weyḱ-

*wéyḱ-t ~ *wiḱ-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáyćt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáyśt

Sanskrit: अविश्रन् (áviśran)

*wiḱ-é-ti (tudáti present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wićáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wiśáti

Sanskrit: विशति (viśáti)

Proto-Iranian: *wicáti

Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬯𐬇𐬧𐬙𐬉 (vīsə̄ṇtē)

Proto-Slavic: *vъ(n)jьti

Czech: vejít

Polish: wejść

*we-wóyḱ-e ~ *we-wiḱ-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wawáyća

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wawáyśa

Sanskrit: विवेश (vivéśa)

Proto-Iranian: *wawáyca

Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬎𐬎𐬍𐬯𐬈 (vīuuīse)

*woyḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayćáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wayśáyati

Sanskrit: वेशयति (veśáyati)

*wéyḱ-s ~ wiḱ-és

Proto-Indo-European: *wiḱpótis

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wíćš (see there for further descendants)

*wéyḱ-i-s

Proto-Albanian: *witsī, *witsā

Albanian: vis (“place, land, country”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weiśis

Latvian: vìesis (“guest”)

Lithuanian: viešis (“guest”)

Proto-Slavic: *vь̃sь (see there for further descendants)

*weyḱ-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayćás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wayśás

Sanskrit: वेश (veśá, “inhabitant”)

Proto-Iranian: *waycáh

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 (vaēsa)

Proto-Italic: *weikos

Latin: vīcus (see there for further descendants)

*wéyḱ-os ~ *wéyḱ-es-

Proto-Tocharian: *wyäike

Tocharian B: īke (“place, location, position”)

*wéyḱ-s-o-m

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *wīhsą
Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐍃 (weihs)

*wóyḱ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *wóikos

Ancient Greek: ϝοῖκος (woîkos), οἶκος (oîkos)

desc

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀺𐀒 (wo-ko /wojkos/, “home”)


leyg-

*lóyg-e-ti (o-grade root present?)

Proto-Germanic: *laikaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráyǰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ráyȷ́ati

Sanskrit: रेजति (réjati), रेजते (réjate) (usually instead < *h₁leiǵ-)

*loyg-éye-ti (iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: láigyti

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: leigōt', Latgalian: leigons,

Latvian: līgot

Lithuanian: lyguoti

Indo-Iranian: *lig-e-

Iranian:

Persian: آلیختن (âlixtan)

Northern Kurdish: leystin, Northern Kurdish: lîstin


leyg-

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: lygiuoti

Lithuanian: lýgus (“equal, level, flat, even, like”)

Latgalian: leigt' (“to agree, to make peace, to make a deal”)

Latvian: līdz (“flat”)

Latvian: līdzīgs (“alike, similar, equal, even”)

Latvian: līgt

Lithuanian: lygti

Old Prussian: līgint, Old Prussian: līginton

Proto-Germanic: *līką (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *līkāną (see there for further descendants)


leyg-

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ligà

Latvian: liga

*lig-ós

Ancient Greek: λοιγός (loigós)

Albanian: lig

Unsorted formations:

Old Irish: líach (“wretched”)

Lithuanian: líegti (“to be sickly”)

Lithuanian: ligóti (“to be ill”)

Latvian: ligât (“to be ill”)

>? Old Prussian: licuts (“small”)

>? Ancient Greek: ὀλῐ́γος (olígos, “few, little”)

>? Old Armenian: աղքատ (ałkʻat, “poor, indigent”)


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *snaH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *snaH-

Sanskrit: स्ना (snā)

Hindi: नहाना (nahānā)

Sinhalese: නානවා (nānawā)

Proto-Iranian: *snaH-

Khotanese: [script needed] (ysänāh-)

Northern Kurdish: ajne

Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫙𐫢𐫗𐫀𐫉 (ʿšnʾz)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (šnʾc /šnāz-/, “to swim”)

Persian: شناویدن (šenâvidan, “to swim”)

*(s)néh₂-ti ~ *(s)n̥h₂-énti (athematic root present)

*(s)noh₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *snaHpáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *snaHpáyati

Sanskrit: स्नापयति (snāpáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *snaHpáyati

Avestan: 𐬁𐬯𐬥𐬀𐬫𐬁𐬝 (āsnayāt̰)

Khotanese: [script needed] (ysänāj-)

Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫀𐫀𐫘𐫗𐫀𐫏 (ʾʾsnʾy)

Sogdian: [script needed] (snʾy)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: nāsk-

Proto-Hellenic: *(h)nā́mə

Ancient Greek: νᾶμᾰ (nâma)

*(s)néH-tr̥ (perhaps)

Proto-Celtic: *snāmos

Brythonic:

Middle Breton: neuff

Breton: neuñv, neuñ

Middle Welsh: nawf

Welsh: nawf

Old Irish: snám

Irish: snámh

Manx: snaue

Scottish Gaelic: snàmh

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *snaHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *snaHtás

Sanskrit: स्नात (snātá)

Proto-Iranian: *snaHtáh

Avestan: 𐬯𐬥𐬁𐬙𐬀 (snāta)

Proto-Italic: *snātos

Latin: nātus

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌍𐌀𐌕𐌀 (snata), 𐌔𐌍𐌀𐌕𐌖 (snatu, n.acc.pl.), 𐌔𐌍𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌔 (snates), 𐌔𐌍𐌀𐌕𐌄 (snate, “cleansed”, n.abl.pl.); 𐌀𐌔𐌍𐌀𐌕𐌀 (asnata), 𐌀𐌔𐌍𐌀𐌕𐌖 (asnatu, n.acc.pl.), 𐌀𐌔𐌍𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌔 (asnates), 𐌀𐌔𐌍𐌀𐌕𐌄 (asnate, “uncleansed?”, n.abl.pl.)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: ajna (āžnā), ajnê (āžnē), ajnî (āžnī, “swimming”)

Mazanderani: سنو (seno, “swimming”)

Persian: شنا (šenâ, “swimming”), اشنان (ôšnân, “wash herb, alkalin herb, barilla”)


*weh₁-ros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wēˀrāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *věra (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wērō


bʰebʰóydʰe

bʰebʰóyd (imperative second-person singular)
bʰebʰidʰdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
bʰebʰéydʰesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰebʰóydʰe (indicative singular third-person)
bʰebʰóydʰtu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰebʰéydʰeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰebʰidʰwé (dual first-person indicative)
bʰebʰéydʰowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰebʰidʰtóm (dual imperative second-person)
bʰebʰéydʰetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰebʰidʰtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
bʰebʰéydʰetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰebʰidʰmé (first-person indicative plural)
bʰebʰéydʰomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰebʰidʰé (indicative plural second-person)
bʰebʰidʰté (imperative plural second-person)
bʰebʰéydʰete (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰebʰidʰḗr (indicative plural third-person)
bʰebʰidʰéntu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰebʰéydʰonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰebʰidʰwṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Germanic: *baid

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέποιθᾰ (pépoitha)

Reduplicated stative of the root *bʰeydʰ- (“to trust”).


wewórte

wewórt (imperative second-person singular)
wewr̥tdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
wewértesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wewórte (indicative singular third-person)
wewórttu (imperative singular third-person)
wewérteti (singular subjunctive third-person)
wewr̥twé (dual first-person indicative)
wewértowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
wewr̥ttóm (dual imperative second-person)
wewértetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
wewr̥ttā́m (dual imperative third-person)
wewértetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
wewr̥tmé (first-person indicative plural)
wewértomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
wewr̥té (indicative plural second-person)
wewr̥tté (imperative plural second-person)
wewértete (plural second-person subjunctive)
wewr̥tḗr (indicative plural third-person)
wewr̥téntu (imperative plural third-person)
wewértonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
wewr̥twṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Germanic: *warþ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wawárta

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wawárta

Sanskrit: ववर्त (vavárta)

Reduplicated stative of the root *wert- (“to turn, rotate”).


gʷegʷóme

gʷegʷóm (imperative second-person singular)
gʷegʷm̥dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
gʷegʷémesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷegʷóme (indicative singular third-person)
gʷegʷómtu (imperative singular third-person)
gʷegʷémeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷegʷm̥wé (dual first-person indicative)
gʷegʷémowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
gʷegʷm̥tóm (dual imperative second-person)
gʷegʷémetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
gʷegʷm̥tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
gʷegʷémetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
gʷegʷm̥mé (first-person indicative plural)
gʷegʷémomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
gʷegʷmé (indicative plural second-person)
gʷegʷm̥té (imperative plural second-person)
gʷegʷémete (plural second-person subjunctive)
gʷegʷmḗr (indicative plural third-person)
gʷegʷméntu (imperative plural third-person)
gʷegʷémonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷegʷm̥wṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Germanic: *kwam (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βέβηκᾰ (bébēka) (reformed as k-perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰagā́ma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agā́ma

Sanskrit: जगाम (jagā́ma)

Reduplicated stative of the root *gʷem- (“to step”).

to have the feet planted, to stand steady


Proto-Celtic: *aglo-

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *aglotus

Middle Irish: álad

Irish: áladh

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *agletos

Welsh: aeled

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *aglātos

Welsh: aelawd

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *agluz
Old English: eġle
Middle English: eile, eyle
English: ail
Gothic: 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌿𐍃 (aglus)

*h₂e-h₂ógʰ-e ~ *h₂e-h₂gʰ-ḗr (stative)

*h₂gʰ-nw-ór ~ *h₂gʰ-nu-rór

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄχνυμαι (ákhnumai)

*h₂ogʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *agijaną

Gothic: *𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*agjan)

*h₂e-h₂ogʰ-éye-ti (innovated causative with reduplication)

Proto-Germanic: *ōgijaną (see there for further descendants)

*h₂égʰ-os ~ *h₂égʰ-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hagʰás (see there for further descendants)


dʰedʰórse

dʰedʰórs (imperative second-person singular)
dʰedʰr̥sdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
dʰedʰérsesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
dʰedʰórse (indicative singular third-person)
dʰedʰórstu (imperative singular third-person)
dʰedʰérseti (singular subjunctive third-person)
dʰedʰr̥swé (dual first-person indicative)
dʰedʰérsowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
dʰedʰr̥stóm (dual imperative second-person)
dʰedʰérsetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
dʰedʰr̥stā́m (dual imperative third-person)
dʰedʰérsetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
dʰedʰr̥smé (first-person indicative plural)
dʰedʰérsomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
dʰedʰr̥sé (indicative plural second-person)
dʰedʰr̥sté (imperative plural second-person)
dʰedʰérsete (plural second-person subjunctive)
dʰedʰr̥sḗr (indicative plural third-person)
dʰedʰr̥séntu (imperative plural third-person)
dʰedʰérsonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
dʰedʰr̥swṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Germanic: *durzaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰadʰárša

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dadʰárṣa

Sanskrit: दधर्ष (dadhárṣa)

Reduplicated stative of the root *dʰers- (“to be bold, to dare”).


leys-

*le-lóys-e (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Germanic: *lizaną (“to know”) or *lisaną (see there for further descendants)

*loys-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *laizijaną (“to teach”) (see there for further descendants)

