tinhaną

tinhō (active first-person indicative singular)
tinhaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tinhai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tinhizi (active indicative second-person singular)
tinhaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tinh (active imperative second-person singular)
tinhazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tinhaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tinhidi (active indicative singular third-person)
tinhai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tinhadau (active imperative singular third-person)
tinhadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tinhaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tinhōz (active dual first-person indicative)
tinhaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tinhadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tinhaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tinhadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tinhamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tinhaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tinhandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tinhaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tinhid (active indicative plural second-person)
tinhaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tinhid (active imperative plural second-person)
tinhandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tinhaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tinhandi (active indicative plural third-person)
tinhain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tinhandau (active imperative plural third-person)
tinhandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tinhaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tanh (active first-person indicative singular)
tungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tanht (active indicative second-person singular)
tungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tanh (active indicative singular third-person)
tungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tungū (active dual first-person indicative)
tungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tungum (active first-person indicative plural)
tungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tungud (active indicative plural second-person)
tungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tungun (active indicative plural third-person)
tungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tinhandz (active participle present)
tunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *tingan, ġetingan

From Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite, sting”).


dōg-

Proto-West Germanic: *dōgiʀ, *dōgaʀ

Old English: dōgor n, (Anglian) dœ̄g m

Old Dutch: *dōg

Middle Dutch: *doeg, *doech

>? Dutch: doeg, doei

desctree

Old Norse: dǿgr n (“twelve-hour period; half-day”)
Icelandic: dægur
Faroese: -døgur
Norwegian Nynorsk: døger
Old Swedish: dø̄gher
Old Danish: dø̄ghær
⇒ Old Norse: dǿgn n
Old Swedish: dø̄ghn
Swedish: dygn
Old Danish: dø̄ghær, dø̄gn
Danish: døgn
Norwegian Bokmål: døgn
→? Norwegian Nynorsk: døgn

Nominalization of *dōgaz (“daily, diurnal”).


tūmōną

tūmō (active first-person indicative singular)
tūmǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tūmōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
tūmōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
tūmōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tūmō (active imperative second-person singular)
tūmōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tūmōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tūmōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tūmō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tūmōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tūmōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tūmōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tūmōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tūmōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tūmōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tūmōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tūmōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tūmōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tūmōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tūmōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tūmōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tūmōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tūmōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tūmōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tūmōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tūmōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tūmōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tūmōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tūmōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tūmōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tūmōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tūmōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tūmōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tūmōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tūmōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tūmōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
tūmōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tūmōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tūmōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tūmōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tūmōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tūmōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tūmōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tūmōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tūmōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tūmōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tūmōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tūmōndz (active participle present)
tūmōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: tumbian
Middle English: tumben, tomben, toumbe (conflated with Old French tumber)
English: tumb
⇒ Middle English: tumblen
English: tumble
Scots: tummyll, tumbill, tummle

Old Frisian: *tumbia

⇒ Old Frisian: *tūmlia

Saterland Frisian: tuumelje

Old Saxon: *tūmōn

⇒ Old Saxon: *tūmilōn

Middle Low German: tumelen, tummelen

German Low German: dummeln

Old Dutch: *tūmon
Middle Dutch: tumen
⇒ Middle Dutch: tumelen
Dutch: tuimelen

desc

→? Vulgar Latin: *tumbāre (possibly also from Old Norse, or a native onomatopoeia)

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: tumbã

Romanian: tumbă

Italian: tomare, *tombare

desctree

Old French: tumber, tumer, tomber
Middle French: tomber, tumber
French: tomber, tumer (dialectal)

Old Occitan:

Catalan: tombar

Occitan: tumber, tomber

West Iberian:

Portuguese: tombar

Spanish: tumbar

>? Old High German: tūmōn

Middle High German: tumen

desc

⇒ Old High German: tūmalōn, tūmilōn, tumelen

Middle High German: tūmeln, tumeln

German: taumeln, tummeln

Luxembourgish: tommelen

Old Norse: tumba

Icelandic: tumba

Unknown. Possibly related to Sanskrit धावति (dhāvati, “to flee, run”), Ancient Greek θύω (thúō, “I rage, storm, rush in”), Latin furō (“I rage”), suggesting a hypothetical Proto-Indo-European *dʰewH- (“shake, roar”).

der

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


ruppōną

ruppō (active first-person indicative singular)
ruppǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ruppōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
ruppōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
ruppōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ruppō (active imperative second-person singular)
ruppōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ruppōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ruppōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
ruppō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ruppōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
ruppōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ruppōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ruppōs (active dual first-person indicative)
ruppōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ruppōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ruppōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ruppōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ruppōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ruppōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ruppōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ruppōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ruppōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
ruppōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ruppōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
ruppōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ruppōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ruppōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
ruppōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ruppōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
ruppōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ruppōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ruppōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
ruppōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ruppōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
ruppōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ruppōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
ruppōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ruppōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
ruppōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ruppōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ruppōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ruppōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
ruppōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ruppōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
ruppōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ruppōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
ruppōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ruppōndz (active participle present)
ruppōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ruppōn
>? Old English: *rubbian
Middle English: rubben (possibly borrowed)
English: rub
Old Frisian: *robbia
Saterland Frisian: robje
Old Saxon: *roppōn
Middle Low German: roppen
Low German: rubben
Old Dutch: *roppon
Middle Dutch: roppen
Dutch: roppen, robben, rubben
Old High German: ropfōn, *ruphōn
Middle High German: ropfen, rupfen
German: rupfen
Luxembourgish: rappen

Old Norse: ruppa, *rubba

Icelandic: rubba

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: rubbe

Norwegian Nynorsk: rubbe, rubba

Swedish: rubba

Danish: rubbe

From Pre-Germanic *Hrupnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to *reufaną (“to break off, open”).


ruppōną

Proto-West Germanic: *roppōn
Old Dutch: *roppon
Middle Dutch: roppen, ruppen
Dutch: roppen
Old High German: *ropfōn
Middle High German: ropfen

Old Norse: ropa

Icelandic: ropa

Faroese: ropa

An iterative verb likely of sound-symbolic origin.


brumþiz

brumþiz (nominative singular)
brumþīz (nominative plural)
brumþi (singular vocative)
brumþīz (plural vocative)
brumþį (accusative singular)
brumþinz (accusative plural)
brumþīz (genitive singular)
brumþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brumþī (dative singular)
brumþimaz (dative plural)
brumþī (instrumental singular)
brumþimiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: *brumft

Middle High German: brunft

German: Brunft

Old Norse: *brund, brundtíð

Icelandic: brund, brundtíð


rīfaną

rīfō (active first-person indicative singular)
rīfaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rīfai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rīfizi (active indicative second-person singular)
rīfaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rīf (active imperative second-person singular)
rīfazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rīfaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rīfidi (active indicative singular third-person)
rīfai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rīfadau (active imperative singular third-person)
rīfadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rīfaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rīfōz (active dual first-person indicative)
rīfaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rīfadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rīfaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rīfadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rīfamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rīfaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rīfandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rīfaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rīfid (active indicative plural second-person)
rīfaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rīfid (active imperative plural second-person)
rīfandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rīfaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rīfandi (active indicative plural third-person)
rīfain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rīfandau (active imperative plural third-person)
rīfandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rīfaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raif (active first-person indicative singular)
ribį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raift (active indicative second-person singular)
ribīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raif (active indicative singular third-person)
ribī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ribū (active dual first-person indicative)
ribīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ribudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ribīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ribum (active first-person indicative plural)
ribīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ribud (active indicative plural second-person)
ribīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ribun (active indicative plural third-person)
ribīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rīfandz (active participle present)
ribanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *rīfan
Old English: *rīfan
Middle English: riven
English: rive
Old Frisian: rīva

Old Norse: rífa

Icelandic: rífa

Norwegian Bokmål: rive

Old Danish: riuæ

Danish: rive

Old Swedish: rīva

Swedish: riva

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁reyp- (“to tear”).


sinþōną

sinþō (active first-person indicative singular)
sinþǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sinþōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
sinþōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sinþōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sinþō (active imperative second-person singular)
sinþōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sinþōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sinþōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sinþō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sinþōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sinþōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sinþōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sinþōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sinþōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sinþōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sinþōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sinþōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sinþōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sinþōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sinþōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sinþōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sinþōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sinþōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sinþōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sinþōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sinþōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sinþōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sinþōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sinþōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sinþōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sinþōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sinþōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sinþōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sinþōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sinþōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sinþōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sinþōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sinþōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sinþōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sinþōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sinþōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sinþōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sinþōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sinþōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sinþōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sinþōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sinþōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sinþōndz (active participle present)
sinþōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sinþōn
Old English: sīþian
Middle English: sithen
Old Saxon: sīthon
Old High German: sindōn
Middle High German: sinden, sinnen

Old Norse: sinna

Icelandic: sinna

Derived from *sinþaz (“journey”) + *-ōną.


uzberaną

uzberō (active first-person indicative singular)
uzberaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzberai (first-person indicative passive singular)
uzbirizi (active indicative second-person singular)
uzberaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzber (active imperative second-person singular)
uzberazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
uzberaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
uzbiridi (active indicative singular third-person)
uzberai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzberadau (active imperative singular third-person)
uzberadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
uzberaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
uzberōz (active dual first-person indicative)
uzberaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzberadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzberaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzberadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
uzberamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
uzberaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzberandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
uzberaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
uzbirid (active indicative plural second-person)
uzberaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzbirid (active imperative plural second-person)
uzberandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
uzberaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
uzberandi (active indicative plural third-person)
uzberain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzberandau (active imperative plural third-person)
uzberandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
uzberaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
uzbar (active first-person indicative singular)
uzbērį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzbart (active indicative second-person singular)
uzbērīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzbar (active indicative singular third-person)
uzbērī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzbērū (active dual first-person indicative)
uzbērīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzbērudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzbērīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzbērum (active first-person indicative plural)
uzbērīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzbērud (active indicative plural second-person)
uzbērīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzbērun (active indicative plural third-person)
uzbērīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzberandz (active participle present)
uzburanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *uʀberan
Old English: āberan
Middle English: aberen
English: abear
Old High German: irberan
Middle High German: erbërn
German: erbären

(Old Norse: bera (“to bear off, away”))

Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (usbairan)


liuhtijaną

liuhtijō (active first-person indicative singular)
liuhtijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
liuhtijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
liuhtīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
liuhtijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
liuhtī (active imperative second-person singular)
liuhtijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
liuhtijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
liuhtīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
liuhtijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
liuhtijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
liuhtijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
liuhtijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
liuhtijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
liuhtijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
liuhtijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
liuhtijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
liuhtijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
liuhtijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
liuhtijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
liuhtijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
liuhtijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
liuhtīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
liuhtijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
liuhtīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
liuhtijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
liuhtijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
liuhtijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
liuhtijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
liuhtijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
liuhtijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
liuhtijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
liuhtidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
liuhtidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
liuhtidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
liuhtidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
liuhtidē (active indicative singular third-person)
liuhtidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
liuhtidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
liuhtidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
liuhtidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
liuhtidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
liuhtidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
liuhtidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
liuhtidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
liuhtidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
liuhtidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
liuhtidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
liuhtijandz (active participle present)
liuhtidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *liuhtijan
Old English: līehtan
Middle English: lihten, lighten
English: light
Scots: licht
Old Saxon: liuhtian
Middle Low German: luchten
German Low German: lüchten
→ Polabian: löxtår (“lantern”)
Old Dutch: liuhten
Middle Dutch: luchten
Dutch: luchten (obsolete)
Old High German: liuhten
Middle High German: liuhten
German: leuchten
Yiddish: לײַכטן (laykhtn), Yiddish: לויכטן (loykhtn)
Bavarian: laichdn

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (liuhtjan)

From *leuhtą (“light”) + *-janą (“denominative suffix”) or *leuhtaz (“light, bright”) + *-janą (“factitive suffix”).


inliuhtijaną

inliuhtijō (active first-person indicative singular)
inliuhtijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
inliuhtijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
inliuhtīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
inliuhtijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
inliuhtī (active imperative second-person singular)
inliuhtijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
inliuhtijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
inliuhtīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
inliuhtijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
inliuhtijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
inliuhtijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
inliuhtijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
inliuhtijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
inliuhtijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
inliuhtijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
inliuhtijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
inliuhtijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
inliuhtijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
inliuhtijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
inliuhtijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
inliuhtijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
inliuhtīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
inliuhtijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
inliuhtīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
inliuhtijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
inliuhtijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
inliuhtijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
inliuhtijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
inliuhtijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
inliuhtijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
inliuhtijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
inliuhtidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
inliuhtidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
inliuhtidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
inliuhtidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
inliuhtidē (active indicative singular third-person)
inliuhtidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
inliuhtidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
inliuhtidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
inliuhtidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
inliuhtidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
inliuhtidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
inliuhtidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
inliuhtidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
inliuhtidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
inliuhtidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
inliuhtidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
inliuhtijandz (active participle present)
inliuhtidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desc

Old English: inlīhtan, onlīhtan, enlīhtan

Middle English: inlightnen, enlightenen inlighten

English: enlight, inlight; inlighten (archaic)

Old Frisian: *inliuchta

West Frisian: inljochtsje

Old Saxon: *inliuhtian

Middle Low German: inlüchten

Low German: inlüchten

Old Dutch: *inliuhten

Middle Dutch: inluchten, inlichten

Dutch: inlichten

Old High German: inliuhten

Middle High German: īnliuhten

German: einleuchten

Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (inliuhtjan)


gaburþiz

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gaburþi
Old English: ġebyrd
Old Saxon: giburd
Middle Low German: gebōrt, geburt
Low German: Geboort
→ Saterland Frisian: Gebuurt
Old Dutch: *geburd
Middle Dutch: geborde, gebort, gheborte
Dutch: geboorte
Afrikaans: geboorte
Negerhollands: geboort, geboorte
→ West Frisian: geboarte
Old High German: giburt
Middle High German: geburt
Cimbrian: gabüart
German: Geburt
Luxembourgish: Gebuert
Yiddish: געבורט (geburt)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍃 (gabaurþs)

Derived from *gaberaną (“to bear (children), give birth to”). Equivalent to *ga- + *burþiz.


gaburjōną

gaburjō (active first-person indicative singular)
gaburjǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaburjōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
gaburjōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
gaburjōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaburjō (active imperative second-person singular)
gaburjōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gaburjōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gaburjōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gaburjō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gaburjōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gaburjōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gaburjōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gaburjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gaburjōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gaburjōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gaburjōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gaburjōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gaburjōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gaburjōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gaburjōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gaburjōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gaburjōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gaburjōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gaburjōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gaburjōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gaburjōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gaburjōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gaburjōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gaburjōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gaburjōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gaburjōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gaburjōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
gaburjōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaburjōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
gaburjōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaburjōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
gaburjōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gaburjōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gaburjōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gaburjōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gaburjōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gaburjōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gaburjōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gaburjōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gaburjōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gaburjōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gaburjōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gaburjōndz (active participle present)
gaburjōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: ġebyrian

(Old Norse: byrja)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂 (gabaur, “revelry”)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌱𐌰 (gabaurjaba)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌾𐍉𐌸𐌿𐍃 (gabaurjōþus)

Derived from *gaburiz (“favorable time, condition”), from *buriz (“favorable condition, wind”), + *-ōną.


brunstiz

brunstiz (nominative singular)
brunstīz (nominative plural)
brunsti (singular vocative)
brunstīz (plural vocative)
brunstį (accusative singular)
brunstinz (accusative plural)
brunstīz (genitive singular)
brunstijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brunstī (dative singular)
brunstimaz (dative plural)
brunstī (instrumental singular)
brunstimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *brunsti
Old Saxon: *brunst
Middle Low German: brunst
Old Dutch: *brunst
Middle Dutch: brunst, bronst
Dutch: bronst
Old High German: brunst
Middle High German: brunst
Alemannic German: Brunscht
German: Brunst
→? Medieval Latin: bronzium
Italian: bronzo (see there for further descendants)
Venetian: bronza

desc

Gothic: *𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃 (*brunsts), 𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃 (alabrunsts)

From *brinnaną + *-þiz, with intrusive *-s- after nasals.


atstandaną

atstandō (active first-person indicative singular)
atstandaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
atstandai (first-person indicative passive singular)
atstandizi (active indicative second-person singular)
atstandaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
atstand (active imperative second-person singular)
atstandazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
atstandaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
atstandidi (active indicative singular third-person)
atstandai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
atstandadau (active imperative singular third-person)
atstandadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
atstandaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
atstandōz (active dual first-person indicative)
atstandaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
atstandadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
atstandaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
atstandadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
atstandamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
atstandaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
atstandandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
atstandaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
atstandid (active indicative plural second-person)
atstandaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
atstandid (active imperative plural second-person)
atstandandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
atstandaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
atstandandi (active indicative plural third-person)
atstandain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
atstandandau (active imperative plural third-person)
atstandandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
atstandaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
atstōþ (active first-person indicative singular)
atstōdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
atstōst (active indicative second-person singular)
atstōdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
atstōþ (active indicative singular third-person)
atstōdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
atstōdū (active dual first-person indicative)
atstōdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
atstōdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
atstōdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
atstōdum (active first-person indicative plural)
atstōdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
atstōdud (active indicative plural second-person)
atstōdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
atstōdun (active indicative plural third-person)
atstōdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
atstandandz (active participle present)
atstadanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: ætstandan

Middle English: atstonden

Old High German: azstantan

Gothic: 𐌰𐍄𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (atstandan)


anabeudaną

anabeudō (active first-person indicative singular)
anabeudaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
anabeudai (first-person indicative passive singular)
anabiudizi (active indicative second-person singular)
anabeudaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
anabeud (active imperative second-person singular)
anabeudazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
anabeudaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
anabiudidi (active indicative singular third-person)
anabeudai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
anabeudadau (active imperative singular third-person)
anabeudadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
anabeudaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
anabeudōz (active dual first-person indicative)
anabeudaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
anabeudadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
anabeudaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
anabeudadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
anabeudamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
anabeudaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
anabeudandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
anabeudaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
anabiudid (active indicative plural second-person)
anabeudaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
anabiudid (active imperative plural second-person)
anabeudandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
anabeudaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
anabeudandi (active indicative plural third-person)
anabeudain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
anabeudandau (active imperative plural third-person)
anabeudandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
anabeudaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
anabaud (active first-person indicative singular)
anabudį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
anabaust (active indicative second-person singular)
anabudīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
anabaud (active indicative singular third-person)
anabudī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
anabudū (active dual first-person indicative)
anabudīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
anabududiz (active dual indicative second-person)
anabudīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
anabudum (active first-person indicative plural)
anabudīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
anabudud (active indicative plural second-person)
anabudīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
anabudun (active indicative plural third-person)
anabudīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
anabeudandz (active participle present)
anabudanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *anabeudan
Old English: onbēodan
Old Saxon: anbiodan

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽 (anabiudan)


atberaną

atberō (active first-person indicative singular)
atberaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
atberai (first-person indicative passive singular)
atbirizi (active indicative second-person singular)
atberaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
atber (active imperative second-person singular)
atberazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
atberaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
atbiridi (active indicative singular third-person)
atberai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
atberadau (active imperative singular third-person)
atberadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
atberaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
atberōz (active dual first-person indicative)
atberaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
atberadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
atberaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
atberadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
atberamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
atberaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
atberandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
atberaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
atbirid (active indicative plural second-person)
atberaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
atbirid (active imperative plural second-person)
atberandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
atberaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
atberandi (active indicative plural third-person)
atberain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
atberandau (active imperative plural third-person)
atberandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
atberaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
atbar (active first-person indicative singular)
atbērį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
atbart (active indicative second-person singular)
atbērīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
atbar (active indicative singular third-person)
atbērī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
atbērū (active dual first-person indicative)
atbērīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
atbērudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
atbērīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
atbērum (active first-person indicative plural)
atbērīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
atbērud (active indicative plural second-person)
atbērīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
atbērun (active indicative plural third-person)
atbērīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
atberandz (active participle present)
atburanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *atberan
Old English: ætberan
Middle English: atberen

