rekaz

rekaz (nominative singular)
rekōz (nominative plural)
rekōs (nominative plural)
rek (singular vocative)
rekōz (plural vocative)
rekōs (plural vocative)
reką (accusative singular)
rekanz (accusative plural)
rekas (genitive singular)
rikis (genitive singular)
rekǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rikai (dative singular)
rekamaz (dative plural)
rekō (instrumental singular)
rekamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: *rekr (> folkrekr)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“chief, king”). Cognate with Latin rēx (“king”). Doublet of *rīks which is an early borrowing from Proto-Celtic.


dungijǭ

dungijǭ (nominative singular)
dungijōniz (nominative plural)
dungijǭ (singular vocative)
dungijōniz (plural vocative)
dungijōnų (accusative singular)
dungijōnunz (accusative plural)
dungijōniz (genitive singular)
dungijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dungijōni (dative singular)
dungijōmaz (dative plural)
dungijōnē (instrumental singular)
dungijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dungijā
Old English: dynċġe, dinċġe, denġe
→ Latin: dingia (Anglo-Latin)
Old Dutch: *dunga
Middle Dutch: *donge, *donke
Dutch: donk (archaic)
⇒ Middle Dutch: santdonc
⇒ Old Dutch: Dungus
⇒ Old Dutch: Medmedug

Old Norse: dyngja
Icelandic: dyngja
Faroese: dyngja (“heap, pile, multitude, crowd”)
Norn: dongja (“heap, pile”)
Norwegian Bokmål: dynge
Norwegian Nynorsk: dyngje (“heap, pile”)
Old Swedish: dyngia
Swedish: dynga
Danish: dynge
Gutnish: dyngge, dynggå

⇒ Old Norse: *mykidyngja (“dung heap”)

desc

Old Danish: møghdyngh, møgdinge, møgding

Danish: mødding

→ Swedish: mödding

→ Norwegian Bokmål: mødding

→ Middle English: midding, miding

English: midding, midden

Scots: midin

→ Proto-Finnic: *tunkijo (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. Perhaps from *dungō (“earth, dung”) + *-jǭ. Kroonen, however, derives this via an intermediary verb *dungijaną (“to fertilise”). See Proto-West Germanic *dungijan.


dungijǭ

Old Norse: dyngja (“bower”)

Possibly from *dungz (“vault, cave, cellar”) + *-jǭ.


rekô

rekô (nominative singular)
rekaniz (nominative plural)
rekô (singular vocative)
rekaniz (plural vocative)
rekanų (accusative singular)
rekanunz (accusative plural)
rikiniz (genitive singular)
rekanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rikini (dative singular)
rekammaz (dative plural)
rikinē (instrumental singular)
rekammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rekō

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *anadrekō

Old Norse: *reki

⇒ Old Norse: landreki

Icelandic: landreki

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“chief, king”). Cognate with Latin rēx (“king”).


rekô

Old English: raca; ræce (through interference with *rakō)

Middle English: rake

Scots: rak

English: rake

Old Saxon: *reko

Middle Low German: *rēke

Low German: reek

Old Dutch: *reko

Middle Dutch: rēke, riek

Dutch: reek, riek

Old High German: rehho, recho

Middle High German: rëche

Cimbrian: rècho

German: Rechen

Hunsrik: Rechel

Luxembourgish: Reech

(Old Norse: reka)

From *rekaną (“to rake”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten, direct”).

der

a straightener, especially a device used for straightening or detangling (e.g. threads, strings, ropes, etc.)


slidô

slidô (nominative singular)
slidaniz (nominative plural)
slidô (singular vocative)
slidaniz (plural vocative)
slidanų (accusative singular)
slidanunz (accusative plural)
slidiniz (genitive singular)
slidanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
slidini (dative singular)
slidammaz (dative plural)
slidinē (instrumental singular)
slidammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *slida

Saterland Frisian: sliede

West Frisian: slide

Old Saxon: slido

Middle Low German: slede

Old Dutch: *slido

desctree

Middle Dutch: slēde, sledde, sledse
Dutch: slee, slede
Afrikaans: slee
→ English: sleigh
→ Papiamentu: slede (dated, from slede)
→ Middle English: sledde
English: sled, sledge

Old High German: slito

Middle High German: slite

German: Schlitten

Luxembourgish: Schlitt

→ Italian: slitta

Old Norse: sleði

Icelandic: sleði

Norwegian: slede

Old Swedish: sliþi, slæþi

Swedish: släde

Danish: slæde

Zero-grade form of the root of *slīdaną + *-ô, literally “slider”.


swinganą

swingō (active first-person indicative singular)
swingaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swingai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swingizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swingaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swing (active imperative second-person singular)
swingazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swingaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swingidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swingai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swingadau (active imperative singular third-person)
swingadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swingaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swingōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swingaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swingadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swingaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swingadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swingamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swingaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swingandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swingaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swingid (active indicative plural second-person)
swingaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swingid (active imperative plural second-person)
swingandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swingaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swingandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swingain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swingandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swingandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swingaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swang (active first-person indicative singular)
sungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swanht (active indicative second-person singular)
sungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swang (active indicative singular third-person)
sungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sungū (active dual first-person indicative)
sungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sungum (active first-person indicative plural)
sungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sungud (active indicative plural second-person)
sungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sungun (active indicative plural third-person)
sungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swingandz (active participle present)
sunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *swingan
Old English: swingan
Middle English: swyngen, swingen, swyng, swynge, swyngge, swyngyn; squynge, suing; swingan, swingæn, swingenn
English: swing
→ Dutch: swingen
→ Norman: souîndgi
Scots: swing, sweeng
Old Frisian: swinga
Old Saxon: swingan
Middle Low German: swingen
Low German: swingen
→ Danish: svinge
Old Dutch: *swingan
Middle Dutch: swingen
Limburgish: zwinge
Old High German: swingan
Middle High German: swingen
German: schwingen

Old Norse: sveggja

Icelandic: sveggja

Swedish: svinga

Unknown. If inherited, this could continue a Proto-Indo-European root *swengʷʰ- (*-gʷʰ- is suggested by Gothic 𐌰𐍆𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (afswaggwjan)).

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


panningaz

panningaz (canonical)
pandingaz (canonical)
pantingaz (canonical masculine)
panningaz (nominative singular)
panningōz (nominative plural)
panningōs (nominative plural)
panning (singular vocative)
panningōz (plural vocative)
panningōs (plural vocative)
panningą (accusative singular)
panninganz (accusative plural)
panningas (genitive singular)
panningis (genitive singular)
panningǫ̂ (genitive plural)
panningai (dative singular)
panningamaz (dative plural)
panningō (instrumental singular)
panningamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *panning, *panding, *penning
Old English: penning, pending, pæning, pening, pæniġ, peniġ
Middle English: peny, pani, paniȝe, peni, penie, pening
English: penny, pence (see there for further descendants)
Scots: penny
→ Old Irish: pinginn, penginn (possibly from Old Norse)
Irish: pingin
→ Old Spanish:
Spanish: penique
Old Frisian: panning, penning, pennig
Saterland Frisian: Pännich
West Frisian: pinning
Old Saxon: penning, pennig
Middle Low German: pennink
German Low German: Penning, Penn
Old Dutch: *penning
Middle Dutch: penninc, pennich, pennig
Dutch: penning
Limburgish: penning
Old High German: pfending, pfanting, pfenting, pfenning; (Central German) penning
Middle High German: pfennic, pfenninc; penninc
Central Franconian: Penning, Pennek
Luxembourgish: Pennek (obsolete)
German: Pfennig
→ English: pfennig
→ Luxembourgish: Fenneg

Old Norse: penningr; pengr (late)

Icelandic: peningur

Faroese: peningur, pengar, pengar

Norn: pengar

Norwegian Nynorsk: pengar, peng, penge

Norwegian Bokmål: penger, penge

Old Swedish: pænninger

Swedish: penning, pengar, peng

→ Finnish: penninki, penni

Old Danish: pæning

Danish: penning, penge

desc

Elfdalian: peningg, peningger, paingger, peng

Gutnish: penningg, peningg

→ Proto-Slavic: *pěnędzь (see there for further descendants)

Of unclear origin. Many regard the forms without the medial *-t- or *-d- as the older ones because the Slavic and Lithuanian loans (Proto-Slavic *pěnędzь) do not show the reflex of a medial obstruent, which makes it difficult to connect with *pandan- (“pledge”) (Old High German phant) or their possible etymon, Latin pondus (“weight”). The second part of the word is probably *-ingaz. The first part is possibly a borrowing of one of these Latin words:
* panna (“pan”), with a semantic shift explained as a penny being a "coin with a concave form" (per De Vries/De Tollenaere), or
* pannus (“piece of cloth”), because cloth was often used as means of payment.
Vennemann suggests another possibility, following from his (controversial) Punic superstrate theory: that *paning may derive from Carthaginian traders' jargon use of Punic 𐤐𐤍 (pn /pani/, “face”) to mean "coin", as almost all Carthaginian coins depicted the face of Tanit (a goddess who was herself known as the "face of Baal"), and even the second-most common motif was the face of Melqart; Vennemann further speculates that the variants *panning and *panding preserved the bimoric nature of the Punic word.


katilaz

katilaz (nominative singular)
katilōz (nominative plural)
katilōs (nominative plural)
katil (singular vocative)
katilōz (plural vocative)
katilōs (plural vocative)
katilą (accusative singular)
katilanz (accusative plural)
katilas (genitive singular)
katilis (genitive singular)
katilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
katilai (dative singular)
katilamaz (dative plural)
katilō (instrumental singular)
katilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *katil
Old English: ċietel, ċietil, ċytel, ċitel, ċetel
Middle English: ketel, chetel, chetill, chetyle, chitel, ketell, ketil, ketyl, ketylle (conflated with Old Norse ketill)
English: kettle (see there for further descendants)
Scots: kettle, kittle
Old Frisian: tsietel, zetel, szetel, sthitil, ketel, tsetel
North Frisian:
Förh-Amrum: sedel
Sylt: Serel
Saterland Frisian: Seetel
West Frisian: tsjettel
Old Saxon: ketil
Middle Low German: kētel, kettel
Plautdietsch: Kjätel
Old Dutch: *ketil
Middle Dutch: ketel
Dutch: ketel
Afrikaans: ketel
Berbice Creole Dutch: ketle
Jersey Dutch: kêtel
Negerhollands: keetel, kitl
→ Caribbean Javanese: kètèl
→ Indonesian: ketel
→ Papiamentu: ketel
→ Sranan Tongo: ketre
→ Saramaccan: ketè
Old High German: kezzil, chezzil
Middle High German: kezzel
Cimbrian: khéssel
German: Kessel
Hunsrik: Kessel
Luxembourgish: Kessel
Pennsylvania German: Kessel
Vilamovian: kesuł
Yiddish: קעסל (kesl)