*lis-n̥h₂-tór ~ *lis-n̥h₂-rór (mediopassive causative)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *liʀnōn (“to learn”), *liʀnēn (Elbe Germanic) (see there for further descendants)

*lóys-eh₂ (“track, furrow”)

*léys-ti-s ~ *lis-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *listiz (“art, cunning”) (see there for further descendants)

*loys-tis

Proto-Germanic: *laistiz (“track, trace”)

Proto-West Germanic: *laisti (“footprint, mold for shoes”)

Old English: lǣst, lāst (“footprint”)

English: last (“mould for shoes”)

Old Frisian: lāst, lēst (“sole, footprint”)

West Frisian: least

Old Saxon: *lēst

Middle Low German: lēst (“mould for shoes”)

Old Dutch: *lēst

Middle Dutch: leest (“mould for shoes”)

Dutch: leest

Old High German: leist (“mould for shoes”)

German: Leist, Leisten

Old Norse: leistr (“stocking-foot”)

Icelandic: leistur

Faroese: leistur

Norwegian Nynorsk: leist

Norwegian Bokmål: lest

Swedish: läst

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (laists, “track”)

*loys-tos

Proto-Germanic: *laistaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Ancient Greek: λοῖσθος (loîsthos, “left behind”)


tetórpe

tetórp (imperative second-person singular)
tetr̥pdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
tetérpesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
tetórpe (indicative singular third-person)
tetórptu (imperative singular third-person)
tetérpeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
tetr̥pwé (dual first-person indicative)
tetérpowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
tetr̥ptóm (dual imperative second-person)
tetérpetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
tetr̥ptā́m (dual imperative third-person)
tetérpetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
tetr̥pmé (first-person indicative plural)
tetérpomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
tetr̥pé (indicative plural second-person)
tetr̥pté (imperative plural second-person)
tetérpete (plural second-person subjunctive)
tetr̥pḗr (indicative plural third-person)
tetr̥péntu (imperative plural third-person)
tetérponti (plural subjunctive third-person)
tetr̥pwṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Germanic: *þurbaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tātárpa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tātárpa

Sanskrit: तातृपुर् (tātṛpúr)

Reduplicated stative of the root *terp- (“to satisfy”).


lelóykʷe

lelóyk (imperative second-person singular)
lelikʷdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
leléykʷesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
lelóykʷe (indicative singular third-person)
lelóykʷtu (imperative singular third-person)
leléykʷeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
lelikwé (dual first-person indicative)
leléykʷowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
lelikʷtóm (dual imperative second-person)
leléykʷetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
lelikʷtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
leléykʷetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
lelikʷmé (first-person indicative plural)
leléykʷomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
lelikʷé (indicative plural second-person)
lelikʷté (imperative plural second-person)
leléykʷete (plural second-person subjunctive)
lelikʷḗr (indicative plural third-person)
lelikʷéntu (imperative plural third-person)
leléykʷonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
lelikwṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Germanic: *laihw (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λέλοιπᾰ (léloipa)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *riráyča

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *riráyća

Sanskrit: रिरेच (riréca)

Reduplicated stative of the root *leykʷ- (“to leave”).


h₂eh₂óyḱ (imperative second-person singular)
h₂eh₂iḱdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
h₂eh₂iḱé (indicative plural second-person)

Proto-Germanic: *aiganą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HíHćay, *HíHštay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HíHśay, *HíHṣṭay

Sanskrit: ईशे (ī́śe), ईष्टे (ī́ṣṭe)

Proto-Iranian: *HíHcay, *HíHštay

Avestan: 𐬌𐬯𐬉 (isē), 𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬈 (ište)

Reduplicated stative of the root *h₂eyḱ- (“to obtain, possess, own”).


h₂eh₂n̥ḱyéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
h₂eh₂nóḱ (imperative second-person singular)
h₂eh₂n̥ḱdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
h₂eh₂n̥ḱwé (dual first-person indicative)
h₂eh₂n̥ḱtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
h₂eh₂n̥ḱmé (first-person indicative plural)
h₂eh₂n̥ḱé (indicative plural second-person)
h₂eh₂n̥ḱté (imperative plural second-person)
h₂eh₂n̥ḱḗr (indicative plural third-person)

Albanian: kënaq

Proto-Celtic: *ānonke

q

past tense of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">·icc</i>

Old Irish: ·ánaic (past tense of ·icc)

Italic:

Latin: nancīscor

Proto-Germanic: *ganuganą (*ga- + unattested *nōgaz) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HaHnā́ća, *HaHnánća

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HaHnā́śa, *HaHnánśa

Sanskrit: आनाश (ānā́śa), आनंश (ānáṃśa)

Reduplicated stative of the root *h₂neḱ- (“to reach, to attain”).


terp-

*térp-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *térpō

Ancient Greek: τέρπω (térpō) (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥p-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥pyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tŕ̥pyati

Sanskrit: तृप्यति (tṛ́pyati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þarbō (“need”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *terba (“need”) (see there for further descendants)

*torp-sḱé-ti (o-grade sḱe-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tar̃pti

*tetórpe ~ *tetr̥pḗr (stative)

*tr̥p-éh₁-(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tьrpě̀ti (see there for further descendants)

*térp-tis ~ *tr̥p-téy-

Proto-Germanic: *þurftiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *térptis

Ancient Greek: τέρψις (térpsis) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥ptíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tŕ̥ptiṣ

Sanskrit: तृप्ति (tṛ́pti) (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥p-tós

Proto-Germanic: *þurftaz (past participle of *þurbaną)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥ptás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tr̥ptás

Sanskrit: तृप्त (tṛptá) (see there for further descendants)


h₂eh₂gʰdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
h₂eh₂gʰé (indicative plural second-person)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *āgetor
⇒ Old Irish: ad·ágathar

Proto-Germanic: *aganą
Gothic: 𐍉𐌲𐌰𐌽 (ōgan)

Reduplicated stative of the root *h₂egʰ- (“to be upset, afraid”).


gʷémt

gʷḗm (first-person indicative singular)
gʷm̥yéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
gʷéms (indicative second-person singular)
gʷém (imperative second-person singular)
gʷm̥dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
gʷémesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷémt (indicative singular third-person)
gʷémtu (imperative singular third-person)
gʷémeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷm̥wé (dual first-person indicative)
gʷémowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
gʷm̥tóm (dual indicative second-person)
gʷm̥tóm (dual imperative second-person)
gʷémetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
gʷm̥tā́m (dual indicative third-person)
gʷm̥tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
gʷémetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
gʷm̥mé (first-person indicative plural)
gʷémomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
gʷm̥té (indicative plural second-person)
gʷm̥té (imperative plural second-person)
gʷémete (plural second-person subjunctive)
gʷmént (indicative plural third-person)
gʷméntu (imperative plural third-person)
gʷémonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷmónts (indicative participle)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: եկն (ekn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gimtei

Latvian: dzimt (“be born”)

Lithuanian: gimti (“be born”)

Proto-Germanic: *kwemaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hágant

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hágant

Sanskrit: अगन् (ágan)

Proto-Iranian: *Háǰant

Avestan: 𐬘𐬇𐬥 (jə̄n, 3sg.aor.act.inj.)

Athematic root aorist of *gʷem- (“to step”).


*h₂néḱ-t ~ *h₂n̥ḱ-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hā́našt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hā́naṣṭ

Sanskrit: आनट् (ā́naṭ), आष्ट (ā́ṣṭa, 3sg. middle)

*h₂e-h₂nóḱ-e ~ *h₂e-h₂n̥ḱ-ḗr (stative)

*h₂n-né-ḱ-ti ~ *h₂n-n̥-ḱ-énti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *annketi

Old Irish: ·icc

*h₂n̥ḱ-néw-ti ~ *h₂n̥ḱ-nw-énti (nu-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haćnáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Haśnáwti

Sanskrit: अश्नोति (aśnóti)

Proto-Iranian: *Hacnáwtī

Avestan: 𐬀𐬱𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌 (ašnaoⁱti)

*h₂i-h₂n̥ḱ-sé-ti (desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: इयक्षति (íyakṣati)

Sanskrit: इनक्षति (ínakṣati) (with clarified root)

Proto-Germanic: *nēhwaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ganōgaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haćnás

Proto-Iranian: *Hacnáh (“near”)

desc

Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬥𐬁𐬝 (asnāt̰, abl.sg.;adv.)

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬥𐬈 (asne, loc.sg.)

Old Persian: [script needed] (ašnaiy, loc.sg.)

Unsorted derivations:

Proto-Celtic: *ankenā

desctree

Old Irish: éicen, écen
Irish: éigean, éigin
Manx: egin
Scottish Gaelic: èiginn

Proto-Brythonic: *anken

Breton: anken

Cornish: anken

Middle Welsh: anghen

Welsh: angen

Proto-Celtic: *onkeyeti (causative of the preceding)

Old Irish: ·uic

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀνάγκη (anánkē)

Proto-Tocharian: *eṅk-

Tocharian A: eṃts-

Tocharian B: eṅk-

Conflated with *h₁neḱ- (“to receive, take away”) by Pokorny.


gʷm̥sḱéti

gʷm̥sḱóh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
gʷm̥sḱóm (first-person indicative past singular)
gʷm̥sḱṓh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
gʷm̥sḱóyh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
gʷm̥sḱési (indicative present second-person singular)
gʷm̥sḱés (indicative past second-person singular)
gʷm̥sḱé (imperative second-person singular)
gʷm̥sḱḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷm̥sḱóys (optative second-person singular)
gʷm̥sḱéti (indicative present singular third-person)
gʷm̥sḱét (indicative past singular third-person)
gʷm̥sḱétu (imperative singular third-person)
gʷm̥sḱḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷm̥sḱóyt (optative singular third-person)
gʷm̥sḱówos (dual first-person indicative present)
gʷm̥sḱówe (dual first-person indicative past)
gʷm̥sḱṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
gʷm̥sḱóywe (dual first-person optative)
gʷm̥sḱétes (dual indicative present second-person)
gʷm̥sḱétom (dual indicative past second-person)
gʷm̥sḱétom (dual imperative second-person)
gʷm̥sḱḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
gʷm̥sḱóytom (dual optative second-person)
gʷm̥sḱétes (dual indicative present third-person)
gʷm̥sḱétām (dual indicative past third-person)
gʷm̥sḱétām (dual imperative third-person)
gʷm̥sḱḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
gʷm̥sḱóytām (dual optative third-person)
gʷm̥sḱómos (first-person indicative plural present)
gʷm̥sḱóme (first-person indicative past plural)
gʷm̥sḱṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
gʷm̥sḱóyme (first-person optative plural)
gʷm̥sḱéte (indicative plural present second-person)
gʷm̥sḱéte (indicative past plural second-person)
gʷm̥sḱéte (imperative plural second-person)
gʷm̥sḱḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
gʷm̥sḱóyte (optative plural second-person)
gʷm̥sḱónti (indicative plural present third-person)
gʷm̥sḱónt (indicative past plural third-person)
gʷm̥sḱóntu (imperative plural third-person)
gʷm̥sḱṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷm̥sḱónts (indicative participle present)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷə́skō
Ancient Greek: βάσκω (báskō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gasćáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gaśćáti

Sanskrit: गच्छति (gácchati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰasćáti

Proto-Iranian: *ǰašáti

Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (jasaⁱti)

From *gʷem- (“to step”) + *-sḱéti (durative or iterative verbal suffix).


dedwóye

dedwóy (imperative second-person singular)
dedwidʰí (imperative second-person singular)
dedwéyesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
dedwóye (indicative singular third-person)
dedwóytu (imperative singular third-person)
dedwéyeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
dedwiwé (dual first-person indicative)
dedwéyowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
dedwitóm (dual imperative second-person)
dedwéyetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
dedwitā́m (dual imperative third-person)
dedwéyetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
dedwimé (first-person indicative plural)
dedwéyomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
deduyé (indicative plural second-person)
dedwité (imperative plural second-person)
dedwéyete (plural second-person subjunctive)
deduyḗr (indicative plural third-person)
deduyéntu (imperative plural third-person)
dedwéyonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
dedwiwṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian: 𔕰𔓱 (kwa/i-ya- /kuwaya-/)

Proto-Hellenic: *dédoika (rebuilt as k-aorist)

desc

Ancient Greek: δέδοικα (dédoika), δείδω (deídō)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: wiyo

Reduplicated stative of the root *dwey- (“to fear”).


Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἕστηκᾰ (héstēka)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stastā́Ha

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stastā́Ha

Sanskrit: तस्थौ (tastháu)

Proto-Italic: *stetai

Latin: stetī

Reduplicated stative of the root *steh₂- (“to stand”).


dwey-

*de-dwóy-e ~ *de-duy-ḗr (stative)

*dwey-lós

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δειλός (deilós)

*dwéy-mn̥

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δεῖμα (deîma)

*dwey-mós

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δειμός (deimós)

*dwey-nós

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δεινός (deinós)

*dwéy-os ~ *dwey-es-

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δέος (déos)

*dw(e)y-plo- ~ *dwi-pli-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: երկիւղ (erkiwł)

*dwey-rós

Proto-Italic: *deiros

Latin: dīrus

*dwey-s-ós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dwáyšas (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian: *erk-

Old Armenian: երկն (erkn), երկնեմ (erknem), երկնչիմ (erknčʻim)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dwáyšti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dwáyṣṭi

Sanskrit: द्वेष्टि (dvéṣṭi, “to hate”)

Proto-Iranian: *dwáyšti

Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬈𐬱- (duuaeš-)

Middle Persian: byštn' (bištan), byš (bēš)

Probably related to *dwóh₁ (“two”), with sense connection "two" > "ambivalence, second thoughts" > "fear".


stā́m (first-person indicative singular)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔστην (éstēn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HástaHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HástaHt

Sanskrit: अस्थात् (ásthāt)

Athematic root aorist of *steh₂- (“to stand up”).


bʰúHt

bʰúHm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
bʰúHs (indicative second-person singular)
bʰúH (imperative second-person singular)
?dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
bʰúHesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰúHt (indicative singular third-person)
bʰúHtu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰúHeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
?wé (dual first-person indicative)
bʰúHowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
?tóm (dual indicative second-person)
?tóm (dual imperative second-person)
bʰúHetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
?tā́m (dual indicative third-person)
?tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
bʰúHetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
?mé (first-person indicative plural)
bʰúHomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
?té (indicative plural second-person)
?té (imperative plural second-person)
bʰúHete (plural second-person subjunctive)
?ént (indicative plural third-person)
?éntu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰúHonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
?ónts (indicative participle)

Athematic root aorist of *bʰuH- (“to be, become, grow, appear”).

fuī (1sg.prf.act.ind of sum)

Proto-Italic: *fūai (1sg.prf.act.ind of *ezom, *som)


tetṓl (imperative second-person singular)
tetóltu (imperative singular third-person)

Proto-Italic: *tetolai

i

Latin: tetulī, tulī (now suppletive conjugations of the unrelated ferō (“to bear, carry”))

Reduplicated stative of the root *telh₂- (“to bear”).


tḗl (imperative second-person singular)
tl̥h₂dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
tl̥h₂h₂é (first-person indicative singular)
tl̥h₂ó (indicative singular third-person)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔτλην (étlēn)

Athematic root aorist of *telh₂- (“to bear”).


léykʷt

léykʷm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
léykʷs (indicative second-person singular)
léyk (imperative second-person singular)
likʷdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
léykʷesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
léykʷt (indicative singular third-person)
léykʷtu (imperative singular third-person)
léykʷeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
likwé (dual first-person indicative)
léykʷowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
likʷtóm (dual indicative second-person)
likʷtóm (dual imperative second-person)
léykʷetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
likʷtā́m (dual indicative third-person)
likʷtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
léykʷetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
likʷmé (first-person indicative plural)
léykʷomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
likʷté (indicative plural second-person)
likʷté (imperative plural second-person)
léykʷete (plural second-person subjunctive)
likʷént (indicative plural third-person)
likʷéntu (imperative plural third-person)
léykʷonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
likʷónts (indicative participle)
likʷsó (imperative second-person singular)
likʷtó (indicative singular third-person)
likʷó (indicative singular third-person)
léykʷetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
likʷró (indicative plural third-person)
likʷn̥tó (indicative plural third-person)
léykʷoror (plural subjunctive third-person)
léykʷontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: likti (“to stay”) (possibly)

desc

Proto-Slavic: *lixъ (“remaining, odd number”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *līhwaną (“to lend”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λείπω (leípō, “I leave”)

Proto-Italic: *leikʷai

Latin: līquī

Athematic root aorist of *leykʷ- (“to leave”).


wḗǵʰst

wḗǵʰsm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
wḗǵʰsoh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
wḗǵʰs (indicative second-person singular)
wḗǵʰs (imperative second-person singular)
wéǵʰsdʰi (imperative second-person singular)
wḗǵʰsesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wḗǵʰst (indicative singular third-person)
wḗǵʰstu (imperative singular third-person)
wḗǵʰseti (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰswe (dual first-person indicative)
wḗǵʰsowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
wéǵʰstom (dual indicative second-person)
wéǵʰstom (dual imperative second-person)
wḗǵʰsetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
wéǵʰstām (dual indicative third-person)
wéǵʰstām (dual imperative third-person)
wḗǵʰsetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰsme (first-person indicative plural)
wḗǵʰsomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
wéǵʰste (indicative plural second-person)
wéǵʰste (imperative plural second-person)
wḗǵʰsete (plural second-person subjunctive)
wéǵʰsn̥t (indicative plural third-person)
wéǵʰsn̥tu (imperative plural third-person)
wḗǵʰsonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰsn̥ts (indicative participle)
wéǵʰsh₂e (first-person indicative singular)
wéǵʰso (imperative second-person singular)
wéǵʰsto (indicative singular third-person)
wéǵʰso (indicative singular third-person)
wḗǵʰsetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰsro (indicative plural third-person)
wéǵʰsn̥to (indicative plural third-person)
wḗǵʰsoror (plural subjunctive third-person)
wḗǵʰsontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weźtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *éwekse

Ancient Greek: ἔϝεξε (éwexe) (Arcadocypriot)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

later <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अवाक्षीत्</i> (ávākṣīt)

(later अवाक्षीत् (ávākṣīt))

Sanskrit: अवाट् (ávāṭ) (later अवाक्षीत् (ávākṣīt))

Proto-Italic: *wēksai

Latin: vē̆xī

From *weǵʰ- (“to transport”) + *-st (perfective verbal suffix).


bʰéydt

bʰéydm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
bʰéyds (indicative second-person singular)
bʰéyd (imperative second-person singular)
bʰiddʰí (imperative second-person singular)
bʰéydesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰéydt (indicative singular third-person)
bʰéydtu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰéydeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰidwé (dual first-person indicative)
bʰéydowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰidtóm (dual indicative second-person)
bʰidtóm (dual imperative second-person)
bʰéydetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰidtā́m (dual indicative third-person)
bʰidtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
bʰéydetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰidmé (first-person indicative plural)
bʰéydomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰidté (indicative plural second-person)
bʰidté (imperative plural second-person)
bʰéydete (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰidént (indicative plural third-person)
bʰidéntu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰéydonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰidónts (indicative participle)
bʰidsó (imperative second-person singular)
bʰidtó (indicative singular third-person)
bʰidó (indicative singular third-person)
bʰéydetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰidró (indicative plural third-person)
bʰidn̥tó (indicative plural third-person)
bʰéydoror (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰéydontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Germanic: *bītaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: φείδομαι (pheídomai, “to spare”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hábʰayt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hábʰayt

Sanskrit: अभेत् (ábhet), भेदति (bhédati)

Athematic root aorist of *bʰeyd- (“to split”).


bʰinédti

bʰinédmi (first-person indicative present singular)
bʰinédm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
bʰinédsi (indicative present second-person singular)
bʰinéds (indicative past second-person singular)
bʰinéd (imperative second-person singular)
bʰinddʰí (imperative second-person singular)
bʰinédesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰinédti (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰinédt (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰinédtu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰinédeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰindwós (dual first-person indicative present)
bʰindwé (dual first-person indicative past)
bʰinédowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰindtés (dual indicative present second-person)
bʰindtóm (dual indicative past second-person)
bʰindtóm (dual imperative second-person)
bʰinédetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰindtés (dual indicative present third-person)
bʰindtā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
bʰindtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
bʰinédetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰindmós (first-person indicative plural present)
bʰindmé (first-person indicative past plural)
bʰinédomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰindté (indicative plural present second-person)
bʰindté (indicative past plural second-person)
bʰindté (imperative plural second-person)
bʰinédete (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰindénti (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰindént (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰindéntu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰinédonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰindónts (indicative participle present)
bʰindsó (imperative second-person singular)
bʰindtór (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰindór (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰindtó (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰindó (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰinédetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰindrór (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰindn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰindró (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰindn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰinédoror (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰinédontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰinátˢti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *findō (see there for further descendants)

From *bʰeyd- (“to split”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


wéstor

wéso (imperative second-person singular)
wéstor (indicative present singular third-person)
wésor (indicative present singular third-person)
wésto (indicative past singular third-person)
wéso (indicative past singular third-person)
wésetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
wésror (indicative plural present third-person)
wésn̥tor (indicative plural present third-person)
wésro (indicative past plural third-person)
wésn̥to (indicative past plural third-person)
wésoror (plural subjunctive third-person)
wésontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒌍𒋫 (ú-e-eš-ta) 𒌑𒌍𒋫 (ú-eš-ta, 3.sg.pres.mid.), 𒌑𒂊𒌍𒊭𒀭𒁕 (ú-e-eš-ša-an-da, 2.pl.pres.mid.)

