-wós

-wós (nominative singular)
-wóes (nominative plural)
-wé (singular vocative)
-wóes (plural vocative)
-wóm (accusative singular)
-wóms (accusative plural)
-wósyo (genitive singular)
-wóHom (genitive plural)
-wéad (ablative singular)
-wómos (ablative plural)
-wóey (dative singular)
-wómos (dative plural)
-wéy (locative singular)
-wóy (locative singular)
-wóysu (locative plural)
-wṓys (instrumental plural)
-wā́m (accusative singular)
-wóm (nominative singular)
-wóy (dual nominative)
-wóm (singular vocative)
-wóy (dual vocative)
-wóy (accusative dual)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-was
East Baltic:
Latvian: -vs
Lithuanian: -vas
West Baltic:
Old Prussian: -was
Proto-Slavic: *-vъ

Proto-Germanic: *-waz

Proto-Celtic: *-wos

Proto-Hellenic: *-wós

Ancient Greek: -ός (-ós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-wás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-wás

Sanskrit: -व (-vá)

Proto-Iranian: *-wáh

Avestan: -𐬎𐬎𐬀 (-uua)

Proto-Italic: *-wos

non-gloss definition

Latin: forms the perfect and pluperfect active verb stems

qualifier

(adjectives formed from rare perfect active participles) -vus, -uus


*ter-kʷ-

*tr-ey-

*tr-i-to-

Proto-Italic: *tritos

Latin: trītus (for expected tritus perhaps after trīvī)

*tr-ey-ḱo-

Proto-Italic: *trīkos

Latin: trīcae

*tr-ey-dʰlom

Proto-Italic: *treiðlom

Latin: trībulum, trībulō

Proto-Italic:

Latin: triō

⇒ Latin: septentriō (see there for further descendants)

*ter-g-

Proto-Italic: *tergēō

Latin: tergō, tergeō

*tr-ey-gʷ-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρῑ́βω (trī́bō)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρίβος (tríbos)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τριβή (tribḗ)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρώγω (trṓgō), τράγω (trágō), τράγος (trágos)

*tr-ew(H)-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τέρυ (téru), τρύω (trúō), ἄτρυτος (átrutos), τρῦμα (trûma), τρύ̄μη (trú̄mē), τρῡτάνη (trūtánē), τιτρώσκω (titrṓskō), τρώω (trṓō), τρῶσις (trôsis), τρῶμα (trôma)/τραῦμα (traûma)

*tr-ew-gʰ-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρύχω (trúkhō)

*tr-ewH?-p-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρῡπάω (trūpáō), τρύ̄πανον (trú̄panon), τρύ̄πη (trú̄pē)

*terh₁- (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *térˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *terti (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: terō (see there for further descendants)

*tér-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *téřřō

Ancient Greek: τείρω (teírō)

*tor-ó-

Proto-Hellenic: *torós

Ancient Greek: τορός (torós)

*tór-o-

Proto-Hellenic: *tóros

Ancient Greek: τόρος (tóros), τορεύς (toreús)

*tór-mo-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *þarmaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tórmos

Ancient Greek: τόρμος (tórmos)

*tór-no-s

Proto-Hellenic: *tórnos

Ancient Greek: τόρνος (tórnos)

Proto-Celtic: *trātos

Proto-Brythonic: *trọd

Middle Breton: treut (“thin”)

Breton: treut

Middle Welsh: trawd (“weak”)

Proto-Hellenic: *trētós

Ancient Greek: τρητός (trētós)

Proto-Celtic: *taratrom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *téretron

Ancient Greek: τέρετρον (téretron)

Proto-Italic: *tereðrom

Latin: terebrum, terebra

Proto-Italic: *terets

Latin: teres

From *treh₁-

*treh₁- (metathesized root present)

Proto-Germanic: *þrēaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þreskaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *trḗmə

desctree

Ancient Greek: τρῆμα (trêma)
→ English: trema, -treme
→ French: tréma
Greek: τρήμα (tríma)

Proto-Hellenic: *trḗtis

Ancient Greek: τρῆσις (trêsis)

*tréh₁-tu-s ~ *tr̥h₁-téw-s

Proto-Germanic: *þrēduz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Armenian:

Old Armenian: արածեմ (aracem), արաւտ (arawt) (possibly)

Old Armenian: թուր (tʻur)

Old Armenian: թրթուր (tʻrtʻur)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τετραίνω (tetraínō)

Indo-Iranian:

desc

Proto-Iranian: *tarH- (“to rub, wipe (?)”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (prtr- /pr-tr-/, “to dry up, wipe off”), ܕܣܦܪܛܪ (ds-pr-tr, “handtowel”)

Italic:

desctree

Latin: trūcta
→ Albanian: troftë
Asturian: trucha
Catalan: truita
→ English: trout
French: truite
Friulian: trute
Italian: trota
Occitan: troita, trocha
Old Galician-Portuguese:
Galician: troita
Portuguese: truta
Romansch: truta
Sicilian: trota, trotta
Spanish: trucha
Venetian: truta


Proto-Italic: *soliðos

Latin: solidus (see there for further descendants)

(possibly) *solh₂o-h₃kʷs (“appearing whole”)

Proto-Italic: *solōks

Latin: solox (“of raw, unwrought wool”)

Proto-Hellenic: *holwos

Ancient Greek: ὅλος (hólos), οὖλος (oûlos) — Ionic, Homeric
Greek: όλος (ólos)
→ English: holo-

Proto-Albanian: *salwa

Albanian: gjallë (“alive, unhurt, raw”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sárwas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *salawos

Faliscan: salve

Latin: salvus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sarwátaHts

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sarwátaHts

Sanskrit: सर्वताति (sarvátāti)

Proto-Iranian: *harwátaHth

desc

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬙𐬁𐬝 (haᵘruuatāt̰, “wholeness”)

→ English: Haurvatat

→ Old Persian: *𐏃𐎢𐎽𐎺𐎫𐎠𐎫 (*h-u-ru-v-t-a-t /haurvatāt/)

Middle Persian: (/hōrdād ~ harwadād/, “Hōrdād, Perfection, the fifth Amahraspand, guardian of water; cal. 3rd month; 6th day.”)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭧𐭥𐭥𐭣𐭲 (hwrdt)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwrdt')

Manichaean script: 𐫍𐫡𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫅 (hrwdʾd)

→ Parthian: (/hōrdāt ~ xōrdāδ/)

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭄𐭅𐭓𐭃𐭕 (hwrdt)

→ Sogdian: (/artāt/, “cal. 3rd month; 6th day.”)

Sogdian script: 𐼰𐽀𐽂𐼰𐽂 (ʾrtʾt)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫡𐫤𐫀𐫤 (ʾrtʾt)

Arabic script: اردد (/*ardad/) (mentioned in Albiruni's works)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: herwe (“free, gratuitous”)

Central Kurdish: هەروەیی (herweyî, “free, free of charge, gratis”)

Proto-Hellenic: *holwótāts

Ancient Greek: ὁλότης (holótēs)

Proto-Italic: *solnos

Latin: sollus, sollemnis

Proto-Celtic: *slānos

desctree

Old Irish: slán
Irish: slán
Manx: slane
Scottish Gaelic: slàn

Proto-Italic: *salūts (< *solūts)

Latin: salūs

(possibly) *solh₂-u-yo-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ողջ (ołǰ)
Armenian: ողջ (ołǰ)


*h₂él-e-ti (thematic root present)

*h₂ol-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *aljaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *oleō

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌛𐌄𐌕𐌖 (uřetu)

⇒ Latin: adoleō

*h₂él-o-mn-o-s (mediopassive participle)

Proto-Italic: *alomnos

Latin: alumnus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *almentom

Latin: alimentum (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *almos

Latin: almus (see there for further descendants)

*h₂él-ti-s ~ *h₂l̥-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *aldiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *altos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *aldaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *altos

Latin: altus (see there for further descendants)

*h₂el-dʰr-o-m or *h₂el-tr-ó-m

Proto-Germanic: *aldrą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *alwos (perhaps)

Latin: alvus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: (ind)olēs, (pr)ōlēs

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀλθαίνω (althaínō) ('I heal' LSJ at Perseus)


Proto-Italic: *aliteros (see there for further descendants)

*h₂el-no- ~ *h₂elnós

Proto-Germanic: *allaz

Proto-Italic: *alnos

Oscan: allo (nom. sg. f.)

Proto-Tocharian: *ālle-kä

Tocharian A: ālak

Tocharian B: allek

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háranas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háranas

desc

Sanskrit: अरण (áraṇa, “foreign, distant”)

Proto-Italic: *ols

Latin: uls

Proto-Italic: *olteros

Latin: ulter, ultrā

*h₂ol-no-s ~ *h₂l̥-no-s

Proto-Albanian: *alnā

Albanian: lloj

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *olni (“last year”)

Italic: *olnos

Latin: ollus, olle, ōlim, ille

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ողջ (ołǰ)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: aliai

Proto-Celtic: *olyos (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: āläm

Tocharian B: ālo


(s)peyk-

Proto-Italic: *peikā

Latin: pīca

Umbrian: peica

*peyk-omnos

Proto-Italic: *Peikomnos

Latin: Pīcumnus

*pik-ós

Proto-Italic: *pikos

q

with long -ī- from <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">pīca</i>

Latin: pīcus (with long -ī- from pīca)

Umbrian: peico, peiqu (abl.sg.)

*spik-tós

Proto-Germanic: *spihtaz, *spehtaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

(perhaps) Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: picle

(perhaps) Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पिक (piká)


peys-

*pi-né-s-ti ~ *pi-n-s-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinášti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pinsō

Latin: pinsō

*pis-é-ti (zero-grade present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pištei

Latvian: pist

Lithuanian: pìsti

Proto-Slavic: *pьxati (see there for further descendants)

*peys-Hō ~ *pis-Hne-s

Proto-Italic: *peisō

Latin: pīsō

*pis-e-no-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pišena

Proto-Slavic: *pьšenò (see there for further descendants)

*pis-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pištás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piṣṭás

desc

Sanskrit: पिष्ट (piṣṭá, “crushed, ground”)

Proto-Iranian: *pištás

Middle Persian: pst' (“brown flour”) (possibly)

Proto-Italic: *pistos

Latin: pistus

*pis-tlo-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pištram

Proto-Iranian: *pištram

Avestan: 𐬞𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀 n (pištra, “bruise, injury”)

Proto-Italic: *pistlom, *pistlā

Latin: pīlum, pīla, Pīlumnus, pistillum

*póys-o-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paiša

Lithuanian: paišaĩ, paĩšos, piẽšos, puišaĩ, puĩšos, pišai; (perhaps) piešà; (perhaps) piẽšas, píešas

*poys-to-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *páista

Latvian: pìesta, piests

Lithuanian: piestà, piẽstas

Proto-Slavic: *pěstъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πτίσσω (ptíssō) (the appearance of πτ- is unexplained)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पिष् (piṣ)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


peyǵ-

*piǵ-éh₁-(ye)- (stative)

Proto-Italic: *pigēō

Latin: pigeō (“to be annoyed, to be reluctant, to irk”)

*piǵ-rós

Proto-Italic: *pigros

Latin: piger (“slow, lazy, inactive”)

*pig-ús

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

>? Lithuanian: pigùs (“cheap”)

*piǵ-wós

Proto-Italic: *pigwos

Latin: piguus (“lazy”)

*poyǵ-no-

Proto-Germanic: *faikną (see there for further descendants)


ḱóm

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śun

Lithuanian: sù (with unexpected depalatalization of *ś or from *sm̥-)

Proto-Slavic: *sъ(n)

Proto-Celtic: *kom-

Old Irish: com-, cummae (< *ḱóm-smiyo-)

Irish: comh-, cuma

Manx: co-

Scottish Gaelic: co-, coma

Breton: ken-

Cornish: kev-

Welsh: cyf-, cyn-

Proto-Germanic: *ga- (< *ḱó-)

Proto-Italic: *kom

Latin: cum, com-

Oscan: kúm, comono (< *ḱómno-)

Umbrian: kumne (< *ḱómno-)

Tocharian B: aṅkānmi (< *ḱómno-)

Unsorted formations:

Hittite: [script needed] (kattan)


gleybʰ-

*gléybʰ-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *klībaną

Proto-Germanic: *klibāną

*gleybʰ-os

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *glibъ


glew-

*glew-t-

⇒ *gléwt-s (root noun)

Proto-Italic: *glouts

Latin: glūs

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic:

Slovene: glûta (“lump, swelling”)

⇒ *glowt-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *gloutós

>? Ancient Greek: γλουτός (gloutós, “rump”) (see there for further descendants)

*gléw-ō

Proto-Germanic: *klewô (“clod, lump, mass”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: ग्लौ (gláu-, “swelling, tumor”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: gluo

An extension of *gel- (“to ball up, clump”); compare *gley-.


gleyH-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel

*gléyH-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gléiˀtei

Lithuanian: gliejù, gliēti (“to smear, putty”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gráHiti

Proto-Iranian: *gráHitī

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (γrcy-, “to roll; to smear with clay”)

*gli-né-H-ti ~ *gli-n-H-énti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *glinati (“to glue”)

Proto-Germanic: *klinaną (“to smear, stick”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gléiˀnāˀ (“clay”) (see there for further descendants)

*gléyH-n̥ ~ *gliH-én-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γλῑ́νη (glī́nē)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gléiˀwāˀ (“slime, fungus”)