Old Norse: ketill
Icelandic: ketill
Faroese: ketil
Norwegian:
Bokmål: kjele, kjel
Nynorsk: kjele, kjel, kjêle, kjêl
Swedish: kætil
Swedish: kättil, kittel
Elfdalian: ketil
Old Danish: kiæthæl
Danish: kedel
Gutnish: kättl, kätel, kätil, kätul
→ Middle English: ketel (conflated with Old English cytel, cetel)
English: kettle (see there for further descendants)
Scots: kettle, kittle

Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍃 (katils)

→ Proto-Slavic: *kotьlъ

→ Proto-Finnic: *kattila (see there for further descendants)

Of uncertain origin. Usually regarded as borrowed from Latin catīllus (“small bowl”), diminutive of catīnus (“bowl, basin”).


sagǭ

sagǭ (nominative singular)
sagōniz (nominative plural)
sagǭ (singular vocative)
sagōniz (plural vocative)
sagōnų (accusative singular)
sagōnunz (accusative plural)
sagōniz (genitive singular)
sagōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sagōni (dative singular)
sagōmaz (dative plural)
sagōnē (instrumental singular)
sagōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sagā
Old English: saga, sagu
Middle English: sawe
English: saw
Old Frisian: sege
Old Dutch: *saga
Middle Dutch: sāge
Dutch: sage (influenced by German)
Limburgish: zaag
Old High German: saga
Middle High German: sage
German: Sage
Luxembourgish: So

Old Norse: saga
Icelandic: saga f
Faroese: søga f
Norn: saga
Norwegian Nynorsk: soge, soga, sogu; (dialectal) søgu, søge, sugu, soggo, soka
→ Norwegian Bokmål: soge m or f
Jamtish: sugu
Old Swedish: sagha
Swedish: saga
→ Finnish: saaga
Old Danish: saghæ
Danish: sage c (archaic)
Norwegian Bokmål: sage m
Jutish: save c
Gutnish: sage, sagå
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: saga f
→ Norwegian Bokmål: saga m
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: saga m or f
→ English: saga
→ Afrikaans: saga
→ German: Saga
→ Kildin Sami: соа̄гк (såågk), соагк (sågk)

From Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- ("to say").


slangô

slangô (nominative singular)
slanganiz (nominative plural)
slangô (singular vocative)
slanganiz (plural vocative)
slanganų (accusative singular)
slanganunz (accusative plural)
slanginiz (genitive singular)
slanganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
slangini (dative singular)
slangammaz (dative plural)
slanginē (instrumental singular)
slangammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *slangō

Old Frisian: *slanga m, *slange f

North Frisian: slaang, slang, slånge

Saterland Frisian: Sloange, Slange

West Frisian: slange, slang

Old Saxon: slango

Middle Low German: slange

Plautdietsch: Schlang

Old Dutch: slango
Middle Dutch: slange
Dutch: slang
Afrikaans: slang
Berbice Creole Dutch: slanggi
Negerhollands: slang, slaṅ
Skepi Creole Dutch: slanka
→ Aukan: salan
→ Caribbean Javanese: selang
→ Indonesian: slang (“hose”)
→ Papiamentu: slan
Limburgish: slang

Old High German: slango
Middle High German: schlange
German: Schlange (see there for further descendants)
Hunsrik: Schlang
Luxembourgish: Schlaang
Yiddish: שלאַנג (shlang)
→ English: schlong

Old Norse: slangi m, slanga f

Icelandic: slanga

Faroese: slanga

Norwegian Nynorsk: slange

Danish: slange

Norwegian Bokmål: slange

Swedish: slang

Gutnish: slangr, slang

/ˈslɑŋ.ɡɔːː/

From Proto-Indo-European *slenk- (“to wind, twist, slink, creep”).


ūraz

ūraz (nominative singular)
ūrōz (nominative plural)
ūrōs (nominative plural)
ūr (singular vocative)
ūrōz (plural vocative)
ūrōs (plural vocative)
ūrą (accusative singular)
ūranz (accusative plural)
ūras (genitive singular)
ūris (genitive singular)
ūrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ūrai (dative singular)
ūramaz (dative plural)
ūrō (instrumental singular)
ūramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ūr
Old English: ūr
Middle English: oure
Old Saxon: *ūr
Middle Low German: ûr
German Low German: Ur
⇒ Middle Low German: ūrosse
→ Swedish: uroxe
Old Dutch: *ūr, uor
Middle Dutch: *uur
⇒ Dutch: uuros (the historical form, attested once) (Should we delete⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)
Old High German: ūro
Middle High German: ūr
German: Ur
⇒ Old High German: ūrohso
Middle High German: ūrochse
German: Auerochse
→ English: aurochs
→ Middle Dutch: oeros
Dutch: oeros

Old Norse: úrr

Gothic: 𐌿𐍂𐍃 (urs)

→? Latin: urus
→ Ancient Greek: οὖρος (oûros)
Catalan: ur
→ English: ure, urus
French: ure
Italian: uro
Portuguese: uro
Spanish: uro

→? Proto-Finnic: *uros (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Samic: *orēs (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; hypotheses include:
* Cognate with Sanskrit उष्ट्र (úṣṭra, “buffalo”), Persian اشتر (oštor), from Proto-Indo-European *(H)us-r-(en-) (“(red) bull, aurochs”), from *h₂ews-r- (“dawn”) after its reddish color. (See *austraz.)
* From Proto-Indo-European *(u)rs-én- (“male animal”). Kroonen assumes that the an-stem form is original and was replaced dialectally by a u-stem, to which he finds a parallel development in *arô (“eagle”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *awǝ-, *ewǝ- (“flowing water”), analogous to the derivation of *uhsô. If so, then related to Old Norse úr (“dampness, fine rain, drizzle”), Old English ēar (“sea, ocean”). (See *auraz, *ūrą.)


badją

badją (nominative singular)
badjō (nominative plural)
badją (singular vocative)
badjō (plural vocative)
badją (accusative singular)
badjō (accusative plural)
badjas (genitive singular)
badis (genitive singular)
badjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
badjai (dative singular)
badjamaz (dative plural)
badjō (instrumental singular)
badjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *badi
Old English: bedd, bed, bædd
Middle English: bedde, bed
English: bed
Scots: bede, bed
Old Frisian: bedd
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: baad
Helgoland: Baad
Mooring: beed
Saterland Frisian: Bääd
West Frisian: bêd
Old Saxon: bed, bedd, beddi
Middle Low German: bedde
Low German: Bett
Dutch Low Saxon: bedde
German Low German: Bedd
Plautdietsch: Bad, Bed
→ Icelandic: beddi
Old Dutch: beddi
Middle Dutch: bedde
Dutch: bed
Afrikaans: bed
Berbice Creole Dutch: bedi
Negerhollands: bet, bedi, bere, bedde
→ Virgin Islands Creole: bedi (archaic)
Skepi Creole Dutch: bede
→ Caribbean Javanese: bèt
→? Mohegan-Pequot: beed
→ Papiamentu: bèt, bèchi, bèrchi, bed
→ Saramaccan: bédi
→? Sranan Tongo: bedi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bedi
→ Caribbean Javanese: bèḍi
→ Kari'na: bedi
Limburgish: bèd
→ French: bedde (“matress”) (dialectal)
Old High German: betti, beti
Middle High German: bette, bete, bet
Alemannic German: Bett
Swabian: Bedd
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: pett
German: Bett (“bed”), Beet (“flowerbed”)
→ Danish: bed
Norwegian Bokmål: bed
Luxembourgish: Bett
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Bett
Vilamovian: bet

Old Norse: beðr m (“bolster, bedding”)
Icelandic: beður m, beð n
Faroese: beður m, beð n
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: bedd
Old Swedish: *bädh, bädhil
Swedish: bädd c
→ Finnish: peti

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌳𐌹 (badi)

desc

→ Proto-Finnic: *patja (“pillow, mattress”) (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰodʰh₂-yó-m (“ditch, grave”), from *bʰedʰh₂- (“to dig, burrow; to pierce, stab”) + *-yóm, or perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰh₁-tó-s (“warm”), from *bʰeh₁- (“to warm”) + *-tós, whence *baþą (“bath”), Dutch betten (“to warm up”).


sagō

sagō (nominative singular)
sagôz (nominative plural)
sagō (singular vocative)
sagôz (plural vocative)
sagǭ (accusative singular)
sagōz (accusative plural)
sagōz (genitive singular)
sagǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sagōi (dative singular)
sagōmaz (dative plural)
sagō (instrumental singular)
sagōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sagu
Old English: sagu
Middle English: sawe
English: saw
Yola: zaawe
Old Frisian: sage
Saterland Frisian: Soage
West Frisian: seage
Old Saxon: saga
Middle Low German: sage
Low German: Saag
Plautdietsch: Soag
Old Dutch: *saga
Middle Dutch: sāge
Dutch: zaag
Afrikaans: saag
Old High German: saga
Middle High German: sage
German: Säge
Luxembourgish: See
Yiddish: זעג (zeg)
→ Serbo-Croatian: жага, žaga
→ Slovene: žaga

Old Norse: sǫg
Icelandic: sög
Faroese: sag
Norwegian Nynorsk: sag, sog; (dialectal) sau, sav, saj
Norwegian Bokmål: sag m or f
Jamtish: ság
Elfdalian: såg
Old Swedish: sagh, saagh
Swedish: såg
→ Finnish: saha
Danish: sav
Smalandian: sav
Scanian: saw
Gutnish: sag
→ Kildin Sami: са̄гк (sāgk)

From Proto-Indo-European *sok-éh₂, from *sek- (“to cut”) + *-éh₂.


furistaz

furist (adverb)
furistaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
furistai (masculine nominative plural strong)
furistō (feminine nominative singular strong)
furistôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
furistą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
furistō (neuter nominative plural strong)
furistanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
furistanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
furistǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
furistōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
furistą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
furistō (accusative neuter plural strong)
furistas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
furistaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
furistaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
furistaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
furistas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
furistaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
furistammai (dative masculine singular strong)
furistaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
furistaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
furistaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
furistammai (dative neuter singular strong)
furistaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
furistanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
furistaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
furistaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
furistaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
furistanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
furistaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
furistô (masculine nominative singular weak)
furistaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
furistǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
furistōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
furistô (neuter nominative singular weak)
furistōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
furistanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
furistanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
furistōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
furistōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
furistô (accusative neuter singular weak)
furistōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
furistiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
furistanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
furistōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
furistōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
furistiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
furistanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
furistini (dative masculine singular weak)
furistammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
furistōni (dative feminine singular weak)
furistōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
furistini (dative neuter singular weak)
furistammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
furistinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
furistammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
furistōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
furistōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
furistinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
furistammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*furistaz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *furist

Old English: fyrest
Middle English: first, furst, ferst, fyrst
Scots: first
English: first

Old Frisian: *forsta

West Frisian: foarst (“ruler”)

Old Saxon: furisto (“leader”)

Old Dutch: *furista, *fursta

Middle Dutch: vorste (“ruler”)

Dutch: vorst

Old High German: furisto (“first, prince”)
Middle High German: vürste
German: Fürst
Luxembourgish: viischt (possibly)

Old Norse: fyrstr
Icelandic: fyrstur
Faroese: fyrstur
Norwegian Nynorsk: fyrst
Old Swedish: fyrster
Swedish: först
Danish: først
Norwegian Bokmål: først
Old Gutnish: fyrst

Superlative of *furai, *furi (“before”), from Proto-Indo-European *preh₂-.


haslaz

haslaz (nominative singular)
haslōz (nominative plural)
haslōs (nominative plural)
hasl (singular vocative)
haslōz (plural vocative)
haslōs (plural vocative)
haslą (accusative singular)
haslanz (accusative plural)
haslas (genitive singular)
haslis (genitive singular)
haslǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haslai (dative singular)
haslamaz (dative plural)
haslō (instrumental singular)
haslamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hasl
Old English: hæsl, hæsel, hæsil
Middle English: hasel, hasell, hasil, hasill, hasul, hasyl, haysell, hesel, hesill, hesyll
English: hazel (dialectal halse)
Scots: hazel
Yola: hawlse
Old Saxon: *hasal
Middle Low German: hāsel
Plautdietsch: Hausel
Old Dutch: *hasal
Middle Dutch: hāsel
Dutch: hazel
Old High German: hasal
Middle High German: hasel
German: Hasel

Old Norse: hasl
Icelandic: hasl
Norwegian Nynorsk: hasl, hassel
Old Swedish: hasl
Swedish: hassel
Old Danish: hasle
Danish: hassel
Norwegian Bokmål: hassel

From areal Proto-Indo-European *kóslos, which may be of substrate or Wanderwort origin.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


widuz

widuz (nominative singular)
widiwiz (nominative plural)
widu (singular vocative)
widiwiz (plural vocative)
widų (accusative singular)
widunz (accusative plural)
widauz (genitive singular)
widiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
widiwi (dative singular)
widumaz (dative plural)
widū (instrumental singular)
widumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *widu
Old English: widu, wudu, weadu
Middle English: wode
Scots: wod, wuid
English: wood
Old Saxon: widu, wido
Middle Low German: wēde
Old Dutch: *widu
Middle Dutch: wēde
Dutch: wede, (in placenames) -wedde (e.g. Onstwedde)
Old High German: witu
Middle High German: wite

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᛁᛞᚢᛉ (*widuʀ)

Old Norse: viðr, vyðr
Icelandic: viður
Faroese: viður
Norwegian Nynorsk: ved, vid
Elfdalian: wið
Old Swedish: viþer, vedher
Swedish: ved
Old Danish: with
Danish: ved
Norwegian Bokmål: ved

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁weydʰh₁- (“to separate, split, cleave, divide”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *widus.


fōdô

fōdô (nominative singular)
fōdaniz (nominative plural)
fōdô (singular vocative)
fōdaniz (plural vocative)
fōdanų (accusative singular)
fōdanunz (accusative plural)
fōdiniz (genitive singular)
fōdanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fōdini (dative singular)
fōdammaz (dative plural)
fōdinē (instrumental singular)
fōdammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fōdō

Old English: fōda

Middle English: fode, foode

Scots: fuid, fude

English: food

Old Saxon: *fōdo

Middle Low German: vode m or f or n

(German Low German: föödsaam)

>? Low German: föde, vöde

Old High German: *fuota

Middle High German: fuote, vuote f

gl

Old Norse: fǿða, fœða (from *fōdijǭ, *fōdijô; or alternatively, derived from the verb *fōdijaną)

Icelandic: fæða, fæði

Faroese: føði

Old Swedish: føþa

Swedish: föda

Old Danish: føthæ

Danish: føde

From Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“protect, guard, graze, feed”).


miltiją

miltiją (nominative singular)
miltijō (nominative plural)
miltiją (singular vocative)
miltijō (plural vocative)
miltiją (accusative singular)
miltijō (accusative plural)
miltijas (genitive singular)
miltīs (genitive singular)
miltijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
miltijai (dative singular)
miltijamaz (dative plural)
miltijō (instrumental singular)
miltijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *miltī

Old Dutch: *milti

Middle Dutch: milte

Dutch: milt

desctree

Old High German: milzi
Middle High German: milze
German: Milz
Hunsrik: Mils
Luxembourgish: Mëlz
Vilamovian: myłc

Lombardic: *milzi

→ Italian: milza

→ Maltese: milsa

→ Lombard: melsa, melza, meussa

desc

→ Piedmontese: mersa, meussa, mirsa, minsa

desctree

Old Norse: milti
Icelandic: milta
Faroese: milti, milt
Norwegian Bokmål: milt
Norwegian Nynorsk: milt
Danish: milt
Swedish: mjälte

Unsorted borrowings (via Gothic?):

→ Aragonese: mielsa, amielsa

→ Catalan: melsa

→ Sicilian: meusa

→ Occitan: mèusa, mèussa

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)meld- (“to beat, grind, crush, weaken”).


bragną

bragną (nominative singular)
bragnō (nominative plural)
bragną (singular vocative)
bragnō (plural vocative)
bragną (accusative singular)
bragnō (accusative plural)
bragnas (genitive singular)
bragnis (genitive singular)
bragnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bragnai (dative singular)
bragnamaz (dative plural)
bragnō (instrumental singular)
bragnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bragn

desctree

Old English: bræġn, bræġen
Middle English: brayn, brayne, brain
Scots: brane, braine
English: brain

Old Frisian: *brein

North Frisian: brayen, brein

Sylt: Brain

Saterland Frisian: Bräienge, Brainge

West Frisian: brein

Old Saxon: *bragan, *bregin

Middle Low German: bregen

Low German: Brägen, Bregen

Plautdietsch: Bräajen

→ German: Brägen, Bregen

Old Dutch: *bragan, *bregin

Middle Dutch: bragen, bregen, breyn

Dutch: brein

From Proto-Indo-European *mrogʰnom, possibly a thematicized form of original *mrégʰmn̥ (whence Ancient Greek βρέχμα (brékhma, “brainpan”)), from the root *mregʰ- (“marrow, sinciput”).


baþą

baþą (nominative singular)
baþō (nominative plural)
baþą (singular vocative)
baþō (plural vocative)
baþą (accusative singular)
baþō (accusative plural)
baþas (genitive singular)
baþis (genitive singular)
baþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
baþai (dative singular)
baþamaz (dative plural)
baþō (instrumental singular)
baþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *baþ
Old English: bæþ
Middle English: bath, baþ
English: bath
Scots: bath
→ Welsh: bàth
Old Frisian: beth
West Frisian: bad
Old Saxon: bath
Middle Low German: bad, bat
German Low German: Baad
Plautdietsch: Bod
Old Dutch: *bath
Middle Dutch: bat
Dutch: bad
Afrikaans: bad
Old High German: bad
Middle High German: bat
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Baad
Bavarian: Båd, Båod, Boud
Luxembourgish: Bad
German: Bad
Rhine Franconian: Bad
Frankfurterisch: [b̥ɑːt]
Vilamovian: bod

Old Norse: bað

Icelandic: bað

Faroese: bað

Norwegian: bad

Old Swedish: badh

Swedish: bad

Danish: bad

Gutnish: bad


listiz

listiz (nominative singular)
listīz (nominative plural)
listi (singular vocative)
listīz (plural vocative)
listį (accusative singular)
listinz (accusative plural)
listīz (genitive singular)
listijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
listī (dative singular)
listimaz (dative plural)
listī (instrumental singular)
listimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *listi
Old English: list
Middle English: liste
English: list
Scots: list
Old Frisian: list, lest
Saterland Frisian: List
West Frisian: list
Old Saxon: list
Middle Low German: list
German Low German: List
Low German: list
Old Dutch: list
Middle Dutch: list
Dutch: list
Old High German: list
Middle High German: list
German: List

Old Norse: list

Icelandic: list

Faroese: list

Old Swedish: list

Swedish: list

Danish: list

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (lists)
→ Proto-Slavic: *lь̏stь (see there for further descendants)

→⇒? Vulgar Latin: *listus

Catalan: llest

Spanish: listo

Italian: lesto

→ Maltese: lest

Portuguese: lesto

Probably formed from the root of *lizaną (“to know, understand”), from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“track, furrow, trail, trace”), equivalent to *lizaną + *-þiz. Compare also Proto-West Germanic *liʀnōn (“to learn”).


drupô

drupô (nominative singular)
drupaniz (nominative plural)
drupô (singular vocative)
drupaniz (plural vocative)
drupanų (accusative singular)
drupanunz (accusative plural)
drupiniz (genitive singular)
drupanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drupini (dative singular)
drupammaz (dative plural)
drupinē (instrumental singular)
drupammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dropō
Old English: dropa
Middle English: drope
English: drop
Scots: drop, drope, drap, drape
Old Frisian: *dropa
Saterland Frisian: Droupe, Druppe
Old Saxon: dropo
Middle Low German: drope, drupe, drup
German Low German: Drüpp
Old Dutch: dropo
Middle Dutch: drope, drop
Dutch: drop
Old High German: tropfo, troffo, tropho
Middle High German: tropfe
German: Tropfe, Tropfen
Yiddish: טראָפּן (tropn), טראָפּ (trop)

Old Norse: dropi
Icelandic: dropi
Faroese: dropi
Norwegian: drope
Old Swedish: drupi, dropi
Swedish: droppe
Old Danish: dropæ
Danish: dråbe
⇒ Old Danish: drypæl
Danish: drøbel (“uvula”)

→ Galician: trofa

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewb- (“to crumble, grind”).