Proto-Hellenic: *wéhmai

desc

Ancient Greek: εἶμαι (eîmai), ἔσσαι (éssai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wástay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wástay

Sanskrit वस्ते (váste)

Proto-Iranian: *wástay

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬉 (vastē)

Athematic Narten root verb of *wes- (“to dress, clothe”).


h₂éǵoh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
h₂éǵom (first-person indicative past singular)
h₂éǵōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
h₂éǵoyh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
h₂éǵes (indicative past second-person singular)
h₂éǵe (imperative second-person singular)
h₂éǵēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
h₂éǵet (indicative past singular third-person)
h₂éǵēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
h₂éǵōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
h₂éǵētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
h₂éǵetām (dual indicative past third-person)
h₂éǵetām (dual imperative third-person)
h₂éǵētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
h₂éǵōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
h₂éǵēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
h₂éǵōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
h₂éǵoh₂e (first-person indicative past singular)
h₂éǵōh₂er (first-person singular subjunctive)
h₂éǵēth₂er (second-person singular subjunctive)
h₂éǵētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
h₂éǵōwosdʰh₂ (dual first-person subjunctive)
h₂éǵōmosdʰh₂ (first-person plural subjunctive)
h₂éǵēdʰh₂we (plural second-person subjunctive)
h₂éǵōror (plural subjunctive third-person)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ածեմ (acem)
Armenian: ածել (acel)

Proto-Celtic: *ageti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *akaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ágō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *agō (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: ākeñc

Tocharian B: āśäṃ

Thematic root present of *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”).


wéǵʰeti

wéǵʰoh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
wéǵʰom (first-person indicative past singular)
wéǵʰōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
wéǵʰoyh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
wéǵʰesi (indicative present second-person singular)
wéǵʰes (indicative past second-person singular)
wéǵʰe (imperative second-person singular)
wéǵʰēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wéǵʰoys (optative second-person singular)
wéǵʰeti (indicative present singular third-person)
wéǵʰet (indicative past singular third-person)
wéǵʰetu (imperative singular third-person)
wéǵʰēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰoyt (optative singular third-person)
wéǵʰowos (dual first-person indicative present)
wéǵʰowe (dual first-person indicative past)
wéǵʰōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
wéǵʰoywe (dual first-person optative)
wéǵʰetes (dual indicative present second-person)
wéǵʰetom (dual indicative past second-person)
wéǵʰetom (dual imperative second-person)
wéǵʰētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
wéǵʰoytom (dual optative second-person)
wéǵʰetes (dual indicative present third-person)
wéǵʰetām (dual indicative past third-person)
wéǵʰetām (dual imperative third-person)
wéǵʰētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰoytām (dual optative third-person)
wéǵʰomos (first-person indicative plural present)
wéǵʰome (first-person indicative past plural)
wéǵʰōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
wéǵʰoyme (first-person optative plural)
wéǵʰete (indicative plural present second-person)
wéǵʰete (indicative past plural second-person)
wéǵʰete (imperative plural second-person)
wéǵʰēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
wéǵʰoyte (optative plural second-person)
wéǵʰonti (indicative plural present third-person)
wéǵʰont (indicative past plural third-person)
wéǵʰontu (imperative plural third-person)
wéǵʰōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰonts (indicative participle present)
wéǵʰoh₂e (first-person indicative past singular)
wéǵʰōh₂er (first-person singular subjunctive)
wéǵʰeso (imperative second-person singular)
wéǵʰēth₂er (second-person singular subjunctive)
wéǵʰetor (indicative present singular third-person)
wéǵʰeto (indicative past singular third-person)
wéǵʰētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰoyto (optative singular third-person)
wéǵʰōwosdʰh₂ (dual first-person subjunctive)
wéǵʰōmosdʰh₂ (first-person plural subjunctive)
wéǵʰēdʰh₂we (plural second-person subjunctive)
wéǵʰoror (indicative plural present third-person)
wéǵʰontor (indicative plural present third-person)
wéǵʰoro (indicative past plural third-person)
wéǵʰonto (indicative past plural third-person)
wéǵʰōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰoyro (optative plural third-person)
wéǵʰomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Albanian: *wedza

Albanian: vjedh

Proto-Germanic: *weganą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wékʰō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáȷ́ʰati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *weɣō (see there for further descendants)

Thematic root present of *weǵʰ- (“to transport”).


tl̥nā́m (first-person indicative past singular)

Proto-Celtic: *tlinati
Old Irish: tlenaid

Proto-Italic: *tolnō

Latin: tollō (see there for further descendants)

From *telh₂- (“to bear”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


dʰéh₁t

dʰéh₁m̥ (first-person indicative singular)
dʰéh₁oh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
dʰh₁yéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
dʰéh₁s (indicative second-person singular)
dʰéh₁ (imperative second-person singular)
dʰh₁dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
dʰéh₁t (indicative singular third-person)
dʰh₁wé (dual first-person indicative)
dʰh₁tā́m (dual indicative third-person)
dʰh₁tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
dʰh₁mé (first-person indicative plural)
dʰh₁té (indicative plural second-person)
dʰh₁té (imperative plural second-person)
dʰh₁h₂é (first-person indicative singular)
dʰh₁ih₁h₂é (first-person optative singular)
dʰh₁th₂é (indicative second-person singular)
dʰh₁só (imperative second-person singular)
dʰh₁tó (indicative singular third-person)
dʰh₁ó (indicative singular third-person)
dʰh₁ih₁ó (optative singular third-person)
dʰh₁wédʰh₂ (dual first-person indicative)
dʰh₁médʰh₂ (first-person indicative plural)
dʰh₁dʰh₂wé (indicative plural second-person)
dʰh₁dʰh₂wé (imperative plural second-person)
dʰh₁ró (indicative plural third-person)
dʰh₁n̥tó (indicative plural third-person)

Proto-Anatolian: *dǣ́di (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: եդ (ed)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *děti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dōną (from o-grade) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *étʰēka (rebuilt as k-aorist)

desc

Ancient Greek: ἔθηκᾰ sg (éthēka), ἔθεμεν pl (éthemen)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HádʰaHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HádʰaHt

Sanskrit: अधात् (ádhāt)

Proto-Italic: *(fe)ðō

Latin: -dō (see there for further descendants)

Athematic root aorist of *dʰeh₁- (“to do; to put, place”).


dʰédʰeh₁m̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
dʰédʰeh₁ (imperative second-person singular)
dʰédʰh₁dʰi (imperative second-person singular)
dʰédʰh₁tām (dual indicative past third-person)
dʰédʰh₁tām (dual imperative third-person)
dʰédʰh₁n̥t (indicative past plural third-person)
dʰédʰh₁h₂e (first-person indicative past singular)
dʰédʰh₁o (indicative past singular third-person)

Proto-Celtic: *didīti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dedē (past tense of *dōną, from imperfect; possibly also the source of the past tense suffix of weak verbs) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *t(e/i)tʰēmi

Ancient Greek: τίθημι (títhēmi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰádʰaHti (see there for further descendants)

Athematic e-reduplicated present of *dʰeh₁- (“to do; to put, place”).


bʰoréyeti

bʰoréyom (first-person indicative past singular)
bʰoréyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
bʰoréyes (indicative past second-person singular)
bʰoréye (imperative second-person singular)
bʰoréyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰoréyoys (optative second-person singular)
bʰoréyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰoréyet (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰoréyetu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰoréyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰoréyoyt (optative singular third-person)
bʰoréyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
bʰoréyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
bʰoréyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰoréyoywe (dual first-person optative)
bʰoréyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
bʰoréyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
bʰoréyetom (dual imperative second-person)
bʰoréyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰoréyoytom (dual optative second-person)
bʰoréyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
bʰoréyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
bʰoréyetām (dual imperative third-person)
bʰoréyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰoréyoytām (dual optative third-person)
bʰoréyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
bʰoréyome (first-person indicative past plural)
bʰoréyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰoréyoyme (first-person optative plural)
bʰoréyete (indicative plural present second-person)
bʰoréyete (indicative past plural second-person)
bʰoréyete (imperative plural second-person)
bʰoréyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰoréyoyte (optative plural second-person)
bʰoréyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰoréyont (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰoréyontu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰoréyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰoréyonts (indicative participle present)
bʰoréyeso (imperative second-person singular)
bʰoréyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰoréyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰoréyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰoréyoyto (optative singular third-person)
bʰoréyoror (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰoréyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰoréyoro (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰoréyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰoréyōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰoréyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰoréyoyro (optative plural third-person)
bʰoréyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰoréyō

desctree

Ancient Greek: φορέω (phoréō)
Greek: φορώ (foró)
→ Coptic: ⲫⲟⲣⲉⲓ (phorei)
→ English: phoro-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰāráyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰāráyati

Sanskrit: भारयति (bhāráyati)

From *bʰer- (“carry”) + *-éyeti (iterative verbal suffix).


ḱéytor

ḱéyh₂e (first-person indicative past singular)
ḱéyso (imperative second-person singular)
ḱéytor (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱéyor (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱéyto (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱéyo (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱéyetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱéyror (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱéyn̥tor (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱéyro (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱéyn̥to (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱéyoror (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱéyontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Anatolian: *ḱiytor

desc

Hittite: 𒆠𒀉𒋫 (ki-it-ta /kitta/), 𒆠𒀉𒋫𒊑 (ki-it-ta-ri /kittari/), 𒆠𒀉𒁕𒊑 (ki-id-da-ri /kittari/)

Luwian:

Cuneiform script: 𒍣𒄿𒀀𒅈 (zi-ya-ar /ziyar/), 𒍣𒄿𒄿𒀀𒊑 (zi-i-ya-ri /zīyari/)

Lycian: 𐊖𐊆𐊊𐊚𐊏𐊆 (sijẽni), 𐊖𐊆𐊊𐊁𐊏𐊆 (sijeni)

Palaic: 𒆠𒄿𒋫𒅈 (ki-i-ta-ar /kītār/)

Proto-Hellenic: *kéimai

Ancient Greek: κεῖμαι (keîmai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáyHay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śáyHay

Sanskrit:

Vedic Sanskrit: शये (śáye)

Classical Sanskrit: शेते (śéte)

Proto-Iranian: *cáytay

Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬉 (saētē)

Athematic Narten root verb of *ḱey- (“to be lying down”).


ǵn̥h₃sḱéti

ǵn̥h₃sḱóh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóm (first-person indicative past singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱṓh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱési (indicative present second-person singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱés (indicative past second-person singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱé (imperative second-person singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóys (optative second-person singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱéti (indicative present singular third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱét (indicative past singular third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱétu (imperative singular third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóyt (optative singular third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱówe (dual first-person indicative past)
ǵn̥h₃sḱétām (dual indicative past third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱétām (dual imperative third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóytām (dual optative third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóme (first-person indicative past plural)
ǵn̥h₃sḱéte (indicative plural present second-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱéte (indicative past plural second-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱéte (imperative plural second-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
ǵn̥h₃sḱónt (indicative past plural third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₁n̥t (optative plural third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóh₂er (first-person indicative present singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóh₂e (first-person indicative past singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱṓh₂er (first-person singular subjunctive)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₂e (first-person optative singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱéth₂e (indicative past second-person singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱéso (imperative second-person singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱéto (indicative past singular third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₁o (optative singular third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱówedʰh₂ (dual first-person indicative past)
ǵn̥h₃sḱómedʰh₂ (first-person indicative past plural)
ǵn̥h₃sḱédʰh₂we (indicative plural present second-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱédʰh₂we (indicative past plural second-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱédʰh₂we (imperative plural second-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱḗdʰh₂we (plural second-person subjunctive)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóro (indicative past plural third-person)

Proto-Albanian: *gnāska

Albanian: njoh

Armenian:

desctree

< earlier <i class="Armn mention" lang="xcl">*ծանաչեմ</i> (*canačʻem)

Old Armenian: ճանաչեմ (čanačʻem) (< earlier *ծանաչեմ (*canačʻem))
Armenian: ճանաչել (čanačʻel), ճանչնալ (čančʻnal) — Western Armenian

Proto-Hellenic: *gignṓskō

Ancient Greek: γιγνώσκω (gignṓskō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́naHsćáti

Proto-Iranian: *jnaHŝáti

desc

Parthian: 𐫙𐫢𐫗𐫀𐫘 (ʿšnʾs /išnās-/, “to recognize, get to know”)

Old Persian: 𐎧𐏁𐎴𐎠𐎿𐎠𐎫𐎹 (x-š-n-a-s-a-t-y /xšnāsātiy/, 3sg.subj.)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫢𐫗𐫀𐫘 (ʿšnʾs /išnās-/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (šnʾs /šnās-/)

Proto-Italic: *gnōskō (see there for further descendants)

From *ǵneh₃- (“to recognise, to know”) + *-sḱéti (durative verbal suffix).


ḱey-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov

*ḱéy-tor ~ *ḱéy-ror (deponent athematic Narten root present)

*ḱéy-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁e-present)

Proto-Celtic: *kēdeti (“to fall”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: coezaff

Breton: kouezhañ

Cornish: koedha, kodha

Welsh: cwyddo

⇒ Welsh: digwydd

*ḱéy-us (“orphan”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáyuš (see there for further descendants)

*ḱey-ro-s (“orphaned”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śeiras

Lithuanian: šeirỹs

Proto-Slavic: *sirъ (see there for further descendants)

*ḱéy-wo-s (“intimate, dear, friendly”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śéiwāˀ

Latvian: siẽva

Latgalian: sīva

Proto-Germanic: *hīwą, *hīwô n (“sg. household member, pl. married couple, household”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáywas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śáywas

Sanskrit: शेव (śéva, “dear, friendly”), शिव (śivá, “auspicious, propitious, gracious”)

Proto-Italic: *keiwis (i-stem derivation)

Latin: cīvis

*ḱóy-mos

Proto-Italic: *koinā

Latin: cūnae

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κοίτη (koítē)

Unsorted formations

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *tšūtja

Albanian: cys

Proto-Albanian: *tseu-

Albanian: ndërsej

Armenian:

Old Armenian: սէր (sēr)

Balto-Slavic:

Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: посивьнъ (posivĭnŭ)

Old East Slavic: посивъ (posivŭ)

Russian: посив (posiv)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κινέω (kinéō)

Ancient Greek: κίω (kíō)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Ossetian: цӕуын (cæwyn)


spéḱyeti

spéḱyom (first-person indicative past singular)
spéḱyōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
spéḱyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
spéḱyes (indicative past second-person singular)
spéḱye (imperative second-person singular)
spéḱyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
spéḱyoys (optative second-person singular)
spéḱyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
spéḱyet (indicative past singular third-person)
spéḱyetu (imperative singular third-person)
spéḱyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
spéḱyoyt (optative singular third-person)
spéḱyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
spéḱyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
spéḱyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
spéḱyoywe (dual first-person optative)
spéḱyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
spéḱyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
spéḱyetom (dual imperative second-person)
spéḱyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
spéḱyoytom (dual optative second-person)
spéḱyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
spéḱyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
spéḱyetām (dual imperative third-person)
spéḱyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
spéḱyoytām (dual optative third-person)
spéḱyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
spéḱyome (first-person indicative past plural)
spéḱyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
spéḱyoyme (first-person optative plural)
spéḱyete (indicative plural present second-person)
spéḱyete (indicative past plural second-person)
spéḱyete (imperative plural second-person)
spéḱyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
spéḱyoyte (optative plural second-person)
spéḱyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
spéḱyont (indicative past plural third-person)
spéḱyontu (imperative plural third-person)
spéḱyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
spéḱyonts (indicative participle present)
spéḱyeso (imperative second-person singular)
spéḱyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
spéḱyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
spéḱyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
spéḱyoyto (optative singular third-person)
spéḱyoror (indicative plural present third-person)
spéḱyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
spéḱyoro (indicative past plural third-person)
spéḱyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
spéḱyōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
spéḱyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
spéḱyoyro (optative plural third-person)
spéḱyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Hellenic: *sképťomai (with metathesis)

Ancient Greek: σκέπτομαι (sképtomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spáćyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(s)páśyati

Sanskrit: पश्यति (páśyati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *spácyati

Old Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬁 (spasiiā)

Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (spasiieⁱti)

Proto-Italic: *spekjō

Latin: speciō

From *speḱ- (“to see, to look, to observe”) + *-yeti.


stístām (first-person indicative past singular)

Proto-Celtic: *sistati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hístāmi

desc

Ancient Greek: ἵστημι (hístēmi), ἵστᾱμαι (hístāmai)

Doric Greek: ἵστᾱμι (hístāmi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stíštaHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(s)tíṣṭaHti

Sanskrit: तिष्ठति (tíṣṭhati)

Proto-Iranian: *híštaHti

Avestan: 𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (hištaⁱti, med.3.sg), 𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌 (hištəṇti, med.3.pl)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎡𐏁𐎫𐎫 (aištatā-) (< *a-hišta-)

Persian: ایستادن (istâdan)

Proto-Italic: *sistō (see there for further descendants)

Latin: sistō (see there for further descendants)

Athematic i-reduplicated root of *steh₂- (“to stand up”).


stnā́m (first-person indicative past singular)

Proto-Albanian: *stan-

Albanian: shtãj

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (istanh-ᵐⁱ)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ստանամ (stanam)

Armenian: ստանալ (stanal)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *stati (present *stan-)

Hellenic:

Cretan Greek: στανύω (stanúō)

Proto-Italic: *stanō

Latin: dē-stinō, ob-stinō

From *steh₂- (“to stand”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


sédt

sédm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
séds (indicative second-person singular)
séd (imperative second-person singular)
sddʰí (imperative second-person singular)
sédesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
sédt (indicative singular third-person)
sédtu (imperative singular third-person)
sédeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
sdwé (dual first-person indicative)
sédowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
sdtóm (dual indicative second-person)
sdtóm (dual imperative second-person)
sédetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
sdtā́m (dual indicative third-person)
sdtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
sédetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
sdmé (first-person indicative plural)
sédomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
sdté (indicative plural second-person)
sdté (imperative plural second-person)
sédete (plural second-person subjunctive)
sdént (indicative plural third-person)
sdéntu (imperative plural third-person)
sédonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
sdónts (indicative participle)
sdsó (imperative second-person singular)
sdtó (indicative singular third-person)
sdó (indicative singular third-person)
sédetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
sdró (indicative plural third-person)
sdn̥tó (indicative plural third-person)
sédoror (plural subjunctive third-person)
sédontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Hellenic: *ehedə

Ancient Greek: εἷσα (heîsa)

Athematic root aorist of *sed- (“to sit”).


linékʷti

linékʷmi (first-person indicative present singular)
linékʷm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
linékʷsi (indicative present second-person singular)
linékʷs (indicative past second-person singular)
linék (imperative second-person singular)
linkʷdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
linékʷesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
linékʷti (indicative present singular third-person)
linékʷt (indicative past singular third-person)
linékʷtu (imperative singular third-person)
linékʷeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
linkwós (dual first-person indicative present)
linkwé (dual first-person indicative past)
linékʷowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
linkʷtés (dual indicative present second-person)
linkʷtóm (dual indicative past second-person)
linkʷtóm (dual imperative second-person)
linékʷetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
linkʷtés (dual indicative present third-person)
linkʷtā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
linkʷtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
linékʷetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
linkʷmós (first-person indicative plural present)
linkʷmé (first-person indicative past plural)
linékʷomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
linkʷté (indicative plural present second-person)
linkʷté (indicative past plural second-person)
linkʷté (imperative plural second-person)
linékʷete (plural second-person subjunctive)
linkʷénti (indicative plural present third-person)
linkʷént (indicative past plural third-person)
linkʷéntu (imperative plural third-person)
linékʷonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
linkʷónts (indicative participle present)
linkʷsó (imperative second-person singular)
linkʷtór (indicative present singular third-person)
linkʷór (indicative present singular third-person)
linkʷtó (indicative past singular third-person)
linkʷó (indicative past singular third-person)
linékʷetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
linkʷrór (indicative plural present third-person)
linkʷn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
linkʷró (indicative past plural third-person)
linkʷn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
linékʷoror (plural subjunctive third-person)
linékʷontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: լքանեմ (lkʻanem, “to leave”)

Proto-Celtic: *linkʷīti (with unexpected extension of the stem with -ī-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rinákti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rinákti

Sanskrit: रिणक्ति (riṇákti, “he leaves”)

Proto-Iranian: *rináxti

Younger Avestan: 𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬑𐬙𐬌 (ⁱrinaxti)

Proto-Italic: *linkʷō

Latin: linquō (“I leave”)

From *leykʷ- (“to leave”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


wértti

wértmi (first-person indicative present singular)
wértm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
wértsi (indicative present second-person singular)
wérts (indicative past second-person singular)
wért (imperative second-person singular)
wr̥tdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
wértesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wértti (indicative present singular third-person)
wértt (indicative past singular third-person)
wérttu (imperative singular third-person)
wérteti (singular subjunctive third-person)
wr̥twós (dual first-person indicative present)
wr̥twé (dual first-person indicative past)
wértowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
wr̥ttés (dual indicative present second-person)
wr̥ttóm (dual indicative past second-person)
wr̥ttóm (dual imperative second-person)
wértetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
wr̥ttés (dual indicative present third-person)
wr̥ttā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
wr̥ttā́m (dual imperative third-person)
wértetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
wr̥tmós (first-person indicative plural present)
wr̥tmé (first-person indicative past plural)
wértomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
wr̥tté (indicative plural present second-person)
wr̥tté (indicative past plural second-person)
wr̥tté (imperative plural second-person)
wértete (plural second-person subjunctive)
wr̥ténti (indicative plural present third-person)
wr̥tént (indicative past plural third-person)
wr̥téntu (imperative plural third-person)
wértonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
wr̥tónts (indicative participle present)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *werþaną (“to happen, to become”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wártˢti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wártti

Sanskrit: वर्त्ति (vártti)

Proto-Italic: *wertō

Latin: vertō (see there for further descendants)

Athematic root present of *wert- (“to turn, rotate”).


wéryeti

wéryom (first-person indicative past singular)
wéryesi (indicative present second-person singular)
wéryes (indicative past second-person singular)
wérye (imperative second-person singular)
wéryēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wéryoys (optative second-person singular)
wéryeti (indicative present singular third-person)
wéryet (indicative past singular third-person)
wéryetu (imperative singular third-person)
wéryēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéryoyt (optative singular third-person)
wéryowos (dual first-person indicative present)
wéryowe (dual first-person indicative past)
wéryōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
wéryoywe (dual first-person optative)
wéryetes (dual indicative present second-person)
wéryetom (dual indicative past second-person)
wéryetom (dual imperative second-person)
wéryētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
wéryoytom (dual optative second-person)
wéryetes (dual indicative present third-person)
wéryetām (dual indicative past third-person)
wéryetām (dual imperative third-person)
wéryētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
wéryoytām (dual optative third-person)
wéryomos (first-person indicative plural present)
wéryome (first-person indicative past plural)
wéryōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
wéryoyme (first-person optative plural)
wéryete (indicative plural present second-person)
wéryete (indicative past plural second-person)
wéryete (imperative plural second-person)
wéryēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
wéryoyte (optative plural second-person)
wéryonti (indicative plural present third-person)
wéryont (indicative past plural third-person)
wéryontu (imperative plural third-person)
wéryōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéryonts (indicative participle present)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒄿𒊍𒍣 (ú-e-ri-ya-az-zi, 3sg.pres.act.)

