ḱóymos

ḱóymos (nominative singular)
ḱóymoes (nominative plural)
ḱóyme (singular vocative)
ḱóymoes (plural vocative)
ḱóymom (accusative singular)
ḱóymoms (accusative plural)
ḱóymosyo (genitive singular)
ḱóymoHom (genitive plural)
ḱóymead (ablative singular)
ḱóymomos (ablative plural)
ḱóymoey (dative singular)
ḱóymomos (dative plural)
ḱóymey (locative singular)
ḱóymoy (locative singular)
ḱóymoysu (locative plural)
ḱóymōys (instrumental plural)
ḱóymām (accusative singular)
ḱóymom (nominative singular)
ḱóymoy (dual nominative)
ḱóymom (singular vocative)
ḱóymoy (dual vocative)
ḱóymoy (accusative dual)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *šáimas

Latvian: sàime

Lithuanian: šeimà, šeimė, šeĩmas

Proto-Slavic: *sěmь (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *haimo (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *káimas (possibly borrowed from a centum language)

Latvian: cìems

Lithuanian: kiẽmas

Old Prussian: caymis

→ Proto-Finnic: *kaima (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *kuojmē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *koimos (see there for further descendants)

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*tḱóymos</i>

Proto-Germanic: *haimaz (or from *tḱóymos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kóimos

desctree

⇒ Ancient Greek: κοιμάω (koimáō) (denominative)
Greek: κοιμάμαι (koimámai)
→ Russian: кима́ть (kimátʹ)
→ Polish: kimać
Greek: εκοιμήθη (ekoimíthi)


kemH-

*km̥H-el-os (“bumblebee”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kimelаs

Proto-Slavic: *čьmèľь (“bumblebee”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *humelaz (“bumblebee”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kamāˀras

Proto-Slavic: *komãrъ (“mosquito”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kamanēˀ

desc

Latgalian: kamane (“bumblebee, wild bee”)

Latvian: kamene, kamine (“bumblebee”)

Lithuanian: kamãnė (“bumblebee”), kamana; kamìnė (“wild bee”) (dialectal)

*komH-us

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kamus

Old Prussian: camus (“bumblebee”)

*km̥H-us

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kimús

Lithuanian: kimùs (“hoarse”)

*km̥H-yé-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kimˀtei

Lithuanian: kìmti (“wheeze, become hoarse”) (present kìmstu)

Proto-Germanic: *hummōną (“to hum”) (see there for further descendants)

Possibly:

*komH-on-yos

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kamanjas

>? Proto-Slavic: *komoňь (“horse”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Ancient Greek: κηφήν (kēphḗn, “apian drone”) (see there for further descendants)

Onomatopoeic. Possible late North-West Indo-European isogloss.

Brill Publishers
Oleg Trubachyov
uk:Мельничук Олександр Савич


ḱókʷr̥

>? Proto-Celtic: *kekʷorā (“swamp, mud, quagmire”)

Middle Irish: cechor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćák-r̥ ~ *ćak-ná-s (“dung”) (see there for further descendants)

From *ḱekʷ- (“to defecate”) + *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix); the root is also the source of Lithuanian šikti (“to defecate”), Latvian šekšet (“to soil”).


Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: rėpti, Lithuanian: aprėpti

Proto-Germanic: *rafjaną

Old English: *reffan or *rafan (only the non-present stem is known, berōfon)

(possibly) Latin: rapiō (or *h₁rp-ye-, with secondary zero-grade)

(possibly) Ancient Greek: ἐρέπτομαι (eréptomai) (or *h₁rep-ye-)


ḱes-

ḱésmi (first-person indicative present singular)
ḱésm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
ḱésoh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
ḱsyéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
ḱési (indicative present second-person singular)
ḱés (indicative past second-person singular)
ḱés (imperative second-person singular)
ḱsdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
ḱésesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ḱésti (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱést (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱéstu (imperative singular third-person)
ḱéseti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱswós (dual first-person indicative present)
ḱswé (dual first-person indicative past)
ḱésowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
ḱstés (dual indicative present second-person)
ḱstóm (dual indicative past second-person)
ḱstóm (dual imperative second-person)
ḱésetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
ḱstés (dual indicative present third-person)
ḱstā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
ḱstā́m (dual imperative third-person)
ḱésetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
ḱsmós (first-person indicative plural present)
ḱsmé (first-person indicative past plural)
ḱésomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
ḱsté (indicative plural present second-person)
ḱsté (indicative past plural second-person)
ḱsté (imperative plural second-person)
ḱésete (plural second-person subjunctive)
ḱsénti (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱsént (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱséntu (imperative plural third-person)
ḱésonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱsónts (indicative participle present)

Proto-Italic: *kazēō

Latin: careō

Proto-Italic:

Latin: castus

*ḱs-ewl-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śjaulas

Proto-Slavic: *šulъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sūliz (“beam, post”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *sūli (“pillar”) (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: sūl

*ḱs-to-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: castus

*ḱs-so-?

Proto-Italic:

Latin: cassus

*ḱs-trom

Proto-Albanian: *tsatrā

Albanian: thadër

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćastrám

desctree

Sanskrit: शस्त्र (śastra)
→ Hindi: शस्त्र (śastra) (learned)
→ Odia: ଶସ୍ତ୍ର (śastra) (learned)
→ Old Javanese: śastra
→ Balinese: ᬲᬵᬲ᭄ᬢ᭄ᬭ (sastra, “arrow”)
→⇒ Telugu: శస్త్రము (śastramu)
→⇒ Punjabi: ਸ਼ਸਤਰ (śastar)

desc

Proto-Italic: *kastrom (“knife; cut-off part”)

Latin: castrum (“castle, fortress”)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *kastrāō

Latin: castrō (“I prune, castrate”)


dʰlegʰ-

*dʰlḗg-s-t ~ *dʰlég-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Celtic: *dlīxst

Old Irish: dlicht, dlecht

*dʰl̥gʰ-é-ti ("tudati" type thematic root present) or *dʰlégʰ-ti ~ *dʰl̥gʰ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *dligeti (“to owe, be indebted to”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *dligetom (“debt, duty”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰlégʰ-s ~ *dʰl̥gʰ-és

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ *dʰl̥gʰ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dilgas

Proto-Slavic: *dъlgъ (“debt”) (or borrowed from Gothic) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *dulgaz (“debt”)
Gothic: 𐌳𐌿𐌻𐌲𐍃 (dulgs)
→ Proto-Slavic: *dъlgъ (possibly, if not inherited)
→ Proto-Samic: *tuolkō (see there for further descendants)


krows-

*krows-éye-ti (causative)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kraušī́ˀtei (“to strike, smash, crush”, literally “to cause to collapse?”) (see there for further descendants)

q

o-grade root back-formed from the causative, or perhaps from static <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*(ke-)króws-e</i>

⇒? Proto-Hellenic: *króuhō (o-grade root back-formed from the causative, or perhaps from static *(ke-)króws-e)

desc

>? Ancient Greek: κρούω (kroúō, “to strike, stamp, knock”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *krušā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Germanic: *hreusaną (“to fall, collapse; to shudder?”) (see there for further descendants)

Possibly an extended form of *krew(H)- as found in Proto-Germanic *hrewwaną (“to be/make sad, regret, rue”) and Proto-Tocharian *krun- (“to strike, hit”). Ancient Greek κρούω (kroúō) may reflect either root.


lek-

Unsorted formations:

Latin: locusta (“locust”)

Proto-Germanic:

desc

Norwegian: lakka (“to hop, patter about”)

>? Middle High German: lecken (“to hop”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lekt-

Proto-Slavic: *letěti (“to fly”)

Latvian: lèkt (“to spring, jump”)

Ancient Greek: ληκάω (lēkáō, “to dance to music”)

Proto-Albanian: *awa-laka

Albanian: flak (“to throw, fling, eject”)


dʰerǵʰ-

*dʰr̥ǵʰ-yé-ti

Proto-Germanic: *drūgiz (“hard, solid, dry”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰr̥ǵʰtós (“strong, firm, hard”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰr̥ždʰás (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Baltic:

Lithuanian: dir̃žas (“belt, strap”)

Latvian: dir̂ža (“leather girdle”)

Lithuanian: dir̃žnas (“firm, strong”)

⇒ Old Prussian: dīrstlan (“stately”)

Lithuanian: dir̃žti (“to harden, become tough”)

𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌

Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (dar^əzaiieⁱti, “to attach”)

Proto-Germanic: *druknaz (“dry”)

Possibly an extension of *dʰer- (“to hold, hold fast, support”).


lewǵ-

*luǵ-é-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ruȷ́áti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ruȷ́áti

Sanskrit: रुजति (rujati, “to break open, shatter, injure, cause pain”)

Lithuanian: lū́žti (“to fracture”)

Latvian: lauzt (“to break, fracture”)

Proto-Germanic: *leukaną (see there for further descendants)

*luǵrós

Ancient Greek: λυγρός (lugrós, “baneful, mournful”)

Unsorted formations:

Ancient Greek: λύγξ (lúnx, “hiccup”)

Ancient Greek: λευγαλέος (leugaléos, “sad, wretched”)

Latin: lugeo (“to mourn, grieve, lament”)

Old Armenian: լուծանեմ (lucanem)

Tocharian B: lakle (“pain, suffering”)

Proto-Celtic: *luxtus (“contents, crowd, people”) (see there for further descendants)


gew-

*gewd- (“bag, stomach”)

Proto-Germanic: *kūtiz (“bag, stomach, gut”) (see there for further descendants)

*gudóm (“intestines”)

*gugā

German: Kugel (“ball, orb”)

Russian: гугля (guglja, “bump, lump”)

Lithuanian: gugà (“hump, hill”)

*gewl- (“vessel, cub”)

Proto-Germanic: *kiulijǭ, *kūlǭ (“bump, hole”) (see there for further descendants)

English: kile (“ulcer, sore”)

German: Keule (“club”)

Proto-Germanic: *kūliz (“round vessel, ball, bag, sack”)

*gewlos (“vessel, bowl”)

Proto-Germanic: *keulaz (“ship”) (see there for further descendants)

*gewp- ~ *gup- (“round object, knoll; cavity”)

Proto-Albanian: *gāupā

Albanian: gop

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gjaupāˀ

>? Proto-Slavic: *župa (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: γῡ́πη (gū́pē)

Proto-Germanic: *kubô (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *kubnáz > *kuppaz (“round object, bowl, skull, knoll”) (see there for further descendants)

*gup-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *guptás

Sanskrit: गुप्त (gupta)

*gewt- (“pouch, sack”)

Proto-Germanic: *keudō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kuddô (“bag, pod, sack, purse”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kudilǭ (“cuttlefish, squid, cephalopod”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *kweþuz (“belly,stomach, womb”) (via inversion *gewt- > *gʷet-?) (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) *gówr̥ (“curl”)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *gow-ro-s (“lock of hair”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gauras

Latvian: gauri pl (“pubes”)

Lithuanian: gauraĩ pl (“curls of hairs”)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *guriti (“to hunch, to bow”) (possibly)

Proto-Germanic:

Norwegian: kaure (“curly lock of hair”)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *gow-no-s (“furry, shaggy”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gawnám (“fur”)

→ Proto-Slavic: *guna, *guňa (“coat, rag”) (could also be native)

→ Byzantine Greek: γούνα (goúna, “fur, fur garment”)

→ Latin: gunna (see there for further descendants)

*gu-r-nos (“back”)

Old Armenian: կուռն (kuṙn) (possibly)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gur̃nas (“ankle, hip, bone”)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: կոր (kor, “curved, crooked”)

Balto-Slavic:

>? Proto-Slavic: *guja (“serpent”) (see there for further descendants)

Germanic:

q

Proto-Germanic: *gut- (“gut, entrail, intestine”) (perhaps via archaic phonology, as *ǵʰewd- (“to pour”) doesn't make much sense)

English: gut

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γυρός (gurós, “round”)

desc

Ancient Greek: γῦρος (gûros, “a circle, a ring”) (substantivized)

→ Latin: gyrus (see there for further descendants)


tewH-

Proto-Italic: *toweōr

Latin: tueor (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *towto- (“left, north”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þiudijaz (“kind, good, friendly”)

>? Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian: *tāwa/i (“eye”)

>? Proto-Indo-European: *tews- (see there for further descendants)


swergʰ-

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *svorga (“bane, infelicity, severity”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: sir̃gti

Latvian: sìrgt

Proto-Germanic: *surgō (“worry, care, sorrow”)


kel-

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: कलयति (kalayati, “to drive, impel”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Baltic:

Lithuanian: kelti (“to drive animals”)

Proto-Germanic: *haldaną (“to hold, keep”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Finnish: hallita

→ Estonian: haldama

Proto-Hellenic: *kelomai < *kel-etor

Ancient Greek: κέλομαι (kélomai)

