Hrunépti

Hrunépmi (first-person indicative present singular)
Hrunépsi (indicative present second-person singular)
Hrunépesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
Hrunépti (indicative present singular third-person)
Hrunépt (indicative past singular third-person)
Hrunéptu (imperative singular third-person)
Hrunépeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
Hrunépete (plural second-person subjunctive)
Hrunéponti (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrumpáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrumpáti

Sanskrit: लुम्पति (lumpáti), लुम्पते (lumpáte)

Proto-Italic: *rumpō

Latin: rumpō (see there for further descendants)

From *Hrewp- (“to break, tear up”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


h₃méyǵʰoh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
h₃méyǵʰōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
h₃méyǵʰe (imperative second-person singular)
h₃méyǵʰēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
h₃méyǵʰēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
h₃méyǵʰēte (plural second-person subjunctive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *miźtei

Latgalian: meizt'

Latvian: mīzt

Lithuanian: mȳžti

Proto-Slavic: *mižati, *mьzěti

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian: mìžati (dialectal)

Slovene: məzẹ́ti

Proto-Germanic: *mīganą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *oméikʰō

Ancient Greek: ὀμείχω (omeíkhō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmáyȷ́ʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmáyźʰati

Sanskrit: मेहति (méhati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hmáyjati

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀𐬙𐬌 (maēsati)

Northern Kurdish: mîstin

Thematic root present of *h₃meyǵʰ- (“to urinate”).


h₂éryōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *árˀtei

Latvian: ar̂t

Lithuanian: árti

Proto-Slavic: *orati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *aryeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *arjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *aroyō (with restored laryngeal)

Ancient Greek: ἀρόω (aróō)

Proto-Italic: *araō (with restored laryngeal)

Latin: arō (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”) + *-yeti, with regular deletion of the laryngeal between a consonant and *y (Pinault's law).


wr̥ǵyéti

wr̥ǵyóh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
wr̥ǵyóm (first-person indicative past singular)
wr̥ǵyṓh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
wr̥ǵyési (indicative present second-person singular)
wr̥ǵyés (indicative past second-person singular)
wr̥ǵyé (imperative second-person singular)
wr̥ǵyḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wr̥ǵyóys (optative second-person singular)
wr̥ǵyéti (indicative present singular third-person)
wr̥ǵyét (indicative past singular third-person)
wr̥ǵyétu (imperative singular third-person)
wr̥ǵyḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
wr̥ǵyóyt (optative singular third-person)
wr̥ǵyówos (dual first-person indicative present)
wr̥ǵyówe (dual first-person indicative past)
wr̥ǵyṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
wr̥ǵyóywe (dual first-person optative)
wr̥ǵyétes (dual indicative present second-person)
wr̥ǵyétom (dual indicative past second-person)
wr̥ǵyétom (dual imperative second-person)
wr̥ǵyḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
wr̥ǵyóytom (dual optative second-person)
wr̥ǵyétes (dual indicative present third-person)
wr̥ǵyétām (dual indicative past third-person)
wr̥ǵyétām (dual imperative third-person)
wr̥ǵyḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
wr̥ǵyóytām (dual optative third-person)
wr̥ǵyómos (first-person indicative plural present)
wr̥ǵyóme (first-person indicative past plural)
wr̥ǵyṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
wr̥ǵyóyme (first-person optative plural)
wr̥ǵyéte (indicative plural present second-person)
wr̥ǵyéte (indicative past plural second-person)
wr̥ǵyéte (imperative plural second-person)
wr̥ǵyḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
wr̥ǵyóyte (optative plural second-person)
wr̥ǵyónti (indicative plural present third-person)
wr̥ǵyónt (indicative past plural third-person)
wr̥ǵyóntu (imperative plural third-person)
wr̥ǵyṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
wr̥ǵyónts (indicative participle present)
wr̥ǵyéso (imperative second-person singular)
wr̥ǵyétor (indicative present singular third-person)
wr̥ǵyéto (indicative past singular third-person)
wr̥ǵyḗtor (singular subjunctive third-person)
wr̥ǵyóyto (optative singular third-person)
wr̥ǵyóror (indicative plural present third-person)
wr̥ǵyóntor (indicative plural present third-person)
wr̥ǵyóro (indicative past plural third-person)
wr̥ǵyónto (indicative past plural third-person)
wr̥ǵyṓror (plural subjunctive third-person)
wr̥ǵyṓntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
wr̥ǵyóyro (optative plural third-person)
wr̥ǵyómnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Germanic: *wurkijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wərďďō

Ancient Greek:

ἔρδω (érdō) (< secondary full-grade *wérďďō)

ῥέζω (rhézō) (< secondary metathesized full-grade *wréďďō)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀺𐀽 (wo-ze /worzei/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥ȷ́yáti

Proto-Iranian: *wr̥jyáti

Avestan: 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vər^əziieⁱti)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


pr̥k-

Proto-Albanian: *frikā

Albanian: frikë

*pr̥k-sḱé-ti (sḱé-present)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: präskā-

Tocharian B: präskā-

*pr̥k-tós

Proto-Germanic: *furhtaz (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *furhtijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *furhtō (see there for further descendants)


mlewH-

*mléwH-ti ~ *mluH-énti (root athematic present)

*mléwH-t ~ *mluH-ént (root athematic aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mréwHt

Proto-Iranian: *mréwHt

Avestan: 𐬨𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬝 (mraot̰)

*ml̥wH-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: ब्रुव (bruva)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mulˀwāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *mъ̀lva (see there for further descendants)

*ml̥wH-éye-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mulˀwīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *mъ̀lviti (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: ब्रू (brū)


légʰyeti

légʰyom (first-person indicative past singular)
légʰyōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
légʰyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
légʰyes (indicative past second-person singular)
légʰye (imperative second-person singular)
légʰyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
légʰyoys (optative second-person singular)
légʰyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
légʰyet (indicative past singular third-person)
légʰyetu (imperative singular third-person)
légʰyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
légʰyoyt (optative singular third-person)
légʰyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
légʰyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
légʰyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
légʰyoywe (dual first-person optative)
légʰyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
légʰyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
légʰyetom (dual imperative second-person)
légʰyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
légʰyoytom (dual optative second-person)
légʰyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
légʰyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
légʰyetām (dual imperative third-person)
légʰyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
légʰyoytām (dual optative third-person)
légʰyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
légʰyome (first-person indicative past plural)
légʰyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
légʰyoyme (first-person optative plural)
légʰyete (indicative plural present second-person)
légʰyete (indicative past plural second-person)
légʰyete (imperative plural second-person)
légʰyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
légʰyoyte (optative plural second-person)
légʰyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
légʰyont (indicative past plural third-person)
légʰyontu (imperative plural third-person)
légʰyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
légʰyonts (indicative participle present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *legḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *ležati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ligjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λέκτο (lékto)

From *legʰ- (“to lie in resting position”) + *-yeti.


sperH-

*spr̥H-é-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spʰr̥Háti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spʰr̥Háti

Sanskrit: स्फुरति (sphuráti)

Proto-Iranian: *spr̥Háti

Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬋𐬌𐬝 (sparōit̰)

*spr̥-né-H-ti ~ *spr̥-n-H-éti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Germanic: *spurnaną (see there for further descendants)

qual

with irregular e-grade for <i class="Latn mention" lang="itc-pro">**spornō</i>

Proto-Italic: *spernō (with irregular e-grade for **spornō)

Latin: spernō

*spr̥H-yé-ti (ye-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: spert

Lithuanian: spìrti

Proto-Hellenic: *spəřřō

Ancient Greek: σπαίρω (spaírō)

Proto-Celtic: *sɸerā (see there for further descendants)

*spr̥H-óm

Proto-Germanic: *spurą (see there for further descendants)

→ Germanic: *spurjaną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (išparrai)


seykʷ-

*séykʷ-t ~ *sikʷ-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Germanic: *sīhwaną (“to filter”) (see there for further descendants)

seykʷ-éh₂-ti ~ *sikʷ-éh₂-ti ~ *soykʷ-éh₂-ti (“*eh₂-stative”)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *seikā́ˀtei, *sikā́ˀtei, *saikā́ˀtei (“to piss”)

Proto-Slavic: *sikati, *sьcati (< *sьkati), *sěkati (“to piss”) (see there for further descendants)

*si-né-kʷ-ti ~ *si-n-kʷ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [Term?] (/ḫinikttari/, “wet, pour, deluge”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sinčáti (“to pour”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sinćáti

Sanskrit: सिञ्चति (siñcáti)

Proto-Iranian: *hinčáti

Avestan: 𐬵𐬌𐬧𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (hiṇcaⁱti)

Proto-Hellenic: *hikmás

Ancient Greek: ἰκμάς (ikmás, “wetness, moisture, secretion”)

*seykʷ-én-ih₂ ~ *seykʷ-n̥-yéh₂-s (“she who pours”)

Sanskrit: सेचनी (secanī)

Proto-Celtic:

→ Latin: Sēquana

Old Norse: Sigyn

*soykʷ-ís

Proto-Germanic: *saiwiz (“sea”)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃 (saiws)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: सेक (seka, “sprinkling”)


ḱéleti

ḱéloh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
ḱélom (first-person indicative past singular)
ḱélōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
ḱélesi (indicative present second-person singular)
ḱéles (indicative past second-person singular)
ḱéle (imperative second-person singular)
ḱélēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ḱéloys (optative second-person singular)
ḱéleti (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱélet (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱéletu (imperative singular third-person)
ḱélēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱéloyt (optative singular third-person)
ḱélowos (dual first-person indicative present)
ḱélowe (dual first-person indicative past)
ḱélōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
ḱéloywe (dual first-person optative)
ḱéletes (dual indicative present second-person)
ḱéletom (dual indicative past second-person)
ḱéletom (dual imperative second-person)
ḱélētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
ḱéloytom (dual optative second-person)
ḱéletes (dual indicative present third-person)
ḱéletām (dual indicative past third-person)
ḱéletām (dual imperative third-person)
ḱélētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
ḱéloytām (dual optative third-person)
ḱélomos (first-person indicative plural present)
ḱélome (first-person indicative past plural)
ḱélōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
ḱéloyme (first-person optative plural)
ḱélete (indicative plural present second-person)
ḱélete (indicative past plural second-person)
ḱélete (imperative plural second-person)
ḱélēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
ḱéloyte (optative plural second-person)
ḱélonti (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱélont (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱélontu (imperative plural third-person)
ḱélōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱélonts (indicative participle present)
ḱélōh₂er (first-person singular subjunctive)
ḱéleso (imperative second-person singular)
ḱéletor (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱéleto (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱélētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱéloyto (optative singular third-person)
ḱélēdʰh₂we (plural second-person subjunctive)
ḱéloror (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱélontor (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱéloro (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱélonto (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱélōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱélōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱéloyro (optative plural third-person)
ḱélomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Celtic: *keleti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *helaną (“to cover, to conceal”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kelō

Latin: *celō (attested in occulō)

Thematic root verb of *ḱel- (“to cover”).


Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒊭𒀀𒆠𒄑𒍣 (ša-a-ki-ez-zi /šākizzi/, 3.sg.pres.act.)