Proto-Hellenic: *wéřřō

Ancient Greek: εἴρω (eírō)

From *werh₁- (“to speak, say”) + *-yeti, with regular deletion of the laryngeal between a consonant and *y.


bʰéydʰeti

bʰéydʰom (first-person indicative past singular)
bʰéydʰōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
bʰéydʰesi (indicative present second-person singular)
bʰéydʰes (indicative past second-person singular)
bʰéydʰe (imperative second-person singular)
bʰéydʰēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰéydʰoys (optative second-person singular)
bʰéydʰeti (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰéydʰet (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰéydʰetu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰéydʰēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰéydʰoyt (optative singular third-person)
bʰéydʰowos (dual first-person indicative present)
bʰéydʰowe (dual first-person indicative past)
bʰéydʰōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰéydʰoywe (dual first-person optative)
bʰéydʰetes (dual indicative present second-person)
bʰéydʰetom (dual indicative past second-person)
bʰéydʰetom (dual imperative second-person)
bʰéydʰētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰéydʰoytom (dual optative second-person)
bʰéydʰetes (dual indicative present third-person)
bʰéydʰetām (dual indicative past third-person)
bʰéydʰetām (dual imperative third-person)
bʰéydʰētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰéydʰoytām (dual optative third-person)
bʰéydʰomos (first-person indicative plural present)
bʰéydʰome (first-person indicative past plural)
bʰéydʰōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰéydʰoyme (first-person optative plural)
bʰéydʰete (indicative plural present second-person)
bʰéydʰete (indicative past plural second-person)
bʰéydʰete (imperative plural second-person)
bʰéydʰēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰéydʰoyte (optative plural second-person)
bʰéydʰonti (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰéydʰont (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰéydʰontu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰéydʰōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰéydʰonts (indicative participle present)
bʰéydʰeso (imperative second-person singular)
bʰéydʰetor (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰéydʰeto (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰéydʰētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰéydʰoyto (optative singular third-person)
bʰéydʰoror (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰéydʰontor (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰéydʰoro (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰéydʰonto (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰéydʰōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰéydʰōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰéydʰoyro (optative plural third-person)
bʰéydʰomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Germanic: *bīdaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *péitʰō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *feiðō (see there for further descendants)

Thematic root present of *bʰeydʰ- (“to trust”).


bʰéreti

bʰérom (first-person indicative past singular)
bʰérōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
bʰéresi (indicative present second-person singular)
bʰéres (indicative past second-person singular)
bʰére (imperative second-person singular)
bʰérēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰéroys (optative second-person singular)
bʰéreti (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰéret (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰéretu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰérēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰéroyt (optative singular third-person)
bʰérowos (dual first-person indicative present)
bʰérowe (dual first-person indicative past)
bʰérōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰéroywe (dual first-person optative)
bʰéretes (dual indicative present second-person)
bʰéretom (dual indicative past second-person)
bʰéretom (dual imperative second-person)
bʰérētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰéroytom (dual optative second-person)
bʰéretes (dual indicative present third-person)
bʰéretām (dual indicative past third-person)
bʰéretām (dual imperative third-person)
bʰérētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰéroytām (dual optative third-person)
bʰéromos (first-person indicative plural present)
bʰérome (first-person indicative past plural)
bʰérōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰéroyme (first-person optative plural)
bʰérete (indicative plural present second-person)
bʰérete (indicative past plural second-person)
bʰérete (imperative plural second-person)
bʰérēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰéroyte (optative plural second-person)
bʰéronti (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰéront (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰérontu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰérōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰéronts (indicative participle present)
bʰéreso (imperative second-person singular)
bʰéretor (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰéreto (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰérētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰéroyto (optative singular third-person)
bʰéroror (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰérontor (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰéroro (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰéronto (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰérōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰérōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰéroyro (optative plural third-person)
bʰéromnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Albanian: *berja

Albanian: bie (“to bring”)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: բերեմ (berem)
Armenian: բերել (berel)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bírāˀtei

Latvian: bḕrt

Lithuanian: ber̃ti

Proto-Slavic: *bьrati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *bereti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *beraną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰérō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ferō (see there for further descendants)

Messapic: beran (“Bring!”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: pär-

Tocharian B: pär-

Thematic root present of *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”).


sísdeti

sísdom (first-person indicative past singular)
sísdesi (indicative present second-person singular)
sísdes (indicative past second-person singular)
sísde (imperative second-person singular)
sísdēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
sísdoys (optative second-person singular)
sísdeti (indicative present singular third-person)
sísdet (indicative past singular third-person)
sísdetu (imperative singular third-person)
sísdēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
sísdoyt (optative singular third-person)
sísdowos (dual first-person indicative present)
sísdowe (dual first-person indicative past)
sísdōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
sísdoywe (dual first-person optative)
sísdetes (dual indicative present second-person)
sísdetom (dual indicative past second-person)
sísdetom (dual imperative second-person)
sísdētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
sísdoytom (dual optative second-person)
sísdetes (dual indicative present third-person)
sísdetām (dual indicative past third-person)
sísdetām (dual imperative third-person)
sísdētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
sísdoytām (dual optative third-person)
sísdomos (first-person indicative plural present)
sísdome (first-person indicative past plural)
sísdōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
sísdoyme (first-person optative plural)
sísdete (indicative plural present second-person)
sísdete (indicative past plural second-person)
sísdete (imperative plural second-person)
sísdēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
sísdoyte (optative plural second-person)
sísdonti (indicative plural present third-person)
sísdont (indicative past plural third-person)
sísdontu (imperative plural third-person)
sísdōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
sísdonts (indicative participle present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: նստիմ (nstim) (< *ni-sísdeti)

Armenian: նստել (nstel)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sēˀstei

West Baltic:

Old Prussian: sindants (reformed as a nasal-infix present, or perhaps cf. Polish siąść)

East Baltic:

Latvian: sēsties

Lithuanian: sė́sti

Proto-Slavic: *sěsti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hízdō
Ancient Greek: ἵζω (hízō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *síždati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sizdō (see there for further descendants)

Thematic i-reduplicated root of *sed- (“to sit”).


Proto-Celtic: *ludet

Old Irish: luid

Proto-Hellenic: *ḗlutʰe

Ancient Greek: *ἐλεύθω (*eleúthō)

desc

Ancient Greek: ἤλυθε (ḗluthe), ἤλυθον (ḗluthon), ἦλθον (êlthon) (< syncope)

Proto-Tocharian: *lŭt-

Tocharian A: lät-

Tocharian B: lät-

Thematic root aorist of *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow, climb”).


*h₂lék-se-ti (se-present)

Proto-Celtic: *lexstus (see there for further descendants)

*h₂elk-éh₂-(ye)-ti (with schwebeablaut)

Proto-Germanic: *algōną

Proto-West Germanic: *algōn (see there for further descendants)

*h₂elk-s (“sacred place, sanctuary; idol”)

Proto-Germanic: *alhs (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Ancient Greek: ἀλκή (alkḗ)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrakš-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrakṣ-

Sanskrit: रक्ष् (rakṣ)

Middle Persian: lškl

Persian: لشکر (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ulkīskōr

Latin: ulciscor


wéwket

wéwkom (first-person indicative singular)
wéwkes (indicative second-person singular)
wéwke (imperative second-person singular)
wéwkēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wéwkoys (optative second-person singular)
wéwket (indicative singular third-person)
wéwketu (imperative singular third-person)
wéwkēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéwkoyt (optative singular third-person)
wéwkowe (dual first-person indicative)
wéwkōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
wéwkoywe (dual first-person optative)
wéwketom (dual indicative second-person)
wéwketom (dual imperative second-person)
wéwkētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
wéwkoytom (dual optative second-person)
wéwketām (dual indicative third-person)
wéwketām (dual imperative third-person)
wéwkētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
wéwkoytām (dual optative third-person)
wéwkome (first-person indicative plural)
wéwkōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
wéwkoyme (first-person optative plural)
wéwkete (indicative plural second-person)
wéwkete (imperative plural second-person)
wéwkēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
wéwkoyte (optative plural second-person)
wéwkont (indicative plural third-person)
wéwkontu (imperative plural third-person)
wéwkōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéwkonts (indicative participle)
wéwkeso (imperative second-person singular)
wéwketo (indicative singular third-person)
wéwkētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéwkoyto (optative singular third-person)
wéwkoro (indicative plural third-person)
wéwkonto (indicative plural third-person)
wéwkōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéwkōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéwkoyro (optative plural third-person)
wéwkomnos (indicative participle)

Proto-Hellenic: *weikʷon (< earlier *weukʷom)

Ancient Greek: εἶπον (eîpon) (Homeric ἔειπον (éeipon))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwawčat (see there for further descendants)

Thematic reduplicated root aorist of *wekʷ- (“to speak, sound out”).


-h₂dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
-h₂h₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
-h₂ó (indicative past singular third-person)

Forms factitive verbs from adjective stems.


-seti

-som (first-person indicative past singular)
é-som (first-person indicative past singular)
é-sōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
-sesi (indicative present second-person singular)
é-sesi (indicative present second-person singular)
-ses (indicative past second-person singular)
é-ses (indicative past second-person singular)
-se (imperative second-person singular)
é-se (imperative second-person singular)
-sēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
é-sēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-soys (optative second-person singular)
é-soys (optative second-person singular)
-seti (indicative present singular third-person)
é-seti (indicative present singular third-person)
-set (indicative past singular third-person)
é-set (indicative past singular third-person)
-setu (imperative singular third-person)
é-setu (imperative singular third-person)
-sēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
é-sēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-soyt (optative singular third-person)
é-soyt (optative singular third-person)
-sowos (dual first-person indicative present)
é-sowos (dual first-person indicative present)
-sowe (dual first-person indicative past)
é-sowe (dual first-person indicative past)
-sōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
é-sōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-soywe (dual first-person optative)
é-soywe (dual first-person optative)
-setes (dual indicative present second-person)
é-setes (dual indicative present second-person)
-setom (dual indicative past second-person)
é-setom (dual indicative past second-person)
-setom (dual imperative second-person)
é-setom (dual imperative second-person)
-sētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
é-sētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-soytom (dual optative second-person)
é-soytom (dual optative second-person)
-setes (dual indicative present third-person)
é-setes (dual indicative present third-person)
-setām (dual indicative past third-person)
é-setām (dual indicative past third-person)
-setām (dual imperative third-person)
é-setām (dual imperative third-person)
-sētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
é-sētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-soytām (dual optative third-person)
é-soytām (dual optative third-person)
-somos (first-person indicative plural present)
é-somos (first-person indicative plural present)
-some (first-person indicative past plural)
é-some (first-person indicative past plural)
-sōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
é-sōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-soyme (first-person optative plural)
é-soyme (first-person optative plural)
-sete (indicative plural present second-person)
é-sete (indicative plural present second-person)
-sete (indicative past plural second-person)
é-sete (indicative past plural second-person)
-sete (imperative plural second-person)
é-sete (imperative plural second-person)
-sēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
é-sēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
-soyte (optative plural second-person)
é-soyte (optative plural second-person)
-sonti (indicative plural present third-person)
é-sonti (indicative plural present third-person)
-sont (indicative past plural third-person)
é-sont (indicative past plural third-person)
-sontu (imperative plural third-person)
é-sontu (imperative plural third-person)
-sōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
é-sōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-sonts (indicative participle present)
é-sonts (indicative participle present)
-seso (imperative second-person singular)
é-seso (imperative second-person singular)
-setor (indicative present singular third-person)
é-setor (indicative present singular third-person)
-seto (indicative past singular third-person)
é-seto (indicative past singular third-person)
-sētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
é-sētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-soyto (optative singular third-person)
é-soyto (optative singular third-person)
-soror (indicative plural present third-person)
é-soror (indicative plural present third-person)
-sontor (indicative plural present third-person)
é-sontor (indicative plural present third-person)
-soro (indicative past plural third-person)
é-soro (indicative past plural third-person)
-sonto (indicative past plural third-person)
é-sonto (indicative past plural third-person)
-sōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
é-sōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
-sōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
é-sōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
-soyro (optative plural third-person)
é-soyro (optative plural third-person)
-somnos (indicative participle present)
é-somnos (indicative participle present)


dʰedʰówgʰe

dʰedʰówg (imperative second-person singular)
dʰedʰugʰdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
dʰedʰéwgʰesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
dʰedʰówgʰe (indicative singular third-person)
dʰedʰówgʰtu (imperative singular third-person)
dʰedʰéwgʰeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
dʰedʰugʰwé (dual first-person indicative)
dʰedʰéwgʰowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
dʰedʰugʰtóm (dual imperative second-person)
dʰedʰéwgʰetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
dʰedʰugʰtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
dʰedʰéwgʰetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
dʰedʰugʰmé (first-person indicative plural)
dʰedʰéwgʰomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
dʰedʰugʰé (indicative plural second-person)
dʰedʰugʰté (imperative plural second-person)
dʰedʰéwgʰete (plural second-person subjunctive)
dʰedʰugʰḗr (indicative plural third-person)
dʰedʰugʰéntu (imperative plural third-person)
dʰedʰéwgʰonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
dʰedʰugʰwṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Germanic: *duganą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰudʰáwǰʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dudáwźʰa

Sanskrit: दुदोह (dudóha), दुदुहुर् (duduhúr, 3.pl.perf.)

Reduplicated stative of the root *dʰewgʰ- (“to produce”).


desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *aléksō
Ancient Greek: ἀλέξω (aléxō), ἀλέκω (alékō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrákšati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrákṣati

Sanskrit: रक्षति (rákṣati) (see there for further descendants)


Creates desiderative imperfective verbs from roots.


wéydseti

wéydsom (first-person indicative past singular)
wéydsesi (indicative present second-person singular)
wéydses (indicative past second-person singular)
wéydse (imperative second-person singular)
wéydsēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wéydsoys (optative second-person singular)
wéydseti (indicative present singular third-person)
wéydset (indicative past singular third-person)
wéydsetu (imperative singular third-person)
wéydsēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéydsoyt (optative singular third-person)
wéydsowos (dual first-person indicative present)
wéydsowe (dual first-person indicative past)
wéydsōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
wéydsoywe (dual first-person optative)
wéydsetes (dual indicative present second-person)
wéydsetom (dual indicative past second-person)
wéydsetom (dual imperative second-person)
wéydsētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
wéydsoytom (dual optative second-person)
wéydsetes (dual indicative present third-person)
wéydsetām (dual indicative past third-person)
wéydsetām (dual imperative third-person)
wéydsētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
wéydsoytām (dual optative third-person)
wéydsomos (first-person indicative plural present)
wéydsome (first-person indicative past plural)
wéydsōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
wéydsoyme (first-person optative plural)
wéydsete (indicative plural present second-person)
wéydsete (indicative past plural second-person)
wéydsete (imperative plural second-person)
wéydsēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
wéydsoyte (optative plural second-person)
wéydsonti (indicative plural present third-person)
wéydsont (indicative past plural third-person)
wéydsontu (imperative plural third-person)
wéydsōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéydsonts (indicative participle present)
wéydseso (imperative second-person singular)
wéydsetor (indicative present singular third-person)
wéydseto (indicative past singular third-person)
wéydsētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéydsoyto (optative singular third-person)
wéydsoror (indicative plural present third-person)
wéydsontor (indicative plural present third-person)
wéydsoro (indicative past plural third-person)
wéydsonto (indicative past plural third-person)
wéydsōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéydsōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéydsoyro (optative plural third-person)
wéydsomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Italic: *weissō

Latin: vīsō

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

East Baltic:

desc

Latgalian: vaicōt' (“to want to see, to look for”)

From *weyd- (“to see”) + *-(h₁)seti (desiderative verbal suffix).


déyḱti

déyḱmi (first-person indicative present singular)
déyḱm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
déyḱsi (indicative present second-person singular)
déyḱs (indicative past second-person singular)
déyḱ (imperative second-person singular)
diḱdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
déyḱesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
déyḱti (indicative present singular third-person)
déyḱt (indicative past singular third-person)
déyḱtu (imperative singular third-person)
déyḱeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
diḱwós (dual first-person indicative present)
diḱwé (dual first-person indicative past)
déyḱowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
diḱtés (dual indicative present second-person)
diḱtóm (dual indicative past second-person)
diḱtóm (dual imperative second-person)
déyḱetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
diḱtés (dual indicative present third-person)
diḱtā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
diḱtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
déyḱetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
diḱmós (first-person indicative plural present)
diḱmé (first-person indicative past plural)
déyḱomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
diḱté (indicative plural present second-person)
diḱté (indicative past plural second-person)
diḱté (imperative plural second-person)
déyḱete (plural second-person subjunctive)
diḱénti (indicative plural present third-person)
diḱént (indicative past plural third-person)
diḱéntu (imperative plural third-person)
déyḱonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
diḱónts (indicative participle present)

Proto-Germanic: *tīhaną (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *deikō
Latin: dīcō (see there for further descendants)
Oscan: 𐌃𐌄𐌝𐌊𐌖𐌌 (deíkum)
Umbrian: deitu

Athematic root present of Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ- (“to show”).


pr̥sḱéti

pr̥sḱóh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
pr̥sḱóm (first-person indicative past singular)
pr̥sḱṓh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
pr̥sḱési (indicative present second-person singular)
pr̥sḱés (indicative past second-person singular)
pr̥sḱé (imperative second-person singular)
pr̥sḱḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
pr̥sḱóys (optative second-person singular)
pr̥sḱéti (indicative present singular third-person)
pr̥sḱét (indicative past singular third-person)
pr̥sḱétu (imperative singular third-person)
pr̥sḱḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
pr̥sḱóyt (optative singular third-person)
pr̥sḱówos (dual first-person indicative present)
pr̥sḱówe (dual first-person indicative past)
pr̥sḱṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
pr̥sḱóywe (dual first-person optative)
pr̥sḱétes (dual indicative present second-person)
pr̥sḱétom (dual indicative past second-person)
pr̥sḱétom (dual imperative second-person)
pr̥sḱḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
pr̥sḱóytom (dual optative second-person)
pr̥sḱétes (dual indicative present third-person)
pr̥sḱétām (dual indicative past third-person)
pr̥sḱétām (dual imperative third-person)
pr̥sḱḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
pr̥sḱóytām (dual optative third-person)
pr̥sḱómos (first-person indicative plural present)
pr̥sḱóme (first-person indicative past plural)
pr̥sḱṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
pr̥sḱóyme (first-person optative plural)
pr̥sḱéte (indicative plural present second-person)
pr̥sḱéte (indicative past plural second-person)
pr̥sḱéte (imperative plural second-person)
pr̥sḱḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
pr̥sḱóyte (optative plural second-person)
pr̥sḱónti (indicative plural present third-person)
pr̥sḱónt (indicative past plural third-person)
pr̥sḱóntu (imperative plural third-person)
pr̥sḱṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
pr̥sḱónts (indicative participle present)
pr̥sḱéso (imperative second-person singular)
pr̥sḱétor (indicative present singular third-person)
pr̥sḱéto (indicative past singular third-person)
pr̥sḱḗtor (singular subjunctive third-person)
pr̥sḱóyto (optative singular third-person)
pr̥sḱóror (indicative plural present third-person)
pr̥sḱóntor (indicative plural present third-person)
pr̥sḱóro (indicative past plural third-person)
pr̥sḱónto (indicative past plural third-person)
pr̥sḱṓror (plural subjunctive third-person)
pr̥sḱṓntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
pr̥sḱóyro (optative plural third-person)
pr̥sḱómnos (indicative participle present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հարցանեմ (harcʻanem)
Armenian: հարցնել (harcʻnel)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸarsketi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥šćáti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *porskō (see there for further descendants)

From *preḱ- (“to ask”) + *-sḱéti (iterative verbal suffix), with simplification of the consonant cluster.

suffix

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *forskōn

Proto-West Germanic: *forsku (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: पृच्छा→ Malayalam: പൃച്ഛPali: pucchā→ Telugu: పృచ్ఛ


néwām (first-person indicative past singular)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒉈𒂊𒌋𒉿𒄴𒄩𒀭𒍣 (ne-e-u-wa-aḫ-ḫa-an-zi /nēwaḫḫ-/, “renew”)

Proto-Hellenic: *newaō

Ancient Greek: νεάω (neáō)

Proto-Italic: *nowāō

Latin: novō

From the adjective *néwos (“new”) + *-h₂ti.


gʷʰédʰyeti

gʷʰédʰyoh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
gʷʰédʰyom (first-person indicative past singular)
gʷʰédʰyōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
gʷʰédʰyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
gʷʰédʰyes (indicative past second-person singular)
gʷʰédʰye (imperative second-person singular)
gʷʰédʰyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷʰédʰyoys (optative second-person singular)
gʷʰédʰyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
gʷʰédʰyet (indicative past singular third-person)
gʷʰédʰyetu (imperative singular third-person)
gʷʰédʰyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰédʰyoyt (optative singular third-person)
gʷʰédʰyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
gʷʰédʰyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
gʷʰédʰyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
gʷʰédʰyoywe (dual first-person optative)
gʷʰédʰyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
gʷʰédʰyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
gʷʰédʰyetom (dual imperative second-person)
gʷʰédʰyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
gʷʰédʰyoytom (dual optative second-person)
gʷʰédʰyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
gʷʰédʰyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
gʷʰédʰyetām (dual imperative third-person)
gʷʰédʰyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰédʰyoytām (dual optative third-person)
gʷʰédʰyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
gʷʰédʰyome (first-person indicative past plural)
gʷʰédʰyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
gʷʰédʰyoyme (first-person optative plural)
gʷʰédʰyete (indicative plural present second-person)
gʷʰédʰyete (indicative past plural second-person)
gʷʰédʰyete (imperative plural second-person)
gʷʰédʰyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
gʷʰédʰyoyte (optative plural second-person)
gʷʰédʰyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
gʷʰédʰyont (indicative past plural third-person)
gʷʰédʰyontu (imperative plural third-person)
gʷʰédʰyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰédʰyonts (indicative participle present)
gʷʰédʰyōh₂er (first-person singular subjunctive)
gʷʰédʰyeso (imperative second-person singular)
gʷʰédʰyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
gʷʰédʰyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
gʷʰédʰyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰédʰyoyto (optative singular third-person)
gʷʰédʰyēdʰh₂we (plural second-person subjunctive)
gʷʰédʰyoror (indicative plural present third-person)
gʷʰédʰyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
gʷʰédʰyoro (indicative past plural third-person)
gʷʰédʰyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
gʷʰédʰyōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰédʰyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰédʰyoyro (optative plural third-person)
gʷʰédʰyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Celtic: *gʷedyeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bidjaną (“to bid, make a request (of); ask”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰádʰyati

Proto-Iranian: *ǰádyati

Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬨𐬌 (jaⁱδiiemi)

Old Persian: 𐎩𐎮𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎷𐎡𐎹 (j-di-i-y-a-mi-i-y /jadiyāmiy/)

From *gʷʰedʰ- (“to request, ask for”) + *-yeti.


tn̥néwti

tn̥néwmi (first-person indicative present singular)
tn̥nḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
tn̥néwsi (indicative present second-person singular)
tn̥néws (indicative past second-person singular)
tn̥néw (imperative second-person singular)
tn̥nudʰí (imperative second-person singular)
tn̥néwesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
tn̥néwti (indicative present singular third-person)
tn̥néwt (indicative past singular third-person)
tn̥néwtu (imperative singular third-person)
tn̥néweti (singular subjunctive third-person)
tn̥nuwós (dual first-person indicative present)
tn̥nuwé (dual first-person indicative past)
tn̥néwowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
tn̥nutés (dual indicative present second-person)
tn̥nutóm (dual indicative past second-person)
tn̥nutóm (dual imperative second-person)
tn̥néwetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
tn̥nutés (dual indicative present third-person)
tn̥nutā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
tn̥nutā́m (dual imperative third-person)
tn̥néwetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
tn̥numós (first-person indicative plural present)
tn̥numé (first-person indicative past plural)
tn̥néwomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
tn̥nuté (indicative plural present second-person)
tn̥nuté (indicative past plural second-person)
tn̥nuté (imperative plural second-person)
tn̥néwete (plural second-person subjunctive)
tnn̥wénti (indicative plural present third-person)
tnn̥wént (indicative past plural third-person)
tnn̥wéntu (imperative plural third-person)
tn̥néwonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
tnn̥wónts (indicative participle present)
tn̥nusó (imperative second-person singular)
tn̥nutór (indicative present singular third-person)
tnn̥wór (indicative present singular third-person)
tn̥nutó (indicative past singular third-person)
tnn̥wó (indicative past singular third-person)
tn̥néwetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
tn̥nurór (indicative plural present third-person)
tnn̥wn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
tn̥nuró (indicative past plural third-person)
tnn̥wn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
tn̥néworor (plural subjunctive third-person)
tn̥néwontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Celtic: *tannuti

Cornish: tan

Middle Welsh: tannu

Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: τάνυται (tánutai), τανύω (tanúō) (through later thematicization)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tanáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tanáwti

Sanskrit: तनोति (tanóti)

Proto-Iranian: *tanáwti

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬥𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬀 (tanuiia)

From *ten- (“to stretch, extend”) + *-néwti.


dʰéwgʰti

dʰéwgʰmi (first-person indicative present singular)
dʰéwgʰm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
dʰéwgʰsi (indicative present second-person singular)
dʰéwgʰs (indicative past second-person singular)
dʰéwg (imperative second-person singular)
dʰugʰdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
dʰéwgʰesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
dʰéwgʰti (indicative present singular third-person)
dʰéwgʰt (indicative past singular third-person)
dʰéwgʰtu (imperative singular third-person)
dʰéwgʰeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
dʰugʰwós (dual first-person indicative present)
dʰugʰwé (dual first-person indicative past)
dʰéwgʰowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
dʰugʰtés (dual indicative present second-person)
dʰugʰtóm (dual indicative past second-person)
dʰugʰtóm (dual imperative second-person)
dʰéwgʰetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
dʰugʰtés (dual indicative present third-person)
dʰugʰtā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
dʰugʰtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
dʰéwgʰetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
dʰugʰmós (first-person indicative plural present)
dʰugʰmé (first-person indicative past plural)
dʰéwgʰomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
dʰugʰté (indicative plural present second-person)
dʰugʰté (indicative past plural second-person)
dʰugʰté (imperative plural second-person)
dʰéwgʰete (plural second-person subjunctive)
dʰugʰénti (indicative plural present third-person)
dʰugʰént (indicative past plural third-person)
dʰugʰéntu (imperative plural third-person)
dʰéwgʰonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
dʰugʰónts (indicative participle present)

Proto-Hellenic: *téukʰō

Ancient Greek: τεύχω (teúkhō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáwgdʰi (“to milk”) (see there for further descendants)

Athematic root present of *dʰewgʰ- (“to produce”).


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rudḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *rъděti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rudāną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ruðēō

Latin: rubeō

From *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”) + *-éh₁ti (inchoative or fientive verbal suffix).


dḗyḱst

dḗyḱsm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
dḗyḱs (indicative second-person singular)
dḗyḱs (imperative second-person singular)
déyḱsdʰi (imperative second-person singular)
dḗyḱsesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
dḗyḱst (indicative singular third-person)
dḗyḱstu (imperative singular third-person)
dḗyḱseti (singular subjunctive third-person)
déyḱswe (dual first-person indicative)
dḗyḱsowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
déyḱstom (dual indicative second-person)
déyḱstom (dual imperative second-person)
dḗyḱsetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
déyḱstām (dual indicative third-person)
déyḱstām (dual imperative third-person)
dḗyḱsetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
déyḱsme (first-person indicative plural)
dḗyḱsomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
déyḱste (indicative plural second-person)
déyḱste (imperative plural second-person)
dḗyḱsete (plural second-person subjunctive)
déyḱsn̥t (indicative plural third-person)
déyḱsn̥tu (imperative plural third-person)
dḗyḱsonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
déyḱsn̥ts (indicative participle)
déyḱso (imperative second-person singular)
déyḱsto (indicative singular third-person)
déyḱso (indicative singular third-person)
dḗyḱsetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
déyḱsro (indicative plural third-person)
déyḱsn̥to (indicative plural third-person)
dḗyḱsoror (plural subjunctive third-person)
dḗyḱsontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Hellenic: *édeixə

Ancient Greek: ἔδειξᾰ (édeixa)

Proto-Italic: *deiksai

Latin: dīxī

From *deyḱ- (“to point out, to show”) + *-st (perfective verbal suffix).


Hréwpt

Hréwps (indicative second-person singular)
Hréwpt (indicative singular third-person)
Hréwptu (imperative singular third-person)

Proto-Germanic: *reufaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hárawpt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hárawpt

desc

Sanskrit: अलुपत् (álupat), अलुप्त (álupta) (perhaps)

Proto-Italic: *roupai

Latin: rūpī

Athematic root aorist of *Hrewp- (“to break, tear up”).


h₂wḗh₁m̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
h₂wḗh₁ (imperative second-person singular)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wēaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *awēmi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwā́ti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwā́ti

Sanskrit: वाति (vā́ti)

Proto-Iranian: *Hwā́tī

Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vāⁱti)

Athematic Narten root present of *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”).


Proto-Germanic: *rikwizjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hraǰasyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hraȷ́asyáti

Sanskrit: रजस्यति (rajasyáti)

From *h₁régʷos (“darkness”) + *-yéti (denominative verbal suffix).


h₂élōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

Proto-Celtic: *aleti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *alaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *alō

Latin: alō

Thematic root present of *h₂el- (“to grow, nourish”).


Hrewp-

*Hréwp-t ~ *Hrup-ént (athematic root aorist)

*Hrup-yé-ti (zero-grade yé-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrupyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrupyáti

desc

Sanskrit: रुप्यति (rúpyati, “to violate, disturb, confound; to suffer violent pain”), लुप्यति (lúpyati, “to confound, confuse, disturb”)

*Hru-né-p-ti ~ *Hru-m-p-énti (nasal-infix present)

*Hrowp-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *raubijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlawpáyati (“to have/cause physical pain”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hlawpáyati

Sanskrit: लोपयति (lopáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *Hrawpáyati

𐬎𐬭𐬏𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬍

Old Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬏𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬍 (urūpaiieⁱṇtī, 3pl.)

*Hrewp-í-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrawpiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrawpiṣ

Sanskrit: रोपि (rópi, “acute or racking pain”)

Proto-Italic: *roupēs

Latin: rūpēs (“cliff, crag”) (see there for further descendants)

*Hréwp-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráwpas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráwpas

Sanskrit: रोप (rópa, “disturbing, confusing”), लोप (lópa, “breaking, injury, destruction”)

*Hrowp-éh₂, *Hrowp-óm

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *rupa

Bulgarian: ру́па (rúpa)

Serbo-Croatian: rȕpa／ру̏па (“hole”)

Proto-Germanic: *raubō, ⇒ *raubōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrawpám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrawpám

Sanskrit: रोप (ropá, “hole, fissure”)

Proto-Italic: *roupā

Latin: rūpa (Apul.)

*Hrowp-ó-s (“plundering, pillage, loot”)

Proto-Germanic: *raubaz, *raubą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlawpás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hlawpás

Sanskrit: लोप (lopá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hlawpáh

Middle Persian: [script needed] (lwp /rōb/)

⇒ Middle Persian: [script needed] (lwpk /rōbag/)

*Hrup-tó-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hluptám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hluptám

Sanskrit: लुप्त (luptá, “plunder, loot, disappearance”)

*Hrup-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hluptás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hluptás

Sanskrit: लुप्त (luptá, “broken, injured, disappeared”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ruptos

Latin: ruptus (see there for further descendants)

*Hrówp-tro-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hláwptram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hláwptram

Sanskrit: लोप्त्र (loptra, “stolen property, loot”)

*Hrewp-i-yo-

Proto-Tocharian: *krupiye (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Italic:

>? Latin: rupex

Paleo-Balkan:

Thracian:

→ Ancient Greek: ῥομφαία (rhomphaía, “Thracian spear”)

Albanian: rrufé, -ja (“lightning”)

→ Bulgarian: рофия (rofija), руфя (rufja, “lightning”)

Perhaps an extension of *Hrew- (“to tear out, dig out”). Compare also *h₁reyp- (“to tear, tear down”).

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
bg:Иван Дуриданов


h₁ḗdm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
h₁ḗd (imperative second-person singular)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben