sodéyeti

sodéyom (first-person indicative past singular)
sodéyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
sodéyes (indicative past second-person singular)
sodéye (imperative second-person singular)
sodéyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
sodéyoys (optative second-person singular)
sodéyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
sodéyet (indicative past singular third-person)
sodéyetu (imperative singular third-person)
sodéyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
sodéyoyt (optative singular third-person)
sodéyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
sodéyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
sodéyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
sodéyoywe (dual first-person optative)
sodéyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
sodéyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
sodéyetom (dual imperative second-person)
sodéyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
sodéyoytom (dual optative second-person)
sodéyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
sodéyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
sodéyetām (dual imperative third-person)
sodéyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
sodéyoytām (dual optative third-person)
sodéyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
sodéyome (first-person indicative past plural)
sodéyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
sodéyoyme (first-person optative plural)
sodéyete (indicative plural present second-person)
sodéyete (indicative past plural second-person)
sodéyete (imperative plural second-person)
sodéyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
sodéyoyte (optative plural second-person)
sodéyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
sodéyont (indicative past plural third-person)
sodéyontu (imperative plural third-person)
sodéyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
sodéyonts (indicative participle present)
sodéyeso (imperative second-person singular)
sodéyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
sodéyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
sodéyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
sodéyoyto (optative singular third-person)
sodéyoror (indicative plural present third-person)
sodéyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
sodéyoro (indicative past plural third-person)
sodéyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
sodéyōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
sodéyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
sodéyoyro (optative plural third-person)
sodéyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sōdī́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *sodīti

Old Irish: ad·suidi

Proto-Germanic: *satjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sādáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sādáyati

Sanskrit: सादयति (sādáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *hādáyati

𐬥𐬌𐬱𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌

Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬱𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (nišāδaiieⁱti)

Old Persian: 𐎴𐎡𐎹𐏁𐎠𐎭𐎹𐎶 (n-i-y-š-a-d-y-m /niyašādayam/, 3sg.imperf.ind.)

From *sed- (“to sit”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).


h₃roǵéyōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

Proto-Celtic: *rogīti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rakjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrāȷ́áyati

Proto-Iranian: *Hrājáyati

desc

Avestan: 𐬭𐬁𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬈 (rāzaiieⁱte, “to direct, lead”)

From *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).

suffix

to straighten, to make straight, to cause to be straight

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


ǵʰórtos

non-ablauting (romanization)
ǵʰórtos (nominative singular)
ǵʰórtoh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰórtoes (nominative plural)
ǵʰórte (singular vocative)
ǵʰórtoh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰórtoes (plural vocative)
ǵʰórtom (accusative singular)
ǵʰórtoh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰórtoms (accusative plural)
ǵʰórtosyo (genitive singular)
ǵʰórtoHom (genitive plural)
ǵʰórtead (ablative singular)
ǵʰórtomos (ablative plural)
ǵʰórtoey (dative singular)
ǵʰórtomos (dative plural)
ǵʰórtey (locative singular)
ǵʰórtoy (locative singular)
ǵʰórtoysu (locative plural)
ǵʰórtoh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰórtōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *gortos

Old Irish: gort

Irish: gort (“wheatfield”)

Proto-Brythonic: *gorθ

Old Breton: orth

Cornish: gorth

Welsh: garth (“hill, enclosure”)

Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: χόρτος (khórtos, “farmyard”)

Proto-Italic: *hortos (< earlier *xortos)

Latin: hortus (“garden”)

Oscan: 𐌇𐌞𐌓𐌆 (húrz)

Proto-Tocharian: (possibly)

Tocharian B: kerccī (“palace”)

From *ǵʰer- (“to enclose”). Alternatively, Matasović proposes that this is instead from a neo-root derived from a root noun *gʰṓrdʰ-s (root *gʰerdʰ- (“to enclose”), genitive *gʰr̥dʰ-ós, where the root-final consonant would devoice to -t- in the nominative singular. Whether the initial consonant was a palatovelar cannot be ascertained, since reflexes of *ǵʰórtos are only securely attested in centum languages.


non-ablauting (romanization)
tewtā́m (accusative singular)

>? Proto-Albanian:

>? Albanian: *tetan

Albanian: tëtanë

>? Albanian: Dedë

>? Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒌅𒍖𒍣𒅖 (tuzziš, “army; camp”) (uncertain)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *t(j)autāˀ

Latvian: tàuta

Lithuanian: tautà

Old Prussian: tauto (“country”)

Proto-Slavic: *ťuďь (“foreigner, stranger”)

Proto-Germanic: *þeudō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *toutā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *toutā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawtáH (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: τευτους (teutous, acc.pl.)


*seh₂- (root present) or *sh₂-ye- (ye-present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄω (áō)

Proto-Celtic: *sāssāti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sadaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sā́ˀtas (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: satis (adverb) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *sātis (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ատ-ոք (at-okʻ, “full-grown, ripe”)

Armenian: ատ-ոք (at-okʻ)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἅδην (hádēn)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सिन्व (sinvá), असिन्व (asinvá, “insatiable”)


ǵʰer-

*ǵʰór-tos (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰor-o-

>? Ancient Greek: χορός (khorós) (perhaps "encircling/ring dance")

*ǵʰor-yo-

>? Ancient Greek: χόριον (khórion) (perhaps "encircling membrane" or from root below)


ǵʰer-

Latin: hernia (“protruded viscus”) (see there for further descendants)

q

*ǵʰor-neh₂ (with regular *-oRHC- > *-oRC-, the "Saussure effect")

Proto-Albanian: *dźārnā

Albanian: zorrë (“gut”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źárˀna

Lithuanian: žarnà (“intestine, hose”)

Latgalian: zorna (“intestine, hose”)

Latvian: zar̂na (“intestine, hose”)

Proto-Germanic: *garnō (“intestines”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Ancient Greek: χορδή (khordḗ, “gut, string”) (< *χορνή (*khornḗ)?) (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: हिरा (hirā́, “vein”)

*ǵʰórH-yo-m

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰóryon

>? Ancient Greek: χόριον (khórion) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰr̥H-os

Sanskrit: हिर (híra, “band”)

Proto-Iranian: *ĵʰr̥H-oh

Pashto: ځير (źir, “thin string”)

Classical Persian: زیر (zīr, “string; cord; any tiny thing such as string”)

*ǵʰr̥H-u-

⇒ Proto-Italic: *haruspeks (“diviner”)

Faliscan: 𐌇𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌐𐌄𐌗 (haraspex), 𐌇𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌐𐌉𐌗 (haraspix)

Latin: haruspex (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Italic: *hario-

Latin: hariolus

>? Latin: hīra (“intestine”) (see there for further descendants)


h₃nóbʰōl

h₃nóbʰōl (nominative singular)
h₃m̥bʰél (locative singular)
h₃m̥bʰl̥sú (locative plural)
h₃m̥bʰléh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Hellenic: *ompʰəl (< *h₃ómbʰ-l̥)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *ompʰəlós

desctree

Ancient Greek: ὀμφαλός (omphalós)
Greek: αφαλός m (afalós), ομφαλός m (omfalós, “navel”)

Proto-Italic: *ombel, *ombeli (< loc.sg. *h₃m̥bʰéli or *h₃ómbʰ-l̥)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *ombelīkos (+ *-īkos)

Latin: umbilīcus (see there for further descendants)


perḱ-

*perḱ-ó-s

Proto-Celtic: *ɸerkos (“perch, salmon”)
Proto-Brythonic: *erx
Middle Welsh: erch
Welsh: (obsolete) erch
Primitive Irish: ᚓᚏᚉᚐ (erca)
Middle Irish: erc (“speckled; speckled animal”)
Irish: earc (“lizard”)
Scottish Gaelic: earc (“speckled animal”)

Proto-Hellenic: *perkós

Ancient Greek: *περκός (*perkós)

⇒ Ancient Greek: πέρκη (pérkē, “perch”)

→ Latin: perca (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Ancient Greek: πέρκος (pérkos, “type of hawk”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: περκαίνω (perkaínō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: περκάς (perkás)

⇒ Ancient Greek: περκάζω (perkázō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: περκόομαι (perkóomai)

*pérḱ-ont-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-n̥t-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥ćáns ~ *pr̥ćatás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥śáns ~ *pr̥śatás

Sanskrit: पृशत् (pr̥śat, “spotted, speckled; spotted antelope, spotted doe”)

*pérḱ-u-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-éw-s

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ *porḱw-ó-s

desc

Proto-Germanic: *farwaz (“colored, colorful”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *farwō (“colour”) (see there for further descendants)

*pṓrḱ-s ~ *perḱ-és

Proto-Hellenic: *pṓrx

Ancient Greek: πρόξ (próx, “roe deer”), προκᾰ́ς (prokás)

Ancient Greek: πρώξ (prṓx, “roe deer”)

*pr̥ḱ-nó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *prəknós, *perknós (secondary full-grade)

Ancient Greek: περκνός (perknós, “dark, having dark spots”)

Ancient Greek: πρακνόν (praknón, “dark”, acc.sg.m.)

Proto-Albanian: *prikna

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *priknjā

Albanian: *prënjë

⇒ Albanian: prënjkë (“freckle, sunspot”)

⇒ *pr̥ḱn-éh₂

Proto-Germanic: *furhnō (“trout”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *pŕ̥ḱn-i-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥ćniš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥śniṣ

Sanskrit: पृश्नि (pṛ́śni, “colorful, spotted”)

Proto-Iranian: *pŕ̥cniš

Middle Persian: plš (parš, “spotted, speckled”)

Mazanderani: برجی (barji)

*pr̥ḱ-ró-s

Proto-Italic: *porkros

q

>? Old Latin: polcher (dissimilated from *porcer, but disputed)

Latin: pulcher (“beautiful”) (see there for further descendants)


perḱ-

*perḱ-ō~*pr̥ḱ-n-és

Proto-Germanic: *ferhô

Old Norse: *feri

desc

Norwegian: fere (“ridge between two furrows”) (dialectal)

*pórḱ-ono-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *párćānas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *párśānas

Sanskrit: पर्शान (párśāna, “chasm”)

*pórḱ-o-s (“piglet”)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸrikā (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *enterɸrikā

Middle Irish: etarche

Proto-Italic: *porkā

Latin: porca (see there for further descendants)

>? *pérḱ-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-és

Proto-Germanic: *furhs (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: prapar̃šas (“ditch”)


méntis

mn̥téy- (oblique stem)
méntis (nominative singular)
ménteyes (nominative plural)
ménti (singular vocative)
ménteyes (plural vocative)
méntim (accusative singular)
méntims (accusative plural)
mn̥téys (genitive singular)
mn̥téyoHom (genitive plural)
mn̥téys (ablative singular)
mn̥tímos (ablative plural)
mn̥téyey (dative singular)
mn̥tímos (dative plural)
mn̥téy (locative singular)
mn̥tḗy (locative singular)
mn̥tísu (locative plural)
mn̥tímis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mintís (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mundiz (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *mə́ntis (perhaps with analogical /n/)

Ancient Greek: μάντις (mántis) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *matíš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *mentis

Latin: mēns, mentior (see there for further descendants)

From *men- (“to think”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


dʰregʰ-

*dʰrégʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρέχω (trékhō)

Doric: τράχω (trákhō)

*dʰōrgʰ (nominative), *dʰrogʰs (genitive singular)

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: դուրգն (durgn, “potter's wheel”)

Armenian: դուրգ (durg)

Proto-Celtic: *drokos

Old Irish: droch (“wheel”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τροχός (trokhós, “wheel; potter's wheel”)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: padróžti

Latvian: drāžu

>? Proto-Slavic: *droga (“rail, shaft (of cart)”)

Proto-Germanic: *draganą (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դարձ (darj, “return”)

Armenian: դարձ (darj)

Unknown; some of the forms listed here as descendants have been argued to be either from unrelated roots, or to be related by means of being post-IE loanwords.


