un-

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *un-
Old English: un-, on-
Middle English: un-
Scots: un-
English: un-
Old Frisian: un-
North Frisian: ün-
Saterland Frisian: uun-
West Frisian: ûn-, on-
Old Saxon: un-
Low German: on-, un-
Old Dutch: un-
Middle Dutch: on-
Dutch: on-
Afrikaans: on-
Limburgish: ón-
Old High German: un-
Middle High German: un-
Alemannic German: o-, u-
German: un-
Luxembourgish: un-
Yiddish: אומ־ (um-)

Proto-Norse: ᚢᚾ- (un-)
Old Norse: ú-, ó-
Icelandic: ó-
Faroese: ó-
Norwegian Nynorsk: u-, o-
Old Swedish: ō-
Swedish: o-
Danish: u-
Norwegian Bokmål: u-

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽- (un-)

Vandalic: *un-


-ist

Old English: -est, -st

Middle English: -est

English: -st

Old Frisian: -ist

Old Dutch: -ist

Middle Dutch: -st

Dutch: -st

Old High German: -ist

German: -st

Old Norse: -st

Icelandic: -st

Faroese: -st

Gothic: -𐌹𐍃𐍄 (-ist)

-est. Forms the superlative of certain adverbs.


twi-

Proto-West Germanic: *twi-

Old English: twi-, twio-, twy-
Middle English: twi-, twei-, twy-
English: twi-

Old Saxon: twi-

Low German: twi-

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: twee-

Old High German: zwi-

German: zwie-

Old Norse: tví-
Icelandic: tví-
Faroese: tví-
Norwegian Nynorsk: tvi-
Swedish: tve-
Danish: tve-
Norwegian Bokmål: tve-

Gothic: *𐍄𐍅𐌹- (*twi-)


sin-

Proto-West Germanic: *sin-
Old English: sin-, sine-
Old Frisian: sin-
Old Saxon: sin-
Old Dutch: sino-
Middle Dutch: sine-, sin-
Dutch: zene-
Old High German: sin-

Old Norse: sí-

Icelandic: sí-, sí

⇒ Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (sinteins)


þri-

Proto-West Germanic: *þri-

Old English: þri-

Old High German: drī-

Old Norse: þrí-

From pre-Germanic *tri-, combining form of Proto-Indo-European *tréyes.


-az

-az (nominative singular)
-izō (nominative plural)
-az (singular vocative)
-izō (plural vocative)
-az (accusative singular)
-izō (accusative plural)
-iziz (genitive singular)
-izǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-izi (dative singular)
-izumaz (dative plural)
-izē (instrumental singular)
-izumiz (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *-os (adjectival ending). Cognate with Ancient Greek -ος (-os), Proto-Italic *-os, Sanskrit -ः (-ḥ), Proto-Slavic *-ъ.


ga-

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ga-
Old English: ġe-, i- — Late West Saxon; gæ- — Anglian; gi- — Northumbrian; ie- — Kentish
Middle English: ȝe-, i-, y-
English: a-, y-, i- (obsolete)
Old Frisian: ge-, gi-, je-, ie-, e-, i-, a-
Saterland Frisian: ge-
West Frisian: ge-
Old Saxon: gi-, i-, ge-, ga-
Middle Low German: ge-
Low German: ge-, e-, je-
Old Dutch: gi-, ge-
Middle Dutch: ghe-, ge-, (West-Flanders) i-, y-
Dutch: ge-
Afrikaans: ge-
West Flemish: ge-, e-
Old High German: gi-, ga-, ki-, ka-
Middle High German: ge-
Alemannic German: g- or ge- (euphonic)
Bavarian: g-
German: ge-
Luxembourgish: ge-
Vilamovian: gy-
Yiddish: גע־ (ge-)

Old Norse: g- (non-productive)

⇒ Old Norse: gnógr, glíkr, greiðr, greiða, granni

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰- (ga-)

Vandalic: *ga-

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“with, near, by, along”). Cognate with Latin co-, con-, prefix forms of cum (“with”). The irregular change from expected **ha- to *ga- is probably due to the unstressed nature of this prefix.

der

Indicates association or togetherness; co-.

Indicates completeness or wholeness. In verbs, also indicates perfectivity (a finished action).


twiz-

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *twiʀ-, *tuʀ-, *tiʀ-

Old English: te-, ti-, tō-

Middle English: to-

English: to- (obsolete)

Old Frisian: te-, ti-, tō-

Saterland Frisian: tou-

West Frisian: ta-

Old Saxon: te-, ti-, tō

Middle Low German: to-, tô-

German Low German: to-

Old Dutch: *ti-, *tō

Middle Dutch: te-, toe-

Dutch: (obsolete) te-, toe-

Old High German: zi-, zir-, zar-, zur-

Middle High German: zer-, zur-, zu-

German: zer-, zu-

Yiddish: צע־ (tse-)

Gothic: 𐍄𐍅𐌹𐍃- (twis-)

>? Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐍃- (dis-)

From Proto-Indo-European *dwís. Cognates include Latin dis-, Ancient Greek δίς (dís) and Sanskrit द्वीह् (dvīh).


uz-

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *uʀ-
Old English: or-
Middle English: or-
English: or-
Old Frisian: or-
Saterland Frisian: uur-
West Frisian: oar-
Old Saxon: ur-, or-
Middle Low German: or-
German Low German: oor-
Old Dutch: ur-, or-
Middle Dutch: or-, oor-
Dutch: oor-
Old High German: ur-
Middle High German: ur-
German: ur-
→ English: ur-
→ Dutch: oer-
Yiddish: אור־ (ur-)

Old Norse: ør-

Swedish: ur-

Norwegian Bokmål: ur-

Norwegian Nynorsk: ur-

Danish: ur-

Gothic: 𐌿𐍃- (us-)

From Proto-Indo-European *ud-s- (“up, out”), from Proto-Indo-European *úd (“up, out”); or perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂u-s- (“off, from”), related to Latin au-, Sanskrit अव- (ava-, “off, down”). Etymologically identical with Proto-Germanic *uz (“out, out of”).