Proto-Germanic: *sōkijaną (“to seek, to look for”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sāgiō

Latin: sāgiō


píbeti

píbom (first-person indicative past singular)
píbōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
píbesi (indicative present second-person singular)
píbes (indicative past second-person singular)
píbe (imperative second-person singular)
píbēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
píboys (optative second-person singular)
píbeti (indicative present singular third-person)
píbet (indicative past singular third-person)
píbetu (imperative singular third-person)
píbēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
píboyt (optative singular third-person)
píbowos (dual first-person indicative present)
píbowe (dual first-person indicative past)
píbōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
píboywe (dual first-person optative)
píbetes (dual indicative present second-person)
píbetom (dual indicative past second-person)
píbetom (dual imperative second-person)
píbētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
píboytom (dual optative second-person)
píbetes (dual indicative present third-person)
píbetām (dual indicative past third-person)
píbetām (dual imperative third-person)
píbētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
píboytām (dual optative third-person)
píbomos (first-person indicative plural present)
píbome (first-person indicative past plural)
píbōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
píboyme (first-person optative plural)
píbete (indicative plural present second-person)
píbete (indicative past plural second-person)
píbete (imperative plural second-person)
píbēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
píboyte (optative plural second-person)
píbonti (indicative plural present third-person)
píbont (indicative past plural third-person)
píbontu (imperative plural third-person)
píbōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
píbonts (indicative participle present)
píbeso (imperative second-person singular)
píbetor (indicative present singular third-person)
píbeto (indicative past singular third-person)
píbētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
píboyto (optative singular third-person)
píboror (indicative plural present third-person)
píbontor (indicative plural present third-person)
píboro (indicative past plural third-person)
píbonto (indicative past plural third-person)
píbōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
píbōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
píboyro (optative plural third-person)
píbomnos (indicative participle present)


kapyéti

kapyóm (first-person indicative past singular)
kapyési (indicative present second-person singular)
kapyés (indicative past second-person singular)
kapyé (imperative second-person singular)
kapyḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
kapyóys (optative second-person singular)
kapyéti (indicative present singular third-person)
kapyét (indicative past singular third-person)
kapyétu (imperative singular third-person)
kapyḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
kapyóyt (optative singular third-person)
kapyówos (dual first-person indicative present)
kapyówe (dual first-person indicative past)
kapyṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
kapyóywe (dual first-person optative)
kapyétes (dual indicative present second-person)
kapyétom (dual indicative past second-person)
kapyétom (dual imperative second-person)
kapyḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
kapyóytom (dual optative second-person)
kapyétes (dual indicative present third-person)
kapyétām (dual indicative past third-person)
kapyétām (dual imperative third-person)
kapyḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
kapyóytām (dual optative third-person)
kapyómos (first-person indicative plural present)
kapyóme (first-person indicative past plural)
kapyṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
kapyóyme (first-person optative plural)
kapyéte (indicative plural present second-person)
kapyéte (indicative past plural second-person)
kapyéte (imperative plural second-person)
kapyḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
kapyóyte (optative plural second-person)
kapyónti (indicative plural present third-person)
kapyónt (indicative past plural third-person)
kapyóntu (imperative plural third-person)
kapyṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
kapyónts (indicative participle present)
kapyéso (imperative second-person singular)
kapyétor (indicative present singular third-person)
kapyéto (indicative past singular third-person)
kapyḗtor (singular subjunctive third-person)
kapyóyto (optative singular third-person)
kapyóror (indicative plural present third-person)
kapyóntor (indicative plural present third-person)
kapyóro (indicative past plural third-person)
kapyónto (indicative past plural third-person)
kapyṓror (plural subjunctive third-person)
kapyṓntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
kapyóyro (optative plural third-person)
kapyómnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Albanian: *kapa

Albanian: kap (“to grab, catch, seize”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

>? Latvian: kàmpju, kàmpt

Proto-Germanic: *habjaną (“to lift”) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *kapťō
Ancient Greek: κάπτω (káptō)
Greek: χάφτω (cháfto)

Proto-Italic: *kapjō
Latin: capiō (see there for further descendants)
Oscan: kahad (3rd person singular present active subjunctive)


mléwHti

mléwHmi (first-person indicative present singular)
mléwHm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
mléwHsi (indicative present second-person singular)
mléwHs (indicative past second-person singular)
mléwH (imperative second-person singular)
mluHdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
mléwHesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
mléwHti (indicative present singular third-person)
mléwHt (indicative past singular third-person)
mléwHtu (imperative singular third-person)
mléwHeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
mluHwós (dual first-person indicative present)
mluHwé (dual first-person indicative past)
mléwHowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
mluHtés (dual indicative present second-person)
mluHtóm (dual indicative past second-person)
mluHtóm (dual imperative second-person)
mléwHetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
mluHtés (dual indicative present third-person)
mluHtā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
mluHtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
mléwHetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
mluHmós (first-person indicative plural present)
mluHmé (first-person indicative past plural)
mléwHomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
mluHté (indicative plural present second-person)
mluHté (indicative past plural second-person)
mluHté (imperative plural second-person)
mléwHete (plural second-person subjunctive)
mluHénti (indicative plural present third-person)
mluHént (indicative past plural third-person)
mluHéntu (imperative plural third-person)
mléwHonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
mluHónts (indicative participle present)
mluHsó (imperative second-person singular)
mluHtór (indicative present singular third-person)
mluHór (indicative present singular third-person)
mluHtó (indicative past singular third-person)
mluHó (indicative past singular third-person)
mléwHetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
mluHrór (indicative plural present third-person)
mluHn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
mluHró (indicative past plural third-person)
mluHn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
mléwHoror (plural subjunctive third-person)
mléwHontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mráwHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bráwHti

desc

Sanskrit: ब्रवीति (brávīti), ब्रूते (brūté)

Proto-Iranian: *mráwHti

Avestan: 𐬨𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌 (mraoⁱti)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: pälw-

Athematic root present of *mlewH- (“to say”).


skéydt

skéydm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
skéyds (indicative second-person singular)
skéyd (imperative second-person singular)
skiddʰí (imperative second-person singular)
skéydesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
skéydt (indicative singular third-person)
skéydtu (imperative singular third-person)
skéydeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
skidwé (dual first-person indicative)
skéydowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
skidtóm (dual indicative second-person)
skidtóm (dual imperative second-person)
skéydetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
skidtā́m (dual indicative third-person)
skidtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
skéydetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
skidmé (first-person indicative plural)
skéydomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
skidté (indicative plural second-person)
skidté (imperative plural second-person)
skéydete (plural second-person subjunctive)
skidént (indicative plural third-person)
skidéntu (imperative plural third-person)
skéydonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
skidónts (indicative participle)
skidsó (imperative second-person singular)
skidtó (indicative singular third-person)
skidó (indicative singular third-person)
skéydetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
skidró (indicative plural third-person)
skidn̥tó (indicative plural third-person)
skéydoror (plural subjunctive third-person)
skéydontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Germanic: *skītaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásčaydt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háśćaydt

Sanskrit: अच्छेदि (ácchedi), छेदि (chédi), (later) अच्छिदत् (acchidat), अच्छैत्सीत् (acchaitsīt); छेद्म (chedma, 1.pl.inj)

Athematic root aorist of *skeyd- (“to split, to divide”).


priHós

priHós (nominative singular)
priHóes (nominative plural)
priHé (singular vocative)
priHóes (plural vocative)
priHóm (accusative singular)
priHóms (accusative plural)
priHósyo (genitive singular)
priHóHom (genitive plural)
priHéad (ablative singular)
priHómos (ablative plural)
priHóey (dative singular)
priHómos (dative plural)
priHéy (locative singular)
priHóy (locative singular)
priHóysu (locative plural)
priHṓys (instrumental plural)
priHā́m (accusative singular)
priHóm (nominative singular)
priHóy (dual nominative)
priHóm (singular vocative)
priHóy (dual vocative)
priHóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸriyos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *frijaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *priHás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *prijos

⇒? Latin: pro-prius (see there for further descendants)

From *preyH- (“to please; to love”) + *-ós.

⇒ *prijateľь

Proto-Slavic: *prijati (“to please”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *frijōndz

Proto-Germanic: *frijōną (“to love, to free”) (see there for further descendants)

companion, friend; see there for further descendants

Frijjō

Frigg; name of a goddess; see there for further descendants


píph₃ōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

>? Proto-Albanian: *pīja

Old Albanian: pii

Albanian: pi

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ըմպեմ (əmpem)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸibeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píbati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pibō (see there for further descendants)

Sicel: πιβε (pibe)

Thematic i-reduplicated present of *peh₃- (“to drink”).


h₁édm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
h₁éd (imperative second-person singular)
h₁ddʰí (imperative second-person singular)
h₁dh₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
h₁dó (indicative past singular third-person)

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔed- ~ *ʔd- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ḗˀdtei (earlier)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ḗˀstei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *essi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *etaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *édō (thematic)

Ancient Greek: ἔδω (édō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἐσθίω (esthíō), ἔσθω (ésthō)

Greek: εσθίω (esthío) (obsolete)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hátˢti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *edō (see there for further descendants)

Athematic root present of *h₁ed- (“to eat”).


skinédti

skinédmi (first-person indicative present singular)
skinédm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
skinédsi (indicative present second-person singular)
skinéds (indicative past second-person singular)
skinéd (imperative second-person singular)
skinddʰí (imperative second-person singular)
skinédesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
skinédti (indicative present singular third-person)
skinédt (indicative past singular third-person)
skinédtu (imperative singular third-person)
skinédeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
skindwós (dual first-person indicative present)
skindwé (dual first-person indicative past)
skinédowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
skindtés (dual indicative present second-person)
skindtóm (dual indicative past second-person)
skindtóm (dual imperative second-person)
skinédetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
skindtés (dual indicative present third-person)
skindtā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
skindtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
skinédetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
skindmós (first-person indicative plural present)
skindmé (first-person indicative past plural)
skinédomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
skindté (indicative plural present second-person)
skindté (indicative past plural second-person)
skindté (imperative plural second-person)
skinédete (plural second-person subjunctive)
skindénti (indicative plural present third-person)
skindént (indicative past plural third-person)
skindéntu (imperative plural third-person)
skinédonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
skindónts (indicative participle present)
skindsó (imperative second-person singular)
skindtór (indicative present singular third-person)
skindór (indicative present singular third-person)
skindtó (indicative past singular third-person)
skindó (indicative past singular third-person)
skinédetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
skindrór (indicative plural present third-person)
skindn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
skindró (indicative past plural third-person)
skindn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
skinédoror (plural subjunctive third-person)
skinédontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *śćinátˢti (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *skindō
Latin: scindō (see there for further descendants)

From *skeyd- (“to split, divide”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


stéygʰeti

stéygʰom (first-person indicative past singular)
stéygʰesi (indicative present second-person singular)
stéygʰes (indicative past second-person singular)
stéygʰe (imperative second-person singular)
stéygʰēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
stéygʰoys (optative second-person singular)
stéygʰeti (indicative present singular third-person)
stéygʰet (indicative past singular third-person)
stéygʰetu (imperative singular third-person)
stéygʰēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
stéygʰoyt (optative singular third-person)
stéygʰowos (dual first-person indicative present)
stéygʰowe (dual first-person indicative past)
stéygʰōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
stéygʰoywe (dual first-person optative)
stéygʰetes (dual indicative present second-person)
stéygʰetom (dual indicative past second-person)
stéygʰetom (dual imperative second-person)
stéygʰētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
stéygʰoytom (dual optative second-person)
stéygʰetes (dual indicative present third-person)
stéygʰetām (dual indicative past third-person)
stéygʰetām (dual imperative third-person)
stéygʰētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
stéygʰoytām (dual optative third-person)
stéygʰomos (first-person indicative plural present)
stéygʰome (first-person indicative past plural)
stéygʰōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
stéygʰoyme (first-person optative plural)
stéygʰete (indicative plural present second-person)
stéygʰete (indicative past plural second-person)
stéygʰete (imperative plural second-person)
stéygʰēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
stéygʰoyte (optative plural second-person)
stéygʰonti (indicative plural present third-person)
stéygʰont (indicative past plural third-person)
stéygʰontu (imperative plural third-person)
stéygʰōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
stéygʰonts (indicative participle present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stéigtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *teigeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stīganą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *stéikʰō (see there for further descendants)

Thematic root present of *steygʰ- (“to go; to climb”).


néwyos

non-ablauting (romanization)
néwyos (nominative singular)
néwyoes (nominative plural)
néwye (singular vocative)
néwyoes (plural vocative)
néwyom (accusative singular)
néwyoms (accusative plural)
néwyosyo (genitive singular)
néwyoHom (genitive plural)
néwyead (ablative singular)
néwyomos (ablative plural)
néwyoey (dative singular)
néwyomos (dative plural)
néwyey (locative singular)
néwyoy (locative singular)
néwyoysu (locative plural)
néwyōys (instrumental plural)
néwyām (accusative singular)
néwyom (nominative singular)
néwyoy (dual nominative)
néwyom (singular vocative)
néwyoy (dual vocative)
néwyoy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *náujas

Latvian: nàujš

Lithuanian: naũjas

Proto-Celtic: *nouyos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *niwjaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náwyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *náwyas

Sanskrit: नव्य (návya) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *nawiya

Kamkata-viri:

Eastern Kata-vari: nui

Kamviri: nuĩ

Western Kata-vari: nuy

Prasuni:

Pronz: unü

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun:

Masegal: nuṅë

Waigali:

Nisheigram: nuṅa


woséyeti

woséyom (first-person indicative past singular)
woséyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
woséyes (indicative past second-person singular)
woséye (imperative second-person singular)
woséyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
woséyoys (optative second-person singular)
woséyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
woséyet (indicative past singular third-person)
woséyetu (imperative singular third-person)
woséyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
woséyoyt (optative singular third-person)
woséyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
woséyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
woséyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
woséyoywe (dual first-person optative)
woséyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
woséyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
woséyetom (dual imperative second-person)
woséyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
woséyoytom (dual optative second-person)
woséyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
woséyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
woséyetām (dual imperative third-person)
woséyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
woséyoytām (dual optative third-person)
woséyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
woséyome (first-person indicative past plural)
woséyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
woséyoyme (first-person optative plural)
woséyete (indicative plural present second-person)
woséyete (indicative past plural second-person)
woséyete (imperative plural second-person)
woséyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
woséyoyte (optative plural second-person)
woséyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
woséyont (indicative past plural third-person)
woséyontu (imperative plural third-person)
woséyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
woséyonts (indicative participle present)
woséyeso (imperative second-person singular)
woséyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
woséyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
woséyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
woséyoyto (optative singular third-person)
woséyoror (indicative plural present third-person)
woséyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
woséyoro (indicative past plural third-person)
woséyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
woséyōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
woséyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
woséyoyro (optative plural third-person)
woséyomnos (indicative participle present)

>? Proto-Albanian: *wesja

Albanian: vesh

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒉿𒀸𒊺𒄑𒍣 (wa-aš-š-še-ez-zi /waššezzi/)

Proto-Germanic: *wazjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wāsáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wāsáyati

Sanskrit: वासयति (vāsáyati), वासयते (vāsáyate)

From *wes- (“to dress, clothe”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).


wortéyeti

wortéyom (first-person indicative past singular)
wortéyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
wortéyes (indicative past second-person singular)
wortéye (imperative second-person singular)
wortéyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wortéyoys (optative second-person singular)
wortéyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
wortéyet (indicative past singular third-person)
wortéyetu (imperative singular third-person)
wortéyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
wortéyoyt (optative singular third-person)
wortéyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
wortéyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
wortéyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
wortéyoywe (dual first-person optative)
wortéyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
wortéyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
wortéyetom (dual imperative second-person)
wortéyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
wortéyoytom (dual optative second-person)
wortéyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
wortéyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
wortéyetām (dual imperative third-person)
wortéyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
wortéyoytām (dual optative third-person)
wortéyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
wortéyome (first-person indicative past plural)
wortéyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
wortéyoyme (first-person optative plural)
wortéyete (indicative plural present second-person)
wortéyete (indicative past plural second-person)
wortéyete (imperative plural second-person)
wortéyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
wortéyoyte (optative plural second-person)
wortéyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
wortéyont (indicative past plural third-person)
wortéyontu (imperative plural third-person)
wortéyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
wortéyonts (indicative participle present)
wortéyeso (imperative second-person singular)
wortéyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
wortéyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
wortéyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
wortéyoyto (optative singular third-person)
wortéyoror (indicative plural present third-person)
wortéyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
wortéyoro (indicative past plural third-person)
wortéyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
wortéyōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
wortéyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
wortéyoyro (optative plural third-person)
wortéyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wártīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wortīti

⇒ Old Irish: do·fortai (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *frawardijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wartáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wartáyati

Sanskrit: वर्तयति (vartáyati)

Ashokan Prakrit:

Magadhi Prakrit:

Bengali: বাটা (baṭa)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀯𑀝𑁆𑀝𑁂𑀇 (vaṭṭei)

Marathi: वाटणे (vāṭṇe)

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Gujarati: વાટવું (vāṭvũ)

Latin: *opvortet

Latin: oporteō

From *wert- (“to turn, rotate”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).


tonéyeti

tonéyom (first-person indicative past singular)
tonéyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
tonéyes (indicative past second-person singular)
tonéye (imperative second-person singular)
tonéyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
tonéyoys (optative second-person singular)
tonéyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
tonéyet (indicative past singular third-person)
tonéyetu (imperative singular third-person)
tonéyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
tonéyoyt (optative singular third-person)
tonéyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
tonéyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
tonéyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
tonéyoywe (dual first-person optative)
tonéyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
tonéyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
tonéyetom (dual imperative second-person)
tonéyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
tonéyoytom (dual optative second-person)
tonéyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
tonéyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
tonéyetām (dual imperative third-person)
tonéyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
tonéyoytām (dual optative third-person)
tonéyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
tonéyome (first-person indicative past plural)
tonéyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
tonéyoyme (first-person optative plural)
tonéyete (indicative plural present second-person)
tonéyete (indicative past plural second-person)
tonéyete (imperative plural second-person)
tonéyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
tonéyoyte (optative plural second-person)
tonéyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
tonéyont (indicative past plural third-person)
tonéyontu (imperative plural third-person)
tonéyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
tonéyonts (indicative participle present)
tonéyeso (imperative second-person singular)
tonéyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
tonéyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
tonéyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
tonéyoyto (optative singular third-person)
tonéyoror (indicative plural present third-person)
tonéyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
tonéyoro (indicative past plural third-person)
tonéyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
tonéyōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
tonéyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
tonéyoyro (optative plural third-person)
tonéyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Germanic: *þanjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tānáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tānáyati

Sanskrit: तानयति (tānáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *tānáyati

Ossetian:

Digor: тонун (tonun)

Iron: то́нын (tónyn)

Wakhi: tыnak

From *ten- (“to stretch, extend”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).


Proto-Italic: *dōnom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáHnam (see there for further descendants)

From *dóh₃-r̥ ~ *déh₃-n̥-s (“gift”) + *-om. Alternatively, substantivized from *dh₃-nó-s, *deh₃-nó-s (“given, gifted”), from *deh₃- (“to give”) + *-nós.


ḱeḱlówe

ḱeḱlów (imperative second-person singular)
ḱeḱludʰí (imperative second-person singular)
ḱeḱléwesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ḱeḱlówe (indicative singular third-person)
ḱeḱlówtu (imperative singular third-person)
ḱeḱléweti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱeḱluwé (dual first-person indicative)
ḱeḱléwowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
ḱeḱlutóm (dual imperative second-person)
ḱeḱléwetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
ḱeḱlutā́m (dual imperative third-person)
ḱeḱléwetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
ḱeḱlumé (first-person indicative plural)
ḱeḱléwomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
ḱeḱl̥wé (indicative plural second-person)
ḱeḱluté (imperative plural second-person)
ḱeḱléwete (plural second-person subjunctive)
ḱeḱl̥wḗr (indicative plural third-person)
ḱeḱl̥wéntu (imperative plural third-person)
ḱeḱléwonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱeḱluwṓs (indicative participle)

Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic: *kiglow (preterite of *klüwid)

Old Irish: ro·cúalae

Irish: chuala

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćućrā́wa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śuśrā́wa

Sanskrit: शुश्राव (śuśrā́va)

Proto-Iranian: *cucrā́wa

Avestan: 𐬯𐬏𐬯𐬭𐬏𐬨𐬀 (sūsrūma, 1st pl.)

Reduplicated stative of the root *ḱlew- (“to hear”).

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


Proto-Celtic: *itos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *itós

Ancient Greek: ἰτός (itós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hitás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hitás

desc

Sanskrit: (उद्-)इत) ((ud-)ita)), (अन्-)इत ((an-)ita)

Proto-Iranian: *Hitáh

Avestan: (𐬀𐬌𐬡-)𐬌𐬙𐬀 ((aiβ-)ita), (𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙-)𐬌𐬙𐬀 ((pait-)ita)

Proto-Italic: *itos

Latin: itus

From *h₁ey- (“to go”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


widtós

non-ablauting (romanization)
widtós (nominative singular)
widtóes (nominative plural)
widté (singular vocative)
widtóes (plural vocative)
widtóm (accusative singular)
widtóms (accusative plural)
widtósyo (genitive singular)
widtóHom (genitive plural)
widtéad (ablative singular)
widtómos (ablative plural)
widtóey (dative singular)
widtómos (dative plural)
widtéy (locative singular)
widtóy (locative singular)
widtóysu (locative plural)
widtṓys (instrumental plural)
widtā́m (accusative singular)
widtóm (nominative singular)
widtóy (dual nominative)
widtóm (singular vocative)
widtóy (dual vocative)
widtóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Celtic: *wissos (“known”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wissaz (“known”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wistós

desc

Ancient Greek: ἄ-ιστος (á-istos, “unseen”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *witˢtás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wissos

Latin: vīsus (“seen, known”) (see there for further descendants)

From *weyd- (“to see”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).
The -s- seen in many daughter languages results from the -dt- cluster.


*d(h₁)-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒋾𒄿𒀀 (ti-ya /tiya/)

Proto-Hellenic: *deyō

Ancient Greek: δέω (déō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyáti (see there for further descendants)

*déh₁-mn̥ ~ *dh₁-mén-s

Proto-Albanian: *dēma

Albanian: duo, dua, dúaj

Proto-Hellenic: *dḗmə

Ancient Greek: ῠ̓πόδημᾰ (upódēma)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáHma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáHma

Sanskrit: दामन् (dā́man)

Proto-Iranian: *dáHma

Persian: دام (dâm)

Proto-Albanian: *dōla

Albanian: dell

Proto-Hellenic: *detós

Ancient Greek: δετός (detós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dHtás

Sanskrit: दित (ditá)


wr̥ǵtós

non-ablauting (romanization)
wr̥ǵtós (nominative singular)
wr̥ǵtóh₁ (dual nominative)
wr̥ǵtóes (nominative plural)
wr̥ǵté (singular vocative)
wr̥ǵtóh₁ (dual vocative)
wr̥ǵtóes (plural vocative)
wr̥ǵtóm (accusative singular)
wr̥ǵtóh₁ (accusative dual)
wr̥ǵtóms (accusative plural)
wr̥ǵtósyo (genitive singular)
wr̥ǵtóHom (genitive plural)
wr̥ǵtéad (ablative singular)
wr̥ǵtómos (ablative plural)
wr̥ǵtóey (dative singular)
wr̥ǵtómos (dative plural)
wr̥ǵtéy (locative singular)
wr̥ǵtóy (locative singular)
wr̥ǵtóysu (locative plural)
wr̥ǵtóh₁ (instrumental singular)
wr̥ǵtṓys (instrumental plural)
wr̥ǵtéh₂ (nominative singular)
wr̥ǵtéh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
wr̥ǵtéh₂ (singular vocative)
wr̥ǵtéh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
wr̥ǵtā́m (accusative singular)
wr̥ǵtéh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
wr̥ǵtéh₂ (locative singular)
wr̥ǵtéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
wr̥ǵtóm (nominative singular)
wr̥ǵtóy (dual nominative)
wr̥ǵtéh₂ (nominative plural)
wr̥ǵtóm (singular vocative)
wr̥ǵtóy (dual vocative)
wr̥ǵtéh₂ (plural vocative)
wr̥ǵtóy (accusative dual)
wr̥ǵtéh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Germanic: *wurhtaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥štás

Proto-Iranian: *wr̥štáh

desc

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬀 (varšta, “done; worken”)

From *werǵ- (“to make”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


ǵn̥h₃tós

ǵn̥h₃tós (nominative singular)
ǵn̥h₃tóh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₃té (singular vocative)
ǵn̥h₃tóh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₃tóm (accusative singular)
ǵn̥h₃tóh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₃téy (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₃tóy (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₃tóh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂ (nominative singular)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂h₁e (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂ (singular vocative)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂h₁e (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₃tā́m (accusative singular)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂h₁e (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂m̥s (accusative plural)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂s (genitive singular)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂s (ablative singular)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂ (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂i (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵn̥h₃tóm (nominative singular)
ǵn̥h₃tóy (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₃tóyh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂ (nominative plural)
ǵn̥h₃tóm (singular vocative)
ǵn̥h₃tóy (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₃tóyh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂ (plural vocative)
ǵn̥h₃tóy (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₃tóyh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Celtic: *gnātos (“known, usual”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gnōtós

desc

Ancient Greek: γνωτός (gnōtós), γνωστός (gnōstós) (with contamination)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́naHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́naHtás

Sanskrit: ज्ञात (jñātá)

Proto-Iranian: *jnaHtás

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬀 (zanta)

→ Middle Persian: [script needed] (zand, “Zand, knowledge of Avesta”)

Proto-Italic: *gnōtos or *gnātos

Latin: nōtus
Italian: noto

From *ǵneh₃- (“to recognise, to know”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


sedtós

non-ablauting (romanization)
sedtós (nominative singular)
sedtóes (nominative plural)
sedté (singular vocative)
sedtóes (plural vocative)
sedtóm (accusative singular)
sedtóms (accusative plural)
sedtósyo (genitive singular)
sedtóHom (genitive plural)
sedtéad (ablative singular)
sedtómos (ablative plural)
sedtóey (dative singular)
sedtómos (dative plural)
sedtéy (locative singular)
sedtóy (locative singular)
sedtóysu (locative plural)
sedtṓys (instrumental plural)
sedtā́m (accusative singular)
sedtóm (nominative singular)
sedtóy (dual nominative)
sedtóm (singular vocative)
sedtóy (dual vocative)
sedtóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Germanic: *sessaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *satˢtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sattás

Sanskrit: सत्त (sattá, “seated”)

Proto-Italic: *sessos

Latin: sessus

From *sed- (“to sit”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


gʷm̥tós

non-ablauting (romanization)
gʷm̥tós (nominative singular)
gʷm̥tóh₁ (dual nominative)
gʷm̥tóes (nominative plural)
gʷm̥té (singular vocative)
gʷm̥tóh₁ (dual vocative)
gʷm̥tóes (plural vocative)
gʷm̥tóm (accusative singular)
gʷm̥tóh₁ (accusative dual)
gʷm̥tóms (accusative plural)
gʷm̥tósyo (genitive singular)
gʷm̥tóHom (genitive plural)
gʷm̥téad (ablative singular)
gʷm̥tómos (ablative plural)
gʷm̥tóey (dative singular)
gʷm̥tómos (dative plural)
gʷm̥téy (locative singular)
gʷm̥tóy (locative singular)
gʷm̥tóysu (locative plural)
gʷm̥tóh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷm̥tṓys (instrumental plural)
gʷm̥téh₂ (nominative singular)
gʷm̥téh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
gʷm̥téh₂ (singular vocative)
gʷm̥téh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
gʷm̥tā́m (accusative singular)
gʷm̥téh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
gʷm̥téh₂ (locative singular)
gʷm̥téh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷm̥tóm (nominative singular)
gʷm̥tóy (dual nominative)
gʷm̥téh₂ (nominative plural)
gʷm̥tóm (singular vocative)
gʷm̥tóy (dual vocative)
gʷm̥téh₂ (plural vocative)
gʷm̥tóy (accusative dual)
gʷm̥téh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gimtás

Latvian: dzìmts

Lithuanian: gim̃tas

Old Prussian: naunagimton

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷətós

Ancient Greek: βατός (batós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gatás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gʷentos

Latin: ventus

From *gʷem- (“to step”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


déh₃m̥ (first-person indicative singular)
déh₃ (imperative second-person singular)
dh₃dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
dh₃h₂é (first-person indicative singular)
dh₃ó (indicative singular third-person)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ետ (et)

Proto-Celtic: *dāti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

q

Ancient Greek: ἔδομεν (édomen) (defective aorist of δίδωμι (dídōmi)), ἔδωκᾰ (édōka) (extended with -k-))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HádaHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HádaHt

Sanskrit: अदात् (ádāt)

Proto-Iranian: *HádaHt

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬝 (dāt̰, 3sg.aor.act.inj.)

Proto-Italic: *dōai (possibly)

Venetic: 𐌃𐌏𐌕𐌏 (doto)

Athematic root aorist of *deh₃- (“to give”).


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dṓˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *didāti (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δίδωμι (dídōmi) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dádaHti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *didō (see there for further descendants)

Athematic e-reduplicated present of *deh₃- (“to give”).


ḱléwt

ḱlēm (first-person indicative singular)
ḱlews (indicative second-person singular)
ḱlew (imperative second-person singular)
ḱludʰí (imperative second-person singular)
ḱlewesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ḱlewt (indicative singular third-person)
ḱlewtu (imperative singular third-person)
ḱleweti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱluwé (dual first-person indicative)
ḱlewowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
ḱlutóm (dual indicative second-person)
ḱlutóm (dual imperative second-person)
ḱlewetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
ḱlutā́m (dual indicative third-person)
ḱlutā́m (dual imperative third-person)
ḱlewetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
ḱlumé (first-person indicative plural)
ḱlewomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
ḱluté (indicative plural second-person)
ḱluté (imperative plural second-person)
ḱlewete (plural second-person subjunctive)
ḱl̥wént (indicative plural third-person)
ḱl̥wéntu (imperative plural third-person)
ḱlewonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱl̥wónts (indicative participle)
ḱluh₂é (first-person indicative singular)
ḱl̥wih₁h₂é (first-person optative singular)
ḱlusó (imperative second-person singular)
ḱlutó (indicative singular third-person)
ḱl̥wó (indicative singular third-person)
ḱlewetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱl̥wih₁ó (optative singular third-person)
ḱluró (indicative plural third-person)
ḱl̥wn̥tó (indicative plural third-person)
ḱleworor (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱlewontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: լուաւ (luaw)

(perhaps) Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *slùti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: κλῦτε (klûte, 2pl.aor.impv.)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἔκλῠον (ékluon, thematic aorist)

⇒ Ancient Greek: κλύω (klúō, present verb)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćrawt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háśrawt

Sanskrit: अश्रोत् (áśrot)

Proto-Iranian: *cráwt

Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬙𐬏 (sraotū, 3sg.aor.act.impv.)

Athematic root aorist of *ḱlew- (“to hear”).

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


ḱl̥néwti

ḱl̥néwmi (first-person indicative present singular)
ḱl̥nḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
ḱl̥néwsi (indicative present second-person singular)
ḱl̥néws (indicative past second-person singular)
ḱl̥néw (imperative second-person singular)
ḱl̥nudʰí (imperative second-person singular)
ḱl̥néwesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ḱl̥néwti (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱl̥néwt (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱl̥néwtu (imperative singular third-person)
ḱl̥néweti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱl̥nuwós (dual first-person indicative present)
ḱl̥nuwé (dual first-person indicative past)
ḱl̥néwowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
ḱl̥nutés (dual indicative present second-person)
ḱl̥nutóm (dual indicative past second-person)
ḱl̥nutóm (dual imperative second-person)
ḱl̥néwetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
ḱl̥nutés (dual indicative present third-person)
ḱl̥nutā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
ḱl̥nutā́m (dual imperative third-person)
ḱl̥néwetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
ḱl̥numós (first-person indicative plural present)
ḱl̥numé (first-person indicative past plural)
ḱl̥néwomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
ḱl̥nuté (indicative plural present second-person)
ḱl̥nuté (indicative past plural second-person)
ḱl̥nuté (imperative plural second-person)
ḱl̥néwete (plural second-person subjunctive)
ḱln̥wénti (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱln̥wént (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱln̥wéntu (imperative plural third-person)
ḱl̥néwonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱln̥wónts (indicative participle present)
ḱl̥nuh₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
ḱl̥nusó (imperative second-person singular)
ḱl̥nutór (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱln̥wór (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱl̥nutó (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱln̥wó (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱl̥néwetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱl̥nurór (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱln̥wn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱl̥nuró (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱln̥wn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱl̥néworor (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱl̥néwontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Celtic: *klinutor (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥náwti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *klän-

Tocharian A: käln-

Tocharian B: käln-

From *ḱlew- (“to hear”) + *-né- (nasal infix).

infix

hlunni

>? Proto-Germanic: *hlunniz; Proto-West Germanic


ǵʰḗr

ǵʰr̥- (oblique stem)
ǵʰḗr (nominative singular)
ǵʰérh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰérh₁e (dual nominative)
ǵʰéres (nominative plural)
ǵʰér (singular vocative)
ǵʰérh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰérh₁e (dual vocative)
ǵʰéres (plural vocative)
ǵʰérm̥ (accusative singular)
ǵʰérh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰérh₁e (accusative dual)
ǵʰérm̥s (accusative plural)
ǵʰrés (genitive singular)
ǵʰróHom (genitive plural)
ǵʰrés (ablative singular)
ǵʰr̥mós (ablative plural)
ǵʰréy (dative singular)
ǵʰr̥mós (dative plural)
ǵʰér (locative singular)
ǵʰéri (locative singular)
ǵʰr̥sú (locative plural)
ǵʰréh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰr̥mís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰḗr

Ancient Greek: χήρ (khḗr)

Proto-Italic: *hēr

Latin: ēr

From *ǵʰer- (“to be excited, bristly”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


léymō

léymō (nominative singular)
léymones (nominative plural)
léymon (singular vocative)
léymones (plural vocative)
léymonm̥ (accusative singular)
léymonm̥s (accusative plural)
l̥ym̥nés (genitive singular)
l̥ym̥nóHom (genitive plural)
l̥ym̥nés (ablative singular)
limn̥mós (ablative plural)
l̥ym̥néy (dative singular)
limn̥mós (dative plural)
limén (locative singular)
liméni (locative singular)
limn̥sú (locative plural)
limn̥mís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *léymō

Ancient Greek: λειμών (leimṓn)

Ancient Greek: λιμήν (limḗn) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Ancient Greek: λῐ́μνη (límnē) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *lyëmë

Tocharian B: lyam

From *ley- (“to flow, pour, stream”) + *-mō (agentive nominal suffix).


mḗms

mḗms (nominative singular)
mḗms (singular vocative)
mḗms (accusative singular)
mémsos (genitive singular)
mémsos (ablative singular)
mémsey (dative singular)
méms (locative singular)
mémsi (locative singular)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mḗns
East Baltic:
Latgalian: mīsa
Latvian: mìesa
Lithuanian: mėsà
Samogitian: męsà
West Baltic:
Old Prussian: menso, mensā
Proto-Slavic: *mę̑so (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mā́ms

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mā́ms

desc

Vedic Sanskrit: मांस् (māṃs), मास् (mās)

From *mems- (“flesh, meat”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).

suf

misa

*mēms-eh₂ (or perhaps from collective *mēms-eh₁)

mish

Proto-Albanian: *meša (< earlier *mēNśa-); Albanian


Proto-Hellenic: *tlātós

desc

Ancient Greek: τλᾱτός (tlātós), τλητός (tlētós)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: तुलित (tulita)

Proto-Italic: *tlātos

i

Latin: lātus (a suppletive conjugation of the unrelated ferō (“to bear, carry”))

From *telh₂- (“to bear”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


mems-

Proto-Tocharian: *mʲənsa

Tocharian B: [Term?] (mīsa)

*mḗms (< *méms-s) (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps from *me-ms-, reduplicated form of *mes-.


kret-

*krét-u-s ~ *kr̥t-éw-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κρατύς (kratús)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *krátuš (see there for further descendants)

*krét-os ~ *kr̥t-és-os

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: κράτος (krátos), κάρτος (kártos) — Ionic, Epic, κρέτος (krétos) — Aeolic
Greek: κράτος (krátos)

qual

*kort-ús (o-grade possibly explained via Schwebeablaut)

Proto-Germanic: *harduz (see there for further descendants)

*krét-yōs

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κρέσσων (kréssōn), κρείσσων (kreíssōn)

*kr̥t-(t)eros

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: καρτερός (karterós)


ǵʰes-

*ǵʰésr̥ ~ *ǵʰs-r-és or *ǵʰés-ōr ~ *ǵʰes-r-és or *ǵʰs-ḗr ~ *ǵʰs-r-és

*ǵʰés-lom (“heap, thousand”)

Proto-Albanian: *dāsrā

Albanian: dorë (hand)

*ǵʰós-tos

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰástas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *hos-tos

desc

Latin: hostus (“the yield of olive from a single pressing”)

*ǵʰos-t-i-yo-

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: pažastìs, pažastė̃, pažastỹs (with pa-, põ, < *h₂pó)

Czech: paže

Slovak: paže

Italic:

Latin: hostia


Proto-Celtic: *Dānu

Irish: Dana

Welsh: Dôn

→ English: Don

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáHnu

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáHnu

Sanskrit: दानु (dā́nu, “fluid, drop, dew”)

Proto-Iranian: *dáHnu

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬥𐬎 (dānu)

Proto-Scythian: *dānu

Old Ossetic: *dān

Jassic: dan

Ossetian: дон (don)


yéwgos

yéwges- (oblique stem)
yéwgos (nominative singular)
yéwgōs (nominative plural)
yéwgos (singular vocative)
yéwgōs (plural vocative)
yéwgos (accusative singular)
yéwgōs (accusative plural)
yéwgesos (genitive singular)
yéwgesoHom (genitive plural)
yéwgesos (ablative singular)
yéwgesmos (ablative plural)
yéwgesey (dative singular)
yéwgesmos (dative plural)
yéwges (locative singular)
yéwgesi (locative singular)
yéwgesu (locative plural)
yéwgesmis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Germanic: *jeukaz, *jūkaz

Old English: gȳċer

Old High German: *jūh (in the compound jūhhart)

Middle High German: jiuch

Gothic: 𐌾𐌿𐌺𐌿𐌶𐌹 (jukuzi)

Proto-Hellenic: *dzéugos

Ancient Greek: ζεῦγος (zeûgos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáwgas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *jougos

Latin: iūgera pl

(possibly) → Italic: *jougVstos, *jougVstād

Latin: iūxtā

From *yewg- (“to join, to yoke, to tie together”) + *-os (suffix creating action/result nouns from verbs).


yunégti

yunégmi (first-person indicative present singular)
yunégm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
yunégsi (indicative present second-person singular)
yunégs (indicative past second-person singular)
yunég (imperative second-person singular)
yungdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
yunégesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
yunégti (indicative present singular third-person)
yunégt (indicative past singular third-person)
yunégtu (imperative singular third-person)
yunégeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
yungwós (dual first-person indicative present)
yungwé (dual first-person indicative past)
yunégowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
yungtés (dual indicative present second-person)
yungtóm (dual indicative past second-person)
yungtóm (dual imperative second-person)
yunégetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
yungtés (dual indicative present third-person)
yungtā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
yungtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
yunégetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
yungmós (first-person indicative plural present)
yungmé (first-person indicative past plural)
yunégomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
yungté (indicative plural present second-person)
yungté (indicative past plural second-person)
yungté (imperative plural second-person)
yunégete (plural second-person subjunctive)
yungénti (indicative plural present third-person)
yungént (indicative past plural third-person)
yungéntu (imperative plural third-person)
yunégonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
yungónts (indicative participle present)
yungsó (imperative second-person singular)
yungtór (indicative present singular third-person)
yungór (indicative present singular third-person)
yungtó (indicative past singular third-person)
yungó (indicative past singular third-person)
yunégetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
yungrór (indicative plural present third-person)
yungn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
yungró (indicative past plural third-person)
yungn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
yunégoror (plural subjunctive third-person)
yunégontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: jûgt

Lithuanian: jùngti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yunákti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *jungō (see there for further descendants)

From *yewg- (“to join, tie together”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


*du-n-h₂-tór ~ *du-n-h₂-rór (deponent nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic: *dunamai

Ancient Greek: δύναμαι (dúnamai)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tswetär

Proto-Germanic: *(ga)tawaz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *tawjaną (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *gotovъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *tōlą (“tool”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *teudrą (see there for further descendants)

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *tūdrą (“fruit, offspring”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dā́ˀwē

q

alternatively from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*dweh₂-</i> (“to move away”)

Proto-Slavic: *davě (“ago, recently”) (alternatively from *dweh₂- (“to move away”))

Russian: даве (dave) (dialectal)

Old Church Slavonic: давѣ (davě)

⇒ *oděvě

desc

Old Church Slavonic: одѣвѣ (oděvě, “recently”)

⇒ *dãvьnъ (“past, ancient”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *tawwą (see there for further descendants)


h₂éḱru

h₂éḱru (nominative singular)
h₂éḱr̥wih₁ (dual nominative)
h₂éḱruh₂ (nominative plural)
h₂éḱru (singular vocative)
h₂éḱr̥wih₁ (dual vocative)
h₂éḱruh₂ (plural vocative)
h₂éḱru (accusative singular)
h₂éḱr̥wih₁ (accusative dual)
h₂éḱruh₂ (accusative plural)
h₂ḱréw (locative singular)
h₂ḱrúh₁ (instrumental singular)

⇒ Proto-Anatolian: (with a prefix such as sporadic *s-, or a compound *sekʷ-h₂(e)ḱru?)

Hittite: 𒅖𒄩𒀪𒊒 (isḫaḫru)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: asara

Lithuanian: ãšara

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćru (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *ākru

Tocharian A: ākär

Tocharian B: akrūna

which may point to an early meaning of *for *h₂éḱru


bʰeg-

*bʰég-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *begeti (“to break”)

Old Irish: do·beig

*bʰég-t ~ *bʰg-ént (athematic root aorist)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: եբեկ (ebek, “broke”)

*bʰ-né-g-ti ~ *bʰ-n̥-g-énti (nasal-infix present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: բեկանեմ (bekanem, “to break”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: bengiú, beñgti (“to break up”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baigtei

Lithuanian: baĩgti

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *beigtei

Latvian: bèigt

Lithuanian: beĩgti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰanákti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰanákti

Sanskrit: भनक्ति (bhanákti)

*bʰég-n̥to- ~ *bʰg-n̥to-

Proto-Tocharian: *p(ä)känte

Tocharian A: pkänt (“separate”)

Tocharian B: pkante (“obstacle”)

*bʰog-o-

Proto-Celtic: *dī-bogo-

Middle Welsh: di-fo, diuo (“destroying”)

*bʰog-smn̥

Proto-Celtic: *boxsman

Middle Irish: boimm (“piece, fragment”)

*bʰog-tós

Proto-Celtic: *boxtos

Old Irish: bocht (“poor”)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰeh₂g-</i>

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaktás (or from *bʰeh₂g-) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰog-yo-s

Proto-Celtic: *bogyos

desc

Old Irish: ráthbuige (“ramparts builder”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *bikjaną (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *bangōną (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: भङ्ग (bhaṅgá)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaǰ-

Proto-Iranian: *baǰ-

(perhaps) Khotanese: bajsīha- (“mortar”)

Persian: سونجه (sunje), [script needed] (vsönǰ-), [script needed] (sönǰ-, “to tear, break”) (Tār dialect)


bʰeg-

*bʰ-né-g-ti ~ *bʰ-n̥-g-énti (nasal-infixed present)

⇒ *bʰeng- (virtual root) (back-formed)

q

⇒? *bʰong-éh₂ (unless from the sense “to break” above)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bangā́ˀ

Latvian: bañga, buôga (“multitude, crowd, grove; downpour, cloud”)

desc

Lithuanian: bangà (“billow, wave; multitude”)

⇒ *bʰong-i-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *bankiz (“bulge, hillock; bench”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *bʰong-ō

>? Proto-Germanic: *bankô (“bank; hill”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *bʰéng-ō ~ *bʰn̥g-n-és

>? Proto-Germanic: *bunkô (“bump, heap; bunch, crowd”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰog-i-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *bakiz (“brook; beach”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰog-o-m

>? Proto-Germanic: *baką (“back”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰóg-ō ~ *bʰg-né-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *bakô, *bakkô

>? Proto-West Germanic: *bakō (“back”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] (“swamp, bog, marsh”)

>? Lithuanian: bognà

Proto-Slavic: *bagnò (see there for further descendants)


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Wojciech Smoczyński

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: hith (with a preserved laryngeal?)

*h₂i-n-dʰ-tór ~ *h₂i-n-dʰ-rór (mediopassive nasal-infix imperfective)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hindᶻdʰáy

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hinddʰáy

Sanskrit: इन्द्धे (inddhé)

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂i-né-dʰ-ti ~ *h₂i-n-dʰ-énti</i>

⇒? Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“firewood”) (or from *h₂i-né-dʰ-ti ~ *h₂i-n-dʰ-énti)

Tocharian B: intsau (“block of wood”)

*h₂éydʰ-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *áitʰō

Ancient Greek: αἴθω (aíthō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háydʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háydʰati

Sanskrit: एधते (édhate)

*h₂oydʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *aidijaną

Old High German: eiten

Middle High German: eiten

*h₂éydʰ-s (root noun)

Proto-Italic: *aits, *aiðes (gen.)

Latin: aedēs, aedis, ēdis

Proto-Hellenic: *aitʰḗr

Ancient Greek: αἰθήρ (aithḗr) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *aidos or *aidu

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: oaz (“ardor, jealousy”)

Breton: oaz

Welsh: aidd (“ardor”)

Old Irish: áed (“fire”)

Proto-Germanic: *aidaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *áitʰos

Ancient Greek: αἶθος (aîthos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háydʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háydʰas

Sanskrit: एध (édha)

*h₂éydʰ-os ~ *h₂éydʰ-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *áitʰos

Ancient Greek: αἶθος (aîthos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háydʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háydʰas

Sanskrit: एधस् (édhas)

⇒ *h₂éydʰ-l-om

Proto-Germanic: *ailą (see there for further descendants)

pre-Proto-Hellenic: *áitʰəl

Proto-Hellenic: *áitʰalos

Ancient Greek: αἴθαλος (aíthalos) (see there for further descendants)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐁁𐀲𐀫 (ai-ta-ro /aitʰalo-/)

Proto-Italic: *aissāts

Latin: aestās

*h₂éydʰ-tu-s ~ *h₂idʰ-téw-s

Proto-Italic: *aissus

Latin: aestus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hidᶻdʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hiddʰás

Sanskrit: इद्ध (iddhá)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háydʰma

Proto-Iranian: *Háydma

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬨𐬀 (aēsma, “firewood”)

Northeastern Iranian

Khwarezmian: ازم (ʾzm /izm/)

Sogdian:

Buddhist Sogdian: [script needed] (zmy /zmē , zmi/)

Southeastern Iranian

Pashto: هېزم (hezám) (perhaps borrowed from Persian)

Northwestern Iranian

Caspian:

Gilaki: هیمه (himə)

Old Mazanderani: همه (hema)

Mazanderani: هیمه (hīme)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ھێزِم (hêzim)

Northern Kurdish: êzing, ezing, hezing, hêzing, hêzîng

Laki: ھێمە (hême)

Southern Kurdish: لێزمە (lêzme) (perhaps) (*hê-> *lê-)

Old Median:

Middle Median:

Kermanic:

Ashtiani: هیمه (hīma)

Zoroastrian Dari: هیزمه (hīzma) (Yazd), ایزمه (īzma) (Kerman)

Old Tati:

Old Azari: هەموم (hamum, “my firewood”)

Talysh:

North Talysh: izem (īzem)

South Talysh: ایزم (īzem)

Zaza-Gorani:

Gurani: هێزمێ (hêzimê)

Zazaki: eyzimi, îzimi

Southwestern Iranian

Larestani: ایمه (īma/ēma)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫏𐫖𐫃 (ʿymg /ēmag/)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭩𐭮𐭬 (ʾysm /ēsm/), 𐭰𐭩𐭡𐭠 (CYBA /ēzm/)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *aidza-

⇒ Albanian: jezull

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: aidinti

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂ey-</i>, for which see the etymology section

>? Proto-Germanic: *aisǭ (“fireplace”) (or from *h₂ey-, for which see the etymology section) (see there for further descendants)

Possibly reanalyzed from a compound or suffixed verb *h₂éydʰh₁eti, from *h₂ey- (“to burn; fire”) + *-dʰh₁- (“to put, set”, later resultative suffix), literally “to put to fire”. For the root, see also *h₂éyos (“(copper?) metal, ore”), *h₂éyr̥ (“day, morning”) and Proto-Germanic *aisǭ (“fireplace”). Alternatively, the root can be identified as *h₁ay- (or *h₄ey-), “to be warm, hot”, but this root is also contested and poorly evidenced.


*h₂i-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *īˀskāˀtei

Latvian: ieskāt

Lithuanian: ieškóti

Proto-Slavic: *jьskati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *iskaną

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *aisk (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *aiskōn (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hišćáti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hištás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hiṣṭás

Sanskrit: इष्ट (iṣṭa) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (išta)

Proto-Germanic: *aizō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: այց (aycʻ), հայց (haycʻ)

Armenian: հայց (haycʻ)

Proto-Germanic: *aizāną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *aizoskāō

Latin: aeruscō

>? Proto-Italic: *aistomāō

Latin: aestimō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Umbrian: eiscurent

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aiˀskāˀ

Latvian: ieska

Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
w:Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


non-ablauting (romanization)
ǵónh₁oh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵonh₁éh₂ (collective nominative)
ǵónh₁e (singular vocative)
ǵónh₁oh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵonh₁éh₂ (collective vocative)
ǵónh₁oh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵonh₁éh₂ (accusative collective)
ǵónh₁oh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵónh₁ōys (instrumental plural)
ǵonh₁óh₁ (collective instrumental)

Proto-Hellenic: *gónos, *gonā́

desc

Ancient Greek: γόνος (gónos), γονή (gonḗ)

Indo-Iranian:

→ Proto-Permic: *zɔn (see there for further descendants)

From *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, to beget, to give birth”) + *-os.


Proto-Armenian:

desctree

⇒ Old Armenian: ընդերք (ənderkʻ)
Armenian: ընդերք (ənderkʻ)

Proto-Hellenic: *énteros

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἔντερον (énteron)
Greek: έντερο (éntero)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hántaras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hántaras

Sanskrit: अन्तर (ántara) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hántarah

Avestan: 𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 (aṇtara)

Western Iranian:

desc

Northern Kurdish: hindirr (“inside”), hindurr, hindurrû, hundur

desctree

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎫𐎼 (aⁿtar, “among, within”)
Middle Persian: (/andar/)
Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭡𐭩𐭭 (BYN), 𐭡𐭩𐭭 (ʾndr)
Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫗𐫅𐫡 (ʾndr)
Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (BY̲N), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾntl)
Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮁𐮈𐮌 (BY̲N), 𐮀𐮌𐮑𐮊 (ʾntl)
Pazend script: 𐬀𐬥𐬛𐬀𐬭 (andar)
Classical Persian: اندر (andar)
Dari: اندر (andar), در (dar)
Iranian Persian: اندر (andar), در (dar)
Tajik: андар (andar), дар (dar)
→ Hindi: अंदर (andar)
→ Urdu: اندر (andar)

desc

Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫀𐫗𐫅𐫡 (ʾndr /andar/)

Proto-Italic: *enteros

Latin: *interus

⇒ Latin: intrā (see there for further descendants); intrō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: interior (see there for further descendants)

Venetic: 𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌀 (atra), 𐌀𐌍𐌕𐌓𐌀 (antra, “within”)

From *h₁en (“in”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix).


HrewdH-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HrawdH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HrawdH-

Sanskrit: रुद् (rud)

*HréwdH-ti ~ *HrudH-énti (athematic root present)

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *reutaną
Proto-West Germanic: *reutan
Old English: rēotan
Old Saxon: *riotan
Middle Low German: rêten
Old High German: riozan, riuzan
Middle High German: riezen
Old Norse: rjóta
Icelandic: rjóta
Faroese: rjóta, rýta

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HráwdHti ~ *Hrúdanti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *roudō or *rudō

Latin: rūdō or rudō

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: raudà

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: raûdât

Lithuanian: raudóti

Proto-Germanic: *rautōną

Old Norse: rauta

Icelandic: rauta (obsolete?)

Norwegian: raute, rauta

Swedish: röta (obsolete)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *raudinja

Albanian: ryej

Balto-Slavic:

Old Lithuanian: rausti

Proto-Slavic: *rydati (“to wail, weep”) (see there for further descendants)


h₁óh₃s

h₁óh₃s (nominative singular)
h₁óh₃sh₂ (nominative plural)
h₁óh₃s (singular vocative)
h₁óh₃sh₂ (plural vocative)
h₁óh₃s (accusative singular)
h₁óh₃sh₂ (accusative plural)
h₁éh₃s (locative singular)
h₁h₃sú (locative plural)
h₁h₃séh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒀀𒄿𒅖 (a-i-iš /aiš/)

q

or < thematic <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁óh₃s-o-s</i>

Luwian: 𒀀𒀀𒀸𒊭 (a-a-aš-ša /āssa/) (or < thematic *h₁óh₃s-o-s)

Proto-Celtic: *ās

Old Irish: á

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHs

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáHs

Sanskrit: आस् (ā́s)

Proto-Iranian: *HáHh

Avestan: 𐬁𐬵 (āh) (genitive form: 𐬇𐬆𐬃𐬢𐬵𐬁 (ə̄əā̊ŋhā))

Proto-Italic: *ōs

Latin: ōs (see there for further descendants)

From earlier acrostatic *h₁óh₃-s ~ *h₁éh₃-s.

austo

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aušt-; Old Prussian


gʷr̥h₂éw (locative singular)
gʷr̥h₂úh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷr̥h₂ús (nominative singular)
gʷr̥h₂úh₁ (dual nominative)
gʷr̥h₂úh₁e (dual nominative)
gʷr̥h₂ú (singular vocative)
gʷr̥h₂úh₁ (dual vocative)
gʷr̥h₂úh₁e (dual vocative)
gʷr̥h₂úm (accusative singular)
gʷr̥h₂úh₁ (accusative dual)
gʷr̥h₂úh₁e (accusative dual)
gʷr̥h₂éw (locative singular)
gʷr̥h₂éwh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷr̥h₂ú (nominative singular)
gʷr̥h₂úyh₁ (dual nominative)
gʷr̥h₂úh₂ (nominative plural)
gʷr̥h₂úyh₁ (dual vocative)
gʷr̥h₂úh₂ (plural vocative)
gʷr̥h₂ú (accusative singular)
gʷr̥h₂úyh₁ (accusative dual)
gʷr̥h₂úh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Germanic: *kuruz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷarus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Húš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gʷraus (see there for further descendants)

From *gʷreh₂- (“heavy”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).

suffix

bryw

Proto-Celtic: *bruwos (“quantity, multitude”) (perhaps); Middle Welsh

bró

Proto-Celtic: *bruwos (“quantity, multitude”) (perhaps); Old Irish

>? Proto-Celtic: *brīgosProto-Brythonic: *briɣMiddle Breton: bryCornish: bryMiddle Welsh: briWelsh: briGaulish: *brīgos→ Vulgar Latin: *brīgusOld Occitan: briuCatalan: briuOld Galician-Portuguese: brioGalician: bríoPortuguese: brioSpanish: brío→ Italian: brio→ English: brio→ French: brioSicilian: sbriguni


h₁ln̥gʷʰéw (locative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰús (nominative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁ (dual nominative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁e (dual nominative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰú (singular vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁ (dual vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁e (dual vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúm (accusative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁ (accusative dual)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁e (accusative dual)
h₁ln̥gʷʰéw (locative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰéwh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰú (nominative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúyh₁ (dual nominative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₂ (nominative plural)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúyh₁ (dual vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₂ (plural vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰú (accusative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúyh₁ (accusative dual)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lengus ~ *lingus

Latvian: liêgs (“gentle”)

Lithuanian: leñgvas, lengvùs

Proto-Slavic: *lьgъkъ (< Pre-Slavic *lingu-kos)

Proto-Celtic: *legus, *lagus

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: llaw (“small, low, sad”) (< *lagwos)

Breton: law (“miserable, bad”)

Proto-Hellenic: *eləkʰús

desc

Ancient Greek: ἐλαχύς (elakhús, “small”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlagʰúš (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Italic: *leɣʷis (with possible contamination from *breɣʷis)

Latin: levis (see there for further descendants)

From *h₁lengʷʰ- (“lightweight”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).


*h₂réh₁dʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *rēdaną (“to decide”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian:

desc

Avestan: 𐬭𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (rāδaⁱti, “to correct”)

*h₂réh₁dʰ-t ~ *h₂r̥h₁dʰ-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHraHdʰat

Proto-Iranian: *HáHráHdat

Avestan: 𐬭𐬁𐬛𐬀𐬝 (rādat̰, “to succeed, accomplish”, 3sg.aor.act.subj.)

*h₂réh₁dʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HráHdʰyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HráHdʰyati

Sanskrit: राध्यति (rā́dhyati, “to succeed”)

*h₂roh₁dʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rā́ˀdīˀtei

Eastern Baltic:

Latgalian: rõdeit(i) (“to show, demonstrate”)

Latgalian: rõdeitõjs (“significative”)

Latvian: rādīt(i) (“to show, demonstrate”)

Lithuanian: rodyti (“to show, demonstrate”)

Proto-Slavic: *raditi (“care about, heed”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rādīti (“to talk”)

Old Irish: ráidid, radid

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *ambi-rādīti (“to think”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Welsh: amraud

Welsh: amrawdd

Old Irish: imm-rádi

Proto-Germanic: *rōdijaną (“to speak”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HraHdʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HraHdʰáyati

Sanskrit: राधयति (rādháyati, “to commit”)

*h₂r̥h₁dʰ-néw-ti ~ *h₂r̥h₁dʰ-nw-énti (nu-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HraHdʰnáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HraHdʰnáwti

Sanskrit: राध्नोति (rādhnóti, “to succeed”)

Proto-Germanic: *rēdaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HráHdʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HráHdʰas

Sanskrit: राधस् (rā́dhas)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HráHdʰaH

Proto-Iranian: *HráHdaH

Avestan: 𐬭𐬁𐬛𐬀 (rāda, “trustee”)

Proto-Germanic: *radō (“row”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥HdʰáH

Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥HdáH

Ossetian: рад (rad, “order, row”)

Proto-Germanic: *rēswō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *raðā

Albanian: radhë (“row”)

Latgalian: rẽdeit(i) (“put in order, educate”)

Latgalian: rẽdynis (“sunday best suit”)

Latgalian: rẽdeiba (“order, orderliness”)

Latgalian: rādovoit(i) (“put in order, educate”)

Latgalian: parāds (“order”)

Possible reanalyzed root of *h₂reh₁- (“to think; to count”) + *-dʰh₁eti.


h₁ln̥gʷʰróh₁ (dual nominative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰré (singular vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰróh₁ (dual vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰróh₁ (accusative dual)
h₁ln̥gʷʰróh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂ (nominative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂ (singular vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰrā́m (accusative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂ (locative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂ (nominative plural)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂ (plural vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Germanic: *lungraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *eləpʰrós

Ancient Greek: ἐλαφρός (elaphrós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlagʰrás

Proto-Iranian: *Hlagráh

Old Persian: *lagraʰ

Middle Persian: *lāgar

Persian: لاغر (lâğar)

From *h₁lengʷʰ- (“lightweight”) + *-rós (Caland system suffix).


é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)

Proto-Hellenic: *-tria

Ancient Greek: -τρια (-tria)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-triH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-triH

Sanskrit: -त्री (-trī)

Proto-Iranian: *-θriH

Avestan: -𐬚𐬭𐬍 (-θrī) (e.g. 𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬚𐬭𐬍 (manaoθrī, “which remind”) from 𐬨𐬀𐬥 (man, “to think”))

Derives agent nouns from verbs, denoting someone or something who has performed the verb's action.


*h₁wér-o-s ~ *h₁wér-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *éuros

desc

Ancient Greek: εὖρος (eûros, “breadth, width”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwáras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwáras

Sanskrit: वरस् (váras, “breadth, expanse, room, wide space”)

*h₁wér-u-s ~ *h₁ur-éw-s


*h₁rém-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrámati (see there for further descendants)

*h₁rm̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: rìmti (present rìmstu)

*h₁rom-éye-ti (causative)

Celtic:

⇒ Old Irish: fo·ruimi

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrāmáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrāmáyati

Sanskrit: रामयति (rāmáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *Hrāmáyati

Avestan: 𐬭𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (rāmaiieⁱti)

*h₁rém-os ~ *h₁rém-es-os

Proto-Germanic: *remaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Persian: آرام (ârâm, “quiet, calm”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἤρεμος (ḗremos, “gentle, quiet”)

Greek: ήρεμος (íremos, “quiet, calm”)


h₂égʰōs (nominative plural)
h₂égʰōs (plural vocative)
h₂égʰōs (accusative plural)

Proto-Germanic: *agaz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄχος (ákhos)

From *h₂egʰ- (“to be upset, afraid”) + *-os.


Albanian: rosë

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *anˀtis

Lithuanian: ántis

Old Prussian: antis

Proto-Slavic: *ǫtь, *ǫty (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *anadz (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) Hellenic: *nāťťa (< *n̥h₂t-ih₂, apparently with lost laryngeal?)

Ancient Greek: νῆσσα (nêssa), νῆττα (nêtta), νᾶσσα (nâssa)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HaHtíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HaHtíṣ

Sanskrit: आति (ātí) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *HaHtíš

Ossetian: ацц (acc) (< *HaHtí-čiH)

Proto-Italic: *anats

Latin: anas (see there for further descendants)

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h₂n̥téh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂n̥téh₁ (instrumental singular)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄩𒀭𒍝 (ḫa-an-za)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄντα (ánta) (either from accusative singular *h₂éntm̥ or from accusative plural *h₂énth̥₂)

Ancient Greek: ἄντην (ántēn)

From *h₂ent- (“face, forehead; front”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).

anda-

*h₂entó ((fossilized) allative singular)

against; see there for further descendants

>? Proto-Tocharian: *ā́ntë

in front; see there for further descendants

*h₂n̥tbʰi (from the instrumental plural)


h₂énh₁m̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
h₂n̥h₁yéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
h₂énh₁ (imperative second-person singular)
h₂n̥h₁dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
h₂n̥h₁wé (dual first-person indicative past)
h₂n̥h₁tā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
h₂n̥h₁tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
h₂n̥h₁mé (first-person indicative past plural)
h₂n̥h₁té (indicative plural present second-person)
h₂n̥h₁té (indicative past plural second-person)
h₂n̥h₁té (imperative plural second-person)

Proto-Celtic: *anati (“to remain”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ananą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HánHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HánHti

Sanskrit: अनिति (ániti)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wyaHnás (suffixed with *wi-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wyaHnás

desctree

Sanskrit: व्यान (vyāna)
→ Telugu: వ్యానము (vyānamu)

Proto-Iranian:

Central:

Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬥𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁 (viiānaiiā)

Western:

Northwestern:

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: گیان (gyan)

Northern Kurdish: giyan

Southern Kurdish: گیان (gyan)

Southwestern:

Old Persian:

Middle Persian:

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (gyān /HYA, yʾn'/)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (gyān /gyʾn/)

Athematic root present of *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”).


h₂éǵr̥yoh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂éǵr̥ye (singular vocative)
h₂éǵr̥yoh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂éǵr̥yoh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂éǵr̥yoh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂éǵr̥yōys (instrumental plural)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂ (nominative singular)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂ (singular vocative)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
h₂éǵr̥yām (accusative singular)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂ (locative singular)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂ (nominative plural)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂ (plural vocative)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂ (accusative plural)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: արտի (arti)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄγριος (ágrios)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ryas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háȷ́ryas

Sanskrit: अज्र्य (ajryá)

From the noun *h₂éǵros (“field, pasturage”) + *-yós (denominative adjectival suffix).

affix

campestral, field (attributive), of or relating to fields


Proto-Hellenic: *eurús

Ancient Greek: εὐρύς (eurús)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hurúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hurúṣ

Sanskrit: उरु (urú)

Proto-Iranian: *Hurúš

Avestan: 𐬬𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎 (voᵘru)

From *h₁wer- (“broad”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).


h₂énǵʰus

h₂énǵʰus (nominative singular)
h₂énǵʰuh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂énǵʰuh₁e (dual nominative)
h₂énǵʰu (singular vocative)
h₂énǵʰuh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂énǵʰuh₁e (dual vocative)
h₂énǵʰum (accusative singular)
h₂énǵʰuh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂énǵʰuh₁e (accusative dual)
h₂n̥ǵʰéws (genitive singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéws (ablative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰúmos (ablative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwey (dative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰúmos (dative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰéw (locative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwi (locative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰúsu (locative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰúmis (instrumental plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂ (nominative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual nominative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (dual nominative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂ (singular vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (dual vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (accusative dual)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (accusative dual)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥s (accusative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂s (genitive singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂s (ablative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂ (locative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂i (locative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂énǵʰu (nominative singular)
h₂énǵʰwih₁ (dual nominative)
h₂énǵʰuh₂ (nominative plural)
h₂énǵʰwih₁ (dual vocative)
h₂énǵʰuh₂ (plural vocative)
h₂énǵʰu (accusative singular)
h₂énǵʰwih₁ (accusative dual)
h₂énǵʰuh₂ (accusative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰús (nominative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₁e (dual nominative)
h₂n̥ǵʰúes (nominative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰú (singular vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₁e (dual vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰúes (plural vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰúm (accusative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₁e (accusative dual)
h₂n̥ǵʰúms (accusative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰéws (genitive singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéws (ablative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwey (dative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéw (locative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwi (locative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwsu (locative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂ (nominative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual nominative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (dual nominative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂ (singular vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (dual vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (accusative dual)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (accusative dual)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥s (accusative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂s (genitive singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂s (ablative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂ (locative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂i (locative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰú (nominative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰúyh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₂ (nominative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰúyh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₂ (plural vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰú (accusative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰúyh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₂ (accusative plural)

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: անձուկ (anjuk, “narrow, tight”)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ankštas

Proto-Slavic: *ǫzъkъ (see there for further descendants)

→ Finnic: *ahtas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *angus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *anguz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hánȷ́ʰuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hánźʰuṣ

Sanskrit: अंहु (áṃhu)

From *h₂enǵʰ- (“narrow, tight”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).


Proto-Germanic: *jundō

Gothic: 𐌾𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰 (junda)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HyuHatáH (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *juwentā

Latin: iuventa


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *brū́ˀs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *brūs

⇒ Old Irish: forbrú

Middle Irish: brú, brá

Proto-Hellenic: *opʰrū́s

desc

Ancient Greek: ὀφρύς (ophrús), ὀφρῦς (ophrûs) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HbʰrúHs (see there for further descendants)


q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*-wer</i>

⇒? Proto-Anatolian: *Hasdwer (+ *-wer)

desc

Hittite: 𒄩𒀸𒁺𒂊𒅕 (ḫa-aš-du-e-er, “twig(s), brushwood; splinter (of bone?)”)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ոստ (ost)

Proto-Germanic: *astaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ózdos

desctree

Ancient Greek: ὄζος (ózos), ὔσδος (úsdos) — Aeolic
Greek: όζος (ózos)

Possibly connected in some way to Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hádᶻgas (“knot (in a plant), branch, twig”) (e.g. Sanskrit अद्ग (ádga-, “knot (in wood), sprout (of bamboo), cane”), Middle Persian ʾzg (“twig”)) and Proto-Celtic *odbos ~ *osbos (“knot”) (Old Irish odb, Middle Welsh oddf), which seem to reflect Proto-Indo-European *Hód(s)gʷos (“knot, shoot”). In that case, both *Hód(s)gʷos and *h₃ósdos (note also their complementary distribution) might be different simplifications of the same original compound word, the first element of which may tentatively be identified with *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”). However, compare also Ancient Greek ὄσχος (óskhos), ὠσχός (ōskhós, “young branch”), which perhaps show substrate alternations.


h₃érō

h₃érō (nominative singular)
h₃r̥néh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄩𒀀𒊏𒀸 (ḫa-a-ra-aš /χáras/)

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: orr

⇒ Proto-Armenian: (thematic, reduplicated)

desctree

Old Armenian: որոր (oror, “gull”)
→ Armenian: որոր (oror) (learned)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *arélis (thematic, suffixed) (see there for further descendants)

q

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *eriros (thematic, suffixed) (possibly, but there would be irregular development of initial vowel if so)

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: erer

Cornish: er

Welsh: eryr

Old Irish: irar

Middle Irish: ilar

Irish: iolar

Manx: urley

Scottish Gaelic: iolair

Proto-Germanic: *arô (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *órn-īk-s ~ *órn-īkʷʰ- (suffixed from the oblique stem)

desctree

Ancient Greek: ὄρνῑς (órnīs, “bird, chicken”), ὄρνῑξ (órnīx) — Ionic, Doric
Greek: όρνιθα (órnitha)

q

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: [Term?] n (“bird”) (suffixed from the oblique stem and thematicized)

desctree

Ancient Greek: ὄρνεον (órneon)
Greek: όρνεο (órneo), όρνιο (órnio)


h₃éngʷn̥

h₃éngʷn̥ (nominative singular)
h₃éngʷō (collective nominative)
h₃éngʷn̥ (singular vocative)
h₃éngʷō (collective vocative)
h₃éngʷn̥ (accusative singular)
h₃éngʷō (accusative collective)
h₃n̥gʷén (locative singular)
h₃n̥gʷén (collective locative)
h₃n̥gʷénh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₃n̥gʷnéh₁ (collective instrumental)

Proto-Celtic: *amban (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ankwô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ongʷn̥

Latin: unguen

desc

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌌𐌄𐌍 (umen, acc.sg.), 𐌖𐌌𐌍𐌄 (umne, “ointment”, abl.sg.)

desctree

→ Latin: ōmentum
→ Catalan: oment
→ English: omentum
→ Italian: omento
→ Spanish: omento

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hā́nǰa (with irregular long vowel)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hā́nǰanam (thematicization of *h₃éngʷen-)

desc

Sanskrit: आञ्जन (ā́ñjana, “ointment, fat”)

⇒ Proto-Nuristani: *annabr̥tá (“ghee”) (with *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”))

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: anū

Kativiri: anew

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: anā

Waigali: anavřa

From *h₃engʷ- (“to smear, to anoint”) + *-n̥.


Proto-Celtic: *yuwankos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *jungaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HyuHaćás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HyuHaśás

Sanskrit: युवश (yuvaśá, “young”)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *juwənkos (“young cow”)
Latin: iuvencus, iuvenca (see there for further descendants)
Umbrian: iuengar (nom. pl. f.), 𐌉𐌅𐌄𐌊𐌀 (iveka), iuenga (acc. pl. f.)


⇒? Proto-Hellenic:

desc

>? Ancient Greek: κμέλεθρα (kmélethra, “beam”) (but more likely Pre-Greek)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *kameros

Latin: camur (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kh₂m-ér-e-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kmárati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kmárati

Sanskrit: क्मरति (kmárati, “to be curved”)

Proto-Iranian: *kamárati

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *kamarā- (“something curved”)

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬁 (kamarā, “girdle”)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (kmr, “girdle”)

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (kml /kamar/, “waist; girdle”)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭪𐭬𐭫𐭩 (kmly /kamar/, “girdle”)

Manichaean script: 𐫞𐫖𐫡 (qmr /kamar/, “vault”)

→ Old Armenian: կամար (kamar, “girdle; arch, vault”)

→ Old Georgian: კამარაჲ (ḳamaray)

desctree

Georgian: კამარა (ḳamara)
→ Svan: კამრა̈ჲ (ḳamräy)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: καμάρα (kamára, “anything with an arched cover”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Ancient Greek: καμαρίς (kamarís, “woman's ornament”)

→ Ge'ez: ቀመር (ḳämär)

קָמַר / קֶמֶר

→ Hebrew: קָמַר / קֶמֶר (qemer, qāmar)

Proto-Hellenic: *kámīnos

>? Ancient Greek: κάμῑνος (kámīnos, “furnace”) (or Pre-Greek)

Extensions

⇒ *kh₂m-dʰ(h₁)-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kamtʰós, *kantʰós

>? Ancient Greek: κανθός (kanthós, “corner of the eye”) (or Pre-Greek)

⇒ *kh₂emp-to-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kamptas (“corner”)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kh₂emp-o-s</i>

>? Lithuanian: kam̃pas (or from *kh₂emp-o-s)

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kaN-to-</i>, or borrowed?

>? Proto-Slavic: *kǫ̃tъ (or from *kaN-to-, or borrowed?) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kantos (“corner, rim”) (or from *kaN-to-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kamptos

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*km̥p-ye-</i>

⇒? Proto-Hellenic: *kámptō (verb) (or from *km̥p-ye-)

desc

Ancient Greek: κάμπτω (kámptō, “to bend, turn”)

⇒ *kh₂emp-o-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *hamfaz (“maimed”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *kampos (“valley?”)

Latin: campus (“field”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kh₂emp-eh₂

Proto-Hellenic: *kampā́, *kámpā

Ancient Greek: καμπή (kampḗ, “bend”), κάμπη (kámpē, “caterpillar; a kind of ornament”)

Unsorted formations:

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: καμψός (kampsós)


kelH-

(perhaps) *kl̥-né-H-ti ~ *kl̥-n-H-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *kelnō

Latin: *cellō

⇒ celsus (past participle) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ (ante)cellō, (ex)cellō, (prae)cellō (see there for further descendants)

South Picene: 𐌄𐌑𐌄𐌋𐌔𐌉𐌕 (eíelsit)

*kélH-mn̥ ~ *kl̥H-mén-s

⇒ *kl̥H-mṓ (on-stem)

⇒ *kl̥H-mós (thematicized)

Proto-Germanic: *hulmaz (“hill, mound, small island”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kelamn̥

Latin: columen, culmen (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kolH-m̥n-eh₂

Proto-Italic: *kolemnā

Latin: columna (see there for further descendants)

*kl̥H-(l)o-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

>? Sanskrit: कूल (kū́la)

*kélH-ō ~ *kl̥H-né-s (n-stem)

⇒ *kl̥H-ní-s (“hill”)

Proto-Germanic: *hulliz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kolnis

Latin: collis (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kl̥H-nó-m

>? Proto-Italic: *kalnom

Latin: callum (“hard thing, covering”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kolH-nó-s (“hill”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kalˀnás

Latgalian: kolns

Latvian: kal̂ns

Lithuanian: kálnas

⇒ *kolH-ōn-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kolōnós

Ancient Greek: κολωνός (kolōnós)

⇒ *kolH-ōn-eh₂

Proto-Hellenic: *kolōnā́

Ancient Greek: κολώνη (kolṓnē) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kalˀwāˀ

Latvian: kalva

Lithuanian: kalvà

*kolH-bʰ-

>? Proto-Hellenic: *kolopʰōn

Ancient Greek: κολοφών (kolophṓn) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: ceļt

Latvian: cel̂t

Lithuanian: kélti

Lithuanian: kìlti

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *čelò (“forehead”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *käly- (“to stand”)

Tocharian A: käly-

Tocharian B: käly-


ḱenk-

*ḱónk-e ~ *ḱn̥k-(ḗr) (root verb with o-grade ablaut)

Hittite: 𒅗𒀀𒀭𒆠 (kānki ~ kankanzi)

Proto-Germanic: *hanhaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: शङ्के (śaṅke)

*ḱénk-e-tor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćánkatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śánkatay

Sanskrit: शङ्कते (śáṅkate)

*ḱonk-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *hangijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćankáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śánkáyati

Sanskrit: शङ्कयति (śaṅkáyati, “to render doubtful/uncertain; to cause anxiety”)

*ḱonk-eh₁-(ye)- (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Germanic: *hangāną (see there for further descendants)

*ḱénk-ye-tor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćánkyatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śánkyatay

Sanskrit: शङ्क्यते (śaṅkyate)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćankā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śankā́

Sanskrit: शङ्का (śaṅkā)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Slavic: *sǫčьka (“stick, peg”)

Proto-Italic: *konkitos

⇒ Latin: cūnctor


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *krū́ˀs

Proto-Slavic: *kry̑ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *krūs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hrawaz (see there for further descendants)

From *krewh₂- (“blood outside the body”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).

suf

crauyo

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kraujas m; Old Prussian


Proto-Hellenic: *kréwas

Ancient Greek: κρέας (kréas)

Greek: κρέας (kréas)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *krawHíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *krawHíṣ

Sanskrit: क्रविस् (kravís)

Proto-Italic: *kruwōs (< collective)

Latin: cruor (“blood, gore”)


*dl̥h₁-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *dolaō
Latin: dolō

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *dьliti (see there for further descendants)

*dolh₁-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Italic: *doleō

Latin: doleō

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dalˀeitei

Latvian: dalīt

Lithuanian: dalyti

Proto-Slavic: *odolěti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *taljaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dáljāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *dolōs

Latin: dolor (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαίδαλος (daídalos), δαιδάλεος (daidáleos)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαιδάλλω (daidállō)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *delěti

Proto-Celtic: *delwā (“image, statue”)

Proto-Brythonic: *delw

Cornish: del

Old Welsh: delu

Middle Welsh: delw

Welsh: delw

desctree

Old Irish: delb
Irish: dealbh
Manx: jalloo
Scottish Gaelic: dealbh

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ատաղձ (atałj)

Italic:

Latin: dolium

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

>? Sanskrit: दल (dala)

>? Sanskrit: दाल (dāla)


dʰewp-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *djaupāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *ďupa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *daupāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *dupa (see there for further descendants)


*wn̥h₁-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Germanic: *wunskijaną (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वांछति (vāṃchati)

*wonh₁-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *wanjaną (see there for further descendants)

*wn̥h₁-éh₁ye-ti (essive)

Proto-Germanic: *wunāną (see there for further descendants)

?*wn̥h₁-néw-ti ~ *wn̥h₁-nw-énti (néw-present)

Proto-Germanic: *winnaną (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वनोति (vanoti)

Proto-Germanic: *winiz (see there for further descendants)

*wénh₁-os ~ *wénh₁-es-os

Proto-Italic: *wenos

desc

Latin: venus (“loveliness, charm”), Venus (theonym)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wánas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wánas

Sanskrit: वनस् (vánas)

Proto-Italic: *weneznos

Latin: venēnum

Proto-Germanic: *wundrą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wunjō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wenjā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *vōnja

Albanian: vuaj (I suffer)

Germanic:

Proto-Germanic: *wanaz (see there for further descendants)

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *un-

Albanian: uni

Albanian: uri


h₃yébʰōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jebtei
Proto-Slavic: *jetì; *jebàti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *oyépʰō

Ancient Greek: οἴφω (oíphō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyábʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyábʰati

Sanskrit: यभति (yábhati)
Dardic:
Kalasha: žạ́wik
Sauraseni Prakrit:
Punjabi: جَڈّھَنا (jaḍḍhanā) / ਜੱਢਣਾ (jaḍḍhaṇā)
Saraiki: یَہَݨ (yahaṇ), یَبَّھݨ (yabbahṇ)
Maharastri Prakrit:
Marathi: झवणे (jhavṇe)
Konkani: झव्चे (zhavce)

Thematic root present of *h₃yebʰ- (“to enter into, penetrate; to copulate”).


h₁é

Ancient Greek: ἐ- (e-) (contracts with vowel-initial verbs)

Greek: έ- (é-)

Old Armenian: ե- (e-), է- (ē-) (contracted form)

Phrygian: ε- (e-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Há- (see there for further descendants)