dʰéh₁s

dʰéh₁s (nominative singular)
dʰéh₁sh₁ (dual nominative)
dʰéh₁s (singular vocative)
dʰéh₁sh₁ (dual vocative)
dʰéh₁sm̥ (accusative singular)
dʰéh₁sh₁ (accusative dual)
dʰéh₁s (locative singular)
dʰh₁sú (locative plural)
dʰh₁séh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Armenian: *dʰēses (< the plural *dʰéh₁ses)

desctree

Old Armenian: դիք pl (dikʻ)
→ Armenian: դիք (dikʻ)

From *dʰeh₁- (“to do”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).

>? Proto-Germanic: *dīsiz

goddess; see there for further descendants

θέσφατο

Ancient Greek: θέσφατος (thésphatos, “decreed by a god/God”)


temH-

*témH-os ~ témH-es-os

*temH-seh₂ (or < *temH-s-eh₂ from *témHos)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *temsā́ˀ

Lithuanian: tamsa (“darkness”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *timāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *temtei

Lithuanian: témti (“to grow dark”) (present temstu)

Proto-Slavic: *tomiti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

Middle Irish: teim (“dark, grey”)

Proto-Celtic:

Irish: temen (“dark”)


*h₂ént-s ~ *h₂n̥t-és

*h₂entí-o-s (“front, forehead”)

Proto-Tocharian: *ā́ntë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hantás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hantás

Sanskrit: अन्त (antá) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *antā

Albanian: ândë, ânë (Gheg)

Albanian: anë

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫantezzi, “first”)

Proto-Celtic: *antonos

desctree

Old Irish: étan
Irish: éadan
Manx: eddin
Scottish Gaelic: aodann

Perhaps extended from *h₂en- (“on, onto”).


*préh₂-i (“before”, locative) or *pr̥h₂-ey

Proto-Italic: *prāi or *prai

Latin: prae, prae- (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *praiteros (< *préh₂i + *-teros)

Latin: praeter (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pərai

Ancient Greek: παραί (paraí), παρά (pará), πάρα (pára), πάρ (pár)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Hay

Sanskrit: पुरे (pure)

*pr̥h₂-i (zero-grade locative)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸare < *ɸari (-e is secondary) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *furi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀞𐀫 (pa-ro)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Hā́

Sanskrit: पुरा (purā́)

Proto-Albanian: *par-

Albanian: parë

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: pris

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: πάρος (páros, “earlier, before”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Hás

Sanskrit: पुरस् (purás, “before, forwards”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *furai (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հարաւ (haraw) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírˀwas

Proto-Slavic: *pь̀rvъ

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírˀmas

Lithuanian: pirmas

Proto-Germanic: *furwōstaz, *furwistaz

Old English: forwost, forwest

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hwás

Proto-Tocharian: *pä́rwë

Tocharian A: pärwat

Tocharian B: pärweṣṣe

*pr̥h₂-yós- ~ *pr̥h₂-is- (comparative)

Proto-Germanic: *furizô, *furistaz (see there for further descendants)


denḱ-

*denḱ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *tinhaną (“to press upon”), *tinganą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáćati (< *dánćati, *danć- (root))

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáśati (*danś- (root))

Sanskrit: दशति (dáśati) (दंश् (daṃś, root)) (see there for further descendants)

*dn̥ḱ-né-ti (nu-present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δάκνω (dáknō, “to bite”)

Ancient Greek: δαγκάνω (dankánō)

*donḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *tangijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *danćáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *danśáyati

Sanskrit: दंशयति (daṃśayati, “to make bite”)

*dénḱ-s (root noun)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δήξ (dḗx, “wood worm”)

Proto-Germanic: *tangō (“tongs”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *daknā

Albanian: darë (“tongs”), dang (“bite”)

*dń̥ḱ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δάκος (dákos, “bite, sting, biting animal”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *daćas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *daśas

Sanskrit: दश (daśa, “horsefly”)

*donḱ-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *danćas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *danśas

Sanskrit: दंश (daṃśa, literally “stinging insect”)

*dn̥ḱ-tó-s (verbal adjective)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -δηκτός (-dēktós, “bitten”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *daćtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *daśtás

Sanskrit: दष्ट (daṣṭa, “bitten”)

*dénḱ-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δῆγμα (dêgma, “bite, sting”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dánśma

Sanskrit: दंश्मन् (daṃśman, “bite”)

*dénḱ-ti-s ~ *dn̥ḱ-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δῆξις (dêxis, “bite, sting”)

*dénḱ-tro-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dánćtram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dánśtram

Sanskrit: दंष्ट्र (daṃṣṭra, “fang”)

Proto-Iranian: *dánctram

⇒ Avestan: 𐬙𐬌𐬲𐬌𐬛𐬄𐬯𐬙𐬭𐬀 (tiži-dąstra-, “with a sharp set of teeth”)

*dónḱ-u-s

Proto-Germanic: *tanhuz (“tough”) (see there for further descendants)

*dn̥ḱ-mós

Ancient Greek: δαγμός (dagmós, “bite, sting”)

*dn̥ḱ-e-tóm

Ancient Greek: δακετόν (daketón, “bite, biting animal”)


*h₃élh₁-ti ~ *h₃l̥h₁-énti (root athematic present)

Proto-Italic: *olō

Umbrian: holtu

*h₃élh₁-né-h₃-ti ~ *h₃élh₁-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic: *ólnūmi

Ancient Greek: ὄλλῡμι (óllūmi, “to destroy, lose, ruin”)

*h₃olh₁-eie- ~ *h₃olh₁-eio- (“to bring down”, causative, intensive or iterative formation)

Proto-Italic: *oleō (“to wipe out”)

q

as with prefix <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">ab-</i>, see below

⇒ Latin: aboleō (as with prefix ab-, see below)

with prefix <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">de-</i>

⇒ Latin: dēleō (with prefix de-)

Proto-Hellenic: *óletʰros

Ancient Greek: ὄλεθρος (ólethros)

lb

⇒ *h₂po-h₃lh₁- (compound with *h₂pó, or originally with *po-?; sometimes with n-infix)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: pult

Lithuanian: pulti (“to fall”)

Old Prussian: aupallai

q

with n-infix, via Pre-Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*peh₃l-n-é-</i>

Proto-Germanic: *fallaną (with n-infix, via Pre-Germanic *peh₃l-n-é-) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἀπόλλῡμι (apóllūmi) (with n-infix, as if ἀπό- (apó-) + ὄλλῡμι (óllūmi))

Italic:

⇒? Latin: aboleō (causative formation, see above) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (hu-ul-la-a-i, “he defeated, destroyed”)

Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: աղէտ (ałēt, “pity, grief, disaster”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Old Armenian: աղունք (ałunkʻ, “bitterness, grief, trouble”)

Old Armenian: եղեռն (ełeṙn, “calamity, disaster”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Old Armenian: եղծ (ełc, “spoilt, fake; refutation”) (probably) (see there for further descendants)

Celtic:

Brythonic:

⇒ Middle Breton: el-boet (“hunger”)

⇒ Breton: ol-buid (“food shortage”)

⇒ Old Irish: el-tes (“tepidity”) (possibly)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀλέκω (olékō, “to ruin, destroy, kill”)

q

< *ὀλοϜός < *ὀλεϜός

(< *ὀλοϜός < *ὀλεϜός)

Ancient Greek: ὀλοός (oloós, “destructive, deadly”) (< *ὀλοϜός < *ὀλεϜός)


gʰerdʰ-

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel

*gʰerdʰ- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *gerdaną (“to gird”) (see there for further descendants)

(probably) Proto-Slavic: *žьrdь (“pole”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰr̥dʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *gurdijaną (“to gird”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰórdʰ-os

Proto-Albanian: *garda

Albanian: gardh (“fence”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gárdas (“enclosure”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *gardaz (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: 𐊩𐌏𐌛𐊅𐊄𐌌 (“city”)

*gʰr̥dʰ-ós

>? Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (gurtas, “citadel”)

Luwian: [script needed] (gurta)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥dʰás (“house”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *gerdō (“girdle”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰr̥dʰ-el-os

Proto-Germanic: *gurdilaz (“girdle”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Tocharian: (possibly)

Tocharian B: kerccī (“palace”)


Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: dzẽrve

Lithuanian: gérvė

Western Baltic:

Old Prussian: gerwe

Proto-Slavic: *žervъ, *žeravъ

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *žeravľь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *grūs

Latin: grūs (see there for further descendants)


dyḗws

diw- (oblique stem)
dyḗws (nominative singular)
dyéwes (nominative plural)
dyéw (singular vocative)
dyéwes (plural vocative)
dyḗm (accusative singular)
dyéwm̥s (accusative plural)
diwés (genitive singular)
diwóHom (genitive plural)
diwés (ablative singular)
diwmós (ablative plural)
diwéy (dative singular)
diwmós (dative plural)
dyéw (locative singular)
dyéwi (locative singular)
diwsú (locative plural)
diwmís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒅆𒄿𒌑𒍑 (ši-i-ú-uš)

>? Urartian: 𒀭𒅆𒄿𒌑𒄿𒉌 (ᵈši-i-u₂-i-ni).

Proto-Armenian: *tiw-

Old Armenian: տիւ (tiw)

Proto-Hellenic: *Dzéus (“sky god, Zeus”) (see there for further descendants)

Albanian: Zojz

Messapic: Zis

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyā́wš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *djous (see there for further descendants)

Lusitanian:

→? Latin: *Reus

Latin: Reo (“Lusitanian theonym”, dative singular)

→ English: Dyeus

From earlier *dyéws, from *dyew- (“sky, heaven”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).

suf

Ζεῦ πάτερ

Proto-Hellenic: *dzéu patér (< vocative *dyéw-ph₂tér)

zot

>? Proto-Albanian: *dźie̅u ̊ a(t)t-; Albanian


*kh₂éyd-e-ti (root thematic present)

>? Proto-Albanian: *kaiδa

Albanian: qeth

Proto-Italic: *kaidō (see there for further descendants)

*kh₂id-é-ti (tudati-type root athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kʰidáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kʰidáti

Sanskrit: खिदति (khidáti)

Proto-Germanic: *hittijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *haistaz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *haistraz

Proto-West Germanic: *haistr (see there for further descendants)

q

or <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kh₂ei-t-</i>

*kh₂eyd-t- (or *kh₂ei-t-)

>? Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: խայթ (xaytʻ)
Armenian: խայթ (xaytʻ)

>? Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: խիթ (xitʻ)
Armenian: խիթ (xitʻ)

Unsorted formations

Armenian: (unexplained ablaut forms)

Old Armenian: խեթ (xetʻ), խեթեմ (xetʻem), խէթ (xētʻ), խոթեմ (xotʻem), խութ (xutʻ), խօթ (xōtʻ)

Possibly from *(s)kh₂ey- (perhaps whence Proto-Germanic *hajaną (“to pound”)) with an unknown suffix *-d-, possibly reanalyzed from *sekh₂- (“to cut, sever”) + *-éyti.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


kápros

non-ablauting (romanization)
kápros (nominative singular)
káproes (nominative plural)
kápre (singular vocative)
káproes (plural vocative)
káprom (accusative singular)
káproms (accusative plural)
káprosyo (genitive singular)
káproHom (genitive plural)
kápread (ablative singular)
kápromos (ablative plural)
káproey (dative singular)
kápromos (dative plural)
káprey (locative singular)
káproy (locative singular)
káproysu (locative plural)
káprōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *gabros (“goat”), *kaɸerūxs (“sheep”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hafraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kápros

Ancient Greek: κάπρος (kápros, “boar”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kápras

Proto-Iranian: *káfrah (“kid”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kapros (see there for further descendants)

Considered a post-PIE loanword by De Vaan. The appearance of initial *g- in one, and the cluster *-ɸr- (instead of the expected *-br-) in the other, the Celtic variants are inexplicable if these are considered inherited reflexes. The a-vocalism likewise suggests a Wanderwort.


pórḱos

non-ablauting (romanization)
pórḱos (nominative singular)
pórḱoes (nominative plural)
pórḱe (singular vocative)
pórḱoes (plural vocative)
pórḱom (accusative singular)
pórḱoms (accusative plural)
pórḱosyo (genitive singular)
pórḱoHom (genitive plural)
pórḱead (ablative singular)
pórḱomos (ablative plural)
pórḱoey (dative singular)
pórḱomos (dative plural)
pórḱey (locative singular)
pórḱoy (locative singular)
pórḱoysu (locative plural)
pórḱōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *párśas

East Baltic:

Lithuanian: par̃šas

⇒ Lithuanian: paršiùkas

→ Belarusian: парсю́к (parsjúk); паршу́к (paršúk) (dialectal)

→ Polish: parsiuk, porszuk (dialectal)

→ Russian: парcу́к (parcúk) (dialectal)

desc

→ Ukrainian: паршу́к (paršúk), порсю́к (porsjúk) (dialectal)

West Baltic:

Old Prussian: prastian

Proto-Slavic: *porsę (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸorkos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *farhaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *párćas

Proto-Iranian: *párcah (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *porkos (see there for further descendants)

Lusitanian: porcom

q

→ Proto-Finno-Permic: *porćas (through either Balto-Slavic or Indo-Iranian)

Proto-Finnic: *porcas (see there for further descendants)

The original meaning was "digger", from *perḱ- (“to dig”) + *-os. See also furrow.

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
uk:Мельничук Олександр Савич


tep-

*tép-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tápati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tápati

Sanskrit: तपति (tápati)

desc

Proto-Iranian: *tápati (“to warm up, heat”)

Bactrian: ταβ- (tab-, “to impress (a seal); to seal”)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (t’BY-, “to heat”)

Khotanese: ttavāre

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi: tʾp̄tn' (tāftan), tʾb (tāb-, “to heat, burn (up); to shine”, present stem); tʾp̄k' (tābag) (see there for further descendants)

Parthian:

Manichaean: tʾb- (tāb-, “to shine; to heat”)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: تاۆ (tāow)

*tep-éh₁-ye-ti (stative)

qual

(perhaps) Proto-Albanian: *tpē-(h) (analogically reformed after original inchoatives)

Albanian: ftoh (by metathesis)

Proto-Italic: *tepēō (see there for further descendants)

*tep-eh₂-yé-ti (denominative)

Proto-Germanic: *þebōną (see there for further descendants)

*tep-sḱé-ti (inchoative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tapsćáti

Proto-Iranian: *tafšáti

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬟𐬯𐬀𐬝 (tafsat̰)

Khotanese: ttaus-

Ossetian:

Digor: тӕфсун (tæfsun)

Iron: тӕфсы́н (tæfsýn)

Persian: تفسیدن (tafsidan)

*tḗp-s-t ~ *tép-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hátāpst

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hátāpst

Sanskrit: अताप्सीत् (átāpsīt)

*top-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tapīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *topìti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tāpáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tāpáyati

Sanskrit: तापयति (tāpáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *tāpáyati

Avestan: 𐬙𐬁𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (tāpaiieⁱti)

Ossetian:

Ossetian: тавун (tavun)

Ossetian: та́вын (távyn)

*tep-e-nt-s (root present participle)

Proto-Celtic: *teɸents

Old Irish: té

Irish: te

Manx: çheh

Scottish Gaelic: teth

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tapanti (possibly)

Proto-Iranian: *tapantī- f (“warming”)

Proto-Scythian: *tavitī-

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Ταβιτί (Tabití, “a Scythian goddess, equivalent of Hestia”)

*tep-los

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *teplas

Proto-Slavic: *teplъ, *toplъ (see there for further descendants)

*tep-net-s

Proto-Celtic: *teɸnets (see there for further descendants)

*tép-os ~ *tép-es-os

*tép-s-tu-s

Proto-Celtic: *texstus

(perhaps) Continental:

Gaulish:

→ Latin: Tessi-gnius

Lepontic: 𐌀𐌑𐌄𐌑- (aśeś-)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: a tes

Breton: tes

Old Cornish: tes

Middle Welsh: tes

Welsh: tes

Old Irish: tess

Irish: teas

Manx: çhiass

Scottish Gaelic: teas

*tep-tós (past participle)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *taptás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *taptás

Sanskrit: तप्त (taptá)

Proto-Iranian: *taftáh

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬟𐬙𐬀 (tafta)

Bactrian: ταβδο (tabdo), ταβαδο (tabado)

Khotanese: ttauda-

Ossetian:

Ossetian: тӕвдӕ (tævdæ)

Ossetian: тӕвд (tævd)

Parthian:

Parthian: tft (taft)

Pashto: تود (tod), توده f (tavdá)

Persian: تفت (taft)

Sogdian:

Christian: ܬܒܬܐܟ (tβtʾk)

→ Old Armenian: տաւթ (tawtʻ)

Unsorted formations:

(perhaps) Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tāpce (“hot”)

>? Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: tampr (“taper; torch”)

Irish: tapar (“taper, candle”)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


pelH-

*polH-nó-s

Proto-Italic: *polnos

Latin: pullus (see there for further descendants)

*pelH-tó-s, *pl̥H-tós

Proto-Celtic: *ɸlētos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *palHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *palHtás

Sanskrit: पलित (palitá, “gray”) (see there for further descendants)

*pl̥H-kó-s

Proto-Albanian: *plaka

Albanian: plak (old man)

*polH-wos

Proto-Germanic: *falwaz (see there for further descendants)

? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *palwas (see there for further descendants)

*polH-men-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *palmōns

Proto-Slavic: *pòlmy (flame)

*pelH-en

Lithuanian: pelenaĩ (ashes)

Latvian: pelni (ashes)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ալի (ali, “gray hair; wave”)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: pelēks

Lithuanian: pelekas, pìlkas

Old Prussian: pelē

Slavic:

East Slavic:

Russian: пелёсый (peljósyj)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parHušás (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: palleō; pallidus

Ancient Macedonian: [script needed] (pellus)

Derksen takes the original meaning of the root as "to burn, singe", whence secondary senses including "ashes" (the result of burning) and "gray" (the color of ash).
Possibly related to Proto-Uralic *piľe (“dark”).


pesd-

*pésd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Italic: *pezdō

Latin: pēdō

Portuguese: peido

Galician: peido

*psd-éh₁ye-ti (stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *p(e)sdeˀtei

Latvian: bezdêt

Lithuanian: bezdė́ti

Proto-Slavic: *pьzděti

Proto-Hellenic: *bzdḗyō

Ancient Greek: βδέω (bdéō)

*pésd-is

Proto-Germanic: *festiz

Middle High German: vist

German: Fist (“fart”)

Dutch: veest

Proto-Hellenic: *pézdis

Ancient Greek: πέζις (pézis, “puffball”)

onomatopoeic

imitative

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


*pléth₂-t ~ *pl̥th₂-ént (perfective)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prátʰat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prátʰat

Sanskrit: प्रथान (prathāná)

*pléth₂-eti ~ *pléth₂-onti (thematic imperfective)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: plė̃sti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prátʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prátʰati

Sanskrit: प्रथते (práthate)

Proto-Iranian: *práθatī

Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵 (fraθasauuah)

*ploth₂-éyeti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pratʰáyati

Sanskrit: प्रथयति (pratháyati)

Proto-Hellenic: *plətamṓn

Ancient Greek: πλᾰτᾰμών (platamṓn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰHmán

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pratʰHmán

Sanskrit: प्रथिमन् (prathimán)

*pléth₂-os ~ *pléth₂-es- (see there for further descendants)

*pléth₂-us, *pl̥th₂-éwih₂ (see there for further descendants)

*plet-yo- (*h₂ deleted due to Pinault's law)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pleťè (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸletyos

Old Irish: leithe

desc

Proto-Germanic: *fuldō (“earth, ground”) (< *pl̥th₂-éh₂) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plətā (< *pl̥th₂-éh₂)

Ancient Greek: πλᾰ́τη (plátē)

Ancient Greek: πλᾰ́τᾱ (plátā)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥tʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥tʰás

Sanskrit: पृथ (pṛthá)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: plokščia


*ph₂ḱ- (zero-grade root present)

Proto-Italic: *pakō

Latin: pacō (“to come to an agreement”) (infinitive pacere) (see there for further descendants)

*ph₂-né-ḱ- ~ *ph₂-n̥-ḱ- (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Germanic: *fanhaną (“to catch, to take”) (see there for further descendants)

*poh₂ḱ-éye- (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *fōgijaną (“to join”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paHćáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *paHśáyati

Sanskrit: पाशयति (pāśáyati)

Proto-Italic: *pāks

Latin: pāx

Proto-Germanic: *fagraz (“fair”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pakros

Umbrian: pacer

Italic:

Latin: pactum (“settlement”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *faganaz (“glad”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *pěkrъ


skel-

*ske-skól-e (perfect)

Proto-Germanic: *skulaną (“shall, be obliged”)

*skel-éh₁-ye-ti (stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skelḗˀtei

Lithuanian: skelė́ti (“to owe”)

*skél-ti-s ~ *skl̥-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *skuldiz (“obligation, debt, blame”)

*skél-ont-s (present participle?)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skelants

Old Prussian: skellants (“guilty”)


sēmi

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *sēmi-
Proto-West Germanic: *sāmi-, *sām-
Old English: sām-
Middle English: sam-
English: sam
Old Saxon: sām-
Old Dutch: sām-
Old High German: sāmi-

Proto-Hellenic: *hēmi-

Ancient Greek: ἡμι- (hēmi-)
Greek: ημι- (imi-)
→ English: hemi-
→ French: hémi-
→ Spanish: hemi-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sāmí

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sāmí

Sanskrit: सामि (sāmí)

Proto-Italic: *sēmi-

Latin: sēmi-, sē-, sēm-, sin-
→ English: semi-, semi
→ French: semi-
→ Italian: semi-
→ Portuguese: semi-
→ Spanish: semi-

Vṛddhi derivative of *sem- (“one”), + locative suffix *-i.


skeyd-

*skéyd-t ~ *skid-ént (athematic root aorist)

*ski-né-d-ti ~ *ski-n-d-énti (nasal-infix present)

*skoyd-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skáiˀdīˀtei

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: skaîdît (“to dilute, spill”)

desc

Lithuanian: skáidyti (“to separate, divide, distribute”)

Proto-Slavic: *cědìti (“to strain, filter”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *skaydáyati

q

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śćaydáyati (leveled with the zero- and e-grade root forms)

desc

Sanskrit: छेदयति (chedáyati, “to (cause to) cut off, split apart”)

*skid-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *skʰíďďō

Ancient Greek: σχίζω (skhízō) (with *skʰid- perhaps for *skidʰ, if the extension is with *dʰeh₁-.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sčidyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śćidyáti

Sanskrit: छिद्यते (chídyate, chidyáte)

*skéyd-ye-ti (full-grade ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skeistei

Latvian: šķiêst

Lithuanian: skíesti (“to separate”)

*skid-i-s, *skid-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *skitiz, *skītaz (see there for further descendants)

*skid-nó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *śčidnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śćidnás

Sanskrit: छिन्न (chinna) (see there for further descendants)

*skeyd-ro-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skeidras

Proto-Slavic: *ščedrъ (“generous”) (see there for further descendants)

*skéyd-ti-s ~ *skid-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic: *skʰístis

Ancient Greek: σχίσις (skhísis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *śčítˢtiš (zero-grade)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śćíttiṣ

Sanskrit: छित्ति (chítti)

*skid-tó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skī́stas

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: šķîsts (“thin, clear, clean”)

Lithuanian: skýstas (“thin”)

Western Baltic:

Old Prussian: skijstan (“pure”)

Proto-Slavic: *čistъ (“clean, pure”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *skʰistós

Ancient Greek: σχιστός (skhistós)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ցտեմ (cʻtem)
→ Armenian: ցտել (cʻtel) (learned)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: skėsti (“to spread”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

desc

Proto-Slavic: *cěstiti (“to purify, cleanse”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: cwys

Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: chwydu

Proto-Tocharian: *kät-

Tocharian A: kät-

Tocharian B: kät-


(s)kelH-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel

*(s)kl̥-né-H-ti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: քաղեմ (kʻałem)
Armenian: քաղել (kʻałel)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] (“to split, crack”)

Latvian: šķil̃t

Lithuanian: skìlti (3sg. skil̃na, skỹlna)

*skelH-ye-ti (full grade ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skélˀtei

Latvian: šķel̂t (1sg. šķeļu)

Lithuanian: skélti (“to split, cleave; to strike fire”) (1sg. skeliù, 3sg. skẽlia)

Proto-Germanic: *skiljaną (“to separate, distinguish”) (see there for further descendants)

*skl̥H-yé-ti (zero grade ye-present)

Proto-Albanian: *štšela

Albanian: çel (“bloom, open, sprout”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skílˀtei (“to strike fire”)

Latvian: šķil̃t (1sg. šķiļu)

Lithuanian: skìlti (3sg. skìlia)

q

Proto-Hellenic: *skə́ľľō (or *skə́llō from *(s)kl̥néHti, but with greater difficulty)

Ancient Greek: σκάλλω (skállō)

*skólH-ei ~ *skl̥H-énti

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒅖𒆗𒆷𒄿 (iš-kal-la-i /iskalla-ⁱ/, “to slit, split, tear”)

Proto-Albanian: *skalā

Albanian: halë (“pointed tip; awn; splinter; fishbone; pine”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skalā́ˀ

Lithuanian: skalà (“splinter”)

Proto-Germanic: *skalō (“shell, husk”)

Proto-West Germanic: *skalu

Old English: sċealu (“husk”)

Middle English: schale (“shell, husk; scale”)

English: shale

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: scale

Dutch: schaal

desctree

Old High German: scala
Middle High German: schāle
Bavarian: Schoin
German: Schale
→ Serbo-Croatian: šolja
Yiddish: שאָל (shol)

→ Old French: escale
French: écale
→ Middle English: scale
English: scale
Yola: skaulès (plural)

Old Norse:

Danish: skal (“shell; rind; skull”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *skal- (“testicle”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kólH-ō ~ *(s)kl̥H-nés

Proto-Germanic: *skallô, *skullô

desc

Old Norse: skalli, *skolli (“skull, cranium; bald head”)

desctree

→? Middle English: sculle
English: skull
Scots: scull, skult, skolt (forms with -t merger with or from Old Norse skoltr)

Danish: skalle

Icelandic: skalli

Norwegian Bokmål: skalle

Norwegian Nynorsk: skalle

Swedish: skalle, skulle (dialectal)

*kelH-tro-m

>? Proto-Italic: *koltrom

Latin: culter (“knife”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kel(H)-p- (extended)

Proto-Germanic: *skelbǭ

Proto-West Germanic: *skelbā

desc

Old English: sċylfe (“deck of a ship”), *sċielfe, sċilfe (“ledge, shelf”)

Middle English: schelfe

English: shelf

Middle Dutch: scelf

Dutch: schelf

Old Norse: skjálf (“shelf, seat”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *halbaz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: σκάλοψ (skálops), σκόλοψ (skólops)

Indo-Iranian:

>? Sanskrit: कल्प (kálpa) (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: scalpō, scalprum (see there for further descendants)

*skélH-tus > *skelH-tús

>? Proto-Germanic: *skelduz (“shield”) (see there for further descendants)

*skelH-yom

Proto-Germanic: *skilją

Old Norse: skil (“difference”)

*skelH-yōn (more likely formed within Germanic)

Proto-Germanic: *skiljô

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰 (skilja, “butcher”)

Proto-Germanic: *skaljō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *skala

Albanian: shkal

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ցելում (cʻelum)

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: σκαληνός (skalēnós)

Ancient Greek: σκύλλω (skúllō)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stā́ˀtis

Latvian: stātis

Proto-Slavic: *statь

Proto-Germanic: *stadiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *státis

Ancient Greek: στάσις (stásis)

Indo-Iranian: *stʰáHtiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰítiṣ (< *sth₂tís)

Sanskrit: स्थिति (sthíti)

→ Hindi: स्थिति (sthiti)

Proto-Iranian: *stáHtiš

Avestan: 𐬯𐬙𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (stāⁱti)

Italic:

Latin: statiō, statim

From *steh₂- (“stand (up)”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


tépos

tépes- (oblique stem)
tépos (nominative singular)
tépōs (nominative plural)
tépos (singular vocative)
tépōs (plural vocative)
tépos (accusative singular)
tépōs (accusative plural)
tépesos (genitive singular)
tépesoHom (genitive plural)
tépesos (ablative singular)
tépesmos (ablative plural)
tépesey (dative singular)
tépesmos (dative plural)
tépes (locative singular)
tépesi (locative singular)
tépesu (locative plural)
tépesmis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tápas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tápas

Sanskrit: तपस् (tápas)

Proto-Iranian: *tapah- ~ *tāpah-

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: ta (“fever”)

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi: tp (tab, “fever”)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: տապ (tap)
→ Armenian: տապ (tap) (learned)

(perhaps) Italic: *tepos

Latin: tepor

*tep(e)s-mi-

Proto-Celtic: *teɸesmis

Welsh: twym

Proto-Celtic: *teɸsmiyā

Old Irish: timme


*bʰéh₃g-e-ti (full-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰṓgō

Ancient Greek: φώγω (phṓgō)

*bʰéh₃g-eh₂-ti (athematic factitive present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bōˀgā́ˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *bagati (see there for further descendants)

*bʰh₃g-é-ti (zero-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *bakaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéh₃g-os ~ *bʰéh₃g-es-os

desc

Phrygian: βεκος (bekos, “bread”, acc. sg.)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Middle Armenian: բոկեղ (bokeġ)

Armenian: բոկ (bok)

Proto-Slavic: *bažiti (see there for further descendants)


*bʰéh₁-(e)-ti (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *bēaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *baþą (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

(perhaps) Old Armenian: բով (bov)


Proto-Albanian: *(ambhi-)stata

Albanian: (mbë)shtet

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stata- (“stood (up)”)

Latvian: stats (“stake, post”)

Lithuanian: stãtas (“line of sheafs of grain in a field”)

Proto-Germanic: *stadaz

Proto-Hellenic: *statós

Ancient Greek: στᾰτός (statós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰHtás

Sanskrit: स्थित (sthitá)

Assamese: থিয় (thio)

Proto-Iranian: *stʰHtáh

Avestan: 𐬯𐬙𐬁𐬙𐬀 (stāta)

Parthian: (/ištād/, “situated”)

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫢𐫤𐫀𐫅 (ʿštʾd)

Old Persian: *𐎿𐎫𐎫 (*s-t-t /*stata/, “standed”)

Middle Persian: (/istād/, “standed”)

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫏𐫘𐫤𐫀𐫅 (ʿystʾd)

Proto-Italic: *statos (see there for further descendants)

Latin: status

From *steh₂- (“to stand up”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


dem-

*dém-e-ti (thematic root present)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *temaną (“to fit, suit”)

Proto-Hellenic: *démō

Ancient Greek: δέμω (démō)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀆𐀕𐀃𐀳 (de-me-o-te)

*dom-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dāmáyati

Proto-Iranian: *dāmáyati

⇒? Khotanese: [script needed] (pa-dīmäte, “might”)

⇒ Proto-Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: damō- (“to build”)

*dṓm (“house”)

*dom-éh₂ (“construction”)

Ancient Greek: δομή (domḗ)

Greek: δομή (domí)

*dém-ti-s ~ *dm̥-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *tumþiz (“agreement”) (see there for further descendants)

*dem-ro-

Proto-Germanic: *timrą (“building, timber”) (see there for further descendants)

*dm̥-tós

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *dantos (“manner”)
Proto-Brythonic: *dant
Middle Welsh: deint (“manners”, pl.)
Middle Irish: dét

*dm̥-nós

desc

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *damniyom (“material, substance”) (see there for further descendants)

(possibly) *dm̥-pedis

Proto-Germanic: *tumftiz (“foundation (of a building)”) (unless the same as *tumþiz above)

*dḿ̥-pedom (see *ped-)

Proto-Hellenic: *də́pedon

Ancient Greek: δάπεδον (dápedon, “floor”)

Greek: δάπεδο (dápedo)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δέμας (démas)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δῶμα (dôma, “house; room, hall”)

→? Albanian: dhomë (“room, chamber”)

>? Albanian: dhomë

Hieroglyphic Luwian: [script needed] (ta+mi-ha)


bʰelǵʰ-

*bʰélǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *belganą (see there for further descendants)

*bʰolǵʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *balgijaną (see there for further descendants)

Old Irish: bolgaid

*bʰólǵʰ-o-s

Proto-Celtic: *bolgos (“sack”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰolǵʰ-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *balgiz (“bag”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰolǵʰ-is-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰarȷ́ʰíš (see there for further descendants)

*bʰolǵʰ-in-o-s

Old Prussian: balsinis (“pillow”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *balźeinas (“support; cross-beam; cushion”)

Baltic

Latvian: bàlziêns

Lithuanian: balžíenas

Old Prussian: balsinis

Proto-Slavic: *bolzina (see there for further descendants)

*bʰolǵʰ-no-s (compare the n-stem below)

Proto-Baltic:

Old Lithuanian: balgnas (“saddle”)

Lithuanian: bal̃nas (“saddle”)

Old Prussian: balgnan (“saddle”)

*bʰélǵʰ-ō, *bʰólǵʰ-ō ~ *bʰl̥ǵʰ-n-és

>? Proto-Germanic: (*belgô, *balgô ~ *bulkkaz > *belkkô, *balkkô >) *belkô, *balkô, *bulkô (“beam”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰelǵʰ-u-s

Proto-Germanic: *belguz

Faroese: bjølgur

Unsorted formations:

Russian: бо́лозень (bólozenʹ, “callus, bump”)

Proto-Germanic: *bulgijō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *belg- (“swollen with anger”)

→ Latin: Belgae

Proto-Germanic: *bulstraz (see there for further descendants)

>? Latin: follis (see there for further descendants)


bʰergʰ-

*bʰérgʰ-(e)-ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bergtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *berganą (see there for further descendants)

*bʰr̥gʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *burgijaną (see there for further descendants)

bʰorgʰ-o-

Proto-Slavic: *borgъ

Polish: bróg

Unsorted formations:

Old Irish: commairge

Proto-Germanic: *burgijô

Old English: byrga

Old Saxon: burgio

desctree

Old High German: burgeo
Middle High German: bürge
German: Bürge
Luxembourgish: Bierg

>? English: burrow

desc

Ossetian: ӕмbӕрзын (æmbærzyn, “to cover”)


bʰewgʰ-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov

*bʰéwgʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *beuganą (see there for further descendants)

*bʰowgʰ-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *baugijaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰugʰ-to-

Proto-Albanian: *bukta

Albanian: butë

*bʰugʰ- (zero-grade root present)

>? Armenian: բուկ (buk) (seems to reflect *bʰewg-)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰuǰáti, *bʰúǰas (seems to reflect *bʰewg-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰuȷ́áti, *bʰúȷ́as

Sanskrit: भुजति (bhujáti), भुज (bhúja)

Proto-Iranian: *bʰuȷ́áti

Younger Avestan: 𐬜𐬡𐬀𐬊𐬖𐬀 (δβaoγa, “bend”) (perhaps)

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬞𐬌𐬜𐬡𐬀𐬊𐬖𐬀 (aⁱpiδβaoγa, “bending from behind”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (nihujs, “to sink down, set”) (+ *ni- (“down”)); [script needed] (haṃbujs, “to bow down”) (+ *ham- (“co-”))

*bʰugʰ-eh₂-yé-ti (eh₂-denominal causative)

Balto-Slavic:

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *bъgati (“to bend”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰugʰ-néh₂-ti (iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *bukkōną (“to bend”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bugô (“bow”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰu-né-gʰ- ~ *bʰu-n̥-gʰ-e-ti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *bungeti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéwgʰ-ti-s ~ *bʰugʰ-téy-s

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰúktis</i>

Proto-Germanic: *buhtiz (“bend, arch, curve”) (< *bʰúktis) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰowgʰ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *baugaz (“bend”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰuǰás

Proto-Iranian: *bʰúȷ́ah

Baluchi: بوگ (bōg, “joint, knot”)

Proto-Slavic: *bugъ (“armillary”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baugāˀ

desc

Latvian: buoga (“marshy place at a river”)

Proto-Slavic: *buga (“marsh, oxbow lake”)

*bʰówgʰ-ro-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: baũgurs

Proto-Slavic: *bugrъ (see there for further descendants)

>? *bʰowgʰ-ú-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: baugùs (“fearful, easily frightened”)

⇒ Lithuanian: bū́gti (“to fear”) (sta-present)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *bugavъ (“mentally challenged”) (rare)

*bʰugʰ-nó-s (“bent”)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰewg-</i>

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰugnás (< *bʰewg-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰugnás

Sanskrit: भुग्न (bhugná)

*gʰu-né-bʰ- ~ *gʰu-m-bʰ- (nasal-infix present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: gubt

Lithuanian: gùbti

*gʰubʰ-néw- ~ *gʰubʰ-nu- (nu-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *gъ(b)nǫti (see there for further descendants)

*gʰowbʰ-eye- (causative/iterative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *gubìti (see there for further descendants)


*bʰrewh₁- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *brewwaną (“to brew”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰrowh₁- (o-grade)

Proto-Albanian: *brāu

Albanian: mbruaj

*bʰrenw- (nasal infix present)

>? Proto-Germanic: *brinnaną (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *braudą (“bread”) (see there for further descendants)

Thracian: *brutos (in the masculine)

→ Ancient Greek: βρῦτος (brûtos)

Proto-Celtic: *brutom (in the neuter)

Welsh: brwd

Cornish: bros

desc

Proto-Germanic: *bruþą (“broth”, in the neuter) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *frutom (in the neuter)

Latin: dēfrutum, dēfritum

*bʰréwmn̥-

Proto-Albanian: *bruma

Albanian: brumë

*bʰru-tus

Proto-Celtic: *brutus

Old Irish: bruth

Irish: bruth

*bʰerw-ós

Proto-Celtic: *berwos (see there for further descendants)

*bʰorw-ós

Proto-Celtic: *borwos

Gaulish: Boruo

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Albanian: *britśiā

Albanian: bërsi

Ancient Greek: πορφῡ́ρω (porphū́rō, “to heave, boil, surge up”)


bʰredʰ-

*bʰrédʰ-e-ti

Proto-Albanian: *breda

Proto-Albanian: *bredza

Albanian: bredh

*bʰrédʰ-ti ~ bʰr̥dʰ-énti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bréstei

Latvian: brist

Lithuanian: brìsti

Proto-Slavic: *brestì (see there for further descendants)

*bʰrodʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *brádīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *brodīti

⇒ Old Irish: fris·brudi (“to refuse”)

*bʰrodʰ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *brádas (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *brьdnǫti

West Slavic:

Czech: břednout

Polish: brnąć


déḱs

Stüber suggests *deḱs- continues the *s stem noun *déḱos (“that which is proper”), from *deḱ- (“take, perceive”).


bʰlendʰ-

*bʰlondʰ-o-nom (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *blandaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰlendʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blenstei (see there for further descendants)

*bʰlendʰ-i-s or *bʰln̥dʰ-i-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blendis

Proto-Slavic: *blędь (see there for further descendants)

*bʰln̥dʰ-nó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰradʰnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bradʰnás

Sanskrit: ब्रध्न (bradhná)

Proto-Albanian: *bradma

Albanian: bram (“residue, scoria”)

*bʰlendʰ-os

Proto-Germanic: *blindaz (“blind”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰlondʰ-éye-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blándīˀtei

Latvian: blàndîtiês, blôdîtiês

Lithuanian: blandýtis

Proto-Slavic: *blǭdìti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰlondʰ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blandas (see there for further descendants)

*bʰl̥ndʰ-os or *bʰlendʰ-os

>? Proto-Germanic: *blundaz

Frankish: *blund

→ Medieval Latin: blondus

Old French: blond, blont

Middle French: blond

→ English: blond

blond, red-haired, ruddy (alternative/contested)


derbʰ-

*dr̥bʰ- (zero-grade root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥bʰáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dr̥bʰáti

Sanskrit: दृभति (dṛbháti)

*dorbʰ-éye- (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *tarbijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *darbʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *darbʰáyati

Sanskrit: दर्भयति (darbháyati)

*dorbʰ-ós

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: darbas (“bunch of leaves”)

Proto-Slavic: *dorbъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *darbʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *darbʰás

Sanskrit: दर्भ (darbhá, “tuft of grass”)

*dr̥bʰ-s

Proto-Germanic: *turbz

Old English: turf

English: turf

Old Frisian: turf

Old Saxon: turf

*dr̥bʰ-is

Proto-Germanic: *turbiz

Old English: eþeltyrf

*dr̥bʰ-os

Proto-Germanic: *turba- m or n (“turf, peat”)

Middle Low German: torf m

Middle Dutch: torf m, turf m

Old Norse: torf n

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *turbô

Old Frisian: tūra

Middle Dutch: torve


bʰegʷ-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*bʰégʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bḗˀgtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰégʷomai

Ancient Greek: φέβομαι (phébomai, “to flee”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáǰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáȷ́ati

Sanskrit: अभिभजते (abhibhajate, “to flee (towards)”)

*bʰégʷ-y-eh₂-ti (innovative denominative present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bēˀgjā́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*bʰogʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰogʷéyō

Ancient Greek: φοβέω (phobéō, “to cause to flee”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰogʷéyomai

Ancient Greek: φοβέομαι (phobéomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰāǰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰāȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: भाजयति (bhājáyati, “to cause to flee”)

*bʰógʷ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰógʷos

Ancient Greek: φόβος (phóbos, “fear”)

Apparently originally the same root as the synonymous *bʰewg-.


dʰengʰ-

*dʰéngʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰángʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dángʰati

Sanskrit: दङ्घति (dáṅghati)

*dʰéngʰ-t ~ *dʰn̥gʰ-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: deñgo

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] (ye-present)

Lithuanian: deñgti

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] (sta-present)

Lithuanian: diñgti

Proto-Germanic: *dungōną (“to cover”) (< *dungōjaną)

Proto-West Germanic: *dungōn

Middle Low German: dungen

Old Norse: *dunga

Faroese: dunga

Swedish: dunga

*dʰéngʰ-s ~ *dʰn̥gʰ-és

Proto-Germanic: *dungz

Proto-West Germanic: *dung (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dangā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

*dʰongʰ-o-s

Proto-Albanian: *danga

Albanian: dëng (“full, stuffed”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: dangùs

Old Prussian: dangus (“sky, heaven”)


derḱ-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *darć-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *darś-

Sanskrit: दृश् (dṛś)

*dérḱ-t ~ *dr̥ḱ-ént (root aorist)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔδρᾰκον (édrakon), δρακείς (drakeís, traditionally analyzed as aor.pass.part. but probably an athematic aorist [Forssman 1964])

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dárćam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dárśam

Sanskrit: दर्शम् (dárśam)

Proto-Iranian: *dárćam

Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬆𐬨 (dar^əsəm)

*de-dórḱ-e ~ *de-dr̥ḱ-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Celtic: *ad-kom-dark-

perfect of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">ad·cí</i>

Old Irish: ad·condairc (perfect of ad·cí)

past tense of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ga">feic</i>

Irish: chonaic (past tense of feic)

past tense of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gv">faik</i>

Manx: honnick (past tense of faik)

past tense of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gd">faic</i>

Scottish Gaelic: chunnaic (past tense of faic)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δέδορκεν (dédorken)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dadárća, *dádr̥ćay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dadárśa, *dádr̥śay

Sanskrit: ददर्श (dadárśa), ददृशे (dádṛśe) (merged with the past tense of पश्यति (páśyati))

Proto-Iranian: *dadárca

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀 (dādar^əsa)

*dorḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *tarhijaną (with irregular -h-)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐍂𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gatarhjan)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *darćáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *darśáyati

Sanskrit: दर्शयति (darśáyati)

*dérḱ-e-ti (secondary root present)

Proto-Celtic: *derketi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *dérkomai

Ancient Greek: δέρκομαι (dérkomai)

⇒? δράκων (drákōn, “serpent, dragon”)

*dérḱ-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *dérkmə

Ancient Greek: δέργμα (dérgma)

*dérḱ-s ~ *dr̥ḱ-és (“eye”, root noun)

⇒ *dr̥ḱ-eh₂

Proto-Celtic: *drikā (“face”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *derḱ-o-s

Proto-Celtic: *derkos

desctree

Old Irish: derc
Middle Irish: derc
Irish: dearc, dearca, deirc
Scottish Gaelic: dearc

⇒ *dŕ̥ḱ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δράκος (drákos)

desc

compound with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂éḱru</i>

⇒? *dr̥ḱ-h₂eḱru (“tear”, noun, literally “eye-sharp/bitter”) (compound with *h₂éḱru)

*dérḱ-ti-s ~ *dr̥ḱ-téy-s (> *dŕ̥ḱ-ti-s)

Proto-Albanian: *driktā

Albanian: dritë

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dŕ̥štiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dŕ̥ṣṭiṣ

Sanskrit: दृष्टि (dṛ́ṣṭi) (see there for further descendants)

*dr̥ḱ-tó-s

Proto-Germanic: *turhtaz (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *turhtōną

Old High German: ougozorhtōn

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥štás (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: տեսանեմ (tesanem)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


dʰers-

*dʰr̥s-néw-ti ~ *dʰr̥s-nú-ti (néw-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *diršnutei

Proto-Slavic: *dьrznǫti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰr̥šnáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰr̥ṣnáwti

Sanskrit: धृष्णोति (dhṛṣṇóti)

Proto-Iranian: *dr̥šnáwti

Younger Avestan: 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬲𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (upadaržnuuaⁱṇti)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎭𐎼𐏁𐎴𐎢𐏁 (adaršnauš)

*dʰe-dʰórs-e ~ *dʰe-dʰr̥s-ḗr (stative)

*dʰr-n̥-s-sḱe-ti (innovated nasal+sḱe-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: drį̃sti

*dʰérs-os

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰérsos

Ancient Greek: θάρσος (thársos)

Attic Greek: θάρρος (thárrhos)

Aeolic Greek: θέρσος (thérsos)

*dʰr̥s-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰr̥štás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰr̥ṣṭás

Sanskrit: धृष्ट (dhṛṣṭá)

*dʰr̥s-ús

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *diršus

Latvian: drùošs, drùoss

Lithuanian: drąsùs

Old Prussian: dyrsos, dirsos

Proto-Slavic: *dьrzъ (“bold”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰrəsús

Ancient Greek: θρᾰσύς (thrasús)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰr̥šúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰr̥ṣúṣ

Sanskrit: धृषु (dhṛṣú)

Proto-Albanian: *ən-darsa

Albanian: nder

An *-s- extension of *dʰer- (“to hold, support”).


dʰeyǵʰ-

*dʰéyǵʰ-ti ~ *dʰiǵʰ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *diganą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáygdʰi

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáygdʰi

Sanskrit: देग्धि (dégdhi)

*dʰi-né-ǵʰ-ti ~ *dʰi-n-ǵʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դիզանեմ (dizanem)

Armenian: դիզել (dizel)

Proto-Celtic: *dingeti

Old Irish: dingid

Celtiberian: ambitinkounei

Hellenic: (unexpected change *nǵʰ > ng)

>? Ancient Greek: θιγγάνω (thingánō)

⇒ Byzantine Greek: Ἀθίγγανος (Athínganos)

Greek: Αθίγγανος (Athínganos)

Proto-Italic: *fingō

Faliscan: 𐌅𐌉𐌅𐌉𐌊𐌄𐌃 (fifiked, 3sg.perf.), 𐌅𐌉𐌒𐌏𐌃 (fiqod, 3pl.perf.)

Latin: fingō

*dʰéyǵʰ-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáyȷ́ʰas, *dʰiȷ́ʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáyźʰas, *diźʰás

Sanskrit: देह (déha), देही (dehī́, “surrounding wall”)

Proto-Iranian: *dáyjah, *dijáh

Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀 (daēza, “wall”)

Bactrian: λιζα (liza), λιζο (lizo)

Khwarezmian: dyzʾ

Northern Kurdish: diz (diz)

qual

→ Middle Persian: KLYTA / dc (diz, “fortress”) (borrowed from a Northwestern Iranian language); Manichaean: dyz (diz)

Persian: دز (dez), دژ (dež)

Old Persian: 𐎮𐎡𐎭𐎠 (didā-, “fortress”)

Parthian: dyz (diz)

Sogdian: [script needed] (ẟyz), [script needed] (ẟyzʾ)

⇒ Iranian: *paridayjah (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *feiɣos

Faliscan: 𐌚𐌄𐌝𐌇𐌞𐌔𐌔 (feíhúss, acc.pl.), 𐌚𐌄𐌝𐌇𐌞𐌉𐌔 (feíhúis, abl.pl.)

*dʰéyǵʰ-os ~ *dʰéyǵʰ-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *téikʰos

Ancient Greek: τεῖχος (teîkhos)

Greek: τείχος (teíchos)

*dʰiǵʰ-rós

Proto-Germanic: *digraz (“big, thick”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰiǵʰ-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰigdʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *digdʰás

Sanskrit: दिग्ध (digdhá)

Proto-Italic: *fiktos

Faliscan: 𐌚𐌉𐌕𐌀 (fita)

Latin: fictus (see there for further descendants)

*dʰóyǵʰ-o-s

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դէզ (dēz) (or from *dʰeyǵʰ-os)

Proto-Germanic: *daigaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tóikʰos

desc

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀵𐀒𐀈𐀗 (to-ko-do-mo /toikʰo-domos/)

Ancient Greek: τοῖχος (toîkhos)

Greek: τοίχος (toíchos)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *daiźjāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *děža (see there for further descendants)

*dʰoyǵʰ-y-on- or *dʰoyǵʰ-i-Hon-

Proto-Germanic: *daigijǭ (“breadmaker, dairymaid, dey”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Italic:

Latin: figūra (see there for further descendants)

Latin: figulus

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: देहि (dehi, “wall”)

*ǵʰéydʰ-y-eh₂-ti (innovative denominative present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źeidā́ˀtei

Lithuanian: žiẽsti

Proto-Slavic: *zьdati (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰeydʰ-o-s, *ǵʰеydʰ-i-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źéidas, *źеidis

q

Old Prussian: seydis (i.e. zeydis, with s due to German orthography)

Proto-Slavic: *zidъ, *zьdь (see there for further descendants)


*dʰuh₂-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Italic: *fūje-

⇒ Latin: suffiō

⇒ Latin: fimum (see there for further descendants)

*dʰuh₂-oyé-ti (?)

Proto-Anatolian: *duHoyéti

desc

Hittite: 𒈭𒄩𒀀𒄑𒍣 (túḫ-ḫa-a-iz-zi, “produce smoke”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: dúlis (“mist”)

Proto-Celtic:

Irish: dúil (“desire”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰuHliš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰuHliṣ

Sanskrit: धूलि (dhūli, “dust”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian:

Northern Luri: تۊز (tuz, “dust”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: fūlīgō (see there for further descendants)

q

→? Proto-Uralic: *tuxle or *towle (“wind”) (see Proto-Finnic *tuuli and Udmurt тӧл (töl))

Proto-Indo-European: *dʰuh₂-mó-s (“smoke”)

Proto-Albanian: *ātuma

Albanian: tym

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dū́ˀmas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰūmós (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰuHmás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fūmos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: dujà (“drizzle, mist”)

*dʰuh₂-yo- (?)

Proto-Celtic: *dwīyot-, *dwīyūss ?

Old Irish: dé
Irish: dé

Proto-Germanic: *dawwō (“dew”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *daumaz (“vapour, mist”)

Middle Dutch: doom

Old Norse: *daumr

Faroese: deymur

Proto-Germanic: *dauniz

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌽𐍃 (dauns)

Proto-Germanic: *daunaz (“smell”)

Old Norse: daunn

Icelandic: daunn

Proto-Germanic: *dawwą (“dew”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dawwaz (“dew”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *ən-dūja

Albanian: ndyj

Proto-Albanian: *dupsa

Albanian: duf (“anger, impatience”)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒈭𒄩𒂊 (tuḫḫae, “pant, sigh”)

Proto-Germanic: *dauganą (“to conceal, hide”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dūnaz (“down (feather)”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *dūnǭ (“dune”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *dwemaną

⇒? *dwemrą

Proto-West Germanic: *dwemr (“vapor; phantom”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θύω (thúō, “burn, immolate, offer in sacrifice”)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τῡ́φω (tū́phō), τῦφος (tûphos), τῡφόω (tūphóō), Τῡφῶν (Tūphôn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: धूसर (dhūsara, “dust-colored”)

Hindustani:

Hindi: धूसर (dhūsar)

Urdu: دھوسر

Bengali: ধূসর (dhuśor)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: furō

Seemingly related to *dʰwes- (“breath; dust; dusky color”).


dʰrewgʰ-

*dʰréwgʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *dreuganą (“to mislead, deceive”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰrugʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰruǰʰyáti (“to deceive”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰréwk-s ~ *dʰrugʰ-és

>? Proto-Celtic: *drukos (“bad”) (< *dʰruk-o-s) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *drugą (“delusion”) (< *dʰrugʰ-o-m) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰrúkš (“lie, deceit”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰrówgʰ-os

*dʰrówgʰ-mo-s

Proto-Germanic: *draumaz (“dream”) (see there for further descendants)


dʰrewgʰ-

*dʰréwgʰ-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *dreuganą (see there for further descendants)

*dʰrewgʰ-os

Proto-Germanic: *dreugaz (“enduring, lasting”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰrowgʰ-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *draugás (“friend”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰréwgʰ-tis

Proto-Germanic: *druhtiz (“troop”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *druhtinaz (“leader, lord”) (see there for further descendants)


ǵʰengʰ-

*ǵʰengʰ-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰanǰʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́anźʰati

Sanskrit: जंहति (jaṃhati)

*ǵʰongʰ- (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *ganganą (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰengʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źengjetei

Lithuanian: žeñgti

*ǵʰongʰ-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *gangiz (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰongʰ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *gangaz (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰéngʰ-os ~ *ǵʰéngʰ-es-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰánǰʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánźʰas

Vedic Sanskrit: जंहस् (jáṃhas)

*ǵʰéngʰ-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰángʰas (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰéngʰ-tis

Proto-Germanic: *ginhtiz

Middle High German: gīht

*ǵʰongʰ-tis

Proto-Germanic: *ganhtiz (see there for further descendants)


*ǵʰélh₃-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źelˀtei

Latvian: zelt

Lithuanian: žélti

*ǵʰélh₃-s ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-és

Proto-Germanic: *gulaz (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *helos

Old Latin: helus

Latin: holus (“vegetable; greens”)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰolā́ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰarHáH

Proto-Iranian: *jarHáH

Avestan: 𐬰𐬁𐬭𐬀 (zāra, “gall”)

Middle Persian: [Term?] (/zahrag/, “gall, bile”)

Persian: زهره (zahre, “gall”), زهله (zahle)

*ǵʰólh₃-i-s ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-éy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰárHiš (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *gallǭ (“gall, bile”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *glanos (“clean, clear”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *gelos (“bright, white”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰlōrós

Ancient Greek: χλωρός (khlōrós, “bright green, yellow”)

Phrygian: γλουρος (glouros)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gilˀtas

Latvian: dzeltens, dzelts (dialectal)

Lithuanian: gel̃tas

Proto-Slavic: *žьltъ (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *gulþą (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: žel̃vas

Proto-Germanic: *gelwaz (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *heliwos (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰleh₃- (metathesized)

*ǵʰleh₃-(e)-ti (root present)

>? Proto-Germanic: *glōaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źel-

Proto-Slavic: *zelènъ (“green”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰr̥Hanyam (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: zalts

Latvian: zelts

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *zolto (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *glastos (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: diell


gʰed-

*gʰed- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *getaną (see there for further descendants)

*gʰ-né-d- ~ *gʰ-n̥-d- (nasal-infix present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: χανδάνω (khandánō) (< *χαδάνω (*khadánō))

Italic:

Latin: *hendō

⇒ Latin: praehendō (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *praiɣodā
Latin: praeda (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *hedezā

Latin: hedera (see there for further descendants)

*gʰod-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *gatą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *gatwǭ (see there for further descendants)


gʰel-

*gʰol-éye-ti (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *galiti (see there for further descendants)

*gʰól-e-ti (o-grade intensive)

Proto-Germanic: *galaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *galdraz (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *galstrą

Old High German: galstar

Middle High German: galster

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *gōlaz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *gōlijaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *uzgōlaz

*gʰl̥-néh₂-ti (néh₂-present)

Proto-Albanian: *galda

Albanian: galdoj

Proto-Germanic: *gullōną (see there for further descendants)

q

*gʰel-n- (possible back-formed from *gʰl̥-néh₂-ti)

Proto-Germanic: *gellaną (see there for further descendants)

*gʰel-gʰel-

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: գեղգեղեմ (gełgełem)
Armenian: գեղգեղել (gełgełel)

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (galgal-ināi-, “to make a musical sound”)

*gʰōl-i-

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *galьnъ (“cared for, pet”)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *galьba (“caress”)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: գեղ-օն (geł-ōn)
Armenian: գեղոն (gełon)

Greek:

Ancient Greek: χεῖλ-ος (kheîl-os), χῆλος (khêlos) — Doric, χέλλος (khéllos) — Aeolic
Greek: χείλος (cheílos)

Proto-Slavic: *galъ (see there for further descendants)


gʷerH-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
de:Brian D. Joseph

*gʷérH-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰáratay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áratay

Sanskrit: जरते (járate)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰáratay

Persian: پراچی جر (parâči jar-)

*gʷr̥-né-H-ti ~ *gʷr̥-n-H-én-ti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *barnati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥náHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥náHti

Sanskrit: गृणाति (gṛṇā́ti)

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥náHti

desc

𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈 (auui gərəṇte)

*gʷer-s-

Proto-Albanian: *griś

Albanian: grish

*gʷr̥H-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *girˀtei

Latvian: dzir̃u

Lithuanian: gìrti

Old Prussian: girtwei

Proto-Slavic: *žьrti, *žerti; *žьrtva; *žьrьcь (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: կարդամ (kardam)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥HdʰHáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥HdʰHáyati

Sanskrit: गूर्धया (gūrdhayā, “to praise”, 2sg.impv.)

Proto-Celtic: *bardos (“poet, bard”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷr̥H-sḱé-ti (zero-grade sḱe-inchoative)

Proto-Albanian: *grah

Albanian: grah

(perhaps) *gʷerH-os

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gẽras

*gʷérH-tis ~ *gʷr̥H-téy-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Htíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Htíṣ

Sanskrit: गूर्ति (gūrtí)

Proto-Italic: *grātis

Latin: grātēs

Oscan: brateis, 𐌁𐌓𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌝𐌔 (brateís), βρατηις (bratēis), β[ρα]ιτηισ (b[ra]itēis)

Paelignian: brat, brais

Vestinian: brat

*gʷérH-tus ~ *gʷr̥H-téw-

Proto-Celtic: *brātus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *grātu-

Latin: grātuītus

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: Βορέᾱς (Boréās, “north”)

*gʷorH-no-

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *gornъ, *gorno

Old Church Slavonic: гранъ (granŭ), грано (grano)

Czech: hrany

Slovak: hrana

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hrono

Lower Sorbian: grono

*gʷr̥H-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Htás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Htás

Sanskrit: गूर्त (gūrtá)

Proto-Italic: *gʷrātos

Latin: grātus; grātia, grātiīs/grātīs (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: βρατωμ (bratōm) (in the neuter)

Paelignian: bratom (in the neuter)

*gʷérH-tōr ~ *gʷr̥H-tr-és (“praiser”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰarHtā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *jarHtā́

Sanskrit: जरिता (jaritā́)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰarHtā́

Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬠𐬍-𐬘𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬁 (aⁱbī-jar^ətā), 𐬀𐬌𐬠𐬌-𐬘𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬁 (aⁱbi-jar^ətā, “praiser; one who welcomes”).


*kéh₂-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kaHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kaHyati

Sanskrit: कायमान (kā́yamāna, “desiring”, ptc.med.)

Proto-Iranian: *kaHyati

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁 (kaiiā, “to please”)

*ke-kóh₂-e ~ *ke-kh₂-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čakáy

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćakáy

Sanskrit: चके (caké, “to desire, like”)

Proto-Iranian: *čakáy

Avestan: 𐬗𐬀𐬐𐬎𐬱𐬈 (cakuše, “demanding”, ptc.pf.act.)

*k-né-h₂-ti ~ *k-n̥-h₂-énti (nasal infix)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kanHti (“to love, take pleasure in”) (see there for further descendants)

*keh₂-ró-s, *kh₂-ró-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kāˀras

Latvian: kārs (“lustful, desirous”)

⇒ Latvian: kārot, kāruôt (“to desire”)

Proto-Celtic: *karos (“desired, loved”)

Proto-Germanic: *hōraz (“adulterer”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kāros (“dear”) (see there for further descendants)

*keh₂-tó-s, *kh₂-tó-s (“desired”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kaHtás

Proto-Iranian: *kaHtáh

Avestan: 𐬐𐬁𐬙𐬀 (kāta, “desired”, ppp.)

⇒? Proto-Iranian: *kaHtakah

Khotanese: [script needed] (kʾt, “game”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (kʾtk' /kādag/, “game, joke”)

Parthian: 𐫀𐫀𐫃𐫀𐫅𐫃 (ʾʾgʾdg /āɣādaɣ/)

Sogdian: 𐼸𐼰𐽂𐼰𐼸 (kʾtʾk, “game, play”)

→ Tajik: кота (kota)

→ Shughni: кота̄ (kōtā)

*kéh₂-wr̥ ~ *kh₂-wéns

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kauras

Proto-Slavic: *kurъ

⇒? Proto-Slavic: *kury (“whore”) (see there for further descendants)

*kóh₂-mo-s (“desire”)

Proto-Hellenic: *kṓmos

>? Ancient Greek: κῶμος (kômos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *káHmas m (“wish, desire”) (see there for further descendants)


ten-

*ten-d-

*ten-gʰ-

*ten-s-

(possibly) *ten-h₂-

*tn̥-néw-ti ~ *tn̥-nw-énti (new-present)

*tén-t ~ *tn-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Celtic: *tenti

Old Irish: téit

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hátant

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hátant

Sanskrit: अतन् (átan)

*te-tón-e ~ *te-tn-ḗr (stative)

*ti-tn̥-yé-ti

Proto-Hellenic: *titə́ňňō

Ancient Greek: τιταίνω (titaínō)

*tn̥-é-ti (innovative zero-grade, thematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tintei

Latvian: tît

Lithuanian: tìnti

*tén-ye-ti (innovative ye-present)

Proto-Albanian: *en-tenja

Albanian: ndej

Proto-Hellenic: *téňňō

Ancient Greek: τείνω (teínō)

*ton-éye-ti (causative)

*tn̥-éh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tenḗˀtei

Lithuanian: tenė́ti (“thicken; clot”)

Proto-Germanic:

Old High German: donēn

desctree

Proto-Italic: *tenēō
Faliscan: 𐌕𐌄𐌍𐌄𐌕 (tenet)
Latin: teneō (see there for further descendants)
Umbrian: 𐌕𐌄𐌍𐌉𐌕𐌖 (tenitu)

*tén-os ~ *tén-es-

*tén-tis

*tén-tlo-m, *tn̥-tló-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tintla-

Latvian: tìkls

Lithuanian: tiñklas

⇒ Old Prussian: sasintinklo

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tántram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tántram

Sanskrit: तन्त्र (tántra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *tánθram ~ *tā́nθram

Persian: تار (târ)

Tajik: тор (tor)

Yidgha: [script needed] (tūr)

Pashto: تور (tōr)

*tén-tu-s ~ *tn̥-téw-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tántuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tántuṣ

Sanskrit: तन्तु (tántu)

Proto-Italic: *tentos

Latin: tentus (see there for further descendants)

*ton-sl-i

Proto-Italic: *tonslis

Latin: tōlēs, tonsillae

*tón-os

*-tn̥-nó-s, *-tn̥-nis (suffix denoting extent of time)

*tn̥-tós

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Slavic: *tenetò (see there for further descendants)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


n̥h₂sú (locative plural)
n̥h₂séh₁ (instrumental singular)

Albanian: *noshë

>? Albanian: noçë

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nāˀsis

Latvian: nāss

Lithuanian: nósis

Old Prussian: nozy

Proto-Italic: *nās

⇒ Proto-Italic: *nāzis

Latin: nāris (“nostril”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *nāssos

Latin: nāsus (“nose”) (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian

Indo-Aryan

Sanskrit: नस् (nás, nā́s, “nose”)

nozdrà

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nasúsEast Baltic:Latvian: nāss (“nostril”)Lithuanian: nósis (“nose”)Proto-Slavic: *nȍsъ (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *nasją

cape, headland, foothill; see there for further descendants


-ō

-ō (nominative singular)
é-ō (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-ones (nominative plural)
é-ones (nominative plural)
-on (singular vocative)
é-on (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-ones (plural vocative)
é-ones (plural vocative)
-onm̥ (accusative singular)
é-onm̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-onm̥s (accusative plural)
é-onm̥s (accusative plural)
-nés (genitive singular)
Ø-nés (genitive singular)
-nóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-nóHom (genitive plural)
-nés (ablative singular)
Ø-nés (ablative singular)
-n̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-n̥mós (ablative plural)
-néy (dative singular)
Ø-néy (dative singular)
-n̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-n̥mós (dative plural)
-én (locative singular)
Ø-én (locative singular)
-éni (locative singular)
Ø-éni (locative singular)
-n̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-n̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-néh₁ (instrumental singular)
-n̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-n̥mís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ō

Lithuanian: -uõ

Proto-Slavic: *-y (n-stem)

Proto-Celtic: *-ū

Proto-Germanic: *-ô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -ων (-ōn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-ā

Sanskrit: -अन् (-an)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: -ō

gʷréh₂us (“heavy”) + *-ō → *gʷréh₂wō (“millstone”, literally “the heavy one”)

tḗtḱti (“to create”) + *-ō → *tétḱō (“carpenter”, literally “one who creates”)

(s)kérti (“to cut”) + *-ō → *(s)kérō (“meat”, literally “something cut”) (> Latin carō)

(productive) Forms so-called “individualizing” or “participant” nouns from nouns and adjectives, agent or patient nouns from verbs.

h₂eḱs- + *-ō → *h₂éksō (“axis”) (> Ancient Greek ἄξων (áxōn))

meh₂k- + *-ō → *méh₂kō (“poppy”) (> Proto-Germanic *mōhô)

(rare) Derives nouns from nouns or roots, often with unclear semantic distinction.


negʷ-

*nogʷ-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nōˀgás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nāgás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nāgás

desc

Sanskrit: नाग (nāgá, “elephant”, literally “the hairless one”)

⇒ *nogʷ-éh₂-ye-ti

Proto-Germanic: *nakwōną (see there for further descendants)

*nogʷ-edʰ-o-s

Proto-Italic: *nogʷedos (see there for further descendants)

*nogʷ-ónt-

Proto-Germanic: *nakwadaz (see there for further descendants)

*nogʷ-nó-s

⇒? Proto-Armenian: *tukno-

Armenian: տկլոր (tklor) (highly hypothetical)

>? Proto-Germanic: *nakʷnaz

⇒ Old Norse: nakinn

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gonʷ-nó-s</i>

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷomnós (< *gonʷ-nó-s)

Ancient Greek: γυμνός (gumnós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nagnás (see there for further descendants)

*negʷ-m-ont-

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒉈𒆪𒈠𒀭𒍝 (ne-ku-ma-an-za)

*nogʷ-tó-s

Proto-Celtic: *noxtos (“naked”) (see there for further descendants)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*nógʷt-s</i>

(possibly) *nókʷt-s (“night”) (< *nógʷt-s, see there for further descendants)

(possibly) *negʷ-ro-s

Pre-Armenian: *megʷ-ro-s

Old Armenian: մերկ (merk)

(perhaps) negʷ-no-s

Old Armenian: լերկ (lerk)


*h₁ru-né-g-ti ~ *h₁ru-n-g-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ἐρῠγγᾰ́νω (erungánō, “I belch”)

*h₁réwg-(e)-ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ráuˀgtei

Latvian: raûgt (“to pickle”)

Lithuanian: ráugti (“to leaven, pickle”)

Proto-Germanic: *reukaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρεύγομαι (ereúgomai, “I belch”)

Proto-Italic: *rougō

⇒ Latin: (ē)rūgō

Proto-Italic: *rougjō

Latin: rūgiō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rauˀgas

Latvian: raûgs

Lithuanian: ráugas

Proto-Italic: *roug(s)mən ~ *rug(s)mən

Latin: rūmen (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ործամ (orcam), ործկամ (orckam, “vomit”)

(perhaps) Old Armenian: առիւծ (aṙiwc, “lion”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rūˀgā́ˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *rygati (“to belch”), *rigati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rū́ˀgtei

Latvian: rûgt (“to ferment”)

Lithuanian: rū́gti (“to turn sour, to regurgitate acid”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: raûgâtiês (“to belch”)

Lithuanian: ráugėti, riáugėti, ráugti, riáugti (“to belch”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: riáugėti, riáugsti (“to turn sour”)

Proto-Germanic: *rukatjaną

Old English: rocettan

Proto-Germanic: *raukijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *raukiz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀρυμαγδός (orumagdós)

Ancient Greek: ὠρῡγή (ōrūgḗ)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Persian: آروغ (“belch”)


*h₁lengʰ- (root present)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒇷𒅅𒍣 (li-ik-zi, “I swear”)

Germanic:

Old High German: antlingen (“I answer”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐλέγχω (elénkhō, “I revile, disgrace”)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: लङ्घति (laṅghati, “offend, injure, slight, violate”)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ā́ˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *-ati (present tense declension)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *-āti
Brythonic: *-ọd
Old Irish: -aid

Proto-Germanic: *-ōną (present tense declension) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

q

Ancient Greek: -άω (-áō), -ῶ (-ô) (the uncontracted present tense declension -άω is the most conservative)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *-āō
Latin: -ō, -āre (first conjugation, etymology 3) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-aHyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-aHyáti

Sanskrit: -आयति (-āyáti), -आपयति (-āpayati) (with unexplained medial -p-) (see there for further descendants)

Innovated compound suffix from *-éh₂ (eh₂-stem nominal suffix) + *-yéti (factitive verbal suffix). See also *-h₂ti.

Creates iterative, frequentative, or intensive verbs.


wétos

wétes- (oblique stem)
wétos (nominative singular)
wétōs (nominative plural)
wétos (singular vocative)
wétōs (plural vocative)
wétos (accusative singular)
wétōs (accusative plural)
wétesos (genitive singular)
wétesoHom (genitive plural)
wétesos (ablative singular)
wétesmos (ablative plural)
wétesey (dative singular)
wétesmos (dative plural)
wétes (locative singular)
wétesi (locative singular)
wétesu (locative plural)
wétesmis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *weta

Albanian: vit, vjet

Proto-Hellenic: *wétos

Ancient Greek: ἔτος (étos), (dialectal) ϝέτος (wétos)

desc

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀸𐀵 (we-to), 𐀸𐀳𐀂 (we-te-i)

Proto-Italic: *wetos, *wetezinos

Latin: vetus, veternus

Phrygian: ϝετει (wetei, dat.sg.)


*gʷéh₂-t ~ *gʷh₂-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gā́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *égʷēn

Ancient Greek: ἔβην (ébēn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HágaHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HágaHt

Sanskrit: अगात् (ágāt)

Proto-Iranian: *HágaHt

Avestan: 𐬔𐬁𐬝 (gāt̰)

*gʷí-gʷeh₂-ti ~ *gʷí-gʷh₂-ti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: կամ (kam)
Armenian: կամ (kam), կենալ (kenal) (part of the conjugation)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷígʷāmi

Ancient Greek: *βίβημι (*bíbēmi), βιβᾱ́ς (bibā́s) (< *gʷígʷants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰígaHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ígaHti

Sanskrit: जिगाति (jígāti)

*gʷe-gʷóh₂-e ~ *gʷe-gʷh₂-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βεβάασῐ (bebáasi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰagáHyaHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agáHyaHt

Sanskrit: जगायात् (jagā́yāt)

Proto-Celtic: *bayeti

Old Irish: baïd

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

(ἀμφισ)βητέω

Ancient Greek: (ἀμφισ)βητέω ((amphis)bētéō)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: (συ)βωτέω ((su)bōtéō) (perhaps)

Proto-Celtic: *batos

Old Irish: at·bath

Old Irish: bath (“death”)

Welsh: bad (“pest, plague”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βέβαιος (bébaios)

*gʷéh₂-mn̥ ~ *gʷh₂-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷḗmə

Ancient Greek: βῆμα (bêma) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gā́ma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gā́ma

⇒ Sanskrit: प्रगामन् (pragā́man, “step, gait”)

Proto-Iranian: *gā́ma

Avestan: 𐬔𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬥 (gāman)

Baluchi: گام (gám)

Persian: گام (gâm)

Northern Kurdish: gav (“step”)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷōmós

Ancient Greek: βωμός (bōmós)

*gʷéh₂-ti-s ~ *gʷh₂-téy-s

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: կայ (kay)
Armenian: կայք (kaykʻ)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βιβάω (bibáō)

Ancient Greek: βιβάζω (bibázō)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gāˀźas

Proto-Slavic: *gazъ (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps some variation or gradation of *gʷem- seen also on *mendʰ- - *meh₂dʰ-, *med- - *meh₁-/*meh₁d-.


gerbʰ-

*gérbʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *kerbaną (see there for further descendants)

*gr̥bʰ-é-ti (tudati-type thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *grəpʰō (see there for further descendants)

*gr̥bʰ-tó-s

*gérbʰ-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *grəpmə

Ancient Greek: γράμμα (grámma)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *žerbъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *žerbьjь (see there for further descendants)


(s)tewp-

*(s)téwp-e-ti ~ *(s)téwp-o-nti (simple thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)táwpati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(s)táwpati

Sanskrit: तोपति (tópati)

Proto-Iranian: *stáwpatī

desc

Middle Persian: stwbynytn' (/stōwēnīdan/, “to defeat”)

*(s)tup-yé-ti ~ *(s)tup-yó-nti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Albanian:

⇒ Albanian: përtyp (“to chew”), shtyp (“to press”)

Proto-Hellenic: *túpťō

Ancient Greek: τύπτω (túptō)

*(s)tup-eh₁-(ye)- (stative)

Proto-Italic: *stupēō

Latin: stupeō (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *stuppōną (“to stop, close; to stop up, plug, stuff”)

Proto-West Germanic: *stoppōn (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *stuppijan (see there for further descendants)

*(s)tup-ró-s

Proto-Italic: *stupros (“struck, hit > dishonoured”)

⇒ Latin: stuprum (“dishonour”, noun) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)tup-os

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τύπος (túpos)

*(s)tup-os ~ *(s)tup-es-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στύπος (stúpos)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tъpati

Old Church Slavonic: тъпати (tŭpati)

>? Proto-Germanic: *staupaz (“steep”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *steupa- (“step-”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δοῦπος (doûpos), ἐρίγδουπος (erígdoupos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Middle Persian: stwb' (/stō/, “distressed, defeated”)

Classical Persian: ستوه (sutōh, “struck by strong negative emotion”)

Extended from *(s)tew- (“to push, hit”).


Perhaps an s-stem *h₂eǵ-os ~ *h₂ǵ-es-os, from *h₂eǵ- (“drive”).

ahslō

shoulder; see there for further descendants

⇒ Tocharian B: amäkṣpänte

→? Tocharian B: *amäkṣa (or < *h₂em-h₂eḱs-ih₂)


klep-

*klép-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *hlefaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *klepō (see there for further descendants)

*klép-ye-ti (ye-present)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *klépťō
Ancient Greek: κλέπτω (kléptō)
Greek: κλέβω (klévo)
Mariupol Greek: клэ́фту (kléftu)
⇒ English: kleptomania
⇒ French: cleptomanie

*klṓp-s

Proto-Hellenic: *klṓps ~ ?

Ancient Greek: κλώψ (klṓps), Κύκλωψ (Kúklōps) (< *pḱú-klōps)

Italic:

Oscan: 𐌊𐌖𐌋𐌖𐌐𐌖 (kulupu) (gen. pl.)

Proto-Hellenic: *klopā́

Ancient Greek: κλοπή (klopḗ)

*klép-tu-s ~ *kl̥p-téw-s

Proto-Germanic: *hleftuz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *klepa

Albanian: qep, qafë


*kʷélh₁-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Albanian: *tšela
Albanian: sjell

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷélō

Ancient Greek: πέλω (pélō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čálHati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kʷelō

Latin: colō (see there for further descendants)

*kʷl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ kʷl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷalnati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷéľľō

Ancient Greek: τέλλω (téllō)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷeléyyō

Ancient Greek: τελέω (teléō)

*kʷl̥h₁-ét ~ *kʷl̥h₁-ónt (thematic root aorist)

Proto-Albanian: *kla ~ *klend

Albanian: qe

*kʷélh₁-os ~ *kʷélh₁-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷélos

Ancient Greek: τέλος (télos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kʷélus

Latin: colus

Proto-Celtic: *kʷolu- (“wheel”)

Middle Irish: cul

Proto-Italic: *-kʷelā

Latin: -cola

Proto-Italic: *kʷelōnos

Latin: colōnus (see there for further descendants)

Old Prussian: kelan

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷólos

Ancient Greek: πόλος (pólos)
Greek: πόλος (pólos)
→ Latin: polus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

desc

Tocharian B: kele (“navel, belly button”)

*kʷólh₁-os ~ *kʷólh₁-es-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kalas

Proto-Slavic: *kolo (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *halsaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kʷolsom

Latin: collum (see there for further descendants)

*kʷé-kʷl-o-s (reduplicated noun)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷalis

desctree

Ancient Greek: πάλιν (pálin), πᾰ́λῐ (páli)
Greek: πάλι (páli)
→ Coptic: ⲡⲁⲗⲓⲛ (palin)

Unsorted formations:

Old Armenian: եղանիմ (ełanim) (perhaps)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kela-

desc

Proto-Slavic: *čeľadь (“household, servants”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Slavic: *čelověkъ (“human”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -κόλος (-kólos)

Ancient Greek: πάλαι (pálai)

Ancient Greek: -πόλος (-pólos)

Ancient Greek: τῆλε (têle)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: चल (cala)

Proto-Tocharian: *käl-

Tocharian A: käl-

Tocharian B: käl-

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: klutk-

→? Proto-Uralic: *kulke- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: चर् (car), चल् (cal)

to revolve around, and therefore to sojourn, to dwell


(s)ker-

*(s)kerb-

*(s)kerdʰ-: see *(s)kérdʰh₁eti

*ker-p-

*(s)ker-s-

Proto-Tocharian: *kärst-

Tocharian A: kärṣt-

Tocharian B: kärst-

*(s)ker-t-

Proto-Italic: *kertsnā (“portion; meal”)

Latin: cēna (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: kersnu

Umbrian: śesna

*(s)kr̥t-ó-m (or < *(s)kr̥-tó-m)

Proto-Italic: *skortom

Latin: scortum, scrōtum, (possibly) scrautum (see there for further descendants)

>? *(s)kort-ek-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: cortex (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kr̥t-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kr̥tˢtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kr̥ttás

Sanskrit: कृत्त (kṛttá, “cut, cut off, divided, curtailed”)

Unsorted formations

desctree

Proto-Albanian: *štšertja
Albanian: çars

Sanskrit: कर्तति (kartati, “cut”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Sanskrit: कृन्तते (kṛntáte, “cut”), कृन्तति (kṛntati)

Sanskrit: कर्तनी (kartanī, “scissors”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: kertte (“sword”)

*skr-éy-ti

⇒ *(s)kr-ey-bʰ-

⇒ *(s)kr-ey-p-

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: skrīpât

*(s)kr-ew-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: scrūta

*(s)kr-ew-p-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: scrūpus

*skér(H)-ti ~ *skr̥(H)-énti (root athematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *skarati (“to sever, separate, divide”) (see there for further descendants)

*sker-e-ti (root thematic present)

Proto-Albanian: *skera
Albanian: shqerr

Proto-Germanic: *skeraną (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ker(H)-ye- (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skírˀtei (with evidence of a laryngeal?)

Latvian: sķir̃t

Lithuanian: skìrti (“to separate, distinguish”)

Proto-Hellenic: *keřřō

Ancient Greek: κείρω (keírō)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *karā́ˀ

Proto-Slavic: *kora (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skarā́ˀ

Proto-Slavic: *skora (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skarō (“division, portion”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kor-os

Proto-Germanic: *skaraz

Old English: scear

English: share

Old High German: skar

German: Schar

*(s)kér-mn̥ ~ *(s)kr̥-mén-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čárma (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kér-mō

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kremō (possibly)

Proto-Slavic: *kremy (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kor-mós

Proto-Hellenic: *kormós

desctree

Ancient Greek: κορμός (kormós)
Greek: κορμός (kormós)

*(s)kér(H)-ō

Proto-Italic: *karō
Latin: carō (see there for further descendants)
Oscan: karneis (genitive singular)
Umbrian: 𐌊𐌀𐌓𐌖 (karu)

*(s)kér-ti-s ~ *(s)kr̥-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *skurdiz (“cutting”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)kr̥tíṣ

Proto-Iranian: *(s)kr̥tíṣ

desc

Sanskrit: कृति (kṛtí, “the act of hurting; knife, dagger”)

*(s)kr̥-tós

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *krъtъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skurtaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kortos

Latin: curtus (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kor-tós

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kártas

Proto-Slavic: *kõrtъ

q

formed with <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*-ъkъ</i>

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kortъkъ (formed with *-ъkъ)

formed with <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*-iti</i>

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kortiti (formed with *-iti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)kartás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(s)kartás

desc

Sanskrit: कर्त (kartá, “cutting; separation, distinction; hole, cavity”)

*skēr-is

Proto-Germanic: *skēriz (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kor-yo-

Proto-Italic: *korjom

Latin: corium (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: çjerr, harr, thërras

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: քերեմ (kʻerem), քերծեմ (kʻercem), քերթեմ (kʻertʻem), քորեմ (kʻorem) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: cirst

Lithuanian: kirsti

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: cirvis

Lithuanian: kirvis

→ Proto-Finnic: *kirves (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skirmiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skurtijǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skurō (“incision; tear; rift”)

desctree

Old Norse: skor
Danish: skår
Icelandic: skora
Norwegian: skòr
→ Norwegian Bokmål: skår
Swedish: skåra
→ Old English: scoru
Middle English: score, scoore, skore
English: score
Yola: score

Proto-Germanic: *skuriz

Old Dutch: *skuri

Middle Dutch: schore, schuere

Dutch: scheur


(s)ker-

*(s)kr̥-tós

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κυρτός (kurtós)

*(s)kr̥-wós

Proto-Italic: *korwos

Latin: curvus (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kr̥-kr̥- (duplicated)

Proto-Italic: *karkros, *kankros

Latin: carcer, cancer (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ker-k- (extended perhaps from reduplication *ke-ker- or *ki-ker-)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κίρκος (kírkos), κρίκος (kríkos) (see there for further descendants)

→ Latin: circus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *kъrkъ (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kr̥-tiH-neh₂ (extended)

>? Proto-Italic: *korteinā

Latin: cortīna (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ker-ew- (extended)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κορωνός (korōnós), κορώνη (korṓnē)

*(s)kor-os

Proto-Celtic: *koros

Old Irish: cor

⇒ Old Irish: ·cuirethar, fo·ceirt
Middle Irish: cuirid
Irish: cuir
Manx: cur, cuirr
Scottish Gaelic: cuir

*(s)kre-i- (extended)

Proto-Italic: *skreiniom

Latin: scrīnium (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kre-i-s- (extended)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: crīnis, crista, crispus

*(s)kre-u-k- (extended)

Proto-Italic: *kruks

Latin: crux

*(s)kre-n-gʰ- (extended, nasalized)

Proto-Germanic: *hringaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *krǫgъ (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: कृणत्ति (kṛṇatti)

Sanskrit: क्रुञ्चति (kruñcati)

Sanskrit: क्रौञ्च (krauñca)


Hyekʷ-

*Hyékʷr̥


yókʷr̥

yókʷr̥ (nominative singular)
yékʷōr (collective nominative)
yókʷr̥ (singular vocative)
yékʷōr (collective vocative)
yókʷr̥ (accusative singular)
yékʷōr (accusative collective)
yékʷn̥s (genitive singular)
ikʷnés (collective genitive)
yékʷn̥s (ablative singular)
ikʷnés (ablative collective)
yékʷney (dative singular)
ikʷnéy (collective dative)
yékʷn̥ (locative singular)
yékʷni (locative singular)
ikʷén (collective locative)
ikʷéni (collective locative)
yékʷn̥h₁ (instrumental singular)
yékʷr̥ (nominative singular)
yékʷr̥h₂ (nominative plural)
yékʷr̥ (singular vocative)
yékʷr̥h₂ (plural vocative)
yékʷr̥ (accusative singular)
yékʷr̥h₂ (accusative plural)
ikʷéns (genitive singular)
ikʷénoHom (genitive plural)
ikʷéns (ablative singular)
ikʷénmos (ablative plural)
ikʷéney (dative singular)
ikʷénmos (dative plural)
ikʷén (locative singular)
ikʷéni (locative singular)
ikʷénsu (locative plural)
ikʷénmis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian: *yékʷr̥ ~ *ikʷanós

desc

Luwian: [script needed] (ikkwar /ik-ku-wa-a[r]/)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: լեարդ (leard) (unexplained initial l-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ikʷūr (< *yékʷōr (collective))

Middle Irish: iuchair (“roe”)

Proto-Hellenic: *yêkʷər

Ancient Greek: ἧπαρ (hêpar) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yákr̥ ~ *yaknás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *jekʷor

Latin: iecur, iocur (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *yäkʷär

Tocharian A: ykär

Tocharian B: yakär

From *(H)yekʷ- (“liver”) + *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix).

suffix

ikrā́ˀ

roe; calf; see there for further descendants

lagno

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jaknā́ˀ, *jeknā́ˀ (“liver”); Old Prussian


Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: որբ (orb) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *arbas

Proto-Slavic: *orbъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *arbaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: ὀρφανός (orphanós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *orβos

Latin: orbus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hárbʰas (see there for further descendants)

q

→ Proto-Uralic: *orpa (or independently loaned into some branches)

Proto-Samic: *oarpēs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic:

Erzya: уроз (uroz)

Moksha: уроз (uroz)

Proto-Finnic: *orpoi (see there for further descendants)

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: йәӈкурвы (jəṇkurwy)

Hungarian: árva

From *h₃erbʰ- (“to change allegiance, status, ownership”) + *-os.


*h₃erbʰ- (root present)

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫarp-, “to change allegiance or status”)

Proto-Celtic: *orbyom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *arbiją (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *orβis

Latin: orbis

⇒ Proto-Italic: *orβetā

Latin: orbita

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌓𐌚𐌄𐌕𐌀 (urfeta)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *ɸare-orbyeti (possibly)

desctree

Old Irish: erbaid
Irish: earb
Scottish Gaelic: earb

Proto-Germanic: *arbaidiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *arbijô (see there for further descendants)

to turn (whence also the secondary meanings)

(Celtic, Germanic) inheritance (i.e. to change ownership)


Proto-Germanic: *swōtizô (from extended variant *-is-ō)

Proto-Hellenic: *hwā́ďďōs

Ancient Greek: ἡδίων (hēdíōn) (from extended variant *-is-ō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáHdyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swáHdyas

Sanskrit: स्वादीयस् (svā́dīyas)

Proto-Italic: *swādwiōs

Latin: suāvior

From *sweh₂d- (“sweet”) + *-yōs (intensive suffix).


-yōs

--yōs (canonical)
-(é)-yōs (nominative singular)
-(é)-yoses (nominative plural)
-(é)-yos (singular vocative)
-(é)-yoses (plural vocative)
-(é)-yosm̥ (accusative singular)
-(é)-yosm̥s (accusative plural)
-(∅)-isés (genitive singular)
-(∅)-isóHom (genitive plural)
-(∅)-isés (ablative singular)
-(∅)-ismós (ablative plural)
-(∅)-iséy (dative singular)
-(∅)-ismós (dative plural)
-(∅)-yés (locative singular)
-(∅)-yési (locative singular)
-(∅)-isú (locative plural)
-(∅)-ismís (instrumental plural)
-(é)-yos (nominative singular)
-(é)-yōs (nominative plural)
-(é)-yōs (plural vocative)
-(é)-yos (accusative singular)
-(é)-yōs (accusative plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-jas

Proto-Slavic: *-ьjь (accusative *-ьšь)

Proto-Celtic: *-yūs, accusative *-(y)osam

Proto-Brythonic: *-ox (see there for further descendants)

Old Irish: -iu

Proto-Hellenic: *-yōs (*-y- is lost in palatalization)

Ancient Greek: -ων (-ōn) (with -ν- (-n-) conflated from the *-isō variant)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yās

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-yas

Sanskrit: -यस् (-yas)

Proto-Iranian: *-yah

Avestan: -𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 (-iiah)

Proto-Italic: *-jōs

Latin: -ior

For **-yoss (stem + nominative *-s). It was directly added to the e-grade root (if there was one) rather than to the stem of the adjective.

Forms adjectives from roots, meaning "very" or "rather".

-em

Proto-Celtic: *-samos, *-isamos; Old Irish


kʷóteros

non-ablauting (romanization)
kʷóteros (nominative singular)
kʷóteroes (nominative plural)
kʷótere (singular vocative)
kʷóteroes (plural vocative)
kʷóterom (accusative singular)
kʷóteroms (accusative plural)
kʷóterosyo (genitive singular)
kʷóteroHom (genitive plural)
kʷóteread (ablative singular)
kʷóteromos (ablative plural)
kʷóteroey (dative singular)
kʷóteromos (dative plural)
kʷóterey (locative singular)
kʷóteroy (locative singular)
kʷóteroysu (locative plural)
kʷóterōys (instrumental plural)
kʷóterām (accusative singular)
kʷóterom (nominative singular)
kʷóteroy (dual nominative)
kʷóterom (singular vocative)
kʷóteroy (dual vocative)
kʷóteroy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kat(e)ras

Latgalian: kotrys

Latvian: katrs

Lithuanian: katràs, kataràs

Proto-Slavic: *koterъjь, *kotorъjь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hwaþeraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷóteros

Ancient Greek: πότερος (póteros)

Ionic Greek: κότερος (kóteros)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kátaras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *katarás

Sanskrit: कतर (katará)

Proto-Iranian: *kátaras

desc

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬁𐬭𐬀 (katāra, “which of two”)

Younger Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬯𐬗𐬌𐬝 (katārascit̰, “each of the two”) < *kʷoteros-kʷid

Proto-Italic: *kʷoteros

Latin: uter

Sabellic: *poterospid < *kʷoteros-kʷid

Oscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌋𐌐𐌝𐌃 (púterelpíd, loc.sg.m.), 𐌐𐌞𐌕𐌞𐌓𐌞𐌔𐌐𐌝𐌃 (pútúrúspíd, nom.pl.m.), 𐌐𐌞𐌕𐌞𐌓𐌞𐌌𐌐𐌝𐌃 (pútúrúmpíd, “both”, gen.pl.m.)

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌕𐌓𐌄𐌔𐌐𐌄 (putrespe, “both”, gen.sg.?)

From the interrogative determiner *kʷos (“which, what”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix).


meyḱ-

*méyḱ-t ~ *miḱ-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔμῐκτο (émikto), ἔμειξᾰ (émeixa)

*miḱ-sḱé-ti (*sḱé- inchoative present)

Proto-Celtic: *miskati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *miskijaną (< *mihsk-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μίσγω (mísgō, “mix”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *miśćáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *miśćáti

desc

Sanskrit: मिच्छति (miccháti, “to agitate”)

⇒ Sanskrit: मिच्छमान (micchámāna, “agitated”, present mediopassive participle)

Proto-Iranian: *āmayxš-, *wimayxš- (< *meyǵ-)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (ʾ(ʾ)myxs-, “to be mixed”) (Manichaean), [script needed] (gwmyxs-, “to be mixed, mingled”) (Manichaean)

Parthian: [script needed] (ʾmyxs-, “to be mixed with”), [script needed] (wmyxs-, “to be mixed”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (wmxsk)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *mikskō
Latin: misceō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *miḱ-sḱ-

*miḱ-sḱ-ó/éh₂- (deverbative from the present)

desc

Proto-Celtic: *miskos (“mixed, confused”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: prōmiscus, prōmiscuus

*moyḱ-sḱ-o/eh₂- (o-grade deverbative from the present)

Proto-Germanic: *maiskaz (“mixture”), *maiskō (“mixture”), *maiską (“mixture”) (see there for further descendants)

*moyḱ-éye- (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *máiśīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*méyḱ-s- (*s- desiderative)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μείξω (meíxō, “will mix”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mayćšáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mayṭṣáyati

Sanskrit: मेक्षयति (mekṣáyati, “mix”)

*meyḱ-ye- (innovative *ye- present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: miēši (“dilute, mix, ferment, sweeten”)

*mi-né-ḱ- (innovative *né- present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: mìšti

*mi-néw-ḱ- (innovative *new- present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μείγνῡμῐ (meígnūmi), μῐ́γνῡμῐ (mígnūmi)

Greek: μιγνύω (mignýo)

*méyḱ-tis

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *miśtis

Lithuanian: mìšti

Proto-Hellenic: *míktis

Ancient Greek: μῐ́ξῐς (míxis, “mixing”) (also μῖξῐς (mîxis) and μεῖξῐς (meîxis) by analogy)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *míštiš

Proto-Iranian: *míštiš

Younger Avestan: 𐬨𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬌 (mišti, “confusedly”)

*miḱ-rós

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *miśras

Lithuanian: mìšras (“mixed”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mićrás (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mayȷ́-

Proto-Iranian: *āmayj-, *Hwimayȷ́-

(possibly) Ossetian:

Digor Ossetian: ызмис (yzmis, “sand”)

Iron Ossetian: ӕзменсӕ (æzmensæ, “sand”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (ʾmyc- /āmēz-/, “to mix”), [script needed] (gwmyc- /gumēz-/, “to mix, mingle”), [script needed] (ʾmyc /āmiz/, “a certain dish containing game meat”, literally “mixture”), [script needed] (ʾ(ʾ)myz-, “to mix”) (Manichaean) (see there for further descendants)

Persian: آمیختن (âmixtan, “to mix”), آمیغ (âmeğ, “mixture”)

Parthian: [script needed] (ʾmyj- /āmēž-/, “to mix”)

Proto-Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ئامێژەن (amêjen, “mixing”)


deḱ-

*déḱ-t ~ *dḱ-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔδεκτο (édekto)

Homeric Greek: δέκτο (dékto)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀆𐀒𐀵 (de-ko-to /dekto/)

*dḗḱ-ti ~ *déḱ-n̥ti (athematic Narten present) or *dé-deḱ-ti ~ *dé-dḱ-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic present)

⇒ *dēḱ-wéh₂

Proto-Germanic: *tēwō (“order, array”) < *tēgwō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *dēḱ-w-éye-ti

Proto-Germanic: *tēwijaną (“to order, arrange”)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *tēwijaz (“ordered, ranked, classed”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *deśitei

Proto-Slavic: *desiti (“find, encounter”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δέχομαι (dékhomai)

Ionic, Aeolic, Cretan Greek: δέκομαι (dékomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dā́ćti (“to worship”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dā́ṣṭi

Sanskrit: दाष्टि (dā́ṣṭi), दाश्ति (dā́śti)

Proto-Iranian: *dā́šti (“to honor”)

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬱𐬙𐬀- (dāšta-, “worshipped”, verbal adjective)

Khotanese: [script needed] (dāś-, “to receive with honor”) (or borrowed from Sanskrit)

*dḱ-néw-ti ~ *dḱ-nw-énti (new-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dāćnáwti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dāśnáwti

Sanskrit: दाश्नोति (dāśnóti, “attends, reveres”)

*de-dóḱ-e ~ *de-dḱ-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δέδεξο (dédexo)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dadā́ća

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dadā́śa

Sanskrit: ददाश (dadā́śa)

Proto-Italic: *dedokai (see there for further descendants)

*dḱ-eh₁-(yé)-ti (eh₁-stative)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *dekēō
Latin: decet (see there for further descendants)
Umbrian: 𐌕𐌉𐌜𐌉𐌕 (tiçit, 3rd singular present indicative)

*di-dḱ-sé-ti (reduplicated desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *diHćšáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *diHṭṣáti

desc

Sanskrit: दीक्षते (dīkṣáte, “dedicates oneself”)

*di-dḱ-sḱé-ti (reduplicated sḱe-inchoative)

Proto-Italic: *diskō

Latin: discō (“learn”) (see there for further descendants)

*doḱ-éye-ti (causative)

The LIV assigns Hittite 𒁕𒀀𒀝𒆠 (da-a-ak-ki /dākki/), 𒋫𒀝𒆠 (ta-ak-ki /dakki/, “resembles”, 3rd person singular present active), 𒈭𒃷𒍣 (ták-kán-zi /takkanzi/, “resemble”, 3rd person plural present active) and Ancient Greek δοκέω (dokéō, “think, suppose”) to this root. Kloekhorst rejects this in favor of *doᵏ/_ḱh₁éy, *doᵏ/_ḱh₁énti. Beekes prefers to think of δοκέω (dokéō) as reflecting a deverbative derivation from δέχομαι (dékhomai).

*dḱ-tó-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δεκτός (dektós)

*dḱ-nó-s

Proto-Italic: *deknos

Latin: dignus

*doḱ-o-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δοκός (dokós)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δοχή (dokhḗ)

→ Latin: doga (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δόξᾰ (dóxa)

*dóḱ-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δόγμα (dógma)

*déḱ-os ~ *déḱ-es- (“what is proper”)

*déḱ-ōs ~ *déḱ-es-

Proto-Italic: *dekōs

Latin: decor

*déḱ-s-

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ḱm̥t/*ḱómt</i> (“hand”)

*déḱm̥ (“ten”) (+ *ḱm̥t/*ḱómt (“hand”))

Proto-Germanic: *tehwō (“order, array”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *tehwōną


déḱos

déḱes- (oblique stem)
déḱos (nominative singular)
déḱōs (nominative plural)
déḱos (singular vocative)
déḱōs (plural vocative)
déḱos (accusative singular)
déḱōs (accusative plural)
déḱesos (genitive singular)
déḱesoHom (genitive plural)
déḱesos (ablative singular)
déḱesmos (ablative plural)
déḱesey (dative singular)
déḱesmos (dative plural)
déḱes (locative singular)
déḱesi (locative singular)
déḱesu (locative plural)
déḱesmis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *dekos (“esteem, honor”)

Old Irish: dech (“better”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dā́ćas, *daćasyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dā́śas, *daśasyáti

desc

Sanskrit: दाश् (dā́ś, “worship veneration”), दशस्यति (daśasyáti, “offer, present”) (< denominal causative *déḱes-ye-)

Proto-Italic: *dekos (see there for further descendants)


sóḱr̥

sḱén- (oblique stem)
sóḱr̥ (nominative singular)
sḱṓr (collective nominative)
sóḱr̥ (singular vocative)
sḱṓr (collective vocative)
sóḱr̥ (accusative singular)
sḱṓr (accusative collective)
sḱéns (genitive singular)
sḱnés (collective genitive)
sḱéns (ablative singular)
sḱnés (ablative collective)
sḱéney (dative singular)
sḱnéy (collective dative)
sḱén (locative singular)
sḱéni (locative singular)
sḱén (collective locative)
sḱéni (collective locative)
sḱénh₁ (instrumental singular)
sḱnéh₁ (collective instrumental)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒊭𒀝𒋼𒀀 (ša-ak-kar /šakkar/), 𒍝𒀝𒋼𒀀 (za-ak-kar /zakkar/, “excrement, dung, feces”, nom.-acc.sg.)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: sãrņi (“dung”)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *skarędъ

Proto-Germanic: *skarną

Proto-Hellenic: *skṓr

Ancient Greek: σκῶρ (skôr, “dung”) (< collective, genitive σκᾰτός < *sḱn̥-t-ós)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀- (saⁱriia-, “dung”)

(possibly) Italic: *(s)ker-d-

Latin: -cerda (“feces”) (De Vaan prefers *(s)ker- / *(s)kerdʰ- (“to cut off”))

Klimp suggests *sók(H)r̥, deriving from the root *sekH- (“to separate, cut off, distinguish”) + *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix).


swépnos

non-ablauting (romanization)
swépnos (nominative singular)
swépne (singular vocative)
swépnom (accusative singular)
swépnosyo (genitive singular)
swépnead (ablative singular)
swépnoey (dative singular)
swépney (locative singular)
swépnoy (locative singular)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*swópnos</i>

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *swápnas (< *swópnos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *swefnaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swápnas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *swepnos

Latin: somnus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *ṣw’äpäne, *ṣw’äpne

Tocharian A: ṣpäṃ

Tocharian B: ṣpane


wéyh₁ō

Disputed; possibly from *weh₁y- (“to twist; to wrap”) + *-ō, compare Ancient Greek ὑιήν (huiḗn, “grapevine”), from *wih₁-ḗn, and Latin vītis (“vine”), from *wéh₁itis, or perhaps borrowed from either Proto-West Semitic *wayn- or Proto-Kartvelian *ɣwino-, if those terms are not instead borrowings of the Proto-Indo-European. Possibly all ultimately borrowed from an unattested Mediterranean substrate language.

Old Armenian: գինիArmenian: գինի

Proto-Armenian: *ɣʷeinyo- (or from *wóyh₁n-o-s)

→ Proto-Celtic: *wīnom

Latin: vīnum (see there for further descendants)

verë

Proto-Albanian: *wainā or *woinā; Albanian

→? Proto-Kartvelian: *ɣwino-

possibly via Armenian; see there for further descendants


*bʰeh₂g-t (zero-grade athematic root aorist)

Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ἔφαγον (éphagon, “I ate, devoured ← *I received a share”)

*bʰeh₂g-s-(éye-)ti (zero-grade sigmatic aorist/desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰakšás, *bʰakšáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰakṣás, *bʰakṣáyati

Sanskrit: भक्ष (bhakṣá, “food, drink, delight”), भक्षयति (bhakṣáyati, “to consume”)

Pali: bhakkha

Proto-Iranian: *baxšáh (“to bestow, divide, have a share; to give, apportion”)

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬑𐬱 (baxš)

Middle Persian: bhš- (baxš-)

Persian: بخشیدن (baxšidan), بخش (baxš)

Talysh: baxşiye

→ Old Armenian: բաշխեմ (bašxem), բաշխ (bašx)

*bʰéh₂g-e-ti (e-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáǰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáȷ́ati

Sanskrit: भजति (bhájati)

Proto-Iranian: *báǰati (“to bestow, divide, have a share; to give, apportion”)

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬲 (baž)

→ Old Armenian: բաժանեմ (bažanem, “to divide”), բաժին (bažin, “portion”), բաժակ (bažak, “cup”)

⇒ Iranian: *bāǰím (“tribute, tax”)

Old Persian: 𐎲𐎠𐎪𐎶 (b-a-ji-m /bājim/)

Middle Persian: bʾc (bāj)

Persian: باج (bâj), باژ (bâž)

→ Old Armenian: բաժ (baž)

→ Old Georgian: ბაჟი (baži)

*bʰoh₂g-éye-ti (o-grade with causative suffix -éye)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰāǰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰāȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: भाजयति (bhājáyati)

Pali: bhājeti

*bʰeh₂g-(e)h₂ (feminine or collective)

Armenian:

qual

alternatively, a borrowing from the Indo-Iranian cognate <i class="Latn mention" lang="iir-pro">*bʰāgás</i>

Old Armenian: բակ (bak, “courtyard; sheep pen; sun or moon halo ← *landed allotment, encircled estate”) (alternatively, a borrowing from the Indo-Iranian cognate *bʰāgás)

*bʰoh₂g-ó-s m (“portion, share”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰāgás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰagás (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéh₂g-ti-s ~ *bʰh₂g-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaktíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰaktíṣ

desc

Sanskrit: भक्ति (bhaktí, “distribution, partition, separation”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaktás (see there for further descendants)

*bʰóh₂g-s ~ *bʰéh₂g-s (“allotment”, athematic noun)

(possibly) Proto-Germanic: *bōks (“book < *letter, writing < *identifying marks”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Tocharian: *pāke (“part, portion, share, piece”) (or borrowed from the Iranian cognate)

Tocharian A: pāk

Tocharian B: pāke

Proto-Slavic: *bogъ