yugtós

non-ablauting (romanization)
yugtós (nominative singular)
yugtóes (nominative plural)
yugté (singular vocative)
yugtóes (plural vocative)
yugtóm (accusative singular)
yugtóms (accusative plural)
yugtósyo (genitive singular)
yugtóHom (genitive plural)
yugtéad (ablative singular)
yugtómos (ablative plural)
yugtóey (dative singular)
yugtómos (dative plural)
yugtéy (locative singular)
yugtóy (locative singular)
yugtóysu (locative plural)
yugtṓys (instrumental plural)
yugtā́m (accusative singular)
yugtóm (nominative singular)
yugtóy (dual nominative)
yugtóm (singular vocative)
yugtóy (dual vocative)
yugtóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Germanic: *juhtaz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

(possibly) Ancient Greek: ζευκτός (zeuktós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yuktás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yuktás

Sanskrit: युक्त (yuktá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *yuxtáh

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬫𐬎𐬑𐬙𐬀 (yuxta)

Northeastern Iranian:

desc

Bactrian: ιογδιγο (iogdigo /yugdīg ~ yuγδīg/, “pair”) (>*yuxtá-kah)

Sogdian: (/yūγd/, “yoke; pair; team”)

Syriac script: ܝܗݎܬ (ywxt)

Northwestern Iranian:

Baluchi: جفت (ǰuft), جخت (ǰuxt)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: جووت (cût /ǰūt/)

Northern Kurdish: cot (/ǰōt/)

Southern Kurdish: جوفت (cuft /ǰuft/) (perhaps borrowed from New Persian)

Gilaki: جیت (jīt)

Proto-Medo-Parthian: *yuxtáh

Parthian: (/yuxt/, “pair; yoked”)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (ywxt)

Gurani: ھیتە (hīta)

Zazaki: cit (/ǰit/)

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian: (/ǰuxt/, “pair; yoke”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ywht)

From *yewg- (“to join, to yoke, to tie together”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: աղբիւր (ałbiwr)
Armenian: աղբյուր (ałbyur)

Proto-Germanic: *brunnô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰrḗwər

Ancient Greek: φρέᾱρ (phréār) (< with quantitative metathesis)

Ancient Greek: φρεῖᾰρ (phreîar)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰŕ̥Hwa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰŕ̥Hwa

Sanskrit: भुर्वन् (bhurván)

Probably from earlier metathesized form of *bʰrewh₁- (“to boil, brew”) + *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix). Compare *péh₂wr̥, *snéh₁wr̥.


méǵh₂yōs

méǵh₂yōs (nominative singular)
m̥ǵh₂yés (locative singular)
m̥ǵh₂isú (locative plural)
m̥ǵh₂iséh₁ (instrumental singular)
méǵh₂yōs (nominative plural)
méǵh₂yōs (plural vocative)
méǵh₂yōs (accusative plural)

Proto-Celtic: *magyos

Continental:

Gaulish: Magios

Goidelic:

Old Irish: maige

Proto-Hellenic: *méďďōn

Ancient Greek: μείζων (meízōn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máȷ́ʰyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máźʰyas

Sanskrit: महीयस् (máhīyas)

Proto-Iranian: *májyah

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 (maziiah)

Proto-Italic: *magjōs, *magis (< *m̥ǵh₂-is)

Latin: maior, magis

Oscan: mais

From the adjective *méǵh₂s (“big, great”) + *-yōs (intensive suffix).


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

Proto-Italic: *makēō

Latin: maceō

*méh₂ḱ- ~ *m̥h₂ḱ-

Proto-Celtic: *maketi

Brythonic:

Middle Breton: maguaff

Breton: maezhur, magañ

Cornish: maga

Middle Welsh: magu

Goidelic:

Old Irish: doformaig

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒈠𒀝𒆷𒀭𒋫𒀭 (ma-ak-la-an-ta-an, acc.sg.c.)

*méh₂ḱ-os ~ *méh₂ḱ-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *mā́kos

Ancient Greek: μῆκος (mêkos)

Doric Greek: μᾶκος (mâkos)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬵 (masah)

Proto-Hellenic: *mā́kistos

Ancient Greek: μήκιστος (mḗkistos)

Doric Greek: μᾱ́κιστος (mā́kistos)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (masišta)

Old Persian: [script needed] (maθišta-)

Proto-Italic: *maktos

Latin: mactus (> mactō)

Proto-Celtic: *makʷos

Unsorted forms:

Italic:

macēscō, maciēs, macilentus, macor


⇒ *téwh₂-bʰ-os ~ *tuh₂-bʰ-és-

Proto-Italic: *tūβos

Latin: tūber (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: prōtūberō (“to bulge up”), extūberō (“to bulge out”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *túh₂-bʰ-eh₂

Proto-Hellenic: *tū́pʰā

Ancient Greek: τῡ́φη (tū́phē) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *téwh₂-bʰ-Hō ~ *tuh₂-bʰ-Hnés

Proto-Germanic: *þūbǭ

Old Norse: þúfa (“mound”) (see there for further descendants)

>? *tuh₂-k- >? *tewk-

Proto-Italic: / Proto-Celtic: ?

→? Latin: tucca (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: tūcētum, tuccētum (see there for further descendants)

→? Umbrian: toco

⇒ *towh₂k-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tauˀkás

Proto-Slavic: *tȗkъ (“fat”) (see there for further descendants)

>? *tuh₂-m- >? *tum-

⇒ *tuh₂m-on-

>? Proto-Germanic: *þūmô (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *tuh₂-r-g-

>? Proto-Italic: *turgēō

Latin: turgeō (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *tuHsont- (“thousand”)

*twe-tówh₂-e ~ *twe-tuh₂-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tutā́wa

Proto-Iranian: *tutā́wa

Avestan: 𐬙𐬎𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (tutauua, “to be able”)

*towh₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *táwīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *toviti (“to fatten, cause to gain weight”) (see there for further descendants)

*téwh₂-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tỳti (“to become fat, gain weight”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táHuti (with laryngeal metathesis?)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táHuti

Sanskrit: तौति (tauti, “to get strong; to gain authority”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwHma

Proto-Iranian: *táwHma

Old Persian: [script needed] (tauman-, “strength, power, wealth”)

*tḗwh₂-s ~ *téwh₂-s (root noun)

⇒ *téwh₂s-ih₂

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwHsiH (“strength, power”) (see there for further descendants)

*tḗwh₂-ō ~ *tuh₂-nés

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tā́wā ~ *tāwnás

Proto-Iranian: *tā́wā ~ *tāwnáh

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *hwatā́wā ~ *hwatāwnás (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *tew(h₂)-téh₂ (“crowd, tribe, people”)

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: tul (“flesh, pulp; crumb”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tū́las (“several”)

Old Prussian: tūlan (“much”)

Proto-Slavic: *tỳlъ (“occiput, nape”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish:

Middle Irish:

Irish: tulach (“hillock”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: twl

Welsh: twl (“round elevation”)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *tū́los

Ancient Greek: τῡ́λος (tū́los), τῡ́λη (tū́lē)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *túHlas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *túHlas

Sanskrit: तूल (tūla, “tuft of grass or reeds”)

>? Proto-Italic:

>? Latin: tullius (“gushing water, waterfall”), ? Tullus, Tullius (if not Etruscan) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *tetulos

Latin: tutulus (see there for further descendants)

*tuh₂-mn̥-to-m or *towh₂-e-mn̥-to-m < *towh₂-éye-ti?

Proto-Italic: *towamentom

Latin: tōmentum (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumúlas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tumúlas

Sanskrit: तुमुल (tumula)

Proto-Hellenic: *tūrós (“cheese”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Ancient Greek: Τῡρώ (Tūrṓ)

⇒? *tuh₂-r-eh₂-yé-ti

Proto-Italic: *tūrāō

Latin: (ob)tūrō, (rē)tūrō (see there for further descendants)

*towh₂-ṓs ~ towh₂-és- (“strong”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawHā́s

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tawHā́s

Vedic Sanskrit: तवस् (tavás)

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: Τιτυός (Tituós) (see there for further descendants)

*tuh₂-to-s or *towh₂-e-to- < *towh₂-éye-ti?

Proto-Italic: *tōtos

Latin: tōtus (see there for further descendants)

*túh₂-yo-s (“strong”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *túHyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *túHyas

Vedic Sanskrit: तूय (tū́ya)

*tweh₂- (schwebeablaut variant)

⇒ *tweh₂-lo- or *tuh₂-elo-?

Proto-Hellenic: *twálos > *tsálos

Ancient Greek: σάλος (sálos) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *tweh₂-wo- (“whole”)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

>? Old Armenian: քաւ (kʻaw)
Armenian: քավ (kʻav)

Proto-Hellenic: *twáwos > *tsáwos

Ancient Greek: σάος (sáos), σῶς (sôs)

⇒ *twoh₂-ro-

Proto-Hellenic: *twōrós > *tsōrós

Ancient Greek: σωρός (sōrós) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *twóh₂-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *twṓmə > *tsṓmə

Ancient Greek: σῶμα (sôma) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *twana

Albanian: tërë, tanë

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: թոյն (tʻoyn, “poison”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tvìnti (“to rise, swell”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tvãnas (“flood”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Persian: توان (tavân, “power, ability”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: स्वतवस् (svátavas, “valiant, inherently powerful”)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-āˀtas

Proto-Slavic: *-atъ

Proto-Germanic: *-ōdaz

Proto-Italic: *-ātos

Latin: -ātus

Forms adjectives from nouns, indicating the possession of a thing or a quality.


Armenian:

Old Armenian: արոյդ (aroyd), երոյդ (eroyd), արուրդ (arurd), երուրդ (erurd)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rudras

Proto-Slavic: *rъdrъ

Proto-Germanic: *rudraz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *rudrijaną

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *rudrǭ

Proto-Hellenic: *erutʰrós (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrudʰrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrudʰrás

analogically reshaped after <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">रुधिक्रा</i> (rudhikrā́)

Sanskrit: रुधिर (rudhirá) (analogically reshaped after रुधिक्रा (rudhikrā́)) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ruðros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *rŭtäre (see there for further descendants)

From *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”) + *-rós (Caland system suffix).


Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*(s)kḗwh₁-s-t ~ *(s)kéwh₁-s-n̥t (root s-aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kjautei

Proto-Slavic: *čuti (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kuh₁-é-ti (thematic "tudati"-type root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kuHáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kuHáti

Sanskrit: आकुवते (ākuváte, “to intend”)

*(s)kowh₁-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Hellenic: *kowéjō

Ancient Greek: κοέω (koéō)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *kaweō
Latin: caveō
Umbrian: 𐌊𐌖𐌕𐌄𐌚 (kutef) (present participle of stative verb derived from the past participle)

*(s)kowh₁-éh₂-(ye)-ti (iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *k(j)auwāˀtei

Lithuanian: kavoti

Proto-Slavic: *čuvati

Proto-Germanic: *skawwōną (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kewsḱ-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ցոյց (cʻoycʻ)
Armenian: ցույց (cʻuycʻ)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *káwHiš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skauniz

Proto-Germanic: *skawaz

Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: θυο-σκόος (thuo-skóos)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: qyr (< *kewira)

desc

Proto-Slavic: *skyvati (“to take a look at”)

Ancient Greek: κῦδος (kûdos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ā́kuHtam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ā́kuHtam

Sanskrit: आकूत (ā́kūta)


h₃ókʷs

h₃ókʷs (nominative singular)
h₃ékʷsōs (collective nominative)
h₃ókʷs (singular vocative)
h₃ékʷsōs (collective vocative)
h₃ókʷs (accusative singular)
h₃ékʷsōs (accusative collective)
h₃ékʷs (genitive singular)
h₃ékʷs (ablative singular)
h₃ék (locative singular)
h₃ékʷi (locative singular)
h₃ékʷs (collective locative)
h₃ékʷh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₃kʷséh₁ (collective instrumental)

Armenian:

⇒ Old Armenian: ակն (akn, “eye”)

⇒? Old Armenian: յաւն (yawn, “eyebrow”)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ak-
East Baltic:
Latgalian: acs
Latvian: acs
Lithuanian: akìs
Samogitian: akis
West Baltic:
Old Prussian: ackis (nom. pl.)
Proto-Slavic: *ȍko (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *augô (with probable contamination from *auzô) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ókʷs

desc

Ancient Greek: ὄψ (óps), ὤψ (ṓps, “eye, face”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hákš, *Hákši (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hákṣ

⇒ Sanskrit: अनक्ष् (anákṣ, “blind”)

desctree

Proto-Tocharian: *ëk
Tocharian A: ak
Tocharian B: ek

From dual *h₃ókʷih₁

Proto-Albanian: *asī

Albanian: sy

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: աչք (ačʻkʻ, “both eyes”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὄσσε du (ósse, “eyes”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáčiH

⇒ Proto-Nuristani: *ačī́na

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kativiri: ačé

Prasuni: ižĩ́

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: aćĩ́

Tregami: ac̣ĩ́ (with irregular c̣ from Indo-Aryan)

Waigali: ačẽ

⇒ Proto-Nuristani: *ačā́ni (remodeled after Sanskrit अक्षाणि (akṣāṇi))

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: ačẽ́

From *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


pérdetor

pérdeso (imperative second-person singular)
pérdetor (indicative present singular third-person)
pérdeto (indicative past singular third-person)
pérdētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
pérdoyto (optative singular third-person)
pérdoror (indicative plural present third-person)
pérdontor (indicative plural present third-person)
pérdoro (indicative past plural third-person)
pérdonto (indicative past plural third-person)
pérdōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
pérdōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
pérdoyro (optative plural third-person)
pérdomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Albanian: *perda (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *perˀstei / *pirˀstei

Latvian: pir̂st

Lithuanian: pérsti

Proto-Germanic: *fertaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pérdomai (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *párdatay (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: περδομαι (perdomai)

Mediopassive root present of *perd- (“to fart”).


ǵwelH-

ǵwolH- (charcoal)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ar-

Proto-Iranian: *jar-

Avestan: 𐬯𐬐𐬀𐬭- (skar-, “charcoal”), 𐬯𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬥𐬀 (skarana, “burned things”)

Pashto: سکاره (skārə́)

Persian: زغال (zoğâl, “charcoal”), ذغال (zoğâl), ژگال (žogâl), شگال (šogâl), سکار (sakâr)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: خەڵووز (xellûz), زوخاڵ (zuxall)

Northern Kurdish: xelûz

Laki: ئِسکڵ (iskill)

desc

Old Azari: زوال (zuwāl, “charcoal; blaze”)

*ǵwélH-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́wálati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́wálati

Sanskrit: ज्वलति (jválati) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵwl̥H-é-ti (thematic zero-grade root present)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: žvìlti

*ǵwl̥H-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *kulą (see there for further descendants)

*ǵowlH-o-s (post-PIE schwebeablaut variant)

Proto-Celtic: *goulos

desctree

Middle Irish: gúal
Irish: gual
Manx: geayl
Scottish Gaelic: gual


h₃ókʷih₁

nominative/vocative/accusative dual of *h₃ókʷs


bʰerH-

*bʰer-dʰ-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέρθω (pérthō)

*bʰorH-(e)-ti (o-grade root present?)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bárˀtei
Latvian: bãrt
Lithuanian: bárti
Proto-Slavic: *bòrti (see there for further descendants)

q

with synchronic laryngeal deletion as in <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*wéryeti</i>

*bʰér-ye-ti (with synchronic laryngeal deletion as in *wéryeti)

desc

Proto-Albanian: *berja (“to strike > to fall”)

Albanian: bie, bjerr

Proto-Italic: *ferjō

Latin: feriō (see there for further descendants)

*bʰorH-ye-ti (o-grade ye-present?)

Proto-Germanic: *barjaną (see there for further descendants)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰorH-ye-ti</i> above?

Proto-Italic: *forāō (or from *bʰorH-ye-ti above?)

Latin: forō (see there for further descendants)

*bʰer-ano-

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: բերան (beran, “mouth”)
Armenian: բերան (beran)

*bʰorH-ni-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *barˀnis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *burō > (?) *burōną (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: bora

*bʰr̥H-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *burą > (?) *burōną (see there for further descendants)

Old English: bor

Old Saxon: *bor

Middle Low German: bor

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *birjā

desc

Albanian: birë (“hole, orifice, opening”)

Proto-Albanian: *brima

Albanian: brimë (“hole”)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: բիր (bir)
Armenian: բիր (bir)

>? Sanskrit: श्वभ्र (śvábhra)

desc

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *burˀnāˀ (“snout”) (see there for further descendants)


bʰerH-

q

*bʰérH-ō ~ *bʰr̥H-nés (possibly, alternatively perhaps from *ǵʰwer- (“wild (animal)”))

Proto-Germanic: *berô (“bear”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰerH-o-s

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bērˀas (“bay, reddish brown”) (secondary lengthening)

Lithuanian: bė́ras

Latvian: bȩ̃rs

*bʰérH-u-s ~ *bʰr̥H-éw-s (possibly)

q

⇒ *bʰruH-nó-s (possibly from metathesized *bʰr̥Hu-nó-s)

Proto-Germanic: *brūnaz (“brown”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *bʰruH-ró-s (possibly from metathesized *bʰr̥Hu-ró-s)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰruHrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰruHrás

Sanskrit: *भ्रूर (bhrūra)

Hindi: भूरा (bhūrā, “brown”)

Proto-Iranian: *buHráh (“reddish/yellowish-brown”)

Ossetian: (“yellow”)

Digor Ossetian: бор (bor)

Iron Ossetian: бур (bur)

desc

Khotanese: [script needed] (baurakhä, “yellow leaf”)

Sogdian: (/βōr/, “blonde”)

Syriac script: ܒܘܪ (βwr)

Yagnobi: вур (vur, “brown”)

Yidgha: وور (vūr, “pale red”)

Baluchi: بور (/bōr/, “bay horse”)

Northern Kurdish: bor (“grey”)

Middle Persian: (/bōr/, “reddish-brown, bay [horse]”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwl)

q

⇒ *bʰé-bʰr-u-s (“beaver”) (possibly, or perhaps via *bʰé-bʰr̥ ~ *bʰi-bʰr-ós)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: բորենի (boreni, “hyena”) (or borrowed from the Iranian cognate)


wreyt-

*wréyt-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *wrīþaną (see there for further descendants)

*writ-e-ti (thematic zero-grade root present?)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: rist

Lithuanian: rìsti

Proto-Slavic: *rьtь

Proto-Slavic: *rьtǫtь (see there for further descendants)

*wréyt-ye-ti (ye-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: rìest

Lithuanian: riẽsti (riečiù)

*wreyt-eh₁ye-ti (eh₁-stative)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: rietė́ti

*wróyt-os

Proto-Germanic: *wraiþaz (see there for further descendants)


wendʰ-

*wéndʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *windaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wendō

Umbrian: 𐌅𐌄𐌕𐌖 (vetu), prefixed also 𐌀𐌇𐌀𐌖𐌄𐌍𐌃𐌖 (ahauendu), 𐌐𐌓𐌄𐌖𐌄𐌍𐌃𐌖 (preuendu)

*wondʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *wandijaną (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գինդ (gind)

Proto-Germanic: *wandilaz (see there for further descendants)

*wondʰ-ós

Proto-Germanic: *wanduz (see there for further descendants)

*wondʰ-éh₂ (innovative abstract)

Proto-Albanian: *wandā

Albanian: unazë (“ring”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wandʰúras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wandʰúras

desc

Sanskrit: वन्धुर (vandhúra, “chariot driver's box”)

Proto-Iranian: *wandúrah

→ Old Armenian: վանդակ (vandak, “plaited net”)


preg-

*prog-éye-ti (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pražiti

South Slavic:

Slovene: pražiti

West Slavic:

Polish: prażyć

*preg-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *frekaz (see there for further descendants)

*prog-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *frakaz

Old English: fræc

Old Dutch: *frak

Middle Dutch: vrac

*preg-yo-s

Celtic:

Welsh: rhewydd

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pragnǫti

West Slavic:

Czech: prahnout

Polish: pragnąć

Celtic:

Old Breton: rogedou


wreyḱ-

*wréyḱ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: perrēist (prefixed)

Proto-Germanic: *wrīhaną

*wriḱ-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wrićyáti

Proto-Iranian: *wricyáti

Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬯𐬌𐬀 (uruuisia)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ríeša

Proto-Italic: *reikā

Latin: rīca

*wriḱ-nó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *wriknós

Ancient Greek: ῥικνός (rhiknós, “crooked, shriveled”)

*wréyḱ-ō ~ *wriḱ-n-és

Proto-Germanic: *wrīhô

*wreyḱ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ríešas

*wróyḱ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *wraihaz

Proto-Hellenic: *wroykós

Ancient Greek: ῥοικός (rhoikós)


weḱ-

*wéḱ-ti ~ *uḱ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ú-e-ek-zi /wēkzi/), [script needed] (ú-ek-zi /wekzi/, 3.sg.act)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wášti, *ućánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáṣṭi, *uśánti

Sanskrit: वष्टि (váṣṭi), उशन्ति (uśánti, 3.pl.act)

Proto-Iranian: *wáštī, *ucánti

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬍 (vaštī)

*wé-woḱ-e ~ *we-wk-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ú-e-wa-ak-ki /wewakki/) (functioning as an intensive verb)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáwaća

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáwaśa

Sanskrit: ववक्षि (vavákṣi) (possibly)

*wéḱ-ont-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἑκών (hekṓn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ućánts

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uśánts

Sanskrit: उशन्त् (uśánt)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἕκηλος (hékēlos), εἰκῇ (eikêi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wašnas

Proto-Iranian: *wašnah

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬵 (vasah), 𐬭𐬈-𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬯𐬥𐬀 (re-uuasna, “desire”)

Old Persian: 𐎺𐏁𐎴 (v-š-n /vašna/, “will”)

→ Old Armenian: վասն (vasn)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἕκητι (hékēti)


ine-decl-adj

ǵr̥h₂n̥tyéh₂

ǵr̥h₂n̥tés (genitive singular)
ǵr̥h₂n̥tés (ablative singular)
ǵr̥h₂n̥téy (dative singular)
ǵr̥h₂ént (locative singular)
ǵr̥h₂n̥tsú (locative plural)
ǵr̥h₂n̥téh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵr̥h₂n̥tyéh₂ (locative singular)
ǵr̥h₂n̥tyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ծերուն (cerun)
Armenian: ծերուն (cerun)

Old Armenian: ծերունի (ceruni)
Armenian: ծերունի (ceruni)

Proto-Hellenic: *géronts

Ancient Greek: γέρων (gérōn, “old man”)
Greek: γέροντας (gérontas), γέρος (géros)
→ English: geronto-
→ French: géronto-
→ Italian: geronto-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́árHans (see there for further descendants)

desc

Messapic: δερανθοα (deranθoa /derant'uā/, “senate”, loc. sg. f.)

From *ǵerh₂- (“to grow old, to mature”) + *-onts (Caland system suffix).


bʰérǵʰonts

ine-decl-adj

bʰr̥ǵʰéntih₂

bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tyéh₂

bʰérǵʰonts (nominative singular)
bʰérǵʰontes (nominative plural)
bʰérǵʰont (singular vocative)
bʰérǵʰontes (plural vocative)
bʰérǵʰontm̥ (accusative singular)
bʰérǵʰontm̥s (accusative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tés (genitive singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tóHom (genitive plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tés (ablative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tmós (ablative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥téy (dative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tmós (dative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰént (locative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰénti (locative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tsú (locative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥téh₁ (instrumental singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tmís (instrumental plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰéntih₂ (nominative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰéntih₂h₁ (dual nominative)
bʰr̥ǵʰéntih₂ (singular vocative)
bʰr̥ǵʰéntih₂h₁ (dual vocative)
bʰr̥ǵʰéntih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰéntih₂h₁ (accusative dual)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tyéh₂s (genitive singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tyéh₂s (ablative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tyéh₂ (locative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tyéh₂i (locative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
bʰérǵʰont (nominative singular)
bʰérǵʰont (accusative singular)

Proto-Celtic: *brigantī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *Burgundī

→ Late Latin: Burgundiones

⇒ Late Latin: Burgundia

Old French:

French: Bourgogne

Norman: Bourgouongne

→ English: Burgundy

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥ȷ́ʰáns (see there for further descendants)

From *bʰerǵʰ- (“to be elevated, up high”) + *-onts (Caland system suffix).


-onts

-onts (nominative singular)
é-onts (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-ontes (nominative plural)
é-ontes (nominative plural)
-ont (singular vocative)
é-ont (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-ontes (plural vocative)
é-ontes (plural vocative)
-ontm̥ (accusative singular)
é-ontm̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-ontm̥s (accusative plural)
é-ontm̥s (accusative plural)
-n̥tés (genitive singular)
Ø-n̥tés (genitive singular)
-n̥tóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-n̥tóHom (genitive plural)
-n̥tés (ablative singular)
Ø-n̥tés (ablative singular)
-n̥tmós (ablative plural)
Ø-n̥tmós (ablative plural)
-n̥téy (dative singular)
Ø-n̥téy (dative singular)
-n̥tmós (dative plural)
Ø-n̥tmós (dative plural)
-ént (locative singular)
Ø-ént (locative singular)
-énti (locative singular)
Ø-énti (locative singular)
-n̥tsú (locative plural)
Ø-n̥tsú (locative plural)
Ø-n̥téh₁ (instrumental singular)
-n̥tmís (instrumental plural)
Ø-n̥tmís (instrumental plural)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-ont (nominative singular)
é-ont (nominative singular)
-ont (accusative singular)
é-ont (accusative singular)

Proto-Anatolian: *-ónts

Hittite: -𒀭𒍝 (-an-za)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ants

Proto-Slavic: *-y (stem *-ǫť-)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *-ę (< *ejants < *-éy-onts, stem *-jęť-)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *-aję (< *-āˀjants < *-eh₂y-onts, stem *-ajęť-)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *-ěję (< *-ēˀjants < *-eh₁y-onts, stem *-ějęť-)

Proto-Germanic: *-andz

Proto-Hellenic: *-onts

Ancient Greek: -ων (-ōn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: -अन्त् (-ant /-ant/)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: -𐬀𐬧𐬙 (-aṇt)

Old Persian: -𐎴𐎫 (-n-t /-ant/)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (-nd,-nt' /-and/), ⇒ [script needed] (-ntk' /-andag/)

Persian: ـنده (-ande)

Parthian: [script needed] (-nd /-ind/)

→ Old Armenian: -անդակ (-andak)

Proto-Italic: *-onts, *-ānts (for *-ā-onts)

Latin: -ns, -ēns, -āns, -iēns

ǵerh₂- (“to grow older”) + *-onts → *ǵérh₂onts (“old”)

Forms adjectives from Caland system roots.

Ending of the present active participle of verbs.


*Hréth₂-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *reteti (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *retō

q

Latin: rotundus (< gerund *reto-ndo-s with -o- from noun) (see there for further descendants)

*Hroth₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Celtic: *rotīti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *rotā

Latin: rota (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *rraθī

Albanian: rreth (or < *rata + diminutive/collective *-ts)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: rats

Lithuanian: rãtas

→ Proto-Finnic: *rat'as (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rotos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *raþą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrátʰas (see there for further descendants)

*Hróth₂-wr̥ ~ *Hréth₂-n̥s

Proto-Germanic: *raduraz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: Rhys

Pictish: *ᚏᚓᚄᚐᚇ

Brill Publishers
Vladimir Orel
de:Brian D. Joseph


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov

(perhaps) *méh₂d-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mádati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mádati

Sanskrit: मदति (mádati), मदते (mádate, “to be intoxicated; rejoice”)

Proto-Iranian: *mádati

desc

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬈 (madaⁱte, “to become intoxicated”)

(perhaps) *m̥h₂d-yé-ti (yé-present)

Celtic: *madyeti (“break”) (the proposed semantic shift is be wet > burst > break)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *mėðjɨd
Middle Breton: mezaff (“knead”)
Breton: mezañ
Middle Welsh: maeðu (“break, win”)
Welsh: maeddu (“break, win”)

Old Irish: maidid

>? Proto-Germanic: *matjaną (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mā́dyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mā́dyati

Sanskrit: माद्यति (mā́dyati)

(perhaps) *me-móh₂d-e ~ *me-mh₂d-ḗr (stative)

Celtic:

Old Irish: ro·mmemaid

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mamáHda

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mamáHda

Sanskrit: ममाद (mamā́da)

*m̥h₂d-éh₁-(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Italic: *madēō

Latin: madeō

(perhaps) *moh₂d-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *maHdáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *maHdáyati

Sanskrit: मादयति (mādáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *maHdáyati

Younger Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬤𐬵𐬀 (madaiiaŋᵛha, 2sg.caus.pres.impv)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *matˢtás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *madarós

Ancient Greek: μᾰδᾰρός (madarós, “wet”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *madHrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *madHrás

Sanskrit: मदिर (madirá, “intoxicating”)

Unsorted formations:

desc

Proto-Albanian: *mazdnja (“to fatten; feed”) (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

(perhaps) Old Armenian: մատաղ (matał, “young, tender”), մաճառակ (mačaṙak, “fresh cheese”)

(perhaps) Middle Armenian: մաճար (mačar, “must”)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *mada

South Slavic:

Slovene: mada (“spot; blot”)

West Slavic:

Polish: mada (“sludge; mud; dirt”)

Slovincian: mada (“dirt; mud”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μᾰδάω (madáō)


Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: մօտ (mōt)

Old Armenian: մատչիմ (matčʻim)

Armenian: մատչել (matčʻel)

Proto-Germanic: *mōtą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mōtijaną (see there for further descendants)


gʷey-

*gʷéy-eti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰáyati (see there for further descendants)

*gʷéy-t ~ *gʷy-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: जेष् (jéṣ), जितम् (jitám, 2d.ipv.)

*gʷe-gʷóy-e ~ *gʷe-gʷy-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰigā́ya

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́igā́ya

Sanskrit: जिगाय (jigā́ya)

*gʷéy-onts

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰáyans (see there for further descendants)

*gʷey-ós

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷiā

Ancient Greek: βῐ́ᾱ (bíā)

Ionic Greek: βῐ́η (bíē)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰáyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áyas

Sanskrit: जय (jayá, “conquering, winning”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷi-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰitás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́itás

Sanskrit: जित (jitá) (see there for further descendants)


*pélh₂-t ~ *pl̥h₂-ént (athematic perfective)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πλῆτο (plêto), πλῆντο (plênto)

Proto-Italic:

Umbrian: 𐌀𐌐𐌄𐌋𐌖𐌔𐌕 (apelust), 𐌀𐌐𐌄𐌋𐌖𐌔 (apelus, “to bring near”, 3sg.fut.perf) (+ *am-)

*pl̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *pl̥-n-h₂-énti (*né-infix imperfective)

Proto-Albanian: *pelna

Albanian: pjell

Proto-Celtic: *ɸalnati

Proto-Brythonic: *alnad (see there for further descendants)

desctree

⇒ Old Irish: ad·ella
Middle Irish: aidlid

Proto-Hellenic: *pəlnaō, *pəlnamai

Ancient Greek: πιλνάω (pilnáō), πίλνᾰμαι (pílnamai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬈 (pər^əne)

Proto-Italic: *pelnaō

Latin: appellō, compellō, interpellō

*pe-pólh₂-e ~ *pe-pl̥h₂-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πεπλημένος (peplēménos)

Proto-Italic: *pepolai

Latin: pepulī

Proto-Hellenic: *pélas

Ancient Greek: πέλᾰς (pélas)

Proto-Hellenic: *plā́n (< *pléh₂-m̥?)

Ancient Greek: πλήν (plḗn)

Aeolic Greek: πλᾱ́ν (plā́n)

Doric Greek: πλᾱ́ν (plā́n)

Proto-Hellenic: *plātos

Ancient Greek: πλᾱτός (plātós), ἄπλητος (áplētos)

Epic Greek: ἄπλᾱτος (áplātos)

Ionic Greek: ἄπλᾱτος (áplātos)

Proto-Hellenic: *pelatās

Ancient Greek: πελάτης (pelátēs)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πελάτις (pelátis), πλᾶτις (plâtis), πλησίος (plēsíos), πλήτης (plḗtēs)


Proto-Celtic: *ɸletos (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic: (the first vowel by analogy with πλᾰτύς (platús))

Ancient Greek: πλᾰ́τος (plátos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prátʰas (see there for further descendants)


Armenian: (+ Old Armenian յ- (y-))

Old Armenian: յաղթ (yałtʻ)

Middle Armenian: յաղթ (yaġtʻ)

Armenian: հաղթ (haġtʻ)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *platús (with unexpected *o-grade) (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) Proto-Germanic: *flataz (“flat”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plətús

Ancient Greek: πλᾰτύς (platús) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥tʰúš (see there for further descendants)

From *pleth₂- (“flat”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).

suffix

ɸlitawī

*pl̥th₂-éwih₂ (“country”, feminine substantive)

𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬡𐬍

Proto-Iranian: *pr̥θwíH; Younger Avestan


nebʰ-

*nébʰ-eti ~ *nébʰ-onti (thematic imperfective)

Proto-Hellenic: *népʰō

Ancient Greek: σῠννέφει (sunnéphei), σῠννέφω (sunnéphō)

*ne-nóbʰ-e ~ *ne-mbʰ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Hellenic: *nenopʰa

Ancient Greek: σῠννένοφᾰ (sunnénopha)

*nébʰ-o-s (see there for further descendants)

*nebʰ-e-lo-s

Proto-Germanic: *nebulō, *nebulaz, *nebalaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *nepʰélā

Ancient Greek: νεφέλη (nephélē)

Proto-Italic: *neβelā

Latin: nebula (see there for further descendants)

*n̥bʰ-ró-s (see there for further descendants)

*n̥bʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nabʰtás

Proto-Iranian: *nabtás

Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬞𐬙𐬀 (napta, “moist, wet”)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (nβdk), [script needed] (nβc), [script needed] (nβdc)

Parthian: 𐫗𐫜𐫤 (nft)

Pashto: [script needed] (nūnd), [script needed] (nūmd)

Old Persian: *naftah (“moist, wet”)

Sogdian:

Christian: ܢܒܬܐܟ, ܢܒܬܟ

Manichaean: Sogdian: 𐫗𐫂𐫎𐫏𐫏 (nβṯyy), 𐫗𐫂𐫤𐫏𐫏 (nβtyy)

(possibly) *nébʰ-tu-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: Neptūnus


negʷʰrós

non-ablauting (romanization)
negʷʰrós (nominative singular)
negʷʰróes (nominative plural)
negʷʰré (singular vocative)
negʷʰróes (plural vocative)
negʷʰróm (accusative singular)
negʷʰróms (accusative plural)
negʷʰrósyo (genitive singular)
negʷʰróHom (genitive plural)
negʷʰréad (ablative singular)
negʷʰrómos (ablative plural)
negʷʰróey (dative singular)
negʷʰrómos (dative plural)
negʷʰréy (locative singular)
negʷʰróy (locative singular)
negʷʰróysu (locative plural)
negʷʰrṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *nekʷʰrós

Ancient Greek: νεφρός (nephrós)


spéḱs

spéḱs (nominative singular)
spéḱh₁ (dual nominative)
spéḱes (nominative plural)
spéḱ (singular vocative)
spéḱh₁ (dual vocative)
spéḱes (plural vocative)
spéḱm̥ (accusative singular)
spéḱh₁ (accusative dual)
spéḱm̥s (accusative plural)
spḱés (genitive singular)
spḱóHom (genitive plural)
spḱés (ablative singular)
spḱmós (ablative plural)
spḱéy (dative singular)
spḱmós (dative plural)
spéḱ (locative singular)
spéḱi (locative singular)
spḱsú (locative plural)
spḱéh₁ (instrumental singular)
spḱmís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spáćš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *speks

Latin: *spex (in compounds auspex and prospex)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *haruspeks

desc

Faliscan: 𐌇𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌐𐌄𐌗 (haraspex), 𐌇𐌀𐌓𐌉𐌔𐌐𐌄𐌗 (harispex)

Latin: haruspex

From *speḱ- (“to see, look”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


nā́m (first-person indicative past singular)
snā́m (first-person indicative past singular)
n̥h₂yéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
néh₂ (imperative second-person singular)
n̥h₂dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
sn̥h₂dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
n̥h₂wé (dual first-person indicative past)
n̥h₂tā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
n̥h₂tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
n̥h₂mé (first-person indicative past plural)
n̥h₂té (indicative plural present second-person)
n̥h₂té (indicative past plural second-person)
n̥h₂té (imperative plural second-person)

Proto-Celtic: *snāti

Old Irish: snaïd, -sná

Hellenic: (by analogy with πλέω (pléō, “sail”))

Ancient Greek: νέω (néō, “swim”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *snáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *snáHti

Sanskrit: स्नाति (snā́ti)

Proto-Italic: *snāō

Latin: nō

Athematic root present of *(s)neh₂- (“to swim; to float”).


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel

*h₃reyH-dʰh₁é-ti (dʰh₁-present)

⇒ *h₃réy(H)dʰh₁eti (thematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *reideti

desctree

Old Irish: réidid (“to ride, drive”)
Middle Irish: réidid

desc

Proto-Germanic: *rīdaną (“to ride; to move, rock, swing”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *h₃roydʰh₁-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ráidīˀtei?

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: raĩdît, raîdît (“to send hastily, urge, hurry”)

⇒ *h₃rey(H)dʰh₁-éh₁(ye)-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *reidḗˀtei?

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: riedė́ti (“to roll”)

⇒ *h₃rey(H)dʰh₁-os

Proto-Celtic: *reidos (“ride”, noun)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *uɸoreidos (“horse”) (see there for further descendants)

Old Irish: ríad (“riding, driving, voyage”)

Gaulish: rēda (“chariot”)

⇒ *h₃roy(H)dʰh₁-eh₂

Proto-Germanic: *raidō (“ride, journey”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *h₃roy(H)dʰh₁-ó-s or *h₃roydʰh₁-u-s (adj.)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *raidás or *raidus

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: raidù (“swift, quick”)

⇒ *h₃rey(H)dʰh₁-s-mn̥

Proto-Celtic: *reidsman (> *reissman)

Old Irish: réimm (“movement, course”)

*h₃ri-né-H-ti ~ *h₃ri-n-H-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Albanian: *rinja

Albanian: rij

Gheg Albanian: rîj

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *rìnǫti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rinnaną (see there for further descendants) (or from *h₃ri-néw-ti)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀρῑ́νω (orī́nō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HrináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HrináHti

Sanskrit: रिणाति (riṇā́ti)

>? Proto-Indo-European: *h₃ri-n-H-o-s (or =*h₃riH-nó-s; see below)

Proto-Albanian: *rina

*h₃réy(H)-ti-s ~ *h₃riH-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *rīþiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HriHtíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HriHtíṣ

Sanskrit: रीति (rītí)

Proto-Celtic: *reyatrom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *rě̄kà (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *ròjь (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráyas

Sanskrit: रय (ráya)

*h₃riH-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HriHyáti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HriHmás

Proto-Iranian: *HriHmáh

Khotanese: [script needed] (rrīma)

Middle Persian:

Persian: ریم (rim)

Sogdian: [script needed] (rym)

Pashto: [script needed] (rəma), [script needed] (rima)

Proto-Celtic: *reinos (“river, waterway”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *rītos

⇒ Latin: irrītō (see there for further descendants)

*h₃réy(H)-t-os ~ *h₃réy(H)-t-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráytas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráytas

Sanskrit: रेतस् (rétas)

Proto-Italic: *rīwos

Latin: rīvus (see there for further descendants)

>? *h₃royH-e-ti

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ráiˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *rě̀jati (“to move quickly, push forward?”) (see there for further descendants)

>? *h₃riH-n-do-s

Proto-Celtic: *rinnos

Proto-Brythonic:

Cornish: rynny

Middle Welsh: rin

Middle Irish: renn

to flow, stream (of water); to pour, rain


dʰubʰnós

dʰubʰnós (nominative singular)
dʰubʰnóes (nominative plural)
dʰubʰné (singular vocative)
dʰubʰnóes (plural vocative)
dʰubʰnóm (accusative singular)
dʰubʰnóms (accusative plural)
dʰubʰnósyo (genitive singular)
dʰubʰnóHom (genitive plural)
dʰubʰnéad (ablative singular)
dʰubʰnómos (ablative plural)
dʰubʰnóey (dative singular)
dʰubʰnómos (dative plural)
dʰubʰnéy (locative singular)
dʰubʰnóy (locative singular)
dʰubʰnóysu (locative plural)
dʰubʰnṓys (instrumental plural)
dʰubʰnā́m (accusative singular)
dʰubʰnóm (nominative singular)
dʰubʰnóy (dual nominative)
dʰubʰnóm (singular vocative)
dʰubʰnóy (dual vocative)
dʰubʰnóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dubnás, *dubná (“bottom”)

Lithuanian: dùgnas

Old Prussian: dubnas

Proto-Slavic: *dъnò (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *dubnos (“depth; world”) (see there for further descendants)


mreǵʰ-

*mréǵʰ-us

*mréǵʰ-yōs ~ *mr̥ǵʰ-is-és

Proto-Hellenic: *brə́ťťōn

Ancient Greek: βρᾰ́σσων (brássōn), (later) βραχίων (brakhíōn)

Aeolic Greek: βρόσσων (bróssōn)

Proto-Italic: *breɣʷiōs (see there for further descendants)


*h₂welh₁-t ~ *h₂wl̥h₁-ént (root aorist)

>? Proto-Germanic: *wulþǭ (“I ruled”, 1sg past tense)

>? Proto-Germanic: *waldaną (“to rule”) (see there for further descendants) (back formation)

*h₂wl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ *h₂wl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄷𒌌𒇷𒄑𒍣 (ḫu-ul-le-ez-zi /hullezi/, “to smash, to defeat”)

*h₂wl̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *h₂wl̥-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *walnāti

Old Irish: follnaithir (“to rule, govern”)

*h₂wélh₁-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)

>? Proto-Germanic: *waldaną (see there for further descendants) (alternatively)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: veldėti (“to inherit; (obsolete) possess, govern”)

Proto-Slavic: *volsti

Old Church Slavonic: власти (vlasti, “to rule”)

Proto-Italic: *walēō

Latin: valeō (“to be well”)

Proto-Celtic: *walatros

Proto-Brythonic: *gwaladr

Welsh: gwaladr (“ruler”)

q

*h₂wol-neh₂-mō ~ *h₂wl̥-neh₂-m̥n-és (with regular *-oRHC- > *-oRC-, the "Saussure effect")

Proto-Celtic: *wolnāmū (“ruler”)

desc

⇒ Middle Irish: follamnacht (“government, ruling”)

⇒ Middle Irish: follamnaigid (“to rule, govern”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: wäl (“king”)

Tocharian B: walo (“king”)

Proto-Celtic: *walos (“prince”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂wélh₁-ti-s ~ *h₂wl̥h₁-téy-s

Proto-Celtic: *wlatis (“sovereignty”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂woldʰ-eh₁-ti (éh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *volděti (“to rule”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂woldʰ-éye-ti (eye-iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: vàldît

Lithuanian: valdýti

>? Proto-Germanic: *waldijaną (unless from *h₂wolh₁-t-éye-ti)

Proto-West Germanic: *waldijan

desctree

Old English: wieldan, wildan
English: wield
Scots: wield

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *walstis

Lithuanian: valstybė

Latvian: valsts

Proto-Slavic: *volstь (“rule”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *walˀdjāˀ

Lithuanian: valdžia

Proto-Slavic: *volďa

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

desc

Old Prussian: weldisnan sg (“inheritance”, acc)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *voldь

Old Church Slavonic: владь (vladĭ, “power”)

Possibly connected to *welh₁- (“to choose, wish”), but Hittite requires a leading h₂-. Furthermore, an argument against reconstructing a root-final h₁ is Old Irish follnaithir (“rules”), which point to h₂ instead. A connection with *HweRdʰ- (“to become big/strong”), Sanskrit वर्धते (várdhate, “to grow”), is also suggested.


*h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *volsъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wálćas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *volkъno (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *walkás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic:

Old English: wlōh

Unsorted formations:

Baltic:

Lithuanian: valaĩ

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λῶμα (lôma), λάχνη (lákhnē), λάχνος (lákhnos), λάσιος (lásios)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwārHáts

Proto-Nuristani: *wārakká (< *HwārHatkás)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: varúk

Prasuni: vórik

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: vorṓk

Waigali: vërëk

Italic:

Latin: vellus, villus

Latin: *ulos

Latin: adūlor

Proto-Slavic: *voldь

Old East Slavic: володь (volodĭ)

Old Church Slavonic: владь (vladĭ)

→ Old East Slavic: владь (vladĭ)

(?) ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *podvoldьnъka

Slovene: pódlanka (“undercoat”)

Often compared to *welh₃- (“to pluck”) and *welH- (“to turn”).


bʰrews-

*bʰrus-é-ti (zero-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *bruseti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰrows-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *brausijaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰrus-tó-s (“broken”)

Proto-Italic: *frustom (“piece broken off”)

Latin: frustum

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *brauša

Albanian: breshër

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *brusnati
Old Irish: bronnaid
Irish: bronn
Scottish Gaelic: bronn, pronn

Proto-Celtic: *brustniyos

desc

Old Irish: brosnae (“bundle of firewood”)

Proto-Germanic: *breustą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *brusts (see there for further descendants)


gʷʰénti

gʷʰénmi (first-person indicative present singular)
gʷʰénm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
gʷʰénoh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
gʷʰn̥yéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
gʷʰénsi (indicative present second-person singular)
gʷʰéns (indicative past second-person singular)
gʷʰén (imperative second-person singular)
gʷʰn̥dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
gʷʰénesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷʰn̥yéh₁s (optative second-person singular)
gʷʰénti (indicative present singular third-person)
gʷʰént (indicative past singular third-person)
gʷʰéntu (imperative singular third-person)
gʷʰéneti (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰn̥yéh₁t (optative singular third-person)
gʷʰn̥wós (dual first-person indicative present)
gʷʰn̥wé (dual first-person indicative past)
gʷʰénowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
gʷʰn̥tés (dual indicative present second-person)
gʷʰn̥tóm (dual indicative past second-person)
gʷʰn̥tóm (dual imperative second-person)
gʷʰénetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
gʷʰn̥tés (dual indicative present third-person)
gʷʰn̥tā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
gʷʰn̥tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
gʷʰénetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰn̥mós (first-person indicative plural present)
gʷʰn̥mé (first-person indicative past plural)
gʷʰénomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
gʷʰn̥té (indicative plural present second-person)
gʷʰn̥té (indicative past plural second-person)
gʷʰn̥té (imperative plural second-person)
gʷʰénete (plural second-person subjunctive)
gʷʰnénti (indicative plural present third-person)
gʷʰnént (indicative past plural third-person)
gʷʰnéntu (imperative plural third-person)
gʷʰénonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰnónts (indicative participle present)
gʷʰn̥h₂ér (first-person indicative present singular)
gʷʰn̥h₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
gʷʰnih₁h₂é (first-person optative singular)
gʷʰn̥th₂ér (indicative present second-person singular)
gʷʰn̥th₂é (indicative past second-person singular)
gʷʰn̥só (imperative second-person singular)
gʷʰn̥tór (indicative present singular third-person)
gʷʰnór (indicative present singular third-person)
gʷʰn̥tó (indicative past singular third-person)
gʷʰnó (indicative past singular third-person)
gʷʰénetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰnih₁ó (optative singular third-person)
gʷʰn̥wósdʰh₂ (dual first-person indicative present)
gʷʰn̥wédʰh₂ (dual first-person indicative past)
gʷʰn̥mósdʰh₂ (first-person indicative plural present)
gʷʰn̥médʰh₂ (first-person indicative past plural)
gʷʰn̥dʰh₂wé (indicative plural present second-person)
gʷʰn̥dʰh₂wé (indicative past plural second-person)
gʷʰn̥dʰh₂wé (imperative plural second-person)
gʷʰn̥rór (indicative plural present third-person)
gʷʰnn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
gʷʰn̥ró (indicative past plural third-person)
gʷʰnn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
gʷʰénoror (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰénontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Anatolian: *gʷénti

Hittite: 𒆪𒂗𒍣 (ku-en-zi /kuenzi/, “to strike”)

Lycian: 𐊌𐊙𐊑𐊗𐊆 (qãñti, 3pl.pres.act.)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ջնեմ (ǰnem)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gúntei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *gʷaneti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰánti (see there for further descendants)

Athematic root present of *gʷʰen- (“to strike, slay, kill”).


kʷrinā́m (first-person indicative past singular)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *krьnǫti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷrinati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *krináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *krináHti

desctree

Sanskrit: क्रीणाति (krīṇā́ti)
Assamese: কিন (kin)
Bengali: কিনা (kina), কেনা (kena)
Magahi: 𑂍𑂱𑂢𑂪 (kinal)
Phalura: krína
Romani: kinel

Proto-Iranian: *xrináHti

Khotanese: ggän-

Middle Persian:

Manichaean: 𐫟𐫡𐫏𐫗𐫏𐫅 (xrynyd)

Book Pahlavi: [script needed] (ZḆNN-tn' /xrīdan/)

Sogdian:

Buddhist: [script needed] (xr’yn)

Sogdian: [script needed] (xr’yn)

From *kʷreyh₂- (“to buy”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


Proto-Celtic: *linati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *alínō

Ancient Greek: ἀλίνω (alínō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HlináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HlináHti

desc

Sanskrit: लिनाति (lināti, “sticks, stays, adheres; slips (into), disappears”)

Proto-Italic: *linō (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂leyH- (“to smear”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


h₂óḱrih₁ (dual nominative)
h₂óḱri (singular vocative)
h₂óḱrih₁ (dual vocative)
h₂óḱrih₁ (accusative dual)
h₂éḱri (locative singular)
h₂éḱrih₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Celtic: *okris

Old Irish: ochair

Middle Irish: ochair

Irish: achar

Brythonic:

Old Breton: occrou

Old Welsh: och

Welsh: ochr

Proto-Hellenic: *ókris

Ancient Greek: ὄκρις (ókris)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćriš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háśriṣ

Sanskrit: अश्रि (áśri)

Proto-Italic: *okris

Latin: ocris

Marsian: ocres (gen.sg.)

South Picene: okreí (loc.sg.?)

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌊𐌀𐌓 (ukar), ocar (nom.sg.); ocrem, ocre (acc.sg.); ocrer (gen.sg.); 𐌖𐌊𐌓𐌄 (ukre), ocre (dat.sg.); ocre, ocrem (loc.sg.); 𐌖𐌊𐌓𐌉𐌐𐌄 (ukripe), 𐌖𐌊𐌓𐌉𐌐𐌄𐌓 (ukriper), ocriper, ocreper (abl.sg.)


h₁ḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
h₁éy (imperative second-person singular)
h₁idʰí (imperative second-person singular)

Proto-Albanian: *aitatja

Albanian: eci

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *eitei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *éimi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háyti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *eō (see there for further descendants)

Athematic root present of *h₁ey- (“to go”).


tekʷ-

*tékʷ-ti ~ *tkʷ-énti (athematic root verb) or *tékʷ-e-ti (thematic root verb)

Proto-Albanian: *en-teka

Albanian: ndjek

(perhaps) Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒉿𒀜𒆪𒍖𒍣 (wa-at-ku-uz-zi /watkuzi/) (< *wé-tkʷ-ti)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tektei

Latvian: tecêt

Lithuanian: tekė́ti

Proto-Slavic: *teťi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tekʷeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tákti, *tákati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tákti, *tákati

Sanskrit: तक्ति (tákti), तकति (tákati)

Proto-Iranian: *táxti, *tákati

Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (fratacaⁱti), 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬗𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (frataciṇti)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (mndxs-)

Parthian: 𐫤𐫝𐫏𐫅 (tcyd)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (tcyt /tazēd/)

Persian: تاختن (tâxtan, “to attack, to run”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾntxst)

*tokʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Albanian: *awa-takja

Albanian: vdes

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *točiti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *takáyati

Proto-Iranian: *takáyati

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬁𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (tācaiieⁱṇti)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (tʾcynd /tāzēnd/)

Parthian: 𐫤𐫀𐫝𐫏𐫗𐫅 (tʾcynd)

*tékʷ-onts

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táčints

Proto-Iranian: *táčinth

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬗𐬌𐬧𐬙 (taciṇt)

Middle Persian: 𐫎𐫉𐫀𐫗 (ṯzʾn) (Manichaean)

(perhaps) Tocharian: *cäke

Tocharian B: cake

*tékʷ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tekas

Latvian: tęks

Proto-Slavic: *tekъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tekʷos

⇒ Old Irish: intech (“road”)

*tekʷ-ó-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *þewaz (< *þegwaz or *þehwaz) (see there for further descendants)

*tékʷ-u-s ~ *tkʷ-éw-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tákuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tákuṣ

Sanskrit: तकु (táku)

*tkʷ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *taktás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *taktás

Sanskrit: तक्त (taktá)

Proto-Iranian: *taxtáh

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬁𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬝𐬐𐬎𐬱 (tācait̰kuš)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (tcyt /tazīd/)

*tokʷ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *takas

Latvian: taks

Lithuanian: tãkas

Proto-Slavic: *tȏkъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *takas

Proto-Iranian: *takas

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬐𐬀 (taka)


ḱlównis

ḱlównis (nominative singular)
ḱlówneyes (nominative plural)
ḱlówni (singular vocative)
ḱlówneyes (plural vocative)
ḱlównim (accusative singular)
ḱlównims (accusative plural)
ḱlunéys (genitive singular)
ḱlunéyoHom (genitive plural)
ḱlunéys (ablative singular)
ḱlunímos (ablative plural)
ḱlunéyey (dative singular)
ḱlunímos (dative plural)
ḱlunéy (locative singular)
ḱlunḗy (locative singular)
ḱlunísu (locative plural)
ḱlunímis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ślaunis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *klounis

Proto-Brythonic: *klʉn

Middle Breton: clun

Breton: klun

Cornish: clun

Middle Welsh: clun

Welsh: clun

Proto-Germanic: *hlauniz

Old Norse: hlaun

Norwegian: laun

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κλόνις (klónis) (perhaps with contamination from κλόνος (klónos, “confusion, excitement”))

Proto-Italic: *klounis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćráwniš (see there for further descendants)


mesg-

*mésg-e-ti (thematic root imperfective)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máẑǰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máźȷ́ati

Sanskrit: मज्जति (májjati)

Proto-Italic: *mezgō

Latin: mergō

*mosg-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *maẑǰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *maźȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: मज्जयति (majjáyati)

*mosg-o-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *masg-, *mask- (denominative)

East Baltic:

Latvian: mazgāt (“to wash”)

Lithuanian: mazgóti (“to wash”)

Proto-Slavic: *mosky (“swamp, dampness, moisture”)

desctree

Old East Slavic: *Москꙑ (*Mosky)
⇒ Old East Slavic: Москъвь (Moskŭvĭ), Московь (Moskovĭ)
Old Ruthenian: Москва́ (Moskvá)
Belarusian: Масква́ (Maskvá)
Carpathian Rusyn: Москва́ (Moskvá)
Ukrainian: Москва́ (Moskvá)
Russian: Москва́ (Moskvá)
→ Armenian: Մոսկվա (Moskva)
→ Belarusian: Масква (Maskva)
→ Czech: Moskva
Czech: moskva (“rye bread”) (uncommon)
→ Dungan: Москва (Moskva)
→ Greek: Μόσχα (Móscha)
→ Hebrew: מוסקבה (moskvá)
→ Hungarian: Moszkva
→ Ingrian: Moskova
→ Italian: Mosca
→ Japanese: モスクワ (Mosukuwa)
→ Karaim: Москва (Moskva)
→ Korean: 모스크바 (moseukeuba)
→ Kyrgyz: Москва (Moskva)
→ Latvian: Maskava
→ Norwegian Bokmål: Moskva
→ Polish: Moskwa
→ Romanian: Moscova
→ Slovak: Moskva
→ Vietnamese: Mát-xcơ-va
→ Yiddish: מאָסקווע (moskve)
→ Latin: Moscovia
→ English: Moscow
→ French: Moscou
→ German: Moskau
→ Dutch: Moskou
→ Tatar: Мәскәү (Mäskäw)
→ Bashkir: Мәскәү (Məskəw)
→ Kazakh: Мәскеу (Mäskeu)

Slovak: mozga (“puddle”)

Polish: mazgać; Mozgawa


[Term?]

Proto-Albanian: *en-iuwo-ma

Albanian: ndihmë, ndihmoj

*h₁éwHeti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *oweti

⇒ Old Irish: con·oí

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwati (possibly merged with *h₂ew-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwati

Sanskrit: अवति (ávati)

Proto-Iranian: *Háwati

Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬨𐬍 (auuāmī)

*h₁íh₁ewHeti (reduplicated thematic present)

Proto-Italic: *iowaō
Latin: iuvō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *iūtos

Latin: iūtus


tetḱ-

*tḗtḱ-ti ~ *tétḱ-n̥ti (Narten imperfective)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *téśtei
Latvian: test
Proto-Slavic: *tesàti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tā́ćšti, *táćšati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tā́ṭṣṭi, *táṭṣati

Sanskrit: ताष्टि (tā́ṣṭi), तक्षति (tákṣati, 3pl.)

Proto-Iranian: *tā́šti, *tášati

Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌 𐬙𐬁𐬱𐬙𐬌 (auui tāšti), 𐬙𐬁𐬱𐬙 (tāšt)

desc

Old Persian: 𐏃𐎫𐎧𐏁𐎫𐎡𐎹 (h-t-x-š-t-i-y /haᵐtaxšataiy/)

Proto-Nuristani: *táscati

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: taćë́-

Kativiri: sëćé-

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: tō̃́ćie-

Proto-Italic: *teksō (perhaps) (or from *teḱ-s-e-ti)

Latin: texō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tāks-

*totḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tašýti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *taćšáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *taṭṣáyati

Sanskrit: तक्षयति (takṣáyati)

*tétḱ-ō ~ *tḱ-nés (“carpenter”) (see there for further descendants)

*tetḱ-(dʰ)lo- (“adze”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tesla, *teslò (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tāxslos

Primitive Irish: ᚈᚐᚂᚐᚌᚅᚔ (talagni) (perhaps)

Old Irish: tál

Irish: tál

Proto-Germanic: *þehslō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: tēla, tēlum (or from Proto-Indo-European *tend-)

Proto-Germanic: *þehsō

Old English: þeox

Old High German: dehsa

Middle High German: dehse

German: Dechse

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: τέχνη (tékhnē)
Greek: τέχνη (téchni)
→ Latin: techna
English: techno-

*tₔtḱ-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *taćšṭás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *taṭṣṭás

Sanskrit: तष्ट (taṣṭá)

Proto-Iranian: *taštáh

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬀 (tašta)

Middle Persian: tšt' (tašt), [script needed] (tʾšytk /tāšīdag/) (see there for further descendants)

Parthian: [script needed] (tʾst /tāst/), [script needed] (tʾstg /tāstag/)

→ Persian: طاس (tâs) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Armenian: տաշեմ (tašem)
Armenian: տաշել (tašel)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: testa

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *tēkslā

Proto-Albanian: *tāslā

Albanian: tollë

Proto-Albanian: *taksjā

Albanian: teshë

Reanalyzed reduplication from *teḱ- (“to sire, beget”).


lókus

lókus (nominative singular)
lókewes (nominative plural)
lóku (singular vocative)
lókewes (plural vocative)
lókum (accusative singular)
lókums (accusative plural)
l̥kwés (genitive singular)
l̥kwóHom (genitive plural)
l̥kwés (ablative singular)
l̥kwmós (ablative plural)
l̥kwéy (dative singular)
l̥kwmós (dative plural)
lóku (locative singular)
lókwi (locative singular)
l̥kwsú (locative plural)
l̥kwmís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: liqen, (archaic) lëken

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *lokỳ (extended with the collective marker *-h₂) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *loku (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *laguz, *lahō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *lə́kwos (from the oblique grade)

Ancient Greek: λάκκος (lákkos)

Proto-Italic: *lakus

Latin: lacus


tek-

*ték-e-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tektei

Latvian: tikt

Lithuanian: tèkti

Proto-Celtic: *teketi

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: tizaff

Old Irish: ad·teich (see there for further descendants)

*tek-yé-ti

Proto-Germanic: *þigjaną (see there for further descendants)

*tk-e-tróm

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšatrám (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: κτάομαι (ktáomai)

Ancient Greek: κτέανον (ktéanon)

Ancient Greek: κτῆμα (ktêma)

Ancient Greek: κτῆνος (ktênos)

Ancient Greek: κτῆσις (ktêsis)

*tk-éy-ti (athematic present (imperfective))

⇒? *tkey- (reanalyzed root)

⇒ *tkéy-e-ti (thematicized present)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšáyati (“to rule, have power over, control”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣáyati

Sanskrit: क्षयति (kṣáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *xšáyati

desctree

⇒ Old Persian: 𐏋 (XŠ /xšāyaθiya/, “king”)
Middle Persian: 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (MLKA /šāh/)
Persian: شاه (šâh) (see there for further descendants)
Tajik: шоҳ (šoh)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Celtic: (or borrowed from Germanic?)

desc

Old Irish: taca (“prop, support, peg”, noun)

Irish: taca

Scottish Gaelic: taca


tek-

*ték-e-ti

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: թեքեմ (tʻekʻem)
Armenian: թեքել (tʻekʻel)

*ték-seti

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒈭𒆠𒅖𒍣 (tákkišzi)

Proto-Germanic: *þehsaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *teksō

Latin: texō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

q

perhaps by conflation with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*(s)tegʰ-</i> (“to stitch”) or another root

>? Old Armenian: թեզան (tʻezan) (perhaps by conflation with *(s)tegʰ- (“to stitch”) or another root) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Slavic: *kyvati (see there for further descendants)

*keh₁w-éye-ti (*e-grade iterative)

Proto-Italic: *kēweō

Latin: cēveō

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


teḱ-

*téḱ-t (perfective)

Proto-Hellenic: *tékon

Ancient Greek: τέκον (tékon), ἔτεκον (étekon)

*té-tḱ-ti (“to create, produce, cut, hew”, reduplicated athematic)

*te-tóḱ-e (stative)

Proto-Hellenic: *tétoka

Ancient Greek: τέτοκα (tétoka)

*tí-tḱ-e-ti (i-reduplicated thematic)

Proto-Hellenic: *tíktō

Ancient Greek: τίκτω (tíktō)

*tḱ-éy-ti (“to settle, live, dwell, cultivate”, *éy-present)

*téḱ-no-m

Proto-Hellenic: *téknon

Ancient Greek: τέκνον (téknon)

*tóḱ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *tókos

Ancient Greek: τόκος (tókos), τοκεύς (tokeús)

*téḱ-os ~ *téḱ-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *tékos

Ancient Greek: τέκος (tékos)

*tḱ-tis

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tíśtis

Proto-Slavic: *tь̏stь (see there for further descendants)

tek-

possibly conflated with *teḱ- in some branches


ǵn̥h₁téy (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tḗy (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tíh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Albanian: *dzenti

Albanian: dhênd

Albanian: dhen

q

or from (or conflated with) <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵemH-</i>

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źénˀtis, *źénˀtas (or from (or conflated with) *ǵemH-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kinþiz, *kundiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *génetis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́áHtiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́aHtíṣ

Sanskrit: जाति (jātí) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *ȷ́áHtiš

Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (jaⁱti, “family; birth”)

Proto-Italic: *gentis

Latin: gēns (see there for further descendants)

From *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, to beget, to give birth”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


Proto-Hellenic: *dṓtōr

Ancient Greek: δώτωρ (dṓtōr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáHtā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *datōr

Latin: dator

From *deh₃- (“to give”) + *-tōr (agentive nominal suffix).


wéydtōr

wéydtōr (nominative singular)
wéydtores (nominative plural)
wéydtor (singular vocative)
wéydtores (plural vocative)
wéydtorm̥ (accusative singular)
wéydtorm̥s (accusative plural)
widtrés (genitive singular)
widtróHom (genitive plural)
widtrés (ablative singular)
widtr̥mós (ablative plural)
widtréy (dative singular)
widtr̥mós (dative plural)
widtér (locative singular)
widtéri (locative singular)
widtr̥sú (locative plural)
widtr̥mís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *wístōr

desc

Ancient Greek: ἴστωρ (ístōr), ἵστωρ (hístōr, “one who knows, witness”)

Boeotian Greek: ϝίστωρ (wístōr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáytˢtā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáyttā

Sanskrit: वेत्तृ (véttṛ), वेदितृ (véditṛ)

Proto-Italic: *weissōr

Latin: vīsor

From *weyd- (“to see”) + *-tōr (agentive nominal suffix).


wleykʷ-

*wléykʷ-ti ~ *wlikʷ-énti

⇒ Proto-Italic: *wleikʷōr

Latin: līquor (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *lik-

Tocharian A: lyīktsi (“to wash”)

*wlikʷ-éh₁-ye-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Italic: *wlikʷēō

Latin: liqueō (see there for further descendants)

*wlikʷ-o-s

>? Proto-Celtic: *wlikʷos (see there for further descendants)

*wlikʷ-s-o/eh₂- (perhaps from an s-stem)

>? Proto-Celtic: *wlixsos, *wliksos m

Proto-Brythonic: *gwlɨx

Welsh: gwlych

Proto-Italic: *liksos

Latin: lixa f (“(washing) water; lye”)

Latin: ēlixus (“boiled; sodden”)

desc

Latin: prōlixus (“extended, broad; comprehensive; fortunate”)

Unsorted formations:

Tocharian B: laikanaträ (“washes”)

Tocharian B: likṣan- (“washes”)


*lóh₃w-ey ~ *l̥h₃w-énti

Proto-Anatolian: *lóHʷei

>? Hittite: 𒆷𒀀𒄷𒄿 (la-a-ḫu-i, “to pour; to (over)flow”)

⇒? Luwian: [script needed] (lā(ḫ)un(a)i-, “to wash”)

*léwh₃-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: laj

Proto-Hellenic: *léwoō

Ancient Greek: λούω (loúō), λοέω (loéō), λόω (lóō) (see there for further descendants)

*(le-)lówh₃-ti (reduplicated o-grade present)

Proto-Italic: *lawō (see there for further descendants)

*lówh₃-tro-m, *léwh₃-tro-m

Unsorted formations:

Old Armenian: լոգանամ (loganam) (see there for further descendants)

>? Old Armenian: լուանամ (luanam) (or < *plew-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *laugō (see there for further descendants)

Old Latin: lavē- (transitive)


h₃réǵoh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
h₃réǵōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
h₃réǵe (imperative second-person singular)
h₃réǵēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
h₃réǵēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
h₃réǵēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
h₃réǵōh₂er (first-person singular subjunctive)
h₃réǵēdʰh₂we (plural second-person subjunctive)

Proto-Celtic: *regeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rekaną (“rake up, pile up, heap up”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀρέγω (orégō)

Italic:

Latin: regō

Thematic root present of *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten; to righten”).

to be straightening, to be setting upright


*kéh₃-tu-s ~ *kh₃-téw-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κότος (kótos)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: котора (kotora, “quarrel”)

Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: शत्रु (śatru, “enemy, foe”) (see there for further descendants)


Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒃰𒁺 n (kattu-)

Proto-Celtic: *katus m (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *haþuz f (see there for further descendants)

From *keh₃- (“to fight”) + *-tus if it is related to Proto-Germanic *harōjaną (“to sharpen”).


Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒂊𒃷 (e-kán /ʔekán/, “ice”)

*h₁óyg-s ~ *h₁ig-s-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háykš

Proto-Iranian: *Háyxam (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *yegis (“ice”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₁yég-ō ~ *h₁ig-nés

Proto-Germanic: *jekô (“piece of ice, hoarfrost”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *jekulaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáǰas

Proto-Nuristani: *yája (“cold”) (irregular *j for expected *ǰ)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: ǘć

Kativiri: yúz

Prasuni: yǘzu, ǘzu

Southern Nuristani:

Waigali: yoz

→ Kalasha: [script needed] (yoz)

→ Khowar: [script needed] (yoz)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HyāǰáH

Proto-Iranian: *HyāǰáH

Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *yǣǰǽ

Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *yǣ́ǰ́

Proto-Shughni-Roshani: *yø̄́z

Sarikoli: yoz (“glacier”)

→ Wakhi: yaz


Proto-Germanic: *gladaz (see there for further descendants)

*gʰl̥h₂-n̥-dʰ-ó-s (nasal-infix)

Proto-Germanic: *glandaz (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *ɣlaðros

>? Latin: glaber (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *glā́ˀdus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *gladā

Albanian: gledhë

Possible reanalyzed root of *gʰleh₂- + *-dʰh₁eti, metathesized from *ǵʰelh₂- (“to shine”).


ǵʰley-

*ǵʰlí-e-ti

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰlíō

>? Ancient Greek: χλίω (khlíō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: χλιαίνω (khliaínō, “to warm; to soften”)

*ǵʰley-mós (“shine, brightness”)

Proto-Germanic: *glīmô

Proto-West Germanic: *glīmō

Old English: gleomu (“splendor”)

Old Saxon: glīmo (“shine”)

Old High German: glīmo, gleimo, glīm (“glow-worm”)

Old Norse:

Norwegian Nynorsk: glim (dialectal)

Old Swedish: glim, glimma

→ Middle English: glimme

English: glim

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glīmaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glaimiz (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰley-nós (“bright, clear”)

Proto-Celtic: *glēnos

Proto-Brythonic: *-gluɨn

Welsh: try-lwyn

Old Irish: gléinech

*ǵʰley-wós (“shining, sparkling”)

Proto-Celtic: *gleiwos (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *gliwēną or *glijō(ja)ną

Proto-West Germanic:

Old Frisian: glīa (“to glitter”)

Old Norse: gljá (“to glitter”)

Faroese: glíggja

Icelandic: gljá

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵʰleh₃-</i>?

>? Lithuanian: žlėjà (“twilight; dusk, darkness”) (or from *ǵʰleh₃-?)

*ǵʰley-s-

*ǵʰleys-to-s (“shine, brightness”)

Proto-Celtic: *glēstos

Proto-Brythonic: *gluɨs

Old Breton: glois, gloes

Welsh: glwys

Old Irish: glésse, glése, gléisse, gléise

Gaulish: glīso-

*ǵʰlis-nó-s

Proto-Germanic: *glisnaz

Proto-Germanic: *glisnōną

Proto-West Germanic: *glisnōn

Old English: glisnian (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: *glisna

Norwegian: glisna

Swedish: glesna

*ǵʰley-d-

*ǵʰléyd-e-ti

desc

Proto-Germanic: *glītaną (“to shine, sparkle”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰli-n-d-e-ti (“to shine, glint”, nasal-infix)

Proto-Germanic: *glintaną (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰlid-í-s

Proto-Germanic: *glitiz

Proto-West Germanic: *glit

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *glitinōn

Old English: glitenian

Old High German: glizinōn

Middle High German: glitzenen

German: glitzen

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰlidā́

>? Ancient Greek: χλιδή (khlidḗ, “effeminacy, luxury, haughtiness, riches”)

*ǵʰlid-mn̥ (“shine”)

Proto-Germanic: *glitmô (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *ǵʰlid-mn̥-ye-ti (“to shine, sparkle”)

Proto-Germanic: *glitmunjaną (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰlid-ró-s

Proto-Germanic: *glitraz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glitrōną (see there for further descendants)


smérus

smérus (nominative singular)
smérewes (nominative plural)
sméru (singular vocative)
smérewes (plural vocative)
smérum (accusative singular)
smérums (accusative plural)
sm̥réws (genitive singular)
sm̥réwoHom (genitive plural)
sm̥réws (ablative singular)
sm̥rúmos (ablative plural)
sm̥réwey (dative singular)
sm̥rúmos (dative plural)
sm̥réw (locative singular)
sm̥réwi (locative singular)
sm̥rúsu (locative plural)
sm̥rúmis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *smerus


tisres

Proto-Celtic: *tisres

Proto-Brythonic: *teir

Welsh: tair

Old Irish: teoir

Gaulish: tiđres

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tišrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tisrás

Sanskrit: तिस्रः (tisráḥ)

Proto-Iranian: *tišráh

Avestan: 𐬙𐬌𐬱𐬭𐬋 (tišrō)

Possibly dissimilated from earlier *trisres, itself from *tréyes + *-sōr.


treb-

Proto-Celtic: *trebā (“settlement”) (see there for further descendants)

*treb-nos

Proto-Celtic: *trebnos

Proto-Brythonic: *treβn

Old Welsh:

Middle Welsh: trefn (“room, house”)

Proto-Italic: *trebno- (possibly)

Umbrian: 𐌕𐌓𐌄𐌌𐌍𐌖 (tremnu, “place from where the augur observes the birds”, abl.sg.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: trobà (“cottage, farmhouse”)

Latvian: trāba (“hut, hovel”)

*tr̥b-om

Proto-Germanic: *þurpą (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥b-s

Proto-Italic: *trabs

Latin: trabs (“wooden beam”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *trabs

Latvian: trabs (“pole”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: trevë (“region, province”)

Proto-Italic: *trēbarkāō

𐌕𐌓𐌝𐌁𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌊𐌀𐌅𐌞𐌌

Oscan: 𐌕𐌓𐌝𐌁𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌊𐌀𐌅𐌞𐌌 (tríbarakavúm, “to build”, inf.), 𐌕𐌓𐌝𐌁𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌊𐌀𐌕𐌕𐌌𐌔 (tríbarakattms, 3p.pf.sb), 𐌕𐌓𐌝𐌁𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌊𐌀𐌕𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄𐌕 (tríbarakattuset, 3p.fut.pf)

Proto-Italic: *trēbarkiōns or *trēbarkiūns

𐌕𐌓𐌝𐌁𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌊𐌊𐌉𐌖𐌚

Oscan: 𐌕𐌓𐌝𐌁𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌊𐌊𐌉𐌖𐌚 (tríbarakkiuf, “building”, nom.sg.)

Proto-Italic: *trebēō or *trebiō

Umbrian: 𐌕𐌓𐌄𐌁𐌄𐌉𐌕 (trebeit, “lives, dwells”, 3s.pr.)

Proto-Italic: *treb-

Oscan: 𐌕𐌓𐌝𐌝𐌁𐌞𐌌 (trííbúm, “house”, acc.sg.), 𐌕𐌓𐌝𐌁𐌖𐌃 (tríbud, abl.sg.)


(me)mógʰe

mógʰe (canonical)
m̥gʰyéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
móg (imperative second-person singular)
memóg (imperative second-person singular)
m̥gʰdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
mem̥gʰdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
mégʰesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
memégʰesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
mógʰe (indicative singular third-person)
memógʰe (indicative singular third-person)
mógʰtu (imperative singular third-person)
memógʰtu (imperative singular third-person)
mégʰeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
memégʰeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
m̥gʰwé (dual first-person indicative)
mem̥gʰwé (dual first-person indicative)
mégʰowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
memégʰowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
m̥gʰtóm (dual imperative second-person)
mem̥gʰtóm (dual imperative second-person)
mégʰetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
memégʰetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
m̥gʰtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
mem̥gʰtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
mégʰetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
memégʰetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
m̥gʰmé (first-person indicative plural)
mem̥gʰmé (first-person indicative plural)
mégʰomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
memégʰomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
m̥gʰé (indicative plural second-person)
mem̥gʰé (indicative plural second-person)
m̥gʰté (imperative plural second-person)
mem̥gʰté (imperative plural second-person)
mégʰete (plural second-person subjunctive)
memégʰete (plural second-person subjunctive)
m̥gʰḗr (indicative plural third-person)
mem̥gʰḗr (indicative plural third-person)
m̥gʰéntu (imperative plural third-person)
mem̥gʰéntu (imperative plural third-person)
mégʰonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
memégʰonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
m̥gʰwṓs (indicative participle)
mem̥gʰwṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mag-

Lithuanian: magė́ti

Old Prussian: massi

Proto-Slavic: *moťi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *maganą (see there for further descendants)

Root or reduplicated root perfect of *megʰ- (“to be able”).


ḱe

ḱi- ~ *ḱe- ~ *ḱo- (canonical)
-ḱe (canonical)

Proto-Italic: *-ke, *ke-

Latin: -c (e.g. hic, illic, tunc)

Latin: -ce (e.g. ecce)

սո-

*ḱós (innovative o-stem pronoun); Old Armenian

Post-positional demonstrative particle, this

Old Irish: cenIrish: ganManx: gynScottish Gaelic: gun

ᚕᚑᚔ

Proto-Celtic: *koi (from the locative singular); Primitive Irish


tetóne

tetón (imperative second-person singular)
tetn̥dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
teténesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
tetóne (indicative singular third-person)
tetóntu (imperative singular third-person)
teténeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
tetn̥wé (dual first-person indicative)
teténowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
tetn̥tóm (dual imperative second-person)
teténetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
tetn̥tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
teténetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
tetn̥mé (first-person indicative plural)
teténomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
tetné (indicative plural second-person)
tetn̥té (imperative plural second-person)
teténete (plural second-person subjunctive)
tetnḗr (indicative plural third-person)
tetnéntu (imperative plural third-person)
teténonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
tetn̥wṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Hellenic: *tétəmai

Ancient Greek: τέταμαι (tétamai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tatā́na

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tatā́na

Sanskrit: ततान (tatā́na)

Proto-Iranian: *tatā́na

Middle Persian: ttn' (tadan)

Proto-Italic: *tetonai

Old Latin: tetinī

Reduplicated stative of the root *ten- (“to stretch, extend”).


wéstis

wéstis (nominative singular)
wésteyes (nominative plural)
wésti (singular vocative)
wésteyes (plural vocative)
wéstim (accusative singular)
wéstims (accusative plural)
ustéys (genitive singular)
ustéyoHom (genitive plural)
ustéys (ablative singular)
ustímos (ablative plural)
ustéyey (dative singular)
ustímos (dative plural)
ustéy (locative singular)
ustḗy (locative singular)
ustísu (locative plural)
ustímis (instrumental plural)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: զգեստ (zgest) (or from u-stem *wéstus)

Armenian: զգեստ (zgest)

Proto-Germanic: *wastiz

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹 (wasti, “vesture, clothing”)

Proto-Italic: *westis (see there for further descendants)

From *wes- (“to clothe, dress”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


*dʰr̥h₂gʰ-yé-ti (*yé-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *t(ʰ)(a)rāťťō

Ancient Greek: θρᾱ́σσω (thrā́ssō), τᾰρᾰ́σσω (tarássō)

Attic Greek: θρᾱ́ττω (thrā́ttō)

*dʰroh₂gʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *drāžìti (see there for further descendants)

*dʰréh₂gʰ-us ~ *dʰr̥h₂gʰ-éws (“rough”)

Proto-Hellenic: *trākʰús

Ancient Greek: τρᾱχῠ́ς (trākhús)

Epic, Ionic Greek: τρηχῠ́ς (trēkhús)

(perhaps) Mycenaean Greek: 𐀲𐀨𐀐𐀹(𐀊) (ta-ra-ke-wi-(-ja-))


mértis

mértis (nominative singular)
mérteyes (nominative plural)
mérti (singular vocative)
mérteyes (plural vocative)
mértim (accusative singular)
mértims (accusative plural)
mr̥téys (genitive singular)
mr̥téyoHom (genitive plural)
mr̥téys (ablative singular)
mr̥tímos (ablative plural)
mr̥téyey (dative singular)
mr̥tímos (dative plural)
mr̥téy (locative singular)
mr̥tḗy (locative singular)
mr̥tísu (locative plural)
mr̥tímis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mirtís (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥tíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mr̥tíṣ

Sanskrit: मृति (mṛtí)

Proto-Iranian: *mr̥tíš

Avestan: 𐬨𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬌𐬙𐬌 (mərəⁱti)

Proto-Italic: *mortis (see there for further descendants)

From *mer- (“to die”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


Proto-Albanian: *wara

Albanian: *ur

urtë (+ -të)

Proto-Celtic: *wīros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wēraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wēros (see there for further descendants)

From *weh₁- (“true”) + *-rós (Caland system suffix).


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kruHrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kruHrás

Sanskrit: क्रूर (krūrá)

Proto-Iranian: *xruHráh

Avestan: 𐬑𐬭𐬏𐬛𐬀 (xrūda)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *krūros
Latin: crūdus (see there for further descendants)

From *krewh₂- (“blood outside the body”) + *-rós (Caland system suffix).


ténos

ténes- (oblique stem)
ténos (nominative singular)
ténōs (nominative plural)
ténos (singular vocative)
ténōs (plural vocative)
ténos (accusative singular)
ténōs (accusative plural)
ténesos (genitive singular)
ténesoHom (genitive plural)
ténesos (ablative singular)
ténesmos (ablative plural)
ténesey (dative singular)
ténesmos (dative plural)
ténes (locative singular)
ténesi (locative singular)
ténesu (locative plural)
ténesmis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *ténos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tánas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tánas

Sanskrit: तनस् (tánas)

Proto-Italic: *tenos

Latin: tenus, tenor, tener


tónos

non-ablauting (romanization)
tónos (nominative singular)
tónoes (nominative plural)
tóne (singular vocative)
tónoes (plural vocative)
tónom (accusative singular)
tónoms (accusative plural)
tónosyo (genitive singular)
tónoHom (genitive plural)
tónead (ablative singular)
tónomos (ablative plural)
tónoey (dative singular)
tónomos (dative plural)
tóney (locative singular)
tónoy (locative singular)
tónoysu (locative plural)
tónōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tánas

Lithuanian: tãnas

Proto-Hellenic: *tónos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tā́nas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tā́nas

Sanskrit: तान (tā́na)

Proto-Iranian: *tā́nah

Ossetian:

Digor: тӕнӕ (tænæ)

Iron: тӕн (tæn)


téntis

téntis (nominative singular)
ténteyes (nominative plural)
ténti (singular vocative)
ténteyes (plural vocative)
téntim (accusative singular)
téntims (accusative plural)
tn̥téys (genitive singular)
tn̥téyoHom (genitive plural)
tn̥téys (ablative singular)
tn̥tímos (ablative plural)
tn̥téyey (dative singular)
tn̥tímos (dative plural)
tn̥téy (locative singular)
tn̥tḗy (locative singular)
tn̥tísu (locative plural)
tn̥tímis (instrumental plural)

(perhaps) Germanic: *þundiz, *þindiz

Old Norse: þund, þind

Proto-Hellenic: *tə́tis

Ancient Greek: τᾰ́σις (tásis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tántiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tántiṣ

desc

Sanskrit: तति (tati, “sacrificial act, ceremony”), तन्ति (tantí)

(perhaps) Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tant

From *ten- (“extend, stretch”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


tn̥tós

tn̥tós (nominative singular)
tn̥tóes (nominative plural)
tn̥té (singular vocative)
tn̥tóes (plural vocative)
tn̥tóm (accusative singular)
tn̥tóms (accusative plural)
tn̥tósyo (genitive singular)
tn̥tóHom (genitive plural)
tn̥téad (ablative singular)
tn̥tómos (ablative plural)
tn̥tóey (dative singular)
tn̥tómos (dative plural)
tn̥téy (locative singular)
tn̥tóy (locative singular)
tn̥tóysu (locative plural)
tn̥tṓys (instrumental plural)
tn̥tā́m (accusative singular)
tn̥tóm (nominative singular)
tn̥tóy (dual nominative)
tn̥tóm (singular vocative)
tn̥tóy (dual vocative)
tn̥tóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Celtic: *tantā (LIN prefers *tén-tus as source)

desctree

Old Irish: tét
Middle Irish: tét f
Irish: téad
Manx: tead
Scottish Gaelic: teud

Brythonic:

Old Breton: tanntou

Breton: tant

Old Welsh: tantou

Welsh: tant

Proto-Hellenic: *tətós

Ancient Greek: τᾰτός (tatós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tatás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tatás

Sanskrit: तत (tatá)

Proto-Italic: *tentos

Latin: tentus

From *ten- (“to stretch, extend”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *stajiti

desc

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *stajati (“to reside, to occupy a place”)

Proto-Germanic: *stōjaną

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌾𐌰𐌽 (stōjan, “judge, determine”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: स्थायति (sthāyati)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: -𐬯𐬙𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬁 (-stāiiā)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎿𐎫𐎹𐎶 (-astāyam)

From *steh₂- (“to stand”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).


desctree

Balto-Slavic: *stā́ˀtei
Latvian: stât
Lithuanian: stóti
Proto-Slavic: *stàti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *(ad-)tāyeti

Brythonic:

Old Breton: to

Old Cornish: atta, otte

Old Welsh: tau

Welsh: taw

Old Irish: at·tá, ad·tá, a·tá, at·táa, a·táa
Middle Irish: at·tá
Classical Gaelic: a-tá
Irish: tá
Manx: ta
Scottish Gaelic: tha

Proto-Germanic: *stāną (see there for further descendants)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


Proto-Hellenic: *dotós

Ancient Greek: δοτός (dotós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *daHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *daHtás

Sanskrit: दात (dātá)

Proto-Iranian: *daHtáh

Old Persian: 𐎭𐎠𐎫𐎶 (d-a-t-m)

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬙𐬀 (dāta)

Proto-Italic: *datos

Latin: datus

From *deh₃- (“to give”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


srobʰéyeti

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel

srobʰéyom (first-person indicative past singular)
srobʰéyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
srobʰéyes (indicative past second-person singular)
srobʰéye (imperative second-person singular)
srobʰéyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
srobʰéyoys (optative second-person singular)
srobʰéyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
srobʰéyet (indicative past singular third-person)
srobʰéyetu (imperative singular third-person)
srobʰéyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
srobʰéyoyt (optative singular third-person)
srobʰéyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
srobʰéyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
srobʰéyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
srobʰéyoywe (dual first-person optative)
srobʰéyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
srobʰéyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
srobʰéyetom (dual imperative second-person)
srobʰéyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
srobʰéyoytom (dual optative second-person)
srobʰéyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
srobʰéyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
srobʰéyetām (dual imperative third-person)
srobʰéyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
srobʰéyoytām (dual optative third-person)
srobʰéyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
srobʰéyome (first-person indicative past plural)
srobʰéyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
srobʰéyoyme (first-person optative plural)
srobʰéyete (indicative plural present second-person)
srobʰéyete (indicative past plural second-person)
srobʰéyete (imperative plural second-person)
srobʰéyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
srobʰéyoyte (optative plural second-person)
srobʰéyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
srobʰéyont (indicative past plural third-person)
srobʰéyontu (imperative plural third-person)
srobʰéyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
srobʰéyonts (indicative participle present)
srobʰéyeso (imperative second-person singular)
srobʰéyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
srobʰéyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
srobʰéyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
srobʰéyoyto (optative singular third-person)
srobʰéyoror (indicative plural present third-person)
srobʰéyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
srobʰéyoro (indicative past plural third-person)
srobʰéyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
srobʰéyōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
srobʰéyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
srobʰéyoyro (optative plural third-person)
srobʰéyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Albanian: *serba (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hropʰéyō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sorβeō (see there for further descendants)

From *srebʰ- (“to sip, gulp, suck in”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).


trem-

*trém-ti ~ *tr̥m-énti (athematic present)

Proto-Albanian: *trema

Albanian: tremb

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: trem̃t

Lithuanian: trem̃ti

q

contaminated by <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*tres-</i>

Proto-Slavic: *tręsti (contaminated by *tres-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *trémō

Ancient Greek: τρέμω (trémō)

Proto-Italic: *tremō

Latin: tremō (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: trämäs

*trom-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Hellenic: *troméyō

Ancient Greek: τρομέω (troméō)

Proto-Italic: *tromeō

Umbrian: tremitu

*tróm-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *trómos

desctree

Ancient Greek: τρόμος (trómos)
Greek: τρόμος (trómos)
Mariupol Greek: тре́мус (trjémus)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tremi

*trom-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *tromós

Ancient Greek: τρομός (tromós)


dwís

Pre-Proto-Albanian: *dwis

Early Proto-Albanian: *dis-

Proto-Germanic: *twiz- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *dwís

Ancient Greek: δίς (dís)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dwíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dwíṣ

Sanskrit: द्विस् (dvis)

Proto-Iranian: *dwíš

Avestan: 𐬠𐬌𐬱 (biš)

Proto-Italic: *dwis

Latin: bis, dis-

From *dwóh₁ ("two") by analogy with *trís ("thrice").


tḱey-

*tḱéy-ti ~ *tḱi-énti (athematic root present)

*tḱḗy-s-t ~ *tḱéy-s-n̥t (*s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćšáysat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ṭṣáysat

Sanskrit: क्षेषत् (kṣéṣat)

Proto-Italic: *sīzai

Latin: sīrīs (maybe, as it could also be a syncopated form of sīverīs)

*tḱéy-s-t ~ *tḱi-s-ént (secondary *s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔκτῐσᾰ (éktisa), ἔκτῐσσᾰ (éktissa)

⇒ Ancient Greek: κτίζω (ktízō)

*tḱi-né-ti ~ *tḱi-n-énti (denominative present)

Proto-Italic: *sinō, *pozinō (< *h₂po-)

Latin: sinō, pōnō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ktímenos

Ancient Greek: ἐϋκτίμενος (eüktímenos)

desc

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀑𐀴𐀕𐀙 (ki-ti-me-na /ktimenā/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćšáyanas

Proto-Iranian: *šáyanah

Avestan: 𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬥𐬀 (šaiiana)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: շէն (šēn)
Armenian: շեն (šen)
→ Azerbaijani: şən
→ Northern Kurdish: şênî
→ Ottoman Turkish: شن (şen)
Turkish: şen
→ Albanian: shend
→ Bulgarian: шенли́в (šenlív)
→ Macedonian: шен (šen), шенлив (šenliv)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ше̑н
Latin script: šȇn
Armenian: շենք (šenkʻ)
→? Chagatai: شین (šin)
→? Old Georgian: შჱნი (šēni), შენი (šeni)
Georgian: შენი (šeni)

→ Classical Syriac: ܫܝܢܐ (šainā)

*tḱéy-tis ~ *tḱi-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic: *ktítis

Ancient Greek: κτῐ́σῐς (ktísis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćšitíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ṭṣitíṣ

Sanskrit: क्षिति (kṣití) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *šitíš

Avestan: 𐬱𐬌𐬙𐬌 (šiti)

*tḱi-los

Proto-Hellenic: *ktilos

Ancient Greek: κτῐ́λος (ktílos)

*tḱi-tós

Proto-Hellenic: *ktitós

Ancient Greek: θεόκτιτος (theóktitos), πυρίκτιτος (puríktitos)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀟𐀪𐀑𐀴𐀲 (pe-ri-ki-ti-ta)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćšitás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ṭṣitás

⇒? Sanskrit: परिक्षित् (parikṣit)

Proto-Iranian: *šitáh

desc

⇒ Avestan: 𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬱𐬌𐬙𐬀 (anašita, “uninhabitable”)

*tḱéy-tro-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćšáytram (see there for further descendants)

*tḱóy-mo-s

Albanian: komb

>? Ancient Greek: κώμη (kṓmē)

Proto-Germanic: *haimaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćšáyma-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ṭṣáymas, *ṭṣáymam

desctree

Sanskrit: क्षेम (kṣema)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀔𑁂𑀫 (khema)
Pali: khema
→ Hindi: क्षेम (kṣem) (learned)
→ Kannada: ಕ್ಷೇಮ (kṣēma)

Reanalysed root of *tḱéyti, from *teḱ- (“to sire, beget”) + *-éyti (*éy-present suffix).


Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

Proto-Albanian: *ambi

Albanian: më, mbë

Proto-Celtic: *ambi, *ambi- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *umbi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ampʰí (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: ἀμφί (amphí)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Habʰí (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *amβi (see there for further descendants)

Latin: ambi-

Following Jasasoff, usually claimed to be from earlier *h₂n̥t-bʰi, a petrified variant of the instrumental plural *h₂n̥t-mís of *h₂ént-s (“forehead, front”). Compare *h₂m̥-bʰ-óh₁ (“both”).
However, as the semantic development of "with foreheads" to "around" is questionable, Dunkel instead derives *án-bʰi (“around”) from *án (“on the other side”) + *-bʰi (adverbial locative suffix).


tḱéyti

tḱéymi (first-person indicative present singular)
tḱḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
tḱéysi (indicative present second-person singular)
tḱéys (indicative past second-person singular)
tḱéy (imperative second-person singular)
tḱidʰí (imperative second-person singular)
tḱéyesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
tḱéyti (indicative present singular third-person)
tḱéyt (indicative past singular third-person)
tḱéytu (imperative singular third-person)
tḱéyeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
tḱiwós (dual first-person indicative present)
tḱiwé (dual first-person indicative past)
tḱéyowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
tḱités (dual indicative present second-person)
tḱitóm (dual indicative past second-person)
tḱitóm (dual imperative second-person)
tḱéyetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
tḱités (dual indicative present third-person)
tḱitā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
tḱitā́m (dual imperative third-person)
tḱéyetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
tḱimós (first-person indicative plural present)
tḱimé (first-person indicative past plural)
tḱéyomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
tḱité (indicative plural present second-person)
tḱité (indicative past plural second-person)
tḱité (imperative plural second-person)
tḱéyete (plural second-person subjunctive)
tḱyénti (indicative plural present third-person)
tḱyént (indicative past plural third-person)
tḱyéntu (imperative plural third-person)
tḱéyonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
tḱyónts (indicative participle present)
tḱih₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
tḱisó (imperative second-person singular)
tḱitór (indicative present singular third-person)
tḱyór (indicative present singular third-person)
tḱitó (indicative past singular third-person)
tḱyó (indicative past singular third-person)
tḱéyetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
tḱirór (indicative plural present third-person)
tḱyn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
tḱiró (indicative past plural third-person)
tḱyn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
tḱéyoror (plural subjunctive third-person)
tḱéyontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Hellenic: *ktéimi

desc

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀑𐀴𐀋𐀯 (ki-ti-je-si, /ktijensi/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćšáyti (see there for further descendants)

Athematic root present of *tḱey- (“to cultivate; to settle; to live”).


n̥mr̥tós

non-ablauting (romanization)
n̥mr̥tós (nominative singular)
n̥mr̥tóes (nominative plural)
n̥mr̥té (singular vocative)
n̥mr̥tóes (plural vocative)
n̥mr̥tóm (accusative singular)
n̥mr̥tóms (accusative plural)
n̥mr̥tósyo (genitive singular)
n̥mr̥tóHom (genitive plural)
n̥mr̥téad (ablative singular)
n̥mr̥tómos (ablative plural)
n̥mr̥tóey (dative singular)
n̥mr̥tómos (dative plural)
n̥mr̥téy (locative singular)
n̥mr̥tóy (locative singular)
n̥mr̥tóysu (locative plural)
n̥mr̥tṓys (instrumental plural)
n̥mr̥tā́m (accusative singular)
n̥mr̥tóm (nominative singular)
n̥mr̥tóy (dual nominative)
n̥mr̥tóm (singular vocative)
n̥mr̥tóy (dual vocative)
n̥mr̥tóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Hellenic: *ə́mrətos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *amŕ̥tas (see there for further descendants)

From *n̥- (“not, un-”) + *mr̥tós (“dead; mortal”).


sengʷʰ-

Brill Publishers
Motilal Banarsidass
fr:Édouard Champion

*séngʷʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *singwaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sángʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sángʰati

Prakrit: 𑀲𑀁𑀖𑀇 (saṃghaï), 𑀲𑀕𑁆𑀖𑀇 (sagghaï, “says”)

Old Marathi: 𑘭𑘰𑘽𑘑𑘜𑘹 (sāṃghaṇe)

Marathi: सांगणे (sāṅgṇe)

desc

Odia: ସାଙ୍ଗିବା (sāṅgibā)

Odia: ସାଙ୍ଗିବା (sāṅgibā)

*sóngʷʰ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *sangwaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *honkʷʰā́

Ancient Greek: ὀμφή (omphḗ)


sékʷetor

sékʷeso (imperative second-person singular)
sékʷetor (indicative present singular third-person)
sékʷeto (indicative past singular third-person)
sékʷētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
sékʷoyto (optative singular third-person)
sékʷoror (indicative plural present third-person)
sékʷontor (indicative plural present third-person)
sékʷoro (indicative past plural third-person)
sékʷonto (indicative past plural third-person)
sékʷōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
sékʷōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
sékʷoyro (optative plural third-person)
sékʷomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sektei

Latvian: sekt

Lithuanian: sèkti

Proto-Celtic: *sekʷetor (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *hékʷomai
Ancient Greek: ἕπομαι (hépomai)
Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀤𐀯𐀍 (e-qe-si-jo /hekʷesios/)
⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *hekʷétās
Ancient Greek: ἑπέτης (hepétēs)
Doric Greek: ἑπέτᾱς (hepétās)
Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀤𐀲 (e-qe-ta /hekʷétās/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáčatay (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sekʷōr
Latin: sequor (see there for further descendants)

Thematic mediopassive root present of *sekʷ- (“follow”).


dʰgʷʰey-

*dʰgʷʰéy-t ~ *dʰgʷʰy-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φθίω (phthíō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ʰžʰayt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háḍẓʰayt

desc

Sanskrit: क्षिधी (kṣidhī́, 2sg.aor.impv.)

*dʰgʷʰi-néH-ti ~ *dʰgʷʰi-nH-énti (*néH-present)

Proto-Germanic: *dwīnaną (see there for further descendants)

*ȷ́ʰžʰináHti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ḍẓʰináHti

Sanskrit: क्षिणाति (kṣiṇā́ti)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰinā́ti

Avestan: 𐬘𐬌𐬥𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (jināⁱti)

Khotanese: [script needed] (jändä), [script needed] (jindä)

*dʰgʷʰi-néw-ti ~ *dʰgʷʰi-nw-énti (*néw-present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φθίνω (phthínō), φθινύθω (phthinúthō)

*ȷ́ʰžʰináwti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰináwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ḍẓʰiṇáwti

Sanskrit: क्षिणोति (kṣiṇóti)

*dʰgʷʰi-yé-ti (*yé-present)

*ȷ́ʰžʰiyátay

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰiyátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ḍẓʰiyátay

Sanskrit: क्षीयते (kṣīyáte)

Sanskrit: *झीयते (jhīyáte)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀛𑀺𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀇 (jhijjaï)

Marathi: झिजणे (jhij̈ṇe)

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Hindi: झीझना (jhījhnā)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰiyátay

Avestan: 𐬀𐬘𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨𐬥𐬀 (ajiiamna, “not aging”), 𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬘𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨𐬥𐬀 (afrajiiamna, “not decreasing”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (jīye), [script needed] (jītä)

Old Persian: 𐎪𐎡𐎹𐎶𐎴 (ji-i-y-m-n- /jiyamna-/, “the end”)

*dʰgʷʰéy-ti-s ~ *dʰgʷʰi-téy-s (see there for further descendants)

*dʰgʷʰéy-tu-s ~ *dʰgʷʰi-téw-s

Proto-Italic: *(k)situs

Latin: situs

*dʰgʷʰi-tó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰtʰitós

Ancient Greek: φθῐτός (phthitós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ḍẓʰitás

Sanskrit: क्षित (kṣitá)

Reanalysed root of *dʰgʷʰéyti, from *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”) + *-éyti (*éy-present suffix).


sleydʰ-

*sléydʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *slīdaną (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sráydʰati (“to err, blunder”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sráydʰati

Vedic Sanskrit: स्रेधति (srédhati)

*slidʰ-éh₁ye-ti (stative present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *slidḗˀtei

Latvian: slidêt

*slidʰ-sḱé-ti (*sḱé-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *slištei

Latvian: slîst

Lithuanian: slýsti

*slidʰ-ró-s

Proto-Germanic: *slidraz (“slippery > smooth ?”)

Proto-West Germanic: *slidr (“clear, bright”) (see there for further descendants)

*sléydʰ-u-s ~ * slidʰ-éw-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *slidús

Latvian: slids

Lithuanian: slidùs

Latgalian: sleidušs (“slippery, sleek”)

*sloydʰ-u-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *slaidús (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Latgalian: sleidētʲ (“to slide, to slipe, to glide”)

Latgalian: sleidons (“slippy”)

May be a *-dʰ(h₁)- extension of *(s)ley- (“to slip, slide, be slimy”) (or *(s)leh₁y-): compare *(s)leyG- in Proto-Germanic *slīkaną (“to slide, glide, slither”), *slīkaz (“sleek, slick, smooth”), possibly also Albanian shlligë (“viper”); *(s)ley-m- in Proto-Germanic *slīmą (“slime”) and *līmaz (“glue, clay, lime”), Latin līmus (“mud, slime”), Proto-Balto-Slavic *sleiˀnāˀ (“saliva”) (Proto-Slavic *slìna, Latvian sliēnas m pl), Albanian llënjëz (“mud”), Ancient Greek λεῖμαξ (leîmax, “snail, slug”), Proto-Slavic *slimakъ (“snail”), and perhaps Proto-Indo-European *ley-men- (“body of water (marsh ~ lake ~ bay)”); *leyp- (“to stick, be sticky; fat, oil, glue”); *(s)leyb(ʰ)- in Proto-West Germanic *slīpan (“to make smooth, whet”), *slipr (“slippery, smooth”), English slip (“mix of clay and water”, noun).


spend-

*spénd-ti ~ *spn̥d-énti (athematic root present)

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒅖𒉺𒀀𒀭𒋾 (iš-pa-a-an-ti /išpānti/)

Proto-Hellenic: *spéndō

Ancient Greek: σπένδω (spéndō)

Proto-Italic: *spendō

Oscan: spentud (3sg.imp.II)

*spḗnd-s-t ~ * spénd-s-n̥t (aorist)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔσπεισᾰ (éspeisa)

Epic Greek: σπεῖσᾰ (speîsa)

Proto-Italic: *sponssai

Latin: spōnsīs (perf.subj.)

*spe-spónd-e ~ *spe-spn̥d-ḗr (stative)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒅆𒉺𒀀𒀭𒋾 (ši-pa-a-an-ti /šipānti/)

Italic: *spespondai

Latin: spepondī, spopondī

*spond-éye-ti (causative)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *spondeō
Latin: spondeō
Oscan: spentud
>? Umbrian: spefa

Proto-Tocharian: *spänt-

Tocharian B: späntetär

*spónd-o-

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: spantai

Proto-Hellenic: *spondā́

Ancient Greek: σπονδή (spondḗ)


(s)pend-

*(s)pénd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *spenˀstei

Latvian: spiêst

Lithuanian: spę́sti

→? Proto-Finnic: *pettädäk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pendō (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) *(s)pond-éye-ti (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pǫditi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pendēō (see there for further descendants)

*(s)pénd-i-s ~ *(s)pn̥d-éy-s

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pę̑dь (see there for further descendants)

*(s)pénd-os ~ *(s)pénd-es-

Proto-Italic: *pondos

Latin: pondus (see there for further descendants)

Possibly reanalyzed root of *(s)penh₁- (“to spin (thread); to stretch”) + *-dʰh₁eti.


pékʷeti

pékʷom (first-person indicative past singular)
pékʷōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
pékʷesi (indicative present second-person singular)
pékʷes (indicative past second-person singular)
pékʷe (imperative second-person singular)
pékʷēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
pékʷoys (optative second-person singular)
pékʷeti (indicative present singular third-person)
pékʷet (indicative past singular third-person)
pékʷetu (imperative singular third-person)
pékʷēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
pékʷoyt (optative singular third-person)
pékʷowos (dual first-person indicative present)
pékʷowe (dual first-person indicative past)
pékʷōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
pékʷoywe (dual first-person optative)
pékʷetes (dual indicative present second-person)
pékʷetom (dual indicative past second-person)
pékʷetom (dual imperative second-person)
pékʷētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
pékʷoytom (dual optative second-person)
pékʷetes (dual indicative present third-person)
pékʷetām (dual indicative past third-person)
pékʷetām (dual imperative third-person)
pékʷētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
pékʷoytām (dual optative third-person)
pékʷomos (first-person indicative plural present)
pékʷome (first-person indicative past plural)
pékʷōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
pékʷoyme (first-person optative plural)
pékʷete (indicative plural present second-person)
pékʷete (indicative past plural second-person)
pékʷete (imperative plural second-person)
pékʷēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
pékʷoyte (optative plural second-person)
pékʷonti (indicative plural present third-person)
pékʷont (indicative past plural third-person)
pékʷontu (imperative plural third-person)
pékʷōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
pékʷonts (indicative participle present)
pékʷeso (imperative second-person singular)
pékʷetor (indicative present singular third-person)
pékʷeto (indicative past singular third-person)
pékʷētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
pékʷoyto (optative singular third-person)
pékʷoror (indicative plural present third-person)
pékʷontor (indicative plural present third-person)
pékʷoro (indicative past plural third-person)
pékʷonto (indicative past plural third-person)
pékʷōror (plural subjunctive third-person)
pékʷōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
pékʷoyro (optative plural third-person)
pékʷomnos (indicative participle present)

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel

Proto-Albanian: *peka

Albanian: pjek

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *péktei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷokʷeti

Proto-Brythonic: *pobɨd (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *péponts (present participle)

Ancient Greek: πέπων (pépōn) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páčati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kʷekʷō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *päk-

Tocharian A: päk-

Tocharian B: päk-

Thematic root present of *pekʷ- (“to cook; to ripen”).