Old Swedish: atbæra

Gothic: 𐌰𐍄𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (atbairan)

PIE word
 *h₂éd
From *at + *beraną.
The formation may be older, as identical constructions are found in other Indo-European languages: compare Proto-Italic *adferō (whence Latin adferō, later afferō), Proto-Celtic *adbereti, Phrygian αββερετ (abberet), Proto-Iranian *ābarati (whence e.g. Younger Avestan 𐬁𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (ābaraⁱti)), Sanskrit आभरति (ābharati).


gadraganą

gadragō (active first-person indicative singular)
gadragaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gadragai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gadragizi (active indicative second-person singular)
gadragaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gadrag (active imperative second-person singular)
gadragazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gadragaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gadragidi (active indicative singular third-person)
gadragai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gadragadau (active imperative singular third-person)
gadragadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gadragaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gadragōz (active dual first-person indicative)
gadragaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gadragadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gadragaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gadragadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gadragamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gadragaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gadragandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gadragaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gadragid (active indicative plural second-person)
gadragaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gadragid (active imperative plural second-person)
gadragandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gadragaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gadragandi (active indicative plural third-person)
gadragain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gadragandau (active imperative plural third-person)
gadragandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gadragaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gadrōg (active first-person indicative singular)
gadrōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gadrōht (active indicative second-person singular)
gadrōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gadrōg (active indicative singular third-person)
gadrōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gadrōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
gadrōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gadrōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gadrōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gadrōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
gadrōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gadrōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
gadrōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gadrōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
gadrōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gadragandz (active participle present)
gadraganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Saxon: gidragan

Middle Low German: gedregen

Old High German: *gitragan

Middle High German: getragen

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽 (gadragan)

/ɣɑ.ˈdrɑ.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/

to draw together, bring together; to accumulate


jahw

Old English: ġe

Middle English: gea, ȝe, ye, ȝa, ȝi

Old Saxon: ja, gia, gi, ge; jak

Old Dutch: joh

Old High German: ja; joch

Middle High German: joch

German: joch (obsolete)

Early Old Norse: *jah (Runic form dubious)

→ Southern Sami: jah

→ Ume Sami: jah

Gothic: 𐌾𐌰𐌷 (jah)

Vandalic: ia

→ Proto-Finnic: *ja (see there for further descendants)


gerdaną

gerdō (active first-person indicative singular)
gerdaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gerdai (first-person indicative passive singular)
girdizi (active indicative second-person singular)
gerdaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gerd (active imperative second-person singular)
gerdazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gerdaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
girdidi (active indicative singular third-person)
gerdai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gerdadau (active imperative singular third-person)
gerdadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gerdaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gerdōz (active dual first-person indicative)
gerdaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gerdadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gerdaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gerdadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gerdamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gerdaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gerdandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gerdaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
girdid (active indicative plural second-person)
gerdaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
girdid (active imperative plural second-person)
gerdandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gerdaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gerdandi (active indicative plural third-person)
gerdain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gerdandau (active imperative plural third-person)
gerdandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gerdaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gard (active first-person indicative singular)
gurdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
garst (active indicative second-person singular)
gurdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gard (active indicative singular third-person)
gurdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gurdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gurdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gurdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gurdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gurdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gurdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gurdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gurdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gurdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gurdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gerdandz (active participle present)
gurdanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

>? Old Frisian: gerda (may also derive from *gurdijaną)

Old Norse: *gjarða

q

Faroese: gjarða (weak, but may have been strong originally)

Gothic: *𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌽 (*gairdan) (in 𐌱𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌽 (bigairdan), 𐌿𐍆𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌽 (ufgairdan))


gurdilaz

gurdilaz (nominative singular)
gurdilōz (nominative plural)
gurdilōs (nominative plural)
gurdil (singular vocative)
gurdilōz (plural vocative)
gurdilōs (plural vocative)
gurdilą (accusative singular)
gurdilanz (accusative plural)
gurdilas (genitive singular)
gurdilis (genitive singular)
gurdilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gurdilai (dative singular)
gurdilamaz (dative plural)
gurdilō (instrumental singular)
gurdilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gurdil

desctree

Old English: gyrdel
Middle English: gurdel, gerdel, girdel
English: girdle
Scots: gyrdill, girdill

Old Frisian: gerdel

Saterland Frisian: Gäddel

West Frisian: gurdle, gurle, gurl

Old Saxon: gurdil

Middle Low German: gördel, gordel

German Low German: Gördel

Old Dutch: *gurdel

Middle Dutch: gordel

Dutch: gordel

Old High German: gurtil, gurtila
Middle High German: gürtel
German: Gürtel
Luxembourgish: Gierel
Yiddish: גאַרטל (gartl)

Old Norse: gyrðill
Icelandic: gyrðill
Faroese: gyrðil
>? Swedish: gördel (possibly a loan from Low German)
Danish: gjordel, gyrdel, gjortel, gyrtel, gørtel (forms influenced by Low German and Standard German)


gerdō

gerdō (nominative singular)
gerdôz (nominative plural)
gerdō (singular vocative)
gerdôz (plural vocative)
gerdǭ (accusative singular)
gerdōz (accusative plural)
gerdōz (genitive singular)
gerdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gerdōi (dative singular)
gerdōmaz (dative plural)
gerdō (instrumental singular)
gerdōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: gjǫrð
Icelandic: gjörð
Faroese: gjørð
Norwegian: gjord, (dialectal) gjørd, gjuld, gjard, gjort
Old Swedish: giorþ
Swedish: gjord
Danish: gjord
Norwegian Bokmål: gjord
Gutnish: gjård
→ Middle English: gerth, girth, gyrth
English: girth
Scots: girth

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰 (gairda)

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: gierdu

Southern Sami: geartoe


gurdijaną

gurdijō (active first-person indicative singular)
gurdijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gurdijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gurdīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
gurdijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gurdī (active imperative second-person singular)
gurdijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gurdijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gurdīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gurdijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gurdijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gurdijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gurdijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gurdijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gurdijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gurdijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gurdijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gurdijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gurdijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gurdijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gurdijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gurdijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gurdīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gurdijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gurdīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gurdijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gurdijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gurdijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gurdijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gurdijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gurdijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gurdijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gurdidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
gurdidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gurdidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
gurdidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gurdidē (active indicative singular third-person)
gurdidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gurdidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gurdidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gurdidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gurdidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gurdidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gurdidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gurdidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gurdidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gurdidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gurdidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gurdijandz (active participle present)
gurdidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *gurdijan
Old English: gyrdan, girdan
Middle English: gurden, gyrden, girden
English: gird
Scots: gyrd, gird
Old Frisian: *gerda, *gurdia
West Frisian: gurdzja
Old Saxon: gurdian, gurdan
Middle Low German: gorden
Low German: gorren
Old Dutch: gurden
Middle Dutch: gorden
Dutch: gorden
Old High German: gurten
Middle High German: gurten, gürten
German: gürten