fertaną

fertō (active first-person indicative singular)
fertaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fertai (first-person indicative passive singular)
firtizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fertaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fert (active imperative second-person singular)
fertazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fertaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
firtidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fertai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fertadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fertadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fertaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fertōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fertaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fertadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fertaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fertadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fertamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fertaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fertandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fertaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
firtid (active indicative plural second-person)
fertaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
firtid (active imperative plural second-person)
fertandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fertaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fertandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fertain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fertandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fertandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fertaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fart (active first-person indicative singular)
furtį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
farst (active indicative second-person singular)
furtīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fart (active indicative singular third-person)
furtī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
furtū (active dual first-person indicative)
furtīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
furtudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
furtīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
furtum (active first-person indicative plural)
furtīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
furtud (active indicative plural second-person)
furtīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
furtun (active indicative plural third-person)
furtīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fertandz (active participle present)
furtanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Old English: feortan
Middle English: verten, ferten, farten
English: fart
Scots: fart

Old Saxon: *fertan

Middle Low German: ferten, verten

Old Dutch: *fertan

Middle Dutch: verten

Old High German: ferzan

Middle High German: vërzen, varzen

German: farzen

Yiddish: פֿאַרצן (fartsn)

Old Norse: freta, frata, *fjarta

Icelandic: freta

Faroese: frata, freta

Norn: frada

Norwegian Nynorsk: frata, fjarta

Old Swedish: fiærta

Swedish: fjärta

Danish: fjerte, fjærte

Norwegian Bokmål: fjerte

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: fjerta

From Proto-Indo-European *perd- (“to fart”).


friskaz

*friskaz (a-stem)

friskaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
friskai (masculine nominative plural strong)
friskō (feminine nominative singular strong)
friskôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
friską (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
friskō (neuter nominative plural strong)
friskanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
friskanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
friskǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
friskōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
friską (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
friskō (accusative neuter plural strong)
friskas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
friskaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
friskaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
friskaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
friskas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
friskaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
friskammai (dative masculine singular strong)
friskaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
friskaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
friskaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
friskammai (dative neuter singular strong)
friskaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
friskanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
friskaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
friskaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
friskaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
friskanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
friskaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
friskô (masculine nominative singular weak)
friskaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
friskǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
friskōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
friskô (neuter nominative singular weak)
friskōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
friskanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
friskanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
friskōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
friskōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
friskô (accusative neuter singular weak)
friskōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
friskiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
friskanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
friskōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
friskōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
friskiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
friskanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
friskini (dative masculine singular weak)
friskammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
friskōni (dative feminine singular weak)
friskōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
friskini (dative neuter singular weak)
friskammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
friskinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
friskammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
friskōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
friskōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
friskinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
friskammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *frisk
Old English: fersċ
Middle English: fersh, fresch, fresk, freche, versh
Scots: fresch, frech, freish
English: fresh
→ Welsh: ffres
Old Frisian: fersk
North Frisian: fersck
Saterland Frisian: frisk
West Frisian: farsk
Old Saxon: *frisk, *fersk
Middle Low German: vrisch, versch
Low German: frisk
→ Icelandic: frískur
→ Faroese: frískur
→ Danish: frisk
→ Norwegian Bokmål: frisk
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: frisk
→ Polabian: frišă
→ Swedish: frisk
→ Estonian: priske
Old Dutch: *frisc
Middle Dutch: versch, varsch
Dutch: vers
Afrikaans: vars
Limburgish: vèrsj
Old High German: frisc
Middle High German: vrisch
German: frisch
→ Hungarian: friss
Luxembourgish: frësch
Vilamovian: fryś
Yiddish: פֿריש (frish)
→ Middle Dutch: vrisch, frisch, frisc
Dutch: fris
Afrikaans: fris
→ West Frisian: fris
→ Middle French: frisque, fricque, frique, friche
French: frisque
→ Middle English: frisk
English: frisk
→ Walloon: frisse

Old Norse: ferskr
Icelandic: ferskur
Faroese: feskur
Norwegian Nynorsk: fersk
Norwegian Bokmål: fersk
Swedish: färsk
Danish: fersk

→ Vulgar Latin: *friscum (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *preyskos (“fresh, unsalted”), and cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *prēˀskas (“unleavened, unfermented, unsalted”) (though there are phonetic difficulties).


ahslō

ahslō (nominative singular)
ahslôz (nominative plural)
ahslō (singular vocative)
ahslôz (plural vocative)
ahslǭ (accusative singular)
ahslōz (accusative plural)
ahslōz (genitive singular)
ahslǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ahslōi (dative singular)
ahslōmaz (dative plural)
ahslō (instrumental singular)
ahslōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ahslu
Old English: eaxl, eaxel, esl
Middle English: axel, axle, eaxle, æxle, exle
English: axle (obsolete)
Scots: aixle, exle
Old Frisian: axle, axele
Saterland Frisian: ascle
→? Middle Dutch: ocsele (see lemma)
Dutch: oksel
Afrikaans: oksel
Old Dutch: *assala
Middle Dutch: assele
Dutch: assel
Old High German: ahsala
Middle High German: ahsel
Cimbrian: aksela, aksala, aksl, aksel
German: Achsel
Vilamovian: aochsuł
Yiddish: אַקסל (aksl)

Old Norse: ǫxl

Icelandic: öxl

Faroese: øksl

Norn: akkel

Old Swedish: axl

Swedish: axel

→ Elfdalian: aksel

Old Danish: axæl

Danish: aksel

Norwegian: aksel

Elfdalian: aksul

Gutnish: axl

Scanian: áğsel

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs- (“axis”).


fōdijaną

fōdijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fōdijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fōdijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fōdīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fōdijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fōdī (active imperative second-person singular)
fōdijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fōdijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fōdīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fōdijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fōdijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fōdijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fōdijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fōdijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fōdijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fōdijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fōdijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fōdijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fōdijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fōdijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fōdijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fōdijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fōdīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fōdijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fōdīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fōdijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fōdijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fōdijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fōdijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fōdijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fōdijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fōdijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fōdidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fōdidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fōdidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fōdidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fōdidē (active indicative singular third-person)
fōdidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fōdidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fōdidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fōdidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fōdidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fōdidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fōdidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fōdidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fōdidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fōdidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fōdidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fōdijandz (active participle present)
fōdidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fōdijan
Old English: fēdan
Middle English: feden
Scots: fede, feid
English: feed
Old Frisian: fēda
West Frisian: fiede
Old Saxon: fōdian
Middle Low German: vö̂den
German Low German: föden
Old Dutch: *fuoden
Middle Dutch: voeden
Dutch: voeden
Old High German: fuotan

Old Norse: fǿða, fœða — alternative spelling; fæða — Iceland only
Icelandic: fæða
Faroese: føða
Norwegian: føde
Old Swedish: fø̄þa
Swedish: föda
Old Danish: føthæ
Danish: føde

Gothic: 𐍆𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fōdjan)

/ˈɸɔː.ði.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Orel suggests it's derived from *fōdô (“food”) + *-janą. Kroonen assumes it's a causative verb derived from a lost strong verb *faþaną, from pre-Germanic *ph₂t- a zero-grade present form of Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“protect, guard, graze, feed”) extended with *-t-. Compare Ancient Greek πατέομαι (patéomai, “to eat”).


hultą

hultą (nominative singular)
hultō (nominative plural)
hultą (singular vocative)
hultō (plural vocative)
hultą (accusative singular)
hultō (accusative plural)
hultas (genitive singular)
hultis (genitive singular)
hultǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hultai (dative singular)
hultamaz (dative plural)
hultō (instrumental singular)
hultamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *holt
Old English: holt
Middle English: holt
English: holt, hoult (obsolete)
Scots: holt
Old Frisian: holt
North Frisian: holt
Saterland Frisian: Holt
West Frisian: hout
Old Saxon: holt
Middle Low German: holt
German Low German: Holt
Plautdietsch: Holt
Old Dutch: holt
Middle Dutch: hout
Dutch: hout
Afrikaans: hout
Limburgish: hówtj
Old High German: holz
Middle High German: holz
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: hòltz
Mòcheno: holz
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Hols
Luxembourgish: Holz
German: Holz
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: hold̥s
Pennsylvania German: Hols
Vilamovian: hułc
Yiddish: האָלץ (holts)

Old Norse: holt
Icelandic: holt
Faroese: holt
Norwegian: holt
Old Swedish: hult
Swedish: holt, hult
Danish: holt
Old Gutnish: hult

Possibly from a neuter root noun *kóld, *kld-és, possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂- (“to beat, break”). Compare Proto-Slavic *kòlda (“block, log”), Ancient Greek κλάδος (kládos, “branch, shoot”).


maltą

maltą (nominative singular)
maltō (nominative plural)
maltą (singular vocative)
maltō (plural vocative)
maltą (accusative singular)
maltō (accusative plural)
maltas (genitive singular)
maltis (genitive singular)
maltǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maltai (dative singular)
maltamaz (dative plural)
maltō (instrumental singular)
maltamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *malt
Old English: mealt, malt
Middle English: malt, malte, maltt, mault, maulte
English: malt
Scots: maut
Yola: mault
Old Frisian: malt
Saterland Frisian: Moalt
Old Saxon: malt
Middle Low German: malt, molt
German Low German: Molt
Old Dutch: malt
Middle Dutch: malt, mout
Dutch: mout
→ West Frisian: mout
Old High German: malz
Middle High German: malz
German: Malz
Luxembourgish: Malz
→ Proto-Slavic: *molto (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: malt

Icelandic: malt

Faroese: malt

Norwegian: malt

Old Swedish: malt

Swedish: malt

Old Danish: malt

Danish: malt

Gutnish: malt

→ Proto-Finnic: *maldas (see there for further descendants) (< *maltaz)

Uncertain, from *maltaz (“soft, gone bad”), or directly from *meltaną; ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *meld- (“to beat, crush, grind”), also the root of *mildijaz. Not few voices (Uhlenbeck, Bernecker, Brückner, Kiparsky, Skok and others) deem the word instead regularly formed in Proto-Slavic *molto, which you may see, from *melti (“to grind”).


spellą

spellą (nominative singular)
spellō (nominative plural)
spellą (singular vocative)
spellō (plural vocative)
spellą (accusative singular)
spellō (accusative plural)
spellas (genitive singular)
spillis (genitive singular)
spellǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spillai (dative singular)
spellamaz (dative plural)
spellō (instrumental singular)
spellamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *spell
Old English: spell, spel
Middle English: spell, spel
English: spell
Old Saxon: spel
Old Dutch: spel
Middle Dutch: spel
Old High German: spel

Old Norse: spjall
Icelandic: spjall n
Old Swedish: spiäl
Swedish: spjäll

Gothic: 𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻𐌻 (spill)

From Proto-Indo-European *spelnom, ultimately from *(s)pel- (“to tell”). Common origin and cognate with Old Armenian առասպել (aṙaspel). Not related to *spil (“game, amusement”).


ermunaz

*ermunaz (a-stem)

ermunaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
ermunai (masculine nominative plural strong)
ermunō (feminine nominative singular strong)
ermunôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ermuną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
ermunō (neuter nominative plural strong)
ermunanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
ermunanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
ermunǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
ermunōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ermuną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
ermunō (accusative neuter plural strong)
ermunas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
ermunaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
ermunaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
ermunaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
ermunas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
ermunaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
ermunammai (dative masculine singular strong)
ermunaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
ermunaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
ermunaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
ermunammai (dative neuter singular strong)
ermunaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
ermunanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
ermunaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
ermunaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
ermunaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
ermunanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
ermunaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ermunô (masculine nominative singular weak)
ermunaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
ermunǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
ermunōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
ermunô (neuter nominative singular weak)
ermunōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
ermunanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
ermunanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
ermunōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
ermunōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
ermunô (accusative neuter singular weak)
ermunōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ermuniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
ermunanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
ermunōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
ermunōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ermuniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
ermunanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
ermunini (dative masculine singular weak)
ermunammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
ermunōni (dative feminine singular weak)
ermunōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
ermunini (dative neuter singular weak)
ermunammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
ermuninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
ermunammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
ermunōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
ermunōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
ermuninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
ermunammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *ermun, *ermun-, *irmin-

Old English: eormen-, eorman-

Middle English: ȝeorma-leaf, yeormen-leaf

English: Ermintrude, Irma/Emma (only in some names)

Old Saxon: irmin-

Old High German: irmin-

>? East Central German: Emmis (Erzgebirgisch)

Old Norse: Jǫrmunr, jǫrmun-

Icelandic: jörmun-

→? Latin: Arminius (see there for descendants)

Unknown. Compare Ancient Greek ὄρμενος (órmenos, “rushing forward, shoot”), itself from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to move, stir, spring”).


bankô

bankô (nominative singular)
bankaniz (nominative plural)
bankô (singular vocative)
bankaniz (plural vocative)
bankanų (accusative singular)
bankanunz (accusative plural)
bankiniz (genitive singular)
bankanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bankini (dative singular)
bankammaz (dative plural)
bankinē (instrumental singular)
bankammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: banca (as in hōbanca)

Middle English: banke

Scots: bank

English: bank

desctree

Old Norse: bakki, *banki — Old East Norse
Icelandic: bakki
Faroese: bakki
Norwegian Nynorsk: bakke; (dialectal) bakki, bakka, bakk
Old Swedish: bakke (banke in the toponym Bankekind)
Swedish: backe, bank
Old Danish: bakkæ
Danish: bakke, banke
Norwegian Bokmål: bakke, banke
→ Greenlandic: bakki
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: banke

Related to *bankiz (“slope, hill, shelf”).


raþą

raþą (nominative singular)
raþō (nominative plural)
raþą (singular vocative)
raþō (plural vocative)
raþą (accusative singular)
raþō (accusative plural)
raþas (genitive singular)
raþis (genitive singular)
raþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raþai (dative singular)
raþamaz (dative plural)
raþō (instrumental singular)
raþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *raþ

Old Frisian: reth

West Frisian: rêd

Old Saxon: rath

Middle Low German: rat

Plautdietsch: Raut

→ Swedish: ratt

→ Finnish: ratti

→ Norwegian Bokmål: ratt

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: ratt

→ Danish: rat

→ Elfdalian: ratt

Old Dutch: *rath

Middle Dutch: rat, rad

Dutch: rad

Limburgish: raad

Old High German: rad

Middle High German: rat

German: Rad

→ Esperanto: rado

Hunsrik: Raat

Luxembourgish: Rad

Yiddish: ראָד (rod)

From Proto-Indo-European *Hreth₂- (“to roll”).


parrukaz

parrukaz (nominative singular)
parrukōz (nominative plural)
parrukōs (nominative plural)
parruk (singular vocative)
parrukōz (plural vocative)
parrukōs (plural vocative)
parruką (accusative singular)
parrukanz (accusative plural)
parrukas (genitive singular)
parrukis (genitive singular)
parrukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
parrukai (dative singular)
parrukamaz (dative plural)
parrukō (instrumental singular)
parrukamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *parruk, *parrik
Old English: pearroc, pearruc
Middle English: parrok, parrock
Scots: parrock, paddock
English: parrock, paddock
Old Saxon: *parrak, *perrik
Middle Low German: park, perk
German Low German: Park
→ Old Norse: *parrak (alternatively from Old English)
Icelandic: *parrak
⇒ Icelandic: parraka
⇒ Faroese: parrak (adj)
Old Dutch: *parrik, parc, (in placenames) park, perk
Middle Dutch: parric, perric, paerc, perc, parc (influenced by Old French parc)
Dutch: park
Afrikaans: park
→ German: Park (partially)
→ Lower Sorbian: park
→ West Frisian: park
Dutch: perk
Afrikaans: perk
Old High German: pfarrih, pferrih
Middle High German: pferrich, pherrich
Alemannic German: Färrich
German: Pferch
→? Medieval Latin: parricus (see there for further descendants)


raumaz

raumaz (nominative singular)
raumōz (nominative plural)
raumōs (nominative plural)
raum (singular vocative)
raumōz (plural vocative)
raumōs (plural vocative)
raumą (accusative singular)
raumanz (accusative plural)
raumas (genitive singular)
raumis (genitive singular)
raumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raumai (dative singular)
raumamaz (dative plural)
raumō (instrumental singular)
raumamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *raum

Old English: rēam

Middle English: reme, rem

Scots: reme, reim

English: ream

Yola: reem, rhyme

Old Frisian: *rām

Saterland Frisian: Room

West Frisian: rjemme

Old Saxon: rōm

Middle Low German: rôm, rôme, rame

German Low German: Rohm

Old Dutch: *rōm

Middle Dutch: room, rôme

Dutch: room

Afrikaans: room

Old High German: roum

Middle High German: roum

Alemannic German: Rum

German: Raum, Rahm

Hunsrik: Raam

Luxembourgish: Ram

Volga German: Raum

Old Norse: rjúmi

Faroese: rómi

Icelandic: rjómi

Norwegian Nynorsk: rjome

Swedish: råm, römme (dialectal)

Old Danish: rymæ

Danish: rømme

Norwegian Bokmål: rømme

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: rømme

From Proto-Indo-European *réwgʰmn̥ (“cream”), from Proto-Indo-European *rew-, *rewe-, *rū- (“to scratch, dig, scrape, take off, skim”). Possible cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *ráwgʰnas, whence Proto-Iranian *ráwgnah.


laidō

laidō (nominative singular)
laidôz (nominative plural)
laidō (singular vocative)
laidôz (plural vocative)
laidǭ (accusative singular)
laidōz (accusative plural)
laidōz (genitive singular)
laidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laidōi (dative singular)
laidōmaz (dative plural)
laidō (instrumental singular)
laidōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: lād, ġelād

Middle English: lad, lode, loode

Scots: laid, lade

English: lode, load

Old Frisian: lāde, lēde

Old Saxon: lēda

Middle Low German: leide

→ Norwegian: leide

→ Old Swedish: leidh

Swedish: lejd

Old Dutch: *lēda, *leida

Middle Dutch: leide

Dutch: lei

Old High German: leida

Middle High German: leite, geleite

German: Leite, Geleite

Old Norse: leið
Icelandic: leið
Faroese: leið
Norwegian Nynorsk: leid, lei
Norwegian Bokmål: lei
Old Swedish: lēþ
Swedish: led
Danish: led
Norwegian Bokmål: led

→ Proto-Finnic: *laidun, *laita (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *lājδō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *leyt- (“to go, go forth, die”), perhaps an extension of the root *ley- (“to be slippery, glide, streak”).


lauþrą

lauþrą (nominative singular)
lauþrō (nominative plural)
lauþrą (singular vocative)
lauþrō (plural vocative)
lauþrą (accusative singular)
lauþrō (accusative plural)
lauþras (genitive singular)
lauþris (genitive singular)
lauþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lauþrai (dative singular)
lauþramaz (dative plural)
lauþrō (instrumental singular)
lauþramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lauþr

Old English: lēaþor

Middle English: lather

Scots: lather

English: lather

Old Saxon: lōthar

Old High German: *lōdar

⇒ Old High German: skiflōdar

Old Norse: lauðr

Icelandic: lauður, löður

Norwegian Nynorsk: laur

Swedish: lödder

Smalandian: lår

desc

Gutnish: ludur, luddur, luddar, lau, lavv

/ˈlɑu̯.θrɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *lówh₃trom (“that which is used for washing”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewh₃- (“to wash, bathe”). Equivalent to unattested *leuþaną + *-þrą. Cognate with Ancient Greek λουτρόν (loutrón, “a bath, wash-room”), Old Irish lóathar (“wash-basin”).


hlahtraz

hlahtraz (nominative singular)
hlahtrōz (nominative plural)
hlahtrōs (nominative plural)
hlahtr (singular vocative)
hlahtrōz (plural vocative)
hlahtrōs (plural vocative)
hlahtrą (accusative singular)
hlahtranz (accusative plural)
hlahtras (genitive singular)
hlahtris (genitive singular)
hlahtrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlahtrai (dative singular)
hlahtramaz (dative plural)
hlahtrō (instrumental singular)
hlahtramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hlahtr
Old English: hleahtor
Middle English: laughter, laghter, laȝter
Scots: lachter, lauchter
English: laughter
Old Saxon: *hlahtar
Middle Low German: lachter
Old High German: lahtar, hlahtar
Middle High German: lahter, gelehter
German: Gelächter

Old Norse: hlátr
Icelandic: hlátur
Faroese: látur
Norwegian Nynorsk: lått
→ Norwegian Bokmål: lått
Old Swedish: lāter
Danish: latter
Norwegian Bokmål: latter
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: latter
Gutnish: latter
Scanian: latter


mīþaną

mīþō (active first-person indicative singular)
mīþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mīþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
mīþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
mīþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mīþ (active imperative second-person singular)
mīþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mīþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mīþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
mīþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mīþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
mīþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mīþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mīþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
mīþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mīþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mīþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mīþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mīþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mīþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mīþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mīþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mīþid (active indicative plural second-person)
mīþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mīþid (active imperative plural second-person)
mīþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mīþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mīþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
mīþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mīþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
mīþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mīþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
maiþ (active first-person indicative singular)
midį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
maist (active indicative second-person singular)
midīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
maiþ (active indicative singular third-person)
midī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
midū (active dual first-person indicative)
midīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
midudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
midīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
midum (active first-person indicative plural)
midīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
midud (active indicative plural second-person)
midīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
midun (active indicative plural third-person)
midīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mīþandz (active participle present)
midanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *mīþan
Old English: mīþan
Middle English: mithen
Old Frisian: mītha (in combination)
Saterland Frisian: miede
West Frisian: mije
Old Saxon: mīthan
Middle Low German: mīden
Old Dutch: mīthan
Middle Dutch: miden
Dutch: mijden
Limburgish: mieje
Old High German: mīdan
Middle High German: mīden
German: meiden
Luxembourgish: meiden

From Proto-Indo-European *meytH- (“to change, switch”).


skurtaz

*skurtaz (a-stem)

skurtaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
skurtai (masculine nominative plural strong)
skurtō (feminine nominative singular strong)
skurtôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
skurtą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
skurtō (neuter nominative plural strong)
skurtanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
skurtanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
skurtǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
skurtōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
skurtą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
skurtō (accusative neuter plural strong)
skurtas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
skurtaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
skurtaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
skurtaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
skurtas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
skurtaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
skurtammai (dative masculine singular strong)
skurtaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
skurtaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
skurtaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
skurtammai (dative neuter singular strong)
skurtaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
skurtanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
skurtaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
skurtaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
skurtaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
skurtanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
skurtaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
skurtô (masculine nominative singular weak)
skurtaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
skurtǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
skurtōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
skurtô (neuter nominative singular weak)
skurtōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
skurtanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
skurtanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
skurtōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
skurtōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
skurtô (accusative neuter singular weak)
skurtōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
skurtiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
skurtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
skurtōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
skurtōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
skurtiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
skurtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
skurtini (dative masculine singular weak)
skurtammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
skurtōni (dative feminine singular weak)
skurtōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
skurtini (dative neuter singular weak)
skurtammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
skurtinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
skurtammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
skurtōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
skurtōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
skurtinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
skurtammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skurt
Old English: sċort, sċeort
Middle English: schort
English: short
→ French: short
→ Vietnamese: soóc
Scots: schort, short
Old Frisian: *skort
Old High German: scurt, scurz
Middle High German: schurz
⇒ German: Schurz (nominalized)

⇒ Old Norse: skortr (nominalized)

Icelandic: skortur

Faroese: skortur

Norwegian Nynorsk: skort

Norwegian Bokmål: skort

→ Danish: skort (borrowed through Norwegian)

Origin uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerd-, *(s)kert- (“short”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”). Cognate with Latin curtus (“shortened, incomplete”), Proto-Slavic *kortъkъ (“short”).


hrugjaz

hrugjaz (nominative singular)
hrugjōz (nominative plural)
hrugjōs (nominative plural)
hrugi (singular vocative)
hrugjōz (plural vocative)
hrugjōs (plural vocative)
hrugją (accusative singular)
hrugjanz (accusative plural)
hrugjas (genitive singular)
hrugis (genitive singular)
hrugjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrugjai (dative singular)
hrugjamaz (dative plural)
hrugjō (instrumental singular)
hrugjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrugi
Old English: hryċġ, hriċġ, hrig, hryc, hryg
Middle English: rig, rigge, rug, ryg, rygge
Scots: rig
English: ridge, rig (Northern)
Old Frisian: *hregg, hreg
North Frisian: reg
Saterland Frisian: Rääch
West Frisian: rêch
Old Saxon: hruggi
Middle Low German: rügge
German Low German: Rügge, Rügg
Plautdietsch: Rigjen
Old Dutch: ruggi
Middle Dutch: rugge
Dutch: rug
Afrikaans: rug
Jersey Dutch: rœx
Negerhollands: rugge, rigi, rege
Limburgish: rögk
West Flemish: rik, rugge
Old High German: rucki, ruggi, hruggi
Middle High German: rücke

Old Norse: hryggr
Icelandic: hryggur
Faroese: ryggur
Norn: rygg
Norwegian: rygg
Jamtish: rygg
Elfdalian: rygg
Old Swedish: rygger
Swedish: rygg
Old Danish: ryg
Danish: ryg
Gutnish: rygg

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)krewk- (“to turn, bend”), from *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”).


lubō

lubō (nominative singular)
lubôz (nominative plural)
lubō (singular vocative)
lubôz (plural vocative)
lubǭ (accusative singular)
lubōz (accusative plural)
lubōz (genitive singular)
lubǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lubōi (dative singular)
lubōmaz (dative plural)
lubō (instrumental singular)
lubōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lubu
Old English: lufu, lufe
Middle English: love
English: love
Scots: luve, lufe
Yola: loove
Old Frisian: luve
Old Saxon: luva
⇒ Old Saxon: luvig, lubig (“willing”)
Old High German: luba

Gothic: *𐌻𐌿𐌱𐍉 (*lubō)

desc

⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐍂𐌿𐌻𐌿𐌱𐍉 (brōþrulubō, “brotherly love”)

From Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“to love, care for, desire”).


lubją

lubją (nominative singular)
lubjō (nominative plural)
lubją (singular vocative)
lubjō (plural vocative)
lubją (accusative singular)
lubjō (accusative plural)
lubjas (genitive singular)
lubis (genitive singular)
lubjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lubjai (dative singular)
lubjamaz (dative plural)
lubjō (instrumental singular)
lubjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lubi
Old English: lybb, lyb
Middle English: libbe
Scots: lib
English: lib
Old Saxon: *lubbi
Middle Low German: lubbe
⇒ German Low German: Lübbstick
Old Dutch: *lubbi
Middle Dutch: libbe, lebbe
Old High German: lubbi, *lub, lupi, luppi
Middle High German: luppe, lüppe
German: Luppe, Lüppe

Old Norse: lyf

Icelandic: lyf

Norwegian: lyv (dialectal), lyv (> lyvja)

Swedish: luf (> lyva)

Old Danish: løv

Elfdalian: lyv, löve

Helsingian: levjer f pl

Gothic: *𐌻𐌿𐌱𐌹 (*lubi) (> 𐌻𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃 (lubjaleis), 𐌻𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹 (lubjaleisei))

From Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ-, *lewb- (“to peel, break, damage”), from Proto-Indo-European *lew- (“to cut, remove, prune, separate”). Sense of love potion influenced by similar forms from unrelated *lubō (“love”). Cognate with Irish luibh (“herb”).


haitaz

*haitaz (a-stem)

haitaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
haitai (masculine nominative plural strong)
haitō (feminine nominative singular strong)
haitôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
haitą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
haitō (neuter nominative plural strong)
haitanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
haitanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
haitǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
haitōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
haitą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
haitō (accusative neuter plural strong)
haitas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
haitaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
haitaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
haitaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
haitas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
haitaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
haitammai (dative masculine singular strong)
haitaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
haitaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
haitaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
haitammai (dative neuter singular strong)
haitaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
haitanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
haitaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
haitaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
haitaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
haitanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
haitaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
haitô (masculine nominative singular weak)
haitaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
haitǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
haitōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
haitô (neuter nominative singular weak)
haitōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
haitanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
haitanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
haitōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
haitōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
haitô (accusative neuter singular weak)
haitōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
haitiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
haitanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
haitōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
haitōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
haitiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
haitanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
haitini (dative masculine singular weak)
haitammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
haitōni (dative feminine singular weak)
haitōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
haitini (dative neuter singular weak)
haitammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
haitinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
haitammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
haitōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
haitōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
haitinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
haitammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hait
Old English: hāt
Middle English: hot, hote, hoot, hoote, hoth, whote; hate, hatte (northern)
English: hot
Geordie English: het
Scots: hat, hait, hate
Yola: hoat, hote, hoate
Old Frisian: hēt
North Frisian: hiet
Saterland Frisian: heet
West Frisian: hjit, hyt
Old Saxon: hēt
Middle Low German: hêt
German Low German: heet
Low German: heet, hitt
Old Dutch: heit, *hēt
Middle Dutch: heet
Dutch: heet, heit (dialectal)
Berbice Creole Dutch: hete
Jersey Dutch: heît
Negerhollands: heet
Old High German: heiz
Middle High German: heiz
Bavarian: hoaß
Central Franconian: heeß, hääß, heiß
East Central German: heeß
German: heiß, heiss
Hunsrik: heis
Yiddish: הייס (heys)

Old Norse: heitr
Icelandic: heitur
Faroese: heitur
Norwegian Nynorsk: heit
→ Norwegian Bokmål: heit
Old Swedish: hēter
Swedish: het
Danish: hed
Norwegian Bokmål: het

From Proto-Indo-European *keHid-o-s, from *keHy- (“to be hot”).


gellaną

gellō (active first-person indicative singular)
gellaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gellai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gillizi (active indicative second-person singular)
gellaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gell (active imperative second-person singular)
gellazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gellaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gillidi (active indicative singular third-person)
gellai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gelladau (active imperative singular third-person)
gelladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gellaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gellōz (active dual first-person indicative)
gellaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gelladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gellaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gelladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gellamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gellaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gellandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gellaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gillid (active indicative plural second-person)
gellaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gillid (active imperative plural second-person)
gellandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gellaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gellandi (active indicative plural third-person)
gellain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gellandau (active imperative plural third-person)
gellandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gellaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gall (active first-person indicative singular)
gullį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gallt (active indicative second-person singular)
gullīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gall (active indicative singular third-person)
gullī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gullū (active dual first-person indicative)
gullīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gulludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gullīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gullum (active first-person indicative plural)
gullīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gullud (active indicative plural second-person)
gullīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gullun (active indicative plural third-person)
gullīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gellandz (active participle present)
gullanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: ġiellan

Middle English: yellen

English: yell

Old Saxon: *gellan

Middle Low German: gellen

German Low German: gielen

Old Dutch: *gellan

Middle Dutch: gellen

Dutch: gillen

Old High German: gellan

Middle High German: gellen

German: gellen

Old Norse: gella, gjalla

Old Danish: gællæ, *giallæ

Danish: gjalde

Faroese: gjalla

Icelandic: gella, gjalla

Norwegian Bokmål: gjalle

Norwegian Nynorsk: gjalla, gjella

Old Swedish: gælla

Swedish: gälla, (verbal noun) gäll

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰel- (“to shout”), possibly with contamination from a marginally attested iterative *gullōną, although Kroonen suggests the strong verb was back-formed to the iterative.


diupiþō

diupiþō (nominative singular)
diupiþôz (nominative plural)
diupiþō (singular vocative)
diupiþôz (plural vocative)
diupiþǭ (accusative singular)
diupiþōz (accusative plural)
diupiþōz (genitive singular)
diupiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
diupiþōi (dative singular)
diupiþōmaz (dative plural)
diupiþō (instrumental singular)
diupiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *diupiþu
Old English: *dīepþ, *dīepþu
Middle English: depthe
Scots: deepth
English: depth
Old Frisian: *diūpithe, *diūpthe, *diāpthe
Saterland Frisian: Djüpte, Jüpte, Joopte, Japte
West Frisian: djipte
Old Saxon: diupitha
Middle Low German: dêpede
Low German: Deepde, Düüpde, Deepd
Old Dutch: diopitha
Middle Dutch: dipde, diepte
Dutch: diepte
Afrikaans: diepte
Old High German: *tiufida
Middle High German: tiufede, *diufede (Central German, attested as tiefte, tūfede, dūfde)
Luxembourgish: Déift

Old Norse: dýpð, dýpt

Icelandic: dýpt

Faroese: dýpd

Norn: djup

Norwegian Nynorsk: dypt, djupt (influenced by djup)

Swedish: djupen

Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌹𐌸𐌰 (diupiþa)


alþį̄

alþį̄ (nominative singular)
alþīniz (nominative plural)
alþį̄ (singular vocative)
alþīniz (plural vocative)
alþīnų (accusative singular)
alþīnunz (accusative plural)
alþīniz (genitive singular)
alþīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
alþīni (dative singular)
alþīmaz (dative plural)
alþīnē (instrumental singular)
alþīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aldī
Old English: ieldu, yldo
Middle English: elde
Scots: eild, eeld
English: eld
Old Frisian: elde
North Frisian: jelde
West Frisian: jeld
Old Saxon: eldī
Middle Low German: olde
Old Dutch: aldi, eldi
Middle Dutch: oude, elde
Dutch: oude
West Flemish: elde
Old High German: altī, eltī
Middle High German: elte
German: Älte (dialectal)

Old Norse: elli

Icelandic: elli

Faroese: elli

Old Swedish: ælle

Danish: ælde

→ Norwegian: elde, elda


senawō

senawō (nominative singular)
senawôz (nominative plural)
senawō (singular vocative)
senawôz (plural vocative)
senawǭ (accusative singular)
senawōz (accusative plural)
senawōz (genitive singular)
senawǫ̂ (genitive plural)
senawōi (dative singular)
senawōmaz (dative plural)
senawō (instrumental singular)
senawōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sinu
Old English: sinu, seno, senu, seono, seonu, sionu, synu
Middle English: synwe, senow, senewe, senowe, senue, senwe, synewe, synoghe, synow, synue, synuwe, synueu; senuwe, seonuwe, seonuwwe (Early Middle English); cynew, cynwe, sinewe, sinnu, syneou, synneu, synnew, synnou, synnow, zenewe (Late Middle English); syn (from Old Norse sin)
English: sinew
Scots: sinnon, sinnen, sennin, shinnon
Old Frisian: sine, sini, sin
North Frisian: sine
Saterland Frisian: Siene
West Frisian: sine, senuw
Old Saxon: senewa, sinewa
Middle Low German: senuwe, sēne, senne
Low German:
German Low German: Sehne, Sehn
Westphalian:
Münsterländer: Senne (Westmünsterländisch)
East Westphalian: Siene (Ravensberger)
Plautdietsch: Sän
Old Dutch: *sena, *senewa
Middle Dutch: sēnewe, sēnuw, sēne
Dutch: zenuw, zeen
Afrikaans: senuwee
Old High German: senawa, sena
Middle High German: sënewe
German: Sehne
→ Luxembourgish: Seen

Old Norse: sin, sina

Icelandic: sin

Faroese: sin, sina

Norn: sin

Norwegian: sene

Old Swedish: sina

Swedish: sena

Danish: sene

Gutnish: sine

From Proto-Indo-European *snḗh₁wr̥ (“sinew, tendon”).


faludaz

faludaz (nominative singular)
faludōz (nominative plural)
faludōs (nominative plural)
falud (singular vocative)
faludōz (plural vocative)
faludōs (plural vocative)
faludą (accusative singular)
faludanz (accusative plural)
faludas (genitive singular)
faludis (genitive singular)
faludǫ̂ (genitive plural)
faludai (dative singular)
faludamaz (dative plural)
faludō (instrumental singular)
faludamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *falud, *falad
Old English: fald, falod, falud
Middle English: fald, fold, folde
Scots: fald, fauld
English: fold
→ Welsh: ffald
Old Saxon: faled, fald
Middle Low German: vālet, vālt, vōlt
→ Old Danish: fald
Danish: fold
→ Swedish: fålla
Old Dutch: *falod, faldo
Middle Dutch: vaelde, vaelt
Dutch: vaalt
Afrikaans: vaalt
→ Old French: falde, faude
Old High German: falt

Origin unknown. Perhaps related to Old Swedish fala (“a plain, heath”). Compare also Latin Palātium (“one of the seven hills of Rome”), Latin palātum (“vault, roof of the mouth, palate”).


fulmō

fulmō (nominative singular)
fulmôz (nominative plural)
fulmō (singular vocative)
fulmôz (plural vocative)
fulmǭ (accusative singular)
fulmōz (accusative plural)
fulmōz (genitive singular)
fulmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fulmōi (dative singular)
fulmōmaz (dative plural)
fulmō (instrumental singular)
fulmōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *folmu
Old English: folm, folme
Old Saxon: folm m (only attested as plural)
Old High German: folma

From Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₂meh₂ (“palm of the hand”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat”). Cognate with Latin palma (“palm”), Proto-Celtic *ɸlāmā (“hand”), Ancient Greek παλάμη (palámē, “palm of the hand”).


felþuz

felþuz (nominative singular)
filþiwiz (nominative plural)
felþu (singular vocative)
filþiwiz (plural vocative)
felþų (accusative singular)
felþunz (accusative plural)
felþauz (genitive singular)
filþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
filþiwi (dative singular)
felþumaz (dative plural)
felþū (instrumental singular)
felþumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *felþu, *felþ n
Old English: feld
Middle English: feld, feeld
English: field
Scots: feld, feild
Old Frisian: feld n
North Frisian: fjild
Saterland Frisian: Fäild
West Frisian: fjild
Old Saxon: feld n
Middle Low German: velt
German Low German: Feld
Low German: feld
Plautdietsch: Felt
→ Danish: felt
→ Icelandic: felt
→ Norwegian: felt
→ Swedish: fält
Old Dutch: feld n
Middle Dutch: velt
Dutch: veld
Afrikaans: veld
→ English: veld
Negerhollands: veld
→ Caribbean Javanese: fèlt
Old High German: feld n
Middle High German: vëlt
Alemannic German: Fald
Swabian: Fäld
Bavarian: Fejd
Cimbrian:
Mòcheno: vèlt
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Feld
Luxembourgish: Feld
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: fald
East Franconian:
German: Feld
Rhine Franconian: Fald, Feld, Fell
Frankfurterisch: [fɛlt]
Yiddish: פֿעלד (feld)

Old Norse: *fjalðr

Old Swedish: fialder m

→ Proto-Finnic: *pëlto (see there for further descendants)

Kroonen suggests Proto-Indo-European *pelth₂- (“field, plain”), though the normal form of this root is *pleth₂- (“flat”). LIN prefers to derive this from *pelh₂-, the schwebeablaut form of *pleh₂- (“flat”).


triwwiþō

triwwiþō (nominative singular)
triwwiþôz (nominative plural)
triwwiþō (singular vocative)
triwwiþôz (plural vocative)
triwwiþǭ (accusative singular)
triwwiþōz (accusative plural)
triwwiþōz (genitive singular)
triwwiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
triwwiþōi (dative singular)
triwwiþōmaz (dative plural)
triwwiþō (instrumental singular)
triwwiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *triuwiþu

Old English: trīewþ, trēowþ

desc

Middle English: trouthe, treowthe, treuwethe, treouthe, trewthe, treuthe, trothe

Scots: trowth, treuth

English: troth, truth

⇒ Old English: ġetrēowþ

⇒ Old English: unġetrēowþ

⇒ Old English: untrēowþ

Middle English: untreuth

English: untruth

Old High German: *triuwida, *trūida

⇒ Old High German: gatriuwida, gitriuwida

Middle High German: getriuwede

⇒ Old High German: ungitriuwida

⇒ Old High German: missitriuwida

Middle High German: missetriuwede

⇒ Old High German: urtriuwida, urtrūida

⇒ Old High German: zurtriuwida

Proto-Norse: *ᛏᚱᛁᚢᚷᚹᛁᚦᚢ (*triugwiþu /triuggwiþu/)

Old Norse: tryggð, trygð

Icelandic: tryggð

Faroese: trygd

Norwegian Nynorsk: trygd; (dialectal) trøgd

→ Norwegian Bokmål: trygd (“social security”)

Old Swedish: trygþ

Swedish: trygd

Old Danish: trygd

q

Danish: trygd (reborrowed in modern times from Old Danish or another Nordic language)

Norwegian Bokmål: trygd


wanduz

wanduz (nominative singular)
wandiwiz (nominative plural)
wandu (singular vocative)
wandiwiz (plural vocative)
wandų (accusative singular)
wandunz (accusative plural)
wandauz (genitive singular)
wandiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wandiwi (dative singular)
wandumaz (dative plural)
wandū (instrumental singular)
wandumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wand, wond

desctree

Middle English: wont, wonte, wontt, woont
English: want (dialectal)
Scots: want

⇒ Old English: wandeweorpe

Old Saxon: *wand, *wanda

Middle Low German: *want, *wande

→ Norwegian: vånd, vond, moldvond (alternatively from Old English)

→ Swedish: vand, vann, vanne (dialectal) (alternatively from Old English)

⇒ Swedish: mullvann (dialectal)

⇒ Old Saxon: wandawerpa, wandwerpa

Middle Low German: windeworp, winneworp

German Low German: Windworp, Winneworp; Windwurm

Low German: wond, wonne (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *wendʰ- (“to turn, twist, wind, braid”).


wanduz

Old Dutch: want

Middle Dutch: want

desctree

Dutch: wand
Afrikaans: wand
Negerhollands: wand

Limburgish: wandj

Old High German: want
Middle High German: want
Central Franconian: Wand, Wank (Ripuarian, now chiefly western dialects)
Cimbrian: bant
German: Wand
Hunsrik: Wand
Luxembourgish: Wand
Pennsylvania German: Wand
Vilamovian: waond
Yiddish: וואַנט (vant)

Old Norse: vǫndr, vöndr
Icelandic: vöndur
Norwegian: vånd
Old Swedish: vander
Old Danish: wand
Danish: vånd, vond, vand, vænd
→ Middle English: wond, wand
English: wand
Scots: wand

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (wandus)

→ Proto-Samic: *vuontëk (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *vandëh (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *wendʰ- (“to turn, twist, weave, braid”). (same as in sense #1).


faimijō

faimijō (nominative singular)
faimijôz (nominative plural)
faimijō (singular vocative)
faimijôz (plural vocative)
faimijǭ (accusative singular)
faimijōz (accusative plural)
faimijōz (genitive singular)
faimijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
faimijōi (dative singular)
faimijōmaz (dative plural)
faimijō (instrumental singular)
faimijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: fēmia, fēmea, fēhmia

Old Norse: feima

Icelandic: feima

From *faimô ~ *faim(i)niz (“girl, young woman”) + *-jō (femininizing suffix), variant of *faimnijǭ.


faimnijǭ

faimnijǭ (nominative singular)
faimnijōniz (nominative plural)
faimnijǭ (singular vocative)
faimnijōniz (plural vocative)
faimnijōnų (accusative singular)
faimnijōnunz (accusative plural)
faimnijōniz (genitive singular)
faimnijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
faimnijōni (dative singular)
faimnijōmaz (dative plural)
faimnijōnē (instrumental singular)
faimnijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *faimnijā
Old English: fǣmne
Old Frisian: fāmne, fēmne, fomne, fonna, fovne, fone
North Frisian: faamen, fomen, foomen, faamel, fømel
→ Middle Low German: fâmele
Saterland Frisian: Fauene, Fauende
West Frisian: feem, faam, faamne
→ Middle English: fonne (possibly)
English: fun, fond
→ Middle Low German: *fonne, *fone
German Low German: Foon

From *faimô ~ *faim(i)niz (“girl, young woman”) + *-jǭ (femininizing suffix), variant of *faimijō.


sakō

sakō (nominative singular)
sakôz (nominative plural)
sakō (singular vocative)
sakôz (plural vocative)
sakǭ (accusative singular)
sakōz (accusative plural)
sakōz (genitive singular)
sakǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sakōi (dative singular)
sakōmaz (dative plural)
sakō (instrumental singular)
sakōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *saku
Old English: sacu
Middle English: sake, sak, sac
Scots: sak, saik
English: sake
Old Frisian: sake, seke, sek
Saterland Frisian: sec
Saterland Frisian: Seeke
West Frisian: saak
Old Saxon: saka
Middle Low German: sake
Low German: sake
German Low German:
Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch: Saak f, Såk
Westphalian:
Paderbornisch: Sake f
Old Dutch: saka
Middle Dutch: sāke
Dutch: zaak
Old High German: sahha, sacha
Middle High German: sache, sach
Bavarian: Såch
German: Sache
Luxembourgish: Saach
Yiddish: זאַך (zakh)

Proto-Norse: *ᛊᚨᚲᚢ (*saku)

Old Norse: sǫk
Icelandic: sök
Faroese: sak, søk
Norwegian Nynorsk: sak; (dialectal) sok
Old Swedish: sak
Swedish: sak c or f
Old Danish: sak
Danish: sag c
Norwegian Bokmål: sak m or f

→ Proto-Finnic: *sakko (see there for further descendants)

From *sakaną (“to quarrel, to argue, to debate”) + *-ō.


hlainijaną

hlainijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlainijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlainijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hlainīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlainijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlainī (active imperative second-person singular)
hlainijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlainijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hlainīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlainijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlainijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlainijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlainijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hlainijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hlainijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlainijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlainijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlainijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlainijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlainijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlainijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlainijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hlainīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hlainijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlainīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hlainijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlainijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hlainijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlainijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlainijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlainijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlainijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hlainidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hlainidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlainidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hlainidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlainidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hlainidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlainidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hlainidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlainidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlainidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlainidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hlainidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlainidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hlainidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlainidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hlainidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlainijandz (active participle present)
hlainidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hlainijan
Old English: hlǣnan
Middle English: lenen
Scots: lene, leyn
English: lean
Old Saxon: *hlēnian
Middle Low German: lênen, lȫnen
German Low German: lehnen
Old Dutch: lēnen
Middle Dutch: lênen, leinen
Dutch: leunen
Old High German: hleinen
Middle High German: leinen
German: leinen, lehnen

Old Norse: *hleina

Danish: læne

Swedish: läna

Causative of *hlināną (“to lean”), which is a stative of an old nasal present from Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (“to lean”).


hlināną

hlinō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlinaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlinai (active imperative second-person singular)
hlināsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlinaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlināþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlināþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlinōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hlināþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlināþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlināmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlinānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlinaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hlinaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hlinānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlinānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlinānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlinānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlinadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hlinadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlinadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hlinadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlinadē (active indicative singular third-person)
hlinadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlinadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hlinadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlinadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlinadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlinadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hlinadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlinadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hlinadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlinadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hlinadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlināndz (active participle present)
hlinadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hlinēn
Old English: hleonian, hlinian
Middle English: leonien, lenen
Scots: lene, leyn
English: lean
Old Frisian: *hlinia
Saterland Frisian: lienje
West Frisian: lynje
Old Saxon: hlinōn
Middle Low German: lēnen
German Low German: lehnen
Old Dutch: *hlinon, *linon
Middle Dutch: lēnen
Dutch: leunen
→ West Frisian: leune
Old High German: hlinēn, linēn
Middle High German: lënen, linen
German: lehnen

Old Norse: *hlina

Norwegian: lina (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (“to lean”). Cognate with Latin clīnō (“slope, incline, bend”), Ancient Greek κλίνω (klínō, “bend, slant, lean”).


lēziz

lēziz (masculine nominative singular strong)
lēzijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
lēzī (feminine nominative singular strong)
lēzijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
lēzį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
lēzijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
lēzijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
lēzijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
lēzijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
lēzijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
lēzį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
lēzijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
lēzijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
lēzīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
lēzijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
lēzijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
lēzijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
lēzijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
lēzīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
lēzijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
lēzijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
lēzijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
lēzijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
lēzijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
lēzijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
lēzijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
lēzijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
lēzijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
lēzijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
lēzijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
lēzijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
lēzijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
lēzijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
lēzijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
lēzijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
lēzijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
lēzijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
lēzijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
lēzijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
lēzijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
lēzijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
lēzijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
lēzijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
lēzijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
lēzīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
lēzijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
lēzijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
lēzijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
lēzīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
lēzijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
lēzīni (dative masculine singular weak)
lēzijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
lēzijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
lēzijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
lēzīni (dative neuter singular weak)
lēzijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
lēzīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
lēzijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
lēzijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
lēzijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
lēzīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
lēzijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *lāʀi, *lāʀī

Old English: *lǣre, lǣr, ġelǣr

Middle English: ȝelar, ilær, iler, lere

English: leer, lear

Old Saxon: lāri

Middle Low German: lêre

Old Dutch: *lāri

Middle Dutch: laer

Dutch: laar

Old High German: lāri

Middle High German: lǣre, lēre, lēr

German: leer

Hunsrik: läer

Origin uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *les- (“to gather, lease”): compare *lesaną.


miss-

Probably via *missaz from Proto-Indo-European *mit(H)-tós, from the root *meytH- (“to change, swap, remove”).

mis — late Old EnglishMiddle English: mis


winkilaz

winkilaz (nominative singular)
winkilōz (nominative plural)
winkilōs (nominative plural)
winkil (singular vocative)
winkilōz (plural vocative)
winkilōs (plural vocative)
winkilą (accusative singular)
winkilanz (accusative plural)
winkilas (genitive singular)
winkilis (genitive singular)
winkilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
winkilai (dative singular)
winkilamaz (dative plural)
winkilō (instrumental singular)
winkilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *winkil, *winkul
Old English: wincel
Middle English: *winkel, *winkle
English: winkle
Scots: wingle
Old Frisian: winkel
Saterland Frisian: Winkel
West Frisian: winkel (“shop”)
Old Saxon: *winkil
Middle Low German: winkel
German Low German: Winkel
→ Icelandic: vinkill
→ Faroese: vinkul
→ Norwegian: vinkel
→ Old Swedish: vinkil
Swedish: vinkel
→ Danish: vinkel
Old Dutch: winkel
Middle Dutch: winkel
Dutch: winkel (“shop”)
Afrikaans: winkel (see there for further descendants)
Negerhollands: winkel
→ Aukan: wenkii
→ Malay: bengkel
Indonesian: bengkel
→ Saramaccan: wenkè
→ Sranan Tongo: winkri
→ Kari'na: wenkele
→ Trió: winkëri
Old High German: winkil
Middle High German: winkel
German: Winkel (see there for further descendants)
Luxembourgish: Wénkel
Yiddish: ווינקל (vinkl)

From Proto-Indo-European *weng- (“to bend, bow, arch, curve”).


hwīnaną

hwīnō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwīnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwīnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwīnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwīnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwīn (active imperative second-person singular)
hwīnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwīnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwīnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwīnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwīnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwīnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwīnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwīnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hwīnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwīnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwīnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwīnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwīnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwīnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwīnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwīnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwīnid (active indicative plural second-person)
hwīnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwīnid (active imperative plural second-person)
hwīnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwīnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwīnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwīnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwīnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwīnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwīnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwain (active first-person indicative singular)
hwinį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwaint (active indicative second-person singular)
hwinīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwain (active indicative singular third-person)
hwinī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwinū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwinīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwinudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwinīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwinum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwinīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwinud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwinīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwinun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwinīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwīnandz (active participle present)
hwinanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hwīnan
Old English: hwīnan
Middle English: hwinen, whinen
Scots: quhine, quhyn
English: whine
Old Saxon: hwīnan

Old Norse: hvína
Icelandic: hvína
Faroese: hvína
Norwegian Nynorsk: kvine
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kvine
Old Swedish: hvīna
Swedish: vina, hvina (pre-1906 spelling)
Danish: hvine
Norwegian Bokmål: hvine

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱwey- (“to hiss, whistle, whisper”). Possibly related to Proto-Slavic *kviliti, *kvilěti (“to neigh, to squeak, to wail”).

der

to rush, make a rushing sound, whizz, hiss, squeal, whine