*swḗnh₂-s-t ~ swénh₂-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: स्वानीत् (svānīt)

*swénh₂-ti ~ swn̥h₂-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Italic: *swenō

Latin: sonō (“to sound”)

*swonh₂-éye-ti (iterative)

Proto-Celtic: *swonnīti

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Welsh:

Middle Welsh: honni (“to announce”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: स्वनयति (svanayáti)

Proto-Italic: *swonaō

Latin: sonō (“to sound”)

*swn̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *swn̥-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬓𐬀𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌

Avestan: 𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬓𐬀𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (apaxᵛanuuaⁱṇti, “sound away”, 3pl.)

Proto-Celtic: *swannati (“to sound, play an instrument”)

Old Irish: seinnid

Proto-Balto-Slavic: (possibly)

Proto-Slavic: *zvonъ (“sound”) (or from *ǵʰwon-os)

Proto-Germanic: *swanaz (“swan”)

Proto-Italic: *swonos

Latin: sonus (“sound”) (or from *swenos < *swenh₂-os)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: स्वनति (svánati, “to sound”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: स्वनद्रथ (svanád-ratha, “having a rattling chariot”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬝-𐬗𐬀𐬑𐬭𐬀 (xᵛanat̰-caxra, “with sounding wheels”)

Proto-Germanic: *swin-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swanH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swanH-

Sanskrit: स्वन् (svan)

Proto-Iranian: *hwanH-

Old Persian:

Middle Persian:

Persian: خوان (xvân, “to read, recite”)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


*h₂méh₁-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *mēaną (“to mow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫa-meš-ḫa- /ḫamešḫa-/, “spring”)

Proto-Germanic: *mēþą (“mowing”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mēdwō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: ἄμη (ámē) (see there for further descendants)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀔 (a-ma)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄμητος (ámētos, “harvest”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀμάω (amáō, “to cut, reap, mow”)

Proto-Germanic: *madwō

*h₂ómh₁-s-ey ~ h₂mh₁-s-énti

Proto-Anatolian: *Hómʔsey (< *h₂ómh₁-s-ey)

Hittite: [script needed] (a-an-ši /ānši/), [script needed] (a-an-ša-an-zi /ānšanzi/, “to wipe”)

Proto-Anatolian: *Hm̥ʔsénti (< *h₂mh₁-s-énti)

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫa-ni-iš-zi /ḫaniššzi/), [script needed] (ḫa-ni-iš-ša-an-zi /ḫaniššanzi/, “to wipe”)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


Proto-Hellenic: *lāwō

Ancient Greek: (ἀπο)λαύω ((apo)laúō, “to enjoy”)

Proto-Celtic: *lougos

Old Irish: lóg (“prize”) (see there for further descendants)

*leh₂u-no-m (or *l̥h₂ew-no-m or *lowh₂-no-m)

Proto-Germanic: *launą (“reward”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *lovъ (“hunt”)

*leh₂u-s or *leh₂w-o-s

>? Proto-Hellenic: *lāwós

Ancient Greek: λᾱός (lāós, “common folk”)

⇒? Proto-Celtic: *laweros (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Hellenic: *lawerós

Ancient Greek: λᾱρός (lārós, “delicious”)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *lāwiā

Ancient Greek: ληΐη (lēḯē, “spoils”)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *lāwíts, *lāwídos

ληΐς, ληΐδος

Ancient Greek: ληΐς, ληΐδος (lēḯs, lēḯdos, “spoils”)

Proto-Italic: *luklom (> pre-Latin *lukrom by dissimilation)

Latin: lucrum (“profit”)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *uɸolautom (“property, wealth”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: լաւ (law)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λωΐων (lōḯōn)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: Laverna (“goddess of gain”)

Proto-Tocharian: *luwā-

Tocharian A: lu

Tocharian B: luwo

Proto-Celtic: *lowenos (“merry, joyful”) (see there for further descendants)


ken-

*ken-e-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kentei

Proto-Slavic: *čęti (“to begin”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *načęti (“to begin”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *keneti (“to descend from”)

Proto-Brythonic:

⇒ Welsh: bachgen (“boy”) (possibly)

⇒ Gaulish: -cnos (“born of”) (possibly)

Old Irish: cinid

*ken-tu-

Proto-Celtic: *kentus (“first”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kentusamonyos (“May”) (see there for further descendants)

*kn̥-i-

>? Proto-Celtic: *kanis (“good, nice”) (see there for further descendants)

*ken-iHnos

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kaníHnas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kaníHnas

Sanskrit: कनीन (kanī́na, “young”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kaníHnaH

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬌𐬥 (kaⁱnin, “young maid; maiden”)

Proto-Albanian: *kenjā, *kēnjā (“new skin”)

Albanian: qejzë, qyrë, qytë

q

or from o-grade <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kon-yeh₂</i>

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kanyáH (“girl”) (or from o-grade *kon-yeh₂) (see there for further descendants)

*kn̥-yos

Proto-Hellenic: *kəňňós

Ancient Greek: καινός (kainós, “new”)

*kon-os

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: διάκονος (diákonos)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kanas

Proto-Slavic: *konъ (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ken- (with s-mobile)

Proto-Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: սկունդ (skund, “dog, puppy”) (or from *ḱwon-t-)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sken-

Proto-Slavic: *ščenę (“young animal”) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *kanawū (“young animal; young dog, whelp”)
Proto-Brythonic: *kėnėw
Old Breton: ceneuan, compare Rikeneu (PN)
Middle Breton: kenou
Breton: kenow
Middle Welsh: ceneu
Welsh: cenau, cenaw
Middle Irish: cana
Scottish Gaelic: cana
Irish: cana

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Wakhi: [script needed] (skən), [script needed] (skön, “puppy”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *kenetlom (“race, kind”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *ginnaną (“to begin”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐγκονέω (enkonéō)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: cōnor

*ken-d-

⇒ *ken-di-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kendis

Proto-Slavic: *čędь (“children; people; servants”)

Old Church Slavonic: чѧдь

Old East Slavic: чадь (čadĭ)

Serbo-Croatian: čed (“servants; family”)

⇒ *ken-do-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kendas

Proto-Slavic: *čędъ (“child”) (see there for further descendants)

*ken-t-

⇒ *ként-e-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kentstei > *kenstei

Latvian: censt

⇒ censties

⇒ cenšos, centos, censos

⇒? *ként-s

Proto-Italic: *kents

q

prefixed with <i class="Latn mention" lang="itc-pro">*wre-</i>

⇒ Proto-Italic: *wre-kents (prefixed with *wre-)

Latin: recēns (“new”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: στία (stía, “small stone, pebble”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: स्तिया (stiyā, “stagnant water”) (perhaps)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στῖον (stîon, “small stone, pebble”)

Proto-Germanic: *stainaz (“stone”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *stěna (“stone; wall”) (see there for further descendants)

Apparently derived from an i-present to *steh₂- (“to stand”).


serp-

*sérp-t ~ sr̥p-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásarpt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hásarpt

Sanskrit: असृपत् (ásṛpat)

*sérp-e-ti (thematic root present)

*sḗrp-s-t ~ *sérp-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *éhērpsa

Ancient Greek: (ἐξ)ἧρψα ((ex)hêrpsa)

Proto-Italic: *serpsai

Latin: serpsī

*se-sórp-e ~ se-sr̥p-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sasárpa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sasárpa

Sanskrit: ससर्प (sasárpa)

*serp-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sarpás (see there for further descendants)

*serp-en-o-s

Proto-Albanian: *serpena (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *ś(t)ripenī̆

Albanian: shtërpij (“reptiles”)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


terkʷ-

*térkʷ-ti ~ *tr̥kʷ-én-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian: *tarʔʷtˢi

Hittite: 𒋻𒌑𒍣 (tar-ú-zi, “to dance”)

Proto-Tocharian: *tärk-

Tocharian B: tärk- (“to turn; work”)

*torkʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Italic: *torkʷeō

Latin: torqueō

*te-tórkʷ-e ~ *tr̥kʷ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tetarku

*térkʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Albanian: *terka (< *terk-e-ti)

Albanian: tjerr

*térkʷ-os

Proto-Germanic: *þwerhaz (“crossed”) (< *twerk-os)

*terkʷ-ús

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tarkúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tarkúṣ

Sanskrit: तर्कु (tarkú, “spindle”)

*tŕ̥kʷ-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tъ̑rkъ (“sudden motion”)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tъrčiti, *tъrčati

Proto-Italic:

Latin: tormentum

*tоrkʷ-ós

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tȏrkъ (“ride”)

*tórkʷ-tom

Proto-Italic: *torkʷtom

Latin: tortum

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic: (possibly)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀵𐀫𐀤𐀍𐀕𐀜 (to-ro-qe-jo-me-no /trokʷeiomenos/, “?”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tark- (“to move to and fro”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: तर्क् (tark-, “to turn”)

Proto-Iranian: *tark-

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *fratark- (+ *fra- (“forth”))

Khotanese: hataljs (“to flutter”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: tark (“earring”)


telkʷ-

*tlokʷ-

Proto-Celtic: *tlokʷīti

Old Irish: tluchedar

⇒ Old Irish: ad·tluchedar

⇒ Old Irish: do·tluchedar

*tlokʷ-e-tor

Proto-Italic: *tlokʷōr (see there for further descendants)

*tl̥kʷ-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tъlkъ

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tarkás (possibly)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tarkás

Sanskrit: तर्क (tarká, “conjecture”) (or from *terkʷ-)


>? *tem(h₁)-d-

q

alternatively from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ten-</i> (“to stretch”)

>? *tem(h₁)-p (alternatively from *ten- (“to stretch”))

>? Proto-Italic: *tempos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tinˀtei

Lithuanian: tìnti (“to whet; beat”)

Proto-Slavic: *tęti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: tamnaid (“to cut off”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τέμνω (témnō)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: temnō (“to scorn, despise”)

>? Proto-Italic: *temalom

Latin: templum (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tomós

Ancient Greek: τομός (tomós)

Proto-Hellenic: *tómos

Ancient Greek: τόμος (tómos)

*témh₁-nos ~ témh₁-nes-

Proto-Hellenic: *témenos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tomā́

Ancient Greek: τομή (tomḗ)

*témh₁-tis ~ tm̥h₁-

Proto-Hellenic: *tmētis

Ancient Greek: τμῆσις (tmêsis)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ταμία (tamía)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀲𐀖𐀋𐀄 (ta-mi-je-u)


*sélh₁-t ~ *sl̥h₁-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: εἷλον (heîlon)

Proto-Italic: (perhaps)

⇒ Latin: consuluī

*sélh₁-e-ti ~ *sélh₁-onti (thematic root present)

Proto-Italic: (perhaps)

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*sl̥h₁-é-ti</i>

⇒ Latin: cōnsulō (or from *sl̥h₁-é-ti)

*solh₁-éye-ti ~ *solh₁-éyonti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *saljaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *sliyeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἕλωρ (hélōr, “booty”)

Proto-Celtic: *selwā

Proto-Balto-Slavic: (perhaps)

Proto-Slavic: *sъlati (“to send”)

Proto-Italic: (perhaps)

Latin: (cōn)sul

Proto-Italic: (perhaps)

Latin: (cōn)silium


(s)telH-

*(s)tl̥H-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tilˀtei

desc

Lithuanian: tìlti (“to fall silent, abate, subside”)

*(s)tolH-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *talīˀtei

Lithuanian: táldyti (“to silence, calm”)

Proto-Slavic: *toliti (“to calm, soothe”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tolīyeti (“to sleep”)

Old Irish: tuilid (“to sleep”)

⇒ Old Irish: con·tuili (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *talna

Albanian: tall (“to ridicule”)

Proto-Celtic: *toletus

⇒ Old Irish: cotlud (“sleep”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *stillī (see there for further descendants)


dʰelbʰ-

*dʰélbʰ-t ~ *dʰl̥bʰ-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Tocharian: (< *delbʰ-) (perhaps)

Tocharian B: tsälp (“freed, redeemed”)

*dʰḗlbʰ-ti ~ *dʰélbʰ-n̥ti (athematic Narten root present?)

Proto-Tocharian: *ts'elp- (< *dḗlbʰ-) (perhaps)

Tocharian A: śalpatär (“to free, redeem”)

*dʰl̥bʰ-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Tocharian: (perhaps)

Tocharian B: tsälpäṣṣäṃ (“to free, redeem”)

*dʰelbʰ-e-ti

Proto-Germanic: *delbaną (“to dig, delve”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰelbʰ-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *delbtei

Lithuanian: del̃bti (“to lower, cast down (one's eyes), beat; chop”)

Proto-Slavic: *delbti (see there for further descendants)

*dʰelbʰ-tel-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *delbtelas

Proto-Slavic: *dętelъ (“woodpecker”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰelbʰ-to-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *delbta

Proto-Slavic: *delto (“chisel”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰl̥bʰ-eye-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dilbīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *dьlbiti (“to hollow, chisel”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰl̥bʰ-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dilbtei

Latvian: dil̃bti (“to lower, cast down”)

Lithuanian: dil̃bti (“to lower, cast down”)

Proto-Slavic: *dьlbti (“to hollow, chisel”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dalbāˀ

Latvian: dal̃ba (“tree-trunk, pole, long handle, two-pronged fork, long handle”)

Lithuanian: dálba (“lever; lazy-bones”)

Proto-Slavic: *dolba (see there for further descendants)

*dʰolbʰ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dalbas

Latvian: dal̃bs

Proto-Slavic: *dolbъ (see there for further descendants)

*dʰolbʰ-to-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dálbta (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dil̃ba (“upper arm, shin”)

Lithuanian: dìlba

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: delbis (“two-pronged fork”), dȩl̃bs (“forearm”), dȩlbs (“upperarm”), dȩl̃bi pl (“bars for carrying hay”)

Lithuanian: délba (“lever, sullen person”)


yemH-

*yémH-o-s

*imH-yo-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *imˀjas

Latvian: jùmis (“pair”)

*yemH-no-s

Proto-Celtic: *yemonos (“twin”)

Old Irish: emon

Proto-Italic: *jemanos

Latin: geminus (“twin”) (g < j by analogy with genus)

*ym̥H-yó-s

Proto-Germanic: *jumjaz (“divine twin?”)

Old Norse: Ymir

Proto-Albanian: *jūmatjā

Albanian: gjysmë


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lēnas

Latgalian: lāns

Lithuanian: lė́nas

Latvian: lȩ̄̀ns

Proto-Slavic: *lěnъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *lēnis

Latin: lēnis

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lēˀtas

Lithuanian: lė̃tas

Latvian: lȩ̃ts

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *layeti
Old Irish: ro·lá (perfective of fo·ceird)
⇒ Old Irish: do·rala (perfective of do·cuirethar) (< *to-ɸro-layeti)
Middle Irish: do·rala, tarla
Irish: tarlaigh
Scottish Gaelic: thàrladh, tàrlaidh
⇒ Old Irish: ad·comla (< *ati-kom-layeti)
Old Irish: accomol
Irish: acomhal
⇒ Middle Irish: doccumail (< do-accomol)
Irish: dócúl
⇒ Old Irish: socamail (< so-accomol)
Middle Irish: socamail
Irish: sócúl
⇒ Irish: sócúlach


*wéth₂-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *weteti (“to say”)

Middle Welsh: guetid

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *dīweteti (+ *dī- (“from, of”))

Middle Welsh: dyweut (“to say”)

Welsh: dweud

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *exswetnati (+ *exs- (“out of, from”), + *-nati)

Old Irish: as·féna (“to testify”)

*woth₂-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Celtic: *wotāti

Welsh: gwadu (“to deny”)

q

Proto-Italic: *wotāō (possibly, perhaps instead from *gʷet- (“to say”), whence Germanic *kweþaną)

Latin: vetō (“to forbid”) (see there for further descendants)

*wéth₂-r̥ ~ *uth₂-én-s

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒌓𒋻 (ut-tar /uttar/, “word, speech”)

Luwian: [script needed] (utar, “word?, spell?”)

Proto-Celtic: *wotos

Old Breton: gwad (“denial”)


drem-

*drem-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *tremaną

Sanskrit: द्रमति (drámati)

*dr̥m-yé-ti (yé-present)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *dormiō
Latin: dormiō (see there for further descendants)

*drēm-ye-ti (innovated lengthened-grade present)

Proto-Slavic: *drě̄màti (see there for further descendants)

*dróm-o-s

Ancient Greek: δρόμος (drómos) (see there for further descendants)

*dr̥m-é-ti (simple thematic aorist)

Ancient Greek: ἔδραμον (édramon), suppletive aorist of τρέχω (trékhō)


Armenian: *cal > *tal (under influence of տայգր (taygr, “brother-in-law”))

Old Armenian: տալ (tal)

Proto-Germanic: *klūz

Proto-Hellenic: *galawos

Ancient Greek:

Aeolic: γάλοως (gáloōs)

Attic: γάλως (gálōs)

Hesychius: γαλίς (galís)

Hesychius: γάλαος (gálaos)

Phrygian: *γελαϝος (*gelawos) > γελαρος (gelaros)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Háyš

Sanskrit: गिरि (giri, “brother's wife”)

Proto-Italic: *glōs

Latin: glōs

Proto-Slavic: *zъly (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from *ǵh₂l- (“to nourish”); compare Greek γάλα (gála, “milk”), Hittite [script needed] (galak-, “to soothe”). According to Mallory and Adams (1997), some forms may be influenced by association with unrelated *gl̥h₁éys (“mouse”). Has sometimes been compared with Proto-Turkic *kẹlin and/or Proto-Uralic *kälew.


*h₂éng-os ~ *h₂éng-es-os

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄγγος (ángos)

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἀγγεῖον (angeîon), ἀγγήϊον (angḗïon) — Ionic
→ Greek: αγγείο n (angeío, “vessel, pot, jar”) (learned)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *ǫgъlъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ankulaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hanguri-

Mazanderani: انگل (angal)

desc

Persian: انگل (angul, angal), انگول (angūl)

Sanskrit: अङ्गुरि (aṅguri), अङ्गुलि (aṅguli), अङ्गुली (aṅgulī) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *angulos

Latin: angulus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *h₂eng-u-s-tHo-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hangúštʰas (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hángas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hángas

Sanskrit: अङ्ग (aṅga) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: ānkar

Tocharian B: āṅkär


Proto-Celtic: *saitlom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *saitlom

Latin: saeculum (see there for further descendants)

Baltic:

Lithuanian: sėkla

Latvian: sēkla

From *sh₂ey- (“to bind, fetter”) + *-tlom (instrumental nominal suffix).


séǵʰos

séǵʰos (nominative singular)
séǵʰōs (nominative plural)
séǵʰos (singular vocative)
séǵʰōs (plural vocative)
séǵʰos (accusative singular)
séǵʰōs (accusative plural)
séǵʰesos (genitive singular)
séǵʰesoHom (genitive plural)
séǵʰesos (ablative singular)
séǵʰesmos (ablative plural)
séǵʰesey (dative singular)
séǵʰesmos (dative plural)
séǵʰes (locative singular)
séǵʰesi (locative singular)
séǵʰesu (locative plural)
séǵʰesh₁ (instrumental singular)
séǵʰesmis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *segos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *segaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáȷ́ʰas (see there for further descendants)

From *seǵʰ- (“to hold, to overpower”) + *-os.

𐬵𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬦𐬵𐬀

Proto-Iranian: *hajahHā; Younger Avestan


Proto-Germanic: *slaihǭ (“sloe”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *loiros

⇒ Latin: lūridus (“ghastly yellow”) (+ -idus)

⇒ Latin: lūror (“sickly yellow colour”) (+ -or)

>? Proto-Celtic: *(s)lairā

Proto-Brythonic: *lloɨr (“moon”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sliˀwā́ˀ

Proto-Slavic: *slìva (“plum”)

Proto-Celtic: *līwos (“colour”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *līwos

desc

⇒ Latin: līveō (“to be bluish in color; livid”) (+ -eo)

⇒ Latin: līvidus (“leaden, bluish, blue; black and blue, livid”) (+ -idus)


*h₁éh₁t-mō ~ *h₁h₁t-m̥nés (“breath; spirit”)

Proto-Germanic: *ēþmô (“breath, spirit”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHtmā (“breath; soul, self”) (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Tocharian: *āñcäme (“wish, self, soul”) (conflation with PIE *h₂enh₁mos (“breath”))

Tocharian A: āñcäm

Tocharian B: āñme

*h₁éh₁t-r̥ ~ *h₁h₁t-éns (“lung, internal organ”)

Proto-Germanic: *ēþrǭ (“vein”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἦτορ (êtor, “heart”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *atākos

desc

Old Irish: athach (“breath; blowing, wind”)

Proto-Germanic: *ēþmaz (see there for further descendants)

Possibly onomatopoeic, compare *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”).


múHtrom

non-ablauting (romanization)
múHtrom (nominative singular)
múHtroy (dual nominative)
múHtrom (singular vocative)
múHtroy (dual vocative)
múHtrom (accusative singular)
múHtroy (accusative dual)
múHtrosyo (genitive singular)
múHtroHom (genitive plural)
múHtread (ablative singular)
múHtromos (ablative plural)
múHtroey (dative singular)
múHtromos (dative plural)
múHtrey (locative singular)
múHtroy (locative singular)
múHtroysu (locative plural)
múHtrōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Germanic: *muþraz (“filth, sediment”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *múHtram (“excrement, urine”) (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly from *myewh₁- (“to move (about)”), or perhaps *mewH- (“to wash”) + *-trom.


h₁réh₁

Petrified instrumental singular of *h₁er- (“separately, loosely”) + *-éh₁.

rẽtas

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rēˀtas (“sparse, spacious, rare, solitary”)

rārus

loose, sparse, rare; see there for further descendants


ḱís

ḱís (masculine nominative singular)
ḱíh₂ (feminine nominative singular)
ḱíd (neuter nominative singular)
ḱéyes (masculine nominative plural)
ḱíh₂es (feminine nominative plural)
ḱíh₂ (neuter nominative plural)
ḱím (accusative masculine singular)
ḱíh₂m (accusative feminine singular)
ḱíd (accusative neuter singular)
ḱíns (accusative masculine plural)
ḱíh₂ms (accusative feminine plural)
ḱíh₂ (accusative neuter plural)
ḱésyo (genitive masculine singular)
ḱésyo (genitive neuter singular)
ḱéysom (genitive masculine plural)
ḱéysom (feminine genitive plural)
ḱéysom (genitive neuter plural)
ḱésmod (ablative masculine singular)
ḱésyo (ablative neuter singular)
ḱéysom (ablative masculine plural)
ḱéysom (ablative feminine plural)
ḱéysom (ablative neuter plural)
ḱésmey (dative masculine singular)
ḱésmey (dative neuter singular)
ḱeybʰ- (dative masculine plural)
ḱeybʰ- (dative feminine plural)
ḱeybʰ- (dative neuter plural)
ḱésmi (locative masculine singular)
ḱésmi (locative neuter singular)
ḱeysu (locative masculine plural)
ḱeysu (feminine locative plural)
ḱeysu (locative neuter plural)
ḱéy (masculine nominative singular)
ḱíh₂ (feminine nominative singular)
ḱíd (neuter nominative singular)
ḱéyes (masculine nominative plural)
ḱíh₂es (?) (feminine nominative plural)
ḱíh₂ (neuter nominative plural)
ḱím (accusative masculine singular)
ḱíh₂m̥ (accusative feminine singular)
ḱíd (accusative neuter singular)
ḱíns (accusative masculine plural)
ḱíh₂n̥s (?) (accusative feminine plural)
ḱíh₂ (accusative neuter plural)
ḱésyo (genitive masculine singular)
ḱésyo (genitive neuter singular)
ḱéysoHom (genitive masculine plural)
ḱéysoHom (genitive neuter plural)
ḱésmead (?) (ablative masculine singular)
ḱésmead (?) (ablative neuter singular)
ḱéymos (ablative masculine plural)
ḱéymos (ablative neuter plural)
ḱésmey (dative masculine singular)
ḱésmey (dative neuter singular)
ḱéymos (dative masculine plural)
ḱéymos (dative neuter plural)
ḱésmi (locative masculine singular)
ḱésmi (locative neuter singular)
ḱéysu (locative masculine plural)
ḱíh₂su (feminine locative plural)
ḱéysu (locative neuter plural)
ḱíh₁ (instrumental masculine singular)
ḱíh₁ (instrumental neuter singular)
ḱéybʰi (instrumental masculine plural)
ḱíh₂bʰi (feminine instrumental plural)
ḱéybʰi (instrumental neuter plural)
id (neuter nominative singular)
ḱim (accusative masculine singular)
ḱih₂m̥ (accusative feminine singular)
ḱid (accusative neuter singular)
ḱins (accusative masculine plural)
ḱih₂ (accusative neuter plural)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ḱy-ós</i>

Proto-Albanian: *tˢja ? (< *ḱy-ós)

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="sqj-pro">*dīti</i> (“day”)

⇒ *tˢjādīti (“on this day”) (+ *dīti (“day”))

desc

Albanian: sot (“today”, adverb), sod — Gheg, σὸτ — Arvanitika

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="sqj-pro">*naktā</i> (“night”)

⇒ *tˢjā(i) naktāi (“on this night”) (+ *naktā (“night”)) (see there for further descendants)

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="sqj-pro">*weta</i> (“year”)

⇒ *tˢjei wetei (“on this year”) (+ *weta (“year”))

Albanian: si-vjet (“this year”, adverb)

Proto-Anatolian: *ḱí

Hittite: 𒆠𒄿 n (ki-i /kī/)

desc

plural stem of <i class="Xsux mention" lang="xlu">𒍝𒀀𒀸</i> (za-a-aš)

Luwian: 𒍣- (zi-, plural stem of 𒍝𒀀𒀸 (za-a-aš)), [script needed] (zin … zin, “on the one hand … on the other”)

⇒ *ḱyód

Palaic: [script needed] (kii̯at, “here”, adverb)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kéis, *kís ?

⇒ *(é-)key-enos (“that one there”) (+ *é-, + *énos (“that”))

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἐκεῖνος (ekeînos), κεῖνος (keînos) — Epic, Ionic, κῆνος (kênos) — Aeolic, τῆνος (tênos) — Doric, ἐκεινοσί (ekeinosí) — emphatic, ἐκεινοσίν (ekeinosín) — emphatic with movable nu
Greek: εκείνος (ekeínos)

⇒ *ťi-āmeron (“[on] this day”) (+ *ā́mər (“day”), + *-on)

Ancient Greek: σήμερον (sḗmeron, “today”), σᾱ́μερον (sā́meron) — Doric, τήμερον (tḗmeron) — Attic
Greek: σήμερα (símera)
Tsakonian: σάμερε (sámere)

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="grk-pro">*wétos</i> (“year”)

⇒ *ťi-wétes (“[in] this year”) (+ *wétos (“year”))

desc

Ancient Greek: σῆτες (sêtes), τῆτες (têtes)

Proto-Italic: *ki(s)

Latin: cis (preposition)

Presumedly a compound *ḱ(e)- + *ís, or nominalized from the particle as *ḱí + *-s by analogy to *(h₁)ís (from *h₁é?) and *kʷís (from *kʷ-?).


mh₂ḱróh₁ (dual nominative)
mh₂ḱré (singular vocative)
mh₂ḱróh₁ (dual vocative)
mh₂ḱróh₁ (accusative dual)
mh₂ḱróh₁ (instrumental singular)
mh₂ḱréh₂ (nominative singular)
mh₂ḱréh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
mh₂ḱréh₂ (singular vocative)
mh₂ḱréh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
mh₂ḱrā́m (accusative singular)
mh₂ḱréh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
mh₂ḱréh₂ (locative singular)
mh₂ḱréh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
mh₂ḱréh₂ (nominative plural)
mh₂ḱréh₂ (plural vocative)
mh₂ḱréh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Germanic: *magraz

Proto-Hellenic: *makrós

Ancient Greek: μᾰκρός (makrós)

Proto-Italic: *makros

Latin: macer

From *meh₂ḱ- (“long”) + *-rós (Caland system suffix).


(s)rā́ps

head

*(s)rā́ps, *(s)rḗps f (oblique stem *(s)rabʰ-)

(s)rā́ps (canonical)
(s)rḗps (canonical feminine)
(s)rabʰ- (oblique stem)
rā́ps (nominative singular)
srā́ps (nominative singular)
rḗps (nominative singular)
srḗps (nominative singular)
rā́bʰh₁ (dual nominative)
rā́bʰh₁e (dual nominative)
s₁ (dual nominative)
rā́bʰes (nominative plural)
srā́bʰes (nominative plural)
rā́b (singular vocative)
srā́b (singular vocative)
rā́bʰh₁ (dual vocative)
rā́bʰh₁e (dual vocative)
s₁ (dual vocative)
rā́bʰes (plural vocative)
srā́bʰes (plural vocative)
rā́bʰm̥ (accusative singular)
srā́bʰm̥ (accusative singular)
rā́bʰh₁ (accusative dual)
rā́bʰh₁e (accusative dual)
s₁ (accusative dual)
rā́bʰm̥s (accusative plural)
srā́bʰm̥s (accusative plural)
rabʰés (genitive singular)
srabʰés (genitive singular)
rabʰóHom (genitive plural)
srabʰóHom (genitive plural)
rabʰés (ablative singular)
srabʰés (ablative singular)
rabʰmós (ablative plural)
srabʰmós (ablative plural)
rabʰéy (dative singular)
srabʰéy (dative singular)
rabʰmós (dative plural)
srabʰmós (dative plural)
rā́b (locative singular)
srā́b (locative singular)
rā́bʰi (locative singular)
srā́bʰi (locative singular)
rabʰsú (locative plural)
srabʰsú (locative plural)
rabʰmís (instrumental plural)
srabʰmís (instrumental plural)

Uncertain; possibly a Wanderwort, borrowed from a substrate language perhaps compare Old Chinese 蘆菔 (*rābūɡ, “turnip”), Proto-Semitic *lapt- (“turnip”), Sumerian 𒇻𒂠𒊬 (LU-UB₂^(ŠAR) /lub/, “turnip”). Alternatively from *srebʰ- (“to sip, slurp”).

cog

rrap

Albanian: (“turnip, radish, rape”) (or borrowed from Latin or Slavic); Tosk Albanian

rěpa

turnip, rape; see there for further descendants

rōbijā

Proto-Germanic: *rōbijǭ; Proto-West Germanic

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)rabʰā́ćš ~ *(s)rabʰaćás

erfin

Proto-Celtic: *arbīnos (“turnip, rape”); Welsh


*(s)ḱih₁-éh₁-(ye)-ti (eh₁(ye)-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śī́ˀjēˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *sijati (“to shine”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ḱi-né-h₁-ti ~ *(s)ḱi-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *skīnaną (“to shine, appear”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ḱéh₁i-mō ~ *(s)ḱih₁-m̥né-s

Proto-Germanic: *skīmô (see there for further descendants)

q

alternatively from Proto-Indo-European <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ḱey-</i> (“to lay”)

>? *(s)ḱóh₁y-no- (alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey- (“to lay”))

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śéinas m, *śáinan n

Latvian: sìens m (“hay”)

Lithuanian: šiẽnas m (“hay”)

Proto-Slavic: *sěno n (“hay”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

q

alternatively from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">κοινός</i> (koinós, “common”)

Ancient Greek: κοινά f (koiná, “epithet for pasture”) (possibly, alternatively from Ancient Greek κοινός (koinós, “common”))

*(s)ḱóh₁ir-i-s ~ *(s)ḱéh₁ir-i-s

desc

Proto-Germanic: *skairiz (“pure, shining”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skīriz (“clear, sheer”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skīrijaną (“to clarify”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Celtic: *skātos (“shadow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σκότος (skótos, “darkness”)

*(s)ḱéh₃-u-s ~ *(s)ḱh₃-éw-s

Proto-Germanic: *hēwijaz (“dark blue”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śájas (“shaded; blue”)

Proto-Slavic: *sojь

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *osòjь (“shaded place”) (+ *ob-) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *soja (“jay”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skadwaz (“shadow”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ḱeh₃-i- ḱh₁ey-

*(s)ḱeh₃i-h₂ ~ *(s)ḱh₃y-éh₂-s

*(s)ḱéh₃y-ō ~ *(s)ḱih₃-nés

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śáiˀnas

Proto-Slavic: *sě̀nь (“shadow”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śáiˀras

Proto-Slavic: *śěrъ (“grey”) (possible Germanic loanword) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kēros

desctree

Old Irish: cíar (“dark, black”)
Irish: ciar (“dusky”)
Scottish Gaelic: ciar (“dusky”)

Proto-Germanic: *hairaz (“grey”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *skoiros (“dark”)

⇒ Latin: obscūrus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śjēˀmas (vṛddhi-derivation)

Lithuanian: šė̃mas (“blue-grey”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćyaHmás (“dark-colored”) (vṛddhi-derivation)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćyaHmás

Sanskrit: श्याम (śyāmá)

Proto-Iranian: *cyaHmáh

Avestan: 𐬯𐬁𐬨𐬀 (sāma, “black”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śī́ˀwas (“grey”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćyaHwás (“dark-colored”) (vṛddhi-derivation) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic: *kiwos (“fog”)

Old Irish: céo

Middle Irish: ceó

Irish: ceo

Manx: kay

Scottish Gaelic: ceò

*(s)ḱeh₃w-ō ~ *(s)ḱuh₃-nés

desc

Proto-Germanic: *skuwwô (“shadow, reflection”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kuva (“image”)

Karelian: kuva

Finnish: kuva

Veps: kuva


q

*(s)ḱh₁w-o-tó-s (deadjectival noun) (possibly, similar to Proto-Slavic *životъ, Ancient Greek βίοτος (bíotos) < *gʷeyh₃-)

Proto-Celtic: *kowotos or *kuwotos

Middle Welsh: cawad

Welsh: cawod

Cornish: kowas

Old Breton: couatou

Breton: kaouad

*(s)ḱéh₁w-er- ~ *(s)ḱh₁u-ér-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śḗˀweras, *śjáuˀras (“cold, biting”)

Lithuanian: šiū̃ras, šiaurùs (“cold, biting, sharp”)

⇒ Lithuanian: šiáurė (“north”)

Proto-Slavic: *sěverъ (“north”)

Proto-Italic: *kaweros

Latin: caurus (“northwestern wind”)

desc

>? *(s)ḱéh₁w-r̥ ~ *(s)ḱh₁u-nós (secondary r/n-stem?)

Proto-Germanic: *skēwur, gen. *skūnaz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skūrō (“shower”) (possibly)

>? *(s)ḱh₁ur-do-

Old Armenian: ցուրտ (cʻurt, “cold; cold weather”)


bʰlewH-

*bʰléwH-ti ~ *bʰluH-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bljauˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *bľuti (“to vomit”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *bľьvati (“to vomit”) (see there for further descendants)

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*-kati</i>

⇒? Proto-Slavic: *bľúkati (“to gush, spout”) (+ *-kati) (see there for further descendants)

>? Latvian: bļaût (“to bleat”) (possibly, though disputed, perhaps from *bʰleh₁- (“to bleat”))

desc

>? Lithuanian: bliáuti (“to bleat, weep”) (see above)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰlūō

Ancient Greek: φλύω (phlúō, “to be full of juice; to thrive (of plants); to vomit”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: φλύος (phlúos, “babble”)

⇒? Ancient Greek: έφλευσε (éphleuse, “to burn”)

*bʰluH-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blūˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *blyjati (“to spring (continuously)”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *flūō

q

Latin: fluō (“to flow, to pour”) (or < *fluwō < *ɸlowō < *bʰléwH-ti ~ *bʰluH-énti) (see there for further descendants)

Possible laryngeal extension of *bʰlew-, whence Ancient Greek φλέω (phléō, “to overflow, flood”), itself possibly suffixed in *-ew- from *bʰel- (“to blow (up), swell”).

cog

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen
fr:Jacques André


*h₁wi-dʰéh₁-t ~ *h₁wi-dʰh₁-ént (athematic root aorist)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *wiðō (thematicized)

⇒ Latin: dīvidō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwi-dʰáH-t

desc

Sanskrit: अविधत् (ávidhat, “granted, satisfied”)

⇒ Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬛𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬍 (vīdāⁱtī, “to devote oneself to”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: wätk- (“to distinguish”)

Tocharian B: wätk- (“to distinguish”)

Proto-Germanic: *wīdaz (“wide”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₁wéydʰh₁-u-s ~ *h₁widʰh₁-éw-s (“separate”)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *h₁widʰh₁-éw-h₂ (“widow”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *h₁weydʰh₁-u-s (“wild”)

⇒? Proto-Celtic: *weidus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *h₁widʰh₁-u-s (“wood”)

Proto-Germanic: *widuz (“wood”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *widus (“interior”)

Latgalian: vyds (“middle”)

Latvian: vidus (“middle, center”)

Lithuanian: vidùs (“interior”)

Proto-Celtic: *widus (“wood, trees”) (see there for further descendants)

From a univerbation of *dwi- (“apart”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place”). The initial *d became *h₁ due to dissimilation; compare *h₁wídḱm̥ti (“twenty”).


-kt

-km̥ (first-person indicative singular)
é-km̥ (first-person indicative singular)
-ks (indicative second-person singular)
é-ks (indicative second-person singular)
-k (imperative second-person singular)
é-k (imperative second-person singular)
(∅)-kdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
-kesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
é-kesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-kt (indicative singular third-person)
é-kt (indicative singular third-person)
-ktu (imperative singular third-person)
é-ktu (imperative singular third-person)
-keti (singular subjunctive third-person)
é-keti (singular subjunctive third-person)
(∅)-kwé (dual first-person indicative)
-kowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
é-kowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
(∅)-któm (dual indicative second-person)
(∅)-któm (dual imperative second-person)
-ketes (dual second-person subjunctive)
é-ketes (dual second-person subjunctive)
(∅)-ktā́m (dual indicative third-person)
(∅)-ktā́m (dual imperative third-person)
-ketes (dual subjunctive third-person)
é-ketes (dual subjunctive third-person)
(∅)-kmé (first-person indicative plural)
-komos (first-person plural subjunctive)
é-komos (first-person plural subjunctive)
(∅)-kté (indicative plural second-person)
(∅)-kté (imperative plural second-person)
-kete (plural second-person subjunctive)
é-kete (plural second-person subjunctive)
(∅)-ként (indicative plural third-person)
(∅)-kéntu (imperative plural third-person)
-konti (plural subjunctive third-person)
é-konti (plural subjunctive third-person)
(∅)-kónts (indicative participle)
(∅)-ksó (imperative second-person singular)
(∅)-któ (indicative singular third-person)
(∅)-kó (indicative singular third-person)
-ketor (singular subjunctive third-person)
é-ketor (singular subjunctive third-person)
(∅)-kró (indicative plural third-person)
(∅)-kn̥tó (indicative plural third-person)
-koror (plural subjunctive third-person)
é-koror (plural subjunctive third-person)
-kontor (plural subjunctive third-person)
é-kontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Limited to PNIE and possibly built upon an intrusive velar or a velar extension.


néḱus

néḱus (nominative singular)
néḱuh₁ (dual nominative)
néḱewes (nominative plural)
néḱu (singular vocative)
néḱuh₁ (dual vocative)
néḱewes (plural vocative)
néḱum (accusative singular)
néḱuh₁ (accusative dual)
néḱums (accusative plural)
n̥ḱéws (genitive singular)
n̥ḱéwoHom (genitive plural)
n̥ḱéws (ablative singular)
n̥ḱúmos (ablative plural)
n̥ḱéwey (dative singular)
n̥ḱúmos (dative plural)
n̥ḱéw (locative singular)
n̥ḱéwi (locative singular)
n̥ḱúsu (locative plural)
n̥ḱúh₁ (instrumental singular)
n̥ḱúmis (instrumental plural)
n̥ḱéwih₂ (nominative singular)
n̥ḱéwih₂h₁ (dual nominative)
n̥ḱéwih₂ (singular vocative)
n̥ḱéwih₂h₁ (dual vocative)
n̥ḱéwih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
n̥ḱéwih₂h₁ (accusative dual)
n̥ḱuyéh₂ (locative singular)
n̥ḱuyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
néḱu (nominative singular)
néḱuh₂ (nominative plural)
néḱuh₂ (plural vocative)
néḱu (accusative singular)
néḱuh₂ (accusative plural)
n̥ḱús (nominative singular)
n̥ḱúh₁ (dual nominative)
n̥ḱúh₁e (dual nominative)
n̥ḱúes (nominative plural)
n̥ḱú (singular vocative)
n̥ḱúh₁ (dual vocative)
n̥ḱúh₁e (dual vocative)
n̥ḱúes (plural vocative)
n̥ḱúm (accusative singular)
n̥ḱúh₁ (accusative dual)
n̥ḱúh₁e (accusative dual)
n̥ḱúms (accusative plural)
n̥ḱéws (genitive singular)
n̥ḱéwoHom (genitive plural)
n̥ḱéws (ablative singular)
n̥ḱéwmos (ablative plural)
n̥ḱéwey (dative singular)
n̥ḱéwmos (dative plural)
n̥ḱéw (locative singular)
n̥ḱéwi (locative singular)
n̥ḱéwsu (locative plural)
n̥ḱéwh₁ (instrumental singular)
n̥ḱéwmis (instrumental plural)
n̥ḱéwih₂ (nominative singular)
n̥ḱéwih₂h₁ (dual nominative)
n̥ḱéwih₂ (singular vocative)
n̥ḱéwih₂h₁ (dual vocative)
n̥ḱéwih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
n̥ḱéwih₂h₁ (accusative dual)
n̥ḱuyéh₂ (locative singular)
n̥ḱuyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
n̥ḱú (nominative singular)
n̥ḱúyh₁ (dual nominative)
n̥ḱúh₂ (nominative plural)
n̥ḱúyh₁ (dual vocative)
n̥ḱúh₂ (plural vocative)
n̥ḱú (accusative singular)
n̥ḱúyh₁ (accusative dual)
n̥ḱúh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Celtic: *ankus (“death”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *nékus

Ancient Greek: νέκυς (nékus, “corpse”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náćuš

Proto-Iranian: *nácuš

Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬎 (nasu, “corpse”)

Proto-Tocharian: *eṅkwe (“man”)

Tocharian A: oṅk

Tocharian B: eṅkwe

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *unguz, *inguz (“man”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *Inguz (see there for further descendants)

From *neḱ- (“to die, perish”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).


stengʷ-

*stengʷ-e-ti

Proto-Germanic: *stinkwaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *stengʷō

Latin: stinguo (see there for further descendants)

*stengʷ-ye-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sténgtei

Lithuanian: sténgti


Proto-Albanian: *albi

Albanian: elb

Proto-Hellenic: *álpʰi

desc

Ancient Greek: ἄλφι (álphi), ἄλφιτον (álphiton)

→? Proto-Turkic: *arpa

Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥pā́š ~ *Hr̥pacáh (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Albanian: *kenagā

Albanian: qengjë

Proto-Germanic: *hunangą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κνῆκος (knêkos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: काञ्चन (kāñcana)

→ Sundanese: ᮊᮔ᮪ᮎᮔ (kancana)

Northern Luri: گونج (gong, “honeybee”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: canicae


Unsorted formations:

Proto-Tocharian: *ātŭyā

Tocharian A: āti

Tocharian B: atiyo

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: atãls

Lithuanian: atolas

Old Prussian: attolis

Proto-Slavic: *otava (see there for further descendants)


Latin: at (“but; whereas; moreover”)

Avestan: 𐬀𐬝 (at̰)

*h₂ét-i (“back, again, away”) (perhaps)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ati

Latvian: at-

Lithuanian: ati- (“back, again, away”)

Old Prussian: et-, at-

Proto-Slavic: *otъ (“away, again”)

Proto-Celtic: *ati- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ati

q

or directly from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂ét</i>

>? Latin: at (or directly from *h₂ét)

Venetic: ati-

⇒? Proto-Tocharian: (or directly from *h₂ét)

Tocharian B: at (“away”)

⇒ *h₂etō

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *atō

Lithuanian: ato- (“back, away”)

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂et-o-</i>

>? Proto-Tocharian: *āté (or from *h₂et-o-)

Tocharian B: ate (“away”)

*h₂et-dʰe (locative adverbial ending)

Latin: ast (“but if, but, and then”)

*h₂et-h₂o/*át-h₂u (“but, in addition”) (adverbial compound)

desc

Hittite: [Term?] (/addu/, “but, furthermore”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *átHa (“but, come!, in that case, then”)

Sanskrit: अथ (átha, “but, then”)

Avestan: 𐬀𐬚𐬀 (aθa), 𐬀𐬚𐬁 (aθā)

>? Celtiberian: ata (“but, furthermore”)

Proto-Tocharian:

>? Tocharian B: ot (“then”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hátas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hátas

Sanskrit: अतः (ataḥ, “so, consequently, therefore, hence”)

→ Hindi: अतः (ataḥ) (learned)

→ Nepali: अतः (ataḥ) (learned)

Unsorted formations:

Ancient Greek: ἀτ(άρ) (at(ár)) (perhaps)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌸(𐌸𐌰𐌽) (aþþan, “then, but, indeed”)


*(s)pénh₁e-tor (deponent thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πένομαι (pénomai)

*(s)penh₁-ne-ti (ne-present)

Proto-Germanic: *spinnaną (see there for further descendants)

*(s)pn̥h₁-ti (zero-grade athematic present)

Old Armenian: հենում (henum)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pínˀtei (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bardā́ˀtas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bardōdaz

Proto-Italic: *farβātos

the initial /b-/ is also found in <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">barba</i>

Latin: barbātus (the initial /b-/ is also found in barba) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Albanian: *grīwīkā

Albanian: grykë

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grī́ˀwāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *griHwáH (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from *gʷerh₃- (“to swallow, devour, eat”).


Proto-Celtic: *stratos (“valley”)

Proto-Hellenic: *strōtós, *strətós (< str̥tós)

Ancient Greek: στρωτός (strōtós), στρατός (stratós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *str̥tás (< *str̥Htás)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *str̥tás

Sanskrit: स्तृत (stṛtá)

Proto-Italic: *strātos

Latin: strātus

From *sterh₃- (“to spread, extend, stretch out”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


*h₂ems-e-ti (thematic present)

Luwian:

desc

Anatolian Hieroglyphs script: *𔓷𔗦𔑣 (/hasati/, “to beget”)

*h₂óms-e-i ~ *h₂m̥s-é-nti

Hittite: 𒄩𒀀𒅆 (ḫa-a-ši /ḫāši/, “to give birth, to beget”) ~ 𒄩𒀸𒊭𒀭𒍣 (ḫa-aš-ša-an-zi /ḫaššanzi/)

Hittite: 𒄩𒀸𒊭𒀸 (ḫa-aš-ša-aš /ḫāššaš/, “descendant”)

Luwian:

Anatolian Hieroglyphs script: 𔐰𔕒𔓷𔒅𔓉𔗔 (^(INFANS.NEPOS)ha-ma-si-sa /hamsis/, “grandchild”)

Cuneiform script: *𒄩𒄠𒅆𒅖 (/*hamsis/, “grandchild”)

Hittite: 𒄩𒀭𒍝𒀸𒊭𒀸 (ḫa-an-za-aš-ša-aš /ḫanzāššaš/, “offspring”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásuras

Hittite: 𒈗𒍑 (ḫa-aš-šu-uš /ḫaššuš/)

Proto-Germanic: *ansuz (see there for further descendants)

Luwian:

Anatolian Hieroglyphs script: *𔕒𔓷𔖢𔗔 (*^(NEPOS)ha-su-sa /*hasus/, “family”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hasuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ásuṣ

Sanskrit: असु (ásu)

Proto-Iranian: *Hahuš

Avestan: 𐬀𐬵𐬎 (ahu)

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬎 (aŋhu)


Proto-Hellenic: *gerḗn

Ancient Greek: γέρην (gérēn), γερήν (gerḗn)

gãrnis

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garˀnas (or < *gʷerh₃- (“to devour”))


swēḱurós

non-ablauting (romanization)
swēḱurós (nominative singular)
swēḱuróes (nominative plural)
swēḱuré (singular vocative)
swēḱuróes (plural vocative)
swēḱuróm (accusative singular)
swēḱuróms (accusative plural)
swēḱurósyo (genitive singular)
swēḱuróHom (genitive plural)
swēḱuréad (ablative singular)
swēḱurómos (ablative plural)
swēḱuróey (dative singular)
swēḱurómos (dative plural)
swēḱuréy (locative singular)
swēḱuróy (locative singular)
swēḱuróysu (locative plural)
swēḱurṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Germanic: *swēgraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swāćurás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śwāśurás

Sanskrit: श्वाशुर (śvāśurá)


*séwh₁-ti ~ *sh₁w-ént (root athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáwHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáwHti

Sanskrit: सुतम् (sutám, 2du.act.imp.), सोतन (sotána, “to press”, 2pl.act.imp.)

*sḗwh₁-s-t ~ *séwh₁-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: soa

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HásāwHst

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HásāwHst

Sanskrit: असाविसुर् (asāvisur)

*sh₁u-néw-ti (nu-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sHunáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sHunáwti

Sanskrit: सुनोति (sunóti, “to press”)

Proto-Iranian: *hHunáwti

Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌 (hunaoⁱti, “to press”)

*sh₁u-yé-ti (ye-deponent)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒋗𒌑𒄑𒍣 (šu-ú-ez-zi /šuwezi/, “to push (away), shove, cast off”)

*suh₁-é-ti (tudati-type thematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *suweti (“to turn, wind”)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *ambisuweti (“to turn around”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *suHáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *suHáti

Sanskrit: सुवति (suváti, “to impel, set in motion”)

→? Proto-Finnic: *soodak (“to wish, grant”) (see there for further descendants)

*su-né-h₁-ti ~ *su-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sunáHtu

Proto-Iranian: *hunáHti

Old Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬥𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (hunāⁱti, “to incite, drive”)

q

Proto-Tocharian: *säin- (“to be depressed, despair”) (likely influenced by form from *séwh₁-ye-ti)

Tocharian A: sin-

Tocharian B: sin-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sáuˀjāˀ (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Uralic: *suxe- (“to row”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáwHmas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáwHmas

Sanskrit: सोम (sóma)

Proto-Iranian: *háwHmah (see there for further descendants)


gr̥bʰtós

gr̥bʰtós (nominative singular)
gr̥bʰtóes (nominative plural)
gr̥bʰté (singular vocative)
gr̥bʰtóes (plural vocative)
gr̥bʰtóm (accusative singular)
gr̥bʰtóms (accusative plural)
gr̥bʰtósyo (genitive singular)
gr̥bʰtóHom (genitive plural)
gr̥bʰtéad (ablative singular)
gr̥bʰtómos (ablative plural)
gr̥bʰtóey (dative singular)
gr̥bʰtómos (dative plural)
gr̥bʰtéy (locative singular)
gr̥bʰtóy (locative singular)
gr̥bʰtóysu (locative plural)
gr̥bʰtṓys (instrumental plural)
gr̥bʰtā́m (accusative singular)
gr̥bʰtóm (nominative singular)
gr̥bʰtóy (dual nominative)
gr̥bʰtóm (singular vocative)
gr̥bʰtóy (dual vocative)
gr̥bʰtóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Hellenic: *grəptós (see there for further descendants)


ḱlutós

non-ablauting (romanization)
ḱlutós (nominative singular)
ḱlutóes (nominative plural)
ḱluté (singular vocative)
ḱlutóes (plural vocative)
ḱlutóm (accusative singular)
ḱlutóms (accusative plural)
ḱlutósyo (genitive singular)
ḱlutóHom (genitive plural)
ḱlutéad (ablative singular)
ḱlutómos (ablative plural)
ḱlutóey (dative singular)
ḱlutómos (dative plural)
ḱlutéy (locative singular)
ḱlutóy (locative singular)
ḱlutóysu (locative plural)
ḱlutṓys (instrumental plural)
ḱlutā́m (accusative singular)
ḱlutóm (nominative singular)
ḱlutóy (dual nominative)
ḱlutóm (singular vocative)
ḱlutóy (dual vocative)
ḱlutóy (accusative dual)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: լու (lu)

Proto-Celtic: *klutom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hlūdaz (with unetymological long -ū-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *klutós

Ancient Greek: κλυτός (klutós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćrutás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śrutás

Sanskrit: श्रुत (śrutá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *klutos

⇒ Proto-Italic: *enklutos

Latin: inclutus, inclitus (see there for further descendants)

From *ḱlew- (“to hear”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


yéwos

non-ablauting (romanization)
yéwos (nominative singular)
yéwōs (nominative plural)
yéwos (singular vocative)
yéwōs (plural vocative)
yéwos (accusative singular)
yéwōs (accusative plural)
yéwesos (genitive singular)
yéwesoHom (genitive plural)
yéwesos (ablative singular)
yéwesmos (ablative plural)
yéwesey (dative singular)
yéwesmos (dative plural)
yéwes (locative singular)
yéwesi (locative singular)
yéwesu (locative plural)
yéwesmis (instrumental plural)

Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: ջով (ǰov, “sprout”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: jãvas sg, javaĩ pl

desc

>? Proto-Celtic: *yewos (“barley, spelt”)

Proto-Brythonic:

>? Breton: yell m

q

⇒? Proto-Celtic: *yewornyā (+ *-rnyos, compare *agrinyos (“sloe”), or *wésornyā < *wósr̥ (“spring”))

Middle Irish: eórna f

Irish: eorna

Scottish Gaelic: eòrna

Manx: oarn

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáwas (see there for further descendants)

From *yew-, *yewh₁- (“to ripen, mature”), whence Tocharian B yu-.

Hittite 𒂊𒉿𒀭

kind of grain; soup made of a kind of grain


neyH-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov

*néyH-e-ti (thematic present)

Hittite: [Term?] (/nēanzi/, 3pl)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náyHati (see there for further descendants)

*niH-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *niHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *niHtás

Sanskrit: नीत (nītá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *niHtáh

desc

Manichaean Middle Persian: [Term?] (/n'yd/)

*niH-lós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *niHlás

Sanskrit: नील (nīla)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Slavic: *něti (see there for further descendants)

Latvian: paniņas

Neo-root from a reanalysis of *(s)neh₁- (“to turn”) + *-éyti, with the root laryngeal metathesized to after the *-y- suffix.


-ēs

-ēs (nominative singular)
é-ēs (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-eses (nominative plural)
é-eses (nominative plural)
-es (singular vocative)
é-es (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-eses (plural vocative)
é-eses (plural vocative)
-esm̥ (accusative singular)
é-esm̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-esm̥s (accusative plural)
é-esm̥s (accusative plural)
-esos (genitive singular)
é-esos (genitive singular)
-esoHom (genitive plural)
é-esoHom (genitive plural)
-esos (ablative singular)
é-esos (ablative singular)
-esmos (ablative plural)
é-esmos (ablative plural)
-esey (dative singular)
é-esey (dative singular)
-esmos (dative plural)
é-esmos (dative plural)
-es (locative singular)
é-es (locative singular)
-esi (locative singular)
é-esi (locative singular)
-esu (locative plural)
é-esu (locative plural)
-esmis (instrumental plural)
é-esmis (instrumental plural)
-es (nominative singular)
é-es (nominative singular)
-ēs (nominative plural)
é-ēs (nominative plural)
-ēs (plural vocative)
é-ēs (plural vocative)
-es (accusative singular)
é-es (accusative singular)
-ēs (accusative plural)
é-ēs (accusative plural)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -ης (-ēs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ās

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-ās

Sanskrit: -अष् (-aṣ)

From *(é)-ess, compound suffix from *(é)-os (athematic) (neuter s-stem) + *-s (nominative), with simplification of the geminate consonants and compensatory lengthening.

af

Primarily forms last members of adjectival bahuvrīhi compounds


sewyós

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sjaujás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *souyos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sawyás (see there for further descendants)


moysós

moysós (nominative singular)
moysóes (nominative plural)
moysé (singular vocative)
moysóes (plural vocative)
moysóm (accusative singular)
moysóms (accusative plural)
moysósyo (genitive singular)
moysóHom (genitive plural)
moyséad (ablative singular)
moysómos (ablative plural)
moysóey (dative singular)
moysómos (dative plural)
moyséy (locative singular)
moysóy (locative singular)
moysóysu (locative plural)
moysṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *maišás (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *maisaz (“backpack”), *maisō

Proto-West Germanic: *mais, *maisu

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *maisijā

Middle Dutch: mese

Old High German: meisa, meissa

Middle High German: meise

Old Norse: meiss

Faroese: meis

Norwegian: meis

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mayšás (“sheep, ram”) (see there for further descendants)


kʷeys-

*kʷéyst (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáyšt

Proto-Iranian: *čáyšt

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬗𐬋𐬌𐬱𐬙 (cōišt, 3sg.inj)

Younger Avestan: 𐬗𐬋𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (cōišta, 3pl.inj)

*kʷi-né-s-ti ~ *kʷi-n-s-énti (nasal-infix athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *činásti

Proto-Iranian: *činástī

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬯 (cinas, 3sg.inj), 𐬗𐬍𐬱𐬨𐬀𐬵𐬍 (cīšmahī, 3pl.ind)

Younger Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬌 (cinasti, “to decide, determine”, 3sg.ind)

*kʷís-e-ti ~ *kʷís-o-nti (simple thematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷiseti

⇒ Gaulish: pissiumi (“I will see”)

⇒ Old Irish: adcí (“to see, behold”) (+ *h₂éd)

*kʷis-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čištás

>? Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćiṣṭás (“message”)

Sanskrit: *चिष्ट (ciṣṭa) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *čištáh

⇒ Middle Persian: nʾmcšt' (/nāmčišt/, “known by name”)

*kʷoys-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kayšás

Proto-Iranian: *kayšás

Avestan: 𐬝𐬐𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬀 (t̰kaēša, “teaching”)

Middle Persian: kyš (/kēš/, “dogma, faith”)

Persian: کیش (kêš, “religion”)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *kʷoizā
Latin: cura (see there for further descendants)


wers-

*wers-é-ti (simple thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *werzaną (perhaps “to thresh” > “to mix up”) (see there for further descendants)

*wr̥s-é-ti ~ *wr̥s-ó-nti (tudati-type thematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *vьrťi (“to thresh”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wors-e/o-

Latin: vorrō, verrō (“to sweep clean”) (see there for further descendants)

*wr̥s-tís

Proto-Germanic: *wurstiz

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*wert-</i> (“to turn”)

>? Proto-West Germanic: *wursti (“sausage”) (or from *wert- (“to turn”)) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *varsa

desc

⇒ Albanian: zvarrë (“being dragged on the ground”, adverb)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: vârsms (“heap of corn, grain”)

Proto-Germanic:

Old Norse: vǫrr (“stroke, pull of an oar”)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρύω (erúō, “to drag, pull”)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔρρω (érrhō, “to go slowly, limp”)


wers-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *warš- (see there for further descendants)

*wérs-t ~ *wr̥s-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: आ वृषस्व (ā́ vr̥ṣásva, “pull yourself together!”)

*wr̥s-yé-ti ~ *wr̥s-yó-nti (thematic present with suffix -yé/ó-)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒉿𒅈𒅆𒅀𒊍𒍣 (wa-ar-ši-ya-az-zi /waršiye/azi/, “to lift oneself”)

⇒ [script needed] ([wa-a]r-ši-ya-za), 𒉿𒅈𒅆𒅀𒋻 (wa-ar-ši-ya-tar /warsiyatar/, “reconciliation”)

*wérs-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *wérhmə

>? Ancient Greek: ἕρμα (hérma, “heap of stones; reef, rock, cliff, hill; foundation”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáršma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáršma

Sanskrit: वर्ष्मन् (várṣman, “height, top”)

*wers-ó-s

Proto-Celtic: *werros (“high(er)”)

Old Irish: ferr (“better”) (see there for further descendants)

*we/ors-u-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: verrūca (“wart; hillock”) (see there for further descendants)

*wors-ó-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *warzaz (“callus”) (see there for further descendants)

*wérs-to

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [Term?] (/warštta(ri)/)

*wr̥s-u-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wíršus (see there for further descendants)


wóps

webʰ- (oblique stem)
wóps (nominative singular)
webʰes (nominative plural)
web (singular vocative)
webʰes (plural vocative)
webʰm̥ (accusative singular)
webʰm̥s (accusative plural)
webʰés (genitive singular)
webʰóHom (genitive plural)
webʰés (ablative singular)
webʰmós (ablative plural)
webʰéy (dative singular)
webʰmós (dative plural)
web (locative singular)
webʰi (locative singular)
webʰsú (locative plural)
webʰmís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wáps

Possibly from *webʰ- (“to weave, braid”), or perhaps *(s)webʰ- (compare Czech svapato (“beehive”)), + *-s, if not borrowed from a substrate language.

vespa

Proto-Italic: *wospā (metathesized < *wopsā)


(s)keng-

*(s)kéng-e-ti (thematic present)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *kengeti (“to step, tread”)
Old Irish: cingid, ·cing
Irish: cinn

Proto-Germanic: *hinkaną

Proto-West Germanic: *hinkan (see there for further descendants)

desc

*k⁽ʰ⁾ánȷ́ati

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *k⁽ʰ⁾ánȷ́ati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kʰánȷ́ati

Sanskrit: खञ्जति (kháñjati, “to limp”)

*(s)kn̥g-yé-ti (deponent yé-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *skəďďō

Ancient Greek: σκάζω (skázō, “to limp”)

Greek: σκάζω (skázo)

⇒ Ancient Greek: σκάζων (skázōn) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)keng-et-s

Proto-Celtic: *kengets (“warrior (< one who treads)”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kéng-s-mn̥

Proto-Celtic: *kanxsman (“step, act of stepping”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kéng-ō ~ *(s)kn̥g-n-és

Proto-Germanic: *skinkô (“thigh, shank”)

Proto-West Germanic: *skinkō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skunkô

*(s)kóng-ō

Proto-Germanic: *skankô (“that which is bent; thigh, shank”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kong-os

Proto-Germanic: *skankaz (“askew, tilted”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skankijaną (“to skew, tilt, tip, pour”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skankijô (“pourer of drinks”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *šęgati

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: шегати (šegati, “to make fun of”), шегавъ (šegavŭ, “giddy; fickle”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: шѧгати (“to joke”)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *šęga (“silliness, joke, prank”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skankōną

→? Proto-Finnic: *kenkä (“shoe”)

→? Proto-Samic: *kieŋkē (“sole of a sledge runner or keel”)


wérsēn

wr̥sn̥- (oblique stem)
wérsēn (nominative singular)
wérsenes (nominative plural)
wérsen (singular vocative)
wérsenes (plural vocative)
wérsenm̥ (accusative singular)
wérsenm̥s (accusative plural)
wr̥snés (genitive singular)
wr̥snóHom (genitive plural)
wr̥snés (ablative singular)
wr̥sn̥mós (ablative plural)
wr̥snéy (dative singular)
wr̥sn̥mós (dative plural)
wérsen (locative singular)
wérseni (locative singular)
wr̥sn̥sú (locative plural)
wr̥sn̥mís (instrumental plural)

>? Proto-Armenian: (or < *wr̥h₁ḗn (“lamb”))

Old Armenian: գառն (gaṙn, “lamb”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: առն (aṙn, “wild ram”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *(w)urzô ~ *ūrziniz (“grouse”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *(w)urznô (“boar, male pig”)

Old Norse: *urni

Danish: orne, (dialectal) urne

Old Swedish: orne

Swedish: orne

Proto-Hellenic: *(w)érsēn, *(w)ə́rsēn

Ancient Greek: (“male (animal)”)

lect

Aeolic Greek, Ionic Greek, Cretan Ancient Greek: ἔρσην (érsēn)

Attic Greek: ἄρρην (árrhēn)

Epic Greek: ἄρσην (ársēn)

Laconic Greek: ἄρσης (ársēs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(w)ŕ̥šā (see there for further descendants)

desc

→? Proto-Northeast Caucasian: *weršē (“bull-calf, male”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wersēn or *worsēn

Latin: verrēs, verris (“boar, male pig”) (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly from *h₁wers- (“to rain, sprinkle (water, urine, semen)”), or perhaps from *wers- (“to rise (up)”) + *-ḗn.

kursô

*gʷou-wr̥sēn or *gʷeh₃u-wr̥sēn or *gʷh₃u-wr̥sēn (“bull”) (+ *gʷou- (“cattle”))

ऋषभ

bull, male animal; see there for further descendants

(w)risiz

hero, giant; see there for further descendants


sédyeti

sédyom (first-person indicative past singular)
sédyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
sédyes (indicative past second-person singular)
sédye (imperative second-person singular)
sédyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
sédyoys (optative second-person singular)
sédyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
sédyet (indicative past singular third-person)
sédyetu (imperative singular third-person)
sédyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
sédyoyt (optative singular third-person)
sédyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
sédyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
sédyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
sédyoywe (dual first-person optative)
sédyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
sédyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
sédyetom (dual imperative second-person)
sédyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
sédyoytom (dual optative second-person)
sédyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
sédyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
sédyetām (dual imperative third-person)
sédyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
sédyoytām (dual optative third-person)
sédyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
sédyome (first-person indicative past plural)
sédyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
sédyoyme (first-person optative plural)
sédyete (indicative plural present second-person)
sédyete (indicative past plural second-person)
sédyete (imperative plural second-person)
sédyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
sédyoyte (optative plural second-person)
sédyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
sédyont (indicative past plural third-person)
sédyontu (imperative plural third-person)
sédyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
sédyonts (indicative participle present)
sédyeso (imperative second-person singular)
sédyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
sédyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
sédyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
sédyoyto (optative singular third-person)
sédyoror (indicative plural present third-person)
sédyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
sédyoro (indicative past plural third-person)
sédyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
sédyōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
sédyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
sédyoyro (optative plural third-person)
sédyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Germanic: *sit(j)aną (unless < *sed-éi-ti ~ *sed-i-énti) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *heďďomai
Ancient Greek: ἕζομαι (hézomai)


dʰwes-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*dʰews-óm

Proto-Germanic: *deuzą (“animal”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰews-ós

desc

Proto-Germanic: *deuzaz (“wild, fierce, bold”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰows-o-s

>? Proto-Albanian: *dauša (otherwise from *dʰeh₁-l-)

Albanian: dash (“ram”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dáuṣas, *dáuṣāˀ

Lithuanian: daũsos f pl (“air; skies; heaven”)

Proto-Slavic: *dȗxъ, *dyxъ? (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Slavic: *dūxàti (or from *duti, from *dʰewh₂-) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Slavic: *dъxnǫti (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *dʰows-yo-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dáuṣjāˀ

Lithuanian: daũsios f pl

Proto-Slavic: *dušà (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic:

Gaulish: dusios (“phantasm”)

*dʰwés-(e)-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dwéstei

Lithuanian: dvė̃sti (“to breathe (out), exhale, blow, sigh; to breathe one's last, perish”)

Latvian: dvèst (“to breathe (heavily), cough”)

>? *dʰus- (zero-grade root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

⇒ Proto-Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: из-дъшє (iz-dŭše, “to breathe one's last, die”)

>? *dʰus-yé-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dust

>? Proto-Slavic: *duxati (see there for further descendants)

>? *dʰus-h₁yé-ti

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dusêt

Lithuanian: dūsė́ti (“to breathe heavily; to gasp; to sob”); ? dusė́ti (“to cough”)

>? Proto-Slavic: *dyšàti (see there for further descendants)

>? *dʰwēs-

>? Proto-Italic: (initial *f expected)

Latin: bēstia (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-European: *dʰus-ko-s (“dark-colored”)

Proto-Germanic: *duskaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: fuscus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-European: *dʰus-wós (“dark, black, brown”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: furvus

Proto-Indo-European: *dʰus-nos

Proto-Celtic: *dusnos (“dark, brown”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dusnaz (“brownish; brown; yellow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dunstą (“mist, dust, evaporation”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dustą (“dust”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *dvoxati (analogical formation) (or from *dʰewh₂-; cf. also *dūxàti)

Russian: дво́хать (dvóxatʹ, “to breathe heavily; to gasp; to cough loudly”) (dialectal)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: dùsti (“to run out of breath, pant, gasp for air; to choke, stifle”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: (or from *dʰewh₂-)

Lithuanian: dūsúoti (“to breathe heavily”), dū́sauti (“to sigh”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dvẽsele (“breath, soul”)

Lithuanian: dvėselė (“soul; (dial.) strength”)

Lithuanian: dvasia (“soul”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: ध्वंसति (dhváṁsati, “he falls to dust”)

Ashokan Prakrit:

Bengali: ধসা (dhośa, “to collapse”)

Nepali: धस्नु (dhasnu, “to pierce”)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀥𑀁𑀲𑀤𑀺 (dhaṃsadi), 𑀥𑀲𑀤𑀺 (dhasadi)

Gujarati: ધસવું (dhasvũ, “to collapse”)

Hindi: धँसना (dhãsnā, “to be submerged, sink drown; to pierce”)

Punjabi: ਢਹਿਣਾ (ḍhahiṇā) / ڈھہنا (ḍhahiṇā, “to fall”)

Seemingly related to *dʰewh₂- (“(to emit) smoke, vapor, mist, haze”), with which there may be confusion in some descendants.


témHos

témHes- (oblique stem)
témHos (nominative singular)
témHōs (nominative plural)
témHos (singular vocative)
témHōs (plural vocative)
témHos (accusative singular)
témHōs (accusative plural)
témHesos (genitive singular)
témHesoHom (genitive plural)
témHesos (ablative singular)
témHesmos (ablative plural)
témHesey (dative singular)
témHesmos (dative plural)
témHes (locative singular)
témHesi (locative singular)
témHesu (locative plural)
témHesmis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Germanic: *þemaz? *þemazą/*þemarą?

Proto-West Germanic: *þimr

desctree

Old High German: demar (“dusk”)
Middle High German: demere
German: Dämmer, Dämmerung

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *támHas (“darkness”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Italic: *temezi (“in darkness, blindly”, locative singular)

Latin: temere (“by accident”)

þimstr

Proto-Germanic: *þimstraz; Proto-West Germanic

→ Common Turkic: *tamu

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *támHsram (“darkness, dark night”) (see there for further descendants)

tenebrae

darkness; shadow of death, gloom; see there for further descendants


lówtrom (canonical neuter)
lówtrom (nominative singular)
lówtroy (dual nominative)
lówtrom (singular vocative)
lówtroy (dual vocative)
lówtrom (accusative singular)
lówtroy (accusative dual)
lówtrosyo (genitive singular)
lówtroHom (genitive plural)
lówtread (ablative singular)
lówtromos (ablative plural)
lówtroey (dative singular)
lówtromos (dative plural)
lówtrey (locative singular)
lówtroy (locative singular)
lówtroysu (locative plural)
lówtrōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *lowatrom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *lauþrą (“lather”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *lewotrón (see there for further descendants)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Italic: *lawāðrom (remodeled after *lawaō and with analogical *-dʰrom)
Latin: lavābrum
Latin: lābrum

From *lewh₃- (“to rinse, wash, bathe”) + *-trom (instrumental suffix).

suffix

that which is used for washing:
washbasin, bathtub

that which is used for washing:
bathwater; soap suds


(s)teyg-

*(s)tig-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *stiďďō

Ancient Greek: στίζω (stízō)

*(s)téyg-e-tor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táyǰatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táyȷ́atay

Sanskrit: तेजते (téjate)

Proto-Italic: *steigō

Latin: (īn-)stīgō

*(s)tig-e-ti

Proto-Germanic: *stikaną

*(s)téyg-os ~ *(s)téyg-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táyǰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táyȷ́as

Sanskrit: तेजस् (téjas)

*(s)tig-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tiktás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tiktás

Sanskrit: तिक्त (tiktá) (see there for further descendants)

Ossetian: цыхт (cyxt)

*(s)tig-mó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tigmás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tigmás

Sanskrit: तिग्म (tigmá)

*(s)tig-ró-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tigrás

Proto-Iranian: *tigráh

Avestan: 𐬙𐬌𐬖𐬭𐬀 (tiγra)

Old Persian: 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼 (t-i-g-r /tigra/)

*(s)téyg-yōs ~ *(s)tig-is-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táyǰyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táyȷ́yas

Sanskrit: तेजीयस् (téjīyas)

Proto-Iranian: *táyǰyah

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (tyc /tēz/)

Persian: تیز (tiz)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: tîj, tûj

Central Kurdish: تیژ (tîj), تێژ (têj)

(s)téyg-mn̥ ~ *(s)tig-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στῐ́γμᾰ (stígma)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *þistilaz

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tikšnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tikṣṇás

Sanskrit: तीक्ष्ण (tīkṣṇá)


k⁽ʷ⁾sewd-

*k⁽ʷ⁾séwd-e-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšáwdati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣáwdati

Sanskrit: क्षोदन्ति (kṣódanti, 3rd pers. pl act.), क्षोदन्ते (kṣódante, 3rd pers. pl. med.)

*k⁽ʷ⁾su-né-d-ti ~ *k⁽ʷ⁾su-n-d-énti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšunátˢti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣunátti

Sanskrit: क्षुणत्ति (kṣuṇatti)

*k⁽ʷ⁾sowd-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšawdáyati

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kṣawdáyati

Sanskrit: अक्षोदयत् (ákṣodayat, 3rd pers. sg. imperf. act.)

*k⁽ʷ⁾sowd-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ksaudás

Proto-Slavic: *xudъ (“small, thin”) (see there for further descendants)

*k⁽ʷ⁾séwd-os ~ *k⁽ʷ⁾séwd-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšáwdas (see there for further descendants)

*k⁽ʷ⁾sud-ró-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšudrás (“minute, tiny; dispersed”) (see there for further descendants)

*k⁽ʷ⁾sud-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšutˢtás

Proto-Iranian: *xšustáh

Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬎𐬯𐬙𐬀 (xšusta, “melted”)

*k⁽ʷ⁾sud-nó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšudnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣudnás

Sanskrit: क्षुण्ण (kṣuṇṇa)

Unsorted formations

Middle Persian: [Term?] (/šustan/), [script needed] (šwy /šōy/)

Persian: شستن (šostan)


*h₃neh₂-t (root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀπόνητο (apónēto)

*h₃n̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *h₃n̥-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀνίνημι (onínēmi)

Proto-Germanic: *unnaną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted:

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *anawos
Proto-Brythonic: *anaw
Middle Welsh: anaw
⇒ Old Irish: anai (from *anawyos)
Middle Irish: ana
Classical Gaelic: ana
Gaulish: *Anauos
→ Latin: Anauus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HnaHtʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HnaHtʰás

desc

Sanskrit: नाथ (nātha, “refuge; protector”)


ster-

*stér-ō ~ *str̥-nés

Proto-Germanic: *sterǭ (see there for further descendants)

*stér-wont-s ~ *str-unt-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stárwans

Proto-Iranian: *stárwans

Middle Persian: (“barren, childless”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (stlwn' /starwan/)

desctree

Old Armenian: ստերջ (sterǰ, “sterile, barren”), ստերդ (sterd), ըստերջ (əsterǰ)
Armenian: ստերջ (sterǰ)

desc

Ancient Greek: στεῖρα (steîra, “infertile”)


h₂óḱeth₁ (dual nominative)
h₂óḱet (singular vocative)
h₂óḱeth₁ (dual vocative)
h₂óḱetm̥ (accusative singular)
h₂óḱeth₁ (accusative dual)
h₂éḱet (locative singular)
h₂éḱeth₁ (instrumental singular)

aketes

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *eśetis (*e < *o (Rozwadowski's change)); Old Prussian


Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

*dwéh₂-s-ti ~ *duh₂-s-énti (desiderative)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [Term?] (/tuχːuszi/, “to separate”)

*dwéh₂-m (adverb)

q

Proto-Hellenic: *dwān (< *dwām < (Stang's law) acc.sg. *dwéh₂-m̥)

desc

Ancient Greek: δήν (dḗn, “for a long time”)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *kʷom-dām (“some long time ago”)

Latin: quondam (“at one time, formerly”)

⇒ Latin: quīdam (“someone”) (with -dam abstracted to mean "some")

*duh₂-m (adverb)

Proto-Italic: *dūm

q

> <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">dum</i> (“when”, conjunction)

Latin: dum (“for a while, still”, adverb) (> dum (“when”, conjunction))

⇒? Proto-Italic: *dū-dūm

Latin: dūdum (“some time ago”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dā́ˀwē (< *deh₂wéh₁ < (laryngeal metathesis) instr.sg. *dewh₂-éh₁)

Proto-Slavic: *davě (“ago, recently”)

Russian: даве (dave) (dialectal)

Old Church Slavonic: давѣ (davě)

desc

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *davьnъ (“ancient, past”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: երկայն (erkayn, “long, extended”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dwaHištʰám (“most distant”, adverb)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dawHiṣṭʰám (with apparent metathesis)

Sanskrit: दविष्ठम् (daviṣṭhám)

Proto-Iranian: *dwaHištám

Avestan: 𐬛𐬠𐬋𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬆𐬨 (dbōištəm)

Old Persian: 𐎯𐎢𐎺𐎡𐏁𐎫𐎶 (du-u-v-i-š-t-m /duvaištam/)

*dweh₂-ró-s, *duh₂-ró-s (“far, long”) (see there for further descendants)

*dwéh₂-s ~ *duh₂-és

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [Term?] (/tuwa/, “far”) (< loc.sg. *dwéh₂)

⇒ Hittite: [Term?] (/tuwala/, “far from”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *duHtás (“messenger, conveyor”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *duHtás

Sanskrit: दूत (dūtá)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *duHtáh

Avestan: 𐬛𐬏𐬙𐬀 (dūta)

*déwh₂-yo-s (yo-stem adjective)

Proto-Celtic: *dowyos

>? Old Irish: doe (“slow, sluggish”)

*dwéh₂-yōs ~ *duh₂-is-és (yōs-stem)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáwHyās (“more distant”) (with apparent metathesis)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáwHyās

Sanskrit: दवीयस् (dávīyas-)


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwáršati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwárṣati

Sanskrit: वर्षति (várṣati)

Proto-Hellenic: *eworhéyō

Ancient Greek: οὐρέω (ouréō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: οὖρον (oûron)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwaršáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwarṣáyati

Sanskrit: वर्षयति (varṣáyati)

Proto-Anatolian:

>? Hittite: [Term?] (/warsiyezzi/)

Proto-Hellenic: *ewérsā

Ancient Greek: ἕρση (hérsē, “dew”)

Proto-Celtic: *wrastos

Old Irish: fros (“rain-shower”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwr̥štás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwr̥ṣṭás

Sanskrit: वृष्ट (vṛṣṭá)

Proto-Iranian: *Hwr̥štáh

𐬀𐬌𐬡𐬌-𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬙𐬀

Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬡𐬌-𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬙𐬀 (aⁱβi-var^əšta, “rained upon”)

*h₁wérs-ti-s ~ *h₁wr̥s-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwŕ̥štiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwŕ̥ṣṭiṣ

Sanskrit: वृष्टि (vṛṣṭi)

q

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pro-</i> (“forth”)

*pro-h₁wérs ~ *pro-h₁wr̥s-és (with *pro- (“forth”))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *praHwŕ̥š (“rain”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *praHwŕ̥ṣ

Sanskrit: प्रावृष् (prāvṛ́ṣ)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwaršám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwarṣám

Sanskrit: वर्ष n or m (varṣá) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Anatolian:

>? Hittite: [Term?] (/warsa/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Gurani: [script needed] (wišani), [script needed] (wašt)


g⁽ʷ⁾eldʰ-

*ge-g⁽ʷ⁾óldʰ-e ~ *ge-g⁽ʷ⁾l̥dʰ-ḗr (reduplicated root stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰagáldʰa ~ *ǰagr̥dʰā́r

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agáldʰa ~ *ȷ́agr̥dʰā́r

desc

Sanskrit: जागृधुर् (jāgṛdhúr, “are greedy”, 3pl.act.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gil̃dḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *žьlděti (“to desire”)

*g⁽ʷ⁾l̥dʰ-ét (root thematic aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hágr̥dʰat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hágr̥dʰat

Sanskrit: अगृधत् (ágṛdhat, “has become greedy”)

*g⁽ʷ⁾l̥dʰ-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥dʰyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥dʰyati

Sanskrit: गृध्यति (gṛ́dhyati, “to be greedy”)

*g⁽ʷ⁾oldʰ-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *galdás

Proto-Slavic: *gȏldъ (“hunger”) (see there for further descendants)

*g⁽ʷ⁾l̥dʰ-ró-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥dʰrás (“greedy”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥dʰrás

Sanskrit: गृध्र (gṛ́dhra)

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥dráh

Younger Avestan: 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀 (gər^əδa) (< *gərᵊδra)

Unsorted derivations:

Proto-Iranian: *gard-

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *wigard-

Pashto: غوښتل (ǧoẍtël) (غواړي (ǧwâṛí, 3sg.pres.act.)) (from earlier wǧâṛ-)

David Neil MacKenzie
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Nicholas Sims-Williams
Rick Derksen


*déyh₁-ti ~ *dih₁-énti (root athematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *deiˀti

Latvian: diêt (“to hop, dance”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δίω (díō, “to put to flight”)

Ancient Greek: δίεμαι (díemai, “to hunt, pursue; to run”)

*dih₁-néw-ti ~ *dih₁-nw-énti (“new-present”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δῑνέω (dīnéō), δῑνεύω (dīneúō, “to whirl around, spin (oneself)”)

*dih₁-sḱé-ti (“sḱe-present”)

>? Proto-Albanian: *en-diska, *en-deiska

Albanian: ndih, ndif (“to help”) (or < *(s)teygʰ-)

*dih₁-yé-ti (“ye-present”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *diHyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *diHyáti

Sanskrit: दीयन्ति (dīyanti, 3pl.act.), दीयते (dīyate, “to fly away”, 3sg.med.)

Proto-Celtic: *dēnos

Old Irish: dían

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dainā

Latvian: daina

Lithuanian: daina

Sudovian: daina

>? Dacian: *daina

>? Romanian: doină

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel


-wōs

Proto-Hellenic: *-wōs

Ancient Greek: -ώς (-ṓs) (with innovated t-stem)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-wās

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: -वांस् (-vāṃs)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: -𐬎𐬱 (-uš)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: -u

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: -us (past half-participle)

Lithuanian: [Term?] (past active participle)

Proto-Slavic: *-vъ (past active participle)

From **-woss (stem + nominative *-s). It was added to the zero-grade form of the perfect stem of a verb.


gem-

*gém-e-ti (root thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *gémō

Ancient Greek: γέμω (gémō)

>? Proto-Italic: *gemō

Latin: gemō

*gém-t ~ *gm-ént (root thematic aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gémtei (present stem: *gim-)

Proto-Slavic: *žęti (“to press”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gémto

⇒ Ancient Greek: γέντο (génto, “grasped”)

*ge-góm-e ~ *ge-gm-ḗr (reduplicated root stative)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: kāmat

Tocharian B: kamāte

*góm-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *gómos

Ancient Greek: γόμος (gómos, “cargo”)


Proto-Celtic: *garyeti

Ancient Greek: γῆρυς (gêrus)

Proto-Germanic: *karō

Proto-Celtic: *garsman

Old Irish: gairm

Irish: gairm

Scottish Gaelic: gairm

Proto-Germanic: *karmaz, *karmiz (< *karzmaz)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Italic:

Latin: garrio

Likely onomatopoeic. Compare *gerh₂- ~ *ǵerh₂-, with which there is some confusion.


wl̥kʷíh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
wl̥kʷíh₂ (singular vocative)
wl̥kʷíh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
wl̥kʷíh₂m̥ (accusative singular)
wl̥kʷíh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
wl̥kʷíh₂ (locative singular)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wilkī́ˀ

⇒? Lithuanian: vìlkė (“she-wolf”), vil̃kė (“she-wolf”)

⇒? Lithuanian: vilkijà (“a pack of wolves”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wilkī́ˀkāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *vьlčìca

Proto-Germanic: *wulgī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥kíHs

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥kíHs

Sanskrit: वृकी (vṛkī́)


(s)kewH-

⇒? *(s)kewdʰ- (with laryngeal deletion?)

Proto-Celtic: *koudeti

Proto-Brythonic: *kʉðɨd (“to hide”)

Middle Breton: cuzaff

Breton: kuzhat

Cornish: cuthe

Welsh: cuddio

Proto-Hellenic: *kéutʰō

Ancient Greek: κεύθω (keúthō, “to cover, hide, conceal”)

⇒ *(s)kéwdʰ-tis

Proto-Hellenic:

q

>? Ancient Greek: κύστις (kústis, “bladder”) (cf. *(s)kewH-tis; alternatively from *ḱewh₁-)

⇒ *(s)kéwdʰ-ye-ti

Proto-Germanic: *hūdijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *hūdijan

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *hudijā, *hudjā (“hut, shelter”)

desc

>? Old High German: hutta (“hut, cottage”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ku-né-H-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *skunáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *skunáHti

Sanskrit: स्कुनाति (skunā́ti, “to cover”)

*(s)kewH-lo-

>? Proto-Celtic: *kūlos

Proto-Brythonic: *kil

Breton: kil (“nape, back”)

Welsh: cil (“corner, nook; nape, back”)

Cornish: kil (“recess, nook; nape, back”)

desctree

Old Irish: cúl (“posterior”)
Irish: cúl
Manx: cooyl
Scottish Gaelic: cùl

desc

Proto-Germanic: *skeulą (“shelter, hiding place”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skiulijaną (“to shelter, hide”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *kūlos

Latin: cūlus (“posterior”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σκύλος (skúlos, “skin, hide”)

*(s)kewH-ṓ

Proto-Germanic: *skiwô (“cloud cover, haze, sky”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skiwją (“cloud, sky”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kéwH-tis ~ *(s)kuH-téys (“skin, hide; sac”)

Proto-Celtic: *kutis

Proto-Brythonic: *kud

Welsh: cwd (“pouch, bag, sac, purse; scrotum”)

Proto-Germanic: *hūdiz (“hide, skin”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kutis

Latin: cutis (“skin, hide, leather”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *kwāc

Tocharian A: kāc (“skin”)

⇒ *(s)kuH-ty-eh₂ or *(s)kuH-ty-ō

>? Proto-Tocharian: *kātsān (“belly, stomach, abdomen; womb”)

Tocharian A: kāts

Tocharian B: kātso

Proto-Germanic: *hawō

Old Norse: há f (“hide”)

*(s)kówH-l̥ ~ *(s)kówH-ōl

⇒ *(s)kowH-ol-ō

Proto-Germanic: *skawalô

>? Old Norse: skáli (“small building, shed, barn; room; drinking hall”)

→ Middle English: scale

English: scale (dialectal)

Faroese: skáli

Icelandic: skáli (“hut, shed; barn, lodge; hall, dining hall”)

Norwegian Bokmål: skåle (“hut”)

Swedish: skål, skåla (“hut”) (dialectal)

Proto-Germanic: *skūrō (“shelter”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kuH-s-ó-m

>? Proto-Germanic: *hūsą (“house”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kúH-t-ō

>? Proto-Germanic: *huþô (“testicle”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kuH-tó-m

Latin: scūtum (“shield, defense”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ku(H)-tó-s

Ancient Greek: σκῦτος (skûtos, “skin, hide”)

q

Ancient Greek: κύτος (kútos, “hollow vessel”) (possibly, alternatively from *(s)kew- (“to pluck”))

Unsorted formations:

desctree

>? Old Armenian: սուզանեմ (suzanem)
Armenian: սուզել (suzel)

desc

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kjáuˀtas (“shell, skin”)

Lithuanian: kiáutas

Old Prussian: keuta

Lithuanian: kutỹs (“purse”)

Lithuanian: kẽvalas (“skin, cover”)

desctree

>? Old English: sċunian (“to shun, avoid; to detest”), sċeonian, sċynian, sċyniġan
Middle English: shonen
English: shun
Scots: shun

desc

Proto-Germanic: *husǭ (“outer covering, shell, husk; leggings”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Sanskrit: कुहू (kuhū, “new moon”)

⇒? Sanskrit: कुहरम् (kuharam, “cave, cavity, hole”)

>? Proto-Italic: *kustots

Latin: custōs (“guard, keeper, jailer”) (see there for further descendants)


-éh₂

Creates collective nouns and mass nouns corresponding to thematic formations with accent on the suffix.


-éh₂

-éh₂ (nominative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
o₁ (dual nominative)
-éh₂ (singular vocative)
-éh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
o₁ (dual vocative)
-ā́m (accusative singular)
o-ā́m (accusative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
o₁ (accusative dual)
-éh₂ (locative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)

bʰer- (“to bear”) + *-éh₂ → *bʰoréh₂ (“carrying, burden”)

Creates action nouns and abstract nouns.


-éh₂

bʰewg- (“to flee”) + *-éh₂ → *bʰugéh₂ (“flight”)


Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: երկար (erkar)
Armenian: երկար (erkar)
→? Mingrelian: რიჸალი (riʾali)

Proto-Hellenic: *dwārós

Ancient Greek: δηρός (dērós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *duHrás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *dūros

Latin: dūrus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: dūrō (see there for further descendants)

From *dweh₂- (“to move away”) + *-rós (Caland system suffix).


>? Proto-Albanian: *sterjā

Albanian: shterrë

Proto-Germanic: *sterǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *steřřə

Ancient Greek: στεῖρα (steîra)

⇒ Ancient Greek: στεῖρος (steîros)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *staríHs

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *staríHs

Vedic Sanskrit: स्तरी (starī́)

Proto-Italic: *sterīs

⇒ Proto-Italic: *sterelis (+ *-elis)

Latin: sterilis (see there for further descendants)

From *ster- (“sterile, infertile”) + *-ih₂s.


*h₃ewes- (“covering, clothing”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: ewe (“skin, hide”)

*h₃u-néu-ti ~ *h₃u-nu-énti (*néw-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒌑𒉡𒊻𒍣 (ú-nu-uz-zi, “to adorn”)

Unsorted formations

Old Armenian: ագանիմ (aganim)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *áutei

Proto-Italic:

Latin: *uo


kóslos

non-ablauting (romanization)
kóslos (nominative singular)
kósloes (nominative plural)
kósle (singular vocative)
kósloes (plural vocative)
kóslom (accusative singular)
kósloms (accusative plural)
kóslosyo (genitive singular)
kósloHom (genitive plural)
kóslead (ablative singular)
kóslomos (ablative plural)
kósloey (dative singular)
kóslomos (dative plural)
kósley (locative singular)
kósloy (locative singular)
kósloysu (locative plural)
kóslōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

desc

>? Old Lithuanian: kasùlas (“hunter's spear, stick, bush”)

Proto-Celtic: *koslos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *haslaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kosulos, *kosolos

Latin: corylus (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; possibly borrowed from a substrate language. The presence of irregular variations and the geographic distribution suggest the word entered Indo-European at a late stage, after the dissolution of PIE dialects, perhaps as a wanderword.


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *patī

Latvian: pati

Lithuanian: patì

Proto-Hellenic: *pótnia (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pátniH (see there for further descendants)

From *pótis (“master, husband”) + *-nih₂ (feminizing suffix).

déspoňňa

lady of the house; see there for further descendants


ǵʰeh₂-

Ancient Greek: χαίνω (khaínō)

Proto-Germanic: *ganāną

*ǵʰh₂-sḱéti ~ ǵʰh₂-sḱónti

Ancient Greek: χάσκω (kháskō)

*ǵʰei-ǵʰh₂-oi- (reduplicated i-perfect)

Proto-Germanic: *gīgēn- (“to desire”)

English: gain

desc

Old High German: (with nasal infix) gingēn (“to desire”)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (gageigan, “to gain”)

*ǵʰi-né-h₂-ti ~ ǵʰi-n-h₂-énti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Germanic: *ginōną, *gīnaną (“to gape, yawn”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *koy (“mouth”)

Tocharian A: koy-

Tocharian B: koyn

Proto-Germanic: *gapōną (see there for further descendants)

*ɡ́ʰéh₂-os ~ ɡʰéh₂-es-os

Ancient Greek: χάος (kháos)

*ɡ́ʰéh₂w-mō ~ ɡ́ʰh₂w-m̥nés

Proto-Germanic: *gōmô (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Germanic: *gagin (“towards, against”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: kāyā (“to open wide, gape”)

→? Old Georgian: გემოჲ (gemoy, “palate, taste”) (or from Ancient Greek) (see there for further descendants)


skabʰ-

*skábʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Latin: scabō (“to scratch, rub”)

Proto-Germanic: *skabaną (“to shave, scrape”)

>? Lithuanian: skàbti (“to pick”)

*skabʰ-on-s ~ *skabʰ-en-

Proto-Germanic: *skabô

Old High German: schafa (“scraper”)

Old English: scafa (“scraper”)

*skabʰ-men-s ~ *skabʰ-mn-

⇒ Ancient Greek: σκάμμα (skámma, “trench”)

*skabʰ-ter-s ~ *skabʰ-tr-

Ancient Greek: σκαπτήρ (skaptḗr, “digger”)

*skobʰ-i-s

Latin: scobis (“sawdust”)

*skabʰ-ti-s

Ancient Greek: περίσκαψις (perískapsis, “digging around”)

Lithuanian: skàpti (“to pluck”, infinitive)

*skabʰ-iH-s

Latin: scabies (“roughness of the skin, scabies”)

*skábʰ-es-s

Ancient Greek: σκάφος (skáphos, “ditch, ship's hull”)

*skábʰ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *skabaz

Old Norse: skǫf n pl (“chips”)

Icelandic: skaf

*skabʰ-ó-s

⇒ Lithuanian: skabùs (“sharp”)

Ancient Greek: σκάφη (skáphē, “tub, ship”)

*skabʰ-ró-s

Latin: scaber (“rough, scratchy, mangy”)

(dialectal) ⇒? Lithuanian: skabrùs (“sharp”)

Latvian: skabrs (“splintered, sharp”)

*-skābʰ-yo-s

Proto-Germanic: *-skōbijaz

Old Norse: auðskæfr (“easy to smoothen”)

Unsorted formations:

Ancient Greek: σκάπτω (skáptō, “to dig”)

Balto-Slavic

Lithuanian: skōbti (“to scrape, carve, pick”)

Lithuanian: skabýti (“to cut, pick, break off”)

(dialectal) Lithuanian: skóbas (“sour”)

Latvian: skâbs (“sour”)

Proto-Slavic: *skȍbľь m (“crafting or carving tool (spokeshave, chisel, gouge)”)

Proto-Slavic: *skobľiti (“to carve, to delve”)

Russian: ще́бень m (ščébenʹ, “crushed stone”)


(s)twerH-

*(s)téwrH-ye-ti (ye-present)

>? Proto-Germanic: *stiurijaną (“to direct, steer”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)towrH-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *staurijaną

Proto-West Germanic: *staurijan (“to disturb, destroy”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)twérH-e-ti (root thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *þweraną (“to swirl, stir”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twárHati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *twárHati

Sanskrit: त्वरते (tvárate, “to hurry up, hasten”)

⇒ Sanskrit: त्वरयति (tvarayati, “to cause to hasten”)

⇒ Sanskrit: त्वरा (tvarā́, “speed, haste”)

*(s)twr̥H-é-ti (tudati-type thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twr̥Háti (“to hurry”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *truwō (“to stir”) (< metathesized *truH-é-ti)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *ambitruwō (+ *ambi-)

Latin: amptruō (“to execute a figure or movement”)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *truwā

Latin: trua (“ladle”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)twr̥H-néw-ti (new-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *trū́núō (< metathesized *truHnéwti)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *trū́ňňō (+ *-yō)

Ancient Greek: ὀτρύνω (otrúnō, “to stir up; to hasten”) (+ unexplained *o-)

*(s)twr̥H-yé-ti (ye-deponent)

Proto-Germanic: *sturjaną, *þurjaną

Proto-West Germanic: *sturjan (“to stir up, agitate; to propel, move forward”) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: þyrja (“to speed”)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *sturiz (“stirring, agitation; motion”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *sturmaz (“storm”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)towrH-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *stauraz (“disturbance, destruction”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τύρβη (túrbē), σύρβη (súrbē)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: turba

Latin: turma


skwey-

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*skwoy-eh₂ : *skuy-eh₂ (“needle, prickle; thorn”, o-grade)

desctree

Dacian: *skuia (“spruce, fir-tree”)
→ Ancient Greek: Σκουάνες (Skouánes) (toponym)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skwajāˀ, *skujāˀ f (“needles or branches of a coniferous tree”)

Latvian: skuja f (“needle of a fir-tree”)

Lithuanian: skujà f (“needle of a coniferous tree; twig of a pine cone, fish-scale”)

Proto-Slavic: *xvoja f, *xvojь m (see there for further descendants)

*skowyós : *skuyós (o-grade; metathesis)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skaujás m (“twig, cane, arbor”)
Proto-Slavic: *xȗjь (“penis”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *skuja

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *sku-na

desc

Albanian: hu, hû m (“stake, pole; penis”)

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *skun-tā

Albanian: hundë f (“nose”)

*skwi(y)-h₂et-s (zero-grade)

Proto-Celtic: *skʷiyat-s (“hawthorn”) (see there for further descendants)


gʷewH-

*gʷuH-é-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *guHáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *guHáti

Sanskrit: गुवति (guváti, “to defecate”)

*gʷówH-dʰro-m

Proto-Celtic: *bowdrom (“filth”)

Proto-Brythonic: *bʉdr

Middle Welsh: budyr

Welsh: budr

>? Middle Irish: buaidir

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gawāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *govà

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *govьno (“excrement”) (+ *-ьno) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *gaviti

Old East Slavic: огавити (ogaviti)

dialectal Russian: гаведь (gavedʹ), гаведный (gavednyj)

Slovene: gabiti se, ogaba, ogaben

Slovak: ohava (noun), ohavný (adjective)

Proto-Celtic: *bowā (“filth, excrement”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷuH-nó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *guHnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *guHnás

Sanskrit: गून (gūná, “defecated”)

Proto-Iranian: *guHnáh

Khotanese: *gūṃ

⇒ Khotanese: [script needed] (agūṃ, “unpolluted”)

*gʷuH-tHó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *guHtʰás (“excrement”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷuH-tó-s, *gʷweH-tó-s

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: կու (ku), կոյ (koy, “excrement”)

Proto-Germanic: *kwādaz, *kwēdaz

Proto-West Germanic: *kwād (“excrement”) (see there for further descendants)


tḗr (imperative second-person singular)
tr̥h₂dʰí (imperative second-person singular)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒋻𒄴𒈪 (tar-aḫ-mi /taraḫmi/, 1sg.pres.act.)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tär- (“to radiate, spread out”)

Athematic root aorist of *terh₂- (“to cross over”).

trāns

*tŕ̥h₂n̥t-s (< participle *tr̥h₂-n̥t-és)


Proto-Anatolian: *térHʷti ~ *tr̥Hʷánti

Hittite: 𒋻𒄴𒍣 (tar-uḫ-zi, “to overpower”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tŕ̥Hwati (“to overcome, be able”) (see there for further descendants)

Athematic u-present of *terh₂- (“to overcome”).


Proto-Celtic: *taras (“through”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥Hás (“through”) (see there for further descendants)

From *terh₂- (“to cross over, pass through”).

þurhw

through; see there for further descendants

tr̥HaćčáH

*tr̥h₂-m̥-s-kʷé (or < *tr̥h₂-es-kʷe, or *tr̥h₂-os-h₃kʷe)


*té-th₂g-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)

⇒ *te-th₂g-ónt-s (participle)

Proto-Hellenic: *tetagṓn

Ancient Greek: τεταγών (tetagṓn, “having taken”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *tēkaną (< *deh₁g- < *dedg- < *tedg-?) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *tetagai (indic.perf.)

Latin: tetigī (act.perf.)

>? Proto-Tocharian: *tēke

Tocharian B: täk- (secondary ä after full-grade cek-)

⇒ Tocharian B: tetekor (“touch”, noun)

*te-tóh₂g-e ~ *te-th₂g-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

>? Proto-Germanic: *tetōk (“took”, act.ind.past)

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌺 (taitōk)

>? Proto-Italic: *tag-ā-

Old Latin: [Term?] (subj.)

*tóh₂g-e-ti (o-grade thematic present)

>? Proto-Germanic: *takaną

Old Norse: taka (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: [Term?] (subj.)

*th₂-né-g-ti ~ th₂-n-g-énti or *th₂g-néh₂-ti

>? Proto-Celtic: *tongeti (“swears”, verb) (with unusual o-grade) (see there for further descendants)

q

>? Proto-Germanic: *þakkōną (“to touch lightly, stroke”) (or *þakwōną, derived from *téh₂g-us ~ *th₂g-éw-s?) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic:

Old Saxon: thakolōn (“stroke”)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *tangō
Latin: tangō (see there for further descendants)
>? Marrucinian: taa
>? Volscian: atahut

Proto-Italic: *taksō
Latin: taxō (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *takjaną

Proto-West Germanic: *takkjan

Old Frisian: tetsia (“to appropriate”)

*téh₂g(-s)-mn̥ (“contact”, noun)

desc

⇒ Latin: con-tāmin-ō (“bring into contact, touch”, verb) (see there for further descendants)

*n̥-th₂g-ró-s (“untouched”, adjective)

Proto-Italic: *əntagros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *tākslos

>? Latin: tālus (“ankle(bone), knuckle(bone)”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tanxsman?

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: [Term?] (verb)

>? Welsh: teimlo (“to touch, feel”)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Armenian:

⇒ Old Armenian: թակարդ (tʻakard, “trap, snare”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Armenian:

⇒ Old Armenian: թաթ (tʻatʻ, “sole (of the foot), palm; pouch; scale”) (see there for further descendants)


*téh₂g-se-ti (desiderative)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τάξω (táxō, “will establish, will order”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

⇒ Old Persian: [script needed] (ham-ataxšatā, “makes an effort to be orderly”)

q

⇒? *th₂g-t-yé-ti (or change of the suffix in Greek by analogy with the aorist)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *taťťō

desc

Ancient Greek: τάσσω (tássō, “establish, arrange, post”)

Attic Greek: τάττω (táttō)

Proto-Hellenic: *tagā́

Ancient Greek: ταγή (tagḗ, “array, order, supply”)

Proto-Hellenic: *tágmə

Ancient Greek: τάγμα (tágma, “ordinance, command”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tágma

Proto-Iranian: *tágma

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

⇒? Parthian: 𐭕𐭂𐭌-𐭃𐭓 (tgm-dr /tagma-dāra-/, “commander”, a title, literally “order-giver”)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *tāgós

Ancient Greek: τᾱγός (tāgós, “commander, ruler”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“commander, chief”)

Tocharian A: tāśśi pl

Tocharian B: tāś


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *eźis

Proto-Baltic: *ežis

Latvian: ezis

Lithuanian: ežỹs; ẽżis (regional)

Proto-Slavic: *ežь (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: ἔζις (ézis, “hedgehog”)

Initially literally “one that deals with snakes” > “snake-eater”. Related to *h₂éngʷʰis and *h₁ógʷʰis.

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igilaz

hedgehog, sea urchin; see there for further descendants

eshk

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *etska (< *edz-k-a); Albanian


wósn̥

wósn̥ (nominative singular)
wósn̥ (singular vocative)
wósn̥ (accusative singular)
wésn̥s (genitive singular)
wésn̥s (ablative singular)
wésney (dative singular)
wésn̥ (locative singular)
wésni (locative singular)
wósn̥ (nominative singular)
wósn̥ (singular vocative)
wósn̥ (accusative singular)
uséns (genitive singular)
uséns (ablative singular)
uséney (dative singular)
usén (locative singular)
uséni (locative singular)
wósn̥ (nominative singular)
wósn̥ (singular vocative)
wósn̥ (accusative singular)
usnés (genitive singular)
usnés (ablative singular)
usnéy (dative singular)
usén (locative singular)
uséni (locative singular)

From the root *wes- (“to sell, trade”) + *-n̥.


tata-

Proto-Albanian: *tatā

Albanian: tatë (“father, dad”)

Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian:

Anatolian Hieroglyphs script: [Anatolian Hieroglyphs needed] (tá-ti-sa /tátisa/, “father”, nom. sg.)

Cuneiform script: 𒋫𒀀𒋾𒅖 (ta-a-ti-iš /tātiš/, “father”, nom. sg.)

Lycian: 𐊗𐊁𐊅𐊆 (tedi, “father”, nom. sg.)

Lydian: 𐤯𐤠𐤠𐤣𐤠𐤮 (taadaś, “father”, nom. sg.)

Proto-Armenian: *tat(a) (“grandmother; midwife; father”)

Armenian: տատ (tat), տատի (tati), տատա (tata)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tata-

Proto-Baltic: *tet-ia-, *tẽt-iã- (e-vocalism)

East Baltic:

Latgalian: tēte (“dad, daddy”)

Latvian: tētis, tēte (“father, dad”)

Lithuanian: tė̃tis (“father”), tė̃tė (“dad”), tėtýtis; tẽtē (“father”) (East dialectal)

Samogitian: tìtis; táitis (“father”) (dialectal)

West Baltic:

Old Prussian: thetis (“grandfather”)

Proto-Slavic: *tata (“dad, daddy”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tato- (“father”)

Proto-Brythonic: *tad (see there for further descendants)

Old Irish: data (“foster father”)

Proto-Germanic:

Proto-West Germanic:

Bavarian: tatte (“father, dad”)

German: Tate

Middle Dutch: teyte

Old Frisian: *tata

North Frisian: tääte (“father”)

>? Old Norse: táta

Icelandic: táta f

Norwegian Nynorsk: tåte, tåta f

Proto-Hellenic: *tata

Ancient Greek: τατᾶ (tatâ, “daddy”); τέττα (tétta, e-vocalism)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tatás, *tātás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tatás, *tātás

Vedic Sanskrit: तत (tatá)

Sanskrit: तात (tātá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *tatáh, *tātáh

Central Iranian:

Old Avestan: 𐬙𐬁 (tā, “father”)

Northeastern Iranian:

Wakhi: طاط (tat, “father”)

Yagnobi: dodo (“father”)

Southeastern Iranian:

Pashto: دادا (dādā)

Ishkashimi: tot ~ tāt (“father”)

Sanglechi: tā̊t ~ tā̊ (“father”)

Shughni: тат (tat, “father”)

Roshani: таат (taat, “father”); татек (tatēk, “grandfather”)

Western Iranian:

Northwestern Iranian:

Baluchi: دادا (dada, “grandfather”)

Proto-Medo-Parthian: *dada

Eshtehardi: دادا (dādā, “father”)

Talysh: dada (“father”)

Zazaki: ded (“father's brother”), dedo (voc.)

Southwestern Iranian:

Northern Luri: تاته (uncle, “tāta”)

Proto-Nuristani: *tā́ta, *tā́tta

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: tót

Kativiri: tó

Prasuni: yá, yé

Southern Nuristani:

Waigali: tati, tatë, tëtë

Proto-Italic: *tata

Latin: tata (“dad, daddy”) (see there for further descendants)

onomatopoeic

imitative

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wreyd-

*wréyd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *wrītaną (see there for further descendants)

*wrid-néh₂-ti ~ *wrid-n̥h₂-énti (neh₂-iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *writtōną (see there for further descendants)

*wroyd-éye-ti (causative)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *wraitijaną (“to vex, excite”) (see there for further descendants)

*wríd-i-s (i-stem noun)

Proto-Germanic: *writiz (“scratch, carving, engraving; crack, fissure”) (see there for further descendants)


ḱóymos

From o-grade of the root *ḱey- (“to settle”) + *-mos.