˀ

Latvian: daga

Lithuanian: dagà

Old Prussian: dagis

*dʰógʷʰ-r̥ ~ *dʰgʷʰ-éns (“burning”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τέφρα (téphra) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰegʷʰr-i-s

Proto-Italic: *feɣʷris

Latin: febris (“fever”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰógʷʰr-us ~ *dʰgʷʰr-éws

*dʰégʷʰrw-o-m

Proto-Italic: *feɣʷrwom

Latin: februum (“means of purification”)

(possibly) *dʰogʷʰ-o-s

q

<i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">**dawaz</i> expected

Proto-Germanic: *dagaz (loss of labiovelar unexplained, **dawaz expected)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: հր-դեհ (hr-deh) (possible borrowing)

Proto-Germanic: *diurijaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: fōmes

Proto-Italic:

Latin: *fovimentum

Latin: fōmentum (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *və-dez

Albanian: dhez

Sanskrit: दह् (dah)