Old Norse: gyrða
Faroese: gyrða
Norwegian: gyrda, gjorda, gjurda (jula)
→ Danish: jule
Norwegian Bokmål: jule
Old Swedish: giurþa, giorþa
Swedish: gjorda (obsolete)
Danish: gjorde

Zero-grade ye-present, pre-Germanic *gʰr̥dʰye/o-, from the root of *gerdaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰerdʰ-.


samalīkaz

*samalīkaz (a-stem)

samalīkaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
samalīkai (masculine nominative plural strong)
samalīkō (feminine nominative singular strong)
samalīkôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
samalīką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
samalīkō (neuter nominative plural strong)
samalīkanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
samalīkanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
samalīkǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
samalīkōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
samalīką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
samalīkō (accusative neuter plural strong)
samalīkas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
samalīkaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
samalīkaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
samalīkaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
samalīkas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
samalīkaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
samalīkammai (dative masculine singular strong)
samalīkaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
samalīkaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
samalīkaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
samalīkammai (dative neuter singular strong)
samalīkaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
samalīkanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
samalīkaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
samalīkaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
samalīkaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
samalīkanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
samalīkaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
samalīkô (masculine nominative singular weak)
samalīkaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
samalīkǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
samalīkōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
samalīkô (neuter nominative singular weak)
samalīkōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
samalīkanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
samalīkanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
samalīkōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
samalīkōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
samalīkô (accusative neuter singular weak)
samalīkōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
samalīkiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
samalīkanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
samalīkōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
samalīkōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
samalīkiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
samalīkanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
samalīkini (dative masculine singular weak)
samalīkammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
samalīkōni (dative feminine singular weak)
samalīkōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
samalīkini (dative neuter singular weak)
samalīkammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
samalīkinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
samalīkammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
samalīkōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
samalīkōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
samalīkinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
samalīkammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Frisian: samlik

Old High German: samalīh

Middle High German: samelich

Old Norse: samlíkr

Icelandic: samlíkur

Old Swedish: samlīker

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (samaleiks)


weladēdiz

weladēdiz (nominative singular)
weladēdīz (nominative plural)
weladēdi (singular vocative)
weladēdīz (plural vocative)
weladēdį (accusative singular)
weladēdinz (accusative plural)
weladēdīz (genitive singular)
weladēdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
weladēdī (dative singular)
weladēdimaz (dative plural)
weladēdī (instrumental singular)
weladēdimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: weldǣd

Middle English: weldede

Old Frisian: weldēde

Old Dutch: weladāt

Middle Dutch: weldaet

Dutch: weldaad

Old High German: wolatāt

Middle High German: woltāt

German: Wohltat

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌳𐌴𐌸𐍃 (wailadēþs)


strībaną

strībō (active first-person indicative singular)
strībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
strībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
strībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
strībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
strīb (active imperative second-person singular)
strībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
strībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
strībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
strībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
strībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
strībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
strībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
strībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
strībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
strībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
strībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
strībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
strībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
strībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
strībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
strībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
strībid (active indicative plural second-person)
strībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
strībid (active imperative plural second-person)
strībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
strībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
strībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
strībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
strībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
strībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
strībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
straib (active first-person indicative singular)
stribį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
straift (active indicative second-person singular)
stribīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
straib (active indicative singular third-person)
stribī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stribū (active dual first-person indicative)
stribīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stribudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stribīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stribum (active first-person indicative plural)
stribīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stribud (active indicative plural second-person)
stribīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stribun (active indicative plural third-person)
stribīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
strībandz (active participle present)
stribanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *strīban
Old Dutch: *strīvan
Middle Dutch: *striven
Dutch: strijven
Old High German: *strīban
Middle High German: strīben
→ Old French: estriver
French: étriver
→ Middle English: striven, strive, striwen, strife, striffe
English: strive
Yola: streu (preterite)

From Proto-Indo-European *streybʰ- (“to be stiff”), from *ster- (“rigid; stiff”).


stuldiz

stuldiz (nominative singular)
stuldīz (nominative plural)
stuldi (singular vocative)
stuldīz (plural vocative)
stuldį (accusative singular)
stuldinz (accusative plural)
stuldīz (genitive singular)
stuldijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stuldī (dative singular)
stuldimaz (dative plural)
stuldī (instrumental singular)
stuldimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: stuldr

Icelandic: stuldur

Old Swedish: styld f

Swedish: stöld

(North Germanic) stealth, going stealthily


þīdaz

*þīdaz (a-stem)

þīdaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
þīdai (masculine nominative plural strong)
þīdō (feminine nominative singular strong)
þīdôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
þīdą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
þīdō (neuter nominative plural strong)
þīdanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
þīdanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
þīdǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
þīdōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
þīdą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
þīdō (accusative neuter plural strong)
þīdas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
þīdaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
þīdaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
þīdaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
þīdas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
þīdaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
þīdammai (dative masculine singular strong)
þīdaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
þīdaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
þīdaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
þīdammai (dative neuter singular strong)
þīdaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
þīdanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
þīdaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
þīdaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
þīdaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
þīdanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
þīdaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
þīdô (masculine nominative singular weak)
þīdaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
þīdǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
þīdōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
þīdô (neuter nominative singular weak)
þīdōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
þīdanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
þīdanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
þīdōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
þīdōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
þīdô (accusative neuter singular weak)
þīdōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
þīdiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
þīdanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
þīdōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
þīdōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
þīdiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
þīdanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
þīdini (dative masculine singular weak)
þīdammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
þīdōni (dative feminine singular weak)
þīdōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
þīdini (dative neuter singular weak)
þīdammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
þīdinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
þīdammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
þīdōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
þīdōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
þīdinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
þīdammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: þíðr

From Pre-Germanic *tih₁tós, the original, nasal-less past participle to *þīnaną (“to become moist”).


rekaną

rekō (active first-person indicative singular)
rekaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rekai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rikizi (active indicative second-person singular)
rekaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rek (active imperative second-person singular)
rekazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rekaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rikidi (active indicative singular third-person)
rekai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rekadau (active imperative singular third-person)
rekadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rekaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rekōz (active dual first-person indicative)
rekaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rekadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rekaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rekadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rekamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rekaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rekandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rekaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rikid (active indicative plural second-person)
rekaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rikid (active imperative plural second-person)
rekandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rekaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rekandi (active indicative plural third-person)
rekain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rekandau (active imperative plural third-person)
rekandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rekaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rak (active first-person indicative singular)
rēkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raht (active indicative second-person singular)
rēkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rak (active indicative singular third-person)
rēkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rēkū (active dual first-person indicative)
rēkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rēkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rēkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rēkum (active first-person indicative plural)
rēkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rēkud (active indicative plural second-person)
rēkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rēkun (active indicative plural third-person)
rēkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rekandz (active participle present)
rekanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rekan
Old English: recan
Middle English: reken
English: reke (dialectal)
Scots: reke, reik
Old Frisian: reka
Old Saxon: *rekan
Middle Low German: rēken
German Low German: reken
Old Dutch: *recan
Middle Dutch: rēken, reecken
Dutch: reken
Old High German: rehhan
Middle High German: rechen
Cimbrian: rechan
German: rechen

Old Norse:

Old Danish: rag

Gothic: 𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽 (rikan)
→ Italian: recare


witją

witją (nominative singular)
witjō (nominative plural)
witją (singular vocative)
witjō (plural vocative)
witją (accusative singular)
witjō (accusative plural)
witjas (genitive singular)
witis (genitive singular)
witjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
witjai (dative singular)
witjamaz (dative plural)
witjō (instrumental singular)
witjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *witi
Old English: witt
Middle English: witt, witte, wit, wyt
Scots: quyt, wit, wyt
English: wit
Old Frisian: witt, wit
Old Saxon: *witt, *wit (in compounds)
Middle Low German: wit, wite, wete
German Low German: Weet
Old Dutch: *witti
Middle Dutch: witte, wit, wet
Dutch: wit
Old High German: wizzi
Middle High German: witze
German: Witz
→ Bulgarian: виц (vic)
→ Danish: vits
→ Finnish: vitsi
→ Hungarian: vicc
→ Low German: Witz
→ Macedonian: виц (vic)
→ Norwegian: vits
→ Saterland Frisian: Wits
→ Serbo-Croatian: vic
→ Polish: wic
→ Silesian: wic
→ Slovene: vic
→ Swedish: vits
→ Ukrainian: віц (vic)
Hunsrik: Witz
Luxembourgish: Witz
Yiddish: וויץ (vits)

Gothic: *𐍅𐌹𐍄𐌹 (*witi) (attested in 𐌿𐌽𐍅𐌹𐍄𐌹 (unwiti))

Vandalic: *wit, *witV-

From Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to know”).


weralīkaz

*weralīkaz (a-stem)

weralīkaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
weralīkai (masculine nominative plural strong)
weralīkō (feminine nominative singular strong)
weralīkôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
weralīką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
weralīkō (neuter nominative plural strong)
weralīkanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
weralīkanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
weralīkǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
weralīkōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
weralīką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
weralīkō (accusative neuter plural strong)
weralīkas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
weralīkaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
weralīkaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
weralīkaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
weralīkas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
weralīkaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
weralīkammai (dative masculine singular strong)
weralīkaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
weralīkaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
weralīkaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
weralīkammai (dative neuter singular strong)
weralīkaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
weralīkanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
weralīkaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
weralīkaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
weralīkaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
weralīkanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
weralīkaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
weralīkô (masculine nominative singular weak)
weralīkaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
weralīkǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
weralīkōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
weralīkô (neuter nominative singular weak)
weralīkōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
weralīkanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
weralīkanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
weralīkōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
weralīkōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
weralīkô (accusative neuter singular weak)
weralīkōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
weralīkiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
weralīkanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
weralīkōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
weralīkōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
weralīkiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
weralīkanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
weralīkini (dative masculine singular weak)
weralīkammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
weralīkōni (dative feminine singular weak)
weralīkōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
weralīkini (dative neuter singular weak)
weralīkammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
weralīkinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
weralīkammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
weralīkōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
weralīkōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
weralīkinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
weralīkammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: werlīċ

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (wairaleiks), indirectly attested in 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉 (wairaleikō)


lugô

lugô (nominative singular)
luganiz (nominative plural)
lugô (singular vocative)
luganiz (plural vocative)
luganų (accusative singular)
luganunz (accusative plural)
luginiz (genitive singular)
luganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lugini (dative singular)
lugammaz (dative plural)
luginē (instrumental singular)
lugammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *logō;

Old English: loga; wǣrloga; þēodloga

Middle English: warloȝe, warloghe

desc

Scots: warloche, warlok, warlocke, warlo, warluck

English: warlock

Old Saxon: logo; wārlogo

Old Norse: *logi; þinglogi

From Proto-Indo-European *lewgʰ- (“to lie, tell a lie”).

der

one who breaks (an agreement, a covenant, an engagement, etc.)


lugô

desctree

Old Norse: logi
Icelandic: logi
Faroese: logi
Norwegian Nynorsk: loge
Old Swedish: loghi, lughi
Swedish: låge, låga
Danish: lue
Norwegian Bokmål: lue
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: lue
→ Middle English: lowe
English: low
Scots: low

From Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“bright, to shine, to see”).


gurą

gurą (nominative singular)
gurō (nominative plural)
gurą (singular vocative)
gurō (plural vocative)
gurą (accusative singular)
gurō (accusative plural)
guras (genitive singular)
guris (genitive singular)
gurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gurai (dative singular)
guramaz (dative plural)
gurō (instrumental singular)
guramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gor

Old English: gor; (gyr, gyre, gyra, gyru)

Middle English: gor, gorre, gore; (güre, girre, gire)

Scots: goor, gure

English: gore

(Old Frisian: gēre, iēre, jēre)

(Saterland Frisian: Jirre)

(West Frisian: jarre)

Old Saxon: *gor; (*goru)

Middle Low German: gore; gore, gorre

Old Dutch: gor (in placenames); (*gori (adjective))

Middle Dutch: ghoor, goor; (goor, gore; gier, ghier (adjective))

(Dutch: goor); (gier)

Afrikaans: goor

Old High German: gor; (gurigabala)

Middle High German: gor

German: Gur, Guhr (archaic, dialectal)

Old Norse: gor; (gjǫr)

Icelandic: gor; gjör

Faroese: gor

Norwegian: gor

Swedish: gorr, går

Gothenburghian gör

Old Danish: gor

→? Proto-Finnic: *kura (“dirt, mud”)

Estonian: kura

Finnish: kura

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer- (“warm; hot”).


wōpaz

wōpaz (nominative singular)
wōpōz (nominative plural)
wōpōs (nominative plural)
wōp (singular vocative)
wōpōz (plural vocative)
wōpōs (plural vocative)
wōpą (accusative singular)
wōpanz (accusative plural)
wōpas (genitive singular)
wōpis (genitive singular)
wōpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wōpai (dative singular)
wōpamaz (dative plural)
wōpō (instrumental singular)
wōpamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wōp

Old English: wōp

Middle English: wop

English: woop, whoop (partially)

Old Saxon: wōp

Old Dutch: wuop

Old High German: wuof

Middle High German: wuof

Old Norse: óp

Icelandic: óp

Old Swedish: ōp

From Pre-Germanic *w(e/o)h₂b-os. Related to Proto-Slavic *vabiti (“to lure”).


wōsą

wōsą (nominative singular)
wōsō (nominative plural)
wōsą (singular vocative)
wōsō (plural vocative)
wōsą (accusative singular)
wōsō (accusative plural)
wōsas (genitive singular)
wōsis (genitive singular)
wōsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wōsai (dative singular)
wōsamaz (dative plural)
wōsō (instrumental singular)
wōsamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wōs

Middle English: wos, woos

English: ooze

Scots: woose, wuss

⇒ Middle English: *wosy

English: woosy

Old Saxon: *wōs

Middle Low German: wôs

Low German: woos

Old Norse: *ós

Danish: os

Norwegian: os (dialectal)

Old Swedish: ōs

Swedish: os

From Proto-Indo-European *wóseh₂ (“sap”). Cognate with Sanskrit वसा (vásā).


anstīgaz

*anstīgaz (a-stem)

anstīgaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
anstīgai (masculine nominative plural strong)
anstīgō (feminine nominative singular strong)
anstīgôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
anstīgą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
anstīgō (neuter nominative plural strong)
anstīganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
anstīganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
anstīgǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
anstīgōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
anstīgą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
anstīgō (accusative neuter plural strong)
anstīgas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
anstīgaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
anstīgaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
anstīgaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
anstīgas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
anstīgaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
anstīgammai (dative masculine singular strong)
anstīgaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
anstīgaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
anstīgaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
anstīgammai (dative neuter singular strong)
anstīgaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
anstīganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
anstīgaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
anstīgaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
anstīgaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
anstīganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
anstīgaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
anstīgô (masculine nominative singular weak)
anstīganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
anstīgǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
anstīgōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
anstīgô (neuter nominative singular weak)
anstīgōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
anstīganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
anstīganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
anstīgōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
anstīgōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
anstīgô (accusative neuter singular weak)
anstīgōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
anstīginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
anstīganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
anstīgōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
anstīgōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
anstīginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
anstīganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
anstīgini (dative masculine singular weak)
anstīgammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
anstīgōni (dative feminine singular weak)
anstīgōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
anstīgini (dative neuter singular weak)
anstīgammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
anstīginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
anstīgammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
anstīgōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
anstīgōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
anstīginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
anstīgammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: ēstig

Old High German: *enstīg

Middle High German: enstec

Old Norse: ástigr

Icelandic: ástugur

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 (ansteigs)


andabindaną

andabindō (active first-person indicative singular)
andabindaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
andabindai (first-person indicative passive singular)
andabindizi (active indicative second-person singular)
andabindaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
andabind (active imperative second-person singular)
andabindazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
andabindaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
andabindidi (active indicative singular third-person)
andabindai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
andabindadau (active imperative singular third-person)
andabindadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
andabindaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
andabindōz (active dual first-person indicative)
andabindaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
andabindadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
andabindaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
andabindadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
andabindamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
andabindaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
andabindandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
andabindaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
andabindid (active indicative plural second-person)
andabindaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
andabindid (active imperative plural second-person)
andabindandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
andabindaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
andabindandi (active indicative plural third-person)
andabindain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
andabindandau (active imperative plural third-person)
andabindandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
andabindaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
andaband (active first-person indicative singular)
andabundį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
andabanst (active indicative second-person singular)
andabundīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
andaband (active indicative singular third-person)
andabundī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
andabundū (active dual first-person indicative)
andabundīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
andabundudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
andabundīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
andabundum (active first-person indicative plural)
andabundīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
andabundud (active indicative plural second-person)
andabundīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
andabundun (active indicative plural third-person)
andabundīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
andabindandz (active participle present)
andabundanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *andabindan

Old English: onbindan, unbindan

Middle English: unbinden, unbynden

English: unbind

Scots: unbynd, unbind

Old Frisian: andbinda, undbinda

Saterland Frisian: äntbiende

West Frisian: ûntbine

Old Saxon: andbindan, antbindan

Middle Low German: untbinden, entbinden

German Low German: entbinden, entbinnen

Old Dutch: antbindan

Middle Dutch: ontbinden

Dutch: ontbinden

Old High German: intbintan

Middle High German: enbinden, entbinden

German: entbinden

Luxembourgish: entbannen

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (andbindan)


stammijaną

stammijō (active first-person indicative singular)
stammijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stammijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stammīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
stammijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stammī (active imperative second-person singular)
stammijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stammijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stammīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
stammijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stammijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
stammijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stammijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stammijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
stammijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stammijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stammijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stammijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stammijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stammijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stammijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stammijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stammīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
stammijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stammīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
stammijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stammijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stammijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
stammijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stammijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
stammijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stammijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stammidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
stammidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stammidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
stammidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stammidē (active indicative singular third-person)
stammidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stammidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
stammidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stammidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stammidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stammidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
stammidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stammidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
stammidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stammidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
stammidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stammijandz (active participle present)
stammidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stammijan
Old English: *stemman
Middle English: stemmen
English: stem
⇒ Old English: forstemman
Old Saxon: *stemmian
Middle Low German: stemmen
Old Dutch: *stemmen
Middle Dutch: stemmen
Dutch: stemmen
Old High German: *stemmen
Middle High German: stemmen
German: stemmen

Old Norse: stemma

Icelandic: stemma

Faroese: stemma

Old Swedish: stæmma

Swedish: stämma

Old Danish: stæmmæ

Danish: stæmme, stemme

The causative to an unattested strong verb *stimmaną, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *stem (“to stutter, push”), also Latvian stumt (“to pull, push”).


uzhaitaną

uzhaitō (active first-person indicative singular)
uzhaitaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzhaitai (first-person indicative passive singular)
uzhaitizi (active indicative second-person singular)
uzhaitaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzhait (active imperative second-person singular)
uzhaitazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
uzhaitaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
uzhaitidi (active indicative singular third-person)
uzhaitai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzhaitadau (active imperative singular third-person)
uzhaitadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
uzhaitaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
uzhaitōz (active dual first-person indicative)
uzhaitaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzhaitadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzhaitaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzhaitadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
uzhaitamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
uzhaitaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzhaitandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
uzhaitaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
uzhaitid (active indicative plural second-person)
uzhaitaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzhaitid (active imperative plural second-person)
uzhaitandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
uzhaitaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
uzhaitandi (active indicative plural third-person)
uzhaitain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzhaitandau (active imperative plural third-person)
uzhaitandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
uzhaitaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
uzhehait (active first-person indicative singular)
uzhehaitį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzhehaist (active indicative second-person singular)
uzhehaitīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzhehait (active indicative singular third-person)
uzhehaitī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzhehaitū (active dual first-person indicative)
uzhehaitīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzhehaitudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzhehaitīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzhehaitum (active first-person indicative plural)
uzhehaitīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzhehaitud (active indicative plural second-person)
uzhehaitīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzhehaitun (active indicative plural third-person)
uzhehaitīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzhaitandz (active participle present)
uzhaitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *uʀhaitan
Old English: āhātan

Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (ushaitan)


fōgijaną

fōgijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fōgijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fōgijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fōgīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fōgijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fōgī (active imperative second-person singular)
fōgijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fōgijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fōgīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fōgijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fōgijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fōgijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fōgijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fōgijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fōgijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fōgijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fōgijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fōgijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fōgijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fōgijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fōgijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fōgijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fōgīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fōgijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fōgīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fōgijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fōgijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fōgijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fōgijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fōgijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fōgijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fōgijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fōgidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fōgidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fōgidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fōgidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fōgidē (active indicative singular third-person)
fōgidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fōgidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fōgidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fōgidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fōgidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fōgidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fōgidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fōgidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fōgidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fōgidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fōgidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fōgijandz (active participle present)
fōgidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fōgijan
Old English: fēġan
Middle English: feyen
English: fay
Old Saxon: fōgian
Middle Low German: vȫgen, vôgen
Low German: fögen
→ Old Danish: fø̄ghæ
Danish: føje
→ Old Swedish: fōgha, fø̄ghia
Swedish: foga
Old Dutch: fuogen
Middle Dutch: voegen
Dutch: voegen
Limburgish: voge
Old High German: fuogen
Middle High German: vuogen, vüegen
German: fügen

/ˈɸɔː.ɣi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *poh₂ḱ-éye-, causative of the root *peh₂ḱ-, which implies an unattested strong *fahaną.


grindaną

grindō (active first-person indicative singular)
grindaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grindai (first-person indicative passive singular)
grindizi (active indicative second-person singular)
grindaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grind (active imperative second-person singular)
grindazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grindaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grindidi (active indicative singular third-person)
grindai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grindadau (active imperative singular third-person)
grindadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grindaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grindōz (active dual first-person indicative)
grindaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grindadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grindaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grindadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grindamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grindaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grindandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grindaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grindid (active indicative plural second-person)
grindaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grindid (active imperative plural second-person)
grindandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grindaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grindandi (active indicative plural third-person)
grindain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grindandau (active imperative plural third-person)
grindandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grindaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
grand (active first-person indicative singular)
grundį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
granst (active indicative second-person singular)
grundīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grand (active indicative singular third-person)
grundī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grundū (active dual first-person indicative)
grundīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grundudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grundīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grundum (active first-person indicative plural)
grundīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grundud (active indicative plural second-person)
grundīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grundun (active indicative plural third-person)
grundīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grindandz (active participle present)
grundanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *grindan
Old English: grindan
Middle English: grynden, grinden, grenden
English: grind
Scots: grynde, grynd, grind
Yola: grieend, griende
Old Frisian: *grinda
Saterland Frisian: gríende, griene
Old Saxon: *grindan
Middle Low German: grinden
Old Dutch: *grindan
Middle Dutch: grinden, grenden
Dutch: grinden

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰrendʰ- (“to crush; gnash”). Cognate with Latin frendō (“to grind; gnash”).


hrībaną

hrībō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrīb (active imperative second-person singular)
hrībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hrībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrībid (active indicative plural second-person)
hrībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrībid (active imperative plural second-person)
hrībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hraib (active first-person indicative singular)
hribį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hraift (active indicative second-person singular)
hribīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hraib (active indicative singular third-person)
hribī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hribū (active dual first-person indicative)
hribīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hribudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hribīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hribum (active first-person indicative plural)
hribīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hribud (active indicative plural second-person)
hribīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hribun (active indicative plural third-person)
hribīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrībandz (active participle present)
hribanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrīban
⇒ Old English: hrīfnian
⇒ Old English: ġehrīfnian
Old Frisian: *hrīva, rīva
North Frisian: riwwe, rewe
Saterland Frisian: rieuwe
⇒ Old Frisian: hrīvia, rīvia
Old Dutch: *rīvan
Middle Dutch: riven
Dutch: rijven

Old Norse: hrífa

Icelandic: hrífa

Faroese: ríva

Norwegian Bokmål: rive

Swedish: riva

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreybʰ-. Doublet of *skrībaną.


skiljaną

skiljō (active first-person indicative singular)
skiljaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skiljai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skilisi (active indicative second-person singular)
skiljais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skili (active imperative second-person singular)
skiljasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skiljaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skiliþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skiljai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skiljaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skiljaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skiljaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skiljōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skiljaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skiljaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skiljaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skiljaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skiljamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skiljaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skiljanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skiljainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skiliþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skiljaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skiliþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skiljanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skiljainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skiljanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skiljain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skiljanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skiljanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skiljainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skilidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skilidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skilidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skilidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skilidē (active indicative singular third-person)
skilidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skilidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skilidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skilidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skilidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skilidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skilidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skilidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skilidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skilidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skilidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skiljandz (active participle present)
skilidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: sċiellan

⇒ Old English: āsċiellan, āsċilian

Old Frisian: skilla (“to fight”)

Old Dutch: skillen

Middle Dutch: schillen

Dutch: schillen, schelen

Old Norse: skilja

→ Old English: scielian (partially)

Middle English: skillen

English: skill

Scots: skylle, skill

Icelandic: skilja

Faroese: skilja

Old Swedish: skilia

Swedish: skilja

Old Danish: skilia

Danish: skille

Elfdalian: stjila

Gothic: *𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*skiljan) (possibly)

⇒ Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰 (skilja)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“cut, separate”).


sinnaną

sinnō (active first-person indicative singular)
sinnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sinnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sinnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sinnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sinn (active imperative second-person singular)
sinnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sinnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sinnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sinnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sinnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sinnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sinnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sinnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sinnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sinnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sinnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sinnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sinnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sinnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sinnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sinnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sinnid (active indicative plural second-person)
sinnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sinnid (active imperative plural second-person)
sinnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sinnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sinnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sinnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sinnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sinnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sinnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sann (active first-person indicative singular)
sunnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sannt (active indicative second-person singular)
sunnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sann (active indicative singular third-person)
sunnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sunnū (active dual first-person indicative)
sunnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sunnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sunnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sunnum (active first-person indicative plural)
sunnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sunnud (active indicative plural second-person)
sunnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sunnun (active indicative plural third-person)
sunnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sinnandz (active participle present)
sunnanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sinnan
Old English: sinnan
Old Frisian: sinna
Saterland Frisian: sinne
West Frisian: sinne
Old Saxon: *sinnan
Middle Low German: sinnen
German Low German: sinnen
→ Old Norse: sinna
Icelandic: sinna
Faroese: sinna
Swedish: sinna
Old Danish: sinde
Old Dutch: *sinnan
Middle Dutch: sinnen
Dutch: zinnen
Old High German: sinnan
Middle High German: sinnen
German: sinnen
→⇒ Old French: *sener (in asener, forsener)
Middle French: assener, forcener
(French: assener, forcener)
→ Italian: senno, assennare

From earlier *sennaną, *senþnaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sent-n-, from *sent- (“to feel”).

to consider, think about; aim, plan, plot