-janą

-jō (active first-person indicative singular)
-jaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-jai (first-person indicative passive singular)
-isi (active indicative second-person singular)
-jais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-i (active imperative second-person singular)
-jasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
-jaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-iþi (active indicative singular third-person)
-jai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-jaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
-jaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
-jaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-jōs (active dual first-person indicative)
-jaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-jaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-jaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-jaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
-jamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
-jaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-janþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
-jainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
-iþ (active indicative plural second-person)
-jaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-iþ (active imperative plural second-person)
-janþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
-jainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-janþi (active indicative plural third-person)
-jain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-janþau (active imperative plural third-person)
-janþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
-jainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-idǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
-idēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-idēz (active indicative second-person singular)
-idēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-idē (active indicative singular third-person)
-idēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-idēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
-idēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-idēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-idēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-idēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
-idēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-idēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
-idēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-idēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
-idēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-jandz (active participle present)
-idaz (active participle past subjunctive)
-ijō (active first-person indicative singular)
-ijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-ijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
-īsi (active indicative second-person singular)
-ijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-ī (active imperative second-person singular)
-ijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
-ijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-īþi (active indicative singular third-person)
-ijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-ijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
-ijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
-ijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-ijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
-ijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-ijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-ijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-ijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
-ijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
-ijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-ijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
-ijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
-īþ (active indicative plural second-person)
-ijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-īþ (active imperative plural second-person)
-ijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
-ijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-ijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
-ijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-ijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
-ijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
-ijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-idǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
-idēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-idēz (active indicative second-person singular)
-idēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-idē (active indicative singular third-person)
-idēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-idēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
-idēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-idēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-idēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-idēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
-idēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-idēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
-idēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-idēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
-idēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-ijandz (active participle present)
-idaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-jan
Old English: -an (merged with strong verb ending), -ian (after r).
Middle English: -en, -ien
English: -y (only after r, as in ferry, herry, etc.)
Old Frisian: -a (merged with strong verb ending), -ia (after r)
Saterland Frisian: -e, -je
West Frisian: -e, -je
Old Saxon: -ian
Middle Low German: -en (merged with all other verbs)
German Low German: -en
Old Dutch: -en, -ien (after r)
Middle Dutch: -en (merged with all other verbs)
Dutch: -en
Old High German: -en, -ien (after r)
Middle High German: -en (merged with all other verbs)
German: -en

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -ja (only after short stems)

Icelandic: -ja

Faroese: -ja

Swedish: -ja

Gothic: -𐌾𐌰𐌽 (-jan)

From a merger of several Proto-Indo-European suffixes, which had become alike because of the combination of Sievers' law (j/ij) and i-mutation:
* *-yéti (denominative suffix) attached to athematic stems. Cognates include Ancient Greek denominatives with -y- metathesis, verbs in -ίω (-íō) and -ύω (-úō), Sanskrit denominative verbs in -यति (-yáti).
* *-eyéti, a compound suffix of *-e- (noun thematic vowel) + the above suffix. Cognates include most Latin -īre (fourth conjugation) verbs, some -ēre (second conjugation) verbs, most Ancient Greek -έω (-éō) contracted verbs, Sanskrit denominative verbs in -अयति (-ayáti).

Derives denominatives from nouns and factitives from adjectives.


-janą

From Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti (causative suffix).

inh

Derives causatives from basic strong verbs, with a sense of 'cause to do (the action of the verb)'. The stem vowel of the derived verb becomes that of the singular past tense, and the final consonant becomes the voiced Verner alternant.


-janą

-jō (active first-person indicative singular)
-jaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-aisi (active indicative second-person singular)
-jais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-ai (active imperative second-person singular)
-aiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
-jai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-jaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
-jōs (active dual first-person indicative)
-jaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-jaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-jaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-jaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
-jamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
-jaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-aiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
-jaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-aiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
-janþi (active indicative plural third-person)
-jain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-janþau (active imperative plural third-person)
-dǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
-dēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-dēz (active indicative second-person singular)
-dēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-dē (active indicative singular third-person)
-dēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-dēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
-dēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-dēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-dēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-dēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
-dēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-dēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
-dēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-dēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
-dēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-jandz (active participle present)
-daz (active participle past subjunctive)
-ijō (active first-person indicative singular)
-ijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-aisi (active indicative second-person singular)
-ijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-ai (active imperative second-person singular)
-aiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
-ijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-ijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
-ijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
-ijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-ijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-ijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-ijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
-ijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
-ijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-aiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
-ijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-aiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
-ijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
-ijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-ijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
-dǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
-dēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-dēz (active indicative second-person singular)
-dēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-dē (active indicative singular third-person)
-dēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-dēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
-dēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-dēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-dēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-dēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
-dēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-dēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
-dēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-dēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
-dēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-ijandz (active participle present)
-daz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old High German: -ēn

Middle High German: -en (merged with all other verbs)

German: -en

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -ja (only after short stems)

Icelandic: -ja

Faroese: -ja

Gothic: -𐌰𐌽 (-an)

From Proto-Indo-European *-h₁yéti, an innovated compound suffix from *-éh₁ti (stative verb suffix) which was originally athematic, but later extended with the thematic present suffix *-yéti based on the past participle. Cognate with Latin stative verbs in -ēre (second conjugation).

Creates stative verbs either directly from roots or from other verbs.


anda-

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *anda-
Old English: and-, an-, ond-, on-
English: an-, and-, on-, un-
Old Frisian: *and-, und-, ant-
Saterland Frisian: änt-
West Frisian: unt-, ûnt, ûnd
Old Saxon: and-
Middle Low German: ent-
German Low German: ent-
Old Dutch: ant-
Middle Dutch: ont-, ant-
Dutch: ont-
Afrikaans: ont-
Old High German: ant-, anta-, int-
Middle High German: ent-, -int-, ant-
German: ent-, emp-

Old Norse: and-

Icelandic: and-

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰- (anda-), 𐌰𐌽𐌳- (and-)

Vandalic: *and-

From pre-Germanic *h₂entó-, a combining form or allative formation from the Proto-Indo-European root noun *h₂énts. Cognate with Proto-Tocharian *ā́ntë (“in front of”).


fra-

Proto-West Germanic: *fra-, *far-, *fur-, *fir-
Old English: for-, fer-, fær-, fier-
Middle English: for-, far-, fer-, vor-
English: for-
Scots: for-
Old Frisian: for-
Saterland Frisian: fer-
West Frisian: for-, fer-
Old Saxon: far-, fir-; for-
Middle Low German: vor-
Low German: for-, ver-
Old Dutch: far-, for-, fer-
Middle Dutch: ver-
Dutch: ver-
Old High German: far-, fir-
Middle High German: ver-
German: ver-
Yiddish: פֿאַר־ (far-)

Old Norse: for-, fyr-, fir-

Icelandic: for-

Norwegian: for-

Swedish: för-

Danish: for-

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰- (fra-)

From Proto-Indo-European *pro- (“before, in front of”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πρό- (pró-, “in front of”).