Latvian: glīve

Lithuanian: gleīvės

Proto-Slavic: *glìva (“fungus”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *liiva (“slime”)

Proto-Germanic: *klīwō

Old High German: klīwa, klīa, klīga

Middle High German: klīwe, klīe

German: Kleie (“bran”)

*gléyH-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gráHyas

Proto-Iranian: *gráHyah

Shughni: [script needed] (jiray, “pottery clay”)

Yidgha: [script needed] (γuroi, “clay, earth, mud”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γλία (glía, “glue”)

*gl̥Hy-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *glьjь (“clay, loam”) (see there for further descendants)

*gl̥Hi-t-tó-s

Proto-Italic: *glittos

Latin: glittus (“sticky, cohesive”)

*gl̥Hi-t-us

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *glitus

Latvian: glits, glîts (“slippery”)

Lithuanian: glitùs (“sticky”), (dialectal) glytùs

*gliH-yó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *griHyás

Proto-Iranian: *griHyáh

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (γг’h, “clay, dirt”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (grīha-)

Sogdian: [script needed] (γг’у, “mud, clay, pottery”)

*glóyH-mo-s

Proto-Germanic: *klaimaz (“clay, mortar”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *klaimijaną (“to smear with clay, mortar”) (see there for further descendants)

*gloyH-ni-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gláiˀnis

Proto-Slavic: *glěnь (“clay, loam”) (see there for further descendants)

*glóyH-t-n̥ ~ *gl̥iH-t-én-s (“slime, glue”)

Proto-Italic: *gloiten (“clay, mortar”)

Latin: glūten (see there for further descendants)

*glóyH-to-m

Proto-Germanic: *klaiþą (see there for further descendants)

*gloyH-wó-s (“sticky; sticky substance”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gláiˀwa

Proto-Slavic: *glěvъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

q

Ancient Greek: γλοιός (gloiós) (< earlier *γλοιϝός (*gloiwós) or *γλοιι̯ός (*gloii̯ós) (for which see below))

*gloyH-y-ó-s

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gloh₁i-wó-s</i> above

Proto-Germanic: *klajjaz (“clay”) (or from *gloh₁i-wó-s above) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *klaij (“clay”)

Unsorted formations:

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gley-t-y-</i>

Proto-Albanian: *gleitja (< *gley-t-y-)

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *en-gleitja

Albanian: ngjis (“to stick to, glue”)

Proto-Albanian: *glitja

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *en-glitja

Albanian: ngjit

Proto-Anatolian:

Lydian: 𐤨𐤷𐤦𐤣𐤠 (kλida, “earth”) (probably)

>? Proto-Armenian:

Middle Armenian: կաղջին (kaġǰin)


*(h₁)wéh₂-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vójęs

Latvian: vâjêt

Proto-Hellenic: *ewajō (possibly)

Ancient Greek: ἐάω (eáō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwáHyati (see there for further descendants)

*(h₁)wḗh₂-s-t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: (possibly)

Epic Greek: ἔᾱσα (éāsa)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáwaHst

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáwaHst

Sanskrit: अवासीत् (ávāsīt)

*(h₁)weh₂-nos or *(h₁)uh₂-nos

Proto-Germanic: *wanaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HuHnás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wānos (or *wā̆snos < *(h₁)weh₂-snos)

Latin: vānus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wāstos (“empty”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wōstaz, *wōstuz

Proto-West Germanic: *wōstī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wāstos

Latin: vāstus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wakos (“empty”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ունայն (unayn)
Armenian: ունայն (unayn)

Proto-Hellenic: (possibly)

Ancient Greek: εὖνις (eûnis, “bereft”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *wānti

Proto-Albanian: *wānā

Albanian: vonë

Proto-Germanic: *wanatōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wanōną (see there for further descendants)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


ǵʰmṓ

ǵʰémō (nominative singular)
ǵʰémonh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰémones (nominative plural)
ǵʰémon (singular vocative)
ǵʰémonh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰémones (plural vocative)
ǵʰémonm̥ (accusative singular)
ǵʰémonh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰémonm̥s (accusative plural)
ǵʰm̥nés (genitive singular)
ǵʰm̥nóHom (genitive plural)
ǵʰm̥nés (ablative singular)
ǵʰmnmós (ablative plural)
ǵʰm̥néy (dative singular)
ǵʰmnmós (dative plural)
ǵʰmén (locative singular)
ǵʰméni (locative singular)
ǵʰmnsú (locative plural)
ǵʰm̥néh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰmnmís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źmṓ

Old Lithuanian: žmuõ, žmuõj

desc

Old Prussian: smoy, smonenawins, smūnets

Proto-Germanic: *gumô (< *ǵʰm̥mṓ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *hemō (< *ǵʰm̥mṓ) (see there for further descendants)

From *dʰéǵʰōm (earth) + *-ō.
The initial *dʰ is regularly dropped in such a cluster (compare e.g. *ḱm̥tóm (“hundred”) < */dḱmtóm/, a derivative of *déḱm̥ (“ten”)).


*h₁r̥h₁-yé-ti (ye-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: ir̃t

Lithuanian: ìrti

Hellenic:

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀩𐀁 (e-re-e /ereʰen/)

*h₁roh₁-(ye-)-ti (o-grade ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *rāyeti

Old Irish: ráïd

Proto-Germanic: *rōaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rāmyos

Proto-Brythonic: *rrọβ̃

Middle Breton: reuf

Cornish: rêv

Welsh: rhaw

desctree

Old Irish: rámae
Middle Irish: ráma
Irish: rámh, rámha
Manx: raue
Scottish Gaelic: ràmh

Proto-Italic: *rē(z)mos

Latin: rēmus (“oar”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρέτης (erétēs), ἐρετμός (eretmós), ἐρετμόν (eretmón), ἐρέσσω (eréssō)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀩𐀲 (e-re-ta /eretās/)

*h₁réh₁-ti-s ~ *h₁r̥h₁-téy-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: εἰρεσῐ́α (eiresía)

Ionic Greek: εἰρεσῐ́η (eiresíē)

Proto-Italic: *ratis

Latin: ratis

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: ir̃kls, ir̃klis

Lithuanian: ìrklas

*h₁érh₁-tro-m or *h₁érh₁-tlo-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HárHtram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HárHtram

Sanskrit: अरित्र (arítra, áritra)

Proto-Germanic: *rōþrą (“rudder”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *reˀd-

Proto-Slavic: *rědъkъ (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρῆμος (erêmos)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀩𐀗 (e-re-mo /erēmos/)

Early Attic Greek: ἔρημος (érēmos)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: rets (why short e?)

Lithuanian: rẽtas (why short e?)

Proto-Italic: *rēti-

Latin: rēte


Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: քաղցր (kʻałcʻr) (partially)

Proto-Celtic: *swādus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *swōtuz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hwādús (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáHduš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *swādwis

Latin: suāvis (see there for further descendants)

From *sweh₂d- (“sweet”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).


Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*swéh₂d-t ~ *suh₂d-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: εὔαδε (eúade), ἅδε (háde)

*swéh₂d-e-tor (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *hwā́domai

Ancient Greek: ἥδομαι (hḗdomai)

Boeotian Greek: ϝᾱ̔́δομαι (whā́domai)

Doric Greek: ᾱ̔́δομαι (hā́domai)

Aeolic Greek: ᾱ̓́δομαι (ā́domai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáHdatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swáHdatay

Sanskrit: स्वादते (svā́date) (once), स्वदते (svádate) (more often)

*swe-swóh₂d-e ~ *swe-suh₂d-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἑᾱδότᾰ (heādóta)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sušúHda

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *suṣúHda

Sanskrit: सुषूदिम (suṣū́dima)

*suh₂-né-d-ti ~ *suh₂-n̥-d-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἁνδᾰ́νω (handánō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *suHádanti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *suHádanti

Sanskrit: स्वदन्ति (svádanti), सुवदन्ति (suvádanti)

*suh₂d-éye-ti (zero-grade causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *suHdáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *suHdáyati

Sanskrit: सूदयति (sūdáyati)

Italic:

⇒ Latin: suādeō

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: sū́dyti

*swéh₂d-mn̥ ~ *suh₂d-mén-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáHdma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swáHdma

Sanskrit: स्वाद्मन् (svā́dman)

Sanskrit: स्वादिमन् (svādiman)

Proto-Germanic:

Old Frisian: swētma

Old Swedish: søtme

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swaHdmā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swaHdmā́

Sanskrit: स्वाद्मन् (svādmán)

Proto-Iranian: *hwaHdmā́

Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬛𐬆𐬨𐬀 (hudəma)

*swéh₂d-os ~ *swéh₂d-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *hwā́dos

Ancient Greek: ἦδος (êdos)

Doric Greek: ἇδος (hâdos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáHdas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swáHdas

Sanskrit: स्वाद (svāda)

Sanskrit: प्रस्वादस् (prásvādas)

Proto-Germanic: *swōtistaz

Old High German: swozisto

Proto-Hellenic: *hwā́distos

Ancient Greek: ἥδῐστος (hḗdistos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáHdištʰas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *swāre

Tocharian A: swār

Tocharian B: swāre

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swaHtˢtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swaHttás

Sanskrit: स्वात्त (svāttá)

Proto-Iranian: *xwaHctáh

Avestan: 𐬓𐬁𐬯𐬙𐬀 (xᵛāsta)

Proto-Italic: *swāssos

Latin: suāsus

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *sūadja

Albanian: shije

Sanskrit: स्वादन (svā́dana)


spey-

Proto-Italic: *speinā

Latin: spīna

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌐𐌉𐌍𐌉𐌀 (spinia), 𐌔𐌐𐌉𐌍𐌀 (spina), 𐌔𐌐𐌉𐌍𐌉𐌀𐌌𐌀 (spiniama), 𐌔𐌐𐌉𐌍𐌀𐌌𐌀𐌛 (spinamař)

Proto-Italic: *speikā

Latin: spīca

*spey-ro-

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *spīrǭ, *spīrō, *spīraz, *spīriz
Proto-West Germanic: *spīrā; *spīri f; *spīru f; *spīr m or n
Old English: spīr ? (Gender unknown. Perhaps from *spīr, *spīri, or *spīru)
Middle English: spir, spyre, spier, spire
English: spire
Scots: spyre, spire
Old Frisian: *spīr
Saterland Frisian: Spier, Spíer n
West Frisian: spier c or n
Old Saxon: spīr f (i-stem)
Middle Low German: spîr m or n
German Low German: Spier m or n
→ German: Spier
Old Dutch: *spīr
Middle Dutch: spier n
Dutch: spier f
Old High German: spīr (in spīrboum)
Middle High German: spīre f; spir (in spirboum); spier n (in grasspier)
German: Speier m or f (dialectal)
Old Norse: spíra
Icelandic: spíra
Faroese: spíra
Norwegian Bokmål: spire, spir
Swedish: spira
Danish: spir

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Iranian: *spūkah (perhaps)

desc

Classical Persian: سپوخ (/sipūx/, “sharp point; arrow; sharp blade”)

*spid-yo-

Proto-Germanic: *spitjaz; *spitją; *spitjǭ

Old High German: spizza, spizzī

Middle High German: spitze

German: Spitze

→ English: spitz

*spid-us

Proto-Germanic: *spituz

Old English: spitu

Middle English: spite, spyte, spit

English: spit

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German: spit, spet

Low German: spit, spet

→ Danish: spid

→ Swedish: spett

Middle Dutch: spet

Dutch: spit

Old High German: spiz

Middle High German: spiz

German: Spieß

*speyg-o-

Proto-Germanic: *spīkaz

Old Norse: spíkr

Norwegian: spik

Swedish: spik

*speyg-ros

Proto-Germanic: *spīkraz

Old Frisian:

North Frisian: spiker

Middle Low German: spiker

Danish: spiger

Low German: spiker, spieker

→ English: spiker

Norwegian Bokmål: spiker

Middle Dutch: spiker

Dutch: spijker

Middle High German: spīcher

*spoyg-

Proto-Germanic: *spaikǭ

Old English: spāca

Middle English: spake

English: spoke

Old Frisian:

Eastern Frisian: spēke

North Frisian: speak

Middle Dutch: spake, speke

Dutch: spaak

Old Saxon: spēka

Middle Low German: speke

Old High German: speihha

Middle High German: speiche

German: Speiche

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: speigleĩs (“thorns”)

*speyl-os

Proto-Germanic: *spīlaz

Old Frisian:

Eastern Frisian: spyl

North Frisian: spīl

West Frisian: spile

Middle Low German: spīle

Middle Dutch: spīle

Dutch: spijl

→ English: spile

German: Speil

Old Norse:

Danish: spile

*speym-is

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *sɸeimis
Old Irish: séim
Irish: séimh
⇒ Irish: séimhigh
Scottish Gaelic: sèimh


bʰṓr

bʰṓr (nominative singular)
bʰórh₁ (dual nominative)
bʰóres (nominative plural)
bʰór (singular vocative)
bʰórh₁ (dual vocative)
bʰóres (plural vocative)
bʰórm̥ (accusative singular)
bʰórh₁ (accusative dual)
bʰórm̥s (accusative plural)
bʰrés (genitive singular)
bʰróHom (genitive plural)
bʰrés (ablative singular)
bʰr̥mós (ablative plural)
bʰréy (dative singular)
bʰr̥mós (dative plural)
bʰór (locative singular)
bʰóri (locative singular)
bʰr̥sú (locative plural)
bʰréh₁ (instrumental singular)
bʰr̥mís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰṓr

Ancient Greek: φώρ (phṓr)

Proto-Italic: *fōr (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *bʰórs, from *bʰer- (“to carry”).


dʰwen-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰwan-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰwan-

Sanskrit: ध्वन् (dhvan)

*dʰwén-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dunēt (“to make a noise”) (perhaps)

Slovak: dunieť

Slovene: doneti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰwánati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰwánati

Sanskrit: ध्वनति (dhvánati)

*dʰún-is

Proto-Germanic: *duniz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰúniš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰúniṣ

Sanskrit: धुनि (dhúni) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰwen-ís

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰwaníš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰwaníṣ

Sanskrit: ध्वनि (dhvani) (see there for further descendants)


*méh₂-yos- ~ *méh₂-is- (comparative)

Proto-Celtic: *māyos

Welsh: mwy (“more”)

Germanic: (possibly) *maizô, *maistaz

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (māi-)

Italic:

Latin: mānus, immānis

Italic:

Latin: mānis (> mānī, mānē, mānēs)

Proto-Celtic: *matis

Italic:

Latin: mātūrus

Proto-Slavic: *matorъ (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: Mātūta, mātūtīnus,

Proto-Celtic: *māros

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -μωρος (-mōros, “great”) (ἐγχεσίμωρος (enkhesímōros), ἰόμωροι (iómōroi), σινάμωρος (sinámōros), ὑλακόμωρος (hulakómōros))

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: (perhaps) ἀμαυρός (amaurós), μαυρός (maurós) (Suggested to mean weak from not great)


Italic:

Latin: mānō

Proto-Celtic: *mānis

Proto-Brythonic: *mọn

Breton: man

Welsh: mawn

Old Irish: móin (“peat, moss”)
Irish: móin
Manx: moain
Scottish Gaelic: mòine

Proto-Germanic: *mōraz (see there for further descendants)


-teros

-teros (nominative singular)
-teroes (nominative plural)
-tere (singular vocative)
-teroes (plural vocative)
-terom (accusative singular)
-teroms (accusative plural)
-terosyo (genitive singular)
-teroHom (genitive plural)
-teread (ablative singular)
-teromos (ablative plural)
-teroey (dative singular)
-teromos (dative plural)
-terey (locative singular)
-teroy (locative singular)
-teroysu (locative plural)
-terōys (instrumental plural)
-terām (accusative singular)
-terom (nominative singular)
-teroy (dual nominative)
-terom (singular vocative)
-teroy (dual vocative)
-teroy (accusative dual)

Proto-Germanic: *-þeraz, *-drê

Proto-Hellenic: *-teros

desc

Ancient Greek: -τερος (-teros), -τερός (-terós)

Greek: -τερος (-teros)

Proto-Italic: *-teros

Latin: -ter (perhaps), -iter (perhaps)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-taras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-taras

Sanskrit: -तर (-tara)

Proto-Iranian: *-tarah

Avestan: -𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 (-tara)

Gurani: تەر (-tar)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: تر (tir)

Northern Kurdish: -tir

Middle Persian: [script needed] (-tar)

Persian: ـتر (-tar)

Zazaki: -yer, -êr

Contrastive or oppositional adjectival suffix.


Proto-Hellenic: *-tāts

Ancient Greek: -της (-tēs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-taHtiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-taHtiṣ

Sanskrit: -ताति (-tāti)

Proto-Iranian: *-taHtiš

Avestan: -𐬙𐬁𐬝 (-tāt̰)

Proto-Italic: *-tāts (see there for further descendants)

Used to form nouns representing state of being


Hreyǵ-

*Hréyǵ-ti ~ *Hriǵ-énti (root athematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: réižti

Proto-Celtic: *rigeti (see there for further descendants)

*Hréyǵ-(h₁)se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: rías- (“stretch out, rule”)

*Hri-ne-ǵ-ti ~ *Hri-n-ǵ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: rìžtì

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrinȷ́áti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrinȷ́áti

Sanskrit: ऋञ्जते (ṛñjáte, “directs, stretches”) (merger?)

*Hroyǵ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *raikijaną (see there for further descendants)


Hreyǵ-

*Hriǵ-é-ti ("tudati"-type root thematic present)

*Hriǵ-yé-ti (ye-deponent)

Proto-Germanic: *rikkijaną

Old High German: *rickēn

Middle High German: ricken (“to bind”)

*Hriǵ-eh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)

Proto-Italic: *rigēō

Latin: rigeō (see there for further descendants)


leg-

*lég-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *lekaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *legeti (“to melt”) (see there for further descendants)

*log-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *lakjaną (see there for further descendants)

*lōg-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *lōkiz (see there for further descendants)

*leg-to-s

Proto-Celtic: *lextos

Proto-Brythonic: *leɨθ

Breton: leizh

Welsh: llaith

Old Armenian: լիճ (lič)

Armenian: լիճ (lič)


*dʰi-né-h₁-ti ~ *dʰi-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *dinati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰinā́ti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰinā́ti

⇒ Sanskrit: धिनोति (dhinoti, “to nourish”)

*dʰh₁-éye-ti (eye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰHáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰHáyati

Sanskrit: धयति (dháyati, “to drink mother's milk, to breastfeed”)

Proto-Iranian:

Ossetian: [script needed] (dæj-, “to suck”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *dojìti (see there for further descendants)

*dʰéh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: դիեմ (diem, “to drink mother's milk”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dêt (“to suck”)

Proto-Germanic: *dēaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θῆσθαι (thêsthai, “to milk out”)

Proto-Italic: *fēmanā

Latin: fēmina (“woman”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fētos

Latin: fētus (“pregnant”)

Proto-Italic: *fētus

Latin: fētus (“offspring”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fēnom

Latin: fēnum (“hay”)

Proto-Italic: *fēnos

Latin: fēnus (“interest (on money)”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θῆλυς (thêlus, “feminine”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θήλεια (thḗleia, “feminine”)

Proto-Italic: *fēlīks

Latin: fēlīx (“happy”)

Proto-Italic: *feiljos (“son”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fēlājō

Latin: fēlō, fellō (“to suck”)

*dʰé-dʰh₁-i (“milk curd”)

Proto-Albanian: *dedi

Albanian: djathë (“cheese”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰádʰHi

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dádʰHi

Sanskrit: दधि (dádhi, “coagulated milk, curd”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *dela

Albanian: djalë (“boy”)

Proto-Albanian: *dailjā

Albanian: dele (“sheep”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դալ (dal, “colostrum”)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dēls (“son”)

Lithuanian: dėlė (“leech”)

Old Prussian: dadan

Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] (“pregnant”)

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: dieni (“with young”)

→ Proto-Finnic: *tiineh (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dēˀtis (“child”)

Proto-Slavic: *dětь (see there for further descendants)

Celtic:

Old Irish: dínu (“lamb”)

Proto-Germanic: *dajjaną (“to suck, suckle”), *dilō (“nipple”), *dijōną (“to suck, suckle”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θηλή (thēlḗ, “teat”), θεῖος (theîos, “uncle”), τίτθη (títthē, “nurse”), τήθη (tḗthē, “grandmother”), Τηθύς (Tēthús)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáynuš

Proto-Iranian: *dáynuš

Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬎 (daēnu)

Northern Kurdish: dê, da, dayik (“mother”)

Middle Persian: dʾyk' (dāyag, “wet nurse”)

Persian: دایه (dâye, “wet nurse”)

→ Old Armenian: դայեակ (dayeak, “wet nurse”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰa(H)inúš (“milch cow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: धान्य (dhānya, “corn”) (see there for further descendants)


mért

mérm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
mérs (indicative second-person singular)
mér (imperative second-person singular)
mr̥dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
méresi (second-person singular subjunctive)
mért (indicative singular third-person)
mértu (imperative singular third-person)
méreti (singular subjunctive third-person)
mr̥wé (dual first-person indicative)
mérowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
mr̥tóm (dual indicative second-person)
mr̥tóm (dual imperative second-person)
méretes (dual second-person subjunctive)
mr̥tā́m (dual indicative third-person)
mr̥tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
méretes (dual subjunctive third-person)
mr̥mé (first-person indicative plural)
méromos (first-person plural subjunctive)
mr̥té (indicative plural second-person)
mr̥té (imperative plural second-person)
mérete (plural second-person subjunctive)
m̥rént (indicative plural third-person)
m̥réntu (imperative plural third-person)
méronti (plural subjunctive third-person)
m̥rónts (indicative participle)
mr̥h₂é (first-person indicative singular)
mr̥só (imperative second-person singular)
mr̥tó (indicative singular third-person)
m̥ró (indicative singular third-person)
méretor (singular subjunctive third-person)
mr̥ró (indicative plural third-person)
m̥rn̥tó (indicative plural third-person)
méroror (plural subjunctive third-person)
mérontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Athematic root aorist of *mer- (“to die”).


*kréwh₂-s ~ *kruh₂-és

*kréwh₂-s ~ *kruh₂-s-és


q

*wer-dʰh₁- (laryngeal deleted per the Lex Schmidt–Hackstein rule)

⇒ *w(V)rdʰh₁om

Proto-Hellenic: *wértʰō

desc

Ancient Greek: ἔρθει (érthei, “utters”, 3s.act.ind.pres.)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*wer-</i> (“to heed”)

>? Proto-Anatolian: *wer(H)idʔeti (or from *wer- (“to heed”))

desc

Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒋾𒄑𒍣 (ú-e-ri-ti-iz-zi /u̯eritit͡si/, “fears, is frightened”, 3sg.pres.act.)

*wérh₁-t ~ *wr̥h₁-ént (athematic root aorist)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒀜 (ú-e-ri-at), 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒀉 (ú-e-ri-et, 3sg.pret.act.)

Palaic: 𒌑𒂊𒅕𒋾 (ú-e-er-ti, 3sg.pret.act.)

(perhaps) Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρρήθην (errhḗthēn)

*wér-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *wéřřā

Ancient Greek: εἴρη (eírē)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ῥητός (rhētós)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: յորջորջեմ (yorǰorǰem)

Old Armenian: (possibly) առաւիր (aṙawir)

Old Armenian: (possibly) վեռ (veṙ)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *vьrati (“to lie”)

Russian: врать (vratʹ)

Proto-Germanic: *wrōgijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wratám (“pledge, vow”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wratám

Sanskrit: व्रत (vratá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *wratám

Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬙𐬀 (uruuāta)


kres-

*krós-e(-ti) (o-grade stative or present)

Proto-Germanic: *hrasaną

⇒? *hrōzaz (“active, stirring”), *hrōzō (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *hrōzijaną (“to stir”) (or from the adjective) (see there for further descendants)

*kros-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *krásīˀtei

>? Proto-Slavic: *krasìti (“to decorate”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *krāsáyati

Proto-Iranian: *krāsáyati

⇒? *fra-krāsáyati

𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬑𐬭𐬃𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀

𐬟𐬭𐬁-𐬑𐬭𐬃𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀

⇒ Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬁-𐬑𐬭𐬃𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀 (frā-xrā̊ŋhaiia, “to be shocked”)

*krós-neh₂ ~ *kr̥s-néh₂-s

⇒ *kros-néh₂

Proto-Germanic: *hraznō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kros-nós

<i class="Latn mention" lang="sqj-pro">*krasna</i> >

Proto-Albanian: (*krasna >) *krāna

Albanian: krua

Proto-Hellenic: *krosnós

Ancient Greek: κρουνός (krounós)

⇒ *kŕ̥s-neh₂

<i class="Latn mention" lang="grk-pro">*krə́snā</i> >

Proto-Hellenic: (*krə́snā >) *krásnā

Aeolic Greek: κράννᾱ (kránnā)

Attic Greek: κρήνη (krḗnē)

Doric Greek: κρᾱ́νᾱ (krā́nā)


*-h₃ō, *-h₃onh₂- (possibly)

*h₃énh₂-o or *h₃e-h₃nóh₂-ey

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄩𒀭𒈾𒄿 (ḫa-an-na-i, “to judge; to sue, charge”)

Northern Luri:

Northern Luri: هِنا کِردِن (hena kerden, “to call”)

*h₃néh₃-mn̥ (“name”) (possibly)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὄνομαι (ónomai, “impugn, quarrel with”)

to call, summon; to assign (to a role or task) ?


h₃énh₂ōs (nominative plural)
h₃énh₂ōs (plural vocative)
h₃énh₂ōs (accusative plural)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hánas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hánas

Sanskrit: अनस् (ánas, “heavy cart; mother; birth; offspring”)

Proto-Italic: *onos

Latin: onus (see there for further descendants)

From *h₃enh₂- (“to onerate; to charge”) + *-os.


Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀνοστός (onostós)

Proto-Italic: *onostos

Latin: onustus

From the noun *h₃énh₂os (“load; burden”).


-wē

(possibly) Proto-Germanic: *-u

Proto-Hellenic: *ḗ-we (< *h₁ḗ-we), *ē-wé (< *h₁ē-wé)

Ancient Greek: ἤ (ḗ), ἠέ (ēé)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-wā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *-we

Latin: -ve

Proto-Tocharian: *wā

Tocharian A: pat

Tocharian B: wat

ceu

Proto-Italic: *keiwe (< *ḱe (“here”) + *(h₁)i-we)


-Hō

-Hō (nominative singular)
-Hones (nominative plural)
-Hon (singular vocative)
-Hones (plural vocative)
-Honm̥ (accusative singular)
-Honm̥s (accusative plural)
-Hnés (genitive singular)
-HnóHom (genitive plural)
-Hnés (ablative singular)
-Hn̥mós (ablative plural)
-Hnéy (dative singular)
-Hn̥mós (dative plural)
-Hén (locative singular)
-Héni (locative singular)
-Hn̥sú (locative plural)
-Hn̥mís (instrumental plural)
-Hon (nominative singular)
-Hō (nominative plural)
-Hō (plural vocative)
-Hon (accusative singular)
-Hō (accusative plural)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -ων (-ōn), -ών (-ṓn)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan

Sanskrit: -अन् (-an)

Italic:

Latin: -ō (see there for further descendants)

Derives adjectives, nouns indicating possession, denoting burden, authority.