*ǵi-ǵneh₃-ti (reduplicated present stem)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *gignṓskō

Ancient Greek: γιγνώσκω (gignṓskō)

*ǵnéh₃-t ~ *ǵn̥h₃-ént (root aorist)

*ǵnéh₃-ti (root present)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: *ծան- (*can-)
Armenian: ճանաչել (čanačʻel), ճանչնալ (čančʻnal) — Western Armenian

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źnōˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*ǵn̥h₃-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

*ǵn̥-né-h₃-ti ~ *ǵn̥-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *gnōðlis

Latin: nōbilis (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γνώμη (gnṓmē)

*ǵnéh₃-mn̥ ~ *ǵn̥h₃-mén-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γνῶμα (gnôma)

→ Latin: grōma

Proto-Slavic: *znàmę (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γνώμων (gnṓmōn)
→ English: gnomon (or via Latin or a descendant thereof)
Greek: γνώμονας (gnómonas)
→ Latin: gnōmōn (see there for further descendants)
→ Latin: norma (via Etruscan) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gnōriā

Latin: glōria (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

q

formed with <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">-ιμος</i> (-imos)

⇒ Ancient Greek: γνώριμος (gnṓrimos) (formed with -ιμος (-imos))

Italic: *gnāros, *engnāros, *engnārāō, *gnārāō

Latin: gnārus, ignārus, ignōrō, nārrō (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γνῶσις (gnôsis)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

desc

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬙𐬌 (zainti, “understanding”)

→ Middle Persian: [script needed] (znt' /Zand/, “Zand of Avesta”)

Indic:

Sanskrit: ज्ञाति (jñāti)

Italic: *gnōtiō

Latin: nōtiō (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: gnāvus

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *kunją (“omen”)
Old Norse: kyn
Icelandic: kyn
→ Proto-Finnic: *konëh (“magic”) (Pre-Germanic borrowing)
Finnish: kone (“machine”)
Karelian: koneh

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *gnūstis (“face”)

Old Irish: gnúis
Irish: gnúis
Scottish Gaelic: gnùis
Manx: grooish

Proto-Brythonic: *gnis

Middle Welsh: gnis

desc

apparently from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵneh₁-</i>, of unknown origin

Proto-Germanic: *knēaną (apparently from *ǵneh₁-, of unknown origin) (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: ज्ञान (jñāna, “knowledge”)


peyḱ-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*péyḱ-t ~ *piḱ-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पिशान (piśāná, aor.mid.ptc.)

*pi-né-ḱ-ti ~ *pi-n-ḱ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Germanic: *finhaną

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *finhlōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinášti

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पिंशति (piṃśáti, “to adorn; to mould, carve out, grind”) (with thematicised weak stem)

Proto-Iranian: *pinášti

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎰 (a-p-i-θ /api⁽ⁿ⁾θaⁿ/, “to cut, engrave, adorn”, 3pl.impf.)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *nipinašti

q

Old Persian: 𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎱𐎡𐎰𐎶 (n-i-y-p-i-θ-m /niyapiⁿθam/, “to engrave, inscribe”, 1sg.impf.) (also interpreted as s-aorist /niyapaišam/)

Proto-Italic:

desc

Latin: pingō (“to paint, color”, with irregular -g-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *pik- (“to paint, write, delineate”)

Tocharian A: pikiñc (< pik- (“to write”))

Tocharian B: piṅkäṃ (< pik- (“to write”))

*péyḱ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyćati

Proto-Iranian: *páycati

𐬀𐬧𐬐𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀

⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬧𐬐𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀 (aṇkupaēsəmna, “to adorn”, mid.ptc.)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫏𐫏𐫘𐫀𐫅 (pyysʾd /pēsād/, 3sg.subj.)

*péyḱ-ye-ti (ye-present)

q

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *p(e)iś- (possibly a later formation from intensive *pey-piḱ-yé-ti)

Lithuanian: piẽšti (“to draw”)

Old Prussian: peisāi (“to write”)

Proto-Slavic: *pьsа̀ti (“to write”) (see there for further descendants)

*pe-póyḱ-e ~ *pe-piḱ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸiɸoike (see there for further descendants)

*piḱ-ró-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *piśras

Proto-Slavic: *pь̀strъ (“variegated”) from an earlier **pь̀srъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pikrós

desc

Ancient Greek: πῐκρός (pikrós, “sharp, pointed”)

Greek: πικρός (pikrós, “bitter”)

>? Lusitanian:

→ Galician: pégaro (“variegated”)

*piḱ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pištás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piṣṭás

Sanskrit: पिष्ट (piṣṭá, “fashioned, decorated”)

Proto-Iranian: *pištáh

⇒ Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬞𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬙𐬀 (frapixšta, “painted”)

⇒ Proto-Iranian:

Old Persian: [script needed] (nipišta)

Middle Persian:

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: [Inscriptional Pahlavi needed] (npštk /nibištag/, “written”)

Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤 (nbyšt)

⇒ Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤𐫃 (nbyštg, “written”)

⇒ Proto-Iranian:

Parthian: [Term?] (/ispist/)

Persian: سبشت (sebešt, “vulgar”)

Proto-Italic: *piktos

Latin: pictus (see there for further descendants)

*póyḱ-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paiśas

Lithuanian: paišaĩ, piẽšas (“freckle”)

Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“motley, colored”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: ποικίλος (poikílos, “colored”)
→ English: poikilo- / poecilo-
Greek: ποικίλος (poikílos)

desc

⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀡𐀑𐀫𐀝𐀏 (po-ki-ro-nu-ka /poikil-ōnukʰa/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyćas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páyśas

Sanskrit: पेश (péśa, “ornament, decoration”)

Proto-Iranian: *páycah

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 (paēsa, “ornament, embellishment”)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: պէս (pēs, “like, as”)
Armenian: պես (pes)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pěgъ (“piebald”)

Russian: пегий (pegij)

>? Proto-Slavic: *pьsъ (“dog”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pićángas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piśángas

desc

Sanskrit: पिशङ्ग (piśáṅga, “reddish, reddish-yellow”)

Proto-Iranian: *picángah

desctree

→ Old Armenian: պիսակ (pisak, “speckle, spot, mark; leprous”)
→ Armenian: պիսակ (pisak)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

>? Sanskrit: पिङ्ग (piṅga, “yellow, tawny”)

Unknown Iberian substrate, perhaps Lusitanian:

→? Galician: pego (“variegated”), pégaro (“variegated”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पिश् (piś)

peyg-

for Latin pingō, Sanskrit पिङ्ग (piṅga) and Old Church Slavonic пѣгъ (pěgŭ), and possibly the Tocharian forms


peyḱ-

*peyḱ-ye- (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: peĩkti (“to blame”)

*piḱ-tós

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: pikts

Lithuanian: pìktas (“angry; evil”)

*póyḱ-os

Proto-Celtic: *ɸoikos

Old Irish: óech (“enemy”)

Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“hostile”) (see there for further descendants)

*poyḱ-yós

>? Proto-Germanic: *faigijaz (“fey”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: pîkt

Lithuanian: pỹkti (“to be angry”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píćunas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píśunas

Sanskrit: पिशुन (píśuna, “evil, treacherous”)


médʰyos

non-ablauting (romanization)
médʰyos (nominative singular)
médʰyoes (nominative plural)
médʰye (singular vocative)
médʰyoes (plural vocative)
médʰyom (accusative singular)
médʰyoms (accusative plural)
médʰyosyo (genitive singular)
médʰyoHom (genitive plural)
médʰyead (ablative singular)
médʰyomos (ablative plural)
médʰyoey (dative singular)
médʰyomos (dative plural)
médʰyey (locative singular)
médʰyoy (locative singular)
médʰyoysu (locative plural)
médʰyōys (instrumental plural)
médʰyām (accusative singular)
médʰyom (nominative singular)
médʰyoy (dual nominative)
médʰyom (singular vocative)
médʰyoy (dual vocative)
médʰyoy (accusative dual)

Proto-Albanian: *medza

Albanian: mjez

Proto-Armenian: *meiǰ- < *meidio-

Old Armenian: մէջ (mēǰ)

Armenian: մեջ (meǰ)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *medjas

Lithuanian: mẽdis (“tree, wood”)

Latvian: mežs (“forest”)

Old Prussian: median

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *medjāˀ (from *médʰyeh₂)

Proto-Slavic: *meďa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *medyos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *midjaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *métsos (see there for further descendants)

Illyrian: *metu

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mádʰyas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *meðjos (see there for further descendants)

From the root *me-dʰi- (“with, among”), ultimately from the adverb *me (“near, by, with”) + *-dʰi (locative particle).


Proto-Celtic: *in-, *ni-

Ancient Greek: ἐν- (en-), nasalized ἀ- (a-) (ἀδελφός (adelphós))

Latin: in-

French: in-, en-

Proto-Slavic: on-, vьn-, vъ-, u-

Czech: v-, u-, ú-, na-

Russian: в- (v-)


h₁régʷōs (nominative plural)
h₁régʷōs (plural vocative)
h₁régʷōs (accusative plural)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: երեկ (erek), երէկ (erēk)

Proto-Germanic: *rekwaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: Ἔρεβος (Érebos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráǰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráȷ́as

Sanskrit: रजस् (rájas)

From *h₁regʷ- (“to be dark”) + *-os (action or result suffix).


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*h₂eHs-eh₁-(ye)- (stative)

Proto-Italic: *āzēō

Latin: āreō (“to be dry”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: asāre (“dried up”, verb)

*h₂éH-mr̥ (probably)

*h₂éHs-s (root noun)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒄩𒀀𒀸 c (ḫāšš-, “ash(es); dust; soap”)

*h₂eHs-h₂- (“hearth, fireplace”)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄩𒀸𒊭𒀀𒀸 c (ḫāššā-, “fireplace, hearth”)

Lycian: 𐊜𐊀𐊛𐊀𐊅𐊆 c (xahadi-, “altar”)

Proto-Italic: *āzā (“altar”)

Old Latin: āsa

Latin: āra (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: aasa- (“altar”)

*h₂s-tḗr (“star”)

Unsorted formations:

Germanic:

Proto-Germanic: *asjō

Old High German: essa (“furnace”)

Proto-Norse: ᚨᛉᛁᚾᚨ (aʀina, “ash”)

Old Norse: arinn (“hearth, fireplace”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHsas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáHsas

Sanskrit: आस (ā́sa, “ashes, dust”)

Proto-Iranian: *HáHhah

Ormuri: [script needed] (yānak, “ash”) < *ās-naka-

Persian: آهک (âhak, “lime”)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: asatär (“dries up”)

Tocharian B: osotär (“dries up”)

Proto-Tocharian: *āstäre (“pure”) (possibly)

Tocharian A: āştär (“pure”)

Tocharian B: astare (“pure”)

Proto-Tocharian: *ās-

Tocharian A: ās-

Tocharian B: ās-

enlarged with a dental

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հաստեայ (hasteay, “kind of pastry”) (possibly)

Old Armenian: ոստին (ostin, “dry”) (possibly)

Balto-Slavic:

Czech: ozditi (“to dry malt”)

Old Polish: ozd (“dry malt”)

Hellenic:

q

or simply from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂ed-ye-</i>

>? Ancient Greek: ἄζω (ázō, “to dry”) (or simply from *h₂ed-ye-)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

desc

Khotanese: [script needed] (astaucä, “dry land”)

→ Old Armenian: աստուճ (astuč, “dry (of bread)”)

Proto-Italic: *assos (“dried, roasted”)

Latin: assus (“roasted, baked”)

enlarged with a velar

Armenian:

Old Armenian: աճիւն (ačiwn, “ashes”)

Old Armenian: ազազիմ (azazim, “to grow dry”)

Old Armenian: ասկն (askn, “ruby”) (possibly)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂ed-dʰgʷʰ-</i>?

>? Proto-Germanic: *askǭ (“ash, ashes”) (or from *h₂ed-dʰgʷʰ-?) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

desc

>? Ancient Greek: ἄσβολος (ásbolos, “soot”), ἀσβόλη (asbólē)

→? Proto-Finnic: *kaski (“swidden”) (see there for further descendants)

Appears to be suffixed/extended from the root *h₂eh₁- as found in Palaic [script needed] (hāri), [script needed] (hānta, “to heat up”, intransitive), Proto-Celtic *ā-tis (“furnace, oven”) and PIE *h₂éh₁-tēr (“fire”); see also *h₂eh₃- (“to burn, be hot”). Alternatively from *h₂ed-s- with dissimilation; see reconstruction notes.


leykʷ-

*léykʷ-t ~ *likʷ-ént (athematic root aorist)

*likʷ-é-t (thematic root aorist)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: լիք (likʻ), ելիք (elikʻ, “he left”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔλῐπε (élipe, “he left”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háričat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hárićat

Sanskrit: अरिचत् (áricat)

*li-né-kʷ-ti ~ *li-n-kʷ-énti (nasal-infix present)

*le-lóykʷ-e ~ *le-likʷ-ḗr (stative)

*loykʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: làicît

Lithuanian: laikýti

Old Prussian: laikūt

Proto-Germanic: *laigijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rayčáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rayćáyati

Sanskrit: रेचयति (recáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *rayčáyati

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (raēcaiieⁱti)

*likʷ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *riktás (see there for further descendants)

*lóykʷ-no-

Proto-Germanic: *laihną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráyknas (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: likt (“to lay, put”), lieks (“superfluous, excessive”)

Lithuanian: likti (“to stay”), atlaikas (“remains”)

Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: отлѣкъ (otlěkŭ, “remains”)

Russian: лишать (lišatʹ, “to deprive, rob, divest”) from *leykso-

→ Proto-Finnic: *liika (“excess”) (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: ἔκλειψις (ékleipsis, “disappearance; eclipse”), λείπω (leípō, “I leave”)

Celtic:

Pictish:

→ Scottish Gaelic: dìleab

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


*h₂ér-ye-ti (ye-present)

*h₂érh₃-tro-m (“ard, plough”)

*h₂érh₃-wr̥ ~ *h₂r̥h₃-wén̥-s (“grain, corn”)

Proto-Celtic: *arwar ~ *arwens

Old Irish: arbor ~ arbae

Irish: arbhar

Scottish Gaelic: arbhar

*h₂erh₃-wr̥-ih₂ (“cropland”)

Proto-Hellenic: *ároura

Ancient Greek: ἄρουρα (ároura)

*h₂r̥h₃-wé-reh₂ (“fertile soil”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥HwáraH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥HwáraH

Sanskrit: उर्वरा (urvárā)

Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥HwáraH

Younger Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬁 (uruuarā)

*h₂erh₃-wós (“arable”)

Proto-Celtic: *arwī

Breton: erv

Cornish: erow

Welsh: erw

Proto-Italic: *arawos

Latin: arvus

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *arw-

Proto-Slavic: *orvьnъ

(uncertain) *h₂r̥h₃-eh₂ (“fertile soil”)

Proto-Albanian: *arwa

Albanian: arë

Unsorted formations:

(possibly) Indo-Iranian: *áryas (“Aryan”) (see there for further descendants)

Latgalian: aramaite (“ploughed field, arable land”)

Old Armenian: հարաւունք (harawunkʻ) < *h₂erh₃-won-

Old Armenian: արաւս (araws) (possibly)


Armenian:

Old Armenian: արաւր (arawr), հարաւր (harawr)

Armenian: արոր (aror)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *árˀtla (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *aratrom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *arþrą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *árotron (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *arātrom

Latin: arātrum (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”) + *-trom (instrumental suffix).


h₂éyōs (nominative plural)
h₂éyōs (plural vocative)
h₂éyōs (accusative plural)

Proto-Germanic: *aiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háyas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *aos

Latin: aes

If a native formation, possibly from a root *h₂ey- (“to burn; fire”) found also in *h₂ey-dʰh₁- (“to set fire”, literally “*put to fire”) and perhaps *h₂ey-er- (“day, morning”).


gʷʰen-

*gʷʰén-ti ~ *gʷʰn-énti (athematic root present)

*gʷʰén-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁-present)

q

Proto-Italic: *fendō (or < *gʷʰn̥dʰi (“strike!”, pr.ipv.sg.))

Latin: *fendō

⇒ Latin: dēfendō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: offendō (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰén-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Albanian: *jaga

Proto-Albanian: *jāgnja

Albanian: gjuaj

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ջնջեմ (ǰnǰem) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *genˀtei

Latvian: dzenêt

Lithuanian: genė́ti (“to lop, to trim”)

Proto-Slavic: *žę̀ti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰéňňō

desc

Ancient Greek: θείνω (theínō, “to strike”)

*gʷʰn̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Anatolian: *gʷənsḱéti

Hittite: 𒆪𒀸𒆠- (ku-aš-ke-), 𒆪𒉿𒀸𒆠- (ku-wa-aš-ke- /kʷəšké-/)

Proto-Tocharian: *käsk-

Tocharian B: käsk-

*gʷʰe-gʷʰón-e ~ gʷʰe-gʷʰn-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: geguin

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέφαται (péphatai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰagʰā́na ~ ǰʰagʰnŕ̥š

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agʰā́na ~ ȷ́agʰnŕ̥ṣ

Sanskrit: जघान (jaghā́na), जघ्नुर् (jaghnúr)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰagā́na ~ *ǰagnŕ̥š

Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵 (jaγnuuah)

*gʷʰon-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gánīˀtei

Latvian: ganît

Lithuanian: ganýti

Proto-Slavic: *gonìti (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰé-gʷʰn-e-t (reduplicated aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰékʷʰnon

Ancient Greek: ἔπεφνον (épephnon, “to slay”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰágʰnat

Proto-Iranian: *ǰágnat

Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈 (nijaγnəṇte, 3pl.pres.mid.ind.), 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬀𐬝 (auuajaγnat̰, 3sg.pres.inj.)

*gʷʰén-ti-s ~ *gʷʰn̥-téy-s (“striking, beating”)

*gʷʰn̥-tó-s (“slain, killed”)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰətós (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatráH

Proto-Iranian: *ǰaθráH (“poison”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatríH

Proto-Iranian: *ǰaθríH (“thorn, prickle”)

*gʷʰón-o-s

*gʷʰon-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰanás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰanás

Sanskrit: घन (ghaná, “destroyer, murderer; slaying, murder”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰón-ō

Proto-Germanic: *banô (“murderer”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *banō (“cleared path; battlefield”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *banjō (“wound”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰón-i ~ *gʷʰn̥-y-és

Proto-Celtic: *gʷoni (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰón-i-s ~ *gʷʰn̥-y-és

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գան (gan), գանեմ (ganem)

*gʷʰén-tōr ~ *gʷʰn̥-tr-és (“one who strikes, kills”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰantā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰantā́

Sanskrit: हन्तृ (hantṛ, “killer, slayer”)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰantā́

Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬀𐬭 (jaṇtar, “one who strikes”)

Old Persian: [Term?] (/jaⁿtar/, “one who strikes”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰan-

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: हन् (han, “to kill” (root))

Proto-Iranian:

Persian: زَن (zan, “strike, beat”)


*h₂énǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄγχω (ánkhō, “I compress, strangle”)

Italic:

Latin: angō (“I cause pain”)

*h₂énǵʰ-u-s ~ *h₂n̥ǵʰ-éw-s (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *angustiz (“narrowness, tightness, anxiety”)

Proto-Germanic: *angazaz (“worry, grief, anxiety”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀγχοῦ (ankhoû), ἄγχι (ánkhi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hánȷ́ʰas (see there for further descendants)

Latin: angustus (“narrow, close”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: ānxius

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: angësht

Old Armenian: անձաւ (anjaw)

Proto-Celtic: *komangus

Welsh: cyfyng

Old Irish: cumung (“narrow, tight, constricted”)

Breton kem- prep "with" + eng "narrow"

Hittite ḫamank- 'to tie' suggests that the earlier form should be reconstructed not as *h₂enǵʰ- but as *h₂emǵʰ-, which weakens the argument for a (genetic) relation to Proto-Uralic *aŋke 'painfully constricted'. Perhaps related to *h₂eng-, *h₂enk-, *h₂eḱ-


srew-

*sréw-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: առոգեմ (aṙogem)

Armenian: ոռոգել (oṙogel)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sráwati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sráwati

Sanskrit: स्रवति (srávati, “to flow”)

Proto-Iranian: *sráwati

Parthian: 𐫡𐫀𐫇𐫏𐫗𐫅 (rʾwynd, “to pour off”, 3pl.pres.)

*sréw-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *hréyyō

Ancient Greek: ῥέω (rhéō)

Greek: ρέω (réo)

*srow-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *srāwáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *srāwáyati

Sanskrit: स्रावयति (srāváyati)

*sréw-mn̥ n (“stream”, proterokinetic men-stem)

Proto-Hellenic: *hréumə

Ancient Greek: ῥεῦμα (rheûma) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *srouman

Proto-Brythonic:

>? Old Breton: strum

Old Irish: srúaim

*sre/ow-tes-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sráwtas (see there for further descendants)

*sréw-ti-s ~ *sru-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic: *hréutis, *hrútis

Ancient Greek: ῥεῦσις (rheûsis), ῥύσις (rhúsis)

Greek: ρύση (rýsi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *srútis

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *srútis

Sanskrit: स्रुति (srúti-, “stream, (out)flow, discharge; course, path; drain”)

Proto-Albanian: *srūmā

Albanian: rrymë, rrym

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sraumā́ˀ

Latvian: stràuma

*srow-mo-s

Proto-Germanic: *straumaz (see there for further descendants)

*srow-men-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sraumen

Proto-Slavic: *strumy (see there for further descendants)

Thracian:

→ Ancient Greek: Στρυμών (Strumṓn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *srawā́ˀ

Latvian: strava, stràvа

Lithuanian: sravà

⇒ Lithuanian: prasrava

Proto-Hellenic: *hrowā́

desctree

Ancient Greek: ῥοή (rhoḗ)
Greek: ροή (roḯ)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *srawáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *srawáH

⇒ Sanskrit: गिरिस्रवा (girisravā)

*srów-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sráwas

Proto-Slavic: *strovъ

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *ostrovъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hrówos

Ancient Greek: ῥόος (rhóos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *srávas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *srávas

Sanskrit: स्रव (srava)

*srow-to-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: sraũtas

>? Proto-Armenian: (or from *sréw-ti- above)

Old Armenian: առու (aṙu) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sraujā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hroyyā́

Ancient Greek: ῥοία (rhoía)

*sru-tó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *hrutós

Ancient Greek: ῥυτός (rhutós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *srutás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *srutás

Sanskrit: स्रुत (srutá)

⇒ *sru-tó-m

Proto-Celtic: *srutom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hrutón

>? Ancient Greek: ῥυτόν (rhutón)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *srutám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *srutám

Sanskrit: स्रुत (srutá)

*sru-dʰ-mó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *hrutʰmós

Ancient Greek: ῥυθμός (rhuthmós) (see there for further descendants)

*srew-edʰrom

Proto-Hellenic: *hréwetʰrom

Ancient Greek: ῥέεθρον (rhéethron), ῥεῖθρον (rheîthron)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գետ-առ (get-aṙ) (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: strāve (“a flow, current”)

Lithuanian: srovė, strovė̃

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: stràume

Lithuanian: sraumuõ (“a stream”), straumuo, sriaumė

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: sravėti (“to flow”)

Lithuanian: srū́ti

According to one theory, derived from Proto-Indo-European *ser-, whence also Latin serum.


*pleh₂-is ~ *pl̥h₂-éys

Proto-Anatolian: *pl̥Hís

Hittite: 𒁄𒄭𒅖 (pal-ḫi-iš /palḫis/)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸlāmā

Proto-Germanic: *fulmō

Proto-Hellenic: *palámā

Ancient Macedonian:

→? Albanian: pëllëmbë, pllâmë

Ancient Greek: παλάμη (palámē)

Proto-Italic: *pəlmā

Latin: palma

*pleh₂-nos, *pl̥h₂-nos

Proto-Italic: *plānos

Latin: plānus

*ploh₂-no-s, *polh₂-no-s (metathesis)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plāˀnas, *palˀnas (metathesized)

Latvian: plāns (“thin”)

Latgalian: plõns (“thin”), Latgalian: Plõnis (surname)

Lithuanian: plonas (“thin”)

Old Prussian: plonis

Proto-Slavic: *pȏlnъ (see there for further descendants)

*pleh₂-ro- (*ploh₂-ro- is equally possible)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸlārom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *flōraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *plāntā

Latin: planta

*pleh₂-trom or *pl̥h₂-trom or *ploh₂-trom

Proto-Celtic: *ɸlātrom

Proto-Brythonic: *llọdr

Breton: loer

Old Cornish: loder

Welsh: llawdr

Old Irish: láthar
Middle Irish: láither, láthair
Irish: láthair
Scottish Gaelic: làthair

Italic:

Latin: plautus

Proto-Italic: *palam

Latin: palam (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: լայն (layn, “wide, broad”)

>? Old Armenian: *հոլ- (*hol-, “uncovered, naked”)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: plakans (“flat, even”)

Lithuanian: plakãnas (“flat”) (possibly)

Proto-Slavic: *poľe (Schwebeablaut) (see there for further descendants)

Compare *pleth₂- (“flat”) and *pel- (“skin, hide, membrane, cloth”).


*péh₃-t ~ *ph₃-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अपात् (ápāt)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πῶθι (pôthi, 2sg.impv.)

*pí-ph₃-e-ti (thematic reduplicated present)

*pe-póh₃-e ~ *pe-ph₃-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पपौ (papáu)

Proto-Hellenic: *pṓmə

Ancient Greek: πῶμα (pôma), πόμα (póma)

*péh₃-ti-s ~ *ph₃-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic: *pótis

Ancient Greek: πόσις (pósis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pHtíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pHtíṣ

Sanskrit: पीति (pītí)

*ph₃-tó-s (“(having been) drunk; having drunk”)

Proto-Hellenic: *potós

Ancient Greek: ποτός (potós, “drunk; that which drinks; drink, for drinking”)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *pōtos
Latin: pōtus
→ Italian: poto
⇒ Latin: pōtō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸotlom

Old Irish: ól (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHtram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páHtram

Sanskrit: पात्र (pā́tra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pōtlom

Latin: pōculum (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

pā́tṛ or pātṛ́

Sanskrit: पातृ (pā́tṛ or pātṛ́, “drinker”)

*pih₃- (reanalyzed) or *peh₃-y- (extended)

Proto-Albanian: *pīja

Old Albanian: pii

Albanian: pi

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *piti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: pinë

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πῑ́νω (pī́nō)

Ionic Greek: πῑ́νω (pī́nō)

Lesbian Greek: πώνω (pṓnō)

Greek: πίνω (píno)

Thracian: πίνον (pínon, “beer”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pivo (“beer”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pojiti (“to give to drink”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पाययति (pāyáyati)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *piHtás (with laryngeal metathesis)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पीत (pītá, “(having been) drunk; having drunk, imbibed; saturated”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (pa-a-aš-šu-an-zi, “to swallow”) (possibly from s-extension *peh₃-s-)

Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: poieti

Proto-Slavic: *pojь (“beverage, drink”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pótos

Ancient Greek: πότος (pótos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पा (pā, “to drink”)


n̥bʰrós

n̥bʰrós (canonical)
n̥bʰrís (canonical masculine)

Proto-Armenian: < *m̥bʰrós

desctree

Old Armenian: ամպրոպ (amprop), անպրոպ (anprop)
Armenian: ամպրոպ (amprop)

Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: Amir, Amyr

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *abʰrás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *emβros, *emβris

Latin: imber

Oscan: 𐌀𐌍𐌀𐌚𐌓𐌝𐌔𐌔 (anafríss)

Proto-Tocharian: *eppre

⇒ Proto-Tocharian: *epprer (collective)

Tocharian B: iprer, eprer, ipprer
→ Tocharian A: eprer

→ Proto-Samic: *ëprē (via some Indo-European language) (see there for further descendants)

From *nebʰ- (“to become damp, cloudy”) + *-rós.

suffix

rain-cloud, with semantic narrowing to rain, cloud


ǵʰwer-

*ǵʰwḗr (< **ǵʰwér-s)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰḗr
Ancient Greek: θήρ (thḗr) (see there for further descendants)
⇒? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀤𐀫 (qe-ro /Kʷʰērōn/, given name)
⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀤𐀪𐀍 (qe-ri-jo /Kʷʰēriōn/)

*ǵʰwér-os

Proto-Italic: *feros
Latin: ferus (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰwér-ō (< **ǵʰwér-on-s)

>? Proto-Germanic: *berô (“bear”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ferōks

Latin: ferōx (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰwer-is

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źwēˀrís
East Baltic:
Latgalian: zviers
Latvian: zvêrs
Lithuanian: žvėrìs
West Baltic:
Old Prussian: swīrins
Proto-Slavic: *zvě̑rь (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Ancient Greek: θήρα (thḗra, “hunt”), θηράω (thēráō, “to hunt”), θήραμα (thḗrama, “prey, spoil, game”)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: śaru

Tocharian B: śerwe (“hunter”)


gʷʰedʰ-

*gʷʰédʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

*gʷʰodʰ-éye-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰādʰáyati

Proto-Iranian: *gādáyati

*gʷʰ-ne-dʰ- ~ *gʷʰ-n̥-dʰ- (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gend-

Lithuanian: gedáuti, gedė́ti, pasigèsti (“to miss”) (1p. pres. pasigendù)

Proto-Slavic: *žę̄dàti, *žęďati (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰédʰ-ti-s ~ *gʷʰdʰ-téy-s

Proto-Celtic: *gʷeddis

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: gweddi

Old Irish: geiss (“curse, taboo”)

Irish: geis

Proto-Germanic: *bedō (“request, plea”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *gʷedyā

Old Irish: guide (“prayer”)
Irish: guí
Manx: gwee (“curse, imprecation”)
Scottish Gaelic: guidhe

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: գոթի (gotʻi, “worship, sorcery”) (?)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πόθος (póthos), ποθή (pothḗ), ποθέω (pothéō) (< gʷʰedʰ-s-o-), θέσσασθαι (théssasthai) (< gʷʰedʰ-s-)


*gʷérh₃-t ~ *gʷr̥h₃-ént (aorist)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: եկեր (eker, 3sg.)

*gʷérh₃-ti ~ *gʷr̥h₃-énti (athematic root present)

*gʷorh₃-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Italic: *gʷorō

Latin: vorō (“to swallow, devour”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷe-gʷórh₃-e ~ *gʷe-gʷr̥h₃-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰagā́rHa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agā́rHa

Sanskrit: जगार (jagā́ra)

*gʷé-gʷorh₃-s-tor ~ *gʷe-gʷr̥h₃-s-n̥tór (s-enlarged e-reduplicated athematic present, middle only)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ágrastar (see there for further descendants)

*gʷr̥h₃-é-ti ("tudati"-type thematic root)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Háti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Háti

Sanskrit: गिरति (giráti)

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥Háti

Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (gar^əm)

*gʷi-gʷr̥h₃-sḱé-ti (reduplicate sḱe-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷigʷrṓskō

Ancient Greek: βιβρώσκω (bibrṓskō, “to eat, digest”), ἔβρων (ébrōn, aor. act.), ἐβρώθην (ebrṓthēn, aor. pass.) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gerˀtlá

Lithuanian: gerklė̃ (“throat, larynx”), (dialectical) gérklę

Proto-Slavic: *žerdlò (“throat, mouth”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kwerþrą (“bait”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kwerkō (“throat”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷorā́

Ancient Greek: βορά (borá, “fodder”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *garáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *garáH

Sanskrit: गरा (garā́)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷóros

Ancient Greek: βόρος (bóros, “swallowing”)

Proto-Armenian:

Armenian: կեր (ker)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *garHás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *garHás

Sanskrit: गर (gará, “fluid, beverage”)

Proto-Armenian:

Armenian: կոկորդ (kokord, “throat”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Hnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Hnás

Sanskrit: गीर्ण (gīrṇá, “swallowed, devoured”)

Proto-Albanian: *gritlā

>? Albanian: grellë (“deep place”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gúrˀtla (“throat”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *engranti

Albanian: ngrënë

Albanian: hangër

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


-kʷe

Proto-Albanian: *dže
Albanian: dhe

Proto-Anatolian: *-ku

Hittite: 𒊌𒆪 (uk-ku /(=k)ku/)

Luwian: 𒆪 (ku)

Palaic: 𒆪 (ku)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: -եք (-ekʻ)

Proto-Celtic: *-kʷe (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *-hw (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-kʷe

Ancient Greek: τε (te)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀤 (qe /-kʷe/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ča (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *-kʷe (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: κε (ke)

(perhaps) Proto-Albanian: *tśe

Albanian: s- / -s (“not”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *es-ke

q

Proto-Slavic: *(j)eš-če (“yet, still”) (possibly a compound of *h₁es- (“to be”) + *-kʷe) (see there for further descendants)

h₂ówis *h₁éḱwoeskʷe

the sheep and the horses (literally, “[the] sheep [the] horses-and”)

Forms distributives from interrogatives.


pótis

pótis (nominative singular)
póteyes (nominative plural)
póti (singular vocative)
póteyes (plural vocative)
pótim (accusative singular)
pótims (accusative plural)
pétis (genitive singular)
pétyoHom (genitive plural)
pétis (ablative singular)
pétimos (ablative plural)
pétyey (dative singular)
pétimos (dative plural)
péti (locative singular)
pétisu (locative plural)
pétimis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *pat(i)-

Albanian: pata

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *patis

Latgalian: pats, pots

Latvian: pats

Lithuanian: pats

Proto-Slavic: *potь (in *gospodь and *potьběga)

Proto-Germanic: *fadiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pótis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pátiš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *potis (see there for further descendants)

Derksen writes: “It is often assumed that the meaning ‘lord, husband’ derives from an even older meaning ‘self’, as found in pàts” (see Lithuanian pàts (“(singular masculine) self”)).


déms pótis

déms pótis (nominative singular)
déms pótih₁ (dual nominative)
déms pótih₁e (dual nominative)
déms póteyes (nominative plural)
déms póti (singular vocative)
déms pótih₁ (dual vocative)
déms pótih₁e (dual vocative)
déms póteyes (plural vocative)
déms pótim (accusative singular)
déms pótih₁ (accusative dual)
déms pótih₁e (accusative dual)
déms pótims (accusative plural)
déms pétis (genitive singular)
déms pétyoHom (genitive plural)
déms pétis (ablative singular)
déms pétimos (ablative plural)
déms pétyey (dative singular)
déms pétimos (dative plural)
déms péti (locative singular)
déms pétisu (locative plural)
déms pétih₁ (instrumental singular)
déms pétimis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *despótis

Ancient Greek: δεσπότης (despótēs) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dámspatiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dámspatiṣ

Sanskrit: दम्पति (dámpati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *dámspátiš

desc

Avestan: 𐬛𐬇𐬧𐬔⸱𐬞𐬀𐬙𐬋𐬌𐬴 (də̄ṇg.patōiṣ̌, “master of the house”, gen.sg.)

PIE word
 *pótis
From *dṓm ~ *dém-s (“house”) + *pótis (“master”).


-trom

-trom (nominative singular)
é-trom (nominative singular)
-troy (dual nominative)
éy (dual nominative)
éyh₁ (dual nominative)
-trom (singular vocative)
é-trom (singular vocative)
-troy (dual vocative)
éy (dual vocative)
éyh₁ (dual vocative)
-trom (accusative singular)
é-trom (accusative singular)
-troy (accusative dual)
éy (accusative dual)
éyh₁ (accusative dual)
-trosyo (genitive singular)
é-trosyo (genitive singular)
-troHom (genitive plural)
é-troHom (genitive plural)
-tread (ablative singular)
é-tread (ablative singular)
-tromos (ablative plural)
é-tromos (ablative plural)
-troey (dative singular)
é-troey (dative singular)
-tromos (dative plural)
é-tromos (dative plural)
-trey (locative singular)
é-trey (locative singular)
-troy (locative singular)
é-troy (locative singular)
-troysu (locative plural)
é-troysu (locative plural)
-trōys (instrumental plural)
é-trōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *-trom

Proto-Brythonic: *-dr

Old Irish: -thar

Gaulish: -tron

Proto-Germanic: *-þrą (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *-tron
Ancient Greek: -τρον (-tron) (see there for further descendants)
Mycenaean Greek: -𐀵𐀫 (-to-ro /-tron/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-tram

Sanskrit: -त्र (-tra)

Proto-Iranian: *-θra

desc

Avestan: -𐬙𐬭𐬀 (-tra), -𐬛𐬭𐬀 (-dra), -𐬚𐬭𐬀 (-θra)

Proto-Italic: *-trom

Latin: -trum

Thematicized from the zero-grade of *-tḗr.
Originally the neuter gender of some adjective *-tros meaning "of the doer, of doing". Of note is the similar development later exercised by daughter languages (e.g. Latin -tor > -tōrius (“of the doer, of doing”) > -tōrium (“thing/ place of the doer”)).

Forms nouns denoting a tool or instrument.

-dʰrom

typically occurring with roots ending in *-h₁ or *-h₂. See e.g. Latin fābula from root *bʰeh₂-


ǵénh₁mn̥

ǵénh₁mn̥ (nominative singular)
ǵénh₁mō (collective nominative)
ǵénh₁mn̥ (singular vocative)
ǵénh₁mō (collective vocative)
ǵénh₁mn̥ (accusative singular)
ǵénh₁mō (accusative collective)
ǵn̥h₁m̥nés (collective genitive)
ǵn̥h₁m̥nés (ablative collective)
ǵn̥h₁m̥néy (collective dative)
ǵn̥h₁mén (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁mén (collective locative)
ǵn̥h₁ménh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵn̥h₁m̥néh₁ (collective instrumental)

Proto-Celtic: *genaman, *genan (dissimilated)

Old Irish: gein

⇒ Middle Irish: genemain

Irish: giniúint

Proto-Italic: *genamen

Latin: genimen, germen (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ánHma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánHma

Sanskrit: जनिमन् (jániman), जन्मन् (jánman), जन्म (janmá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *ȷ́ánHma

Pashto: جميا (ǰamyā, “rape seed”)

Iranian Persian: جنم (ǰanam, “seed, origin; nature, essence; being, existence”)

From *ǵenh₁- (“to beget, to give birth”) + *-mn̥ (action or result suffix).


ǵénh₁ōs (nominative plural)
ǵénh₁ōs (plural vocative)
ǵénh₁ōs (accusative plural)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ծին (cin)
Armenian: ծին (cin)

Proto-Celtic: *genos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *génos
Ancient Greek: γένος (génos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ánHas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *genos

Latin: genus (see there for further descendants)

From *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, to beget, to give birth”) + *-os.


mer-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*mér-t ~ *m̥r-ént (root aorist)

*mér-ti ~ *mr-énti (root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒈨𒅕𒍣 (me-er-zi /merzi/, 3sg.pres.act.) ("to disappear, vanish")

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *márti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *márati

Sanskrit: मरति (márati), मरते (márate) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *márti

Younger Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬭- (mar-)

Gurani: مەردەی (marday)

Khotanese: [script needed] (mär-)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: mirin

Central Kurdish: مردن (mirdin)

Southern Kurdish: مردن (mirdin)

Laki: مردن (mirdin)

Old Persian: [Term?] (/mar-/)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (myr /mīr-/)

Persian: مردن (mordan)

Tajik: мурдан (murdan)

Parthian: [Term?] (/myr/)

Zazaki: merden

*mr̥-yé-tor (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mertéi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mriyátay (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *morjōr (see there for further descendants)

*mer-s- (sigmatic aorist)

Old Armenian: մեռանիմ (meṙanim)

Armenian: մեռնել (meṙnel)

*mor-éye-ti (“to kill”, causative)

*mér-ti-s ~ *mr̥-téy-s (“death”)

*mór-o-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *marás

Lithuanian: mãras

Proto-Slavic: *morъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *marǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mā́ras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mā́ras

Sanskrit: मार (mā́ra)

*mr̥-tós (“dead”)

*mr̥-t-wós (“dead”)

*mr̥-tu- ~ *mr̥-ti-u- ~ *mr̥tro-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥tyúš (see there for further descendants)

*mŕ̥-trom (instrumental)

Proto-Germanic: *murþrą (see there for further descendants)

*mr̥-wós (“dead”)

Proto-Celtic: *marwos (see there for further descendants)

*m(o)r-bʰ(h₂)-o- (“looking like death?”)

Proto-Italic: *morfos

Latin: morbus (“disease”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *merusa

Albanian: mërshë (“rotting corpse”)

Sanskrit: मृ (mṛ)


mer-

*mór-i (“sea,wetland”)

*mreg-


ǵn̥h₁tós

non-ablauting (romanization)
ǵn̥h₁tós (nominative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tóh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₁té (singular vocative)
ǵn̥h₁tóh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₁tóm (accusative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tóh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₁téy (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tóy (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tóh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂ (nominative singular)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂h₁e (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂ (singular vocative)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂h₁e (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₁tā́m (accusative singular)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂h₁e (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂m̥s (accusative plural)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂s (genitive singular)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂s (ablative singular)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂ (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂i (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵn̥h₁tóm (nominative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tóy (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₁tóyh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂ (nominative plural)
ǵn̥h₁tóm (singular vocative)
ǵn̥h₁tóy (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₁tóyh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂ (plural vocative)
ǵn̥h₁tóy (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₁tóyh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Germanic: *kundaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́aHtás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gnētós

Ancient Greek: -γνητός (-gnētós)

Proto-Italic: *gnātos

Latin: gnātus, nātus

From *ǵenh₁- (“to beget, to give birth”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


*ǵénh₁-ti (root present)

Proto-Celtic: *gniyeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ánati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánati

Sanskrit: जनति (jánati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *jánati

Eastern Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬰𐬂 (zå, “to give birth”)

Northeastern Iranian:

desc

to bear, bring forth 􂀿usually of animals􂁀; to be born, grow

Ossetian: (“to bear, bring forth [usually of animals]; to be born, grow”)

Digor Ossetian: зайин (zajin)

Iron Ossetian: зайун (zajun)

Sogdo-Bactrian:

Bactrian: ζαδο (zado, “born (ppp)”)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (zʼd, “born (ppp)”)

Sogdian: (/zan-/)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zn)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zn)

Sogdian script: [script needed] (zn)

Syriac script: ܙܢ (zn)

Yagnobi: зан- (zan-, “bear, give birth; to be born”), за́нта (zánta)

Southeastern Iranian:

to give birth to, to bear, to bring forth

Pashto: زوول (zōwul, “to give birth to, to bear, to bring forth”)

Northwestern Iranian:

Baluchi: زات (zát), زای (zá(y)-)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: زان (zan), -زێ- (-zê-)

Northern Kurdish: zayîn, zan, -zê-

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

Caspian:

Gilaki: [script needed] (zaan), زاج (zāj-)

Parthian: (/zāy-, zāyad/, “to give birth to; be born”)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zʾy-)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zʾy-) , [script needed] (zʼyd)

Proto-Zaza-Gorani:

Gurani: زای (zāy), ز (-z-)

Zazaki: zayene, za-

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian: (/zādan, zāy-/, “to bear, give birth to; engender, be born, come forth”); [Term?] (/zāyēnīdan, zāyēn-/, “to bear, give birth to”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (Y̠LYDWNtn'), [script needed] (zʾtn'), [script needed] (zʼ-)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zʾd)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zʾd), [script needed] (zʾy-); [script needed] (zʾyn-)

*ǵn̥h₁-yé-tor (deponent ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *ganyetor (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́aHyátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́aHyátay

Sanskrit: जायते (jā́yate) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Sanskrit: जायति (jāyati) (Epic)

Assamese: জগা (zoga)

Proto-Iranian: *ȷ́aHyátay

Avestan: zaiiāite

⇒ Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zaiiaiti)

*ǵénh₁-ye-tor (deponent ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *géňňomai

Ancient Greek: γείνομαι (geínomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: जन्यते (janyate)

*ǵí-ǵn̥h₁-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Vedic Sanskrit: जीज॑नत् (jī́janat)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬰𐬍𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌 (zīzanəṇti)

Pashto: زېږېدل (zēẓ̌ēdəl, “to be born”)

Proto-Hellenic: *gígnomai

Ancient Greek: γίγνομαι (gígnomai)

Proto-Italic: *gignō

Latin: gignō (see there for further descendants)

*ǵn̥h₁-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Italic: *gnāskōr

Latin: nāscor (see there for further descendants)

*ǵénh₁-mn̥ ~ *ǵn̥h₁-mén-s (“seed, offspring”)

Proto-Hellenic: *gonā́

Ancient Greek: γονή (gonḗ)

*ǵénh₁-os ~ *ǵénh₁-es-os (“race, lineage”)

Proto-Hellenic: *genehā́

Ancient Greek: γενεᾱ́ (geneā́)

*ǵénh₁-ti-s ~ *ǵn̥h₁-téy-s (“birth, production”)

*ǵn̥h₁-tó-s (“produced, begotten”)

*ǵénh₁-tōr ~ *ǵn̥h₁-tr-és (“parent”)

*ǵénh₁-tr-ih₂ ~ *ǵénh₁-tr-yeh₂-es (“parent”)

Proto-Germanic: *kunją (“kin, family”)

Proto-Germanic: *kuningaz (“king”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: genius

Proto-Italic:

Latin: naevus, Gnaeus

Old Armenian: ծնաւղ (cnawł, “parent”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γένεθλον (génethlon), γενέθλη (genéthlē), γενέθλιος (genéthlios)

Proto-Iranian: *frazanti- (“offspring, progeny”)

Proto-Iranian: *frazanti- (“offspring, progeny”)

Eastern Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬌 (frazanti, “offspring, progeny”)

Northeastern Iranian:

Sogdo-Bacterian:

Bactrian: φροζινδο (frozindo, “descendant”)

Bactrian: φροζινδο (frozindo, “descendant”), φοροζινδο (forozindo)

Sogdian: (/βzāntak/, “child”) (from *frazantaka)

Sogdian script: [script needed] (βsʾntʾk)

Sogdian script: [script needed] (βsʾntʾk), [script needed] (βsʾntk)

Southeastern Iranian:

Proto-Shughni-Roshani: [Term?] (“daughter”)

Sarikoli: [script needed] (rajen)

Shughni: [script needed] (rizīn)

Bartangi-Oroshori:

Bartangi: [script needed] (razen)

Oroshori: [script needed] (rizīn)

Roshani-Khufi:

Khufi: [script needed] (rizoen)

Roshani: [script needed] (rizēn)

Northwestern Iranian:

Parthian: (/frazand/, “child, son”)

Parthian: [script needed] (frzynd)

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian: (/frazand/, “child, son”)

Middle Persian: (/frazand/, “child, son”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (prznd), [script needed] (prẕnd)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (frzynd)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (frzynd), [script needed] (przynd)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-West Germanic: *knōsl (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γνωτός (gnōtós, “kinsman”)

Ancient Greek: γνωτός (gnōtós, “kinsman”)

Ancient Greek: γέννα (génna, “descent, origin, race, genus; birth”) (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

q

several words meaning “woman” have been conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʷḗn</i>

Indo-Aryan: (several words meaning “woman” have been conflated with *gʷḗn)

desc

Sanskrit: ज (ja, já, “son of; father; birth”)

Sanskrit: ज (ja, já, “son of; father; birth”)

Sanskrit: जा (jā́, “race, tribe”)

Sanskrit: जान (jā́na, “birth, origin, birthplace”)

Sanskrit: जना (janā, “birth, origin”)

Sanskrit: जनि (jáni, “birth, production, birthplace”)

Sanskrit: जनी (jánī)

Sanskrit: जननी (jananī, “mother”)

Sanskrit: जन्तु (jantú, “offspring, kinsman”)

Sanskrit: जन्तु (jantú, “offspring, kinsman”)

Sanskrit: ज्ञाति (jñātí, “kinsman”)

Sanskrit: जन्यु (janyu, “birth, creature”)

Sanskrit: जन्यु (janyu, “birth, creature”)

Sanskrit: जन्य (jánya, janyá, “people, community, nation”)

Sanskrit: जनुस् (janús, janū́s, “birth, production, descent, nativity; genus, class, kind”)

necessarily, essentially, originally, by birth

Sanskrit: जनुषा (januṣā, “necessarily, essentially, originally, by birth”)

Sanskrit: जनू (janū́, “birth, descent”)

⇒ Sanskrit: जनु (janu, “soul”)

Sanskrit: जेन्य (jénya, “of noble origin; genuine”)

Sanskrit: जातु (jā́tu, jātú, “at all, ever, perhaps”)

Sanskrit: जात्य (jā́tya, “legitimate; of a good family”)

Sanskrit: जनता (janátā, “people, folk; generation”)

Sanskrit: जनन (jánana, “progenitor, production, birth, race”)

Sanskrit: जज्ञि (jájñi, “germinating, shooting; seed”)

Sanskrit: जन्मिन् (janmin, “creature”)

Sanskrit: जानुका (jā́nukā, “bringing forth; woman”)

Sanskrit: जाया (jāyā́, “bringing forth”)

Sanskrit: जाया (jāyā́, “bringing forth”)

Sanskrit: जावन् (jā́van, “born, produced”)

Sanskrit: जावन् (jā́van, “born, produced”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬎 (zantu, “tribe, race”)


ǵews-

*ǵéws-e-ti (thematic root present)

*ǵows-éye-ti (éye-iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *kauzijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́awšáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́awṣáyati

Sanskrit: जोषयते (joṣáyate, 3sg.med.)

*ǵus-é-tor (mediopassive)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ušátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uṣátay

q

or developed from thematic aorist <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अजुषत</i> (ájuṣata)

>? Sanskrit: जुषते (juṣáte) (or developed from thematic aorist अजुषत (ájuṣata))

*ǵu-ǵéws-ti ~ *ǵú-ǵus-nti (reduplicated athematic present)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (kukušzi, “to taste”)

*ȷ́uȷ́áwštay

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́uȷ́áwštay

Proto-Iranian: *jujáwštay

Younger Avestan: 𐬁𐬰𐬏𐬰𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬈 (āzūzušte, 3sg.pres.med.)

*ǵu-ǵóws-e ~ *ǵú-ǵus-ḗr (zero-grade reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́uȷ́áwša

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uȷ́áwṣa

Sanskrit: जुजोष (jujóṣa)

*ǵéws-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́áwšas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áwṣas

Sanskrit: जोष (jóṣa)

Proto-Iranian: *jáwšah

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬊𐬱𐬀 (zaoša)

Parthian: 𐫉𐫇𐫢 (zwš, “love”)

*ǵéws-ti-s ~ *ǵus-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *kustiz (“trial”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́úštiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́úṣtiṣ

Sanskrit: जुष्टि (júṣṭi)

*ǵéws-tu-s ~ *ǵus-téw-s

*ǵus-tó-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γευστός (geustós) (with leveling)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́uštás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uṣṭás

Sanskrit: जुष्ट (juṣṭá)

Proto-Iranian: *juštáh

Avestan: 𐬰𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬀 (zušta)

*ǵéws-tōr ~ *ǵus-tr-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́awštā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́awṣṭā́

Sanskrit: जोष्टृ (joṣṭṛ́, “one who loves”)

Proto-Iranian: *jawštā́

Old Persian: 𐎭𐎢𐏁𐎫𐎼 (d-u-š-t-r /dauštar/, “friend”) (𐎭𐎢𐏁𐎫𐎠 (d-u-š-t-a /dauštā/, nom. sg.))

Middle Persian: (/dōst/)

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫇𐫘𐫤 (dwst)

Book Pahlavi script: 𐭣𐭥𐭮𐭲𐭩 (dwst')

Proto-Celtic gowsta:'Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Brill, Leiden 2009) p. 18. Zagreb, December 2011. https://mudrac.ffzg.hr/~rmatasov/EDPC-Addenda%20et%20corrigenda.pdf

Old Irish gúas "danger, possibility"

Old Irish gúasacht [ā f] ‘danger’ perhaps attested in Ogam as Gen. sg. GOSSUCTTIAS


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *séiˀta

Latvian: siêts

Lithuanian: síetas

Proto-Slavic: *sìto (see there for further descendants)

*séh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sḗˀtei

Latvian: sēt

Lithuanian: sė́ti

Proto-Slavic: *sě̀ti, *sě̀jati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sēaną (see there for further descendants)

*si-sh₁-é-ti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Italic: *sizō
Latin: serō

*séh₁-mn̥ (“seed”)

Proto-Germanic: *sēdiz (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: sēkla

Lithuanian: sė́kla

Proto-Germanic: *sēdlą (see there for further descendants)

(innovative) Proto-Germanic: *sēdą

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sād
Old English: sǣd, sēd — Anglian
Middle English: seed, ceed, ceede, sed, sede, sedde, seede, seide, seod, seth, seyd, seyde, side, syd, zed, sad, sæd, sæt (Early Middle English)
English: seed
Scots: seed, seid, sid
Yola: zeade
Old Frisian: sēd
Saterland Frisian: Säid
West Frisian: sied
Old Saxon: sād
Middle Low German: sât
German Low German: Saad
Plautdietsch: Sot
Old Dutch: *sād
Middle Dutch: sâet
Dutch: zaad
Afrikaans: saad
Limburgish: zaod
⇒ Zealandic: zaedje

Old Norse: sáð
Icelandic: sáð
Faroese: sáð
Norwegian: sæd
Old Swedish: sǣþ
Swedish: säd
Old Danish:
Danish: sæd
Gutnish: sid

Italic:

Latin: satus

Unsorted formations:

desc

Hittite: 𒅆𒄿𒄑𒍣 (ši-i-ez-zi, “press in, sow”)

Proto-Celtic: *sīlom (“seed”)

Old Irish: síl (see there for further descendants)

Middle Welsh: hil

Welsh: hil

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáHyakas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáHyakas

Sanskrit: सायक (sā́yaka, “intended or fitted to be discharged or hurled”)


Proto-Italic: *sēros

Latin: sērus (“belated, slow”)

⇒ Latin: sērius (possibly)

Proto-Celtic: *sīros (“long”)

Proto-Italic: *sētos (possibly)

Latin: *sētus

⇒ Latin: sētius (“later, to a lesser degree”)

Proto-Celtic: *sīyos (“longer”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Welsh:

Welsh: hwy

Old Irish: sía

*sh₁ey- (i-present)

Proto-Germanic: *sīþuz (“late”)

*sh₁i-tos (possibly)

Proto-Germanic: *sīdaz (“long”)

Proto-Celtic: *siti- (possibly)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: hit

Old Welsh: hit

Middle Welsh: hyt

Old Irish: sith-

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *sīniti (“to stretch, extend”)

Old Irish:

Middle Irish: sínid

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: साय (sāyá, “evening”)


Proto-Albanian: *esmi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: եմ (em)
Armenian: եմ (em)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *esmi

Latvian: esmu

Lithuanian: esu

Proto-Slavic: *esmь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *immi, *izmi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ehmi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásmi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ezom (see there for further descendants)

eǵHóm h₁ésmi.

first-person singular present indicative of *h₁ésti


mélit

mélit (nominative singular)
mélit (singular vocative)
mélit (accusative singular)
m̥lités (genitive singular)
m̥lités (ablative singular)
m̥litéy (dative singular)
mélit (locative singular)
méliti (locative singular)

Proto-Albanian: *melita (see there for further descendants)

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (militt-) / [script needed] (malitt-)

Luwian: [script needed] (mallit-)

Palaic: [script needed] (mallitanna-)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: մեղր (mełr)

Old Armenian: մեղու (mełu, “bee”)

Proto-Celtic: *meli (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mili (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μέλι (méli) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *meli

Latin: mel (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Turkic: *bal


ḱerd-

*ḱḗr

*ḱord-om

>? Proto-Germanic: *hartą (“resin”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱérd-trom

q

or perhaps from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*(s)ker-</i>

>? Proto-Germanic: *herþrą (“innards, entrails, heart”) (or perhaps from *(s)ker-) (see there for further descendants)


dewk-

*déwk-ti ~ * duk-énti (root present)

*dowk-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *taugijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *tugōną (see there for further descendants)

*dúk-s (root noun)

Proto-Italic: *duks

Latin: dux (see there for further descendants)

*duk-is ~ *duk-éys

Proto-Germanic: *tugiz (see there for further descendants)

*dewk-ón-s

desc

Proto-Germanic: *tugô (“leader”, literally “one who pulls along”) (see there for further descendants)

*dewk-dʰló-s or *dewk-elo-s

Proto-Germanic: *tugilaz (“rein”) (see there for further descendants)

*dewk-tróm or *dewk-dʰróm

>? Proto-Germanic: *teudrą (“tether, drawbar”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *taugō (“cord”) (see there for further descendants)

*dowk-mós

Proto-Germanic: *taumaz (“tie, tether; team; birth”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *duk-

Albanian: nduk (“to draw (out), pluck”)

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (tukzi-), [script needed] c (tukkanzi-, “cultivation of plants and animals”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: (possibly) δαδύσσομαι (dadússomai, “to be distracted”), (possibly) ἐνδυκέως (endukéōs, “kindly, greedily”)


*h₂ewg- (reanalysed form of the same root)

*h₂wég-se-ti (se-present)

Proto-Germanic: *wahsijaną (intensive from root reanalysed as *h₂wegs-)

Proto-Hellenic: *awéksō

Ancient Greek: ἀέξω (aéxō), αὐξάνω (auxánō), αὔξω (aúxō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwakšáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwakṣáyati

Sanskrit: वक्षयति (vakṣáyati) (intensive from root reanalysed as *h₂wegs-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwaxšáyati

Persian: وخشیدن (vaxšidan)

*h₂wég-s-es ~ *h₂wég-s-os- (“breast, chest”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwákšas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwákṣas

Sanskrit: वक्षस् (vákṣas)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀯𑀘𑁆𑀙 (vaccha), 𑀯𑀓𑁆𑀔 (vakkha)

Proto-Germanic: *wahstuz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

(possibly) Proto-Celtic: *wegrom (“grass, hay”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wōkraz (“increase, gain, yield”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *ovoťe (“fruit”) (see there for further descendants)


*h₂éwg-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *augtei

Latvian: augt

Lithuanian: áugti

Proto-Germanic: *aukaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: αὐξάνω (auxánō) (or rather from *h₂weg-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hukšáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hukṣáti

Sanskrit: उक्षति (ukṣáti)

*h₂owg-éye-ti ~ *h₂ewg-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Italic: *augeō (with irregular change o > a) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂éwg-os ~ *h₂éwg-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwǰas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *augos

Latin: augur, ⇒ augustus

*h₂ug-ró-s (“strong, fierce”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hugrás (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *(h)aug-

Albanian: ag

Armenian:

Old Armenian: աճեմ (ačem)

(possibly) Proto-Germanic: *auk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwakšáyati

Proto-Iranian: *Hwaxšáyati

Avestan: 𐬎𐬑𐬱𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬍 (uxšiieⁱtī, “grows”), 𐬬𐬀𐬑𐬱𐬙 (vaxšt, “lets grow”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (waxšīdan, “to grow”)

Persian: وخشیدن (vaxšidan, “to wax, grow”)

Italic:

q

possibly from *aug-s-ili-<ref name=de_Vaan />

Latin: auxilium (possibly from *aug-s-ili-)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: augsts

Lithuanian: aũkštas, augestis

>? Venetic: 𐌀𐌖𐌙𐌀𐌓 (augar)

→? Proto-Finnic: *kasvadak (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂weg-, of which the zero grade *h₂ug- was reanalysed as having the ablaut vowel before the -w- rather than after it, creating a new variant form of the root. The original root remained in use, however.


éti

Armenian:

(?) Old Armenian: -է (-ē)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ati (from *h₁óti, unless from *h₂éti)

Lithuanian: at- (“back, away”)

Latvian: at- (“back away”)

Old Prussian: et-, at-

Proto-Slavic: *otъ, *i (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ati-

Gaulish: ate-

Proto-Brythonic: *ad-

Cornish: as-

Welsh: ad-

desctree

Old Irish: aith-, ath- (broad form)
Irish: ath-
Manx: aa-
Scottish Gaelic: ath-

Proto-Germanic: *idi, *idi- (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔτι (éti, “yet”)

Ancient Greek: ἀτάρ (atár, “but”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *áti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *áti

Sanskrit: अति (áti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *áti

Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (aⁱti)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎫𐎹 (atiy), 𐎢𐎫𐎠 (utā)

Proto-Italic: *et

Latin: et (“and”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *āté

Tocharian B: ate

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: -ṣ

From *h₁é. De Vaan proposes an old locative singular of *h₁et-, reflected in Sanskrit अत् (at, “to go”), as he explains “Originally used to add something to a previous utterance, or to indicate the sequence
of different actions”. Beekes and Derksen give the same etymology provided by De Vaan. Ringe, however, reconstructs it as *éti.


teng-

*tn̥g-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *þunkijaną (“to seem, to appear”) (see there for further descendants)

*tong-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *þankijaną (“to think”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *tongēō

Latin: tongeō (“to know”)

*tóng-os

Proto-Germanic: *þankaz (“thought, remembrance, gratitude”) (see there for further descendants)

*téng-wr̥ ~ *tn̥g-wén-

Proto-Tocharian: *täṅkwä (“love”)

Tocharian A: tuṅk

Tocharian B: taṅkw


trenkʷ-

*trénkʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *þrinhwaną (see there for further descendants)

*trénkʷ-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: treñkti

*tronkʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *þrangwijaną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: trìecu

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian: *θra(n)č-

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀𐬑𐬙𐬥 (maaθraxtn)

Persian: ترنجیدن (taranjidan)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: truncus (possibly) (see there for further descendants)


stel-

*stél-ye-ti

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stíltei
Proto-Slavic: *stьlati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *stéľľō

Ancient Greek: στέλλω (stéllō)

Greek: στέλνω (stélno)

*stól-ye-ti

Proto-Germanic: *staljaną

Proto-West Germanic: *stalljan (see there for further descendants)

?*stl̥-ko-s

Proto-Italic: *stlokos

Old Latin: stlocus

Latin: locus (see there for further descendants)

*stól-ō, *stél-ō ~ stl̥-n-és (on-stem)

Proto-Germanic: *stullô

Proto-West Germanic: *stollō

Old High German: stollo (“prop, post”)
Middle High German: stolle
German: Stollen
→ Czech: štóla
→ English: stollen
→ Norwegian Bokmål: stoll
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: stoll
→ Italian: stollo
→ Serbo-Croatian: штула

Proto-Italic: *stolō

Latin: stolō (“shoot, branch”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *stl̥-n-eh₂

Proto-Hellenic: *stəllā

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*steh₂-</i>

>? Ancient Greek: στήλη (stḗlē, “prop, support block, post”) (or from *steh₂-) (see there for further descendants)

*stól-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *stólos

Ancient Greek: στόλος (stólos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰálas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰálas

Sanskrit: स्थल (sthála, “land, place”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *stólā́

desctree

Ancient Greek: στολή (stolḗ)
Greek: στολή (stolí)
→ Hebrew: אִצְטְלָה (itztəlá)
→ Latin: stola
→ Czech: štóla (learned)
→ English: stola, stole (learned)
→ Finnish: stola (learned)
→ Italian: stola (learned)
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: stola (learned)
→ Polish: stola (learned)
→ Slovak: štóla (learned)
→ Swedish: stola (learned)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰálaH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰálaH

desc

Sanskrit: स्थला (sthálā, “floor, mound”)

*stl̥-to-

Proto-Germanic: *stultaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *stoltos

Latin: stultus (see there for further descendants)

*stol-ido-

Proto-Italic: *stolidos

Latin: stolidus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: shtjell

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ստեղն (stełn)

Old Armenian: ստեղծանեմ (stełcanem)

(perhaps) Old Armenian: առաստաղ (aṙastał)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: stal̃lis

Lithuanian: stal̃das

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στελεός (steleós), στελεά (steleá)

Extensions

⇒? *stel-d-

⇒ *steld-y-on-

Proto-Germanic: *stiltijǭ, *staltijǭ, *stultijǭ (“stilt”)

Proto-West Germanic: *stiltijā, *staltijā, *stultijā

Old English: *stilte, *stylte

Middle English: stilte, stulte

English: stilt

Middle Low German: stelte

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: stelt

Old High German: stelza

Middle High German: stelze

German: Stelze

Old Norse:

Danish: stylte


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *au

Old Prussian: au- (“out of”)

Latvian: au- (“out of”)

Lithuanian: au- (“out of”)

Proto-Slavic: *u (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *au (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *auk (“also, furthermore”) (combined with PIE *ge) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: αὖ (aû)

⇒ Ancient Greek: αὖτε (aûte, “again, on the other hand, on the contrary”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hu (zero-grade)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hu

Sanskrit: उ (u)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: au- (“off”)

auþijaz

empty; see there for further descendants


non-ablauting (romanization)
somHós (nominative singular)
somHóes (nominative plural)
somHé (singular vocative)
somHóes (plural vocative)
somHóm (accusative singular)
somHóms (accusative plural)
somHósyo (genitive singular)
somHóHom (genitive plural)
somHéad (ablative singular)
somHómos (ablative plural)
somHóey (dative singular)
somHómos (dative plural)
somHéy (locative singular)
somHóy (locative singular)
somHóysu (locative plural)
somHṓys (instrumental plural)
somHā́m (accusative singular)
somHóm (nominative singular)
somHóy (dual nominative)
somHóm (singular vocative)
somHóy (dual vocative)
somHóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Albanian: *-(i)sama

Albanian: -shëm, -shme, -çëm, -çme

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sāmas

Proto-Slavic: *samъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *somos

Old Irish: som, sāim

Proto-Germanic: *samaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *homos

Ancient Greek: ὁμός (homós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *samHás (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian A: sоmа-

Tocharian B: sоmо-

Presumably from *sem- (“together, one”).


(s)mey-

*(s)méy-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *smejetei

Latvian: smieties

Lithuanian: smiêt

Proto-Slavic: *smьjàti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *smáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *smáyati

Sanskrit: स्मयते (smáyate)

Proto-Tocharian: *smäi-

Tocharian B: smiyäṃ (“to laugh”)

Tocharian A: smimāṃ (“laughing”, middle part.)

*(s)méy-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁e-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: smaĩdît, smaîdinât, smîdînât

*(s)méy-ros

Proto-Italic: *smeiros

Latin: mīrus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *smáyras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *smáyras

Sanskrit: स्मेर (sméra)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *smīlāną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *komsmis

Latin: cōmis

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μειδάω (meidáō)

Hellenic: μειδιάω (meidiáō)


(s)meld-

*(s)méld-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *smeltaną, *meltaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *méldomai

Ancient Greek: μέλδομαι (méldomai)

*(s)mold-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *maltijaną (“to cause to melt or dissolve”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)mold-o-m, *(s)ml̥d-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *smultą (“molten fat, lard”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ml̥d-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *smultaz (“weak, gentle; tranquil”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *meltǭ, *miltiją (“spleen”) (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: मृद् (mṛd, “to be soft”)

Often compared to *(s)mel- (“to crush, grind”).


(s)merd-

*(s)merd- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *smertaną (“to hurt”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)márdati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *márdati

Sanskrit: मर्दति (márdati, “to pound, crush”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)mord-éye-ti or *h₂mord-éye-ti (iterative)

q

Proto-Italic: *mordejō (or *mordē(j)ō, from *(s)mr̥d-éh₁(ye)-ti below)

Latin: mordeō (see there for further descendants)

*(s)mr̥d-éh₁(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative or iterative)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *smirˀdḗˀtei (“to stink”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)mr̥-né-d-ti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

>? Avestan: 𐬨𐬋𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬛𐬀𐬝 (mōrəṇdat̰, “to ruin, annihilate”)

⇒? Old Persian: [script needed] (vi-mạr(n)datiy, “suppressed”)

*(s)merd-h₂ (collective)

>? Proto-Italic: *(s)merdā

>? Latin: merda (“excrement”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)mórd-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *smárˀdas (“stench”)

Latvian: smards

Lithuanian: smárdas

Proto-Slavic: *smȏrdъ (see there for further descendants)

*smerd-nós

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σμερδνός (smerdnós)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: մարտ (mart)

Armenian: մարտ (mart)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σμερδαλέος (smerdaléos)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: märtk

Tocharian B: märtk


h₂éḱmō

h₂éḱmō (nominative singular)
h₂ḱm̥nés (genitive singular)
h₂ḱm̥nés (ablative singular)
h₂ḱm̥néy (dative singular)
h₂ḱmén (locative singular)
h₂ḱmn̥sú (locative plural)
h₂ḱm̥néh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ákmō, *kā́ˀmō (see there for further descendants)

q

from a metathesized <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂ḱémō</i>

>? Proto-Germanic: *himinaz (from a metathesized *h₂ḱémō) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἄκμων (ákmōn, “anvil, pestle, battering ram”)
Greek: άκμων (ákmon), άκμονας (ákmonas), ⇒ αμόνι (amóni) (from the diminutive)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćmā (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) + *-mō (agentive nominal suffix), referring to the cutting sharpness of stone.


h₂ḱrós

non-ablauting (romanization)
h₂ḱrós (nominative singular)
h₂ḱróh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂ḱré (singular vocative)
h₂ḱróh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂ḱróm (accusative singular)
h₂ḱróh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂ḱréy (locative singular)
h₂ḱróy (locative singular)
h₂ḱróh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂ḱréh₂ (nominative singular)
h₂ḱréh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
h₂ḱréh₂h₁e (dual nominative)
h₂ḱréh₂ (singular vocative)
h₂ḱréh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
h₂ḱréh₂h₁e (dual vocative)
h₂ḱrā́m (accusative singular)
h₂ḱréh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
h₂ḱréh₂h₁e (accusative dual)
h₂ḱréh₂m̥s (accusative plural)
h₂ḱréh₂s (genitive singular)
h₂ḱréh₂s (ablative singular)
h₂ḱréh₂ (locative singular)
h₂ḱréh₂i (locative singular)
h₂ḱréh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂ḱróm (nominative singular)
h₂ḱróy (dual nominative)
h₂ḱróyh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂ḱréh₂ (nominative plural)
h₂ḱróm (singular vocative)
h₂ḱróy (dual vocative)
h₂ḱróyh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂ḱréh₂ (plural vocative)
h₂ḱróy (accusative dual)
h₂ḱróyh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂ḱréh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Albanian: *atsara (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aśras (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *akros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄκρος (ákros)

Ionian Greek: ἄκρος (ákros)

desc

Proto-Italic: *ā̆kris (with change to i-stem) (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) + *-rós (Caland system suffix).

suffix

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


*ḱh₂d- (root present)

Proto-Italic: *kadō

Latin: cadō

*ḱe-ḱh₂d- (stative)

Proto-Italic: *kekadai

Latin: cecidī

*ḱadyo-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ցած (cʻac) (possibly)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *kassris (“hail-shower”) or *kass(a)rā

Old Irish: casar

Middle Welsh: kesseir

Welsh: cesair

Breton: kazerc'h

Cornish: keser

Speculative links have been made to *keh₂d- (“hatred, angriness”).


sekʷ-

*sékʷ-e-tor (mediopassive root present)

*sékʷ-t ~ *skʷ-ént (aorist)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἑσπόμην (hespómēn)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सचान (sacāná, aor.med.part.), सचीमहि (sacīmahi, 1pl.aor.med.opt.)

Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬵𐬇𐬗𐬁 (hə̄cā, 1sg.aor.subj.), 𐬯𐬗𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬏 (scaṇtū, 3pl.aor.imp.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáčaH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáćaH

Sanskrit: सचा (sácā)

desc

Proto-Iranian: *háčaH (“of, from”, prep.) (see there for further descendants)

*sekʷ-o-

Italic:

Latin: secus, (pedi)sequus

*sokʷ-h₂-ṓy ~ *sokʷ-h₂-y-ós

*sekʷ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saktás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saktás

Sanskrit: सक्त (saktá)

Proto-Iranian: *haxtáh

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬑𐬙𐬀 (haxta)

Parthian: 𐫍𐫟𐫤 (hxt), 𐫍𐫟𐫘𐫀𐫅 (hxsʾd)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (hʾht /hāxt/)

Proto-Italic: *sektos

Latin: secūtus (with contamination), sector (denominative)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *sākska

Albanian: shoh

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀπάων (opáōn), ὀπηδός (opēdós)

Ancient Greek: ἀοσσέω (aosséō)

Proto-Hellenic: *hekʷétās

Ancient Greek: ἑπέτης (hepétēs)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀤𐀲 (e-qe-ta)

Indo-Iranian

Proto-Iranian: *haxamaniš

Old Persian: 𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁 (haxamaniš, “friendly mannered”)

Persian: هخامنش (haxâmaneš)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀχαιμένης (Akhaiménēs)


sekʷ-

*sekʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *sehwaną (see there for further descendants)

*siuniz (see there for further descendants)

*sókʷ-o-s, *sokʷ-éh₂ (collective)

Proto-Anatolian: *sṓgʷos

Hittite: 𒊭𒀀𒆪𒉿 (ša-a-ku-wa /sākuwa/, nom.acc.pl.)

Luwian:

Cuneiform: 𒁕𒀀𒌋𒄿𒅖 (da-a-u-i-iš /tāwīš/)

Hieroglyphic: 𔑰𔗬 (ta-wa-)

Lycian: 𐊗𐊁𐊇𐊁 (tewe, coll.pl.), 𐊑𐊗𐊁𐊇𐊚 (ñtewẽ, “facing, opposite, towards”)

*sekʷ-sḱé-ti or *sokʷ-eh₁-sḱé-ti (innovative *sḱé-presents)

Proto-Albanian: *sākska

Albanian: shoh


sekʷ-

*sékʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *sekʷeti (“say”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *enhékʷō

Ancient Greek: ἐνέπω (enépō), ἐννέπω (ennépō)

Proto-Italic:

Old Latin: īnseque, īnsece

Latin: īnsece, inquam

⇒ *h₁en-skʷ-ih₂

Proto-Celtic: *enskʷiā

Old Irish: insce

*sokʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sákīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*sokʷ-h₁-ye-ti (innovated stative)

Proto-Germanic: *sagjaną

*n̥-skʷ-e-to-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄσπετος (áspetos)

*sekʷ-tlo-m

Proto-Celtic: *skʷetlom (with metathesis)

Primitive Irish: *skʷetlan

→ Proto-Brythonic: *hwedl

Middle Welsh: chwetyl

Welsh: chwedl

Old Irish: scél (“story, news, argument”) (see there for further descendants)

*sokʷ-ó-s

Proto-Slavic: *sokъ (“accuser”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *sagǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θέσπις (théspis), θέσπιος (théspios), θεσπέσιος (thespésios), ἀσπάζομαι (aspázomai), ἀσπάσιος (aspásios)


Proto-Italic: *awēō

Latin: aveō

q

possibly from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁ewH-</i>

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwati (possibly from *h₁ewH-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwati

desc

Sanskrit: अवति (avati, “to help, protect”)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: con·ói (“to protect”)

*h₂ēwH-os-s n

q

alternatively from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁ewH-</i>

>? Proto-Hellenic: *āwos or *ēwos (alternatively from *h₁ewH-)

>? Ancient Greek: *ἦος (*êos)

desc

Ancient Greek: ἐν-ηής (en-ēḗs, “mild, soft, benevolent”)

Proto-Germanic: *auþuz (“easy”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic:

Breton: youl

Cornish: awell

Welsh: ewyllys

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: आवयत् (ā́vayat)

Sanskrit: अवस (avasá)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: avārus (see there for further descendants)


*h₂ṓws (“ear”)

⇒ *h₂ḱ-h₂ows-yéti (< *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”))

*h₂ew-ís ~ *h₂ow-ís (“manifest, apparent, evident”) (or *h₃ēw-is)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *avis (locatives from the noun meaning “reality”)

Lithuanian: ovyje (“in reality”)

Proto-Slavic: *avь (“obvious, apparent, real”)

Old Church Slavonic: авѣ (avě), ꙗвѣ (javě, “manifestly, openly”)

⇒ Bulgarian: наяве (najave)

Polish: jawa

Serbo-Croatian: јава/java

Proto-Germanic: *awiz (“obvious”)

Proto-West Germanic: *awi

⇒ Old English: ēawis (< *awi-wissa-)

⇒ Old High German: awizoraht (< *awi-turhta-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hāwíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hāwíṣ

Sanskrit: आविस् (āvís)

Proto-Iranian: *Hāwíš

Avestan: 𐬁𐬬𐬍𐬱 (āvīš), 𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬱 (āuuiš)

⇒ *h₂ewis-dʰh₁-

Proto-Hellenic: *awistʰomai

Ancient Greek: αἴσθομαι (aísthomai), αἰσθάνομαι (aisthánomai)

Proto-Italic: *awizdjō

Latin: audiō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aum-

Lithuanian: aumuõ m (“mind”)

Proto-Slavic: *ũmъ m (“mind”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒌋𒀪𒄭 (u-uḫ-ḫi)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ovytis (“to appear”)

Proto-Slavic: *aviti (see there for further descendants)

