kap-

*káp-s ~ *k(a)p-és (root noun)

Proto-Italic: *kaps

>? Latin: *caps, -ceps (only for nom.sg.) (only in compounds)

q

derived like <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʰébʰōl</i> ?

*káp-ōl ~ *k(a)p-l-és (derived like *gʰébʰōl ?)

desc

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kapā́las (“head, skull; bowl”) (see there for further descendants)

*káp-ut ~ *k(a)p-wét-s (“head”)

*kap-u-lon-

Proto-Germanic: *habulô

Proto-West Germanic: *habulō (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; may be the same as the verbal root in *kap- (Etymology 1) above, particularly if it developed figuratively from the sense “cup, bowl” as retained in Proto-Celtic *kaɸukos and perhaps Sanskrit कपाल (kapā́la). Otherwise, sound-symbolic or borrowed from a substrate, as evidenced by the a-grade.


*h₁éd-ti ~ *h₁d-énti (athematic root present)

*h₁od-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *atjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hādáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hādáyati

Sanskrit: आदयति (ādáyati)

*h₁ōd-e/o- (a lengthened grade of disputed origin)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ուտեմ (utem)

Proto-Germanic: *ēsaz (“food, carrion, bait”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: yats (“skin”)

Tocharian B: yetse (“skin”)

*h₁éd-tōr (“eater”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अत्तृ (attṛ́)

Proto-Italic: *essōr

Latin: ēsor

Proto-Hellenic: *ayerīston

Ancient Greek: ᾱ̓́ρῑστον (ā́rīston)

*h₁éd-nom (“eaten”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hádnam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hánnam

Sanskrit: अन्न (ánna) (see there for further descendants)

*h₁éd-wr̥ ~ *h₁d-wén-s

Proto-Germanic: *etunaz (from thematicized *h₁ed-un-os) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

q

from <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">*ἔδϝαρ</i> (*édwar)

Ancient Greek: εἶδαρ (eîdar) (from *ἔδϝαρ (*édwar))

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: *अद्वर (*advará) (from thematicized *h₁ed-wer-os)

desc

⇒ Sanskrit: व्यद्वर (vyadvará, “rodent”)

*n̥-h₁d-ti- (“having no eating”)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: նաւթի (nawtʻi, “hungry”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νῆστις (nêstis, “not eating, fasting, sober (jejune)”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *eda

Albanian: ha (“I eat”) (with preservation of the laryngeal?)

Anatolian:

Luwian: 𒀀𒁺𒈾 (aduna)


gʷṓws

gʷṓws (nominative singular)
gʷówh₁ (dual nominative)
gʷówes (nominative plural)
gʷów (singular vocative)
gʷówh₁ (dual vocative)
gʷówes (plural vocative)
gʷṓm (accusative singular)
gʷówh₁ (accusative dual)
gʷówm̥s (accusative plural)
gʷéws (genitive singular)
gʷéwoHom (genitive plural)
gʷéws (ablative singular)
gʷéwmos (ablative plural)
gʷéwey (dative singular)
gʷéwmos (dative plural)
gʷéw (locative singular)
gʷéwi (locative singular)
gʷéwsu (locative plural)
gʷéwh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷéwmis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *gau

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *gauka

Albanian: gak (“boar”)

q

Proto-Albanian: *kē (from earlier *kʷē) (an early loanword from a different IE language)

Albanian: ka (“ox”)

Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian:

desc

Anatolian Hieroglyphs script: 𔑺𔗬𔗔 (^(BOS)wa/i-s(a) /wawis/)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: կով (kov)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gaw-, *gōw-

Latgalian: gūvs

Latvian: govs

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *govędo < *gʷew-n̥d- (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *gumьno (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *gavęzь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *bāus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kōz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷous (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gā́wš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gʷōs (see there for further descendants)

Thracian: bonassos (possibly)

Proto-Tocharian: *kew- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: kaiyye

boukolyos

*gʷow-kʷólh₁-o-s (“cowherd”) (+ *kʷelh₁- (“to make a turn, turn around”))


non-ablauting (romanization)
dl̥h₁gʰóh₁ (dual nominative)
dl̥h₁gʰé (singular vocative)
dl̥h₁gʰóh₁ (dual vocative)
dl̥h₁gʰóh₁ (accusative dual)
dl̥h₁gʰóh₁ (instrumental singular)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂ (nominative singular)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂ (singular vocative)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
dl̥h₁gʰā́m (accusative singular)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂ (locative singular)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂ (nominative plural)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂ (plural vocative)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂ (accusative plural)

Albanian: gjatë (< *dlata < *dlagta; regular loss of first stop in dental clusters)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒁍𒁕𒀸 (GÍD.DA-aš)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dílˀgas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *tulguz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δολιχός (dolikhós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥Hgʰás (see there for further descendants)

From the stem *delh₁gʰ- (“~ to be long; to last, endure”), found in Ancient Greek ἐνδελεχέω (endelekhéō, “to continue”), ἐνδελεχής (endelekhḗs, “continuous”) and probably Latin indulgeō (“to concede”), which appears to be a compound of a marginally attested root *del(h₁)- (“long”) (cf. Russian длина́ (dliná), Old Czech dél (“length”), Proto-Slavic *dьliti (“to last, prolong, delay”) and Old Norse tálma (“to hinder”)) plus an unknown root *h₁egʰ- or suffix *-gʰ-.
Resemblance to the synonym *dlongʰos is conspicuous and probably not by coincidence, but a formal connection is difficult, due to the presence of the laryngeal in one but not the other.


Proto-Albanian: *ōusi

Albanian: vesh

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ունկն (unkn) (singulative), ականջք (akanǰkʻ) (plural) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aus-

Latvian: auss

Lithuanian: ausis

Old Prussian: āusins

Proto-Slavic: *uxo (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ausos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ausô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: οὖς (oûs)

Doric Greek: ὦς (ôs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HušíH du

Proto-Iranian: *HušíH (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *auzis
Latin: auris, ōris
→ English: aur-
⇒ Latin: auricula (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

desc

Sanskrit: उषस् (uṣás, “the outer passage of the ear”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Húšma

Proto-Nuristani:

Northern Nuristani:

Prasuni: yǘmu

From *h₂ew- (“to see”) + *-s (root nominal suffix), with a semantic shift to "to hear" after the split of Anatolian branch.


werǵ-

*wérǵ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *wregeti (see there for further descendants) (through schwebeablaut)

*wr̥ǵ-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

*wérǵ-ye-ti (full-grade ye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *wirkijaną (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔρδω (érdō, “I do”)

Ancient Greek: ῥέζω (rhézō, “I do”) (< *wreǵ-ye- with secondary e-grade)

Proto-Celtic: *wergā (“anger”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Hellenic: *worgā́ (“temper; anger, passion”)

desctree

Ancient Greek: ὀργή (orgḗ)
Greek: οργή (orgí)

*werǵ-o-s

Proto-Celtic: *wergos (adj.) (see there for further descendants)

*worǵ-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *worgós, *-worgós (“worker, maker”)

Ancient Greek: -ουργός (-ourgós)

Mycenaean Greek: -𐀺𐀒 (-wo-ko /-worgos/)

*wérǵ-o-m

*wr̥ǵ-tó-s

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Albanian: argëtoj, argëtim

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὄργανον (órganon) (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: ὄργιον (órgion), ὄργῐᾰ (órgia)

desc

>? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀺𐀫𐀑𐀍𐀚𐀍 (wo-ro-ki-jo-ne-jo /worgioneios/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *warȷ́-

Proto-Iranian: *warj- (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swawr̥šti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swawr̥ṣṭi

Sanskrit: स्ववृष्टि (svávṛṣṭi, “doing his own work, epithet of Indra”)

Proto-Tocharian: *wärk-

Tocharian A: wärkṣäl

Tocharian B: warkṣäl


wṓkʷs

wokʷ- (oblique stem)
wṓkʷs (nominative singular)
wókʷh₁ (dual nominative)
wókʷes (nominative plural)
wók (singular vocative)
wókʷh₁ (dual vocative)
wókʷes (plural vocative)
wókʷm̥ (accusative singular)
wókʷh₁ (accusative dual)
wókʷm̥s (accusative plural)
wókʷs (genitive singular)
wókʷoHom (genitive plural)
wókʷs (ablative singular)
wókʷmos (ablative plural)
wókʷey (dative singular)
wókʷmos (dative plural)
wók (locative singular)
wókʷi (locative singular)
wókʷsu (locative plural)
wókʷh₁ (instrumental singular)
wókʷmis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: wackis (“outcry”)

(possibly) Latvian: vāci (“Germans”)

(possibly) Lithuanian: vokietis (“German”)

Proto-Hellenic: *wókʷs

Ancient Greek: ὄψ (óps)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wā́kš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wōks (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *wek (see there for further descendants)

From o-grade root noun of *wekʷ- (“to speak”).

giwahan

Proto-Germanic: *wōhmaz, *wōhmô; Old High German

wēman

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wōhmijaną (“to sound, make a noise”)


ḱléwos

ḱléwes- (oblique stem)
ḱléwos (nominative singular)
ḱléwōs (nominative plural)
ḱléwos (singular vocative)
ḱléwōs (plural vocative)
ḱléwos (accusative singular)
ḱléwōs (accusative plural)
ḱléwesos (genitive singular)
ḱléwesoHom (genitive plural)
ḱléwesos (ablative singular)
ḱléwesmos (ablative plural)
ḱléwesey (dative singular)
ḱléwesmos (dative plural)
ḱléwes (locative singular)
ḱléwesi (locative singular)
ḱléwesu (locative plural)
ḱléwesmis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *klāusnja (denominative)

Albanian: quaj

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ślawas (*ew > *ow / _V)

Latvian: slava, slave (“rumor, reputation, fame”)

Lithuanian: šlãvė (“honor, respect, fame”)

Proto-Slavic: *slȍvo (“word”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *klowos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hlewaz

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᛚᛖᚹᚨᛉ (*hlewaʀ)

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚺᛚᛖᚹᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (hlewagastiʀ)

Proto-Hellenic: *kléwos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćráwas (see there for further descendants)

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


wekʷ-

*wékʷ-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wákti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wákti

Sanskrit: वक्ति (vákti)

Proto-Iranian: *wáxti

⇒ Northern Kurdish: bang (“call”)

⇒ Northern Kurdish: deng (“voice”)

⇒ Northern Kurdish: gotin (“to say”), -bêj-

*wókʷ-e-ti (o-grade root thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *gawahwaną (“to mention”) (see there for further descendants)

*wókʷ-ye-ti (o-grade root ye-present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: գոչեմ (gočʻem, “to cry out”)

*wí-wekʷ-ti ~ *wí-wk-n̥ti (i-reduplicated root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wíwakti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wíwakti

Vedic Sanskrit: विवक्ति (vívakti)

*we-wókʷ-e ~ *we-wkʷ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wawā́ča (see there for further descendants)

*wé-wk-e-t (reduplicated thematic aorist)

*wṓkʷ-s

*wékʷ-os ~ *wékʷ-es-os

Proto-Celtic: *wekʷos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wékʷos

Ancient Greek: ἔπος (épos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáčas (see there for further descendants)

*wékʷ-ti-s ~ *ukʷ-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uktíš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wektís

Proto-Slavic: *veťь (“thing”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wihtiz (“being”) (see there for further descendants)

*wokʷ-tló-m

Proto-Celtic: *woxtlom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waktrám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waktrám

Sanskrit: वक्त्र (vaktrá, “mouth”)

*wókʷ-to-s

Proto-Germanic: *wahtaz

Old Norse: váttr (“witness”)

Faroese: váttur

*wokʷ-smn̥

Proto-Celtic: *woxsman

Middle Irish: fúaimm

Irish: fuaim

Scottish Gaelic: fuaim

Proto-Hellenic: *woťťa

Ancient Greek: ὄσσα (óssa), ὄττα (ótta)

*ukʷ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uktás (see there for further descendants)

*h₁weru-wokʷ-, *h₁uru-wkʷ- (“far-sounding”)

Proto-Hellenic: *ewrúwokʷā

Ancient Greek: εὐρύοπα (eurúopa)

Indo-Iranian:

Vedic Sanskrit: उरूची (urūcī́)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: ves

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (huek-), [script needed] (huk-, “to conjure, swear”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: enwackē (“they call”)


ḱlew-

*ḱléw-se-ti (se-desiderative)

⇒ *ḱlews-

*ḱléw-t ~ *ḱl̥w-ént (athematic root aorist)

*ḱlows-

Proto-Albanian: *klāusnja

Albanian: quaj

*ḱléw-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *kleyyō

Ancient Greek: κλείω (kleíō), κλέω (kléō)

*ḱlḗw-s-t ~ *ḱléw-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Tocharian: *klyeus- (see there for further descendants)

*ḱl̥-né-w-ti ~ *ḱl̥-n-w-énti (nasal-infix present)

*ḱlow-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćrāwáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śrāwáyati

desctree

Sanskrit: श्रावयति (śrāváyati)
Kashmiri: ہاوُن (hāvun, “to show”)

Proto-Iranian: *crāwáyati

desc

𐬯𐬭𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌

Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (srāuuaiieⁱti)

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: slwtn' (/srūdan/, “to sing, recite, play”), slʾd- (/srāy-/, present stem)

Persian: سرودن (sorudan, “to sing”)

Parthian: srʾwyyd (/srāwēd/, “to sing”, impv.pl.)

*ḱe-ḱlów-e ~ *ḱe-ḱl̥w-ḗr (stative)

*ḱl̥w-éh₁-ti (éh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *klaušás

Proto-Slavic: *sluxъ

Latvian: sluvêt

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥wáHti

Proto-Iranian: *cr̥wáHti

Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬉 (sruiiē)

Proto-Italic: *kluēō (“to be known”)

Latin: clueō

Messapic: [script needed] (klaohi /klauhi/, “listen, hear”)

*ḱlew-eto-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κλειτός (kleitós)

*ḱléw-mn̥ ~ *ḱlu-mén-s

Proto-Germanic: *hleumô (“hearing”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćráwma

Proto-Iranian: *cráwma

Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬀𐬥 (sraoman, “hearing”)

⇒ *ḱléw-mn̥-to-

Proto-Germanic: *hleumundaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćráwmatam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śráwmatam

Sanskrit: श्रोमत (śrómata, “good fame”)

*ḱléw-os ~ *ḱléw-es-os

*ḱlew-ēs (< **ḱlew-es-s)

Proto-Hellenic: *kléwēs

Ancient Greek: -κλέης (-kléēs, “fame, glory”), -κλῆς (-klês), used in Greek male given names, such as Ἡρακλῆς (Hēraklês), Περικλῆς (Periklês)

*ḱlēw-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ślṓˀwāˀ (see there for further descendants)

*ḱlow-ro- or *ḱlu-ro-

desctree

Old Armenian: լուր (lur)
Armenian: լուր (lur)

*ḱlú-ti-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćrútiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śrútiṣ

desc

Sanskrit: श्रुति (śrúti, “hearing, listening”)

*ḱlu-tó-s (“heard, famous”)

*ḱléw-tro-m

Proto-Germanic: *hleuþrą (“noise”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćráwtram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śráwtram

Sanskrit: श्रोत्र (śrótra, “ear”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Northern Kurdish: stirîn (“to sing”)

From *ḱel- (“to incline”) according to Pokorny.
A relation with Proto-Uralic *kuwle- (“to hear”) (with metathesis of 'l' and 'w') has been suggested.

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


swep-

*sup-ór

desctree

Proto-Anatolian: *supó
Hittite: 𒋗𒌒𒉺𒊑 (šu-up-pa-ri /šuppāri/, 3sg.pres.mid.)

*swép-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *swefaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swápati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swápati

Vedic Sanskrit: स्वपति (svápati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *hwápati (see there for further descendants)

*swop-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *swabjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swapáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swapáyati

Sanskrit: स्वपयति (svapáyati), स्वापयति (svāpáyati, “to put to sleep, lull; to put to death”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sōpiō

*swép-ye-ti or *swṓp-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Germanic:

Old Norse: sǿfa (“to kill”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sōpiō

*swép-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁e-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swábdʰHati

Proto-Iranian: *hwábdHati

desc

Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬠𐬛𐬀- (xᵛabda-, “to fall asleep”)

*swóp-r̥ ~ *swép-n̥s or *swép-r̥ ~ *sup-n-ós or *swóp-r̥ ~ *sup-n-ós

*súp-r̥ (generalized zero-grade)

⇒ *sup-r̥-wént-s

Proto-Anatolian: *sup-r̥-wánt-s

Hittite: 𒋗𒌒𒈦𒉿𒀭𒍝 (su-up-pár-wa-an-za /supparwanz(a)/, “sleepy(?)”)

⇒ *sup-r̥-yé/ó-ti

Proto-Anatolian: *sup-r̥-yé/ó-ti

Hittite: 𒋗𒌒𒉺𒊑𒅀𒉡𒌦 (šu-up-pa-ri-i̯a-nu-un /suppariyanun/, 1sg.pret.act.)

Proto-Hellenic: *húpər

Ancient Greek: ὕπᾰρ (húpar, “reality”)

*sup-n-ó-s

⇒ *súp-n-i(y)-o-m (“dream”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: съниѥ (sŭnije)

>? Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: sänmetse (“in a trance”)

*swép-n-o-s

*swop-n-o-s

⇒ *swóp-n-i(y)-o-m (“dream”) (cf. *súpni(y)om above)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: sapnỹs (“sleep, dream”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swápniyam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swápniyam

Sanskrit: स्वप्न्यम् (svápnyam, “vision in a dream”)

>? Proto-Italic: *swopnjom

Latin: somnium (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: քուն (kʻun) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *swápnas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *swepnos

Latin: somnus (see there for further descendants)

>? *swép-os-

Proto-Italic: *swepōs

q

Latin: sopor (alternatively from *swópr̥, or from a root noun)

*sup-tó-

Proto-Anatolian: *suptós

⇒ Proto-Anatolian: *suptór (verb)

desc

Hittite: 𒋗𒌒𒋫𒊑 (šu-up-ta-ri /šuptari/, 3sg.pres.mid.)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *sъpati (see there for further descendants)


weyd-

*wéyd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *weideti (“to tell, relate”) (see there for further descendants)

q

>? Proto-Germanic: *wlītaną (“to see, look”) (#wl contamination perhaps from *wel- ~ *wl- (“to see”)) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wlaitōną (“to search”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wlitiz (“sight, appearance, face”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wītaną (“to direct the attention to, to scold”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wéidō

Ancient Greek: εἴδομαι (eídomai, “to be seen, appear”)

*wid-é-t (thematic root aorist)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: եգիտ (egit, “to find”)

Proto-Hellenic: *widon

Ancient Greek: εἶδον (eîdon)

Proto-Italic: *woidai (third person singular: *woide(d))

Latin: vīdī (third person singular: vīdit)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *widēō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwidat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwidat

Sanskrit: अविदत् (ávidat)

Proto-Iranian: *Háwidat

Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬛𐬀𐬝 (vīdat̰)

*wi-né-d-ti ~ *wi-n-d-énti (nasal-infix present)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: գտանեմ (gtanem)
Armenian: գտնել (gtnel)

Proto-Celtic: *windeti

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨbod (see there for further descendants)

Old Irish: ro·finnadar (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *winátˢti

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: विन्दति (vindáti) (thematicised from weak stem)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬍 (vīnastī)

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬌 (vinasti)

desc

Middle Persian: 𐫇𐫏𐫗𐫅𐫏𐫗𐫅 (wyndynd /windēnd/, 3pl.pres.ind.)

Parthian: 𐫇𐫏𐫗𐫅𐫏𐫅 (wyndyd /windēd/, 3sg.pres.ind.)

Northern Kurdish: -bîn-/-wîn-

*wóyd-e ~ *wid-ḗr (“to have seen, to know”, stative)

*woyd-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Celtic:

Old Irish: foídid

Proto-Germanic: *waitijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waydáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waydáyati

Sanskrit: वेदयति (vedáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *waydáyati

Old Avestan: 𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬉𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨𐬀𐬵𐬍 (āuuaēδaiiamahī, 1pl.pres.caus.)

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬨𐬌 (vaēδaiiemi, 1sg.pres.caus.)

*wéyd-se-ti (“to want to see”, desiderative)

*widónts (“seeing”)

*wéyd-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wéiˀdas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *weidos (see there for further descendants)

*wéyd-os ~ *wéyd-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *wéidos

Ancient Greek: εἶδος (eîdos, “appearance; sight”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáydas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáydas

Sanskrit: वेदस् (védas, “knowledge, science”)

Proto-Iranian: *wáydah

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬜𐬀𐬵 (vaēδah)

*wóyd-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáydas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáydas

Sanskrit: वेद (véda, “knowledge”)

Proto-Hellenic: *weidālimos

Ancient Greek: εἰδάλιμος (eidálimos)

Proto-Hellenic: *əweidelos

Ancient Greek: ἀείδελος (aeídelos)

*wéyd-ih₂ ~ *wid-yéh₂-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waydyáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waydyáH

Sanskrit: वेद्या (vedyā́, “knowledge; art”)

Proto-Hellenic: *weidōlon

Ancient Greek: εἴδωλον (eídōlon)

*wéyd-ti-s ~ *wid-téy-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *waiˀstis

Latvian: vēsts

Proto-Slavic: *vě̏stь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वित्ति (vítti)

*weyd-to-s

Proto-Germanic: *wīsaz (“wise”) (see there for further descendants)

*wéyd-tōr ~ *wid-tr-és (“viewer, witness”)

*wéyd-tu-s ~ *wid-téw-s (“(act of) seeing, knowledge”)

Proto-Celtic: *wissus (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: vīsus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *əwidās

Ancient Greek: Ἀΐδης (Aḯdēs)

Proto-Hellenic: *widéhā

Ancient Greek: ἰδέᾱ (idéā)

*n̥-wid-ḗs (<*n̥-wid-és-s)

Proto-Hellenic: *əwidḗs

Ancient Greek: ἀϊδής (aïdḗs)

*né-wid-s

Proto-Hellenic: *néwits

Ancient Greek: νῆις (nêis)

Proto-Hellenic: *idmōn

Ancient Greek: ἴδμων (ídmōn)

*wid-ri-s

Proto-Hellenic: *widris

Ancient Greek: ἴδρις (ídris)

*wid-ró-s

Proto-Germanic: *witraz (see there for further descendants)

*wid-tó-s

*wid-yó-s

Proto-Germanic: *witją (“knowledge; reason, sense, understanding; wit”)

q

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*wid-y-éh₂</i>

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *widyáH (from *wid-y-éh₂)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *widyáH

desc

Sanskrit: विद्या (vidyā́, “knowledge, science; scholarship”)

Unsorted formations

Albanian:

Albanian: *vidsa

Albanian: vizë

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գիւտ (giwt)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weiˀdēˀtei (probably a secondary formation)

Latgalian: veidētʹ (“to be visible”)

Latvian: viedêt

Lithuanian: veizdė́ti

Proto-Slavic: *vìděti (see there for further descendants)

Lithuanian: vaizdas

Old Prussian: widdai

Proto-Germanic: *wīsǭ (“manner, way”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀΐδηλος (aḯdēlos)

Phrygian: wit-

Proto-Tocharian: *wäwén- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *wiäime (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayd-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wayd-

Sanskrit: विद् (vid)

Proto-Iranian: *wayd- (see there for further descendants)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


ménos

ménes- (oblique stem)
ménos (nominative singular)
ménōs (nominative plural)
ménos (singular vocative)
ménōs (plural vocative)
ménos (accusative singular)
ménōs (accusative plural)
ménesos (genitive singular)
ménesoHom (genitive plural)
ménesos (ablative singular)
ménesmos (ablative plural)
ménesey (dative singular)
ménesmos (dative plural)
ménes (locative singular)
ménesi (locative singular)
ménesu (locative plural)
ménesmis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mánas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ménos

Ancient Greek: μένος (ménos)

هومن

Middle Persian: [script needed] (hūman, “good-minded person”)


*wemh₁-ti (root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wámHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wámHti

Sanskrit: वमिति (vámiti)

*wemh₁-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wámati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wámati

desctree

Sanskrit: वमति (vámati)
Dardic:
Kalasha: bómik
Assamese: বমি (bomi)
Bengali: বমি (bomi)

Kashmiri: ومُن (wamun)

Proto-Italic: *wemō

Latin: vomō (see there for further descendants)

*wemh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: vem̃t

Lithuanian: vémti

Proto-Italic: *wematos

Latin: vomitus

Proto-Hellenic: *wémetos

Ancient Greek: ἔμετος (émetos)

Proto-Germanic: *wammaz, *wammijaną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *wamā

Albanian: *umë

Albanian: umas

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vėmalai

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐμέω (eméō)

Iranian: + -ār

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: bîvêr ('sick, ill')

Middle Persian: 𐭥𐭩𐭬𐭠𐭫 (wēmār) ('sick, ill')

Persian: بیمار (bīmār) ('sick, ill')


skey-

*skey-(e)-ti (root present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: škeit' (“to pluck”)

Proto-Celtic: *skeyeti (“to vomit”)
Old Irish: sceïd
Irish: sceith
Scottish Gaelic: sgeith
Manx: skeeah
→ Old Norse: skjaðak
>? Norwegian Nynorsk: skjæraks
Swedish: skäde

*ski-yé-ti (yé-present)

desc

Proto-Italic: *skijō (“to distinguish, discern”)

Latin: sciō (“to know”) (see there for further descendants)

*skey-to-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: škīts

Latvian: šķiets

Lithuanian: skietas

Proto-Slavic: *ščítъ (“shield”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *skeitos (“shield, cover”) (see there for further descendants)

q

or <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*skeyt-ó-m</i>

*skey-t-ó-m (or *skeyt-ó-m)

Proto-Germanic: *skīdą (“stick”) (see there for further descendants)

or <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*skoyt-o-m</i>

*skoy-to-m (or *skoyt-o-m)

Proto-Italic: *skoitom

>? Latin: scūtum (“shield”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *skeitsā

Albanian: shqisë

Proto-Celtic: *skiyenā (“knife”)

desctree

Old Irish: scían
Middle Irish: scian
Irish: scian
Manx: skynn
Scottish Gaelic: sgian
→ Middle English: skene, sceyne
English: skean, skene, skeyn
→ Old Welsh: *scien
Middle Welsh: ysgien
Welsh: ysgien

*skey-d-

*skey-bʰ-, *skey-p-, *skey-b-?

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: škibît (“to cut, lop (off)”)

Lithuanian: skiẽbti (“to rip up”)

⇒ *skibʰ-on- or *skip-ón-

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skībǭ (“slice, thin layer”)

⇒ *skib-o-m?

>? Proto-Germanic: *skipą (“hollow(ed-out) object; ship”) (see there for further descendants)

*skey-t-

⇒ *skóyt-e-ti (o-grade present)

Proto-Germanic: *skaiþaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *skaiþiz (“carved-out hollow; sheath, vessel”) (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps from a reanalysis of *sek- (“to cut”) + *-éy-.


-mō

-mō (nominative singular)
é-mō (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-mones (nominative plural)
é-mones (nominative plural)
-mon (singular vocative)
é-mon (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-mones (plural vocative)
é-mones (plural vocative)
-monm̥ (accusative singular)
é-monm̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-monm̥s (accusative plural)
é-monm̥s (accusative plural)
-m̥nés (genitive singular)
Ø-m̥nés (genitive singular)
-m̥nóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-m̥nóHom (genitive plural)
-m̥nés (ablative singular)
Ø-m̥nés (ablative singular)
-mn̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-mn̥mós (ablative plural)
-m̥néy (dative singular)
Ø-m̥néy (dative singular)
-mn̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-mn̥mós (dative plural)
-mén (locative singular)
Ø-mén (locative singular)
-méni (locative singular)
Ø-méni (locative singular)
-mn̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-mn̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-m̥néh₁ (instrumental singular)
-mn̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-mn̥mís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-mō

Lithuanian: -muo

Proto-Slavic: *-my

Proto-Celtic: *-mū

Old Irish: -em

Proto-Hellenic: *-mōn

Ancient Greek: -μων (-mōn)

Proto-Germanic: *-mô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-mā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-mā

Sanskrit: -मन् (-man)

Proto-Iranian: *-mā

Avestan: -𐬨𐬀 (-ma), -𐬨𐬀𐬥 (-man)

Proto-Italic: *-mō

Latin: -mōnium, -mōnia

Cognates with a different ablaut:
* *-mn̥
* *-mḗn
See also *-h₃onh₂- and *-ō.


weǵʰ-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waȷ́ʰ- (see there for further descendants)

*wéǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*wḗǵʰ-s-t ~ *wéǵʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

*woǵʰ-éye-ti (causative/iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wáźīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wagjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wokʰéyomai

q

Ancient Greek: ὀχέομαι (okhéomai, “to be borne or carried”) (confused with ὀχέω (okhéō) < *soǵʰ-éye-ti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wāȷ́ʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wāźʰáyati

Sanskrit: वाहयति (vāhayati)

*woǵʰ-lo-s

Ancient Greek: ὄχλος (ókhlos)

*weǵʰ-no-s

Proto-Celtic: *wegnos (see there for further descendants)

*woǵʰ-no-s

Proto-Germanic: *wagnaz (see there for further descendants)

*weǵʰ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *wegaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wextā (see there for further descendants)

*wéǵʰ-tis ~ *uǵʰ-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uždʰíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uẓḍʰíṣ

Sanskrit: ऊढि (ūḍhí)

Proto-Italic: *wektis

Latin: vectis (see there for further descendants)

*uǵʰ-tós (“carried”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uždʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uẓḍʰás

Sanskrit: ऊढ (ūḍhá)

*weǵʰ-tlom / *weǵʰ-s-lom

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weźsla

Proto-Slavic: *veslò (“oar”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *wekslom

Latin: vēlum (see there for further descendants)

*weǵʰ-í-tlom

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waȷ́ʰítram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waźʰítram

Sanskrit: वहित्र (vahítra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *weɣitlom

Latin: vehiculum (see there for further descendants)

*wóǵʰ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *waźas

Proto-Slavic: *vȏzъ (“wagon, chariot”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wókʰos

desc

Ancient Greek: ὄχος (ókhos, “carriage, cart, chariot”)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀺𐀏 (wo-ka /wokha/, “vehicle”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wā́ȷ́ʰas

Proto-Iranian: *wā́źʰas

Sanskrit: वाह (vā́ha)

*wéǵʰ-tōr ~ *uǵʰ-tr-és (“carrier”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáždʰā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wektōr

Latin: vector (see there for further descendants)

*weǵʰ-yó-m

Proto-Germanic: *wigją (“horse”, literally “carrier”) (see there for further descendants)

*uǵʰ-éh₂

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *uj́ā-

Albanian: udhë

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *wedza

Albanian: vjedh

Italic: (possibly) *wijā

Latin: via (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Germanic: *andijaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *antíos

Ancient Greek: ἀντίος (antíos, “opposite”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hántyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hántyas

Sanskrit: अन्त्य (ántya, “last”)

Proto-Iranian: *Hántyah

Avestan: -𐬀𐬧𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬀 (-aṇdiia, “summit, pick”) (as combine noun in name of angel, Parandi [ 𐬞𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬧𐬛𐬍 (pāraṇdī),𐬞𐬁𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬛𐬀𐬌 (pārəṇdai, “(godness of) wealth, richness”)] )

Proto-Italic:

Latin: antiae (“forelock”)


*h₃ép ~ *h₃p-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háp

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háp

Sanskrit: अप् (áp)

Proto-Hellenic: *opā́

>? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀃𐀞 (o-pa) (unless < *h₃erbʰ-?)

*h₃ép-(i)s, *h₃óp-(i)s

Proto-Italic: *opis

Latin: ops, ⇒ cōpia

⇒? Oscan:

Proto-Germanic: *aflą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾𒀭𒍝 (ḫa-ap-pí-na-an-za /ḫappinanta/)

(perhaps) Italic: *opelentos (by dissimilation of *n-*n to *l-*n)

Latin: opulentus

desctree

Proto-Italic: *opnis
Latin: omnis (see there for further descendants)
Oscan: úinim

*h₃ép-n-os ~ *h₃ép-n-es

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápnas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hápnas

Sanskrit: अप्नस् (ápnas)

*h₃ép-os ~ *h₃ép-es-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hápas

Sanskrit: अपस् (ápas)

q

compounded with <i class="Latn mention" lang="iir-pro">*Hsu-</i>

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HsuHápas (compounded with *Hsu-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *opos

Latin: opus

⇒ Proto-Italic: *opezāō

Latin: operor

Oscan:

𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌍𐌞𐌌 (úpsannúm), 𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌍𐌖 (úpsannu, gerundive.acc.sg.m.n.)

𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌍𐌀𐌌 (úpsannam), 𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌀𐌌 (úpsanam, gerundive.acc.sg.f.)

οπσανω (opsanō, gerundive.acc.pl.n.)

𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌃 (úpsed), 𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌃 (upsed, 3s.pf.)

𐌖𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌍𐌔 (uupsens), 𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌍𐌔 (upsens), ουπσενς (oupsens, 3p.pf.)

𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌇 𐌔𐌄𐌍𐌕 (upsatuh sent, 3p.pf.ps.n.?)

Paelignian: upsaseter (3s/p.ipf.sb.ps.)

South Picene:

·𐌐𐌄𐌔𐌀𐌞·𐌌 (pesaú m, inf.)

·𐌐𐌔𐌞𐌕 (psút), ·𐌐𐌔𐌞𐌒 (psúq, 3s.pf.)

Umbrian:

osatu (3s.ipv.II)

oset(a est), oseto (est) (3s.pf.ps.f.)

Vestinian: ośens (3p.pf.)

*h₃ép-r̥ ~ *h₃p-ér-

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄩𒀀𒀊𒈦 (ḫa-a-ap-pár /ḫāppar/)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *apstus

desc

Lithuanian: apstus (“rich, plentiful, abundant”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: (perhaps)

Albanian: punë

Armenian: (perhaps)

Old Armenian: *աւն (*awn)

Proto-Germanic: *abnijaną (see there for further descendants) (perhaps)

Proto-Hellenic: (perhaps)

>? Ancient Greek: ὄμπνη (ómpnē, “nourishment”) (most likely Pre-Greek)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wardas (from the o-grade *wordʰh₁om)

Latgalian: vuords (“word, name”)

Latvian: vārds (“name, word”)

Lithuanian: var̃das (“name”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirdas (from the zero-grade *wr̥dʰh₁om)

Old Prussian: wirds

→ Proto-Finnic: *virci (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wurdą (from the zero-grade *wr̥dʰh₁om) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *werβom (see there for further descendants)

From *werh₁- (“to speak, say”), with the extension *-dʰh₁-o- (from *dʰeh₁- (“to put”)), which expresses the perfective aspect.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


n̥-

Proto-Albanian: *a-

Albanian: e-

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ան- (an-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *an- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *un- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ə- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *a- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ən- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *e(n)- (see there for further descendants)

Zero grade form of the sentence negative *ne, used with verbal adjectives and forming bahuvrihis.


snóygʷʰos

non-ablauting (romanization)
snóygʷʰos (nominative singular)
snóygʷʰoes (nominative plural)
snóygʷʰe (singular vocative)
snóygʷʰoes (plural vocative)
snóygʷʰom (accusative singular)
snóygʷʰoms (accusative plural)
snóygʷʰosyo (genitive singular)
snóygʷʰoHom (genitive plural)
snóygʷʰead (ablative singular)
snóygʷʰomos (ablative plural)
snóygʷʰoey (dative singular)
snóygʷʰomos (dative plural)
snóygʷʰey (locative singular)
snóygʷʰoy (locative singular)
snóygʷʰoysu (locative plural)
snóygʷʰōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *snáigas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *snaiwaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *snáyǰʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *snáyźʰas

Sanskrit: स्नेह (snéha, “greasiness, slime; body fluid, etc.”)

Prakrit: siṇēha ("snow")

From *sneygʷʰ- (“to snow”) + *-os (thematic performance/action noun suffix). Compare the root noun *snígʷʰs.


snéygʷʰs

snéygʷʰs (nominative singular)
snéygʷʰes (nominative plural)
snéyg (singular vocative)
snéygʷʰes (plural vocative)
snéygʷʰm̥ (accusative singular)
snéygʷʰm̥s (accusative plural)
snigʷʰés (genitive singular)
snigʷʰóHom (genitive plural)
snigʷʰés (ablative singular)
snigʷʰmós (ablative plural)
snigʷʰéy (dative singular)
snigʷʰmós (dative plural)
snéyg (locative singular)
snéygʷʰi (locative singular)
snigʷʰsú (locative plural)
snigʷʰmís (instrumental plural)

Celtic:

Old Irish: snige (“drip, flowing”) (< *snigʷyā); snechtae (“snow”)

Irish: sneachta

Manx: sniaghtey

Scottish Gaelic: sneachda

Welsh: nyf (< *snigʷo-)

Proto-Hellenic: *hníkʷʰs

Ancient Greek: νίφα (nípha, acc. sg.)

Indo-Iranian:

Shughni: жиниҷ (žiniǰ)

Proto-Italic: *sniks

Latin: nix

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: śin̄catstse (“snowy”) (< *śin̄ce (“snow”) < *snígʷi)

From *sneygʷʰ- (“to snow”), whence also *snóygʷʰos.


ǵʰewH-

*ǵʰéwH-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáwati

Vedic Sanskrit: हवते (hávate)

desc

Proto-Iranian: *jawHati (“to call on, invoke”)

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zauuaⁱti)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ɣwy-)

Ossetian:

Digor: аргъаун (arǧawn), аргъуд (arǧud)

Iron: а́ргъауын (árǧawyn), а́ргъуыд (árǧwyd)

*ǵʰwé-ye-ti (ye-present, metathesized from older *ǵʰéw-ye-ti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰwáyati (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰéw-ǵʰuH-e-ti (reduplicated)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwȷ́ʰuHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áwźʰuHyati

Sanskrit: जोहूयते (jóhūyate, “to call on, invoke”)

*ǵʰuH-e-ti (zero-grade root present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: zavêt (“to cast a spell”)

Lithuanian: žavė́ti (“to fascinate, to charm”)

Proto-Slavic: *zъvati (“to call”) (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: kuwā-, kwā- (“call, invite”)

*ǵʰuH-tus

Celtic: *gutus (“voice”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *dzulā

Albanian: zulë

Albanian: zulmë

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ձաւնեմ (jawnem, “to dedicate”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: καυχάομαι (kaukháomai, “to praise oneself, boast”)

Perhaps connected to the synonymous *gewH-.


leǵ-

*léǵ-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Albanian: *ledza (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *légō

Ancient Greek: λέγω (légō)

Doric Greek: ἐλώγη (elṓgē)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *legō
Latin: legō (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Tocharian: *läk- (“to look at, see”, literally “to gather (with the eyes)”)

Tocharian A: läk-

Tocharian B: läk-

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*lōkōjaną</i>

>? Proto-Germanic: *lōkōną (< *lōkōjaną)

Proto-West Germanic: *lōkōn (“to look”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *lōgā́yō

Doric Greek: λωγάω (lōgáō)

*lḗǵ-s ~ léǵ-es (root noun)

>? Proto-Italic: *lēks

Latin: lēx (see there for further descendants)

Marrucinian: lixs

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: स्रज् (sraj, “wreath”)

*leǵ-no-m

Proto-Italic: *lignom

Latin: lignum (see there for further descendants)

*leǵ-mn̥

⇒? Proto-Italic: *legūmen (with insertion)

Latin: legūmen (see there for further descendants)

*loǵ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *lógos

Ancient Greek: λόγος (lógos) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (lazūr, “forest”) (possibly)

to gather, collect, with derivatives meaning to speak by carefully selecting one's words.


leb-

*léb-ti ~ *l̥b-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian: *lébti

Hittite: 𒇷𒅁𒍣 (le-ep-zi)

*leb-oyé-ti?

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒇷𒉺𒀀𒄑𒍣 (le-pa-a-iz-zi)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *lepô, *lipjô (“lip”)

Proto-Germanic:

Old Norse: lafa

Icelandic: lafa

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek (possibly) λοβός (lobós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lap-

Proto-Iranian: *lap-

Middle Persian: [script needed] (lab)

Persian: لب (lab, “lip”)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: ڵۋ (łü)

Bakhtiari: لۋ (lü)

Southern Luri: لۋ (lü)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: lêv (“lip”), liv (“movement, act of moving”)

Central Kurdish: لێو (lêw, “lip”)

Southern Kurdish: لێو (lêw, “lip”)

Zazaki: lew (“lip”)

Italic: *l̥b-yóm, *l̥b-róm?

Proto-Italic: *labjom, *labrom

Latin: labium, labrum (“lip”)

*lh₂b- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *lapaną (“to lick”)

Old High German: laffan

*lh₂-né-b(ʰ)- ~ *lh₂-m-b(ʰ)- (nasal-infix present)

Italic:

Latin: lambō (“to lick”)

Proto-Germanic: *lapilaz (“spoon”)

Dutch: lepel

Old High German: leffil

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: lap (“to lick up water”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: լափեմ (lapʻem, “to lap up, lick up; to eat up greedily, devour”)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: lapènti (“to eat greedily”)

Slavic:

East Slavic:

Russian: ло́пать (lópatʹ, “to gobble up”)

(possibly) Russian: лобзать (lobzatʹ, “to kiss”)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: лапам (lapam, “to eat greedily”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λάπτω (láptō, “to lick”)

Ancient Greek: λαφύσσω (laphússō, “to devour”)


Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λᾱκέω (lākéō), ληκέω (lēkéō)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λάσκω (láskō)

Proto-Hellenic: *lakerós

Ancient Greek: λακερός (lakerós)

Proto-Italic: *lank?nō

Latin: lancinō

Proto-Italic: *lakeros

Latin: lacer, lacerō

Proto-Hellenic: *lakíds

Ancient Greek: λᾰκίς (lakís), λᾰκίζω (lakízō)

*léh₂-ye-ti (full-grade ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ráHyati

Sanskrit: रायति (rā́yati)

Proto-Iranian: *ráHyati

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬧𐬙 (raiiaṇt, “shouting”)

Proto-Hellenic: *lálos

Ancient Greek: λᾰ́λος (lálos)

Proto-Italic: *lālo-

⇒ Latin: lallō

Proto-Hellenic: *lāros

Ancient Greek: λῆρος (lêros)

Proto-Italic: *lāmentom

Latin: lāmentum

Proto-Italic: *lātrom

⇒ Latin: lātrō

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *lah-

Albanian: leh

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lā́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Hellenic: *lā́tʰō

Ancient Greek: λᾱ́θω (lā́thō), λήθω (lḗthō)

Proto-Hellenic: *lantʰánō

Ancient Greek: λανθάνω (lanthánō)

*leh₂-dʰ-os ~ *leh₂-dʰ-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *lā́tʰos

Ancient Greek: λᾶθος (lâthos), λῆθος (lêthos)

Proto-Hellenic: *lā́tʰā

Ancient Greek: λήθη (lḗthē)

Proto-Hellenic: *lā́tʰrā

Ancient Greek: λάθρῃ (láthrēi)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λαθι(κηδής) (lathi(kēdḗs))

*l̥h₂-tós (“hidden”)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Italic: *latēō (“be hidden”)
Latin: lateō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒌋𒆷𒂊 (u-la-e)

Balto-Slavic:

Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: лаяти (lajati, “to lie in wait for”)

Czech: lákat (“make advances, pursue”)

Germanic:

Old Norse: lómr (“betrayal, deceit”)

Old High German luog (“cave”)

Middle High German: luo (“lair of an animal”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *láyatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *láyatay

Sanskrit: लयते (láyate)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: lät (“go after”)

Tocharian B: lät (“go after”)


*h₂óy-u ~ *h₂y-éw- n (“long time, lifetime”)

⇒? *h₂ey-t-to-

Proto-Celtic: *aissā (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Hellenic: *ainúmai

Ancient Greek: αἴνυμαι (aínumai)

⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐁁𐀝𐀕𐀜 (ai-nu-me-no /Ainumenos/, given name)

⇒? *h₂ey-ty-eh₂ or *h₂ey-t-teh₂

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: αἶσα (aîsa)

Proto-Italic: *aitis

Oscan: aeteis (“part (of a possession)”, gen.sg.)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: *αἶτος (*aîtos, “something given, portion”)

⇒ *αἰτάω (*aitáō)

⇒ *αἰτάω (*aitáō)

⇒ διαιτάω (diaitáō)

⇒ διαιτάω (diaitáō)

⇒ αἰτέω (aitéō), αἴτημι (aítēmi) — Aeolic

⇒ αἴτιος (aítios)

⇒ αἴτιος (aítios)

⇒ ἔξαιτος (éxaitos)

⇒ ἔξαιτος (éxaitos)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haytas (“part, share?”)

Proto-Iranian: *Haytah

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 (aēta, “punishment”)

⇒? *h₂óytos (a poetic or spiritual term, literally “that which is given”)

>? Proto-Celtic: *oitos

Old Irish: óeth (“oath”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *aiþaz (“oath”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: οἶτος (oîtos, “fate, doom”)

Proto-Tocharian: *āi- (“to give, pay out; (mp.) to take”)

Tocharian A: e-

Tocharian B: ai-

(mediopassive) to be given; to receive, take


*h₂éy-eri (“early, in the morning”)

*h₂óy-r̥ ~ *h₂éy-ns

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háyr̥

Proto-Iranian: *Háyr̥

Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬭𐬆 (aiiar^ə, “day”)


Proto-Germanic: *mundraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mandrás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *manzdʰHrás (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: mund (“can, win”)

Proto-Germanic: *mundōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mandijaną

Old Saxon: mendian

Old High German: menden

Middle High German: menden

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μανθάνω (manthánō, “to learn”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mazdʰáH (“wisdom, discernment, reasoning”) (see there for further descendants)

A compound root from *men- (“to think”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to do, put”).


*h₁léngʷʰ-e-ti (thematic root verb)

Proto-Celtic: *lengʷeti

Old Irish: lingid, ·ling

Proto-Germanic: *lingwaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hránǰʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hránźʰati

Sanskrit: रंहति (ráṃhati), रंहते (ráṃhate)

Proto-Iranian: *Hránǰati

Younger Avestan: 𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬘𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (rəṇjaⁱti)

Albanian: lehtë (< *lexta)

Proto-Germanic: *linhtaz (see there for further descendants)

*h₁léngʰ-u-s ~ *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-éw-s

Proto-Hellenic: *elə́kʰistos

Ancient Greek: ἐλᾰ́χιστος (elákhistos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlágʰištʰas (see there for further descendants)

*h₁léngʷʰ-yōs ~ *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-is-és

Proto-Celtic: *lagyūs

Old Irish: laigiu (“smaller”)

Welsh: llai (“smaller”)

Proto-Hellenic: *elə́ťťōn

Ancient Greek: ἐλᾰ́σσων (elássōn)

Attic Greek: ἐλᾰ́ττων (eláttōn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlágʰyas (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian: *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ieh₂-

Old Armenian: լանջք (lanǰkʻ, “breast”)

Illyrian: lembus "light vehicle" < h₁lengʷh-os

Tocharian: *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ti̯o

Tocharian B: lankᵤtse


legʰ-

*légʰ-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *légtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *legeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *lékʰomai

Ancient Greek: λέχομαι (lékhomai)

Proto-Italic: *leɣō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

desc

Tocharian B: lyäk- (“to lie (down)”, v.it.)

*légʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

*logʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒆷𒀀𒆠 (la-a-ki)

Proto-Celtic: *logīti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *lagjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *ložiti (see there for further descendants)

*légʰ-s (root noun)

Proto-Tocharian: *li̯äk (“thief”)

Tocharian A: lyäk

Tocharian B: lyak

⇒ Tocharian B: lykuññe (“thief”, adj.)

*lógʰ-o-s

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: lag

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *logъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *lagą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *lókʰos

Ancient Greek: λόχος (lókhos)

Proto-Tocharian: *leke

Tocharian A: lak (“bottom (of a river)”)

Tocharian B: leke (“resting place, bed”)

⇒ Proto-Tocharian: *lekäi (“resting place, bed; rest”)

Tocharian A: lake

Tocharian B: leki

*légʰ-os ~ *légʰ-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *lékʰos

Ancient Greek: λέχος (lékhos)

*legʰ-ro-m

Proto-Germanic: *legrą (see there for further descendants)

*legʰ-to-s

Proto-Italic: *lektos

Faliscan: lēta (“bed”)

Latin: lectus (“bed”) (see there for further descendants)

*légʰ-tro-m

Proto-Germanic: *lehtrą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *léktron

desctree

Ancient Greek: λέκτρον (léktron)
Greek: λέκτρο (léktro)

*legʰ-yo-m

Proto-Celtic: *legyom

Old Irish: lige

Irish: luí

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *uɸo-legyom

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: gueli

Middle Breton: guele

Breton: gwele

Old Welsh: gueli

Welsh: gwely

→ Irish: golighe (obsolete)

Proto-Celtic: *legyā

Gaulish: *legā, *ligā

→ Latin: Liger

→ Old English: Ligeraceaster

English: Leicester

French: Loire

Medieval Latin: lias

Old French: lies

*logʰ-yo-m

Proto-Slavic: *lože (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: lasto (< *logʰ-sth₂-eh₂?)

Proto-Germanic: *lēgaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *lōgą (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: lest

Tocharian B: lesto

Tocharian: (< *lēgʰ-)

Tocharian A: lyāk

Tocharian B: lyāk (possibly borrowed from Tocharian A)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: *lyśalyñe

⇒ Tocharian B: lyśalyñeṣṣe


bʰewdʰ-

*bʰéwdʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*bʰu-né-dʰ-ti ~ *bʰu-n-dʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *bundeti

Proto-Brythonic:

desc

Old Breton: dogurbonnue (2sg.pres.subj.)

Old Irish: ad·boind

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πυνθάνομαι (punthánomai)

*bʰe-bʰówdʰ-e ~ *bʰe-bʰudʰ-ḗr (perfect)

*bʰudʰ-yé-tor (deponent yé-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰudʰyátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *budʰyátay

Sanskrit: बुध्यते (budhyáte)

Proto-Iranian: *budyátay

Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬏𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 (būⁱδiiaēta, 3sg.opt.med.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *budḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*bʰowdʰ-éye-ti (causative)

*bʰowdʰ-os

Proto-Celtic: *ɸro-bowdos

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: rhybudd

Old Irish: robud

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰawdʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bawdʰas

Sanskrit: बोध (bodhá)

Proto-Iranian: *bawdas

Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬊𐬛𐬀 (baoda)

q

denominative, or < <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰewdʰ-os</i>

Proto-Tocharian: *pāut- (denominative, or < *bʰewdʰ-os)

Tocharian A: pot-

Tocharian B: paut-

*bʰéwdʰ-ti-s ~ *bʰudʰ-téy-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: bust

Lithuanian: bùsti

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πῠ́στῐς (pústis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúdᶻdʰiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *búddʰiṣ

Sanskrit: बुद्धि (búddhi) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *búzdiš

Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬎𐬯𐬙𐬌 (busti)

*bʰewdʰ-os

Proto-Germanic: *beudaz m (see there for further descendants)

*bʰudʰ-o-

Proto-Celtic: *budos

Proto-Brythonic:

Cornish: both (“will”)

Welsh: bodd (“free will, consent”)

Proto-Germanic: *budą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúdʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *búdʰa

Sanskrit: बुध (búdha)

*bʰudʰ-tó-s

*bʰudʰ-ró-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *budras

Old Lithuanian: budras

Lithuanian: budrùs

Proto-Slavic: *bъ̀drъ, *bъ̀dřь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰudʰrás

Proto-Iranian: *budráh

Younger Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬌𐬠𐬎𐬛𐬭𐬀 (zaēnibudra)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


lewk-

*luk-tó ~ *luk-ró (deponent root aorist)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒇻𒊌𒅗𒊑 (lu-uk-ka-ri)

*léwk-e-tor (deponent)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráwčatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ráwćatay

Sanskrit: रोचते (rócate)

Proto-Iranian: *ráwčatay

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬗𐬀𐬥𐬙- (raocant-, “shining”)

desc

Northern Luri: لٛںکر (łəker, “The white woman”)

*léwk-ye-ti

Proto-Hellenic: *leúťťō

Ancient Greek: λεύσσω (leússō, “to look upon, I look upon”)

*luk-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒇻𒊌𒆠𒄑𒍣 (lu-uk-ki-ez-zi)

*lowk-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *láukīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *lučìti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lawčáyati, *rawčáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lawćáyati, *rawćáyati

Sanskrit: लोचयति (locáyati), रोचयति (rocáyati, “to make shine, illuminate”)

Proto-Iranian: *rawčáyati

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (raocaiieⁱti, “to make shine”)

Proto-Italic: *loukeō (see there for further descendants)

*lewk-éh₁-ye-ti (stative)

Proto-Italic: *loukēō (see there for further descendants)

*léwk-s-t (sigmatic aorist)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: *լոյց- (*loycʻ-)

desctree

⇒ Old Armenian: լուցանեմ (lucʻanem)
Armenian: լուցել (lucʻel)

*léwk-s (“light”)

Proto-Hellenic: *lukā

Ancient Greek: (ἀμφι)λύκη ((amphi)lúkē), λυκά(βας) (luká(bas)), λυκό(φως) (lukó(phōs)), Λυκαῖος (Lukaîos), λύκειος (lúkeios)

*lowk-í-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *laukis

Old Prussian: luckis

Proto-Slavic: *lučь (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *laugiz (“flame, blaze”) (see there for further descendants)

*léwk-mn̥

Proto-Germanic: *leuhmô (see there for further descendants)

*luk-mó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rukmás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rukmás

Sanskrit: रुक्म (rukmá)

*lewk-ó-s

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: լոյս (loys)
Armenian: լույս (luys)

Proto-Celtic: *loukos (“white”)

Proto-Hellenic: *leukós (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rawkás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rawkás

Sanskrit: रोक (roká, “light”)

Proto-Iranian: *rawkáh

desc

Northern Kurdish: rok (“day; light; sun”)

*lowk-ó-s (“open space, clearing”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *laukás

Latvian: lauks (“field”)

Lithuanian: laũkas (“field, open space”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lawkás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lawkás

Sanskrit: लोक (loká, “free space”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *loukos

Old Latin: loucos

Latin: lūcus (“sacred grove, wood”) (see there for further descendants)

*lówk-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *lauhaz (“clearing, open space”) (see there for further descendants)

*lewk-o-dʰro- or *lewk-o-bʰro-?

Proto-Italic: *loukoðro- or *loukoβro-

Latin: lūcubrō

*léwk-os ~ *léwk-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráwčas (see there for further descendants)

*luk-s-ḱós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lukšás

Proto-Iranian: *luxšáh

Persian: لوخن (loxan, “moon”)

Proto-Italic: *lukskos

Latin: luscus

*léwk-s-mn̥ ~ *luk-s-mén-s

Proto-Italic: *louksmən

Latin: lūmen

*lowk-s-neh₂ (“moon”)

*lúk-s-no-s

Proto-Hellenic: *lúkʰnos

Ancient Greek: λύχνος (lúkhnos)

*léwk-so-s

Proto-Germanic: *leuhsaz, *leuhsą

*lowk-s-tro-m

Proto-Italic: *loukstrom

Latin: lūstrum, lūstrō

*lewk-to-s

Proto-Germanic: *leuhtaz, *leuhtą

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Albanian: *leukā

Albanian: lekë

Proto-Albanian: *laukura

Albanian: lakur (“naked”)

Proto-Albanian: *lāuka

Albanian: loqe, gloq (“rheum”)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒇻𒊌 (lu-uk /luk(k)-/)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: լուսանունք (lusanunkʻ)
Armenian: → լուսան (lusan) (learned), > (Karabakh) լո̈ւսէմնը (lüsēmnə) (inherited), > (Ghazakh) լիսամ (lisam) (inherited)

Old Armenian: լուսն (lusn)
Armenian: լուսն (lusn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lū́ˀśis

Latvian: lūsis (“lynx”)

Lithuanian: lūšis (“lynx”)

Proto-Slavic: *rỳsь (“lynx”) (see there for further descendants)

Celtic:

Old Irish: luchair (“shine”)

Welsh: llug (“shimmer”)

Proto-Celtic: *lukato-

Breton: lagad

Cornish: lagas

Welsh: llygad

Proto-Germanic: *lugô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *luhsaz (“lynx”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *lúnks

Ancient Greek: λύγξ (lúnx, “lynx”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: lucerna

Proto-Tocharian: *luk-

Tocharian A: luk-

Tocharian B: luk-

Sanskrit: रुच् (ruc)


-mós

-mós (nominative singular)
Ø-mós (nominative singular)
Ø-móh₁ (dual nominative)
-móes (nominative plural)
Ø-móes (nominative plural)
-mé (singular vocative)
Ø-mé (singular vocative)
Ø-móh₁ (dual vocative)
-móes (plural vocative)
Ø-móes (plural vocative)
-móm (accusative singular)
Ø-móm (accusative singular)
Ø-móh₁ (accusative dual)
-móms (accusative plural)
Ø-móms (accusative plural)
-mósyo (genitive singular)
Ø-mósyo (genitive singular)
-móHom (genitive plural)
Ø-móHom (genitive plural)
-méad (ablative singular)
Ø-méad (ablative singular)
-mómos (ablative plural)
Ø-mómos (ablative plural)
-móey (dative singular)
Ø-móey (dative singular)
-mómos (dative plural)
Ø-mómos (dative plural)
-méy (locative singular)
Ø-méy (locative singular)
-móy (locative singular)
Ø-móy (locative singular)
-móysu (locative plural)
Ø-móysu (locative plural)
Ø-móh₁ (instrumental singular)
-mṓys (instrumental plural)
Ø-mṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Germanic: some of the a-stem nouns

Creates action/result nouns from verb stems.


-tōr

-tōr (nominative singular)
é-tōr (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-tores (nominative plural)
é-tores (nominative plural)
-tor (singular vocative)
é-tor (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-tores (plural vocative)
é-tores (plural vocative)
-torm̥ (accusative singular)
é-torm̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-torm̥s (accusative plural)
é-torm̥s (accusative plural)
-trés (genitive singular)
Ø-trés (genitive singular)
-tróHom (genitive plural)
Ø-tróHom (genitive plural)
-trés (ablative singular)
Ø-trés (ablative singular)
-tr̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-tr̥mós (ablative plural)
-tréy (dative singular)
Ø-tréy (dative singular)
-tr̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-tr̥mós (dative plural)
-tér (locative singular)
Ø-tér (locative singular)
-téri (locative singular)
Ø-téri (locative singular)
-tr̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-tr̥sú (locative plural)
-tr̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-tr̥mís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *-tōr

Ancient Greek: -τωρ (-tōr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-tā

Sanskrit: -तृ (-tṛ) (-ता (-tā, nom.sg))

Proto-Italic: *-tōr

Latin: -tor (see there for further descendants)

Derives agent nouns from verbs, denoting someone or something who has performed the verb's action.


(∅)-(∅)-és (genitive singular)
(∅)-(∅)-és (ablative singular)
(∅)-(∅)-éy (dative singular)
(∅)-(é)- (locative singular)
(∅)-(é)-i (locative singular)

Creates collective nouns, which refer to groups or sets.

e.g. 𐬀𐬤𐬵𐬍 (aŋᵛhī; ) is a feminine form of 𐬀𐬵𐬎 (ahu, )

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *-ih₂Proto-Albanian: *-jāAlbanian: -eProto-Balto-Slavic: *-īˀProto-Slavic: *-i⇒ Proto-Slavic: *-ica Proto-Celtic: *-īProto-Germanic: *-ī

-jōProto-Indo-Iranian: *-iHProto-Indo-Aryan: *-iHSanskrit: -ईProto-Iranian: *-iHAvestan: -𐬍Proto-Tocharian: *-āTocharian A: -āTocharian B: -ā


-tḗr

-tḗr (nominative singular)
Ø-tḗr (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
-téres (nominative plural)
Ø-téres (nominative plural)
-tér (singular vocative)
Ø-tér (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-téres (plural vocative)
Ø-téres (plural vocative)
-térm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø-térm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-térm̥s (accusative plural)
Ø-térm̥s (accusative plural)
-trés (genitive singular)
Ø-trés (genitive singular)
-tróHom (genitive plural)
Ø-tróHom (genitive plural)
-trés (ablative singular)
Ø-trés (ablative singular)
-tr̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-tr̥mós (ablative plural)
-tréy (dative singular)
Ø-tréy (dative singular)
-tr̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-tr̥mós (dative plural)
-tér (locative singular)
Ø-tér (locative singular)
-téri (locative singular)
Ø-téri (locative singular)
-tr̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-tr̥sú (locative plural)
-tr̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-tr̥mís (instrumental plural)

Ancient Greek: -τήρ (-tḗr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-tā́

Sanskrit: -तृ (-tṛ) (-ता (-tā́, nom.sg))

Proto-Germanic: the r-stem nouns

Derives agent nouns from verbs, denoting someone or something whose role or purpose it is to perform the verb's action.


ǵénh₁tōr

ǵénh₁tōr (nominative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tér (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tr̥sú (locative plural)
ǵn̥h₁tréh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Hellenic: *génetōr

Ancient Greek: γενέτωρ (genétōr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́anHtŕ̥

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́anHtŕ̥

Sanskrit: जनितृ (janitṛ́)

Proto-Iranian: *ȷ́anHtŕ̥

desc

Avestan: 𐬰𐬄𐬚𐬀𐬭 (ząθar, “creator; the Lord”)

Proto-Italic: *genatōr

Latin: genitor (see there for further descendants)

From *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, to give birth”) + *-tōr (agentive nominal suffix).


-tus

-tus (nominative singular)
é-tus (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-tewes (nominative plural)
é-tewes (nominative plural)
-tu (singular vocative)
é-tu (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-tewes (plural vocative)
é-tewes (plural vocative)
-tum (accusative singular)
é-tum (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-tums (accusative plural)
é-tums (accusative plural)
-téws (genitive singular)
Ø-téws (genitive singular)
-téwoHom (genitive plural)
Ø-téwoHom (genitive plural)
-téws (ablative singular)
Ø-téws (ablative singular)
-túmos (ablative plural)
Ø-túmos (ablative plural)
-téwey (dative singular)
Ø-téwey (dative singular)
-túmos (dative plural)
Ø-túmos (dative plural)
-téw (locative singular)
Ø-téw (locative singular)
-téwi (locative singular)
Ø-téwi (locative singular)
-túsu (locative plural)
Ø-túsu (locative plural)
Ø-túh₁ (instrumental singular)
-túmis (instrumental plural)
Ø-túmis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tus

Latvian: -tus

Lithuanian: -tus

desc

partially; regularly extended with Proto-Slavic <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*-ъkъ</i>

Proto-Slavic: *-tъ (partially; regularly extended with Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ)

Proto-Celtic: *-tus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *-þuz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-tús

Ancient Greek: -τύς (-tús)

Proto-Italic: *-tus

Latin: -tum (the supine; exists only in accusative and ablative)

Latin: -tus

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: -तुम् (-tum)

Sanskrit: -त्व n→ Bengali: -ত্বHindi: -पन→ Hindi: -त्वPunjabi: -تّ


-mn̥

-mn̥ (nominative singular)
é-mn̥ (nominative singular)
-mō (nominative)
é-mō (nominative)
-mn̥ (singular vocative)
é-mn̥ (singular vocative)
-mō (vocative)
é-mō (vocative)
-mn̥ (accusative singular)
é-mn̥ (accusative singular)
-mō (accusative)
é-mō (accusative)
-méns (genitive singular)
Ø-méns (genitive singular)
-m̥nés (genitive)
Ø-m̥nés (genitive)
-méns (ablative singular)
Ø-méns (ablative singular)
-m̥nés (ablative)
Ø-m̥nés (ablative)
-méney (dative singular)
Ø-méney (dative singular)
-m̥néy (dative)
Ø-m̥néy (dative)
-mén (locative singular)
Ø-mén (locative singular)
-méni (locative singular)
Ø-méni (locative singular)
-mén (locative)
Ø-mén (locative)
-méni (locative)
Ø-méni (locative)
Ø-m̥néh₁ (instrumental)

Proto-Albanian: *-mā

Albanian: -më

Armenian:

Old Armenian: -ումն (-umn), -աւն (-awn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-men, *-min

Proto-Slavic: *-mę

Old Church Slavonic: -мѧ

Proto-Celtic: *-man, *-sman

Proto-Germanic: *-mô (merged with *-mō)

Proto-Hellenic: *-mə

Ancient Greek: -μᾰ (-ma)

Proto-Hellenic: *-men

Ancient Greek: -μεν (-men) (Epic infinitive ending)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ma (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *-mən

Latin: -men

Related to the following masculine suffixes:
* *-mḗn (< **-mens) (e.g. Ancient Greek ποιμήν (poimḗn, “shepherd”)).
* *-mō (< **-mons) (e.g. Latin sermō, Ancient Greek δαίμων (daímōn), Sanskrit अश्मन् (áśman)).
See also *-h₃onh₂-.

Creates action nouns or result nouns from verbs.

Ancient Greek: -μα Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European


-mos

-mos (nominative singular)
ó-mos (nominative singular)
-moes (nominative plural)
ó-moes (nominative plural)
-me (singular vocative)
ó-me (singular vocative)
-moes (plural vocative)
ó-moes (plural vocative)
-mom (accusative singular)
ó-mom (accusative singular)
-moms (accusative plural)
ó-moms (accusative plural)
-mosyo (genitive singular)
ó-mosyo (genitive singular)
-moHom (genitive plural)
ó-moHom (genitive plural)
-mead (ablative singular)
ó-mead (ablative singular)
-momos (ablative plural)
ó-momos (ablative plural)
-moey (dative singular)
ó-moey (dative singular)
-momos (dative plural)
ó-momos (dative plural)
-mey (locative singular)
ó-mey (locative singular)
-moy (locative singular)
ó-moy (locative singular)
-moysu (locative plural)
ó-moysu (locative plural)
-mōys (instrumental plural)
ó-mōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-mas

Proto-Slavic: *-mъ, *-smъ; *-mo n; *-ma f

Proto-Celtic: *-mus (with a change to u-stem declension)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -μος (-mos), -μός (-mós)

Italic:

Latin: -mus

h₂eǵ- (“to drive”) + *-mos → *h₂óǵmos (“path, furrow”)


-tis

-tis (nominative singular)
é-tis (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-teyes (nominative plural)
é-teyes (nominative plural)
-ti (singular vocative)
é-ti (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-teyes (plural vocative)
é-teyes (plural vocative)
-tim (accusative singular)
é-tim (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-tims (accusative plural)
é-tims (accusative plural)
-téys (genitive singular)
Ø-téys (genitive singular)
-téyoHom (genitive plural)
Ø-téyoHom (genitive plural)
-téys (ablative singular)
Ø-téys (ablative singular)
-tímos (ablative plural)
Ø-tímos (ablative plural)
-téyey (dative singular)
Ø-téyey (dative singular)
-tímos (dative plural)
Ø-tímos (dative plural)
-téy (locative singular)
Ø-téy (locative singular)
-tḗy (locative singular)
Ø-tḗy (locative singular)
-tísu (locative plural)
Ø-tísu (locative plural)
Ø-tíh₁ (instrumental singular)
-tímis (instrumental plural)
Ø-tímis (instrumental plural)
-tís (nominative singular)
Ø-tís (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
-téyes (nominative plural)
Ø-téyes (nominative plural)
-tí (singular vocative)
Ø-tí (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-téyes (plural vocative)
Ø-téyes (plural vocative)
-tím (accusative singular)
Ø-tím (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-tíms (accusative plural)
Ø-tíms (accusative plural)
-téys (genitive singular)
Ø-téys (genitive singular)
-téyoHom (genitive plural)
Ø-téyoHom (genitive plural)
-téys (ablative singular)
Ø-téys (ablative singular)
-téymos (ablative plural)
Ø-téymos (ablative plural)
-téyey (dative singular)
Ø-téyey (dative singular)
-téymos (dative plural)
Ø-téymos (dative plural)
-téy (locative singular)
Ø-téy (locative singular)
-tḗy (locative singular)
Ø-tḗy (locative singular)
-téysu (locative plural)
Ø-téysu (locative plural)
-téymis (instrumental plural)
Ø-téymis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tis

Latvian: -tis

Lithuanian: -tis

Proto-Slavic: *-tь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tei (< locative -téy)

Latvian: -t

Lithuanian: -ti

Proto-Slavic: *-ti

Proto-Celtic: *-tis

Proto-Germanic: *-þiz (also the variant forms *-diz, *-tiz, *-siz) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-tis

Ancient Greek: -τις (-tis)

Attic Greek: -σις (-sis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-tiṣ

Sanskrit: -ति (-ti)

Proto-Iranian: *-tiš

Avestan: -𐬙𐬌 (-ti)

Proto-Italic: *-tis

Latin: -tim

Derives abstract/action nouns from verb roots.


pértus

pértus (nominative singular)
pértewes (nominative plural)
pértu (singular vocative)
pértewes (plural vocative)
pértum (accusative singular)
pértums (accusative plural)
pr̥téws (genitive singular)
pr̥téwoHom (genitive plural)
pr̥téws (ablative singular)
pr̥túmos (ablative plural)
pr̥téwey (dative singular)
pr̥túmos (dative plural)
pr̥téw (locative singular)
pr̥téwi (locative singular)
pr̥túsu (locative plural)
pr̥túmis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸritus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ferþuz (“inlet, fjord”) (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Germanic: *furduz (“ford”) (see there for further descendants) (from the oblique stem, apparently had already become a separate word in Germanic)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥tuš

Proto-Iranian: *pr̥tuš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *portus (see there for further descendants)

From *per- (“to penetrate; to cross (water)”) + *-tus.


preḱ-

*pr̥(ḱ)-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

*prḗḱ-s-t ~ *préḱ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

later <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अप्राक्षीत्</i> (áprākṣīt)

(later अप्राक्षीत् (áprākṣīt))

Sanskrit: अप्राट् (áprāṭ) (later अप्राक्षीत् (áprākṣīt))

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬍 (frašī, 1sg.inj.mid.)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: prakäs

Tocharian B: preksa

*proḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *práśīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*préḱ-s

Celtic:

Brythonic:

Welsh: rheg

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prā́ćš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prā́ṭṣ

Sanskrit: प्राश् (prā́ś)

Proto-Iranian: *prā́š

Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬯𐬁 (frasā), 𐬟𐬆𐬭𐬀𐬯𐬁 (fərasā)

Proto-Italic: *preks

desctree

Latin: prex
Italian: prece
Portuguese: prece

⇒ Latin: precor (see there for further descendants)

*proḱ-o-

Proto-Italic: *prokos

Latin: procus
Portuguese: proco

⇒ Latin: procō

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հարսն (harsn, “bride”)

Balto-Slavic:

desc

Lithuanian: pir̃šti (“to arrange a marriage”)

Proto-Germanic: *frehnaną (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Northern Kurdish: pirs (“question”), pirsîn (“to ask”)

Old Persian: √fraθ/pars > parsa-

Middle Persian: pwrs (purs-), pwrsytn' (pursīdan)

Persian: پرس (pors-), پرسیدن (porsidan)

Italic:

>? Latin: percontor (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: pärk-

Tocharian B: pärk-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


leyǵ-

*lig-eh₂-ye- (factitive)

Italic:

Latin: ligō (“to tie, bind”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: lidh (“to tie”)


Armenian:

Old Armenian: այլ (ayl)

Armenian: այլ (ayl)

Proto-Celtic: *alyos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *aljaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *áľľos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *aljos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *ālye-

Proto-Tocharian: *ā-alye-wäte (?)

Tocharian B: ālyauce


smeyt-

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Slavic:

Russian: мета́ть (metátʹ)

Bulgarian: мятам (mjatam)

Polish: miotać (“to throw”)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬨𐬌𐬯𐬙𐬀 (hamista, “oppressed”), 𐬨𐬀𐬉𐬚- (maēθ-, “throw”)

Italic:

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*meytH-</i>

>? Latin: mittō (or from *meytH-) (see there for further descendants)


bʰruHg-

*bʰruHg-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *brūkaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰruHg-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *frūgjōr

Latin: fruor

*bʰruHg-s

Proto-Italic: *frūks

Latin: frūx

*bʰruHg-tó-s

Proto-Italic: *frūktos

Latin: frūctus

*bʰruHg-tu-s

Proto-Italic: *frūktus

Latin: frūctus

*bʰruHg-mn̥

Proto-Italic: *frūgmen

Latin: frūmen

*bʰruHg-mn̥-to-m

Proto-Italic: *frūgməntom

Latin: frūmentum

Unsorted formations:

desc

Ancient Greek: φάρυγξ (phárunx, “throat”)

Old Armenian: երբուծ (erbuc, “breast, chest (of animals)”)


albʰós

non-ablauting (romanization)
albʰós (nominative singular)
albʰóes (nominative plural)
albʰé (singular vocative)
albʰóes (plural vocative)
albʰóm (accusative singular)
albʰóms (accusative plural)
albʰósyo (genitive singular)
albʰóHom (genitive plural)
albʰéad (ablative singular)
albʰómos (ablative plural)
albʰóey (dative singular)
albʰómos (dative plural)
albʰéy (locative singular)
albʰóy (locative singular)
albʰóysu (locative plural)
albʰṓys (instrumental plural)
albʰā́m (accusative singular)
albʰóm (nominative singular)
albʰóy (dual nominative)
albʰóm (singular vocative)
albʰóy (dual vocative)
albʰóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Anatolian: *albós

Hittite: 𒀠𒉺𒀸 (alpas)

Proto-Celtic: *albos

Proto-Hellenic: *alpʰós

Ancient Greek: ἀλφός (alphós)

Proto-Italic: *alβos (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finnic: *kalbas

Finnish: kalvas, kalpea

Karelian: kalpie

>? Proto-Germanic: *albī

river; see there for further descendants

now at Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic

աղաւնի

>? Proto-Armenian: *aławun; Old Armenian


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *raHíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *raHíṣ

Sanskrit: रै (raí), रायस् (rā́yas), रयि (rayí)

Proto-Iranian: *raHíš

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬬𐬀𐬥𐬙 (raēvant)

→ Proto-Slavic: *rajь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *reis (see there for further descendants)


dʰer-

*dʰerǵʰ- (“strong, robust”)

*dʰers- (“to be bold”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰar- (“hold, stop, bear, carry, receive, hold up right”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *dьržati (“hold”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰr̥-tó ~ dʰr-n̥tó (root medio-passive aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hádʰr̥ta

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hádʰr̥ta

Sanskrit: अधृत (ádhṛta), धृथास् (dhṛthā́s)

Iranian: *Hádr̥ta

Avestan: 𐬛𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬁 (dər^ətā, 3sg.med.inj.), 𐬛𐬭𐬍𐬙𐬁 (drītā, 3sg.med.opt.)

*dʰér-e-ti (thematic present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: derêt

Lithuanian: derė́ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰárati (see there for further descendants)

*dʰí-dʰer-ti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰídʰārti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dídʰārti

Sanskrit: दिधृतम् (didhṛtám)

Proto-Iranian: *dídarti

(perhaps) Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬜𐬁𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀- (vidiδār^əmna-)

*dʰe-dʰór-e ~ *dʰe-dʰr̥-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰādʰártay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dādʰártay

Sanskrit: दधार (dadhā́ra) / दाधार (dādhā́ra, 3sg.perf.), दध्रे (dadhré), दधर्तु (dadhártu, 3sg.impv.)

Proto-Iranian: *dādártay

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬛𐬭𐬉 (dādrē, 3sg.perf.)

Younger Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬜𐬁𐬭𐬀 (daδāra, 3sg.perf.)

*dʰor-éyeti

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: darît

Lithuanian: darýti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰāráyati (see there for further descendants)

*dʰér-mn̥

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰármā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰármā

Sanskrit: धर्मन् (dhárman)

*dʰér-mos

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰármas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰármas

Sanskrit: धर्म (dhárma) (see there for further descendants)

Lithuanian: darna

Proto-Italic: *fermos

Latin: firmus (“firm, strong, steadfast, enduring, stable”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰer-o-

Proto-Italic: *feros, *feramos

Latin: ferē, fermē

Proto-Italic: *frēnom

Latin: frēnum (“bridle”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *frētos

Latin: frētus (“leaning on something”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Celtic:

Old Irish: drong (“troop, multitude, crowd”)

Germanic:

>? Proto-West Germanic: *darnī

Hellenic

Ancient Greek: θράω (thráō, “to sit, to rest upon”)

Ancient Greek: θρᾶνος (thrânos, “bench, close-stool, supporting beam”)

Ancient Greek: θρῆνυς (thrênus, “footstool”)

Ancient Greek: θρόνος (thrónos, “seat, throne”)


geH-

g⁽ʷ⁾eh₂- (canonical)
g⁽ʷ⁾eh₃- (canonical)

*g⁽ʷ⁾éH-yeti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gaˀi-

Baltic forms received a “*-d⁽ʰ⁾-” enlargement.

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gáHyati

Sanskrit: गायति (gā́yati, “he sings”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *gáHyati

Sogdian: [script needed] (žʾy), [script needed] (jʾy, “to speak, talk”)

Yagnobi: жойак (žoyak), [script needed] (žóyta, “to read, singl to study”)

Yazghulami: [script needed] (γ̆ay-), [script needed] (γ̆ayd, “to call”)

Yidgha: [script needed] (žāy-) / [script needed] (išt-), [script needed] (žāy-) / [script needed] (št-, “to say, speak”)

*g⁽ʷ⁾ḗH-s- ~ *g⁽ʷ⁾éH-s- (*s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáHsi

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gáHsi

Sanskrit: गासि (gā́si)

*g⁽ʷ⁾eHtH-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gaHtʰás, *gaHtʰáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gaHtʰás, *gaHtʰáH

Sanskrit: गाथ (gāthá), गाथा (gāthā́) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *gaHθáh, *gaHθáH

Younger Avestan: 𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬁 (gāθā)

Khotanese: [script needed] (gāha-)

*g⁽ʷ⁾éH-trom

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáHtram

Proto-Iranian: *gáHtram

Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀 (bər^əzigāθra, “singing high”), 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀 (fragāθra, “singing out”)

*g⁽ʷ⁾iH-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *giHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *giHtás

Sanskrit: गीत (gītá) (see there for further descendants)


*h₃réǵ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*h₃rḗǵ-ti ~ *h₃réǵ-n̥ti (narten-type athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrā́šti ~ *Hráȷ́ati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrā́ṣṭi ~ *Hráȷ́ati

Sanskrit: राष्टि (rā́ṣṭi), राजति (rā́jati)

*h₃roǵ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

*h₃r̥-ne-ǵ-ti ~ *h₃r̥-n-ǵ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rénˀźtei

Lithuanian: rę́žti (“to stretch”)

Latvian: rìezt (“to protrude”) < *ren̂zt

Proto-Germanic: *rinkaną

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *rankaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥nȷ́áti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥nȷ́áti

Sanskrit: ऋञ्जते (ṛñjáte, “directs, stretches”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: rēgula (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: regimen (with epenthetic -i-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rextus (see there for further descendants)

*h₃réǵ-u-s ~ *h₃r̥ǵ-éw-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥ȷ́úš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rigus

Old Irish: *riug

⇒ Old Irish: díriuch (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rakaz

English: rake (“trail, path”)

Proto-Italic: *rogos

Latin: rogus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: rogō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: redzēt (“to see”)

Lithuanian: règti (“to begin to see”)

Lithuanian: regė́ti (“to see”)

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: राजि (rā́ji, “streak, line, row, range”)

Central Kurdish: رێک (rêk, “straight”)

Northern Kurdish: raye (“authority, sovereignty; office”)


*h₃erdʰ-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: *ārtk-

*h₃r̥dʰ-néw-ti (nu-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dʰnáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥dʰnáwti

Sanskrit: ऋध्नोति (ṛdhnóti)

*h₃r̥dʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dʰyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥dʰyáti

Sanskrit: ऋध्यति (ṛdhyáti)

*h₃érdʰ-u-s ~ *h₃érdʰ-éw-s

Proto-Germanic: *ardugaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *arðōs

Latin: arbor (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hŕ̥dᶻdʰiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hŕ̥ddʰiṣ

Sanskrit: ऋद्धि (ṛ́ddhi) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dᶻdʰás (“increased, thriving”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥ddʰás

Sanskrit: ऋद्ध (ṛddhá)

⇒ Sanskrit: समृद्ध (sámṛddha)

Proto-Celtic: *ardwos (“high”)

Old Irish: ard

Irish: ard

Scottish Gaelic: àrd

Breton: arz

Cornish: arth

Welsh: ardd (“high; hill”)

Proto-Hellenic: *ortʰwós

Ancient Greek: ὀρθός (orthós, “upright, straight”)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀃𐀵𐀺- (o-to-wo-), 𐀃𐀶𐀺- (o-tu-wo-), 𐀃𐁍𐀺- (o-two-wo- /ortʰwo-/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *r̥Hdʰwás (“high, upright”) (see there for further descendants) (< laryngeal metathesis *r̥h₃dʰ-wó-s)

Proto-Italic: *arðwos

Latin: arduus (“lofty, high, steep”)

Proto-Hellenic: *ortʰros

Ancient Greek: ὄρθρος (órthros)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *orstъ (“growth”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (harduppi)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: orto

Possibly reanalyzed root of *h₃er- (“to rise”) + *-dʰh₁eti (resultative verbal suffix).


h₃rḗǵs

h₃réǵ- (oblique stem)
h₃rḗǵs (nominative singular)
h₃réǵh₁ (dual nominative)
h₃réǵh₁e (dual nominative)
h₃réǵ (singular vocative)
h₃réǵh₁ (dual vocative)
h₃réǵh₁e (dual vocative)
h₃réǵm̥ (accusative singular)
h₃réǵh₁ (accusative dual)
h₃réǵh₁e (accusative dual)
h₃réǵm̥s (accusative plural)
h₃réǵs (genitive singular)
h₃réǵs (ablative singular)
h₃réǵ (locative singular)
h₃réǵi (locative singular)
h₃réǵh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Celtic: *rīxs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrā́ćš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *rēks (see there for further descendants)

From *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten; to righten”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


-yéti

Ø-yóh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
-yóm (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-yóm (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-yṓh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
-yési (indicative present second-person singular)
Ø-yési (indicative present second-person singular)
-yés (indicative past second-person singular)
Ø-yés (indicative past second-person singular)
-yé (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-yé (imperative second-person singular)
-yḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-yḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-yóys (optative second-person singular)
Ø-yóys (optative second-person singular)
-yéti (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-yéti (indicative present singular third-person)
-yét (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-yét (indicative past singular third-person)
-yétu (imperative singular third-person)
Ø-yétu (imperative singular third-person)
-yḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-yḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-yóyt (optative singular third-person)
Ø-yóyt (optative singular third-person)
-yówos (dual first-person indicative present)
Ø-yówos (dual first-person indicative present)
-yówe (dual first-person indicative past)
Ø-yówe (dual first-person indicative past)
-yṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
Ø-yṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-yóywe (dual first-person optative)
Ø-yóywe (dual first-person optative)
-yétes (dual indicative present second-person)
Ø-yétes (dual indicative present second-person)
-yétom (dual indicative past second-person)
Ø-yétom (dual indicative past second-person)
-yétom (dual imperative second-person)
Ø-yétom (dual imperative second-person)
-yḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
Ø-yḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-yóytom (dual optative second-person)
Ø-yóytom (dual optative second-person)
-yétes (dual indicative present third-person)
Ø-yétes (dual indicative present third-person)
-yétām (dual indicative past third-person)
Ø-yétām (dual indicative past third-person)
-yétām (dual imperative third-person)
Ø-yétām (dual imperative third-person)
-yḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
Ø-yḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-yóytām (dual optative third-person)
Ø-yóytām (dual optative third-person)
-yómos (first-person indicative plural present)
Ø-yómos (first-person indicative plural present)
-yóme (first-person indicative past plural)
Ø-yóme (first-person indicative past plural)
-yṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
Ø-yṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-yóyme (first-person optative plural)
Ø-yóyme (first-person optative plural)
-yéte (indicative plural present second-person)
Ø-yéte (indicative plural present second-person)
-yéte (indicative past plural second-person)
Ø-yéte (indicative past plural second-person)
-yéte (imperative plural second-person)
Ø-yéte (imperative plural second-person)
-yḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
Ø-yḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
-yóyte (optative plural second-person)
Ø-yóyte (optative plural second-person)
-yónti (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-yónti (indicative plural present third-person)
-yónt (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-yónt (indicative past plural third-person)
-yóntu (imperative plural third-person)
Ø-yóntu (imperative plural third-person)
-yṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-yṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-yónts (indicative participle present)
Ø-yónts (indicative participle present)
-yéso (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-yéso (imperative second-person singular)
-yétor (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-yétor (indicative present singular third-person)
-yéto (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-yéto (indicative past singular third-person)
-yḗtor (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-yḗtor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-yóyto (optative singular third-person)
Ø-yóyto (optative singular third-person)
-yóror (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-yóror (indicative plural present third-person)
-yóntor (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-yóntor (indicative plural present third-person)
-yóro (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-yóro (indicative past plural third-person)
-yónto (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-yónto (indicative past plural third-person)
-yṓror (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-yṓror (plural subjunctive third-person)
-yṓntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-yṓntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
-yóyro (optative plural third-person)
Ø-yóyro (optative plural third-person)
-yómnos (indicative participle present)
Ø-yómnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Anatolian: *-yéti

Proto-Germanic: *-(i)janą (j-presents, some class 1 weak verbs)

Proto-Hellenic: *-yō

Ancient Greek: -έω (-éō) (partially)

Ancient Greek: -όω (-óō) (aboriginal ἀρόω (aróō) and new denominative verbs to o-stem nouns)

Ancient Greek: -πτω (-ptō) (< *-pyé-, *-pʰyé-)

Ancient Greek: -σσω (-ssō), -ττω (-ttō) (< *-kyé-, *-kʰyé-, *-kʷyé-, *-kʷʰyé-, *-tyé-, *-tʰyé-, *-gyé-)

Ancient Greek: -ζω (-zō) (< *-gyé-, *-gʷyé-, *-dyé-)

Ancient Greek: -λλω (-llō) (< *-lyé-)

Ancient Greek: -ιCω (-iCō) (< *-Cyé-)

Italic:

Latin: -iō (Third conjugation verbs iō-variation)

Latin: -iō (Fourth conjugation verbs, partially)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-yáti

Sanskrit: -यति (-yati) (some class 4 verbs, with shift of accent to root, for example: गृध्यति (gṛ́dhyati))

Sanskrit: -यते (-yate) (some deponent class 4 verbs, with shift of accent to root, for example: जायते (jā́yate), बुध्यते (búdhyate))

Sanskrit: -यते (-yáte) (passive verbs, for example: क्रियते (kriyáte, “to be done”); and rarely a deponent verb: म्रियते (mriyáte, “to die”))

Proto-Iranian: *-yáti

Avestan: -𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (-iieⁱti) (for example: 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vər^əziieⁱti))

Creates intransitive, often deponent, imperfective verbs from roots.


Proto-Germanic: *rehtaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *orektós

Ancient Greek: ὀρεκτός (orektós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hraštás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *rektos

Latin: rēctus

From *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).
Adjectives with this suffix normally have a zero-grade root, showing that this is a late PIE or post-PIE innovation and may not have appeared at all in Proto-Indo-European or in Vedic.


-tós

-tós (nominative singular)
Ø-tós (nominative singular)
Ø-tóh₁ (dual nominative)
-tóes (nominative plural)
Ø-tóes (nominative plural)
-té (singular vocative)
Ø-té (singular vocative)
Ø-tóh₁ (dual vocative)
-tóes (plural vocative)
Ø-tóes (plural vocative)
-tóm (accusative singular)
Ø-tóm (accusative singular)
Ø-tóh₁ (accusative dual)
-tóms (accusative plural)
Ø-tóms (accusative plural)
-tósyo (genitive singular)
Ø-tósyo (genitive singular)
-tóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-tóHom (genitive plural)
-téad (ablative singular)
Ø-téad (ablative singular)
-tómos (ablative plural)
Ø-tómos (ablative plural)
-tóey (dative singular)
Ø-tóey (dative singular)
-tómos (dative plural)
Ø-tómos (dative plural)
-téy (locative singular)
Ø-téy (locative singular)
-tóy (locative singular)
Ø-tóy (locative singular)
-tóysu (locative plural)
Ø-tóysu (locative plural)
Ø-tóh₁ (instrumental singular)
-tṓys (instrumental plural)
Ø-tṓys (instrumental plural)
Ø-téh₂ (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
Ø-téh₂ (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-tā́m (accusative singular)
Ø-tā́m (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
Ø-téh₂ (locative singular)
Ø-téh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
-tóm (nominative singular)
Ø-tóm (nominative singular)
-tóy (dual nominative)
Øy (dual nominative)
Øyh₁ (dual nominative)
Ø-téh₂ (nominative plural)
-tóm (singular vocative)
Ø-tóm (singular vocative)
-tóy (dual vocative)
Øy (dual vocative)
Øyh₁ (dual vocative)
Ø-téh₂ (plural vocative)
-tóy (accusative dual)
Øy (accusative dual)
Øyh₁ (accusative dual)
Ø-téh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tas

desc

Proto-Slavic: *-tъ (some past passive participles)

Proto-Hellenic: *-tós

Ancient Greek: -τός (-tós)

Proto-Germanic: *-daz (all weak past participles, a few adjectives), *-taz, *-þaz, *-saz (post-consonantal allomorphs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tás, *-dás (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *-tos, *-sos (after a dental)
Faliscan: -𐌕𐌏𐌔 (-tos)
Latin: -tus, -sus (almost all perfect past participles (except e.g. mortuus and derivates (dēmortuus, ēmortuus etc.)))

Creates verbal adjectives from verb stems.


-éyeti

-éyom (first-person indicative past singular)
o-éyom (first-person indicative past singular)
-éyōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
-éyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
o-éyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
-éyes (indicative past second-person singular)
o-éyes (indicative past second-person singular)
-éye (imperative second-person singular)
o-éye (imperative second-person singular)
-éyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
o-éyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-éyoys (optative second-person singular)
o-éyoys (optative second-person singular)
-éyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
o-éyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
-éyet (indicative past singular third-person)
o-éyet (indicative past singular third-person)
-éyetu (imperative singular third-person)
o-éyetu (imperative singular third-person)
-éyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
o-éyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-éyoyt (optative singular third-person)
o-éyoyt (optative singular third-person)
-éyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
o-éyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
-éyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
o-éyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
-éyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
o-éyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-éyoywe (dual first-person optative)
o-éyoywe (dual first-person optative)
-éyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
o-éyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
-éyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
o-éyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
-éyetom (dual imperative second-person)
o-éyetom (dual imperative second-person)
-éyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
o-éyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-éyoytom (dual optative second-person)
o-éyoytom (dual optative second-person)
-éyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
o-éyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
-éyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
o-éyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
-éyetām (dual imperative third-person)
o-éyetām (dual imperative third-person)
-éyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
o-éyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-éyoytām (dual optative third-person)
o-éyoytām (dual optative third-person)
-éyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
o-éyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
-éyome (first-person indicative past plural)
o-éyome (first-person indicative past plural)
-éyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
o-éyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-éyoyme (first-person optative plural)
o-éyoyme (first-person optative plural)
-éyete (indicative plural present second-person)
o-éyete (indicative plural present second-person)
-éyete (indicative past plural second-person)
o-éyete (indicative past plural second-person)
-éyete (imperative plural second-person)
o-éyete (imperative plural second-person)
-éyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
o-éyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
-éyoyte (optative plural second-person)
o-éyoyte (optative plural second-person)
-éyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
o-éyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
-éyont (indicative past plural third-person)
o-éyont (indicative past plural third-person)
-éyontu (imperative plural third-person)
o-éyontu (imperative plural third-person)
-éyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
o-éyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-éyonts (indicative participle present)
o-éyonts (indicative participle present)
-éyeso (imperative second-person singular)
o-éyeso (imperative second-person singular)
-éyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
o-éyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
-éyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
o-éyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
-éyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
o-éyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-éyoyto (optative singular third-person)
o-éyoyto (optative singular third-person)
-éyoror (indicative plural present third-person)
o-éyoror (indicative plural present third-person)
-éyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
o-éyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
-éyoro (indicative past plural third-person)
o-éyoro (indicative past plural third-person)
-éyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
o-éyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
-éyōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
o-éyōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
-éyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
o-éyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
-éyoyro (optative plural third-person)
o-éyoyro (optative plural third-person)
-éyomnos (indicative participle present)
o-éyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: -եմ (-em) (partially)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-eitei

Latgalian: -eit

Latvian: -īt

Lithuanian: -yti

Proto-Slavic: *-iti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *-īti

Proto-Brythonic: *-id

Old Irish: -id (class A II)

Proto-Germanic: *-(i)janą (class 1 weak verbs) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-éyō

Ancient Greek: -έω (-éō) (partially)

Proto-Italic: *-eō

Latin: -eō (Second conjugation (causative) verbs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-áyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-áyati

Sanskrit: -अयति (-áyati)

Proto-Iranian: *-áyati

Avestan: -𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (-aiieⁱti)

Proto-Albanian: *-tjā

Albanian: -së

Forms causative imperfective verbs from roots.

Forms iterative or frequentative imperfective verbs from roots.


sed-

*sédt ~ *sdént (athematic root aorist)

*sí-sd-e-ti (thematic i-reduplicated present)

*séd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *sedeti (see there for further descendants)

*sed-s- (sigmatic aorist)

⇒ Old Armenian: հեծանիմ (hecanim)

Armenian: հեծնել (hecnel)

*séd-ye-ti (ye-present)

*sod-éye-ti (“to set”, causative)

*sed-éh₁-ye-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sēdḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sedēō < earlier *sedējō (see there for further descendants)

*sed-éh₂-ye-ti (eh₂-factitive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sēdā́ˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *sědati

Czech: sedat

Polish: siadać

Serbo-Croatian: sedati, sjedati

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sēdō (see there for further descendants)

*ḱye-sd-é-ti (< perhaps originally meaning sit/set here)

Proto-Italic: *kezdō

Latin: cēdō (see there for further descendants)

*sēd-s, *sed-es (root noun)

⇒? Proto-Italic: *sēdis

Latin: sēdēs (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: (dē)ses, (prae)ses

*sed-ti-

Proto-Hellenic: *hétstis

Ancient Greek: ἕσις (hésis)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sessiō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sḗˀstei (see there for further descendants)

*séd-os ~ *séd-es

Proto-Hellenic: *hédos

Ancient Greek: ἕδος (hédos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sádas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sádas

Sanskrit: सदस् (sádas)

Welsh: hedd (“peace”)

Proto-Germanic: *setiz (“seat”)

Old Norse: setr (“seat, residence”)

*sod-ó- (< with affected meanings perhaps similar to set out)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *xodъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hodós

Ancient Greek: ὁδός (hodós)

Greek: οδός (odós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sādás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sādás

Sanskrit: साद (sādá)

Proto-Germanic: *satą

Old English: gesæt (“sitting”)

*sōd-o-

Welsh: sawdd (“sinking, immersion”)

Proto-Germanic: *sōtą (“soot”) (see there for further descendants)

*sod-yom (“seat”)

Proto-Celtic: *sodyom

Old Irish: suide

Irish: suí

Scottish Gaelic: suidhe

Welsh: sedd

Proto-Italic: *sodjom

desc

Latin: solium (“throne, bath-tub, sarcophagus”) (see there for further descendants)

*sod-dʰo-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sādas

Lithuanian: sodas

Proto-Slavic: *sadъ (“grove; garden”)

*sed-lo- (“seat”)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ետղ (etł), տեղ (teł)

Proto-Celtic: *sedlom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *setlaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *héllā

Ancient Greek: ἕλλα (hélla)

Proto-Italic: *sedlā

Latin: sella (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *sědlo (see there for further descendants)

*sé(d)-tlom

Proto-Germanic: *seþlą

Proto-West Germanic: *seþl (“seat, sitting”) (see there for further descendants)

*sed-tlóm ~ *sed-tróm

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *satˢtrám (“sacrificial gathering”) (see there for further descendants)

*sod-tlō-

Proto-Germanic: *sadulaz (see there for further descendants)

*sed-tós (“seated”) (see there for further descendants)

*sed-ro-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -εδρος (-edros), ἕδρα (hédra)

Proto-Albanian: *sedjā

Albanian: gjazë (“riverside forest”)

*ni-sd-ós (“nest”)

*pí-sd-eh₂ (“vulva”)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

(possibly) Old Armenian: զիստ (zist)

(possibly) Old Armenian: առիճ (aṙič)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: segli

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἱδρύω (hidrúō)

Proto-Germanic: *sētiz (“possible to sit on”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Germanic: *hauzijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *akouhō (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: āks- (“to awaken”) (possibly)

From *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) + *h₂ṓws (“ear”) and + *-yéti (denominative verbal suffix).


Proto-Italic: *akēō

Latin: aceō

Proto-Hellenic: *akís

Ancient Greek: ἀκίς (akís)

*h₂eḱ-i-l-o- or *h₂eḱ-l-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ասեղն (asełn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aśilos or *aśelos

Proto-Slavic: *osьla̋ or *osla̋

East Slavic:

Russian: осело́к (oselók)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: осла (osla, “whetstone”)

West Slavic:

Slovak: osla (“whetstone”)

Slovene: ósla

Polish: osełka (“whetstone”)

Proto-Germanic: *agilaz (“awn”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *agil (see there for further descendants)

*h₂éḱ-ih₂ ~ h₂ḱ-yéh₂-s

Proto-Germanic: *agjō (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: aciēs, acia (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ašus

Latvian: ass (“sharp”), ašs (“swift”)

Proto-Italic: *akus

Latin: acus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: acuō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: akwam

Tocharian B: akwatse

*h₂ḱ-ró-s (“sharp”)

*h₂óḱ-ri-s (“sharp edge, protrusion”)

*h₂eḱ-ru (“tear (of the eyes)”)

*h₂éḱ-mō ~ *h₂ḱ-m̥n-és (“stone”)

Proto-Hellenic: *akmā́

Ancient Greek: ἀκμή (akmḗ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ahanō ~ *aganō (“awn, chaff”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: agna (“blade/ear of grain”)

*h₂ḱ-éh₂

Proto-Hellenic: *akā́

Ancient Greek: ἀκή (akḗ)

*h₂éḱ-os ~ *h₂éḱ-es-os (s-stem)

Proto-Italic: *akos

Latin: acus (“bran, chaff”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ahaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ákos

Ancient Greek: -ήκης (-ḗkēs)

⇒ Ancient Greek: τανυήκης (tanuḗkēs, “having a long/thin edge/point”)

Proto-Tocharian: *āke

Tocharian A: āk

Tocharian B: āke

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀξύς (oxús)

Greek: οξύς (oxýs)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *akstis or *aśtis

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: aksts (“prickle, sharp point”)

Lithuanian: akstìs (“spit, thorn, prick”)

Proto-Slavic: *ȏstь (“sharp point, spike; awn; fishbone”)

East Slavic:

Russian: ость (ostʹ)

West Slavic:

Czech: osť (dialectal)

Polish: ość

Slovak: osť

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian: ȍsti (pl.), ȍstve (pl.)

Slovene: ǫ̂st

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *akstinas or *aśtinas (“sharp point, prickle; pointed stick for driving cattle”)

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: akstins

Lithuanian: ãkstinas

Proto-Slavic: *ostь̀nъ (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *akstīno- (“furze, gorse”)

Old Irish: aitten

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *akstīnā (collective)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: ethin

Old Cornish: eythin

Cornish: eythin

Welsh: eithin

Breton: bezhin

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: āśce (possibly)

>? Proto-Italic: *akstus

Latin: astus

⇒ Latin: astūtus (see there for further descendants)

*h₂óḱ-et-s (“harrow”)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: ath, eh, thua

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հասկ (hask) (possibly)

Armenian: ոսի (osi) (possibly)

Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬏𐬭𐬀 (asūra, “point”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (aśäjä, “sharp; stony”)

Parthian: (/bōδāžār/, “sharp-smell; spices”)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (bwdʾcʾr)

Persian: آچار (âčâr, “pickle, marinade”)

Pashto: اښار (āẍār, “acidic; sour; pickle; sadman”)

Classical Persian: آژیخ (āžīx, “solid tears, rheum”) (perhaps from *āsikah)

Classical Persian: آژدف (āždaf, “an acidic fruit, medlar”), ازدف (azdaf)