-ηδών

melting away, consumption; pain, suffering

e.g. τηκεδών (tēkedṓn; ), ἀλγηδών (algēdṓn, )

-𐌾𐍉

e.g. 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉 (garunjō; ), 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌾𐍉 (gatimrjō, ), 𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌾𐍉 (sakjō, )


q

*neyH- (with metathesis of *-y- extension and the laryngeal)

*(s)néh₁- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *nēaną (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νέω (néō)

Proto-Italic: *nēō

Latin: neō

Proto-Celtic: *sniyeti

Middle Breton: nezaff

Old Irish: sníid

Welsh: nyddu

Proto-Celtic: *snīman

Old Irish: sním

Irish: sníomh

Proto-Germanic: *nēþlō (“needle”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)néH-tr̥ (perhaps)

Proto-Hellenic: *nḗtron

desc

Ancient Greek: νῆτρον (nêtron, “spindle”)

*sneh₁-ye-ti (perhaps)

>? Sanskrit: स्नायति (snāyati, “to clothe”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nī́ˀtis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *snātos

Proto-Brythonic: *nọd

Old Breton: notenn

Middle Breton: neut

Breton: neud

Old Irish: snáth

Irish: snáth

Proto-Celtic: *natus (“poem”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *snōdō (“string; rope”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *snutja

Albanian: nus

Proto-Slavic: *snopъ (“sheaf, bundle”) (see there for further descendants)


*bʰleh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *blējaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *flēō

Latin: fleō

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *blētijaną (see there for further descendants)


*bʰleh₁- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *blēaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *flāō

Latin: flō (underlying /flā/-) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰléh₁-s- (sigmatic aorist or desiderative)

Proto-Germanic: *blēsaną (“to blow”) (see there for further descendants)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰleh₁-dʰreh₂-n</i>?

Proto-Germanic: *blēdrǭ (“bladder; swelling”) (< *bʰleh₁-dʰreh₂-n?) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *flāðrom

Latin: flābrum (“wind”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *flāmən

Latin: flāmen (“gust, wind”)

Proto-Albanian: *(s)blèwsa

Albanian: flluskë

From *bʰel- (“to blow”) + *-eh₁-.
This may be a specialization of the root for "to cry". LIV reconstructs a single root meaning "to howl".


Proto-Italic: *spēs (see there for further descendants)

From *speh₁- (“to succeed, to prosper”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


*spéh₁-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *spḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spaHti

desc

Proto-Iranian: *spaHti (“to satisfy, eat one’s fill”)

Northeastern Iranian:

Ossetian:

Digor: ӕфсадун (æfsadun), ӕфсад (æfsad, “to nourish”)

Iron: ӕфсадын (æfsadyn), ӕфсад (æfsad, “to nourish”)

Southeastern Iranian:

Khotanese: [script needed] (spaiye, “to satisfy, be satisfied”)

Sarikoli: [script needed] (spon-) / [script needed] (spond, “to fill, replenish”)

Yazghulami: [script needed] (s(ə)pā̆n-) / [script needed] (s(ə)pā̆nt, “to saturate”)

*sph₁-óy-ey ~ *sph₁-y-énti

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (√išpai-ⁱ / √išpi, “to get full, to be filled, to be satiated”):

𒅖𒉺𒀀𒄿 (iš-pa-a-i, 3sg.pres.act.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spʰā́yati (or rather *spʰáHyati < *sph₁-éh₁-ye-ti)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spʰā́yati

Sanskrit: स्फायते (sphā́yate, “to grow fat, become bulky, swell, increase, expand”)

*spóh₁-e-ti (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *spōaną (see there for further descendants)

*spōdiz (see there for further descendants) (< + *-diz)

Latin: spēs (see there for further descendants)

*sph₁-rós (“thriving”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spʰirás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spʰirás

Sanskrit: स्फिर (sphirá, “fat”)

Proto-Italic: *pro-sparos

Latin: prosperus (“prosperous, successful”)

Proto-Slavic: *sporъ (“abundant, lavish”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *swespats

Latin: sospes (“safe and sound”)

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Albanian: *spukja

Albanian: fuqi, (archaic) fuki


speḱ-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spać-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spaś-

Sanskrit: स्पश् (spaś)

Proto-Iranian: *spac-

Bactrian: σπισ- (spis-), ασπισ- (aspis-), σαπισ- (sapis-)

Khotanese: [script needed] (spāśś-, “to look”)

Parthian: 𐫙𐫘𐫛 (ʿsp)

Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾspʾyš), [script needed] (ʾspyš), [script needed] (spyš), [script needed] (spxš)

Proto-Tocharian: *päk-

*spéḱ-e-ti (thematic e-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spáćati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spáśati

Sanskrit: स्पशति (spáśati)

Proto-Iranian: *spácati

Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬴𐬌𐬙𐬌 (spaṣ̌iti, “sight; protection”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (spāśś, “look”)

Bactrian: σπασο (spaso /spās/, “service”), ασπασο (aspaso /əspās/)

Sogdian: (/(ə)spās/, “service, worship, respect”)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘 (ʾspʾs), 𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘 (spʾs)

Sogdian script: [script needed] (ʾspʾs), [script needed] (spʾs)

Syriac script: ܐܣܦܐܣ (ʾspʾs), ܣܦܐܣ (spʾs)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: سپاس (spas), سوپاس (supas)

Northern Kurdish: spas

Southern Kurdish: سِپاس (sipas)

Parthian: (/(a)spās/, “service”)

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭎𐭐𐭎𐭉 (spsy)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘 (ʾspʾs)

Middle Persian: (/(i)spās/, “service; thanks, gratitude”)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭮𐭩 (spʾsy)

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘 (ʿspʾs)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (spʾs)

*spéḱ-ye-ti (ye-present)

*spḱ-néw-ti ~ *spḱ-n̥w-énti (*new-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spaćnáwti

Proto-Iranian: *spacnáwti

Old Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬱𐬥𐬎𐬚𐬁 (spašnuθā, 2pl.pres.ind.)

*spḗḱ-s-t ~ *spéḱ-s-n̥t (*s-perfective)

Proto-Hellenic: *éskēpset

Ancient Greek: σκέψατο (sképsato)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háspāćšt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háspāṭṣat

Sanskrit: अस्पष्ट (áspaṣṭa)

Proto-Italic: *speksai

Latin: spexī

*spéḱ-eh₂-ti (eh₂-present)

Proto-Germanic: *spehōną (see there for further descendants)

*spoḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Hellenic: *skopéyō

Ancient Greek: σκοπέω (skopéō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spāćáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spāśáyati

Sanskrit: स्पाशयति (spāśáyati)

*spéḱ-s ~ *spḱ-és

*speḱ-u-s

Proto-Italic: *spekus

Latin: specus

Proto-Italic: *spekjēs

Latin: speciēs

*spoḱ-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *spokós

Ancient Greek: σκοπός (skopós)

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *spahō
Proto-West Germanic: *spehu
Old Saxon: *speha
Middle Low German: *spē
Low German: spee
Old Dutch: *spia
Middle Dutch: spie
Dutch: spie, spee, spij (dialectal)
Old High German: speha
Middle High German: spehe, spē
German: Spähe
Proto-Norse: ᛋᛒᛡ (sbᴀ)
Old Norse: spá
Icelandic: spá

Proto-Hellenic: *skopā́

Ancient Greek: σκοπή (skopḗ)

*spéḱ-mn̥

Proto-Italic: *spekmen

Latin: specimen (inserted i)

*spéḱ-tis

Proto-Hellenic: *sképtis

Ancient Greek: σκέψις (sképsis)

*spḱ-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spaštás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spaṣṭás

Sanskrit: स्पष्ट (spaṣṭá)

Proto-Iranian: *spaštáh

Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬀 (auuispašta)

Parthian: 𐫙𐫘𐫛𐫏𐫢𐫤 (ʿspyšt)

Proto-Italic: *spektos

Latin: spectus

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌐𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌓𐌄 (speture, dat.sg.)

*spéḱ-tḗr

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spáštā

Proto-Iranian: *spáštā

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬀𐬭 (spaštar, “protector, guardian; seer”)

*spéḱ-tro-m

Proto-Italic: *spektrom

Latin: spectrum

*spéḱ-tlo-m

Proto-Italic: *spektlom

Latin: speculum, specula


*kh₂n-é-ti ~ kh₂n-ó-nti (tudati-type thematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *kaneti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kanō (see there for further descendants)

*kéh₂n-mn̥ (“song”)

Proto-Italic: *kanmen

Latin: carmen (with dissimilation) (see there for further descendants)

*ke-koh₂n- (“stork”)

Proto-Italic: *kikōniā

Latin: cicōnia (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kantlom (“song”) (see there for further descendants)

Lithuanian: kanklės (“string musical instrument”)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *kaňa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hanô (“rooster”), *hanjō (“hen”), *hōnaz (“fowl”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: καναχέω (kanakhéō), καναχή (kanakhḗ), ἠικανός (ēikanós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kanati (or rather *karnati)

Proto-Iranian: *kanati

Northern Kurdish: xwendin

Persian: خواندن (xândan)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kanati (or rather *karnati)

Sanskrit: कणति (kaṇati)

Proto-Tocharian: *kene (“melody, tune”) (see there for further descendants)


dʰéh₁mn̥

dʰéh₁mn̥ (nominative singular)
dʰéh₁mō (collective nominative)
dʰéh₁mn̥ (singular vocative)
dʰéh₁mō (collective vocative)
dʰéh₁mn̥ (accusative singular)
dʰéh₁mō (accusative collective)
dʰh₁m̥néh₁ (collective instrumental)

Proto-Celtic: *demenis (possibly)

desctree

Old Irish: demin
Irish: deimhin
Scottish Gaelic: deimhinn

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰḗmə, *tʰḗmōn (< collective)

desc

Ancient Greek: θῆμᾰ (thêma), θημών (thēmṓn), εὐθήμων (euthḗmōn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáHmā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰáHmā

Sanskrit: धामन् (dhā́man)

Proto-Iranian: *dáHmā

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬥 (dāman), 𐬛𐬁𐬨𐬄𐬥 (dāmąn) (< collective)

Middle Persian: dʾm (dām) (< collective)

Proto-Italic: *fāmen

Oscan: 𐌚𐌀𐌀𐌌𐌀 (faama)

From *dʰeh₁- (“put, place”) + *-mn̥ (action or result suffix).


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰáwō

Ancient Greek: φαῦω (phaûō), φάω (pháō)

Proto-Italic: *fāwēō?

Latin: faveō

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰawétʰō

Ancient Greek: φᾰέθω (phaéthō)

Proto-Hellenic: *pipʰáwskō

Ancient Greek: πιφαύσκω (piphaúskō)

*bʰéh₂-w-os ~ *bʰéh₂-w-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰáwos

Ancient Greek: φαῦος (phaûos), φάος (pháos)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰawehnós

Ancient Greek: φάεννος (pháennos), φαεινός (phaeinós), φαείνω (phaeínō)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰáwtis

Ancient Greek: φαῦσις (phaûsis)

*bʰéh₂-ti ~ *bʰh₂-énti (athematic root present)

Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: φάντα (phánta, “shining”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáHti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰh₂-n-yé-ti (innovative nasal-infix zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Albanian: *banja

Albanian: bënj, bëj, bâj

(probably) Armenian:

Old Armenian: բանամ (banam) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰáňňō

Ancient Greek: φαίνω (phaínō) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéh₂-ti-s ~ *bʰh₂-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰátis

Ancient Greek: φάσις (phásis), φάτις (phátis) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéh₂-os ~ *bʰéh₂-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáHas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *βās

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*dyew-bʰéh₂-os</i>

⇒ *dju-βās (< *dyew-bʰéh₂-os)

desc

Latin: iubar (“celestial light, splendor”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáHmas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *bānos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bōnaz

Proto-West Germanic: *bōn (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáHnas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáHnas

Sanskrit: भान (bhā́na)

Proto-Iranian: *báHnah

Ossetian: бон (bon, “day”)

Sarikoli: [script needed] (vuyn, “light, radiance”)

Wakhi: [script needed] (voyn, “fire, light”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaHnúš (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *bandwijaną

Proto-Germanic: *bandwǭ

Proto-Germanic: *baukną

Sanskrit: प्सु (psú, “aspect, appearance, form”)


*bʰn̥h₂-é-ti (innovative nasal-infixed zero-grade thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰánati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰánati

Vedic Sanskrit: भनति (bhánati) (see there for further descendants)

bʰh₂-néw-ti ~ bʰh₂-n̥w-énti (innovative nasal-infixed zero-grade athematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *bannaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰā́mā

Ancient Greek: φήμη (phḗmē)

Proto-Italic: *fāmā

Latin: fāma (“fame”)

*bʰéh₂-os ~ *bʰéh₂-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáHšaH (or from *bʰels-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáHṣaH

Sanskrit: भाषा (bhā́ṣā) (see there for further descendants), भाषति (bhā́ṣati)

Proto-Italic: *fās

Latin: fās

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰōnā́

Ancient Greek: φωνή (phōnḗ, “voice”)

Ancient Greek: φῆμις (phêmis)

Ancient Greek: φῆμα (phêma)

Old Armenian: բան (ban),

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bāˀnis

Proto-Slavic: *basnь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bōniz (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: φάσκω (pháskō)

*bʰéh₂-ti-s ~ *bʰh₂-téy-s

Armenian:

Old Armenian: բայ (bay)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰátis

Ancient Greek: φάσις (phásis), φάτις (phátis)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰatós

Ancient Greek: φατός (phatós)

Proto-Italic: *fatos

Latin: fātus

⇒ Proto-Italic: *fatēōr

Latin: fateor

*bʰéh₂-tu-s ~ *bʰh₂-téw-s

Proto-Italic: *fātus

Latin: fātus

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bāˀdlis

Proto-Slavic: *badli

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: բառ (baṙ, “word, language, speech”), բանկն (bankn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bāˀjakāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *bajьka (“fable”)


Proto-Armenian: *fon-

Old Armenian: հուն (hun)

Middle Armenian: հուն (hun)

Armenian: հուն (hun)

→ Georgian: ფონი (poni)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pántis (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *ɸontā
⇒ Gaulish: Eluontiu (dat. sg.) (compounded with the reflex of *ɸelus (“many”))
Celtiberian: otai (dat./loc. sg.) (following Prosper's reading; the word has also been read as the unintelligible oboi)

Proto-Hellenic: *póntos

desc

Ancient Greek: πόντος (póntos), πάτος (pátos)

Greek: πόντος (póntos), πάτος (pátos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pántaHs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ponts

Latin: pōns

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: *päntā (“road-master”)


Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: stomuõ (< collective)

Proto-Germanic: *stōmô

Proto-Hellenic: *stā́mə

Ancient Greek: στῆμᾰ (stêma)

Proto-Hellenic: *stā́mōn (< collective)

Ancient Greek: στήμων (stḗmōn), Doric στᾱ́μων (stā́mōn)

Ancient Greek: στάμνος (stámnos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰáHma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰáHma

Sanskrit: स्थामन् (sthā́man)

Proto-Iranian: *stʰáHma

Classical Persian: ستام (sitām, “trappings of horse; threshold”), استام (istām)

Proto-Italic: *stāmen

Latin: stāmen

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: ṣtām

Tocharian B: stām

From *steh₂- (“stand”) + *-mn̥ (action or result nominal suffix).


ǵʰeh₁-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰHnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰHnás

Sanskrit: हीन (hīná) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰé-ǵʰeh₁-ti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κιχάνω (kikhánō)

desc

*ȷ́ʰáȷ́ʰaHti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáȷ́ʰaHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áźʰaHti

Sanskrit: जहाति (jáhāti)

Proto-Iranian: *jájaHti

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬰𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zazāⁱti)

*ǵʰḗh₁-s-t ~ *ǵʰéh₁-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ʰāHst

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáźʰāHst

q

later: <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अहासीत्</i> (áhāsīt)

Sanskrit: अहास् (áhās) (later: अहासीत् (áhāsīt))

*ǵʰéh₁-t ~ *ǵʰh₁-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ʰaHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáźʰaHt

Sanskrit: अहात् (áhāt)

*ǵʰh₁-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *gāną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: ngah


leyp-

*léyp-os ~ *léyp-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráypas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ráypas

desc

Sanskrit: रेपस् (répas, “dirty spot, stain”)

*leyp-ó-m

>? Proto-Germanic: *lībą (see there for further descendants)

*li-né-p-ti ~ *li-m-p-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *limpáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *limpáti

Sanskrit: लिम्पति (limpáti, “to smear, pollute”) (see there for further descendants)

*lip-yé-ti (yé-present)

>? Proto-Germanic: *libjaną (“to live, be alive”) (see there for further descendants)

*loyp-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *laip-

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: lipìnti, láipioti

Proto-Slavic: *lěpiti (“to smear, stick”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *laibijaną (“leave behind”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bilaibijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *laypáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *laypáyati

Sanskrit: लेपयति (lepáyati, “to smear”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: làipa (“footbridge”)

Slavic:

Polish: lepa (“slush”)

Proto-Germanic: *laibō (“that which remains”) (see there for further descendants)

*loyp-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *lě̑pъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *láypas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *láypas

Sanskrit: लेप (lepa)

*lip-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: lipaĩ (“glue, adhesive”)

Proto-Hellenic: *lípos

Ancient Greek: λίπος (lípos, “fat”)

Greek: λίπος (lípos)

*lip-nó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: lipnùs (“sticky, adhesive; sociable, likable, friendly”)

Proto-Italic: *lipnos

>? Latin: lippus (“dripping; festering; watery-eyed, drowsy”)

*lip-ró-s

*lip-r-éh₂ f

>? Proto-Germanic: *librō (“liver”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *riprás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *riprás

Sanskrit: रिप्र (riprá-, “dirt, impurity, stain; dirty, filthy, vile, bad”)

*lip-tó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: lìptas (“footbridge”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *liptás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *liptás

Sanskrit: लिप्त (liptá-, “smeared”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *riptás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *riptás

Sanskrit: रिप्त (riptá-, “stuck, adhering, smeared”)

*lip-ú-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lipus

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: lipùs (“sticky”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ripúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ripúṣ

Sanskrit: रिपु (ripú-, “fraudulent, deceitful, treacherous”)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: lipt, laipns

Proto-Slavic: *lьnǫti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *lībaną (with unexpected voiced Verner alternant) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bilībaną (see there for further descendants)

Germanic: (possibly) *ainalif (“eleven”, literally “one left”), *twalif (“twelve”, literally “two left”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λίπα (lípa, “richly”)

Ancient Greek: λιπαίνω (lipaínō, “to oil, anoint, lubricate, enrich”), λιπάω (lipáō)

Ancient Greek: λιπαρός (liparós, “fatty, rich, oily, greasy, lubricated, shiny”)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: लेपन (lepana, “smearing; liniment, oil; fat, flesh, meat”)

Sanskrit: लेपिन् (lepin, “smearing”)

Sanskrit: लिपि (lipi, “smear(ing); painting, drawing, writing”)

Sanskrit: लिप्यते (lipyate, “to be stuck, attached, smeared (onto)”)

Sanskrit: रिप् (rip, “deceit, injury; deceiver, injurer, enemy”)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: lip (“remain”)

Often supposed to be an extension of *ley-, *(s)ley- (“to slip, slide, glide; slimy”).


desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wīˀtis
East Baltic:
Lithuanian: vytìs (“twig”)
Proto-Slavic: *vitь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *weitis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wiþiz

Proto-Italic: *wītis

Latin: vītis

Ancient Greek: ἰτέα (itéa, “willow”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գի (gi, “juniper”)
Armenian: (literary) գի (gi), (Zeitun) գՙէ (gʻē), (Pingan) գՙի (gʻi, “cypress”)
→ Georgian: გია (gia)
⇒ Old Armenian: *գիհենի (*giheni) (with the botanical suffix -ենի (-eni))
Armenian: կէ՛նի (kḗni) — Lori, կէ՛նէ (kḗnē) — Karabakh, իգէ՛նէ (igḗnē) — Karadagh

→? Proto-Kartvelian: *ɣwiw- (“juniper”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waytasás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waytasás

desc

Sanskrit: वेतस (vetasá, “Calamus rotang or another kind of similar reed”), वेत्र (vétra, “a big kind of Calamus”), वैतस (vaitasá)

Proto-Iranian: *waytaháh

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬌 (vaēti, “willow”)

Hawramî: ۋیکۆڵ (ʋīkɔł, “willow”)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: bî (“willow”)

Central Kurdish: بی (bî, “willow”)

Southern Kurdish: ڤێ (vê, “willow”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (wyt /wēd/, “willow”)

Persian: بید (bid)

→ Northern Kurdish: bîd

Ossetian:

Digor: уедагӕ (wedagæ), едагӕ (edagæ, “root”)

Iron: уи́даг (wídag)

Pashto: وله (wala, “willow”)

Zazaki: vîyale (“willow”)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

From *weh₁y- (“to twine, wind”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).
The reconstruction of the underlying root is heavily debated. Beekes, De Vaan, and Derksen all reconstruct *weh₁i-, each using the oblique, zero-grade stem (*uh₁i-ti-) as the etymon for the Hellenic, Italic, and Balto-Slavic branches respectively. Fortson agrees that the oblique, zero-grade stems of many nouns in *-tis and *-tus were generalized in Indo-Aryan, Hellenic, and many other branches. Other examples include:
* *bʰértis > *bʰŕ̥tis → Old Armenian բարդ (bard), Celtic *britis (Old Irish brith, Middle Welsh bryd), Germanic *burþiz, Italic *forts (Latin fors), Sanskrit भृति (bhr̥tí)
* *pértus > *pŕ̥tus → Celtic *ɸritus (Brythonic *rrɨd), Germanic *furduz, Iranian *pr̥tuš (Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬎 (pər^ətu)), Italic *portus
Matasović instead reconstructs *weyh₁-, pointing out that, in Celtic, a laryngeal is lost after the diphthong -ey- and before a consonant (/eyHC/ → /eyC/) and also that -ey- regularly becomes -ē-. However, given the evidence of other Celtic nouns derived from *-tis and *-tus (*bʰértis > *britis, *ǵéwstus > *gustus, *pértus > *ɸritus), Celtic also appears to favor the zero-grade for these nouns, making the reconstruction *wéyh₁tis untenable. It is unclear whether *uh₁ítis regularly gives Celtic *wētis, but *wih₁-, the zero-grade of *weyh₁-, certainly would not.
The LIV in turn reconstructs *wyeh₁- for the verbs meaning “to wrap, twine” (Latin vieō, Sanskrit व्ययति (vyáyati), Slavic *viti); though De Vaan rejects this proposal.


h₁én

Old Albanian: ën-

Albanian: n-

Albanian: m- (before labials)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ի (i) / յ- (y-)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *in (< zero-grade *h₁n̥)

Old Prussian: ēn

Latvian: iekša (< *en-styā-s)

Lithuanian: į, in (dialectal)

Proto-Slavic: *vъ(n) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *en (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *en

Ancient Greek: ἐν (en)

Arcadocypriot Greek: ἰν (in)

Proto-Italic: *en (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: -an

Tocharian B: -ne

Proto-Tocharian: *e(n)- (“intensifier”)

Tocharian A: a(n)-

Tocharian B: e(n)-

>? Proto-Slavic: *ędro

kernel; see there for further descendants

अण्ड

egg, testicle; see there for further descendants

eni

*h₁én-i (< h₁én + *-i (locative suffix))

⇒ Primitive Irish: ᚔᚅᚔᚌᚓᚅᚐ

daughter; see there for further descendants

enî

Proto-Iranian: *HániHkah; Northern Kurdish

enech

Primitive Irish: ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐᚌᚂᚐᚄ (ineqa-glas); Old Irish

instran

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *intró (“liver”); Old Prussian

ę̄trò

liver; see there for further descendants

अन्त्र

intestine; see there for further descendants

nurþraz

>? *h₁ner-ó-s (“inner, under”) (< loc.sg. *h₁nér(i))

նի-

*h₁n-í (“down”) (< "inside"); Old Armenian

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *vъnǭtrьnъ

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *vъnǫtrь (“inside, within”) (*vъn- (“in”) + *ǫtrь) (see there for further descendants)


ḱel-

*ḱley-

*ḱél-e-ti (thematic root present)

*ḱl̥-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *huljaną (see there for further descendants)

*ḱél-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁e-present)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *haldaną (“to hold, to keep”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱél-mn̥

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćárma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śárma

Sanskrit: शर्मन् (śárman)

*ḱél-mō

Proto-Germanic: *helmô (see there for further descendants)

*ḱel-mos

Proto-Germanic: *helmaz (“helmet”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱel-nó- ~ *ḱol-nó-

Proto-Germanic: *hallō (“hall”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kelnā

Latin: cella (see there for further descendants)

*ḱēl-is

Proto-Germanic: *hēliz (“deceitful”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱél-ōs ~ *ḱél-es-

Proto-Germanic: *hulisō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kelōs (“outside, aspect”)

Latin: color (see there for further descendants)

*ḱol-es-o-

desctree

Ancient Greek: κολεός (koleós), κουλεός (kouleós)
Greek: κολεός (koleós)
→ Latin: cōleus (see there for further descendants)

*ḱel-yo-

Proto-Germanic: *haljō (“netherworld”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *keljom

Latin: cilium (“eyelid”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *klām

Latin: clam (“secretly”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Baltic:

Old Prussian: kelmis

Lithuanian: šálmas

Proto-Germanic: [Term?] (“to conceal”)

Old English: *hellan, helian

Middle English: helen (merger with helan)

English: hele, heel

Scots: heil

Old Frisian: *hella, *hiella (attested in bihella, bihiella (“to cover, hide”))

Old Saxon: hellian (bihellian)

Old High German: hellen

Middle High German: *heln (attested in entheln (“to uncover”))

>? Proto-Germanic: *hallō (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: καλύπτω (kalúptō), Καλυψώ (Kalupsṓ), καλύβη (kalúbē), κέλυφος (kéluphos), κελέβη (kelébē), κάλπις (kálpis)

Greek: καλύπτω (kalýpto), καλύβι (kalývi), καλύβα (kalýva), κέλυφος (kélyfos), κάλπη (kálpi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćaranás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śaranás

Sanskrit: शरण (śaraṇá)

Proto-Iranian: *caranáh

>? Persian: سرمه (sorme)

Latin: cālīgō (see there for further descendants)

Latin: cēlō (see there for further descendants)


ḱel-

*ḱley-

*ḱlew-

*h₂eus-ḱl̥-t-eh₂-ye-ti (thematic ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *auskoltāō

Latin: auscultō (see there for further descendants)

*ḱól-to-s

Proto-Germanic: *halþaz (see there for further descendants)

*ḱl̥-tó-s

Proto-Germanic: *hulþaz (see there for further descendants)

*ḱól-i-s

Proto-Baltic:

Lithuanian: šalìs

Latvian: salis


Proto-Hellenic: *newotāts

Ancient Greek: νεότης (neótēs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náwataH (< *newéteh₂)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *náwataH

Sanskrit: नवता (návatā)

Proto-Italic: *nowotāts

Latin: novitās (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *niwiþō (< *newéteh₂) (see there for further descendants)

From the adjective *néwos (“new”) + *-teh₂ts.


Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: πήγνυμι (pḗgnumi, “I secure, fasten”)

*ph₂ǵ-éh₂ye-ti (iterative or causative verb with *-eh₂yéti)

Italic:

⇒ Latin: prōpāgō

*ph₂-né-ǵ- ~ *ph₂-n̥-ǵ- (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *pangō

Latin: pangō (“I fasten, fix”) (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: pactus

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάγη (págē)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πῆγμα (pêgma)

Italic:

⇒ Latin: prōpagmen

Proto-Germanic: *faką (“enclosure, section”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pāgos

Latin: pāgus (“district, region”)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pazъ (see there for further descendants)

*péh₂ǵ-s (nomen actionis)

Hellenic:

⇒? Ancient Greek: ἅπαξ (hápax)

Proto-Italic: *pākslā

Latin: pāla

Proto-Italic: *pākslos

Latin: pālus (“stake, pole”)

Proto-Italic: *pākslolos

Latin: paxillus

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάχνη (pákhnē)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάσσαλος (pássalos)

→ Latin: pessulus

Italic:

⇒ Latin: repāgulum

(possibly) *ph₂ǵ-sth₂-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հաստ (hast)

Proto-Germanic: *fastuz (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *postъ (“fasting”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *en-pāginja

Albanian: mpij (“to benumb”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: աստեմ (astem, “to look for a bride; ask in marriage”)

Celtic:

Welsh: aelod (“a member”)

Italic:

Latin: pāgina (“page, sheet”)

⇒ Latin: compāgēs, prōpāgēs

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάγος (págos, “cliff, peak”), πάσσαλος (pássalos) (perhaps), πηγή (pēgḗ) (perhaps), πηγός (pēgós)


wed-

*u-né-d-ti ~ *u-n-d-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *unátˢti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *unátti

Sanskrit: उनत्ति (unátti, “to wet”)

⇒? Proto-Italic: *undā

Latin: unda (“wave”)

⇒? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wandō (“water”) (see there for further descendants)

*wod-sḱé-ti (o-grade sḱe-present)

Proto-Germanic: *waskaną (“to wash”) (see there for further descendants)

*wēd-o-s (“wet”)

Proto-Germanic: *wētaz

*wód-r̥ ~ *wéd-n̥-s (“water”)

*ud-ri-s

Proto-Italic: *udri-

q

or via Etruscan from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ὑδρία</i> (hudría)

Latin: uter (“leather bag”) (or via Etruscan from Ancient Greek ὑδρία (hudría))

*wed-ro-m

Proto-Italic: *wedrom

Latin: vitrum (“glass”)

*ud-ró-s (“otter”)

*wéd-os ~ *wéd-es-os (“water”)

Old Armenian: գետ (get, “river”)

Unsorted formations:

Illyrian: *adur

Indo-Aryan

Sanskrit: उद्र (udra, “water”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬌 (vaⁱδi, “watercourse”)

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (vaⁱri, “lake”)

→ Middle Persian: (/war/, “lake”)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wl)

Avestan: 𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬀 (aoδa, “water spring”)

→ Middle Persian: (/ōdāy/, “water spring”) (just in some Zend texts)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾwdʾd)

Avestan: 𐬎𐬯𐬀 (usa, “well”)

Possibly related to Proto-Uralic *wete, the source of Finnish vesi and Hungarian víz. The nature of the relationship is unclear and controversial; the word may have been borrowed from Proto-Indo-European into Proto-Uralic, or the reverse. A minority of linguists suggests a common origin from an even earlier proto-language, Indo-Uralic, but this is not generally accepted.
In Proto-Indo-European, the active elemental *wed- (“water”) was contrasted with the passive *h₂ep- (“body of water”), similar to the opposition of the active "fire" *h₁n̥gʷnis with the passive *péh₂wr̥.


*bʰléh₃-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *blōaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰléh₃-mō ~ *bʰl̥h₃-m̥n-és

Proto-Germanic: *blōmô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *flōs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *blōdiz, *blēdiz (“blossom, sprout”)

Proto-West Germanic: *blōdi, *blādi

desctree

Old English: blēd, blǣd
Middle English: blede, bled
English: blead
Scots: bleed

Old High German: bluot

Middle High German: bluot

⇒ Middle High German: blüete (plural)

German: Blüte (singular)

Proto-Celtic: *blātus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bladą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: pält

Tocharian B: pilta

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φῠ́λλον (phúllon) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: folium (see there for further descendants)

>? *bʰl̥h₃rós

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: फुल्ल (phulla) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: բող (boł), բողիկ (bołik) (see there for further descendants)

Old Armenian: բողբոջ (bołboǰ)
Armenian: բողբոջ (bołboǰ)
Middle Armenian: բողբուճ (bołbuč), բողբոճ (bołboč)


les-

*lés-ti ~ *l̥s-énti (athematic root present) or *léseti (thematic root present)

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒇷𒅖𒊭𒀭𒍣 (li-iš-ša-an-zi /liššanzi/, 3pl.pres.act.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lestei

Latvian: lest

Lithuanian: lèsti

Proto-Germanic: *lesaną

?*los-éye-ti (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: lasýti


strengʰ-

*strongʰ-éye-ti

Proto-Germanic: *strangijaną (see there for further descendants)

*strongʰ-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *strangas

Latvian: strangs (“brave, brisk, fresh”)

Proto-Germanic: *strangaz (see there for further descendants)

*strn̥gʰ-os

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: στραγγός (strangós)

*strongʰ-is

Proto-Germanic: *strangiz (see there for further descendants)

Possibly related to *sterh₃- (“to spread, to extend”).


Proto-Germanic: *helą

Old Norse: hjal (“babbling, chit-chat”)

⇒ Icelandic: hjala (“to babble”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *krándati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *krándati

Sanskrit: क्रन्दति (krándati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *klándati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *klándati

Sanskrit: क्लन्दति (klandati)

Proto-Hellenic: *kəlḗyō

Ancient Greek: καλέω (kaléō)

Proto-Italic: *kalēō

Latin: kalendae

Proto-Germanic: *halōną, *hulōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kalāō

Latin: calō

*kel-yo-

Proto-Italic: *keliom

Latin: (con)cilium

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κληδών (klēdṓn)

Proto-Italic: *klāssis

Latin: classis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: աքաղաղ (akʻałał), ագաղաղ (agałał), այգաղաղ (aygałał), աքալալ (akʻalal)
→ Armenian: աքաղաղ (akʻałał)
⇒ Armenian: աքլոր (akʻlor)

Proto-Italic: *klāros

Latin: clārus (“loud, clear”) (see there for further descendants)

*kl̥h₁-meh₂ (?)

Proto-Italic: *klāmā

⇒ Latin: clāmō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: clāmōsus

Proto-Germanic: *hlōaną (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kel- (with s mobile)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: skaļš (“loud, noisy”)

desc

Lithuanian: skãlyti (“to bark, roar, yell, whine”), skalùs (“loud, (of a dog) often barking”), skalìkas (“hound”), kalė̃ (“bitch”)

Russian: скули́ть (skulítʹ, “to whine”)

Proto-Germanic: *skellaną

Middle Dutch: scellen

Old High German: skellan

Alemannic German: schälle

German: schellen (“to sound”)

Old Norse: skjalla (“to clash, clatter”) ⇒ skjallr (“loud”)

Icelandic: skella (“to crash, bang”), skjalla (“to flatter”)

Proto-Germanic: *skaljaną (causative)

Old English: scillen

Old High German: skellen (“to make sound”)

Middle High German: schellen

Old Norse: skella

Icelandic: skella (“to slamp, slap”)

Norwegian: skjelle (“to scold”)

Proto-Germanic:

Old High German: scal

Middle High German: schal

German: Schall (“sound, clang”)

Middle Dutch: scal

Dutch: schal (“a resonating sound or noise”)

Swedish: skall (“bark (of a dog or wolf)”)

Proto-Germanic: *skellō

Old High German: skella

Middle High German: schelle

German: Schelle (“bell”)

Middle Dutch: scelle

Dutch: schel

*(s)kel-dʰ-

Proto-Germanic: *skeldaną

German: schelten (“to scold”)

Proto-Germanic: *skalda- (“skald, poet”) (perhaps)

Old Norse: skald

Icelandic: skáld

→ English: scold (“person of ribald speech, clamourous woman”)

*(s)kol-, *(s)kulu-

Old Armenian: ցուլ (cʻul, “bull”)

Armenian: ցուլ (cʻul, “bull”)

Ancient Greek: σκύλαξ (skúlax, “puppy”), also in the forms κύλλα (kúlla) and σκύλος (skúlos, “puppy, dog”)

Ancient Greek: σκύλιον (skúlion, “type of shark”)

Ancient Greek: σκύλλα (skúlla, “type of fish”), Σκύλλα (Skúlla, “the Bitch (?)”)

Ancient Greek: σκυλλίς (skullís, “vine branch”)

Ancient Greek: σκύμνος (skúmnos, “lion cub”) (?)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (kalgalinai-, “to clang, clash”), [script needed] (kalleš-, kalliš-, “to evoke, summon”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: kaļuot

Lithuanian: kalba

Proto-Slavic: *kolkolъ

Russian: ко́локол (kólokol, “bell”)

Proto-Celtic: *kalyākos (“rooster”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *halliz

Dutch: hel

German: hell

Proto-Germanic: *hellaną (see there for further descendants)


bʰértis

bʰértis (nominative singular)
bʰérteyes (nominative plural)
bʰérti (singular vocative)
bʰérteyes (plural vocative)
bʰértim (accusative singular)
bʰértims (accusative plural)
bʰr̥téys (genitive singular)
bʰr̥téyoHom (genitive plural)
bʰr̥téys (ablative singular)
bʰr̥tímos (ablative plural)
bʰr̥téyey (dative singular)
bʰr̥tímos (dative plural)
bʰr̥téy (locative singular)
bʰr̥tḗy (locative singular)
bʰr̥tísu (locative plural)
bʰr̥tíh₁ (instrumental singular)
bʰr̥tímis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: բարդ (bard) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *britis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *burþiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fortis

Latin: fors (“chance”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥tíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰr̥tíṣ

Sanskrit: भृति (bhṛtí)

From *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


gʷʰéros

gʷʰéros (nominative singular)
gʷʰérōs (nominative plural)
gʷʰéros (singular vocative)
gʷʰérōs (plural vocative)
gʷʰéros (accusative singular)
gʷʰérōs (accusative plural)
gʷʰéresos (genitive singular)
gʷʰéresoHom (genitive plural)
gʷʰéresos (ablative singular)
gʷʰéresmos (ablative plural)
gʷʰéresey (dative singular)
gʷʰéresmos (dative plural)
gʷʰéres (locative singular)
gʷʰéresi (locative singular)
gʷʰéresu (locative plural)
gʷʰéresmis (instrumental plural)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ջեր (ǰer)

Balto-Slavic:

Baltic:

(perhaps) Old Prussian: goro

Proto-Slavic: *žarъ

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰéros

Ancient Greek: θέρος (théros)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰáras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáras

Vedic Sanskrit: हरस् (háras)


gʷʰoréyeti

gʷʰoréyom (first-person indicative past singular)
gʷʰoréyōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
gʷʰoréyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
gʷʰoréyes (indicative past second-person singular)
gʷʰoréye (imperative second-person singular)
gʷʰoréyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷʰoréyoys (optative second-person singular)
gʷʰoréyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
gʷʰoréyet (indicative past singular third-person)
gʷʰoréyetu (imperative singular third-person)
gʷʰoréyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰoréyoyt (optative singular third-person)
gʷʰoréyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
gʷʰoréyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
gʷʰoréyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
gʷʰoréyoywe (dual first-person optative)
gʷʰoréyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
gʷʰoréyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
gʷʰoréyetom (dual imperative second-person)
gʷʰoréyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
gʷʰoréyoytom (dual optative second-person)
gʷʰoréyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
gʷʰoréyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
gʷʰoréyetām (dual imperative third-person)
gʷʰoréyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰoréyoytām (dual optative third-person)
gʷʰoréyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
gʷʰoréyome (first-person indicative past plural)
gʷʰoréyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
gʷʰoréyoyme (first-person optative plural)
gʷʰoréyete (indicative plural present second-person)
gʷʰoréyete (indicative past plural second-person)
gʷʰoréyete (imperative plural second-person)
gʷʰoréyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
gʷʰoréyoyte (optative plural second-person)
gʷʰoréyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
gʷʰoréyont (indicative past plural third-person)
gʷʰoréyontu (imperative plural third-person)
gʷʰoréyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰoréyonts (indicative participle present)
gʷʰoréyeso (imperative second-person singular)
gʷʰoréyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
gʷʰoréyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
gʷʰoréyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰoréyoyto (optative singular third-person)
gʷʰoréyoror (indicative plural present third-person)
gʷʰoréyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
gʷʰoréyoro (indicative past plural third-person)
gʷʰoréyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
gʷʰoréyōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰoréyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰoréyoyro (optative plural third-person)
gʷʰoréyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Celtic: *gʷorīti

Middle Irish: guirid

Irish: gor

Welsh: gwresogi

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰaráyati (though the absence of Brugmann's law lengthening to produce *gʰāráyati implies that this formation may be secondary or that some leveling occurred)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰaráyati

Sanskrit: घरयति (gharáyati) (root घर् (ghar))

From *gʷʰer- (“hot, warm”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).


gʷʰer-

*gʷʰér-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Albanian: *džera, *džernja

Albanian: ziej, zie

Proto-Celtic: *gʷereti

⇒ Old Irish: fo·geir

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰérō

Ancient Greek: θέρω (thérō), θέρομαι (théromai)

*gʷʰr̥-néw-ti ~ *gʷʰr-n̥w-énti (nu-present)

Proto-Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: ջեռնում (ǰeṙnum), ջեռանիմ (ǰeṙanim), ջեռիմ (ǰeṙim)

Proto-Germanic: *brinnaną (perhaps via *gʷʰrn̥w- > *brunw- followed by reanalysis of the ablaut) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥náwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰr̥náwti

Sanskrit: घृणोति (ghṛṇóti) (root घृ (ghṛ))

*gʷʰi-gʷʰér-ti ~ *gʷʰi-gʷʰr-énti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰigʰárti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́igʰárti

Sanskrit: जिघर्ति (jighárti)

*gʷʰe-gʷʰór-e ~ *gʷʰe-gʷʰr-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰor-éye-ti (causative)

*gʷʰr-éh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)

Proto-Albanian: *grāja

Albanian: ngroh

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *grěti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰeréyō

Ancient Greek: θερέω (theréō)

*gʷʰér-os ~ *gʷʰér-es-os

q

the Latin and Germanic may alternatively be from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰer(H)-</i> (“to boil, ferment”)

*gʷʰér-mn̥ (the Latin and Germanic may alternatively be from *bʰer(H)- (“to boil, ferment”))

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ջերմն (ǰermn, “heat; fever”)
Armenian: ջերմ (ǰerm)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʷʰér-mō</i>

>? Proto-Germanic: *bermô (“yeast, barm”) (< *gʷʰér-mō) (see there for further descendants)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʷʰér-men-tom</i>

>? Proto-Italic: *fermentom (< *gʷʰér-men-tom)

desc

Latin: fermentum (“fermentation; yeast, ferment; fervor”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰer-mó-s

Proto-Albanian: *džerma

Albanian: zjarr, zjarm, ζηᾶρμ, (perhaps) zjarrë

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ջերմ (ǰerm)
Armenian: ջերմ (ǰerm)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰermós

Ancient Greek: θερμός (thermós)

Greek: θερμός (thermós)

Phrygian: Γέρμη (Gérmē)

*gʷʰór-os

Proto-Celtic: *gʷoros
Proto-Brythonic: *gwor
Middle Breton: gor
Welsh: gôr
Middle Irish: gor
Irish: gor

*gʷʰor-mó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garmas

Old Prussian: gorme (warm, heat), gormapada

Proto-Germanic: *warmaz (perhaps) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *formos
Latin: formus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰarmás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰarmás

Sanskrit: घर्म (gharmá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *garmáh

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (gar^əma)

Northeastern Iranian:

Khotanese: [script needed] (garma-)

Western Iranian:

Northwestern Iranian:

Northern Kurdish: germ

Central Kurdish: گەرم (germ)

Southwestern Iranian:

Persian: گرم (garm)

*gʷʰor-nó-s

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: gorn

*gʷʰr̥-nó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gurnas

Proto-Slavic: *gъrnъ, *gъrno (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥nás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰr̥nás

Sanskrit: घृण (ghṛṇá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ɣʷornos

Latin: furnus, fornus (see there for further descendants)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov


weǵ-

*woǵ- (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *wakaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wahtwō (see there for further descendants)

*woǵ-éye- (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *wakjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wegeō
Latin: vegeō

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wāȷ́áyati (“impel”)

Indo-Aryan *wāȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: वाजयति (vājáyati)

*weǵ-eh₁-(ye)- or *woǵ-eh₁-(ye)- (stative)

Proto-Germanic: *wakāną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wegēō
Latin: vigeō (see there for further descendants)

*weǵ-dʰlis

Proto-Italic:

Latin: vigil (see there for further descendants)

*wóǵos

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wā́ȷ́as (“strength, energy”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wā́ȷ́as

Sanskrit: वाज (vā́ja)

*wóǵ-ros

Proto-Germanic: *wakraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáȷ́ras (see there for further descendants)


*weh₂dʰ- (full-grade root present)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: գամ (gam)
Armenian: գալ (gal)

Proto-Italic: *wāðō
Latin: vādō (see there for further descendants)

*uh₂dʰ- (zero-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *wadaną (“to wade”) (see there for further descendants)

*uh₂dʰ-om (“shallow water, ford”) (Unclear; long ū would be expected in the Germanic and Italic branches. Perhaps w- was restored by analogy with the verb?)

>? Proto-Albanian: *wa(d)

Albanian: va

Proto-Germanic: *wadą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *waðom
Latin: vadum (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *wadmi

Albanian: *wem

Albanian: vete

Anatolian:

Hittite: >? Hittite: to come (uwami)

Celtic:

Welsh: go-di-wawd (“overtook”)


desc

Proto-Germanic: *wōdaz (“mad, furious, possessed”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáHtas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáHtas

Sanskrit: वात (vā́ta, “attacked, assailed, injured, hurt”)

Proto-Celtic: *wātis (“soothsayer, prophet”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wātis

Latin: vātēs (“seer, poet, prophet”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wātus (“poetic inspiration”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wōþuz

Old Norse: óðr (“mind, soul; poetry, poem”)

Icelandic: óður

Proto-Germanic: *wōþō

Old English: wōþ (“song”)

>? Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: գութ (gutʻ), գոյթ (goytʻ) — rare, post-Classical
Armenian: գութ (gutʻ)

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *wōþijaz (“pleasant”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *Wōdanaz (“Odin”) (see there for further descendants)


*welh₁-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Italic: *welō (see there for further descendants)

*wélh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

Lithuanian: viltis (“to hope”)

Proto-Germanic: *wiljaną (see there for further descendants)

*wl̥h₁-yé-ti (ye-present)

Ancient Greek: λῶ (lô, “to wish”)

*wolh₁-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *walīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *voliti

Proto-Germanic: *waljaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥nHtáy

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥nHtáy

Sanskrit: वृणीते (vṛṇīté, “to choose”)

Proto-Iranian: *wr̥nHtáy

Avestan: 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬉 (vərəṇtē, “to choose”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáras

Sanskrit: वर (vará)

Proto-Germanic: *walō (< *wolh₁-eh₂)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *walā

Albanian: vallë (maybe, wishfully)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥náHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥náHti

Sanskrit: वृणाति (vṛṇā́ti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥náwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥náwti

Sanskrit: वृणोति (vṛṇoti) (see there for further descendants)

Old Armenian: գեղձ (gełj)

Proto-Slavic: *velěti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wellos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wlidā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wela (see there for further descendants)


udrós

udrós (nominative singular)
udróes (nominative plural)
udré (singular vocative)
udróes (plural vocative)
udróm (accusative singular)
udróms (accusative plural)
udrósyo (genitive singular)
udróHom (genitive plural)
udréad (ablative singular)
udrómos (ablative plural)
udróey (dative singular)
udrómos (dative plural)
udréy (locative singular)
udróy (locative singular)
udróysu (locative plural)
udrṓys (instrumental plural)
udrā́m (accusative singular)
udróm (nominative singular)
udróy (dual nominative)
udróm (singular vocative)
udróy (dual vocative)
udróy (accusative dual)

Proto-Celtic: *udros (“dun, greyish-brown”)

Old Irish: odur (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *hĭwĭd-lʉh

Albanian: hyll (“god”)

Illyrian: *hud-lo

Illyrian: *hullur

Ancient Greek: Ἰλλυρία (Illuría)

From *wed- (“water”) + *-rós (Caland system suffix).

suffix

ὕδρα

sea snake; see there for further descendants


-rós

-rós (nominative singular)
Ø-rós (nominative singular)
Ø-róh₁ (dual nominative)
-róes (nominative plural)
Ø-róes (nominative plural)
-ré (singular vocative)
Ø-ré (singular vocative)
Ø-róh₁ (dual vocative)
-róes (plural vocative)
Ø-róes (plural vocative)
-róm (accusative singular)
Ø-róm (accusative singular)
Ø-róh₁ (accusative dual)
-róms (accusative plural)
Ø-róms (accusative plural)
-rósyo (genitive singular)
Ø-rósyo (genitive singular)
-róHom (genitive plural)
Ø-róHom (genitive plural)
-réad (ablative singular)
Ø-réad (ablative singular)
-rómos (ablative plural)
Ø-rómos (ablative plural)
-róey (dative singular)
Ø-róey (dative singular)
-rómos (dative plural)
Ø-rómos (dative plural)
-réy (locative singular)
Ø-réy (locative singular)
-róy (locative singular)
Ø-róy (locative singular)
-róysu (locative plural)
Ø-róysu (locative plural)
Ø-róh₁ (instrumental singular)
-rṓys (instrumental plural)
Ø-rṓys (instrumental plural)
Ø-réh₂ (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
Ø-réh₂ (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-rā́m (accusative singular)
Ø-rā́m (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
Ø-réh₂ (locative singular)
Ø-réh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
-róm (nominative singular)
Ø-róm (nominative singular)
-róy (dual nominative)
Øy (dual nominative)
Øyh₁ (dual nominative)
Ø-réh₂ (nominative plural)
-róm (singular vocative)
Ø-róm (singular vocative)
-róy (dual vocative)
Øy (dual vocative)
Øyh₁ (dual vocative)
Ø-réh₂ (plural vocative)
-róy (accusative dual)
Øy (accusative dual)
Øyh₁ (accusative dual)
Ø-réh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Albanian: *-ra

Albanian: -ar, -r

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: -ար (-ar)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ras

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: -rs

Lithuanian: -ras, -rus

Proto-Slavic: *-rъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *-ros

Proto-Germanic: *-raz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-rós

Ancient Greek: -ρός (-rós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-rás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-rás

Sanskrit: -र (-rá) (for example: उद्र (udrá)

Proto-Iranian: *-ráh

Avestan: -𐬭𐬀 (-ra) (for example: 𐬎𐬛𐬭𐬀 (udra))

Proto-Italic: *-ros

Latin: -er (after a consonant), -rus

Proto-Tocharian: *-re

Tocharian A: -är

Tocharian B: -re

Forms adjectives from Caland system roots.


yes-

*yés-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *jesaną (“to ferment”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *dzehō

Ancient Greek: ζέω (zéō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yásati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yásati

Sanskrit: यसति (yásati)

Proto-Tocharian: *yäs-

Tocharian A: yäs (“boil”)

*yé-ys-e-ti (thematic reduplicated present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáyšati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáyṣati

Sanskrit: येषति (yeṣati)

*yós-e-ti (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *jasaną

Old Norse: *asa

Icelandic: asa

Faroese: asa

Norwegian: ase

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *jōsiz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *jōsijaną (see there for further descendants)

*yos-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *jazjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yāsáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yāsáyati

Sanskrit: यासयति (yāsáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *yāsáyati

desc

Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (yaēšiieⁱti, “boil”)

Persian: جوشیدن (jušidan, “to boil”)

*yés-tu-s ~ *is-téw-s

Proto-Celtic: *yestus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *jestuz (“yeast”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *jēzō


wedʰ-

*wedʰ- (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *westei (“to lead”)

Latvian: vest

Lithuanian: vèsti

Proto-Slavic: *vestì (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wedeti (“to lead”)

Old Irish: feidid

Welsh: arweddu, arwain (< *ɸare-wedeti, ɸare-wedn-)

Proto-Germanic: *wedaną (“to conjoin”), *gawedaną (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: wetan

*wodʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wádīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wādʰáyati

Proto-Iranian: *wādáyati

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vāδaiieⁱti)

→ Old Armenian: վարեմ (varem)

*wédʰ-tis

Proto-Germanic: *gawissiz (see there for further descendants)

*swétu-wedʰ-tó-s

Proto-Iranian: *hwátuvadatáh

Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬚𐬀 (xᵛaētuuadaθa, “kin-marrage”)

→ Middle Persian: (/xwēdōdah/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwdʾt'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwkdʾt'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwds)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭤𐭥𐭩𐭲𐭥𐭲𐭣 (hʿytʿtd) (in Kardir inscription)