-ndz

-ndz (nominative singular)
-ndiz (nominative plural)
-nd (singular vocative)
-ndiz (plural vocative)
-ndų (accusative singular)
-ndunz (accusative plural)
-ndiz (genitive singular)
-ndǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ndi (dative singular)
-ndumaz (dative plural)
-ndē (instrumental singular)
-ndumiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *-andī (participle ending)

Old English: -ande, -ende

Middle English: -ende, -and, -inde, -inge

English: -and, -ant, -ing

Scots: -and, -in

Old High German: -endi, -enti, -anti

Middle High German: -end

German: -end

Proto-West Germanic: *-andi (agent noun)

Old English: -end, -and

Middle English: -and, -end, -ant, -nd

English: -and

Scots: -an

Old Saxon: -und, -and, -ond

Middle Low German: -end, -ant, -ent

German Low German: -end

Old High German: -nt, -unt, -ant

Middle High German: -nt, -ant, -ent

German: -end

Proto-Norse:

desctree

Old Norse: -andi
Icelandic: -andi
Faroese: -andi
Norwegian Nynorsk: -ande
Old Swedish: -andi, -ande
Swedish: -ande, -ende
Danish: -ende
Norwegian Bokmål: -ende

Gothic: -𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-nds)

-ing one, -er. Forms agent nouns from verbs. Identical in form and meaning to the present participle.


missa-

Proto-West Germanic: *missa-, *missī-
Old English: mis-
Middle English: mys-, mes-, mis-
English: mis-
Scots: mis-
Old Frisian: mis-
Saterland Frisian: mis-
West Frisian: mis-
Old Saxon: mis-
Middle Low German: mis-, misse-
German Low German: miss-
Old Dutch: mis-
Middle Dutch: mis-
Dutch: mis-
Afrikaans: mis-
Old High German: missa-, missi-
Middle High German: misse-
German: miss-, mis-
→ Vulgar Latin: *messa-
Old French: mes-
Middle French: mes-
French: més-, mé-
Occitan: mes-

Old Norse: mis-
Icelandic: mis-
Faroese: mis-
Norwegian Bokmål: mis-
Swedish: miss-
Danish: mis-

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌰- (missa-)


idi-

Proto-West Germanic: *id-

Old English: ed-

Middle English: ed-

English: ed- (obsolete)

Old Frisian: et-

Old Saxon: ed-

Middle Low German: ed-

Low German: ett-

Old Dutch: *ed-, *et-

Middle Dutch: et-, at-, ad-

Dutch: et-

Old High German: id-, ida-

Middle High German: ite-

German: it- (obsolete)

Old Norse: ið-, iðja-

Icelandic: ið-

Swedish: id-

Gothic: 𐌹𐌳- (id-)

From an unstressed variety of Proto-Indo-European *éti. Cognate with Latin et.


-iz

Old English: -

English: -er

Old Frisian: -

West Frisian: -er

Old Saxon: -

Old Dutch: -

Middle Dutch: -

Dutch: -er

Old High German: -

German: -er

Old Norse: -r

Icelandic: -ur

Faroese: -ur

Gothic: -𐌹𐍃 (-is)

-er. Forms the comparative of certain adverbs.


-iz

Forms vṛddhi gerundives from verbal roots.


-izô

-iz ô (canonical)
-iz (adverb)
-istaz (superlative)
-izô (masculine nominative singular)
-izaniz (masculine nominative plural)
-izį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
-izīniz (feminine nominative plural)
-izô (neuter nominative singular)
-izōnō (neuter nominative plural)
-izanų (accusative masculine singular)
-izanunz (accusative masculine plural)
-izīnų (accusative feminine singular)
-izīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
-izô (accusative neuter singular)
-izōnō (accusative neuter plural)
-iziniz (genitive masculine singular)
-izanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
-izīniz (feminine genitive singular)
-izīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
-iziniz (genitive neuter singular)
-izanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
-izini (dative masculine singular)
-izammaz (dative masculine plural)
-izīni (dative feminine singular)
-izīmaz (dative feminine plural)
-izini (dative neuter singular)
-izammaz (dative neuter plural)
-izinē (instrumental masculine singular)
-izammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
-izīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
-izīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
-izinē (instrumental neuter singular)
-izammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

gem-decl-adj-table

*-izô (an/īn-stem)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-iʀō
Old English: -ra
Middle English: -ere, -er
English: -er
Old Frisian: -ere
West Frisian: -ere
Old Dutch: -iro, -ero
Middle Dutch: -er
Dutch: -er
Old High German: -iro
Middle High German: -er
German: -er

Old Norse: -ri

Icelandic: -ri

Faroese: -ri

Norwegian: -re

Swedish: -re

Danish: -re

Gothic: -𐌹𐌶𐌰 (-iza)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-yōs

-er. Forms the comparative of certain adjectives.


-ōstaz

-ōzô (comparative)
-ōstaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
-ōstai (masculine nominative plural strong)
-ōstō (feminine nominative singular strong)
-ōstôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
-ōstą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
-ōstō (neuter nominative plural strong)
-ōstanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
-ōstanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
-ōstǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
-ōstōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
-ōstą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
-ōstō (accusative neuter plural strong)
-ōstas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
-ōstaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
-ōstaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
-ōstaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
-ōstas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
-ōstaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
-ōstammai (dative masculine singular strong)
-ōstaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
-ōstaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
-ōstaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
-ōstammai (dative neuter singular strong)
-ōstaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
-ōstanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
-ōstaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
-ōstaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
-ōstaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
-ōstanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
-ōstaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
-ōstô (masculine nominative singular weak)
-ōstaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
-ōstǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
-ōstōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
-ōstô (neuter nominative singular weak)
-ōstōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
-ōstanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
-ōstanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
-ōstōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
-ōstōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
-ōstô (accusative neuter singular weak)
-ōstōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
-ōstiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
-ōstanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
-ōstōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
-ōstōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
-ōstiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
-ōstanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
-ōstini (dative masculine singular weak)
-ōstammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
-ōstōni (dative feminine singular weak)
-ōstōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
-ōstini (dative neuter singular weak)
-ōstammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
-ōstinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
-ōstammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
-ōstōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
-ōstōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
-ōstinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
-ōstammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*-ōstaz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: -ost