Proto-Hellenic: *keľľō < *kel-yeti

Ancient Greek: κέλλω (kéllō)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: celer (“swift, fast”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: käl-


h₁élḱōs (nominative plural)
h₁élḱōs (plural vocative)
h₁élḱōs (accusative plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *élkos

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἕλκος (hélkos)
→ Greek: έλκος (élkos) (learned)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hárćas (“ulcer; haemorrhoids”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *elkos

Latin: ulcus (“ulcer”) (see there for further descendants)


(s)gʷes-

*(s)gʷés-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰásyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ásyati

Sanskrit: जस्यति (jásyati, “to be exhausted”)

*(s)gʷés-t ~ *(s)gʷₑs-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σβέσαι (sbésai), σβέσσαι (sbéssai)

⇒ Ancient Greek: σβέννυμι (sbénnumi, “to quench, extinguish”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háǰast

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: दसत् (dasat, “to be languished”, 3sg.aor.inj.) (thematicised)

Proto-Tocharian: *käs- (“to extinguish”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)gʷos-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰāsáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́āsáyati

Sanskrit: जासयति (jāsayati, “to exhaust”)

*(s)gʷṓs-ye-ti (lengthened causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gōsīˀtei

Latvian: dzēst

Lithuanian: gesýti

Proto-Slavic: *gasiti (“to extinguish”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)gʷés-ti-s ~ *(s)gʷs-téys

Proto-Germanic: *kwistiz (“damage, destruction”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dzist (“to be extinguished”)

Lithuanian: gesti (“to be extinguished”)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʷeh₂-</i> (“to go”)

Proto-Celtic: *bāstom (“death”) (or from *gʷeh₂- (“to go”))

Middle Irish: bás

Irish: bás

Manx: baase

Scottish Gaelic: bàs


gʰóstipotis

gʰóstipotis (nominative singular)
gʰóstipoteyes (nominative plural)
gʰóstipoti (singular vocative)
gʰóstipoteyes (plural vocative)
gʰóstipotim (accusative singular)
gʰóstipotims (accusative plural)
gʰóstipetis (genitive singular)
gʰóstipetyoHom (genitive plural)
gʰóstipetis (ablative singular)
gʰóstipetimos (ablative plural)
gʰóstipetyey (dative singular)
gʰóstipetimos (dative plural)
gʰóstipeti (locative singular)
gʰóstipetisu (locative plural)
gʰóstipetimis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gástipatis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *hostipotis (see there for further descendants)


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Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen
uk:Мельничук Олександр Савич

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *éiˀwāˀ

East Baltic:

Latvian: iẽva (“bird cherry”)

Lithuanian: ievà (“bird cherry”); jievà, íeva (dialectal)

West Baltic:

Old Prussian: iuwis (“yew”)

Proto-Slavic: *jь̀va (“willow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *īwō

Proto-Germanic: *īhwaz, *īgwō, *īwaz (“yew”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *iwos, *īwos (“yew”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *oiwa

Ancient Greek: ὄᾱ (óā), ὄη (óē, “service tree”), οἴη (oíē)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: ūva (“bunch of grapes; raisins”)

Unsorted formations:

desc

Old Armenian: *այգ (*ayg, “grapes, vine”)

desctree

⇒ Old Armenian: այգի (aygi, “grapevine; vineyard”)
Armenian: այգի (aygi)
→ Arabic: أَيْك (ʔayk)

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (GIŠ-e(y)a(n)-, “yew (?)”)


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćárkaraH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śárkaraH

Sanskrit: शर्करा (śárkarā, “gravel, grit, pebbles, shingle”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *krókā (metathesis)

Ancient Greek: κρόκη (krókē, “pebble on the seashore”), κροκάλη (krokálē)

⇒ Ancient Greek: κροκόδειλος (krokódeilos, “crocodile”, literally “pebble-worm”)

Unsorted formations:

⇒ Sanskrit: कृकलास (kṛkalāsa, “lizard, chameleon”, literally “pebble-sitter”)


wisós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wišás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wihós

Ancient Greek: ἰός (iós /iós/)

Proto-Italic: *weizos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *wä́së (see there for further descendants)


*kwáth₂-e-ti (“to bubble, foam”, thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kwátʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kwátʰati

Sanskrit: (Vedic) क्वथन्त् (kváthant-), (Classical) क्वथते (kváthate)

*kwoth₂-éye-ti (“to let bubble”, causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kwātʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kwātʰáyati

Sanskrit: क्वाथयति (kvātháyati)

Proto-Germanic: *hwaþjaną

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ƕaþjan, “to foam”)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷotamós (“river”)

Ancient Greek: ποταμός (potamós)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *kʷētʰus (sea goddess)

Ancient Greek: Τηθῡ́ς (Tēthū́s)

>? Ancient Greek: τήθεα (tḗthea, “sea squirt”)

>? Proto-Slavic: *kvȃsъ (“leaven, fermented drink”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Latin: cāseus (“cheese”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źjáuˀnāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-West Germanic: *kauā (“jaw”)

Middle English: *chawe

English: chawe (“jaw”), chaw (“jaw”) (en, obsolete)

Middle English: jawe, jowe, geowe (enm, alteration)

English: jaw

Middle Dutch: kauwe (“fish jaw”), kouwe (“mouth cavity”)

German: Käu, Keu (“jaw, donkey jowl”) (de, dialectal)

Proto-Slavic: *žuka

Italic:

Latin: gingīva

Proto-Slavic: *žuti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kewwaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰyawH-

Middle Persian: [script needed] (ywtn’ /jūdan/)

Persian: جویدن (“to chew”)

Pashto: ژول (žovạl, “to gnaw”)

Baluchi: جایگ (jáyag)

Parthian:

Northern Kurdish: cûtin (“to chew”)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: śuwaṃ (“to eat”)


kʷem-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čam-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *čam-

Sanskrit: चम् (cam)


*h₂élgʷʰ-e-ti (root thematic)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hárǰʰati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *algā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: ἀλφή (alphḗ)


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hargʰás (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂elgʷʰ- (“to cost, have value”) + *-ós.


krews-

*krustós (“hardened”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: crusta (“hard surface”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Baltic:

Latvian: kruvesis (“frozen mud”)

>? Proto-Slavic:

Old Ruthenian: *кра (*kra)

desctree

⇒ Old Ruthenian: кри́га (kríha)
Belarusian: кры́га (krýha)
→ Polish: kryha
Carpathian Rusyn: кри́га (krýha, “ice”)
Ukrainian: кри́га (krýha, “ice”)
→ Slovak: kryha
→ Russian: кри́га (kríga), кры́га (krýga) (dialectal)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *hrusǭ (“ground, crust, ice”)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: hruse

Old High German: hrosa

Old Norse: hroðr (“scurf”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κρύος (krúos, “cold, frost, ice”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀- (xruzdra-, “hard”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: क्रुड् (kruḍ, “to thicken, make hard”)

Proto-Tocharian: *kʷroscē (“cold”)

Tocharian A: kᵤraś

Tocharian B: krośce

be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Harč-

Sanskrit: अर्च् (arc)

Sanskrit: ऋच् (ŕc)

Old Armenian: երգ (erg, “sing”)

Hittite: [script needed] (ārku-ᶻⁱ, “to sing”)

Proto-Celtic: *erkw-

Old Irish: erc (“sky, heaven”)

Proto-Celtic: *su-erkwis

Middle Irish: suairc (“pleasant, beautiful, radiant”)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: yärk

Tocharian B: yarke

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Harčati

Sanskrit: अर्चति (arcati)

Khotanese: [script needed] (āljis)

Hittite: [script needed] (arkuwanzi)


*ḱeh₁s-ti (athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáHsti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćaHstram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śaHstram

Sanskrit: शास्त्र (śāstrá, “teaching; order, command; precept, rule”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Tocharian: *käṣṣī (“teacher, master”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hazjaną

Old Armenian: սաստ (sast)


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)taHyúš (“thief”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(s)taHyúṣ

Sanskrit: स्तायु (stāyu), तायु (tāyu)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬙𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬎 (tāiiu)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: *stāyä (“secret”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: táid (“thief”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τητάω (tētáō, “to deprive”), τηΰσιος (tēǘsios)

Hittite: [script needed] (tāyezzi) [script needed] (tāyazzi, “to steal”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tajiti (“to hide, conceal”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tajьnъ (“secret”, adjective)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tajьna (“secret”, abstract noun)

ru:Черных, Павел Яковлевич


*h₁régʷos (nominalization) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *erkent

Tocharian A: arkant

Tocharian B: erkent

*h₁régʷti (athematic root present)

Proto-Slavic: *regti


kʷels-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: कृष् (kṛṣ)

*kʷéls-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Anatolian: *kʷélseti

q

Hittite: 𒄢𒀸𒍣 (gul-aš-zi /kʷlStˢi/, “to scratch, carve, engrave”), 𒄢𒊭𒀭𒍣 (gul-ša-an-zi /kʷlSantˢi/, 3pl.pres.act.) (apparently generalized from the weak forms)

desc

⇒ Luwian: [script needed] (*gulza/i-, “engraving”)

→ Hittite: [script needed] (gulzi-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *káršati

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (karšaⁱti)

Persian: کشیدن (kašidan)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kárṣati

Sanskrit: कर्षति (karṣati, “draw, pull, drag”)

*kʷéls-o-m

q

otherwise from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kʷél(h₁)-es-</i>

>? Proto-Hellenic: *kʷélson (otherwise from *kʷél(h₁)-es-)

desc

>? Ancient Greek: τέλσον (télson, “end, limit”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian: [script needed] (gulzā(i)-, “to draw”)


dʰgʷʰer-

Ancient Greek: φθείρω (phtheírō)

Avestan: 𐬖𐬲𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (γžaraⁱti)

desctree

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gẓʰar-
Sanskrit: क्षर् (kṣar)
Pali: ghar


gʰrómos

non-ablauting (romanization)
gʰrómos (nominative singular)
gʰrómoes (nominative plural)
gʰróme (singular vocative)
gʰrómoes (plural vocative)
gʰrómom (accusative singular)
gʰrómoms (accusative plural)
gʰrómosyo (genitive singular)
gʰrómoHom (genitive plural)
gʰrómead (ablative singular)
gʰrómomos (ablative plural)
gʰrómoey (dative singular)
gʰrómomos (dative plural)
gʰrómey (locative singular)
gʰrómoy (locative singular)
gʰrómoysu (locative plural)
gʰrómōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gramas

Proto-Slavic: *gromъ (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *gramaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrómos

Ancient Greek: χρόμος (khrómos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámas

Proto-Iranian: *grámah

desc

Pashto: غړوم (ğṛum, “roar; rumble, peal of thunder”)

Persian: غرم (ğaram)

From *gʰrem- (“to roar, rumble; to thunder”) + *-os


gʰrem-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*gʰrém-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrémō

Ancient Greek: *χρέμω (*khrémō)

desc

⇒ Ancient Greek: χρεμετίζω (khremetízō, “to neigh, whinny”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámati

Proto-Iranian: *grámati

Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬨𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬄𐬨 (graməṇtąm, “to anger”, gen.pl.ptc.pres.)

*gʰé-gʰrom-ti ~ *gʰé-gʰr̥m-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gramė́ti (“to fall with a rumble”)

*gʰrém-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámyati

Proto-Iranian: *grámyati

Sogdian:

Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (ɣryntq /ɣrintē/, “to roar”, 3sg.dur.)

Middle Persian:

Persian: غرمیدن (ğarmidan, “to thunder, roar, fly in a passion”)

Tajik: ғармидан (ġarmidan)

*gʰrom-éye-ti (eye-causative)

q

or denominative from <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*gramaz</i>

>? Proto-Germanic: *gramjaną (“to anger”) (or denominative from *gramaz) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰr̥-né-m-ti ~ *gʰr̥-n-m-énti (nasal-infix)

Proto-Germanic: *grimmaną (“to roar”) (< metathesized *gʰr-én-m-ti) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰr̥m-éh₁-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grimēˀtei (with present stem from *gʰr̥m-h₁yé-ti ?)

desc

Proto-Slavic: *grьměti (“to thunder, to roar”) (see there for further descendants)

Lithuanian: grumė́ti

*gʰrem-no-s

Proto-Germanic: *grimmaz (“grim, grimly, fierce”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰróm-o-s

Ancient Greek: χάρμη (khármē, “joy of battle”)

An old sound symbolic root according to Kroonen.


gʷérh₃m̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
gʷr̥h₃yéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
gʷérh₃ (imperative second-person singular)
gʷr̥h₃dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
gʷr̥h₃wé (dual first-person indicative past)
gʷr̥h₃tā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
gʷr̥h₃tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
gʷr̥h₃mé (first-person indicative past plural)
gʷr̥h₃té (indicative plural present second-person)
gʷr̥h₃té (indicative past plural second-person)
gʷr̥h₃té (imperative plural second-person)

Proto-Albanian: *engranti

Albanian: hangër (Gheg)

Albanian: ngrënë, ngranë (Tosk) (past participles of ha)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gerˀtei

Latvian: dzer̂t (“to drink”)

Lithuanian: gerti (“to drink”)

⇒ Lithuanian: gìrtas (“drunk, intoxicated”)

Proto-Slavic: *žèrti (“to devour, eat”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kwerraną (“to devour”) (see there for further descendants)

Athematic root present of *gʷerh₃- (“to swallow, devour, eat”).