*wedʰ-úHs (“bride”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wadʰúHs

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wadʰúHs

Sanskrit: वधू (vadhū́) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *wadʰúHh, *wadʰúHhakah (< *wedʰúHs + *-akah)

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬜𐬏 (vaδū)

Northeastern Iranian:

Sogdo-Bactrian:

Khwarezmian: ود (wd /wud/), وذ (wδ /waδ, wuδ/)

Proto-Sogdic:

Sogdian: (/waδ(u), wəδ(u), wuδ(u)/, “wife”)

Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫔 (wδ), 𐫇𐫔𐫇 (wδw)

Sogdian script: [script needed] (wδ),

Syriac script: ܙܕ (wd)

Northwestern Iranian:

Caspian:

Gilaki: وؤۊ،بۊگ،وئی (vou,bug,vei)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: بووک (bûk)

Laki: بەوی (bewî)

Northern Kurdish: bûk

Southern Kurdish: وەۊ (weẅ), بەۊ (beẅ)

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

Old Azari: *ویو (*vayō)

Harzani: ویی (viyi)

Karingani: وی (vay)

Talysh: (/vayo/)

Arabic script: ویو

Latin script: vəyo

Proto-Zaza-Gorani:

Gurani: وەیوە (waywa)

Zazaki: veyve

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian: (/wayōg/)

Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫏𐫇𐫃 (wywg)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wydwk')

*wódʰ-s

Proto-Italic: *woss

Latin: vas (“surety”)

*wodʰ-yom

Proto-Germanic: *wadją (“wager, stake, pledge”) > *wadjōną (see there for further descendants)

Other formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vādas, vadúoti

Celtic:

Welsh: gwedd (“yoke, team”)

Old Irish: fedan (“act of carrying”)

Proto-Celtic: *wedesman

Old Irish: feidm (see there for further descendants)


leyǵʰ-

*léyǵʰ-ti ~ *liǵʰ-énti (athematic root present)

*léyǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *láyȷ́ʰati

Proto-Iranian: *láyjati (see there for further descendants)

*li-né-ǵʰ-ti ~ *li-n-ǵʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *lingō

Latin: lingō (see there for further descendants)

*lḗyǵʰ-s-t ~ *léyǵʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λεῖξαι (leîxai)

*liǵʰ-néh₂-ti ~ *liǵʰ-n̥h₂-énti

Proto-Germanic: *likkōną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *likkraz (see there for further descendants)

*loyǵʰ-éye-ti (causative-iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *láiźīˀtei

Latvian: làizît

Lithuanian: laižýti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *layȷ́ʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *layźʰáyati

Sanskrit: लेहयति (leháyati, “to cause to lick”)

*léy-loyǵʰ-ti ~ *léy-liǵʰ-n̥ti (intensive) (or only formed in Indo-Iranian)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráyrayždʰi ~ *ráyriȷ́ʰáti (see there for further descendants)

*loyǵʰ-eH-ti

Proto-Germanic: *laigōną

Gothic: *𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌲𐍉𐌽 (*laigōn) (in 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌲𐍉𐌽 (bilaigōn))

*loyǵʰ-o-, *leyǵʰ-eh₂ (thematic nouns)

Proto-Celtic: *leigā (“spoon”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *layȷ́ʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *layźʰas

Sanskrit: लेह (leha, “licker, sipper; that which is licked or sipped, syrup, food”)

*liǵʰ-nó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *líkʰnos

Ancient Greek: λίχνος (líkhnos, “gluttonous, lustful, covetous; desirable, delicious”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: λιχνεύω (likhneúō, “to lick, taste by stealth; to crave”)

*liǵʰ-tó-s (“licked”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *liždʰás, *riždʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *liẓḍʰás, *riẓḍʰás

Sanskrit: रीळ्ह (rīḷha), लीढ (līḍha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *riždáh

Khotanese: [script needed] (rräṣṭe, ptc.trans.)

*líǵʰs

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *líćš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *líṭṣ

Sanskrit: लिह् (lih)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic:

Old Norse: sleikja

Faroese: sleikja

Icelandic: sleikja


*mi-méh₁-ti ~ *mi-mh₁-énti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mimáHti ~ *mimHati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mimáHti ~ *mimHati

Sanskrit: मिमाति (mímāti)

Sanskrit: मिमीते (mímīte)

Proto-Iranian: *mimáHtī

⇒ Old Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬨𐬍𐬨𐬀𐬚𐬁 (framīmaθā, 2pl. ind./subj.)

*meh₁-lo- (“measurement, time”)

Proto-Germanic: *mēlą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: (se)mel

*mḗh₁-n̥-s (perhaps)

*meh₁-on- ~ *meh₁-en-

Proto-Anatolian: *mǣ́(y)an-

Hittite: [script needed] (mē(i̯)an-, “‘range (of a year), extent”)

*méh₁-ōs (s-stem noun) or *móh₁-s (root noun)

>? Proto-Italic: *mōs

Latin: mōs (“manner, quality, custom, usage”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mḗˀrāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *měra (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *mētā

Latin: mēta (see there for further descendants)

*méh₁-ti-s (“measurement”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mā́tiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mā́tiṣ

Sanskrit: माति (māti)

Proto-Albanian: *māti

Albanian: mot

Proto-Germanic: *mēþiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *mḗtis

Ancient Greek: μῆτις (mêtis) (Aeolic, possibly Doric)

Proto-Italic: *mētis

⇒ Latin: mētior (denominative) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mā́tram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mā́tram

desctree

Sanskrit: मात्र (mātra, from the collective)
→ Bengali: মাত্র (matro)
→ Hindi: मात्र (mātra)
→ Kannada: ಮಾತ್ರ (mātra)
→ Malayalam: മാത്രം (mātraṁ)
→ Marathi: मात्र (mātra)
→ Tamil: மாத்திரம் (māttiram)
→ Telugu: మాత్రం (mātraṁ)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μέτρον (métron) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *mantī

Proto-Brythonic: *mėnt

Breton: ment

Cornish: myns

Welsh: maint

Old Irish: méit
Irish: méid, méad
Scottish Gaelic: meud
Manx: mooad

Gaulish: *mantī

→ Old French: maint
Middle French: maint
French: maint (archaic)

Proto-Albanian: *matja

Albanian: mat (Gheg)

Albanian: mas (Tosk)

Proto-Celtic: *māros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *mōrós

Ancient Greek: -μωρος (-mōros)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: मेय (méya)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀫𑁂𑀅 (mea), 𑀫𑁂𑀚𑁆𑀚 (mejja)
Marathi: मेज (mej)
⇒ Marathi: मेजणे (mejṇe)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian:

>? Hittite: 𒍖𒈨𒄯 (meḫur, “time”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

desc

Old Lithuanian: mestas (“measure, limit”)

Lithuanian: mãtas (“measure, index; size, quantity”), mẽtas (“time, period; measure, size, quantity”)

Latvian: mȩts (“time, period”)

Old Prussian: mattei (“measure”), mettan (“year”), metthe, mette

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: असमाति (asamāti)


Albanian:

Albanian: mbi (Tosk)

Albanian: mby, Albanian: my (Gheg)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: եւ (ew)

Armenian: եւ (ew)

Proto-Germanic: *bi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *epí

Ancient Greek: ἐπί (epí)

Greek: επί (epí)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀠 (e-pi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápi (see there for further descendants)

Would be locative case of *h₁eps (from *h₁ep-), which could mean "back", with the "on" sense referring to pack animals or riding.


népōts

head

*(h₂)népōts m or f (oblique stem *(h₂)n̥pt-)

népōts (nominative singular)
h₂₁ (dual nominative)
h₂₁e (dual nominative)
népotes (nominative plural)
népot (singular vocative)
h₂₁ (dual vocative)
h₂₁e (dual vocative)
népotes (plural vocative)
népotm̥ (accusative singular)
h₂₁ (accusative dual)
h₂₁e (accusative dual)
népotm̥s (accusative plural)
n̥ptés (genitive singular)
n̥ptóHom (genitive plural)
n̥ptés (ablative singular)
n̥ptmós (ablative plural)
n̥ptéy (dative singular)
n̥ptmós (dative plural)
népot (locative singular)
népoti (locative singular)
n̥ptsú (locative plural)
n̥ptmís (instrumental plural)

Albanian: nip (possibly a Latin loanword), mbesë

Balto-Slavic:

Old Lithuanian: nepuotis

Proto-Slavic: *netьjь (< *neptiyos) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *nëpada (see there for further descendants)

→ Kildin Sami: няпай (njapaj)

Proto-Celtic: *neɸūss (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *nefô (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀνεψιός (anepsiós) (< *sm̥-neptiyos (“co-grandson”) or *h₂népōt)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nápāts (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *nepōts (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Italic: *paukos

Latin: paucus (see there for further descendants)

Latin: pūpa/pūpus (possibly reduplicated) (see there for further descendants)

Latin: putus, pūsus, pusillus, pauxillus, pullus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pā́uros

Ancient Greek: παῦρος (paûros), φαῦλος (phaûlos)

Greek: φαύλος (fávlos)

Proto-Italic: *pauros, *paurelos

Latin: parvus (see there for further descendants), paullus/paulus

Proto-Hellenic: *pā́wits

Epic Aeolic Greek: πάϊς (páïs)

Attic-Ionic Greek: παῖς (paîs), παῦς (paûs)

Greek: παιδί (paidí), -παις (-pais)

*peh₂w(o)-p(o)rh₃os (“providing little”)

Proto-Italic: *pawoparos

Latin: pauper (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸuweros

Proto-Brythonic: *uwer

Middle Welsh: wyr

Welsh: ŵyr

Proto-Italic: *puweros

Latin: puer (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fawaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: palo

Armenian:

Old Armenian: փոքր (pʻokʻr) (probably an expressive formation)

Armenian: փոքր (pʻokʻr)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *putas, *pautas (“little, young of a bird”)

⇒ Latvian: putns (“bird”)

⇒ Lithuanian: putýtis (“chick”)

Sudovian: paud (“bird”)

Proto-Slavic: *pъtъ, *putъ

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *pъtakъ (“bird”) (see there for further descendants), *pъtica (“bird”) (see there for further descendants), *pъtъka/*putъka (“fowl, duck”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *putrás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

desc

Sanskrit: पोत (pota, “young of an animal”) (see there for further descendants)


*gʷelh₂-gʷl̥h₂ (reduplication)

Proto-Albanian: *gāgul

Albanian: gogël

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gelandis

Proto-Slavic: *želǫdь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *glānts < *gʷlānds

Latin: glāns (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gīlˀē

Latvian: zīle

Lithuanian: gìlė̃, gỹlė̃

Old Prussian: gile

*gʷĺ̥h₂-nos or *gʷl̥h₂-enos

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: կաղին (kałin)
Armenian: կաղին (kałin)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷə́lanos

Ancient Greek: βᾰ́λᾰνος (bálanos)

*dyew-gʷl̥h₂-eno- (“divine acorn”)

Proto-Armenian: *tukułin ← *tukałin

Old Armenian:

Armenian: տկողին (tkoġin, “hazelnut”)

Hellenic:

desc

Διὸς βάλᾰνος

Ancient Greek: Διὸς βάλᾰνος (Diòs bálanos), διοσβάλᾰνος (diosbálanos, “sweet chestnut”)

Proto-Italic: *djouglānts

Latin: iūglāns (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

>? Sanskrit: गुल (gula, “glans penis, clitoris”) (see there for further descendants)


bʰudʰmḗn

bʰudʰ (m̥)n- (oblique stem)
bʰudʰmḗn (nominative singular)
bʰudʰménes (nominative plural)
bʰudʰmén (singular vocative)
bʰudʰménes (plural vocative)
bʰudʰménm̥ (accusative singular)
bʰudʰménm̥s (accusative plural)
bʰudʰm̥nés (genitive singular)
bʰudʰm̥nóHom (genitive plural)
bʰudʰm̥nés (ablative singular)
bʰudʰmn̥mós (ablative plural)
bʰudʰm̥néy (dative singular)
bʰudʰmn̥mós (dative plural)
bʰudʰmén (locative singular)
bʰudʰméni (locative singular)
bʰudʰmn̥sú (locative plural)
bʰudʰmn̥mís (instrumental plural)
bʰudʰmḗn (nominative singular)
bʰudʰménes (nominative plural)
bʰudʰmén (singular vocative)
bʰudʰménes (plural vocative)
bʰudʰménm̥ (accusative singular)
bʰudʰménm̥s (accusative plural)
bʰudʰnés (genitive singular)
bʰudʰnóHom (genitive plural)
bʰudʰnés (ablative singular)
bʰudʰn̥mós (ablative plural)
bʰudʰnéy (dative singular)
bʰudʰn̥mós (dative plural)
bʰudʰmén (locative singular)
bʰudʰméni (locative singular)
bʰudʰn̥sú (locative plural)
bʰudʰn̥mís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *būtsā, *būðā

Albanian: bythë

Proto-Germanic: *butmô, *butmaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *putʰmḗn

Ancient Greek: πῠθμήν (puthmḗn)

Possible metathesis from *dʰewbʰ- ~ *dʰubʰ- (“deep”) + *-mḗn (agentive nominal suffix).

suffix

անդունդ

Proto-Armenian: (+ *an- (negative prefix)); Old Armenian

buttaz

*bʰudʰ-nó-s (innovative thematic o-stem)


non-ablauting (romanization)
lóysām (accusative singular)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *láišāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *laisō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *loizā (see there for further descendants)

From *leys- (“track, furrow, trace, trail”).