Old Church Slavonic: авити (aviti), ꙗвити (javiti)

Slovak: javiť

Serbo-Croatian: јавити/javiti

Proto-Celtic: *awyeti

Old Irish: con·ói

Proto-Hellenic: *awiyō

Ancient Greek: ἀΐω (aḯō)


prot-

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *pratja

Albanian: pres (“to wait, to expect”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Baltic: *prat-

Latvian: prast (“to know, be able”)

Lithuanian: pranti (“to understand”)

Old Prussian: prestun (“to understand”)

Proto-Germanic: *fraþjaną

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fraþjan, “to understand, think”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: interpres (“mediator, translator”) (possibly)

Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“decision, resolve, determination”)

Tocharian A: pratim

Tocharian B: *prete


kaptós

non-ablauting (romanization)
kaptós (nominative singular)
kaptóes (nominative plural)
kapté (singular vocative)
kaptóes (plural vocative)
kaptóm (accusative singular)
kaptóms (accusative plural)
kaptósyo (genitive singular)
kaptóHom (genitive plural)
kaptéad (ablative singular)
kaptómos (ablative plural)
kaptóey (dative singular)
kaptómos (dative plural)
kaptéy (locative singular)
kaptóy (locative singular)
kaptóysu (locative plural)
kaptṓys (instrumental plural)
kaptā́m (accusative singular)
kaptóm (nominative singular)
kaptóy (dual nominative)
kaptóm (singular vocative)
kaptóy (dual vocative)
kaptóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Celtic: *kaxtos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *haftaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kaptos

Latin: captus (see there for further descendants)

Perfect passive participle of the verb *kapyéti (“to be seized, held”).
Equivalent to *kap- (“to seize, hold”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


dus-

(perhaps) Armenian:

Old Armenian: տ- (t-)

Balto-Slavic:

desc

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *dъždžь (“rainstorm, rain”) (< *dus-dyu- (“bad sky”), from *dyu- (“sky, day”))

Proto-Celtic: *dus- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *tuz- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *dus- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *duš- (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) Italic:

Latin: dis-

Possibly from *dews- (“lack”). De Vaan instead suggests a derivation from the root of *dwóh₁ (“two”) with sense development from "into two" > "apart" > "bad".


Proto-Celtic: *su- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *su-

Lithuanian: su-

Proto-Slavic: *sъ-

Proto-Hellenic: *ehu- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hsu- (see there for further descendants)

q

→ Old Armenian: հ- (h-) (or inherited and contaminated with the Iranian)

Possible metathesis of *h₁wes- (“good”), or perhaps related to *h₁es- (“to be”).
Hittite 𒀀𒀸𒋗𒍑 (āššuš, “good”) and possibly Epic Greek ἠΰς (ēǘs, id.) provide strong evidence for a u-stem adjective *h₁óh₁s-u-s, gen.sg. *h₁h₁s-éw-s, which would point to a reduplicated root *h₁es-. Since Proto-Indo-European apparently did not allow geminate clusters, the weak stem would have simplified to *h₁s-éw-; this could be the source of the combining form *h₁su-, with which it would be identical in the zero-grade.


gʷʰéntis

gʷʰéntis (nominative singular)
gʷʰénteyes (nominative plural)
gʷʰénti (singular vocative)
gʷʰénteyes (plural vocative)
gʷʰéntim (accusative singular)
gʷʰéntims (accusative plural)
gʷʰn̥téys (genitive singular)
gʷʰn̥téyoHom (genitive plural)
gʷʰn̥téys (ablative singular)
gʷʰn̥tímos (ablative plural)
gʷʰn̥téyey (dative singular)
gʷʰn̥tímos (dative plural)
gʷʰn̥téy (locative singular)
gʷʰn̥tḗy (locative singular)
gʷʰn̥tísu (locative plural)
gʷʰn̥tíh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷʰn̥tímis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Germanic: *gunþiz (via an intermediate form where *gʷʰ delabialized to *gʰ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰátis

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰátiṣ

Sanskrit: हति (hati)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰánti

Eastern Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (jaⁱṇti)

Southwestern Iranian:

desc

Old Persian: 𐎩𐎫𐎡𐎹 (jaⁿtiy, “to strike, defeat”) (root [Term?] (/ja(n)-/))

Middle Persian: [script needed] (MHYTWN-n /zadan/) (root [script needed] (zn- /zan-/))

Persian: زدن (zadan)

From *gʷʰen- (“to strike, slay”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


mey-

*moy-ni-

Italic:

Latin: moenia, mūniō (see there for further descendants)

*moy-ro-

Proto-Germanic: *mairiją (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *moiros (see there for further descendants)


mey-

*mi-néw-ti ~ *mi-nw-énti (new-present)

Proto-Celtic: *minuti

⇒ Old Irish: do·dímen

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mináwti

desc

Sanskrit: मिनोति (minoti, “to fix, establish”)

*mi-tró-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μίτρα f (mítra)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mitrás m (see there for further descendants)


mey-

*h₂meygʷ- (possibly)

*méy-e-tor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máyatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máyatay

Sanskrit: मयते (máyate)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mejāˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *mijati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *meāō

Latin: meō

*meyḱ-, *meyǵ- (possibly)

*m(e)y-t-s

Italic:

q

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*terh₂-</i>

Latin: (trā)mes (with *terh₂-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sēmitā

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*swé</i>

Latin: (sē)mita (with *swé) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *moitā

⇒ Latin: mūtō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mináHti

Sanskrit: मिनाति (mināti, “to change”)

Celtic:

Old Irish: mían (“desire, inclination”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mainā́ˀ

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: maîna, maĩņa

Proto-Slavic: *měna (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máynaH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máynaH

Sanskrit: मेना (ménā, “concubine”)

*moy-n-éye-ti- (causative suffix)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *máinīˀtei

Latgalian: maineitʹ

Latvian: mainīt

Lithuanian: mainyti

Proto-Slavic: *měniti (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *mainijaną (“to mean, think”) (see there for further descendants)

*moy-no-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: maĩnas

Proto-Hellenic: *móinos

Ancient Greek: μοῖνος (moînos)

*moy-nos ~ *moy-nes-os

Proto-Italic: *moinos (see there for further descendants)

*moy-ni-

Proto-Celtic: *moinis (“treasure, precious object”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mainiz (“common”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *moinis

Latin: mūnis (“ready to be of service”), mūnia (“duties, functions”)

*ḱom-moy-ni-

Proto-Germanic: *gamainiz (“shared, ordinary”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kommoinis (see there for further descendants)

*n̥-moy-ni-

Proto-Italic: *enmoinis

Latin: immūnis (“exempt from taxes or public service”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: meitʹ (“to exchange”)

Latgalian: meja (“change”)

Lithuanian: mît (“to exchange”)

Proto-Slavic: *mimo (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *mito (“turn, twist, arc”)

Proto-Slavic: *minǫti (“to pass”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *mitě (“in turn, following, alternately”) (see there for further descendants)

Celtic:

Middle Welsh: tremyn (“to go past”)


mey-

*mi-néh₁-ti ~ *mi-nh₁-énti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mináHti

Sanskrit: मिनाति (minā́ti, “he damages, diminishes”)

*mi-néw-ti ~ *mi-nw-énti

*mi-nu-yṓs ~ *mi-nw-is-és (“smaller, less”, comparative) (with *nu from the verb)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *minijas

Proto-Slavic: *mьňьjь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *minniz, *minnizô (see there for further descendants)

*mi-nṓs (“smaller, less”, comparative) (with *n from the verb)

Proto-Celtic: *minūs, *minus

Old Irish: min

Irish: mion

Scottish Gaelic: mion

Proto-Italic: *minōs, *minos

Latin: minor, minus

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *maiwaz (“slim, narrow”)

Old Norse: mjór

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μείων (meíōn, “less, smaller”)

Ancient Greek: μινύθω (minúthō, “to disappear, to lessen”)

Ancient Greek: μίνυνθα (mínuntha, “for a little while”)

Italic:

Latin: minimus (“smallest”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: maiwe (“small, young”)


bʰerǵʰ-

*bʰérǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Tocharian: *pärkatäre (“to rise, come up”)

Tocharian A: pärkatäre

Tocharian B: pärkatäre

*bʰérǵʰ-t ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒈦𒀝𒋫𒊒 (pár-ak-ta-ru /parktaru/, 3sg.imp.med.)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: եբարձ (ebarj), բարձաւ (barjaw)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: pärk

Tocharian B: parka

*bʰe-bʰórǵʰ-e ~ *bʰe-bʰr̥ǵʰ-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

*bʰabʰárȷ́ʰa

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰabʰárȷ́ʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *babʰárźʰa

Sanskrit: बबर्ह (babárha, “to be elevated”), बबृहाण (babṛhāṇá, med.part.)

*bʰorǵʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Celtic: *borgīti

Proto-Brythonic: *burɣid

Middle Welsh: bwrw

Welsh: bwrw

i

prototonic stem of the unrelated <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">do·bidci</i>

Old Irish: ·díbairg (prototonic stem of the unrelated do·bidci)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰarȷ́ʰáyati (see there for further descendants)

*bʰr̥ǵʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒈦𒆠𒄿𒀀𒊍𒍣 (pár-ki-ya-az-zi /parkiyazi/, “to ascend”)

*bʰr̥-né-ǵʰ-ti ~ *bʰr̥-n-ǵʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: բառնամ (baṙnam)

*bʰr̥nȷ́ʰáti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥nȷ́ʰáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰr̥nźʰáti

Sanskrit: बृंहति (bṛṃháti)

*bʰérǵʰ-mn̥ ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-mén-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰŕ̥ȷ́ʰma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bŕ̥źʰma

Sanskrit: ब्रह्मन् (bráhman)

Proto-Iranian: *bŕ̥jman

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬄𐬨 (bar^əzimanąm, gen.pl.)

*bʰérǵʰ-ont-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-n̥t-és

*bʰérǵʰ-o-s

*bʰérǵʰ-ō ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-n-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥ȷ́ʰnás

Proto-Iranian: *br̥jnáh

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬥𐬀 (bar^əšna, inst.m.sg.)

Old Persian: 𐎲𐎼𐏁𐎴𐎠 (b-r-š-n-a /baršnā/, inst.m.sg.)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫢𐫗 (bšn /bašn/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bšn /bašn/)

*bʰérǵʰ-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-és

*bʰérǵʰ-ti-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-téy-s

Proto-Italic: *forktis

Old Latin: forctis

Latin: fortis

*bʰérǵʰ-tu-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-téw-s

>? Proto-Celtic: *brixtus (“magical formula, incantation”)

*bʰérǵʰ-u-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-éws

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒈦𒆪𒍑 (pár-ku-uš /parkuš/)

Proto-Armenian: *barju

⇒ Old Armenian: բարձր (barjr)

*bʰr̥ǵʰ-ró-s

Proto-Tocharian: *pärkäre (“long”)

Tocharian A: pärkär

Tocharian B: pärkare


snusós

non-ablauting (romanization)
snusós (nominative singular)
snusóes (nominative plural)
snusé (singular vocative)
snusóes (plural vocative)
snusóm (accusative singular)
snusóms (accusative plural)
snusósyo (genitive singular)
snusóHom (genitive plural)
snuséad (ablative singular)
snusómos (ablative plural)
snusóey (dative singular)
snusómos (dative plural)
snuséy (locative singular)
snusóy (locative singular)
snusóysu (locative plural)
snusṓys (instrumental plural)

>? Proto-Albanian: *snutjā

Albanian: nuse

Armenian:

Old Armenian: նու (nu)

Armenian: նու (nu)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *snušā́ˀ

Proto-Slavic: *snъxa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *snuzō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hnuhós

Ancient Greek: νυός (nuós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *snušás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *snuzos, *snuzus

Latin: nurus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: santse

→? Proto-Northeast Caucasian: *nusa (“daughter-in-law; bride”)

→? Proto-Northwest Caucasian: *nəsá (“daughter-in-law”)


Anatolian:

Carian: 𐊨𐊲𐊨 (quq, “grandfather”)

Hittite: 𒄷𒄴𒄩𒀸 (ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-as, “grandfather”)

Luwian:

Luwian: 𒄷𒌋𒄩 (ḫūḫa-, “grandfather”)

Luwian: 𔕳𔓷 (huha-, “grandfather”)

Lycian: 𐊜𐊒𐊄𐊀 (χuga, “grandfather”)

Lydian: 𐤨𐤰𐤨𐤠𐤮 (kukas, “grandfather”)

Milyan: 𐊜𐊒𐊄𐊀 (χuga, “grandfather”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հաւ (haw) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *awos

Latin: avus (“grandfather”) (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: āwe

awô

grandfather; see there for further descendants

⇒ Latin: avunculus

maternal uncle; see there for further descendants

awis

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *auˀis, *auˀjas; Old Prussian

ᚐᚃᚔ

descendant; see there for further descendants