Proto-Tocharian: *iäkre (“empty”) (possibly)

*āikäre

Tocharian A: ekär

Tocharian B: aikare

Proto-Celtic: *anextlom

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *anegeti (“to protect”)

Old Irish: aingid (“to protect”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic:

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: ekla (“scarcity”)

Icelandic: ekla

Proto-Italic:

Latin: egeo (“to need, lack”)

Oscan: egmo (“need, lack”) (noun)

Proto-Tocharian: *yäk- (“to neglect”)

Tocharian A: yäk-

Tocharian B: yäk-


énu

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ánu

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬀𐬥𐬎 (anu, “after; corresponding to”)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎵𐎺 (a-nu-v /anuv/)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अनु (anu, “after, again, next”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: in- (“after”)

Proto-Germanic: *enu (“without”)

Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐌿 (inu)

w:Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

आनुशक्

⇒ Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ānušakš (“in sequence, in turn”)

ēnu (< < }}

without; past; along; see there for further descendants


h₂ógr̥

h₂ógr̥ (nominative singular)
h₂égōr (collective nominative)
h₂ógr̥ (singular vocative)
h₂égōr (collective vocative)
h₂ógr̥ (accusative singular)
h₂égōr (accusative collective)
h₂égn̥ (locative singular)
h₂égn̥h₁ (instrumental singular)

Adams suggests a root *h₂eg- (“to grow”) as found in Old Armenian աճեմ (ačem), but such an etymology for the Armenian is disputed.

Proto-Brythonic: *aɨronMiddle Welsh: aeronWelsh: aeron

ṓˀgāˀ

berry; see there for further descendants


Proto-Celtic: *nowinyos (see there for further descendants)

*nuh₂-eh₂ (verbal stem)

Proto-Tocharian: *näut- (“to die”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: onuwaññe (“immortality”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nā́ˀwis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *nawiz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: nwām (“sick”)


Proto-Hellenic: *pīwər

Ancient Greek: πῖαρ (pîar, “fat, tallow”)

From *peyh₂- (“to swell; to be fat”) + *-wr̥ (substantifying suffix).

suf

յոյր

Proto-Armenian: *he(i)ur-i- (loss of the intervocalic -i-); Old Armenian

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *Φīweryū

Proto-Celtic: *ɸīweriyū (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *péiˀtu

Lithuanian: piẽtūs pl (“dinner”)

Proto-Slavic: *piťa (“food”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *pitati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸeitu

Old Irish: íath (“land, territory”)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸitu (“grain”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *piHtú (“fat, tallow; food”) (see there for further descendants)

From *peyh₂- (“to swell; to be fat”) + *-tu.

piθwáh

fat, tallow; food; see there for further descendants


pī́ts

pī́ts (nominative singular)
pī́tses (nominative plural)
pī́ts (singular vocative)
pī́tses (plural vocative)
pī́tsm̥ (accusative singular)
pī́tsm̥s (accusative plural)
pitsés (genitive singular)
pitsóHom (genitive plural)
pitsés (ablative singular)
pitsmós (ablative plural)
pitséy (dative singular)
pitsmós (dative plural)
pī́ts (locative singular)
pī́tsi (locative singular)
pitsú (locative plural)
pitsmís (instrumental plural)

>? Proto-Tocharian: *päits

⇒ Proto-Tocharian: *päits-ko-

Tocharian B: pitke (“fat, grease, oil”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *faitaz (“fat”) (see there for further descendants)

Suggested to be from *péyh₂-d-s ~ *pih₂-d-s-és, from *peyh₂- (“to swell (with milk, resin)”), cognate with Tocharian B pitke (“fat, grease, oil”), Proto-Germanic *faitaz (“fat”), Proto-Indo-Iranian *piHtú (“fat, tallow; food”), compare semantics of Hittite 𒊭𒂵𒀭 (ša-ga-an, “(animal) fat, tallow; pitch, resin”). Alternatively, related to *pewḱ- (“pine”).

→ Albanian: pisë

Latin: pix (“pitch, tar”) (see there for further descendants)

πίττα — AtticGreek: πίσσαPontic Greek: πίσσα→ Ge'ez: ፔሳ

ፒሳ→? Laz: ფისა→? Mingrelian: ფირსა→? Old Georgian: ფისიGeorgian: ფისი→ Armenian: փիս


medʰi-

*medʰ-ero- (comparative)

Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“southern”)

Tocharian A: mäcriṃ

Tocharian B: omutruññaiṣṣe

*médʰyos (“middle”) (see there for further descendants)

From the adverb *me (“near, by, with”) + *-dʰi (locative particle).


Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: աւղ (awł, “ring”)
Armenian: օղ (ōł)
→ Georgian: ოღი (oɣi)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aulos

East Baltic:

Latvian: aulas (“leg of a boot”)

Lithuanian: aũle (“leg of a boot”)

West Baltic:

Old Prussian: aulis (“shinbone”)

Proto-Italic: *alwos (< earler *aulos)

Latin: alvus (“stomach, bowels, womb”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *alwejos

Latin: alveus (“hollow, cavity”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *aulós

desc

Ancient Greek: αὐλός (aulós, “pipe, tube”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Ancient Greek: αὐλών (aulṓn, “hollow, channel, strait”)

Unknown. Possible so-called "chiming root" with *kawlós, whence Ancient Greek καυλός (kaulós, “stem, shaft”), Proto-Balto-Slavic *káuˀlas (“bone”).

noncog

ùlica

passage, street; see there for further descendants

olyik

>? Proto-Tocharian: *olyä f (“boat”) (< earlier *oluyä (< *h₂ulu-h₁n̥))

ulьjь

beehive; see there for further descendants

ուղի

road, passage; see there for further descendants


gʰeydʰ-

*gʰeydʰ-lós

desc

Proto-Celtic: *geistlos (“hostage; bail”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰeydʰ-yeti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *géistei, *gístei

Lithuanian: geĩsti (“to desire”)

Latvian: gàidît (“to wait”)

Old Prussian: gēide, giēidi (“[they] wait”, 3rd pl.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gidā́ˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *žьdàti (“to wait; to expect”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰeydʰ-ós

Proto-Germanic: *gīdaz (“greed, desire”)

Proto-West Germanic: *gīd (“greed, avarice”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *gīdisōn (“to be greedy”) (see there for further descendants)


ǵʰoysós

non-ablauting (romanization)
ǵʰoysós (nominative singular)
ǵʰoysóh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰoysóes (nominative plural)
ǵʰoysé (singular vocative)
ǵʰoysóh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰoysóes (plural vocative)
ǵʰoysóm (accusative singular)
ǵʰoysóh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰoysóms (accusative plural)
ǵʰoysósyo (genitive singular)
ǵʰoysóHom (genitive plural)
ǵʰoyséad (ablative singular)
ǵʰoysómos (ablative plural)
ǵʰoysóey (dative singular)
ǵʰoysómos (dative plural)
ǵʰoyséy (locative singular)
ǵʰoysóy (locative singular)
ǵʰoysóysu (locative plural)
ǵʰoysóh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰoysṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Germanic: *gaizaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: χαῖος (khaîos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáyšas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáyṣas

Sanskrit: हेषस् (héṣas)

From *ǵʰeys- + *-ós, ultimately from *ǵʰey- (“throw, wound”).


bʰóros

bʰóros (nominative singular)
bʰóroes (nominative plural)
bʰóre (singular vocative)
bʰóroes (plural vocative)
bʰórom (accusative singular)
bʰóroms (accusative plural)
bʰórosyo (genitive singular)
bʰóroHom (genitive plural)
bʰóread (ablative singular)
bʰóromos (ablative plural)
bʰóroey (dative singular)
bʰóromos (dative plural)
bʰórey (locative singular)
bʰóroy (locative singular)
bʰóroysu (locative plural)
bʰórōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰóros

Ancient Greek: φόρος (phóros) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáras

Sanskrit: भर (bhára)


ḱléwseti

ḱléwsom (first-person indicative past singular)
ḱléwsōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
ḱléwsesi (indicative present second-person singular)
ḱléwses (indicative past second-person singular)
ḱléwse (imperative second-person singular)
ḱléwsēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ḱléwsoys (optative second-person singular)
ḱléwseti (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱléwset (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱléwsetu (imperative singular third-person)
ḱléwsēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱléwsoyt (optative singular third-person)
ḱléwsowos (dual first-person indicative present)
ḱléwsowe (dual first-person indicative past)
ḱléwsōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
ḱléwsoywe (dual first-person optative)
ḱléwsetes (dual indicative present second-person)
ḱléwsetom (dual indicative past second-person)
ḱléwsetom (dual imperative second-person)
ḱléwsētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
ḱléwsoytom (dual optative second-person)
ḱléwsetes (dual indicative present third-person)
ḱléwsetām (dual indicative past third-person)
ḱléwsetām (dual imperative third-person)
ḱléwsētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
ḱléwsoytām (dual optative third-person)
ḱléwsomos (first-person indicative plural present)
ḱléwsome (first-person indicative past plural)
ḱléwsōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
ḱléwsoyme (first-person optative plural)
ḱléwsete (indicative plural present second-person)
ḱléwsete (indicative past plural second-person)
ḱléwsete (imperative plural second-person)
ḱléwsēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
ḱléwsoyte (optative plural second-person)
ḱléwsonti (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱléwsont (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱléwsontu (imperative plural third-person)
ḱléwsōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱléwsonts (indicative participle present)
ḱléwseso (imperative second-person singular)
ḱléwsetor (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱléwseto (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱléwsētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱléwsoyto (optative singular third-person)
ḱléwsoror (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱléwsontor (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱléwsoro (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱléwsonto (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱléwsōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱléwsōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱléwsoyro (optative plural third-person)
ḱléwsomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *klaušatei

Proto-Slavic: *slušati (“to listen”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hlusjaną, *hlusinōną (“to hear, listen”)

desctree

Old English: hlosnian, hlysnan
Middle English: listenen
English: listen

Old High German:

Middle High German: lüsenen

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *śráwšati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śráwṣati

desc

Sanskrit: श्रोषति (śroṣati, “to listen, obey”)


ḱlews-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *klusḗˀtei

Latvian: klusêt

Proto-Slavic: *slyšati (“to hear”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *klusīti (see there for further descendants)

*ḱlows-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kláusīˀtei

Latvian: klausīt (“to obey, follow, comply with”)

Lithuanian: klausýti (“to listen”)

Old Prussian: klausiton (“to hear”)

*ḱlu-né-s-ti ~ *ḱlu-n-s-ti

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: լսեմ (lsem) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *klunstei

Lithuanian: klùsti

*ḱlows-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ślaušás

Proto-Slavic: *sluxъ (“hearing, rumor”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kloustā (see there for further descendants)

*ḱlus-ró-s

desctree

Old Armenian: լուռ (luṙ)
Armenian: լուռ (luṙ)

*ḱlus-tí-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *śruštíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śruṣṭíṣ

desc

Sanskrit: श्रुष्टि (śruṣṭí, “obedience”)

Reanalyzed from *ḱléwseti, se-desiderative of *ḱlew-.


stéyks

stéyks (nominative singular)
stéygʰes (nominative plural)
stéyg (singular vocative)
stéygʰes (plural vocative)
stéygʰm̥ (accusative singular)
stéygʰm̥s (accusative plural)
stigʰés (genitive singular)
stigʰóHom (genitive plural)
stigʰés (ablative singular)
stigʰmós (ablative plural)
stigʰéy (dative singular)
stigʰmós (dative plural)
stéyg (locative singular)
stéygʰi (locative singular)
stigʰsú (locative plural)
stigʰmís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stigāˀ

Lithuanian: stiga

Proto-Slavic: *stьga (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stigǭ

Proto-West Germanic: *stigā (see there for further descendants)

*stígʰ-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *stigą

Old Norse: stig

*stígʰ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *stigaz

Proto-West Germanic: *stig

Old High German: steg

Old Norse: stígr, stigr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *stíkʰos

Ancient Greek: στίχος (stíkhos) (see there for further descendants)

From *steygʰ- (“to go, climb”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


mr̥twós

mr̥twós (nominative singular)
mr̥twóes (nominative plural)
mr̥twé (singular vocative)
mr̥twóes (plural vocative)
mr̥twóm (accusative singular)
mr̥twóms (accusative plural)
mr̥twósyo (genitive singular)
mr̥twóHom (genitive plural)
mr̥twéad (ablative singular)
mr̥twómos (ablative plural)
mr̥twóey (dative singular)
mr̥twómos (dative plural)
mr̥twéy (locative singular)
mr̥twóy (locative singular)
mr̥twóysu (locative plural)
mr̥twṓys (instrumental plural)
mr̥twā́m (accusative singular)
mr̥twóm (nominative singular)
mr̥twóy (dual nominative)
mr̥twóm (singular vocative)
mr̥twóy (dual vocative)
mr̥twóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mirtwas

Proto-Slavic: *mьrtvъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *mortwos (see there for further descendants)


moréyeti

moréyom (first-person indicative past singular)
moréyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
moréyes (indicative past second-person singular)
moréye (imperative second-person singular)
moréyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
moréyoys (optative second-person singular)
moréyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
moréyet (indicative past singular third-person)
moréyetu (imperative singular third-person)
moréyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
moréyoyt (optative singular third-person)
moréyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
moréyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
moréyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
moréyoywe (dual first-person optative)
moréyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
moréyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
moréyetom (dual imperative second-person)
moréyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
moréyoytom (dual optative second-person)
moréyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
moréyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
moréyetām (dual imperative third-person)
moréyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
moréyoytām (dual optative third-person)
moréyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
moréyome (first-person indicative past plural)
moréyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
moréyoyme (first-person optative plural)
moréyete (indicative plural present second-person)
moréyete (indicative past plural second-person)
moréyete (imperative plural second-person)
moréyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
moréyoyte (optative plural second-person)
moréyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
moréyont (indicative past plural third-person)
moréyontu (imperative plural third-person)
moréyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
moréyonts (indicative participle present)
moréyeso (imperative second-person singular)
moréyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
moréyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
moréyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
moréyoyto (optative singular third-person)
moréyoror (indicative plural present third-person)
moréyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
moréyoro (indicative past plural third-person)
moréyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
moréyōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
moréyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
moréyoyro (optative plural third-person)
moréyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *maréitei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *māráyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *māráyati

Sanskrit: मारयति (māráyati)

From *mer- (“to die”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).


ǵʰrem-

*ǵʰérm̥-ti ~ *ǵʰr̥m-énti / *ǵʰr̥m-tór ~ *ǵʰr̥m-n̥tór (athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰárati (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰrḗm-s-t ~ *ǵʰrém-s-ént (s-aorist)

desc

Proto-Tocharian: *krās- (“to vex, torment; to be angry”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hágʰrānsat

Proto-Iranian: *Hágrānsat

Sogdian:

Old Sogdian script: 𐼄𐼘𐼀𐼎𐼑𐼎𐼀𐼊 (ɣrʾnsnʾy /ɣrānsnē/, “annoyed, angry, irritable”, pres.ptc.)

*ǵʰr̥m-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥ntás

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥ntáh

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *gr̥ntákaH

Sogdian:

Manichaean script: 𐫃̌𐫡𐫀𐫗𐫅𐫙 (ǧrʾndʿ /ɣrandyy/, “irritated”)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *aHgr̥mtáh

Proto-Sogdic: *aHgr̥ntāns

Sogdian:

Sogdian script: 𐼰𐼲𐽀𐼰𐼻𐽂𐼰𐼻𐽂 (ʾɣrʾntʾnt /āɣrantant/, 3pl.ptc.)

*ǵʰrém-ont-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámans

Proto-Iranian: *grámans

Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬨𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬄𐬨 (graməṇtąm, acc.sg.ptc.pres.)

Sogdian:

Old Sogdian script: 𐼄𐼘𐼀𐼎𐼑 (ɣrʾns /ɣrans/, “to get angry”)

*ǵʰrom-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *gramjaną (“to cause to be angry, provoke”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰr̥-né-m-ti ~ *ǵʰr̥-n-m-énti (nasal infix)

Proto-Germanic: *grimmaną (“to be angry”) (< *ǵʰrénmeti) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰrem-nó-s or *ǵʰrem-wó-s

Proto-Germanic: *grimmaz (“angry, irritated, fierce”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰróm-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *gramaz (“furious, hostile”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰŕ̥m-eh₂

Ancient Greek: χάρμη (khármē)


gʰegʰuǵʰ-

*gʰegʰuǵʰ-eh₂ ~ *gʰegʰuǵʰ-yeh₂ f

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *geguźāˀ, *geguźjāˀ (“cuckoo”)

East Baltic:

Latvian: dzȩguze; dzȩgûze, dzȩguôze, dzȩguse, dzȩgusis (dialectal)

Lithuanian: gegužė̃, gegùžė; degužė̃, gegùžis, gegužė̃lė (dialectal)

⇒ Lithuanian: gegė̃, gẽgė

West Baltic:

Old Prussian: geguse

Proto-Slavic: *žegъza (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *žegъzuľa (see there for further descendants)

*gʰe(gʰ)uǵʰ-os m

Proto-Germanic: *gaukaz (“cuckoo”) (see there for further descendants)

Derived from a repeating root *gʰe-gʰu-ǵʰ-, of onomatopoeic origin.

Brill Publishers
Jaroslav Rudnyckyj
Oleg Trubachyov
be:Віктар Уладзіміравіч Мартынаў
uk:Мельничук Олександр Савич


(H)resg-

*(H)résg-ti-s (“weaving”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: regztis (“haysack”)

Proto-Italic: *resktis

Latin: restis (“rope, cord”) (see there for further descendants)

*(H)résg-u-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rázǰuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ráźȷ́uṣ

Sanskrit: रज्जु (rajju)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rozgāˀ

Latvian: razga

Lithuanian: razgai

Proto-Slavic: *rozga (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Lithuanian: regzti


dʰénwr̥

dʰénwr̥ (nominative singular)
dʰénwōr (collective nominative)
dʰénwr̥ (singular vocative)
dʰénwōr (collective vocative)
dʰénwr̥ (accusative singular)
dʰénwōr (accusative collective)
dʰn̥wéns (genitive singular)
dʰnunés (collective genitive)
dʰn̥wéns (ablative singular)
dʰnunés (ablative collective)
dʰn̥wéney (dative singular)
dʰnunéy (collective dative)
dʰn̥wén (locative singular)
dʰn̥wéni (locative singular)
dʰn̥wén (collective locative)
dʰn̥wéni (collective locative)

Proto-Germanic:

Old High German: tenar

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θέναρ (thénar, “palm (of hand)”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰánwr̥

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: धनुस् (dhanus), धन्वन् (dhanvan, “bow”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬚𐬀𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬥 (θanuuan), 𐬚𐬀𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 (θanuuar^ə)

⇒ Old Persian: 𐎰𐎵𐎢𐎺𐎴𐎡𐎹 (θ-nu-u-v-n-i-y /θanuvaniya/, “archer”)

Proto-Italic:

>? Latin: femur (“thigh”)

From *dʰen- + *-wr̥ (substantifying suffix).


léwks

Proto-Celtic: *leuxs

Gaulish: leux

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rúkš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rúkṣ

Sanskrit: रुच् (ruc, noun)

Proto-Iranian: *rúxš

Ossetian: рухс (ruxs, “light, red”)

Persian: رخش (roxš, “light”)

Proto-Italic: *louks (see there for further descendants)

From *lewk- (“bright; to shine”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


bʰérǵʰos

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bérgas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bergaz (see there for further descendants)

From *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise up, be elevated”) + *-os.


gʰébʰōl

gʰébʰōl (nominative singular)
gʰébʰoles (nominative plural)
gʰébʰol (singular vocative)
gʰébʰoles (plural vocative)
gʰébʰolm̥ (accusative singular)
gʰébʰolm̥s (accusative plural)
gʰbʰlés (genitive singular)
gʰbʰlóHom (genitive plural)
gʰbʰlés (ablative singular)
gʰbʰl̥mós (ablative plural)
gʰbʰléy (dative singular)
gʰbʰl̥mós (dative plural)
gʰbʰél (locative singular)
gʰbʰéli (locative singular)
gʰbʰl̥sú (locative plural)
gʰbʰléh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʰbʰl̥mís (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *gebla-, *gabla- m (“head; top, summit; gable”)

Proto-West Germanic: *gebl m

Old High German: gebal (“head, cranium”)

Middle High German: gebel (“skull”)

Proto-West Germanic: *gebil m (“gable”)

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: gevel

desctree

Dutch: gevel
Afrikaans: gewel
→ Papiamentu: gevel, hevel (dated)
→ West Frisian: gevel

Old High German: gibil; gibilla f

Middle High German:

German: Giebel

Old Norse: gafl
Icelandic: gafl
Faroese: galvur
Norn: gabel, gevel
Norwegian Bokmål: gavl
Swedish: gavel
Danish: gavl
→ Old French: gable
→ Middle English: *gable
English: gable
French: gâble

Gothic: 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌻𐌰 (gibla, “pinnacle”)

(pre-)Proto-Hellenic: *kʰépʰəl

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *kepʰəlā́ f

Ancient Greek: κεφαλή (kephalḗ)

desc

Ancient Macedonian: κεβαλή (kebalḗ), κεβλή (keblḗ)

Proto-Tocharian: *ćäpāl(ä) n (“head”)

Tocharian A: śpāl

Tocharian B: śpāl

Unknown:

→? Latin: Cībalae

→? Ancient Greek: γαβαλάν (gabalán)

Uncertain, but seemingly from *gʰebʰ- (“to give; to take?”) + *-ōl / *-l̥. Similar in formation to the synonym *káp-ōl, which likewise may be from *kap- (“to seize”), a sound-symbolic “chiming root” to *gʰebʰ-.


*(s)ténh₂-e-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *sténō

Ancient Greek: στένω (sténō)

Proto-Italic: *tenō

Latin: tonō (“to thunder”) (readjusted to iterative) (see there for further descendants)

(s)ténh₂-t ~ (s)tn̥h₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáštanHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáṣṭanHt

Sanskrit: *áṣṭanīt

⇒ Sanskrit: स्तन् (stan, 3sg.inj.act), ष्टनिहि (ṣṭanihi, “to thunder”, 2sg.impv.act.)

*(s)ténh₂-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tányati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tányati

Sanskrit: तन्यति (tanyati, “to thunder”)

*(s)tonh₂-éye-ti (iterative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stanHáyanti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stanHáyanti

Sanskrit: स्तनयति (stanáyanti, “to thunder”)

Proto-Italic: *tonāō

Latin: tonō (“to thunder”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ténh₂-tr̥ ~ *(s)tn̥h₂-tén-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tánHtā (“thunder”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *tenatrus

Latin: tonitrus (“thunder”) (readjusted to iterative) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)tónh₂-r̥ ~ *(s)ténh₂-n̥s, *(s)ténh₂-r̥ ~ *(s)tn̥h₂-éns

Proto-Celtic: *toranos (“thunder”) (< *tonaros < *(s)tónh₂r-os) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þun(a)raz (“thunder”) (< *(s)tn̥h₂r-os) (see there for further descendants)


(s)kerbʰ-

*(s)korb-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skárˀbas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skarpaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *skrepaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skrapōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *skrobeis

Latin: scrobis (see there for further descendants)


snewbʰ-

*snéwbʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Italic: *snouβō

Latin: nūbō (see there for further descendants)

*snḗwbʰ-s-t ~ *snéwbʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Italic: *snoupsai

Latin: nūpsī

*snowbʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *snaubīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *snubìti (see there for further descendants)

*snu-né-bʰ-ti ~ *snu-n-bʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic: *hnúmpʰō

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *hnúmpʰā

Ancient Greek: νύμφη (númphē)

Possibly related to *snusós (“daughter-in-law”), suggesting an underlying *snew- root.


telk-

*tl̥k-s-ḱos

Proto-Celtic: *talskos (“fragment, piece”)

Proto-Brythonic: *talx (see there for further descendants)

*telk-s-m̥-is

Proto-Celtic: *telmis (“sling, snare”) (see there for further descendants)

*tolk-os

Proto-Celtic: *tolkos (see there for further descendants)

>? Thracian: *talkas (attested as an onamastic component)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *talkāˀ

Lithuanian: talkà

Latvian: tàlka

Proto-Slavic: *tolkà (“neighbourly help (of farmworkers)”) (see there for further descendants)

*telk-e-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *telktei

Lithuanian: tel̃kti (“assemble for collective assistance”)

Old Prussian: tlāku (“threshes”, 3 sg.)

Proto-Slavic: *telktì, *telťì (“to beat; to pound”) (see there for further descendants)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


ǵʰed-

*ǵʰéd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰádati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰádati

Sanskrit: हदति (hádati, “to evacuate, discharge excrement”)

*ǵʰéd-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰédzō

Ancient Greek: χέζω (khézō, “to shit”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *dzetša
Albanian: dhjes

*ǵʰḗd-s-t ~ *ǵʰéd-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *ékʰesə

Ancient Greek: ἔχεσα (ékhesa)

*ǵʰe-ǵʰód-e ~ *ǵʰe-ǵʰd-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Hellenic: *kékʰoda

Ancient Greek: κέχοδα (kékhoda)

Proto-Albanian:

>? Albanian: ndot (“to make dirty”)

*ǵʰéd-o-s

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ձետ (jet, “tail”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰádas

Proto-Iranian: *jádah

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬵 m (zadah, “buttocks”)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Slavic: *zadъ m (“rump”)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lamīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *lomìti (“to break”) (see there for further descendants)

(possibly) >? Latin: lanius (“butcher”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *lamaz (“lame; defective”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lémešis (“plough”) (see there for further descendants)

Middle Irish: lem (“soft, tender, weak, powerless, impotent”)

Irish: leamh (“soft; weak”)

Welsh: llefrith (“milk”)

Ancient Greek: νωλεμέως (nōleméōs, “unceasingly; firmly”)


Proto-Hellenic: *auhéri

Ancient Greek: ἦρι (êri, “early in the morning”) (or from *h₂éyeri (“early”))

Ancient Greek: αὔριον (aúrion) (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂ews- (“to dawn, become light”) + *-ér, *-éri (innovative locative suffix).

suf

err

>? Proto-Albanian: *ausra (“twilight”); Albanian

auštrā́ˀ

*h₂éwser-h₂ ~ *h₂usr-és (“dawn, morning”)

dawn, morning; see there for further descendants


leyd-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel

*léyd-ti ~ *lid-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *léiˀstei (see there for further descendants)

*le-loyd-ti ~ *lé-lid-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *laiˀstei (see there for further descendants)

*li-né-d-ti ~ *li-n-d-énti (nasal-infix present)

>? Proto-Albanian: *linda

desc

Albanian: lind (“to bear, give birth”), lindem (“to be born”) (or *leunda ⇐ *leuda)

*loyd-éye-ti (eye-iterative)

Proto-Albanian: *laida

q

>? Albanian: le (“to bear, give birth”) (dialectal, or < *leuda < *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow”))

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *laidna

Albanian: lë (“to let”) (or < *lādna < *leh₁d- (“to be tired”))

⇒? Proto-Albanian: *laidnja

Albanian: lej (“to bear, give birth”) (or < *leudnja)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *laidīˀti

desc

Lithuanian: láidyti (“to let, let go, start moving”)

*leid-sk-to-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: láiškas (“letter”)

Latvian: laiska (“leaf”)

Old Prussian: lāiskas (“booklet”)

Proto-Slavic: *listъ (“letter”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic: *loydā

Old Irish: loíd

Middle Irish: láed, laíd

Irish: laoidh

Scottish Gaelic: laoidh


leyd-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
fr:Jacques André

*lé-loyd-ti ~ *lé-lid-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic root present)

Proto-Italic: *loidō

Latin: lūdō (“to play”) (see there for further descendants)

*lid-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *líďďō

Ancient Greek: λίζω (lízō, “to play”)

Proto-Hellenic: *líndō

Ancient Greek: *λίνδω (*líndō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: λίνδεσθαι (líndesthai, “to contend”, pres.mp.inf.) (+ -εσθαι (-esthai))

*loyd-éye-ti (eye-iterative)

Proto-Celtic: *loydīti

Old Irish: laídid (“exhort, incite”)

Middle Irish: laídid

*loyd-o-s

Proto-Italic: *loidos

Old Latin: loidos, loedos

Latin: lūdus (“game”) (see there for further descendants)

*loyd-tó-s

Proto-Italic: *loissos

Latin: lūsus (“played”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Germanic: *austraz (“eastern”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *austrą (“east; eastward”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *Austrǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hušástaras

Proto-Iranian: *Hušástarah

Avestan:

Younger Avestan: 𐬎𐬱𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 (ušastara, “eastern”)

Proto-Italic: *austeros

Latin: auster (“south wind”) (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂éws-s ~ *h₂us-és (“dawn”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix), ultimately from the root *h₂ews- (“to dawn”).


bʰérǵʰs

bʰérǵʰs (nominative singular)
bʰérǵʰh₁ (dual nominative)
bʰérǵʰh₁e (dual nominative)
bʰérǵʰes (nominative plural)
bʰérǵ (singular vocative)
bʰérǵʰh₁ (dual vocative)
bʰérǵʰh₁e (dual vocative)
bʰérǵʰes (plural vocative)
bʰérǵʰm̥ (accusative singular)
bʰérǵʰh₁ (accusative dual)
bʰérǵʰh₁e (accusative dual)
bʰérǵʰm̥s (accusative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰés (genitive singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰóHom (genitive plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰés (ablative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰmós (ablative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰéy (dative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰmós (dative plural)
bʰérǵ (locative singular)
bʰérǵʰi (locative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰsú (locative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰéh₁ (instrumental singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰmís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *brixs, *brigā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *burgz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: πύργος (púrgos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥ȷ́ʰás

Proto-Iranian: *br̥jáh

Avestan: 𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬆𐬨 (bər^əzəm, acc.sg.), 𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬋 (bər^əzō, gen.sg.)

desc

Northern Luri: برگ (berg, “mountain,hill”)

Ossetian: барз (barz)

→ Chechen: барз (barz)

→ Ingush: боарз (boarz)

From *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise up, be elevated”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


Proto-Celtic: *ɸlinīti

⇒ Old Irish: do·lin

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥náHti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *polnēō

Latin: polleō (see there for further descendants)

From *pleh₁- (“to fill”) + *-né- (nasal infix).

infix

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
de:Brian D. Joseph


Proto-Albanian: *plāta

Albanian: plotë

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: լի (li)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *praHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *praHtás

Sanskrit: प्रात (prātá)

Proto-Italic: *plētos

Latin: plētus

From *pleh₁- (“to fill”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

suf

Adalbert Bezzenberger
August Fick
Mate Kapović
Whitley Stokes
de:Brian D. Joseph


Proto-Celtic: *ɸlīyos

Old Irish: lïa
Irish: lia

Proto-Hellenic: *pléyōs

desc

Ancient Greek: πλεῖος (pleîos), πλέος (pléos), πλέως (pléōs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práHyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práHyas

Sanskrit: प्रायः (prāyaḥ)

Proto-Iranian: *fráHyah

Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 (frāiiah)

Old Persian: *frāyah

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: [Term?] (/frāy/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Term?] (/frāy/), [Term?] (/frēh/)

Proto-Italic: *plējōs

Old Latin: pleoris, pleores

From *pleh₁- (“to fill”) + *-yōs (intensive suffix).


létrom

létrom (nominative singular)
létroy (dual nominative)
létrom (singular vocative)
létroy (dual vocative)
létrom (accusative singular)
létroy (accusative dual)
létrosyo (genitive singular)
létroHom (genitive plural)
létread (ablative singular)
létromos (ablative plural)
létroey (dative singular)
létromos (dative plural)
létrey (locative singular)
létroy (locative singular)
létroysu (locative plural)
létrōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *letros

Proto-Germanic: *leþrą

leather (material produced by tanning animal skin)


h₂óyu kʷíd

Proto-Hellenic: *oyuki

Ancient Greek: οὐκί (oukí, "not so, never")

Greek: όχι (óchi, "no, not")

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ոչ (oč', "not")

Armenian: ոչ (oč', "no, not")

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: as ("not, neither, nor") (possibly)


(s)pel-

Proto-Albanian: spelā

Albanian: fjalë ("word")

Proto-Albanian: spala

Albanian: flas ("speak")

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: առասպել (aṙaspel) ("tale, proverb, riddle") (←aṙ-a-spel)

Proto-Germanic: spellą (see there for descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀπειλή ("boast, boastful promise")

Possibly from bʰel-, with the s-mobile prefix.


mr̥k-

Proto-Germanic: *murhǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *mъrky

Hellenic:

(perhaps) Ancient Greek: βράκανα (brákana)

(perhaps) Ancient Greek: βάκανον (bákanon)


smeḱ-

*sméḱ-om

Proto-Celtic: *smekom

Old Irish: smech n (“chin”)

Proto-Italic: *smakslā, ⇒ *smakslelā

Latin: māla; maxilla (see there for further descendants)

*smóḱ-wr̥


smóḱwr̥

q

reflecting <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*smeḱr-V-</i><ref name=Demiraj/>

Albanian: mjekër f (reflecting *smeḱr-V-)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒍝𒈠𒀭𒆳 (za-ma-an-kur /zamankur/)

Old Armenian: մաւրու-ք pl (mawru-kʻ) (see there for further descendants)

reflecting <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*smóḱr-o-s</i><ref name=deVaan/>

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *smákras m (reflecting *smóḱr-o-s) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *smahrjaz

Proto-West Germanic:

desc

Old English: smǣras m pl (“lips”) (hapax)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: श्मश्रु n (śmaśru) (see there for further descendants)


lúkʷos

non-ablauting (romanization)
lúkʷos (nominative singular)
lúkʷoes (nominative plural)
lúkʷe (singular vocative)
lúkʷoes (plural vocative)
lúkʷom (accusative singular)
lúkʷoms (accusative plural)
lúkʷosyo (genitive singular)
lúkʷoHom (genitive plural)
lúkʷead (ablative singular)
lúkʷomos (ablative plural)
lúkʷoey (dative singular)
lúkʷomos (dative plural)
lúkʷey (locative singular)
lúkʷoy (locative singular)
lúkʷoysu (locative plural)
lúkʷōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *lúkos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *lukʷos (see there for further descendants)

A corruption of *wĺ̥kʷos, possibly as a taboo deformation meant to offset the fear usually associated with the animal. In daughter languages only attested in Italic and Greek.


Proto-Italic: *smakslā, ⇒ *smakslelā


séǵʰwr̥

séǵʰwr̥ (nominative singular)
séǵʰwōr (collective nominative)
séǵʰwr̥ (singular vocative)
séǵʰwōr (collective vocative)
séǵʰwr̥ (accusative singular)
séǵʰwōr (accusative collective)
sǵʰwéns (genitive singular)
sǵʰunés (collective genitive)
sǵʰwéns (ablative singular)
sǵʰunés (ablative collective)
sǵʰwéney (dative singular)
sǵʰunéy (collective dative)
sǵʰwén (locative singular)
sǵʰwéni (locative singular)
sǵʰwén (collective locative)
sǵʰwéni (collective locative)
sǵʰwénh₁ (instrumental singular)
sǵʰunéh₁ (collective instrumental)

From *seǵʰ- (“to overpower; to take hold of”) + *-wr̥ (substantifying suffix).

suffix

sevērus

severe, serious; see there for further descendants


h₂n̥tbʰóh₁

h₂n̥tbʰóh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂n̥tbʰóh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂n̥tbʰóh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂n̥tbʰéh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
h₂n̥tbʰéh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
h₂n̥tbʰéh₂h₁ (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *abōˀ

Latvian: abi

Lithuanian: abu

Proto-Slavic: *oba (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄμφω (ámphō)

Proto-Italic: *amβō

Latin: ambō

>? Proto-Tocharian: *āntӓp(ӓ)i (from the neuter dual in *-oih₂)

Tocharian A: āmpi

Tocharian B: antapi

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hubʰáyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hubʰáyas

Sanskrit: उभय (ubhaya, “both”)

Proto-Iranian: *Hubʰáyah

q

with extantanding <i class="Avst mention" lang="ae">-𐬌𐬌𐬀</i> (-iia)

Avestan: 𐬎𐬠𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀 (ubaiia, “both”) (with extantanding -𐬌𐬌𐬀 (-iia))

Sogdian: (/uβī, uβyu, βyu, bī/, “both”)

Sogdian script: 𐼴𐼱𐼷𐼴 (wβyw)

Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫂𐫏𐫇 (wβyw)

Syriac script: ܐܘܒܝ (ʾwβy), ܐܘܒܝܘ (wβyw), ܒܝܘ (βyw), ܒܝ (by)

From the same root as *h₂m̥bʰi, with dual endings. The second half is considered cognate to Proto-Germanic *bai, Sanskrit उभौ (ubháu). Argued to derive from the root of *h₂énts.


*h₁epi (“on, at”) (locative case) (see there for further descendants)

*h₁op- (“to desire”)

Alternative reconstruction of the root *h₂ep-; see there for more


weyg-

*wig-é-tor (present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wiǰátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wiȷ́átay

Sanskrit: विजते (vijáte)

*we-wóyg-e (perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: विविजे (vivije)

*woyg-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayǰáyati

Proto-Indo-European: *wayȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: वेजयति (vejáyati)

*wóyg-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáygas

Proto-Indo-European: *wáygas

Sanskrit: वेग (vega)

Ancient Greek: οἴγω (oígō) (< *h₃wóyg-os)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *wikǭ

Pokorny suggests an extension of *weh₁y- (“to twist, weave”).


*h₃mérǵ-ti ~ *h₃mr̥ǵ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmáršti ~ *Hmr̥ȷ́ánti

Proto-Iranian: *Hmáršti

desc

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (mar^əzaⁱti, “to touch”)

*h₃mḗrǵ-s-t ~ *h₃mérǵ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHmā́rćšat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmā́rṭṣat

Sanskrit: अमार्क्षीत् (amārkṣīt, 3sg.aor.act.), अमार्क्षीः (amārkṣīḥ, 2sg.aor.act.), अमार्क्षम् (amārkṣam, 1sg.aor.act.)

*h₃mḗrǵ-ti ~ *h₃mérǵ-n̥ti (narten-type athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmā́ršti ~ *Hmárȷ́ati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmā́rṣṭi ~ *Hmárjati

Sanskrit: मार्ष्टि (mārṣṭi, “to wipe, cleanse”)

*h₃mórǵ-e ~ *h₃mr̥ǵ-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Hellenic: *omórga

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *omórgnéumi

Ancient Greek: ὀμόργνῡμῐ (omórgnūmi, “to wipe (tears)”)

*h₃morǵ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmarȷ́áyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmarȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: मर्जयति (marjáyati)

*h₃mr̥-né-ǵ-ti ~ *h₃mr̥-n-ǵ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmr̥nášti ~ *Hmr̥nȷ́ánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmr̥náṣṭi ~ *Hmr̥njánti

Vedic Sanskrit: मृञ्जत (mṛñjata, 3pl.med.)

*h₃mr̥ǵ-(h₁)sé-ti (zero-grade desiderative)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmr̥ćšati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmr̥ṭṣati

Sanskrit: मृक्षति (mṛkṣati, “to rub, smear”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmr̥štás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmr̥ṣṭás

Sanskrit: मृष्ट (mṛṣṭa)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

>? Lithuanian: márška (“net for fish”)

Proto-Italic: *merga

>? Latin: mergae pl (“two-pronged fork”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

>? Sanskrit: मृश् (mṛś, “to touch, stroke”) (or from a different root)

Sanskrit: मृज् (mṛj)


ǵʰéymn̥

ǵʰéymn̥ (nominative singular)
ǵʰéym̥nih₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰéymō (collective nominative)
ǵʰéymn̥ (singular vocative)
ǵʰéym̥nih₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰéymō (collective vocative)
ǵʰéymn̥ (accusative singular)
ǵʰéym̥nih₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰéymō (accusative collective)
ǵʰiméns (genitive singular)
ǵʰym̥nés (collective genitive)
ǵʰiméns (ablative singular)
ǵʰym̥nés (ablative collective)
ǵʰiméney (dative singular)
ǵʰym̥néy (collective dative)
ǵʰimén (locative singular)
ǵʰiméni (locative singular)
ǵʰimén (collective locative)
ǵʰiméni (collective locative)
ǵʰiménh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰym̥néh₁ (collective instrumental)

Proto-Anatolian:

< acc.sg. <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵʰimn̥</i>

< loc.sg. <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵʰimni</i>

Hittite: 𒄀𒈠𒀭 (gi-ma-an /giman/, “the winter”, acc.sg.) (< acc.sg. *ǵʰimn̥), 𒄀𒅎𒈪 (gi-im-mi /gimmi/, “in the winter”, dat.loc.sg.) (< loc.sg. *ǵʰimni)

Proto-Albanian: *deimena, *dimena

Albanian: dimër, dimën (“winter”)

< nom.sg. <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵʰéymn̥</i>

< nom.col. <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵʰéymō</i>

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰéimə (< nom.sg. *ǵʰéymn̥), *kʰeimṓn (< nom.col. *ǵʰéymō)

Ancient Greek: χεῖμα (kheîma), χειμών (kheimṓn, “winter”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáyma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáyma

Sanskrit: हेमन् (héman, “in the winter”, loc.sg.) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Sanskrit: हेमन्त (hemantá) (see there for further descendants)

May be analysed as a primary derivative *ǵʰey- (“winter”) + *-mn̥ (action or result suffix), but this is unlikely as all derivatives in daughter languages are based on *ǵʰéy-ōm. Thus other possiblilties listed by NIL and Ozoliņš (2015) are:
* *ǵʰéy-ōm + *-mn̥ (secondary men-stem),
* *ǵʰéy-ōm + *-n̥ (secondary n-stem),
* *ǵʰéy-ōm + *-r̥ (secondary r/n-stem),
* *ǵʰéy-m (loc.sg.) + *én (“in”), a postpositional phrase meaning "in winter", reanalysed as *ǵʰéy-men, the loc.sg. of a men-stem.

suf

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gabʰrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gabʰrás

Sanskrit: गभीर (gabhīra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬀 (jafra)

Northern Luri: گںهںر (gəhər, a lake)

desc

Parthian: [script needed] (jfr /žafr/, “deep”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *kwēbijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwabbā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷápťō (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *raudás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *roudos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *raudaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrawdʰás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *rouðos (see there for further descendants)


Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


mend-

*mend-yos

Proto-Albanian: *mandja (see there for further descendants)

*mend-os

Illyrian: *mandos

⇒? Latin: mannus

*mend-ye-nos

Thracian: μεζηνα (mezina), Μεζηναι (Mezinai)

*mend-yo-nos

⇒ Messapic: Iuppiter Menzanas

*mend-wos

Gaulish: manduos

Dacian:

→ Romanian: mînz, mânz


bʰil-

*bʰíl-o-s

Ancient Greek: φίλος (phílos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: bil (“good, mild”)

*bʰíl-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *biliz (see there for further descendants)


trís

Ancient Greek: τρίς (trís)

Sanskrit: त्रिस् (tris)

Proto-Italic: *tris

Latin: ter

From Proto-Indo-European *tréyes (“three”).


*h₂wérg-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: vergō (“to turn”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: ἐέργω (eérgō, “to stop, scare away”)

*h₂wr̥-né-g-ti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: वृणक्ति (vṛṇakti, “to turn around, ward off”)

*h₂wḗrg-s-t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: εἶρξαι (eîrxai, “to hold off”)

*h₂wérg-se-ti (se-present)

Tocharian A: wärkṣantāñ (“rotating”, ptcp.)

*h₂wérg-mn̥ (action noun)

Proto-Italic:

>? Latin: vermina

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫurki-, “wheel”)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: वृज् (vṛj, “to turn, bend”)

Sanskrit: वरीवृजत्- (varīvṛjat-, “bending again and again”, ptcp.)

Sanskrit: प्र वावृजे (pra vāvṛje, “is turned towards”)


*syuh₁-ti (root present)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sjū́ˀtei
Latvian: šũt
Lithuanian: siū́ti
Proto-Slavic: *šìti (see there for further descendants)

*syewh₁-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Italic: *sūō

Latin: suō (compare the development of spuō)

*syúh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

*sih₁w-ye-ti (by metathesis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *síHwyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *síHwyati

Sanskrit: सीव्यति (sīvyati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Ossetian: хуийын (xwijyn)

Proto-Germanic: *siwjaną (see there for further descendants)

*syuh₁-mḗn or *syuh₁-mō

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *syúHmā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *syúHmā

Sanskrit: स्यूमन् (syūman), स्यूम (syūma)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ῠ̔μήν (humḗn), Ῡ̔μήν (Hūmḗn) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *syuHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *syuHtás

Sanskrit: स्यूत (syūta)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sūtus

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: स्यू (syū)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: सूत्र (sūtra) (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: सूना (sūnā)

Sanskrit: सूचि (sūci), सूची (sūcī), सूक्ष्म (sūkṣma) and Persian: سوزن (either from this root or *ḱeh₃- (“to sharpen”))

Ancient Greek: κασσύω (kassúō) (or Pre-Greek)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ōp-

Proto-Slavic: *(j)apa, *(j)apъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐπιόψομαι (epiópsomai)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: optō

desc

>? Proto-Tocharian: (more likely an Iranian loanword)

Tocharian A: opyāc

Tocharian B: epyac, epiyac


(s)leg-

*sl̥né(h₁)g-ti ~ *sln̥(h₁)génti

Proto-Italic:

Latin: langueō (through secondary developments)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λαγγάζω (langázō, “to slacken”) (through secondary developments)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: लङ्ग (laṅga, “limp”) (through secondary developments)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λήγω (lḗgō)

(?) Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lágati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lágati

Sanskrit: लगति (lagati)

*(s)lé(h₁)g-seti (se-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *slágžʰati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: laxus

(?) Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lakšás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lakṣás

Sanskrit: लक्ष (lakṣá)

(?) Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λᾰ́γνος (lágnos)

(?) Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lagnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lagnás

Sanskrit: लग्न (lagna)

Proto-Germanic: *slakaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Ancient Greek: λαγαρός (lagarós), λᾰγών (lagṓn), λωγᾰ́νῐον (lōgánion)

Old Irish: lac (“slack”)

Tocharian A: slākkär (“sad”)


*(s)gʷʰh₂él-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *skHálati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *skHálati

Sanskrit: स्खलति (skhalati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: սխալեմ (sxalem)

*(s)gʷʰh₂él-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σφᾰ́λλω (sphállō)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Italic: *falsō

Latin: fallō

Proto-Iranian: *skarf-

Persian: سکرفیدن (sekarfidan)

>? Welsh: sâl


é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
Ø-n̥yéh₂ (locative singular)
Ø-n̥yéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ūnīˀ ~ *-unjāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *-ьňà

Old Polish: -nia

Polish: -nia

Proto-Slavic: *-yni (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *-inī ~ *-unjǭ (see there for further descendants)


lew-

*l(H)u-to- (“dirt”)

Latin: lutum (“mud, dirt, clay”)

*lew-to- (“mud, dirt”)

Proto-Celtic: *lutā

*l(H)u-(s)tro- (“dirty place”)

Latin: lustrum

Unsorted formations:

Latin: polluō

>? Latin: luēs

Ancient Greek: λῦμα (lûma), λῡ́μη (lū́mē), >? λύθρον (lúthron)

>? Albanian: lym, llom


(s)prengʰ-

*(s)préngʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: spreñgti (“to push, tense, span”)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *φlengeti

Old Irish: lingid (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *springaną (“to spring, burst”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)prongʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *prǫžiti (“to prance, recoil”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sprangijaną

*(s)prongʰ-ó-s (“locust”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *(s)prangas

Proto-Slavic: *prǫgъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic: *φlanxsman (“jump”) (see there for further descendants)


déh₁

Proto-Celtic: *dī (“from, of”)

Proto-Brythonic: *di

Old Breton: di-

Middle Welsh: di-, ⇒ Middle Welsh: oddi (“from, out of”)

Old Irish: dí-, di

Irish: de

Manx: jeh

Scottish Gaelic: de

Proto-Hellenic: *dḗ (“to this, so far”)

Ancient Greek: δή (dḗ, “indeed, now, already”)

Proto-Italic: *dē (“from”)

Faliscan: de (“from”)

Latin: dē, dē- (“from, off, without, about”)

⇒ Oscan: dat (“on the basis of, authorised by”)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: տ- (t-, negative prefix)

From *de (“to, towards”) + *-h₁ (instrumental suffix), original meaning perhaps "by means of".


bʰrewH-

*bʰí-bʰruh₁-(h₁)se-ti (zero-grade (h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Germanic: *brusaną (“to bubble”) (see there for further descendants)

Middle Low German: brūsen

Middle Dutch: brusen

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ἀπέφρυσεν (apéphrusen, “brewed”)

*bʰréwh₁-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *berweti

Proto-Brythonic: *berwɨd

Breton: berwiñ

Welsh: berwi

Old Irish: berbaid

⇒ Middle Irish: beirbigid

Irish: beirigh

Proto-Italic: *ferweō (< metathesized *bʰéruh₁eti)

Latin: ferveō (“to be hot; to burn; to boil”)

Proto-Germanic: *brewwaną (“to brew”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰr̥-né-wh₁-ti ~ *bʰr-n̥-wh₁-énti (nasal-infix)

Proto-Germanic: *brinnaną (“to burn”) (< metathesized *bʰénuh₁eti) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéruh₁-mn̥ ~ *bʰruh₁-mén-s

Proto-Albanian: *bruma

Albanian: brumë (“dough”)

*bʰéruh₁-mō ~ *bʰruh₁-mn-és

Proto-Germanic: *berumô

>? Proto-West Germanic: *berumō (“yeast”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *beurą (“beer”) (dissimilated < *breurą) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰrowh₁- (o-grade)

Proto-Albanian: *brāu

Albanian: mbruaj

>? Proto-Germanic: *braudą (“bread”) (see there for further descendants)

Thracian: *brutos m

→ Ancient Greek: βρῦτος (brûtos)

Proto-Celtic: *brutom

Welsh: brwd

Proto-Germanic: *bruþą (“broth”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *frutom

Latin: dēfrutum, dēfritum

*bʰru-tus

Proto-Celtic: *brutus

Old Irish: bruth

Irish: bruth

*bʰerw-ós

Proto-Celtic: *berwos (see there for further descendants)

*bʰorw-ós

Proto-Celtic: *borwos

Gaulish: Boruo

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Albanian: *britśiā

Albanian: bërsi

q

>? Proto-Italic: *fer(a)mentom (or < *bʰreh₁u- (“to well, bubble”), or < *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”))

Latin: fermentum (“ferment, yeast”) (see there for further descendants)


sérpeti

sérpom (first-person indicative past singular)
sérpesi (indicative present second-person singular)
sérpes (indicative past second-person singular)
sérpe (imperative second-person singular)
sérpēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
sérpoys (optative second-person singular)
sérpeti (indicative present singular third-person)
sérpet (indicative past singular third-person)
sérpetu (imperative singular third-person)
sérpēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
sérpoyt (optative singular third-person)
sérpowos (dual first-person indicative present)
sérpowe (dual first-person indicative past)
sérpōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
sérpoywe (dual first-person optative)
sérpetes (dual indicative present second-person)
sérpetom (dual indicative past second-person)
sérpetom (dual imperative second-person)
sérpētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
sérpoytom (dual optative second-person)
sérpetes (dual indicative present third-person)
sérpetām (dual indicative past third-person)
sérpetām (dual imperative third-person)
sérpētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
sérpoytām (dual optative third-person)
sérpomos (first-person indicative plural present)
sérpome (first-person indicative past plural)
sérpōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
sérpoyme (first-person optative plural)
sérpete (indicative plural present second-person)
sérpete (indicative past plural second-person)
sérpete (imperative plural second-person)
sérpēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
sérpoyte (optative plural second-person)
sérponti (indicative plural present third-person)
sérpont (indicative past plural third-person)
sérpontu (imperative plural third-person)
sérpōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
sérponts (indicative participle present)
sérpeso (imperative second-person singular)
sérpetor (indicative present singular third-person)
sérpeto (indicative past singular third-person)
sérpētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
sérpoyto (optative singular third-person)
sérporor (indicative plural present third-person)
sérpontor (indicative plural present third-person)
sérporo (indicative past plural third-person)
sérponto (indicative past plural third-person)
sérpōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
sérpōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
sérpoyro (optative plural third-person)
sérpomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Hellenic: *hérpō

desc

Ancient Greek: ἕρπω (hérpō, “to creep, crawl”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sárpati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sárpati

Sanskrit: सर्पति (sárpati, “to creep, crawl”)

Proto-Italic: *serpō

Latin: serpō

Thematic root present of *serp- (“to creep, crawl”).


keHy-

*kéHi-de-ti (de-present)

⇒ *kéHid-ih₂ ~ *kHid-yéh₂-s

Proto-Germanic: *hitjǭ (“heat”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *keHid-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *haitaz (“hot”) (see there for further descendants)

*kéHi-te-ti (te-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kaistei

Lithuanian: kaĩsti, kaĩsta (3p.pres.), kaĩto (“to heat; to become hot”, 3p.pret.)

Latvian: kàist, kàistu (1sg.pres.), kàitu (“to burn, singe, heat”, 1sg.pret.)

*kéHi-tr-eh₂ (or *kéHi-tr̥ ~ *kHi-tén-s)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *káitrāˀ

Lithuanian: kaitrà (“heat”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kaitrús

Lithuanian: kaitrùs (“hot”)

*kéHy-os

Proto-Germanic: *hajaz (“heat”) (see there for further descendants)


keyt-

*kéyt-e-ti (thematic root present)

q

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáytati (merged with descendants of *kʷeyt- (“to notice”))

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćáytati

desc

Sanskrit: चेतति (cétati, “to shine, show oneself, stand out”)

*kit-éye-ti (eye-iterative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čitáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćitáyati

Sanskrit: चितयन्ति (citáyanti, “to shine, illuminate”, 3pl.med.)

*ki-kóyt-e ~ *ki-kit-ḗr (i-reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čikáyta ~ *čičitā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćikáyta ~ *ćićitā́

Sanskrit: चिकेत (cíketa, “to shine”)

Proto-Iranian: *čikáyta ~ *čičitā́

Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬐𐬋𐬌𐬙𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬱 (cikōitər^əš, “to show oneself”, 3pl.(p)pf.med.)

*kit-rós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čitrás (“shiny, visible”) (see there for further descendants)

*kóyt-s ~ *kéyt-s (“brightness”) (or *kóyt-r̥ ~ *kéyt-n̥s)

⇒ *koyt-ró-s

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *haidraz (“clear, bright”) (or secondary to *haiduz) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *koyt-ú-s

Proto-Germanic: *haiduz (“way, appearance”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kaytúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kaytúṣ

Sanskrit: केतु m (ketú, “bright appearance, clearness, brightness”)


mitstos

From *meytH- (“to replace, switch, exchange, swap”).


ǵembʰ-

*ǵómbʰos (see there for further descendants)

*ǵémbʰ-e-ti

जम्भति (jambhati)

From *ǵ-né-bʰ-ti ~ *ǵ-m̥-bʰ-énti, nasal inflix of a poorly contested root, *ǵebʰ-, possibly found in Proto-Celtic *gobbos (“muzzle, snout”), Gaulish *gauta (“cheek”).


*h₁réy-t ~ *h₁ry-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: յառնեմ (yaṙnem, “to rise, arise”)

*h₁réy-(h₁)se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Germanic: *rīsaną (“to rise”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₁róy-ey ~ *h₁r̥y-énti

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒀀𒊏𒀀𒄿 (a-ra-a-i), 𒀀𒊏𒄿 (a-ra-i /arāi/), 𒀀𒊏𒀀𒄑𒍣 (a-ra-a-ez-zi), 𒀀𒊏𒄑𒍣 (a-ra-iz-zi /arāizzi/, 3sg.pres.act.), 𒀀𒊑𒅀𒀭𒍣 (a-ri-ya-an-zi /aryanzi/, “to rise, arise, lift; to raise”, 3pl.pres.act.)

Luwian: 𒀀𒊑𒀉𒋾 (a-ri-it-ti, “to raise”)

Lydian: 𐤤𐤭𐤦𐤧𐤤 (eriye, “to raise; to levy”)

*h₁r̥y-é-tor (middle-voice "tudati"-type root thematic present)

Proto-Italic: *orjōr (“to rise, arise”) (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain if related to *h₃reyH- (“to churn, swirl”).

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
de:Brian D. Joseph


*h₃rewH-yeti : *h₃ruH-yeti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rjauˀtei, *rūˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *řűti (“to roar”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *orūomai

Ancient Greek: ὠρύομαι (ōrúomai)

Greek: ωρύομαι (orýomai, “to howl”)

*h₃rewH-k-yeti : *h₃ruH-k-yeti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rjauˀktei; *rūˀktei

Latvian: rûkt

Lithuanian: rū́kti

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *ruka̋ti, *ryka̋ti

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *ryčati (see there for further descendants)

Middle High German: ruohen (“to roar; to grunt; to make noise”).

*h₃rewH-mos : *h₃ruH-mos ~ *h₃rewH-mōs : *h₃ruH-mōs

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rjauˀmas m, *rjauˀmāˀ f; *rūˀmas m, *rūˀmāˀ f

Proto-Slavic: *řumъ m, *řuma f (“noise; crybaby”); *řymъ m, *řyma f (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rjauˀmā́ˀtei; *rūˀmā́ˀtei

Lithuanian: riaumóti, riáumoti (“to scold, to shout, to roar”)

Proto-Slavic: *řumati (“to make a noise”); *rymati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *roumōs

Latin: rūmor (“rumor”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *rawos

Latin: rāvis (“hoarseness”)

Sanskrit: रव (rava, “roaring, howling”)


Proto-Albanian: *barā

Albanian: barrë (“burden, load”)

Proto-Armenian:

⇒ Old Armenian: -(ա)ւոր (-(a)wor, adjectival suffix for possession/quality) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *barō (“bier;  beam, plank, barrier”) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: barar pl (“handbarrow, bier”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰorā́

Ancient Greek: φορᾱ́ (phorā́) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰer(H)- (“to bear, carry”) + *-éh₂ (action/abstract noun suffix)


o₁ (dual nominative)
o₁ (dual vocative)
-nā́m (accusative singular)
o-nā́m (accusative singular)
o₁ (accusative dual)

*-n- + *-éh₂, possibly reanalyzed from deadjectival nouns in *-nós (compare the zero-grade formation of *tn̥-néh₂), but with the ablaut pattern taken from *(o)-éh₂. In some cases thematicized from an n- or r/n-stem, e.g. *h₁osnéh₂.


Proto-Albanian: *baidā

Albanian: bē (“oath, swearing”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *báidāˀ

desc

>? Proto-Slavic: *běda (“misery, adversity; hunger, lack, need”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *baidō

Proto-West Germanic: *baidu

Old English: bād (“pledge; expectation; contractual property”)

ref

Indirect evidence only: Latin foedus (“pledge, contract”) (< *bʰéydʰ-es-) may have been contaminated with an o-grade noun such as thematic *bʰoydʰ-o/eh₂-; cf. de Vaan (2008), who assumes specifically an o-stem.

Proto-Italic: *foiðā

*bʰeydʰ(h₁)- (“to pledge, (en)trust”) + *-éh₂


*gʷéh₁u-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)

⇒ *gʷóh₁udʰ-i ~ *gʷuh₁dʰ-éy-s

desc

Proto-Celtic: *boudi (“profit, gain; victory”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷéh₁u-ti ~ *gʷuh₁-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gáuˀtei (“to get, obtain, gain”) (levelled from *gjáuˀti ~ *gūˀę́ti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰáwti ~ *guHánti (“to increase, multiply”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷḗh₁u-s-t ~ *gʷéh₁u-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háǰāwšt ~ *Háǰāwšat

Proto-Iranian: *Háǰāwšt ~ *Háǰāwšat

q

>? Old Avestan: 𐬔𐬁𐬎𐬱 (gāuš, “to increase”, 3sg.s-aor.inj.) (g- under influence of 𐬔𐬏𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬙𐬌 (gūnaoti, “to increase”)? Also interpreted as meaning "to commit a sin", from another root.)

*gʷoh₁w-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gaHwáyati

Proto-Iranian: *gaHwáyati

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *HabigaHwáyati (see there for further descendants)

*gʷuh₁-néw-ti (new-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *guHnáwti

Proto-Iranian: *guHnáwti

desc

Avestan: 𐬔𐬏𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬙𐬌 (gūnaoti, “to increase”)

Sogdian: [Syriac needed] f (γwnnc, “increasing”, pres.ptc.)

>? *gʷóh₁u-s ~ *gʷéh₁u-s (“cattle”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gáuˀsas

Lithuanian: gausà (“abundance”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gaHwas

Proto-Iranian: *gaHwah (“an increase”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *guHtás

Proto-Iranian: *guHtáh (see there for further descendants)


HéHḱus

HéHḱus (nominative singular)
HéHḱum (accusative singular)
HéHḱums (accusative plural)

Proto-Celtic: *ākus

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *dīākus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὠκύς (ōkús)

desctree

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HaHćúš
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HaHśúṣ
Sanskrit: आशु (āśú)
Proto-Iranian: *HaHcús
Avestan: 𐬁𐬯𐬎 (āsu)

Proto-Italic: *ōkus

desc

Latin: ōcior, ōcissimus (from the comparative and superlative)


lewd-

>? Proto-Germanic: *lutōną (“to conceal”) (perhaps denominal or deadjectival) (see there for further descendants)

*lewd-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *leutaz (“deceitful, dishonhest”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Albanian: lut (“to plead”)

Proto-Germanic: *lūtaną (“to bow, stoop”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ (West Germanic) *lūtilaz (“little”, literally “tending to stoop down”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Lithuanian: liūdė́ti (“to be sad”)

>? Lithuanian: liū̃dnas (“sad”)

>? Proto-Slavic: *lȗdъ (“crazy, foolish”) (see there for further descendants)


dóh₃r̥

dóh₃r̥ (nominative singular)
déh₃ōr (collective nominative)
dóh₃r̥ (singular vocative)
déh₃ōr (collective vocative)
dóh₃r̥ (accusative singular)
déh₃ōr (accusative collective)
déh₃n̥ (locative singular)
déh₃n̥h₁ (instrumental singular)


Hyowdʰéyeti

Hyowdʰéyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
Hyowdʰéyes (indicative past second-person singular)
Hyowdʰéye (imperative second-person singular)
Hyowdʰéyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
Hyowdʰéyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
Hyowdʰéyet (indicative past singular third-person)
Hyowdʰéyetu (imperative singular third-person)
Hyowdʰéyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
Hyowdʰéyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
Hyowdʰéyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
Hyowdʰéyetom (dual imperative second-person)
Hyowdʰéyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
Hyowdʰéyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
Hyowdʰéyetām (dual imperative third-person)
Hyowdʰéyete (indicative plural present second-person)
Hyowdʰéyete (indicative past plural second-person)
Hyowdʰéyete (imperative plural second-person)
Hyowdʰéyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
Hyowdʰéyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
Hyowdʰéyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
Hyowdʰéyeso (imperative participle second-person singular)
Hyowdʰéyetor (indicative participle present singular third-person)
Hyowdʰéyeto (indicative participle past singular third-person)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyawdʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyawdʰáyati

Sanskrit: योधयति (yodháyati)

Proto-Italic: *jouðeō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jaudīˀtei

Lithuanian: judėti, judinti, jundù

Proto-Slavic: *jùditi (see there for further descendants)

From *Hyewdʰ- (“to move”) + *-éyeti (causative suffix).


gʷʰónos

gʷʰónos (nominative singular)
gʷʰónoh₁ (dual nominative)
gʷʰónoes (nominative plural)
gʷʰóne (singular vocative)
gʷʰónoh₁ (dual vocative)
gʷʰónoes (plural vocative)
gʷʰónom (accusative singular)
gʷʰónoh₁ (accusative dual)
gʷʰónoms (accusative plural)
gʷʰónosyo (genitive singular)
gʷʰónoHom (genitive plural)
gʷʰónead (ablative singular)
gʷʰónomos (ablative plural)
gʷʰónoey (dative singular)
gʷʰónomos (dative plural)
gʷʰóney (locative singular)
gʷʰónoy (locative singular)
gʷʰónoysu (locative plural)
gʷʰónoh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷʰónōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *gʷonos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰónos

Ancient Greek: φόνος (phónos, “murder”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gánas (see there for further descendants)

From *gʷʰen- (“to strike down, slay”) + *-os (action noun suffix), if not formed independently in each language.


minéwti

minéwmi (first-person indicative present singular)
minḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
minéwsi (indicative present second-person singular)
minéws (indicative past second-person singular)
minéw (imperative second-person singular)
minudʰí (imperative second-person singular)
minéwesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
minéwti (indicative present singular third-person)
minéwt (indicative past singular third-person)
minéwtu (imperative singular third-person)
minéweti (singular subjunctive third-person)
minuwós (dual first-person indicative present)
minuwé (dual first-person indicative past)
minéwowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
minutés (dual indicative present second-person)
minutóm (dual indicative past second-person)
minutóm (dual imperative second-person)
minéwetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
minutés (dual indicative present third-person)
minutā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
minutā́m (dual imperative third-person)
minéwetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
minumós (first-person indicative plural present)
minumé (first-person indicative past plural)
minéwomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
minuté (indicative plural present second-person)
minuté (indicative past plural second-person)
minuté (imperative plural second-person)
minéwete (plural second-person subjunctive)
m̥yn̥wénti (indicative plural present third-person)
m̥yn̥wént (indicative past plural third-person)
m̥yn̥wéntu (imperative plural third-person)
minéwonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
m̥yn̥wónts (indicative participle present)
minusó (imperative second-person singular)
minutór (indicative present singular third-person)
m̥yn̥wór (indicative present singular third-person)
minutó (indicative past singular third-person)
m̥yn̥wó (indicative past singular third-person)
minéwetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
minurór (indicative plural present third-person)
m̥yn̥wn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
minuró (indicative past plural third-person)
m̥yn̥wn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
minéworor (plural subjunctive third-person)
minéwontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Cornish: minow

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mináwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mináwti

Sanskrit: मिनोति (minóti)

Proto-Italic: *minuō (see there for further descendants)

From *mey- (“small”) + *-néwti (verbal suffix).


-ṓy

(∅)-ṓy (nominative singular)
(∅)-óyes (nominative plural)
(∅)-óy (singular vocative)
(∅)-óyes (plural vocative)
(∅)-ṓm (accusative singular)
(∅)-óym̥s (accusative plural)
(∅)-yés (genitive singular)
(∅)-yóHom (genitive plural)
(∅)-yés (ablative singular)
(∅)-imós (ablative plural)
(∅)-yéy (dative singular)
(∅)-imós (dative plural)
(∅)-óy (locative singular)
(∅)-ṓy (locative singular)
(∅)-isú (locative plural)
(∅)-imís (instrumental plural)

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (-āiš)

Proto-Hellenic: *-ṓi

Ancient Greek: -ώ (-ṓ)

sekʷ- (“to follow”) + *-éh₂ (action noun suffix) + *-ṓy → *sokʷh₂ṓy (“retinue follower”)


desc

Proto-Germanic: *sagjaz (“retainer, warrior”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sákʰā (“friend, companion”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sokjos

Old Latin: sokios (“sharing, joining, allied”)

Latin: socius (“sharing, joining, allied”)

Faliscan: 𐌔𐌏𐌂𐌉𐌀𐌉 (sociai, “female companion, girlfriend”, dat. sg. f. and voc. pl. f.)

From *sekʷ- (“to follow”) + *-éh₂ (action noun suffix) + *-ṓy (animate deverbal/denominal suffix).


(s)nerk-

Ancient Greek: νάρκη (nárkē)

Proto-Germanic: *snarhǭ (see there for further descendants)


*(s)kuh₁t-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: quatiō

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάσσω (pássō)


ḱwes-

*ḱwés-ti ~ *ḱus-énti (athematic present)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwás-ti ~ *ćus-ánti

⇒ Sanskrit: श्वसिति (śvasiti)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *kweseti

Latin: queror (“to complain”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *hwēsaną (“to wheeze”) (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: श्वासयति (śvāsayati, “to make puff”, causative)

Sanskrit: श्वास (śvāsa, “breath”)

Proto-Iranian: [Term?] f du (“lungs”)

Avestan: 𐬯𐬎𐬱𐬌 (suši)

Khotanese: [script needed] (suvá)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (suš)

Old Ossetic: [script needed] (sūs, sos)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: kwäsnātär (“to bemoan”)


Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Winter's law

*gʰrébh₂-t ~ *gʰr̥bh₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अग्रभीत् (ágrabhīt)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬠𐬆𐬨 (grabəm)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (kar(ap)p-, “lift”)

*gʰr̥b-né-h₂-ti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥bʰnáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥bʰnáHti

Vedic Sanskrit: गृभ्णाति (gṛbhṇāti)

Classical Sanskrit: गृह्णाति (gṛhṇāti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬡𐬥𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (gər^əβnāⁱti)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (kar(ap)piezzi, “lifts up”)

Proto-Germanic: *gruppōną (see there for further descendants)

*gʰe-gʰróbh₂-e ~ *gʰe-gʰr̥bh₂-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰagrábʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agrábʰa

Sanskrit: जग्रभ (jagrabha)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬘𐬁𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬠𐬎𐬱 (jāgər^əbuš)

*gʰróbh₂-e-ti (o-grade thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *grabaną (see there for further descendants)

*gʰrobh₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Slavic: *grabiti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *grábʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *grábʰas

Vedic Sanskrit: ग्रभ (grabha), ग्राभ (grābha)

Classical Sanskrit: ग्रह (graha), ग्राह (grāha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *grobъ

*gʰrébh₂-tus ~ *gʰr̥bh₂-téws

Proto-Germanic: *graftuz

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Slavic: *gretì

Proto-Germanic: *grabą, *grōbō, *grōbiz, *grēbiz, *grubilōną

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *grabʰ-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *grabʰ-

Vedic Sanskrit: ग्रभ् (grabh)

Classical Sanskrit: ग्रह् (grah)


krewH-

*kruH-yé-ti

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: kŗaut

Lithuanian: krauti

Proto-Slavic: *kryti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hreudaną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *kruwos (“enclosure”)


swerd-

*swórd-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *swartaz (“black”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swárdas

Proto-Iranian: *hwárdah

Northern Kurdish: xwelî (“ashes; dust”)

Persian: خوال (xvâl, “soot”)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *sword-ēō

Latin: sordeō (“to be dirty”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *swordo-woris (“black water”, Balkan substrate name for a river)

→ Albanian: Vardar

→ Ancient Greek: Βαρδάριος (Bardários)

→ Macedonian: Вардар (Vardar)

*swórd-is

Proto-Italic: *swordēi(s)

Latin: sordēs


*wréh₁-t ~ *wr̥h₁-ént? *wé-wr̥h₁-et? (aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: εὑρίσκω (heurískō, “I find out, acquire”)

*we-wróh₁-e (reduplicated stative)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *wourū
Old Irish: fo·fúair, fo·fríth (preterite forms of fo·gaib)
Irish: fuair (preterite of faigh)
Scottish Gaelic: fhuair (preterite of faigh)
Manx: hooar (preterite of fow)
⇒ Gaulish: tioinuoru (3sg. pret.) (prefixed with tio- and in-)

Proto-Italic: *wourō

desc

Oscan: ϝουρουστ (wouroust, “will have found”)


Proto-Germanic: *akaną (“to ache”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄγος (ágos, “guilt, dread”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: आगस् (āgas, “sin, transgression”)


h₂óǵmoh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂óǵme (singular vocative)
h₂óǵmoh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂óǵmoh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂óǵmoh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂óǵmōys (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *ogmos
Old Irish: ogum
Middle Irish: ogam
Irish: ogham
→ English: Ogham

Proto-Hellenic: *ógmos

Ancient Greek: ὄγμος (ógmos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́mas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háȷ́mas

desc

Sanskrit: अज्म (ájma, “course, passage”)

From *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”) + *-mos (action noun suffix).


sríHgos

sríHges- (oblique stem)
sríHgos (nominative singular)
sríHgōs (nominative plural)
sríHgos (singular vocative)
sríHgōs (plural vocative)
sríHgos (accusative singular)
sríHgōs (accusative plural)
sríHgesos (genitive singular)
sríHgesoHom (genitive plural)
sríHgesos (ablative singular)
sríHgesmos (ablative plural)
sríHgesey (dative singular)
sríHgesmos (dative plural)
sríHges (locative singular)
sríHgesi (locative singular)
sríHgesu (locative plural)
sríHgesmis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: ῥῖγος (rhîgos, “frost, cold”)
Greek: ρίγος (rígos)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: frigus (“cold, chilliness”) (see there for further descendants)


mewd-

*méwd-e-ti (present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máwdati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máwdati

desc

Sanskrit: मोदति (modati), मोदते (modate)

*mud-rós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mudrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mudrás

Sanskrit: मुद्र (mudra, “joyous”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: mudrùs

Latvian: mudrs

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mawd-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mawd-

Sanskrit: मुद् (mud)


gʰeldʰ-

*gʰeldʰ-(e-)ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

>? Proto-Slavic: *želsti (unless borrowed from Germanic) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *geldaną (“pay, have value”) (see there for further descendants)

q

possibly from an earlier root noun <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʰéld</i> in view of e-grade, if not deverbal in Proto-Celtic

*gʰeldʰ-o-m (possibly from an earlier root noun *gʰéld in view of e-grade, if not deverbal in Proto-Celtic)

Proto-Celtic: *geldom

desctree

Old Irish: gell (“pledge, promise”)
Middle Irish: gell
Irish: geall
Scottish Gaelic: geall
⇒ Middle Irish: gillán


mers-

*mérs-t ~ *mr̥s-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: मृष् (mṛṣ, “to forget”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: märs- (“to forget”)

*mors-éye-ti (causative)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *marzijaną (“to disturb, impede”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: miršti (“to forget”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: մոռանամ (moṙanam, “to forget”)

Armenian: մոռանալ (moṙanal, “to forget”)


préy

Proto-Anatolian:

Proto-Luwic: *prī

Luwian: 𒉺𒊑𒄿 (/pri/)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *prei
Latvian: prie-, pie-, pie
Lithuanian: priẽ, príe-
Old Prussian: prei
Proto-Slavic: *pri (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *prei

Old Latin: prī

⇒ Proto-Italic: *preiwos
Latin: prīvus (see there for further descendants)
Umbrian: 𐌐𐌓𐌄𐌅𐌄𐌓 (prever, abl. pl. m.)


*h₁í-h₁eyǵʰ-ti ~ *h₁í-h₁iǵʰ-enti (i-reduplicated athematic present)

desc

Proto-Celtic: *yeigeti (“to scream, cry”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἰχανάω (ikhanáō, “to crave, yearn”) (with analogical suffixation)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HíHȷ́ʰati

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *HíHjyati

Avestan: 𐬌𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬁 (iziiā, pres. 1sg.), 𐬌𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (iziieⁱti, pres. 3sg.), 𐬌𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬙𐬌 (iziiati, pres. 3sg.)

Sanskrit: ईहति (īhati, “to desire”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hayȷ́ʰás

Sanskrit: एह (eha, “desiring, wishing”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háyȷ́ʰas m

Proto-Iranian: *Háyjah m

Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀 (aēza)

*h₁éyǵʰ-os ~ *h₁éyǵʰ-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háyȷ́ʰas n

Proto-Iranian: *Háyjah n

Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀𐬵 (aēzah)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *eiglā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: իղձ (iłj)