English: -est

Old Frisian: -ost

West Frisian: -st

Old Saxon: -ost

Old Dutch: -ost

Middle Dutch: -st

Dutch: -st

Old High German: -ost

German: -st

Proto-Norse: *-ᛟᛊᛏᚨᛉ (*-ostaʀ /ōstaʀ/)

Old Norse: -astr

Icelandic: -astur

Faroese: -astur

Norwegian: -est

Old Swedish: -aster

Swedish: -ast

Danish: -est

Gothic: -𐍉𐍃𐍄𐍃 (-ōsts)

-est. Forms the superlative of certain adjectives.


-istaz

-ist az (canonical)
-ist (adverb)
-izô (comparative)
-istaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
-istai (masculine nominative plural strong)
-istō (feminine nominative singular strong)
-istôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
-istą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
-istō (neuter nominative plural strong)
-istanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
-istanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
-istǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
-istōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
-istą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
-istō (accusative neuter plural strong)
-istas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-istis (genitive masculine singular strong)
-istaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
-istaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
-istaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
-istas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-istis (genitive neuter singular strong)
-istaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
-istammai (dative masculine singular strong)
-istaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
-istaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
-istaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
-istammai (dative neuter singular strong)
-istaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
-istanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
-istaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
-istaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
-istaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
-istanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
-istaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
-istô (masculine nominative singular weak)
-istaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
-istǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
-istōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
-istô (neuter nominative singular weak)
-istōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
-istanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
-istanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
-istōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
-istōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
-istô (accusative neuter singular weak)
-istōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
-istiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
-istanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
-istōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
-istōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
-istiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
-istanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
-istini (dative masculine singular weak)
-istammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
-istōni (dative feminine singular weak)
-istōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
-istini (dative neuter singular weak)
-istammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
-istinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
-istammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
-istōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
-istōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
-istinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
-istammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *-ist
Old English: -est
Middle English: -est
English: -est
Scots: -est
Old Frisian: -st
Saterland Frisian: -st
West Frisian: -st
Old Saxon: -ist
Middle Low German: -est
German Low German: -st
Old Dutch: -ist
Middle Dutch: -st
Dutch: -st
Old High German: -ist
Middle High German: -est
German: -st

Old Norse: -str

Icelandic: -stur

Faroese: -stur

Norwegian: -st

Old Swedish: -ster

Swedish: -st

Danish: -st

Gothic: -𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (-ists)

From Proto-Indo-European *-istHos, from *-yōs (relative suffix) + *-tHós (adjectival suffix). Cognate with Ancient Greek -ιστος (-istos), Proto-Indo-Iranian *-ištʰas.


sēmi-

Proto-West Germanic: *sāmi-, *sām-

desctree

Old English: sām-
Middle English: sam-
English: sam

Old Saxon: sām-

Old Dutch: sām-

Old High German: sāmi-

From Proto-Indo-European *sēmi- (“half”). Cognate with Latin sēmi-, Ancient Greek ἡμι- (hēmi-).


tuz-

Proto-West Germanic: *tuʀ-, *toʀ-
Old English: tor-
Old High German: zur-

Old Norse: tor-

Icelandic: tor-

Faroese: tor-

Norwegian Nynorsk: tor-

Swedish: tor- (dialectal)

Gothic: 𐍄𐌿𐌶- (tuz-)

From Proto-Indo-European *dus- (“bad”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δυσ- (dus-).


-skapiz

-skapiz (nominative singular)
-skapīz (nominative plural)
-skapi (singular vocative)
-skapīz (plural vocative)
-skapį (accusative singular)
-skapinz (accusative plural)
-skapīz (genitive singular)
-skapjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-skapī (dative singular)
-skapimaz (dative plural)
-skapī (instrumental singular)
-skapimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-skapi
Old English: -sċiepe
Middle English: -schippe, -shipe
English: -ship
Scots: -schip
Old Frisian: -skipe, -skip
Saterland Frisian: -skup
West Frisian: -skip
Old Saxon: -skepi
Middle Low German: -skap (likely under influence of the surrounding languages), unstressed forms: -skop, -skup
German Low German: -schop
East Frisian: -skupp
Münsterländisch: -schopp
Paderbornisch: -skop, -skopp
Old Dutch: -skap
Middle Dutch: -schap
Dutch: -schap
Afrikaans: -skap
Old High German: -skaf, -skaft
Middle High German: -schaft
German: -schaft
Yiddish: ־שאַפֿט (-shaft)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -skapr
Icelandic: -skapur
Faroese: -skapur
Norwegian Bokmål: -skap
Norwegian Nynorsk: -skap
Old Swedish: -skaper
Swedish: -skap
Danish: -skab

Suffixal use of a zero-grade i-stem noun derived from *skapjaną.

Forms nouns denoting state, originally meaning "shaping, condition".


furai-

Proto-West Germanic: *forē-
Old English: fore-
Middle English: fore-, for-
English: fore-
Old Frisian: fore-
Saterland Frisian: foar-
Old Saxon: fora-
German Low German: vör-
Old High German: fora-
German: vor-

Old Norse: fyrir-, fyr-, for-

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰- (faura-)

From the preposition and adverb *furai (“before”).


furi-

Proto-West Germanic: *furi-
Old English: for-, fer-, fær-, fier-
Middle English: for-, far-, fer-, vor-
English: for-
Scots: for-
Old Frisian: for-
Old Saxon: far-
Middle Low German: ver-
Old Dutch: far-
Middle Dutch: ver-
Dutch: ver-
Old High German: fir-, far-, for-

Old Norse: fyrir-

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂- (faur-)

From the preposition and adverb *furi (“for, in front”).


firi-

Old English: fyr-

Old High German: firi-

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂- (fair-)

From Proto-Indo-European *per(i) (“through, across”), from *per-.

inh

expresses intensive or perfective meaning


unþa-

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *unþa-
Old English: oþ-, ūþ-
Middle English: oth-
Old Frisian: und-, ond-, and-
Saterland Frisian: und-
West Frisian: ûnt-
Old Saxon: and-
Middle Low German: ent-, unt-
German Low German: ent-
Old Dutch: ant-
Middle Dutch: ont-
Dutch: ont-
Old High German: unt-, int-
Middle High German: ent-
German: ent-

q

in 𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 (unþaþliuhan)

>? Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰- (unþa-) (in 𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 (unþaþliuhan))

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂u-nt-, from *h₂ew (“away from, off”).


-ilaz

-ilaz (nominative singular)
-ilōz (nominative plural)
-ilōs (nominative plural)
-il (singular vocative)
-ilōz (plural vocative)
-ilōs (plural vocative)
-ilą (accusative singular)
-ilanz (accusative plural)
-ilas (genitive singular)
-ilis (genitive singular)
-ilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ilai (dative singular)
-ilamaz (dative plural)
-ilō (instrumental singular)
-ilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-il, *-ul

Old English: -el, -ol, -ul

Middle English: -el

English: -el, -le

Old Frisian:

West Frisian: -el

Old Saxon: -al, -il

Middle Low German: -el

Low German: -el

Old Dutch:

Dutch: -el

Old High German: -il

Middle High German: -el

German: -el

Old Norse: -ill, -all, -ull m, -la f

Icelandic: -ill, -all, -ull m, -la f

Faroese: -il m

Formally appears to be a thematicized variant of Proto-Indo-European *-lós.
Kroonen (2017) instead derives this from the Proto-Indo-European *-trom family of instrumental nominal suffixes, specifically the lambdacized variants Proto-Indo-European *-dʰlom and Proto-Indo-European *-tlom. The former suffix and the voiced Verner's alternant of the latter would undergo an assimilation to *-lla-. The geminate consonant would have later shortened to make *-la- which was suffixed onto stems with *-yeti, forming the Germanic agent suffix. Compare Latin -ula.

-er: suffix forming agent nouns and instrument nouns such as tools


-ilaz

Proto-West Germanic: *-il

Old English: -el, -il

Middle English: -el

English: -el, -le

Scots: -el, -il

Old High German: -il

German: -el

Old Norse: -ill m, -la f

Icelandic: -ill m, -la f

Faroese: -il m

(possibly) Gothic: -𐌹𐌻𐌰 (-ila)

From Proto-Indo-European *-elo-, thematized from Proto-Indo-European *-lós.


-ilaz

*-ilaz (a-stem)

-ilaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
-ilai (masculine nominative plural strong)
-ilō (feminine nominative singular strong)
-ilôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
-ilą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
-ilō (neuter nominative plural strong)
-ilanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
-ilanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
-ilǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
-ilōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
-ilą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
-ilō (accusative neuter plural strong)
-ilas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
-ilaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
-ilaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
-ilaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
-ilas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
-ilaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
-ilammai (dative masculine singular strong)
-ilaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
-ilaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
-ilaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
-ilammai (dative neuter singular strong)
-ilaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
-ilanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
-ilaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
-ilaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
-ilaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
-ilanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
-ilaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
-ilô (masculine nominative singular weak)
-ilaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
-ilǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
-ilōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
-ilô (neuter nominative singular weak)
-ilōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
-ilanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
-ilanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
-ilōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
-ilōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
-ilô (accusative neuter singular weak)
-ilōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
-iliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
-ilanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
-ilōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
-ilōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
-iliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
-ilanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
-ilini (dative masculine singular weak)
-ilammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
-ilōni (dative feminine singular weak)
-ilōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
-ilini (dative neuter singular weak)
-ilammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
-ilinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
-ilammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
-ilōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
-ilōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
-ilinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
-ilammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *-il

Old English: -il, -el

Middle English: -il, -el

English: -le

Scots: -il, -el

Old Frisian: -il

Saterland Frisian: -il

West Frisian: -il

Old Saxon: -il

Middle Low German: -il, -el

German Low German: -il

Old Dutch: -il

Middle Dutch: -il, -el

Dutch: -il

Old High German: -il

Middle High German: -il

German: -el

Old Norse: -ill

Icelandic: -ill

Gothic: -𐌹𐌻𐍃 (-ils)

Related to the above etymologies. Compare Latin -ilis.

forms adjectives from verbs, meaning “-ing” or “tending to …” (alternative form of *-ulaz)


-dūþiz

-dūþiz (nominative singular)
-dūþīz (nominative plural)
-dūþi (singular vocative)
-dūþīz (plural vocative)
-dūþį (accusative singular)
-dūþinz (accusative plural)
-dūþīz (genitive singular)
-dūþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-dūþī (dative singular)
-dūþimaz (dative plural)
-dūþī (instrumental singular)
-dūþimiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: -𐌳𐌿𐌸𐍃 (-dūþs)

From Proto-Indo-European *-túHts. See also *-iþō.

Forms abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives, and other nouns.


-inī

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-ini
Old English: -en
Middle English: -en
English: -en (fossilised, non-productive)
Old Frisian:
West Frisian: -inne
North Frisian: -in
Old Saxon: -ina, -unnia
Middle Low German: -inne, -in
Low German: -in
→ Old Norse: -inna
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: -inne
Norwegian Nynorsk: -inne
Old Danish: -inne
Danish: -inde
Old Swedish: -inna
Swedish: -inna
→ Finnish: -inna
Old Dutch: -inna
Middle Dutch: -inne
Dutch: -in
Afrikaans: -in
Limburgish: -in
Old High German: -in, -inna
Middle High German: -īn, -inne
German: -in
Alemannic German: -in

Old Norse: -ynja (extended to ōn-stem, rare)

Icelandic: -ynja

Gothic: -𐌹𐌽𐌹 (-ini)

From a Pre-Germanic proterokinetic compound suffix *-én-ih₂ ~ *-n̥-yéh₂-. Compare Proto-Slavic *-yni.

Forms nouns indicating a female individual.


-ōdaz

*-ōdaz (a-stem)

-ōdaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
-ōdai (masculine nominative plural strong)
-ōdō (feminine nominative singular strong)
-ōdôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
-ōdą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
-ōdō (neuter nominative plural strong)
-ōdanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
-ōdanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
-ōdǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
-ōdōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
-ōdą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
-ōdō (accusative neuter plural strong)
-ōdas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
-ōdaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
-ōdaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
-ōdaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
-ōdas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
-ōdaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
-ōdammai (dative masculine singular strong)
-ōdaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
-ōdaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
-ōdaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
-ōdammai (dative neuter singular strong)
-ōdaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
-ōdanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
-ōdaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
-ōdaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
-ōdaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
-ōdanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
-ōdaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
-ōdô (masculine nominative singular weak)
-ōdaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
-ōdǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
-ōdōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
-ōdô (neuter nominative singular weak)
-ōdōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
-ōdanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
-ōdanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
-ōdōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
-ōdōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
-ōdô (accusative neuter singular weak)
-ōdōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
-ōdiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
-ōdanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
-ōdōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
-ōdōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
-ōdiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
-ōdanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
-ōdini (dative masculine singular weak)
-ōdammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
-ōdōni (dative feminine singular weak)
-ōdōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
-ōdini (dative neuter singular weak)
-ōdammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
-ōdinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
-ōdammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
-ōdōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
-ōdōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
-ōdinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
-ōdammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: -od

Middle English: -ed

Scots: -it

English: -ed

Old Frisian: -ad

Saterland Frisian: -ed

Old Dutch: *-od, *-ot

Middle Dutch: ge- -t

Dutch: ge- -d

Old High German: gi- -ōt

German: ge- -t

Proto-Norse: *-ᛟᚦᚢᛉ (*-oþuʀ)

Old Norse: -aðr, -uðr

Icelandic: -aður, -uður

Faroese: -aður

Swedish: -d, -t

Danish: -et

Norwegian Bokmål: -ete

Norwegian Nynorsk: -ete

Gothic: -𐍉𐌸𐍃 (-ōþs)

Forms adjectives from nouns, indicating the possession of a thing or a quality.


-ungō

-ungō (nominative singular)
-ungôz (nominative plural)
-ungō (singular vocative)
-ungôz (plural vocative)
-ungǭ (accusative singular)
-ungōz (accusative plural)
-ungōz (genitive singular)
-ungǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ungōi (dative singular)
-ungōmaz (dative plural)
-ungō (instrumental singular)
-ungōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-ungu, *-ingu

Old English: -ung, -ing

Middle English: -ung, -ing, -yng

English: -ing

Scots: -ing

Old Frisian: -unge, -inge

Saterland Frisian: -enge

West Frisian: -ing

Old Saxon: -unga, -inga

Middle Low German: -inge, -unge, -onge

Low German: -ung, -ing

Old Dutch: -inga, -unga, -onga

Middle Dutch: -inge

Dutch: -ing

Old High German: -unga, -inga

Middle High German: -unge, -inge

Alemannic German: -ig (< -ing)

desc

Central Franconian: -ung, -ong, -ing, -eng

Luxembourgish: -ung (still -eng in Wunneng)

East Central German: -ung

German: -ung

Yiddish: ־ונג (-ung)

→ Polish: -unek

→ Old French: -enge, -enghe, -ange

Middle French: -ange

French: -ange

desctree

Old Norse: -ing, -ung
Icelandic: -ing, -ung
Faroese: -ing
Norwegian Nynorsk: -ing
Norwegian Bokmål: -ing
Old Swedish: -ing, -ung
Swedish: -ing, -ung (fossilized)
Danish: -ing

Unknown, but possibly from an earlier *-ōngō, equivalent to *-ōną + *-gō. No certain cognates outside of Germanic and not found in Gothic, which has instead similar verbal nouns without -g-.
Perhaps cognate with Latin suffixes -undus (forms the gerund) or from Proto-Indo-European *-n̥kʷos as in ἀλλοδαπός (allodapós), ποδαπός (podapós), and possibly propinquus.

-ing, -ion. Forms gerund nouns from verbs.


steupa-

Proto-West Germanic: *steupa-
Old English: stēop-, stēp-
Middle English: steop-, step-, stappe-, ste-
English: step-
Scots: step-
Old Frisian: stiāp-
Saterland Frisian: stäif- (possibly from Low German)
West Frisian: styp-, styf-
Old Saxon: *stiop-
Middle Low German: stiep-, stip-, stêf-, stîf-
German Low German: steev-, steef-
Old Dutch: *stiop-
Middle Dutch: stiep-, stippe-, stief-
Dutch: stief-
Old High German: stiof-
Middle High German: stief-
German: stief-

Old Norse: stjúp-

Icelandic: stjúp-

Faroese: stjúk- (?)

Norwegian: styk- (< stjúk-, stýk-)

Swedish: styv- (possibly merged with Low German)

Danish: stiv-, stif-, sted- (through reinterpretation)

From *steupaz (“pushed away; cut off; abandoned; deserted; orphaned”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tew- (“to push”).


-snō

-snō (nominative singular)
-snôz (nominative plural)
-snō (singular vocative)
-snôz (plural vocative)
-snǭ (accusative singular)
-snōz (accusative plural)
-snōz (genitive singular)
-snǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-snōi (dative singular)
-snōmaz (dative plural)
-snō (instrumental singular)
-snōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-snu
Old English: -sn
Old Saxon: *-sna
Old Dutch: *-sna
Old High German: -sna, -nsa

Gothic: -𐌰𐍃𐌽𐌰 (-asna), -𐍃𐌽𐌰 (-sna)

Forms nouns denoting a tool or instrument.


feþur-

Old English: fiþer-

Old Norse: fer-

Icelandic: fer-

Danish: fjer-

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍂- (fidur-)

From pre-Germanic *kʷétwr̥-, probably resegmented as *kʷétur-, combining form of Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwóres.


-ulaz

-ulaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
-ulai (masculine nominative plural strong)
-ulō (feminine nominative singular strong)
-ulôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
-ulą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
-ulō (neuter nominative plural strong)
-ulanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
-ulanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
-ulǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
-ulōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
-ulą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
-ulō (accusative neuter plural strong)
-ulas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-ulis (genitive masculine singular strong)
-ulaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
-ulaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
-ulaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
-ulas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-ulis (genitive neuter singular strong)
-ulaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
-ulammai (dative masculine singular strong)
-ulaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
-ulaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
-ulaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
-ulammai (dative neuter singular strong)
-ulaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
-ulanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
-ulaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
-ulaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
-ulaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
-ulanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
-ulaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
-ulô (masculine nominative singular weak)
-ulaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
-ulǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
-ulōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
-ulô (neuter nominative singular weak)
-ulōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
-ulanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
-ulanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
-ulōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
-ulōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
-ulô (accusative neuter singular weak)
-ulōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
-uliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
-ulanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
-ulōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
-ulōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
-uliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
-ulanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
-ulini (dative masculine singular weak)
-ulammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
-ulōni (dative feminine singular weak)
-ulōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
-ulini (dative neuter singular weak)
-ulammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
-ulinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
-ulammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
-ulōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
-ulōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
-ulinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
-ulammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: -ol

Middle English: -el

English: -le

Old Norse: -ull

Gothic: -𐌿𐌻𐍃 (-uls)

From pre-Germanic *-(V)los. Presumably the *-u- is anaptyctic or was carried over from the non-singular past indicative stem. Compare Latin -ulus in tremulus (“trembling”), crēdulus (“believing”).

Forms adjectives from verbs meaning “doing” or “pertaining to doing” the verb.


-ukaz

-ukaz (nominative singular)
-ukōz (nominative plural)
-ukōs (nominative plural)
-uk (singular vocative)
-ukōz (plural vocative)
-ukōs (plural vocative)
-uką (accusative singular)
-ukanz (accusative plural)
-ukas (genitive singular)
-ukis (genitive singular)
-ukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ukai (dative singular)
-ukamaz (dative plural)
-ukō (instrumental singular)
-ukamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-uk, *-ik
Old English: -oc, -uc
Middle English: -ok, -oc, -ock, -oq, -og, -uc, -uk, -uck; -ek, -ak, -ke, -k (rare), -ek
English: -ock, -ick, -ik (dialectal)
Scots: -ock, -ockie
Yola: -ok, -uck, -ick
Old Saxon: *-uk, *-ik
Middle Low German: -ek, -k
German Low German: -k
Old Dutch: -ok, -k
Middle Dutch: -oc, -c
Dutch: -k (fossilised)
Old High German: -uh, -ih
Middle High German: -ech, -ch
German: -ich

Gothic: *-𐌿𐌺𐍃 (*-uks)

Old Norse: *-kr


-dōmaz

-dōmaz (nominative singular)
-dōmōz (nominative plural)
-dōmōs (nominative plural)
-dōm (singular vocative)
-dōmōz (plural vocative)
-dōmōs (plural vocative)
-dōmą (accusative singular)
-dōmanz (accusative plural)
-dōmas (genitive singular)
-dōmis (genitive singular)
-dōmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-dōmai (dative singular)
-dōmamaz (dative plural)
-dōmō (instrumental singular)
-dōmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-dōm
Old English: -dōm
Middle English: -dom, -dam, -dame, -dome, -don, -doom, -dum
English: -dom
Scots: -dom
Old Frisian: -dōm
North Frisian: -dom
Saterland Frisian: -dum
West Frisian: -domme
Old Saxon: -dōm
Middle Low German: -dôm
Low German: -dom
Old Dutch: -duom
Middle Dutch: -dom
Dutch: -dom
Old High German: -tuom
Middle High German: -tuom
German: -tum
Yiddish: ־טום (-tum)

Old Norse: -dómr
Icelandic: -dómur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: -dømme
Norwegian Nynorsk: -døme
Old Swedish: -dōmber
Swedish: -dom, -döme
Danish: -dom, -dømme

Forms nouns denoting the condition or state of the suffixed word.

Forms nouns denoting the domain or jurisdiction of the suffixed word.


-lausaz

-lausaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
-lausai (masculine nominative plural strong)
-lausō (feminine nominative singular strong)
-lausôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
-lausą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
-lausō (neuter nominative plural strong)
-lausanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
-lausanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
-lausǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
-lausōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
-lausą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
-lausō (accusative neuter plural strong)
-lausas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-lausis (genitive masculine singular strong)
-lausaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
-lausaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
-lausaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
-lausas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-lausis (genitive neuter singular strong)
-lausaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
-lausammai (dative masculine singular strong)
-lausaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
-lausaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
-lausaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
-lausammai (dative neuter singular strong)
-lausaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
-lausanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
-lausaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
-lausaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
-lausaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
-lausanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
-lausaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
-lausô (masculine nominative singular weak)
-lausaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
-lausǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
-lausōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
-lausô (neuter nominative singular weak)
-lausōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
-lausanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
-lausanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
-lausōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
-lausōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
-lausô (accusative neuter singular weak)
-lausōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
-lausiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
-lausanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
-lausōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
-lausōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
-lausiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
-lausanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
-lausini (dative masculine singular weak)
-lausammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
-lausōni (dative feminine singular weak)
-lausōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
-lausini (dative neuter singular weak)
-lausammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
-lausinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
-lausammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
-lausōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
-lausōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
-lausinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
-lausammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *-laus
Old English: -lēas
Middle English: -les, -las, -lasse, -læs, -leas, -lease, -leæs, -lese, -lesse, -lez, -lies, -liese, -lis, -lise, -lyas, -lyese
English: -less
Scots: -less
Old Frisian: -lās
Saterland Frisian: -loos
West Frisian: -leas
Old Saxon: -lōs
Middle Low German: -lōs
Plautdietsch: -looss
Old Dutch: -lōs
Middle Dutch: -loos
Dutch: -loos
Afrikaans: -loos
Old High German: -lōs
Middle High German: -lōs
German: -los

desc

Proto-Norse: *-ᛚᚨᚢᛊᚨᛉ (*-lausaʀ), -ᛚᛡᛋᛡᛦ (-lᴀsᴀʀ), -ᛚᛡᚢᛋᛉ (-lᴀusʀ)

ᚺᛡᛖᚱᛡᛗᛡᛚᛡᚢᛋᛉ

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚺᛖᚱᛡᛗᛡᛚᛡᛋᛡᛦ (herᴀmᴀlᴀsᴀʀ), ᚺᛡᛖᚱᛡᛗᛡᛚᛡᚢᛋᛉ (hᴀerᴀmᴀlᴀusʀ)

Old Norse: -lauss

Icelandic: -laus

Faroese: -leysur

Norn: -los

Old Swedish: -lø̄s

Swedish: -lös

Danish: -løs

Norwegian Bokmål: -løs

Gothic: -𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃 (-laus)


-gô

-gô (nominative singular)
-ganiz (nominative plural)
-gô (singular vocative)
-ganiz (plural vocative)
-ganų (accusative singular)
-ganunz (accusative plural)
-giniz (genitive singular)
-ganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-gini (dative singular)
-gammaz (dative plural)
-ginē (instrumental singular)
-gammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-gō

Old English: -ga

⇒ Old English: docga

Middle English: dogge

English: dog

Scots: dug

⇒ Old English: frocga

Middle English: frogge

English: frog

⇒ Old English: *picga

Middle English: pigge

English: pig

⇒ Old English: sċeacga

Middle English: *schagge

English: shag

Scots: schagg, schaig

⇒ Old English: *snecga

Middle English: snegge

English: sneg, snag (“snail”) (dialectal)

⇒ Old English: stacga

Middle English: stagge

English: stag

⇒ Old English: wicga

⇒ Old English: ēarwicga

Middle English: erwigge

English: earwig

Old Saxon: *-go, *-ko

⇒ Old Saxon: *sneggo, *snecko

Middle Low German: snegge, snecke

German Low German: Snigge, Snigg

Old High German: -go, -ko

⇒ Old High German: sneggo, snecko

Middle High German: snecke (“snail”)

German: Schnecke

Middle High German: snegge (“toad”)

Old Norse: -gi

⇒ Old Norse: skeggi

⇒ Old Norse: steggi

Unknown. Note also *-kô in *kelkô, *leuskô, *mankô etc.

Appended to verbs and adjectives to create nouns, usually with a diminutive force.


-ud-

gem-decl-noun-table

*-ud- (irregular)

-ud- (nominative singular)
-ud- (nominative plural)
-ud- (singular vocative)
-ud- (plural vocative)
-ud- (accusative singular)
-ud- (accusative plural)
-iþ- (genitive singular)
-iþ- (genitive plural)
-iþ- (dative singular)
-iþ- (dative plural)
-iþ- (instrumental singular)
-iþ- (instrumental plural)

From pre-Germanic *-ut, oblique *-ít-. The suffix is also found in Latin caput, oblique capit-, and Celtic *karuts (Old Irish caur), which is additionally cognate to the Germanic ethnonym *Harudiz, attested as Latin Harudes.


-wintruz

-wintruz (masculine nominative singular strong)
-wintrijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
-wintrī (feminine nominative singular strong)
-wintrijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
-wintrų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
-wintrijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
-wintrijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
-wintrijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
-wintrijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
-wintrijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
-wintrų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
-wintrijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
-wintrijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-wintrīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
-wintrijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
-wintrijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
-wintrijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
-wintrijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-wintrīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
-wintrijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
-wintrijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
-wintrijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
-wintrijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
-wintrijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
-wintrijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
-wintrijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
-wintrijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
-wintrijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
-wintrijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
-wintrijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
-wintrijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
-wintrijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
-wintrijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
-wintrijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
-wintrijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
-wintrijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
-wintrijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
-wintrijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
-wintrijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
-wintrijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
-wintrijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
-wintrijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
-wintrijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
-wintrijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
-wintrīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
-wintrijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
-wintrijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
-wintrijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
-wintrīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
-wintrijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
-wintrīni (dative masculine singular weak)
-wintrijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
-wintrijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
-wintrijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
-wintrīni (dative neuter singular weak)
-wintrijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
-wintrīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
-wintrijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
-wintrijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
-wintrijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
-wintrīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
-wintrijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *-wintrī

Old English: -wintre

Middle English: -winter

desctree

Old Norse: -vetr
Icelandic: -vetur
Norwegian Nynorsk: -vet m (in tvivet, tovet)

Gothic: -𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍂𐌿𐍃 (-wintrus)

Derived from the noun *wintruz (“winter, year”).


-mô

-mô (nominative singular)
-maniz (nominative plural)
-mô (singular vocative)
-maniz (plural vocative)
-manų (accusative singular)
-manunz (accusative plural)
-miniz (genitive singular)
-manǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-mini (dative singular)
-mammaz (dative plural)
-minē (instrumental singular)
-mammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-mō
Old Frisian: -ma
West Frisian: -me, -tme (literary)
Old Saxon: -mo
Old High German: -mo, -amo, -emo

Old East Norse: -mi

Old Danish: -mæ

Danish: -me (not productive)

Old Swedish: -me

Swedish: -ma (not productive)

Gothic: -𐌼𐌰 (-ma, in 𐌰𐌷𐌼𐌰 (ahma))

From a conflation of Proto-Indo-European *-mō and *-mn̥.

(rare) -ness. Forms abstract nouns from verbs, denoting a quality, state, or instrument.


-lif

Used in Proto-Germanic *ainalif and Proto-Germanic *twalif by compounding with *ainaz (“one”) and *twai (“two”), in the sense of how many are left over after counting ten.


wana-

Proto-West Germanic: *wana-
Old English: wan-, won-
Middle English: wan-, won-
English: wan-
Scots: wan-
Old Frisian: wan-, won-
Saterland Frisian: won-
West Frisian: wan-
Old Saxon: wan-
Middle Low German: wan-, wān-
German Low German: wahn-
Old Dutch: *wan-
Middle Dutch: wan-, waen-
Dutch: wan-
Old High German: wana-, wan-
Middle High German: wane-, wan-, wān-
German: wahn-

Old Norse: van-
Icelandic: van-
Faroese: van-
Norwegian Nynorsk: van-
Norwegian Bokmål: van-
Swedish: van-
Danish: van-


-drê

Old English: -der

English: -ther


-ukô

gem-decl-noun-table

*-ukô (an-stem)

-ukô (nominative singular)
-ukaniz (nominative plural)
-ukô (singular vocative)
-ukaniz (plural vocative)
-ukanų (accusative singular)
-ukanunz (accusative plural)
-ukiniz (genitive singular)
-ukanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ukini (dative singular)
-ukammaz (dative plural)
-ukinē (instrumental singular)
-ukammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-ukō

Old English: -ca

Old Saxon: *-ko

Middle Low German: -ke

gl

Old Dutch: *-uko, *-iko (attested only in the feminine -uka, -ika)

Old High German: -ko

Middle High German: -ke

Old Norse: -ki


sama-

Proto-West Germanic: *sama-

Old English: sam-

Old Norse: sam-

Danish: sam-

Faroese: sam-

Icelandic: sam-

Norwegian: sam-

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰- (sama-)