skarną

skarną (nominative singular)
skarnō (nominative plural)
skarną (singular vocative)
skarnō (plural vocative)
skarną (accusative singular)
skarnō (accusative plural)
skarnas (genitive singular)
skarnis (genitive singular)
skarnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skarnai (dative singular)
skarnamaz (dative plural)
skarnō (instrumental singular)
skarnamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċearn

Middle English: scharn

Scots: scharn, schairn

English: sharn

Old Frisian: skern

West Frisian: skerne, skarne

North Frisian: skärn, skern

Old Saxon: *skarn

Middle Low German: scharn

Low German: Scharn

⇒ Old Saxon: skerning, skerling

Middle Low German: schērlinc

Old Dutch: *skarn

Middle Dutch: scharn

Dutch: scharn

⇒ Old Dutch: *scerninc, *scarninc

Middle Dutch: scerlinc, scarlinc

Dutch: scheerling

Old High German: scarno m

⇒ Old High German: scerning, scerlinc, scerilinc

Middle High German: scherlinc, schirlinc

German: Schierling

Old Norse: skarn

Icelandic: skarn

Faroese: skarn

Norwegian: skarn

Old Swedish: skarn

Swedish: skarn

→ English: skarn

→ German: Skarn

Danish: skarn

From Proto-Indo-European *sóḱr̥ (“dung, excrement”). Cognate with Latin cerda ("dung, feces"; in compounds: mūscerda, sūcerda, etc.), Ancient Greek σκῶρ (skôr, “excrement, feces”).


skinō

skinō (nominative singular)
skinôz (nominative plural)
skinō (singular vocative)
skinôz (plural vocative)
skinǭ (accusative singular)
skinōz (accusative plural)
skinōz (genitive singular)
skinǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skinōi (dative singular)
skinōmaz (dative plural)
skinō (instrumental singular)
skinōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skinu
Old English: sċinu
Middle English: schyne, schen, schin, schine, schyn, schynne, scine, shine, shyn, shzine
English: shin
Scots: shin, schin
Old Frisian: *skine
Saterland Frisian: Skiene
West Frisian: skine
Old Saxon: skina
Middle Low German: schēne
German Low German: Scheen, Schien
→ Danish: skinne
→ Norwegian: skinne, skina
→ Swedish: skena
Old Dutch: *skina
Middle Dutch: schene
Dutch: scheen
Afrikaans: skeen
Old High German: skina, scina, scena
Middle High German: schine, schin
Alemannic German: Schine
German: Schiene
→ Hungarian: sín
→ Macedonian: шина (šina)
→ Polish: szyna
→ Romanian: șină
→ Russian: шина (šina)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: шина
Latin script: šina
Luxembourgish: Schinn
Lombardic: *skinko
→ Italian: stinco
 (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: *𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌰 (*skina)

→ Vulgar Latin: *skina (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

→ Old French: eschine, enchine, echine, chine
Middle French: eschine
French: échine
→ Middle English: chyne
English: chine

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to cut, split”).


skadwaz

skadwaz (nominative singular)
skadwōz (nominative plural)
skadwōs (nominative plural)
skadw (singular vocative)
skadwōz (plural vocative)
skadwōs (plural vocative)
skadwą (accusative singular)
skadwanz (accusative plural)
skadwas (genitive singular)
skadwis (genitive singular)
skadwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skadwai (dative singular)
skadwamaz (dative plural)
skadwō (instrumental singular)
skadwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skadu
Old English: sċeadu
Middle English: schadwe, schadewe, schadowe, schade
English: shadow, shade, shed
Scots: scaddow, schaddow, shadow, shade, schad
Old Frisian: *skade
Saterland Frisian: Skade, Skaad
West Frisian: skaad, skâd
Old Saxon: skado
Middle Low German: schaduwe, schadewe, schāde, schēde
Low German:
German Low German: Schade, Scharre, Scharr
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Schiae
Westmünsterländisch: Schatten
Plautdietsch: Schauten
Old Dutch: scado
Middle Dutch: schāde, schāduwe
Dutch: schaduw; (archaic) schad; (archaic) schade/schaai
Afrikaans: skadu, skaduwee
Old High German: skato, scato m; skata, scata f
Middle High German: schate, schade, schete, schatwe, schetewe m
German: Schatten
Luxembourgish: Schiet
Yiddish: שאָטן (shotn)

Old Norse: *skadda, *skǫddu (gen.)

Icelandic: skodda, skoddi

Faroese: skadda, skødda, skaddi

Norwegian: skodde; skadda, skodda (dialectal)

Jamtish: skǫdde

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌳𐌿𐍃 (skadus) (reanalysed as u-stem)

→ Proto-Finnic: *katvëh

Finnish: katve

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱh₃-tús, from *(s)ḱeh₃- (“dark”). Cognate with Old Irish scáth (“shadow”), Ancient Greek σκότος (skótos, “darkness”).


strampaz

strampaz (nominative singular)
strampōz (nominative plural)
strampōs (nominative plural)
stramp (singular vocative)
strampōz (plural vocative)
strampōs (plural vocative)
strampą (accusative singular)
strampanz (accusative plural)
strampas (genitive singular)
strampis (genitive singular)
strampǫ̂ (genitive plural)
strampai (dative singular)
strampamaz (dative plural)
strampō (instrumental singular)
strampamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *stramp

Middle Low German: *stramp, *strempel

Low German: strempel

Old Dutch: *stramp

Dutch: stramp f, strampe f


instraz

instraz (nominative singular)
instrōz (nominative plural)
instrōs (nominative plural)
instr (singular vocative)
instrōz (plural vocative)
instrōs (plural vocative)
instrą (accusative singular)
instranz (accusative plural)
instras (genitive singular)
instris (genitive singular)
instrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
instrai (dative singular)
instramaz (dative plural)
instrō (instrumental singular)
instramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *instar

Middle Low German: inster, inser

Low German: inser

Old Dutch: *instar

Middle Dutch: inster

Old Norse: ístr

Old Swedish: īster

Swedish: ister

Danish: ister

→ Proto-Finnic: *icra

Finnish: ihra

Karelian: isra

Veps: izr


kūliz

kūliz (nominative singular)
kūlīz (nominative plural)
kūli (singular vocative)
kūlīz (plural vocative)
kūlį (accusative singular)
kūlinz (accusative plural)
kūlīz (genitive singular)
kūlijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kūlī (dative singular)
kūlimaz (dative plural)
kūlī (instrumental singular)
kūlimiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: cylle (“leather bottle, bag”)

Old Norse: kýll

Icelandic: kýll

From Proto-Indo-European *gewl- (“vessel; ball”), from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bend; curve; arch; vault”). Doublet of *kūlǭ, *keulaz, and *keluz.


keulaz

keulaz (nominative singular)
keulōz (nominative plural)
keulōs (nominative plural)
keul (singular vocative)
keulōz (plural vocative)
keulōs (plural vocative)
keulą (accusative singular)
keulanz (accusative plural)
keulas (genitive singular)
kiulis (genitive singular)
keulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kiulai (dative singular)
keulamaz (dative plural)
keulō (instrumental singular)
keulamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *keul
Old English: ċēol
>? Middle English: chiel, kele, keel (“small shipping vessel, lighter”) (possibly borrowed from Middle Dutch; displaced by *keluz (“keel”), via Old Norse)
Old Frisian: *kiāl, *tziāl
West Frisian: tjalk, tsjalk
→ Dutch: tjalk
Old Saxon: kiol
Middle Low German: kêl, kîl
German Low German: Kiel (displaced by *keluz (“keel”), via Old Norse)
Old Dutch: *kiol
Middle Dutch: kiel
Dutch: kiel (displaced by *keluz (“keel”), via Old Norse)
Old High German: kiol, chiol
Middle High German: kiel
German: Kiel (obsolete, displaced by *keluz (“keel”), via Old Norse)

Old Norse: kjóll
Icelandic: kjóll

→ Proto-Finnic: *këula

Finnish: keula

From Proto-Indo-European *gewlos (“vessel; bowl”), from *gew- (“to bend; bow; vault; arch; curve; buckle”). Possibly related to *keluz, *kūliz, and *kūlǭ. However, see Ancient Greek γαυλός (gaulós).


strumpaz

strumpaz (nominative singular)
strumpōz (nominative plural)
strumpōs (nominative plural)
strump (singular vocative)
strumpōz (plural vocative)
strumpōs (plural vocative)
strumpą (accusative singular)
strumpanz (accusative plural)
strumpas (genitive singular)
strumpis (genitive singular)
strumpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
strumpai (dative singular)
strumpamaz (dative plural)
strumpō (instrumental singular)
strumpamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: strumphalt

Old Saxon: *strump

Middle Low German: strump

Low German: strumpel

→ Dutch: stromp

→ Norwegian Bokmål: strømpe

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: strump, strømpe

→ Swedish: strumpa

→ Danish: strumpe, strømpe

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: strompen

Dutch: strompen, strompelen

Old High German: *strumpf

Middle High German: strumpf

German: Strumpf

Hunsrik: Strump

Luxembourgish: Strëmp

Old Norse: *stroppr

Norwegian: stropp (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *stremb- / *stremp-, from a labial extension of Proto-Indo-European *sterh₁- (“to be stiff”).


knīfą

knīfą (nominative singular)
knīfō (nominative plural)
knīfą (singular vocative)
knīfō (plural vocative)
knīfą (accusative singular)
knīfō (accusative plural)
knīfas (genitive singular)
knīfis (genitive singular)
knīfǫ̂ (genitive plural)
knīfai (dative singular)
knīfamaz (dative plural)
knīfō (instrumental singular)
knīfamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *knīf

Saterland Frisian: kniif

Old Saxon: *knīf

Middle Low German: knīf

Old Dutch: *knīf

Middle Dutch: cnijf

Dutch: knijf

German: Kneif (dialectal)

Old Norse: knífr m

Norwegian: kniv

Swedish: kniv

Danish: kniv

→ Old English: cnīf

English: knife


nasō

nasō (nominative singular)
nasôz (nominative plural)
nasō (singular vocative)
nasôz (plural vocative)
nasǭ (accusative singular)
nasōz (accusative plural)
nasōz (genitive singular)
nasǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nasōi (dative singular)
nasōmaz (dative plural)
nasō (instrumental singular)
nasōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *nasu
Old English: nasu, naso
Middle English: nase, nasse, nease
Old Frisian: *nase
North Frisian: naas
Old Dutch: *nasa
Middle Dutch: nase
Old High German: nasa
Middle High German: nase
Alemannic German: Nase, Naase (Basel, Aargau, Lucerne, Zug, Schwyz, Uri)
Swabian: Nas
Bavarian: Nosn
Central Franconian: Nas, Noas, Nos (western Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Naas
Luxembourgish: Nues
East Franconian: Nous
German: Nase
Rhine Franconian: Noos
Pennsylvania German: Naas
Vilamovian: nōs, nōz
Yiddish: נאָז (noz)

Old Norse: nǫs
Icelandic: nös f
Faroese: nøs f
Norwegian Nynorsk: nos f, nase m
→ Norwegian Bokmål: nos m or f, nase m
Norwegian: (dialectal) nøs, nåss f;nåså, næsa, nasa m;nasa, nase f
Norwegian Bokmål: nese m or f
Old Swedish: nos f, næsa f
Swedish: nos c, näsa c
Old Danish: næsæ f
Danish: næse c
Gutnish: nos f

From Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s (“nose”). Compare Latin nāsus.
May, in Proto-Germanic, have been a plurale tantum, whose nominative ending *-ō goes back to the Proto-Indo-European thematic nominative dual ending *-oh₁, while the other cases displayed consonant-stem plural endings -ǭ, -miz, -unz. This presupposes a Proto-Germanic consonant stem *nas- (“nostril”).
Griepentrog prefers to reconstruct, following Rasmussen, the original Proto-Indo-European paradigm as an acrostratic paradigm with rare ablaut a ~ ā: nom. sg. *Hnā́s-s, acc. sg. *Hnā́s-m̥, gen. sg. *Hnás-s (> *Hnás-os), dat. sg. *Hnás-ey, nom. du. *Hnā́s-h₁, nom. pl. *Hnā́s-es, acc. pl. *Hnás-m̥s.
Griepentrog also considers the zero-grade form *nus- instead of **uns- regular, adducing parallels. Forms in *nus- may be additionally analogically influenced by a Proto-Indo-European verb *news- (“to sniff”).


skalmiz

skalmiz (nominative singular)
skalmīz (nominative plural)
skalmi (singular vocative)
skalmīz (plural vocative)
skalmį (accusative singular)
skalminz (accusative plural)
skalmīz (genitive singular)
skalmijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skalmī (dative singular)
skalmimaz (dative plural)
skalmī (instrumental singular)
skalmimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: skǫlm


skal-

Old English: sċeallan (only attested in the plural)

Old Frisian: skal

→ Proto-Samic: *kuolë (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to cut, divide”) or *(s)kel- (“to cover”) (see Ancient Greek κολεός (koleós, “sheath, scabbard”), source of Latin coleus (“testicles”)).


skalmō

skalmō (nominative singular)
skalmôz (nominative plural)
skalmō (singular vocative)
skalmôz (plural vocative)
skalmǭ (accusative singular)
skalmōz (accusative plural)
skalmōz (genitive singular)
skalmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skalmōi (dative singular)
skalmōmaz (dative plural)
skalmō (instrumental singular)
skalmōmiz (instrumental plural)

Saterland Frisian: schalm

Old Saxon: *skalm

Low German: schalm

Old Dutch: *skalm

Middle Dutch: scalm

Dutch: schalm

Old Norse: skalm, skǫlm

Icelandic: skálm

Faroese: skálm, skølm

Norwegian: skolm, skjelm

Swedish: skalm

Danish: skalm

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱel- (“to cover”).


neurô

neurô (nominative singular)
neuraniz (nominative plural)
neurô (singular vocative)
neuraniz (plural vocative)
neuranų (accusative singular)
neuranunz (accusative plural)
niuriniz (genitive singular)
neuranǫ̂ (genitive plural)
niurini (dative singular)
neurammaz (dative plural)
niurinē (instrumental singular)
neurammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *neurō

desctree

Old English: *nēora, *nīora
Middle English: nēre, neere
Scots: neer, nere, neir
⇒ Middle English: kidenēre, kidnēre
English: kidney

Old Frisian: *niura, *niūra; *niūre

Saterland Frisian: Njúre

West Frisian: nier

Old Saxon: *nioro

Middle Low German: nêre

German Low German: Niere, Nier, Neer

Plautdietsch: Nia

Old Dutch: *nioro

Middle Dutch: niere f

Dutch: nier
Afrikaans: nier
Negerhollands: nier
→ Papiamentu: nir, nier

Old High German: nioro
Middle High German: niere
German: Niere f
→ Luxembourgish: Nier
Hunsrik: Nier
Luxembourgish: Néier (archaic, but see Éierchen)
Yiddish: ניר (nir)

Old Norse: nýra
Icelandic: nýra
Faroese: nýra
Norn: nyr
Norwegian: nyre
Old Swedish: niūre
Swedish: njure
Old Danish: nyræ, niuræ
Danish: nyre
Elfdalian: niųora, niųore
⇒ Old Gutnish: vig-niauri

From Proto-Indo-European *négʷʰrō. Cognate with Latin nefrōnēs (Praeneste), nebrundinēs (Lanuvium), Ancient Greek νεφρός (nephrós).


helmô

helmô (nominative singular)
helmaniz (nominative plural)
helmô (singular vocative)
helmaniz (plural vocative)
helmanų (accusative singular)
helmanunz (accusative plural)
hilminiz (genitive singular)
helmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hilmini (dative singular)
helmammaz (dative plural)
hilminē (instrumental singular)
helmammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *helmō
Old English: helma
Middle English: halm
English: helm
Old Saxon: *helma
Middle Low German: helm; holm (-o- from -a-? or from a zero-grade?)
→ German: Holm
Old Dutch: *helma
Middle Dutch: helm
Dutch: helm
Old High German: halme
Middle High German: halme, halm, helm
German: Helm (dialectal)

desc

⇒ Old Norse: hjalmvǫlr, hjalmurvǫlr, hjalmarvǫlr, hjalmunvǫlr

Usually thought to be from Proto-Indo-European *ḱél-mō, earlier *ḱél-mn̥, from the root *ḱel- (“to cover”); equivalent to *helaną + *-mô. Cognate with Sanskrit शर्मन् (śárman, “shelter, protection”). However, the semantic connection is weak.
An alternative theory by Kroonen links *halmaz and *helmaz (“haulm, straw, stalk, cane”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱélh₂-m(on)-, assuming the original meaning of *helmô was closer to “cane” and referred just to the shaft of a handle implement.
Note the presence of *(s)- in the related synonyms.

cog

handle, especially for steering a boat: helm, tiller


skūrō

skūrō (nominative singular)
skūrôz (nominative plural)
skūrō (singular vocative)
skūrôz (plural vocative)
skūrǭ (accusative singular)
skūrōz (accusative plural)
skūrōz (genitive singular)
skūrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skūrōi (dative singular)
skūrōmaz (dative plural)
skūrō (instrumental singular)
skūrōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skūru, *skūr

q

if not a spurious gender change of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*skūr</i>

Old English: sċūr f (if not a spurious gender change of *skūr)

desctree

Old Norse: skúr
Icelandic: skúr
Faroese: skúrur
Norwegian Nynorsk: skur
Old Swedish: skūr
Swedish: skur, skura
Old Danish: skwr, skywr
Danish: skur, skure
Norwegian Bokmål: skur

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐍂𐌰 (skūra)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kuuro (see there for further descendants)

→? Finnish: kuura

* From a Proto-Indo-European root variously reconstructed as Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱēwer- (“north; north wind; cold wind; rain shower”) or Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱyeh₂w- (“north; north wind; cold wind; rain shower”), in the latter case in the ablaut form *(s)ḱyh̥₂u-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sě̀verъ (“north”), Lithuanian šiaurỹs (“north wind”) and Lithuanian šiáurė (“north”).
* Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱew- (“to stir up, excite”); or from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to cover”);


skūrō

Proto-West Germanic: *skūru

Old Frisian: skūre

West Frisian: skuorre

Old Saxon: skūr

desc

Middle Low German: schūr, schure, schüre

Low German: Schüür

→ Estonian: kuur

→ Old High German: scūr (probably; perhaps native)

Middle High German: schūr

German: Schauer (dialectal)

Old Dutch: skūra

Middle Dutch: scūre

Dutch: schuur

Old High German: skiura, skūra

Middle High German: schiure, schūre

German: Scheuer

Transylvanian Saxon: Schyre, Schure

→ Romanian: șură

→ Italian: scuro

→ Old French: escure

q

mixed with the word which is now German <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">Scheune</i>, or this represents a different oblique stem

Salian Frankish: *screunu (mixed with the word which is now German Scheune, or this represents a different oblique stem)

→ Medieval Latin: screona, screuna

desc

→ Old French: escriene, escraingne, escrienne, escrainge, ecrene, escreigne

Middle French: escriegne, escraigne, escrangne, escregne, escrene, escrenne, ecreigne, ecraigne

q

French: écrenne, écraigne (obsolete, a sort of underground, insulated peasant house, covered with manure)

From earlier *sku(w)enjō-, from *sku(w)en-, possibly from the dative form *sku(w)eni, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *skuH-ro-, from *(s)kewH- (“to cover”), related to Sanskrit स्कुनाति (skunāti, “he covers, protects”).


karilaz

karilaz (nominative singular)
karilōz (nominative plural)
karilōs (nominative plural)
karil (singular vocative)
karilōz (plural vocative)
karilōs (plural vocative)
karilą (accusative singular)
karilanz (accusative plural)
karilas (genitive singular)
karilis (genitive singular)
karilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
karilai (dative singular)
karilamaz (dative plural)
karilō (instrumental singular)
karilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *karil, *karul, *karl
Old English: ċeorl, ċiorl
Middle English: cherl, cheorl, churl
English: churl
Scots: churl
Yola: chourle
Old Frisian: tzerl, tzirl
North Frisian: keerl
West Frisian: tsjirl, tsjerl
Old Saxon: *keril
Middle Low German: kerl, kerle
Dutch Low Saxon: (Gronings, Achterhoeks) keerl, (Twents, Achterhoeks) kearl
German Low German: Kerel, Keerl
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Kǟrl
Suerländer-Märkisch: Kærl, Kæl, Kêrl
Westmünsterländisch: Käärl, Kerl, Kiärl
→ German: Kerl
→ Saterland Frisian: Käärel
Old Dutch: *keril, *karal, karl
Middle Dutch: carel, caerl, kerl, kerel
Dutch: kerel
Afrikaans: kêrel
Jersey Dutch: kääd'l
→ Saterland Frisian: kerel, kërel, kërdel
→ West Frisian: keardel, kearel
Limburgish: kaerel
Old High German: *keril, karal, karl
Middle High German: karl, karle, kërl, kërle
→ Old Polish: karzeł
Polish: karzeł
⇒ Old High German: Karl (given name)
German: Karl, Carl
→ English: Karl, Carl (see there for further descendants)
→ Latin: Carolus (see there for further descendants)
→ Proto-Slavic: *korľь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Norse: ᚲᚨᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ (karilaʀ)

Old Norse: karl, kall
Icelandic: karl
Faroese: kallur
Norwegian: kall, kar
→ Danish: kar
Norwegian Bokmål: kar
Jamtish: kall, karr (< *karaz)
Elfdalian: kall
Old Swedish: karilʀ
Swedish: karl
Danish: karl, kal
Norwegian Bokmål: kall
⇒ Old Norse: Karl (given name)
Icelandic: Karl, Carl
Faroese: Karl
Norwegian: Karl, Carl
Old Swedish: Karl
Swedish: Karl, Carl
Old Danish: Karl
Danish: Karl, Carl
→ Greenlandic: Karl, Kaarali, Kaarale
⇒ Old Norse: Karli, Karle, Kalli (diminutive)
Icelandic: Karli
Norwegian: Karle, Kalle, Calle
Old Swedish: Karle, Kalle
Swedish: Karli, Karle, Carli, Carlie, Karly, Kalle, Calle
→ Estonian: Kalle
Old Danish: Karli
Danish: Karli, Karly, Kalle, Calle
→ Greenlandic: Kaali
→ Finnish: Karli, Karle, Kaarle, Kalle, Kale, Kali, Kalla, Kallu
→ Estonian: Kalle
→ Swedish: Kaarle
→ Sami: Gállá, Kálle
→ English: Karl, Carl
→ Cebuano: Karl, Carl
→ Finnish: Karl
→ Sami: Kárral
→ Middle English: carl
Scots: carl, cairl, karl
English: carl

→ Finnish: karilas

→ Proto-Samic: *kāllēs (see there for further descendants)

A diminutive of *karaz (but a Proto-Indo-European l-stem according to Kroonen 2013). Probably from Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂- (“to become old, to grow”) and related to Ancient Greek γέρων (gérōn), Sanskrit जरन्त (jaranta), Old Armenian ծեր (cer), Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬴𐬀𐬥𐬙- (azarəṣ̌ant-), Tocharian A kwär-, Tocharian B kwär-, Hittite [script needed] (karu).


sinþaz

sinþaz (nominative singular)
sinþōz (nominative plural)
sinþōs (nominative plural)
sinþ (singular vocative)
sinþōz (plural vocative)
sinþōs (plural vocative)
sinþą (accusative singular)
sinþanz (accusative plural)
sinþas (genitive singular)
sinþis (genitive singular)
sinþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sinþai (dative singular)
sinþamaz (dative plural)
sinþō (instrumental singular)
sinþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sinþ, *sį̄þ (North Sea Germanic)
Old English: sīþ
Middle English: sith
English: sith
Old Frisian: sīth
Old Saxon: sīth
Old High German: sind, sint

Old Norse: sinn n, sinni

Icelandic: sinn

Faroese: sinn

Old Swedish: sin

Swedish: (någon-)sin, sinom

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃 (sinþs)

Vandalic: *sinda- (in personal names)

From Pre-Germanic *séntos, from Proto-Indo-European *sent- (“to head for, go”).

der

time (as in first time, many times), instance


harugaz

harugaz (nominative singular)
harugōz (nominative plural)
harugōs (nominative plural)
harug (singular vocative)
harugōz (plural vocative)
harugōs (plural vocative)
harugą (accusative singular)
haruganz (accusative plural)
harugas (genitive singular)
harugis (genitive singular)
harugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harugai (dative singular)
harugamaz (dative plural)
harugō (instrumental singular)
harugamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *harug

Old English: hearg; hearga

gl

byform of Middle English <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">halwe</i>

Middle English: harogh (byform of Middle English halwe)

desc

Middle English: Harwe, Harrough (various placenames)

English: Harrow (in place names)

Old Saxon: harug

Old High German: harug, haruc, haruch

→ Latin: haraho (Ripuarian Laws)

desctree

Old Norse: hǫrgr
Icelandic: hörgur m
Faroese: hørgur m
Norwegian Nynorsk: horg m
Norwegian Bokmål: horg m
Old Swedish: hargher m
Swedish: harg c, horg c, horv c
Danish: harg c, hørg c

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂k- (“fenced or enclosed area”), from *ḱerh₂-, from which also *hurną (“horn”). Cognate with Latin carcer (“fence; prison”), Irish carn (“heap of stones”).


gawahwaną

gawahwō (active first-person indicative singular)
gawahwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gawahwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gawahwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
gawahwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gawahw (active imperative second-person singular)
gawahwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gawahwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gawahwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
gawahwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gawahwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
gawahwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gawahwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gawahwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
gawahwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gawahwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gawahwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gawahwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gawahwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gawahwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gawahwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gawahwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gawahwid (active indicative plural second-person)
gawahwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gawahwid (active imperative plural second-person)
gawahwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gawahwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gawahwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
gawahwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gawahwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
gawahwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gawahwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gawōhw (active first-person indicative singular)
gawōwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gawōht (active indicative second-person singular)
gawōwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gawōhw (active indicative singular third-person)
gawōwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gawōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
gawōwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gawōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gawōwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gawōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
gawōwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gawōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
gawōwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gawōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
gawōwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gawahwandz (active participle present)
gawawanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gawahwan
Old Saxon: *giwahan
Middle Low German: *gewahen, gewagen; (wāgen (without prefix) < *wahwaną)
Old Dutch: *giwān
Middle Dutch: gewāgen
Dutch: gewagen
Old High German: giwahan, giwahanen
Middle High German: gewahen, gewähenen
German: gewähnen; erwähnen (with a different prefix)
→ Saterland Frisian: ärwääne

/ɣɑ.ˈwɑ.xʷɑ.nɑ̃/

From *ga- + *wahwaną, from Proto-Indo-European *wekʷ- (“to speak”).


lūþarō

lūþarō (nominative singular)
lūþarôz (nominative plural)
lūþarō (singular vocative)
lūþarôz (plural vocative)
lūþarǭ (accusative singular)
lūþarōz (accusative plural)
lūþarōz (genitive singular)
lūþarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lūþarōi (dative singular)
lūþarōmaz (dative plural)
lūþarō (instrumental singular)
lūþarōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *lūthere (only in lūthereslān (“repayment given from a son to his mother”))

Old Saxon: lūthara

Old Dutch: *lūthara

Middle Dutch: ludere

Dutch: luier, luur

Old High German: lūdara

Middle High German: lūdere

German: -lauder (obsolete)

Gothic: 𐌻𐌿𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰 (luþara)


luþô

luþô (nominative singular)
luþaniz (nominative plural)
luþô (singular vocative)
luþaniz (plural vocative)
luþanų (accusative singular)
luþanunz (accusative plural)
luþiniz (genitive singular)
luþanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
luþini (dative singular)
luþammaz (dative plural)
luþinē (instrumental singular)
luþammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: loþa

Old Frisian: lotha

Old Saxon: lotho

Middle Low German: lode

Old High German: lodo, ludo

Middle High German: lode

German: Lode, Loden

→ English: loden

→ Dutch: loden

Old Norse: loði; (loðinn (adj)

Icelandic: loði; (loðinn)

(Faroese: loðin)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)lūt-, *lūd- (“weak, languid”).


fadiz

fadiz (nominative singular)
fadīz (nominative plural)
fadi (singular vocative)
fadīz (plural vocative)
fadį (accusative singular)
fadinz (accusative plural)
fadīz (genitive singular)
fadjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fadī (dative singular)
fadimaz (dative plural)
fadī (instrumental singular)
fadimiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: *𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃 (*faþs) (only found in compounds, e.g. 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌸𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃 (brūþfaþs, “bridegroom”), 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃 (hundafaþs, “centurion”), 𐍃𐍅𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍉𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃 (swnagōgafaþs, “leader of a synagogue”))

From Pre-Germanic *potís, via unexplained accent shift from Proto-Indo-European *pótis.


-þrą

-þrą (nominative singular)
-þrō (nominative plural)
-þrą (singular vocative)
-þrō (plural vocative)
-þrą (accusative singular)
-þrō (accusative plural)
-þras (genitive singular)
-þris (genitive singular)
-þrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-þrai (dative singular)
-þramaz (dative plural)
-þrō (instrumental singular)
-þramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-þr
Old English: -þor
Old Frisian: -ther
Old Saxon: *thar
Middle Low German: -der
Old Dutch: *-thar, *-dar, *-der
Middle Dutch: -der
Old High German: -dar
Middle High German: -der

Old Norse: -ðr

Icelandic: -ður

Old Swedish: -þer

Swedish: -der

Gothic: -𐌸𐍂 (-þr)

Forms nouns denoting a tool or instrument.

-dlą

l-variant Verner alternant; also from PIE *-dʰlom


lībą

lībą (nominative singular)
lībō (nominative plural)
lībą (singular vocative)
lībō (plural vocative)
lībą (accusative singular)
lībō (accusative plural)
lības (genitive singular)
lībis (genitive singular)
lībǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lībai (dative singular)
lībamaz (dative plural)
lībō (instrumental singular)
lībamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *līb
Old English: līf
Middle English: lyf, leyfe, lif, life, lijf, live
English: life
Scots: life, leif
Yola: lief, life
Old Frisian: līf
North Frisian: liff
Saterland Frisian: Lieuw
West Frisian: liif
Old Saxon: līf
Middle Low German: lîf
German Low German: Lif n, Lief n
Plautdietsch: Läwen
Old Dutch: līf
Middle Dutch: lijf
Dutch: lijf
Afrikaans: lyf
Berbice Creole Dutch: lifu
Negerhollands: lief, lif, lijf
Limburgish: lief
Zealandic: lief
Old High German: līb
Middle High German: līp, līph, līf, līb
Alemannic German: Liib
Central Franconian: Liev, Leiv
Hunsrik: Leib
Luxembourgish: Läif, Leif
Cimbrian: laip
German: Leib
Vilamovian: łaowa
Yiddish: לײַב (layb)

Old Norse: líf
Icelandic: líf
Faroese: lív
Norn: liv
Norwegian Bokmål: liv
Norwegian Nynorsk: liv
Elfdalian: liv, laiv
Old Swedish: līf
Swedish: liv
Danish: liv
Gutnish: liev

Likely derived from *lībaną (“to remain”).


Hrōþiwulfaz

Hrōþiwulfaz (nominative singular)
Hrōþiwulf (singular vocative)
Hrōþiwulfą (accusative singular)
Hrōþiwulfai (dative singular)
Hrōþiwulfō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Hrōþiwulf
Old English: Hrōþwulf, Hrōþulf
Old Saxon: *Hrōtholf
Middle Low German: Rōdolf, Rōdelof
Old Dutch: *Ruotholf
Middle Dutch: Roedolf, Roelof
Dutch: Roedolf, Roelof, Roel (may also be from Roeland)
Old High German: *Hruodwolf, *Ruodolf
Middle High German: Ruodolf
German: Rudolf, Rudolph, Rudi
→ Dutch: Rudolf, Ruud
→ English: Rudolf, Rudolph, Rudy
→ Medieval Latin: Ruodolfus, Ruodolphus, Rodolphus
Italian: Rodolfo
→ English: Rodolphus

desc

*ᚺᚱᛟᚦᛁᚹᚢᛚᚠᚨᛉ

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚱᛟᚦᛁᚹᚢᛚᚠᚨᛉ (*hroþiwulfaʀ /*Hrōþiwulfaʀ/)

Old Norse: Hróðulfr, Hróðólfr, Hrólfr

Icelandic: Hróðólfur, Hrólfur

Faroese: Rólvur, Róðolvur

Norwegian Nynorsk: Rolv, Rodolv, Rodulv

Swedish: Rolf, Rodulf

Danish: Rolf

→ English: Rolf

→ Latin: Rollo

Old French: Rollon

→ Norman: Rouf, Rou

From *hrōþiz (“praise, fame, glory, renown”) + *wulfaz (“wolf”).


Aþalawulfaz

Aþalawulfaz (nominative singular)
Aþalawulf (singular vocative)
Aþalawulfą (accusative singular)
Aþalawulfai (dative singular)
Aþalawulfō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Aþalawulf

Old English: Æþelwulf, Æþulf

Middle English: Alulf

→ English: Ethelwolf

Old High German: Adalwolf

Middle High German: Adolf

German: Adolf, Adolph

Gothic: *𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌻𐌰𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐍃 (*aþalawulfs) (attested as Atawulf, Athaulf, king of the Visigoths)

→ English: Adolf, Adolph

→ Latin: Adolphus

→ English: Adolphus

→ Czech: Adolf

→ Danish: Adolf

→ Icelandic: Adolf, Adólf

→ Faroese: Adolf

→ Finnish: Adolf

→ Hungarian: Adolf

→ Polish: Adolf

→ Dutch: Adolf

→ Norwegian: Adolf

→ Slovene: Adolf

→ Slovak: Adolf

→ Swedish: Adolf

→ Spanish: Adolfo, Ataúlfo

→ Portuguese: Adolfo

→ Italian: Adolfo

→ Esperanto: Adolfo

→ Lithuanian: Adolfas

→ French: Adolphe

→ Russian: Адо́льф (Adólʹf)

From *aþalaz (“noble”) + *wulfaz (“wolf”).


Hrōþigaizaz

Hrōþigaizaz (nominative singular)
Hrōþigaiz (singular vocative)
Hrōþigaizą (accusative singular)
Hrōþigaizai (dative singular)
Hrōþigaizō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Hrōþigaiʀ

Old English: Hrōþgār, Hrōðgār

Old High German: Ruodigēr, Ruodgēr

Middle High German: Rüedeger, Rüedger

German: Rüdiger, Rütger

→ Dutch: Rutger

→ Latin: Rogerius

Old French: Rogier

Catalan: Roger

Spanish: Rogelio

French: Roger

→ English: Roger, Rodger

Italian: Ruggero

→ Middle Dutch: Rogier

Dutch: Rogier

Old Norse: Hróðgeirr, Hróarr

Icelandic: Hróðgeir

Faroese: Róar

Norwegian: Rodgeir, Roar

From *hrōþiz (“fame”) + *gaizaz (“spear”).


Rēdawulfaz

Rēdawulfaz (nominative singular)
Rēdawulf (singular vocative)
Rēdawulfą (accusative singular)
Rēdawulfai (dative singular)
Rēdawulfō (instrumental singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Rādawulf
Old English: Rǣdwulf
Middle English: Radulf
English: Ralph
→ German: Ralf
→ Norwegian: Ralf
→ Swedish: Ralf
Old Saxon: Rādolf
Old Dutch: *Rādolf
Middle Dutch: Radolf
Old High German: Ratolf
→ Old French: Raol, Raoul
French: Raoul
→ Catalan: Raül
→ English: Raoul
→ Portuguese: Raul
→ Spanish: Raúl

Old Norse: Ráðulfr

Norwegian Nynorsk: Rådulv, Rådolv

Swedish: Rådulf

Danish: Radulf

→ German: Radulf

→ Old English: Raulf

→ Old French: Radulf, Radulph (Norman)

From *rēdaz (“counsel”) + *wulfaz (“wolf”).


mērijaz

mērijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
mērijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
mērijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
mērijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
mēriją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
mērijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
mērijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
mērijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
mērijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
mērijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
mēriją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
mērijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
mērijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
mērīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
mērijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
mērijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
mērijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
mērijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
mērīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
mērijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
mērijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
mērijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
mērijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
mērijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
mērijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
mērijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
mērijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
mērijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
mērijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
mērijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
mērijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
mērijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
mērijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
mērijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
mērijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
mērijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
mērijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
mērijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
mērijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
mērijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
mērijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
mērijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
mērijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
mērijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
mērīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
mērijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
mērijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
mērijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
mērīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
mērijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
mērīni (dative masculine singular weak)
mērijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
mērijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
mērijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
mērīni (dative neuter singular weak)
mērijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
mērīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
mērijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
mērijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
mērijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
mērīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
mērijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *mārī
Old English: mǣre
Middle English: mere
English: mere (partially)
Old Frisian: mēre
Old Saxon: māri
Old Dutch: māri
Middle Dutch: mâre
Old High German: māri
Middle High German: mære
Alemannic German: määr

Proto-Norse: *ᛗᚨᚱᛁᛉ (*mariʀ /mārīz/)
Old Norse: mærr
Icelandic: mær
Old Swedish: mǣr

Gothic: *𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (*mēreis) (in 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (wailamēreis))

Vandalic: *mēr, *mērV-

Vṛddhi gerundive of otherwise unattested strong verb *meraną, the original meaning being "shining". Cognate with Old Church Slavonic мѣръ (měrŭ), Old Irish már, mór.


Þeudōrīks

Þeudōrīks (nominative singular)
Þeudōrīk (singular vocative)
Þeudōrīkų (accusative singular)
Þeudōrīkiz (genitive singular)
Þeudōrīki (dative singular)
Þeudōrīkē (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Þeudurīk

Old English: Þēodrīċ, Ðeodric
→ English: Thedric
→ Old Welsh: Tewdrig

Old Saxon: *Thiodarīk

Middle Low German: Dēderic

→ Swedish: Didrik

→ Norwegian: Didrik, Diderich

→ Danish: Didrik, Diderich

→ English: Derek

→ Old Norse: Þiðrekr, Þiðrikr

Faroese: Tíðrikur

Frankish: *Theodarīk

Old Dutch: *Thiodarīk

Middle Dutch: Diederic, Dieric

Dutch: Diederik, Dirk

→ English: Dirk

→ Old French: Thierri, Tierri

French: Thierry

→ English: Terry

Old High German: Diotrih, Theotrih, Detrih, Deotrich
Middle High German: Dietrich
German: Dietrich
→ Czech: Dětřich

desc

Old Norse: Þjóðrekr, Þjórekr, ᚦᛁᛆᚢᚱᛁᚴᛧ (þiaurikʀ) (Rök runestone)

Icelandic: Þjóðrekur, Þjóðríkur

Norwegian: Tjodrik

Swedish: Tjudrik, Tjudrek

Gothic: *𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (*þiudareiks)

→ Galician: Toiriz (place name; alternatively from Suebic)

→ Latin: Theodoricus, Theodericus

French: Théodoric

Galician: Toiriz (place name)

Italian: Teodorico

Spanish: Teodorico

→ English: Theoderic, Theodoric

→ Middle High German: Theodoricus; Theodericus (late 14th and 15th century)

→ German: Theoderich, Theodorich

→ German: Theuderich

From *þeudō (“people”) + *rīks (“king, ruler”). Equivalent to Proto-Celtic *Toutorīxs.


sundī

sundī (nominative singular)
sundijôz (nominative plural)
sundī (singular vocative)
sundijôz (plural vocative)
sundijǭ (accusative singular)
sundijōz (accusative plural)
sundijōz (genitive singular)
sundijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sundijōi (dative singular)
sundijōmaz (dative plural)
sundijō (instrumental singular)
sundijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: sunde, sunde, sende

Saterland Frisian: Sände, Säände

West Frisian: sûnde

Old Saxon: sundia

Middle Low German: sunde

desc

German Low German: Sünde, Sünd, Sünne, Sünn

Plautdietsch: Sind

Old Dutch: sunda

Middle Dutch: sonde, sunde

Dutch: zonde

Afrikaans: sonde

Old High German: suntea, sunta

Middle High German: sunde, sünde

German: Sünde

Hunsrik: Sind

Luxembourgish: Sënd

Vilamovian: zynd

Yiddish: זינד (zind)

Old Norse: synd

Icelandic: synd

Faroese: synd

Norwegian: synd

Old Swedish: synd

Swedish: synd

→ Finnish: synti

Danish: synd

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁s-n̥t-íh₂, the feminine form of *h₁sónts (“being, true”), itself the present participle of *h₁es- (“to be”), from which the present tense forms of Germanic *wesaną also descend. The sense would have originally implied a verdict of "truly guilty" against an accusation or charge.

something that should not be; sin, crime


Friþugaizaz

Friþugaizaz (nominative singular)
Friþugaiz (singular vocative)
Friþugaizą (accusative singular)
Friþugaizai (dative singular)
Friþugaizō (instrumental singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Friþugaiʀ
Old English: Friþugār, Freoþegār, Freoþogār, Friþogār
Old High German: Frithugēr, Fridugēr
German: Fridger, Friedger, Friedeger
→ Latin: Fredegarus
French: Frédégaire
Italian: Fredegario
Greek: Φρεδέγαρος (Fredégaros)

Old Norse: Friðgeirr

Icelandic: Friðgeir

Norwegian: Fridgeir, Fredgeir

Old Swedish: Fridhger

Old Danish: Frithger

From *friþuz (“peace”) + *gaizaz (“spear”).


luhsaz

luhsaz (nominative singular)
luhsōz (nominative plural)
luhsōs (nominative plural)
luhs (singular vocative)
luhsōz (plural vocative)
luhsōs (plural vocative)
luhsą (accusative singular)
luhsanz (accusative plural)
luhsas (genitive singular)
luhsis (genitive singular)
luhsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
luhsai (dative singular)
luhsamaz (dative plural)
luhsō (instrumental singular)
luhsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *luhs
Old English: lox
Middle English: lusk (found in luskwerk)
Scots: los (possibly through Middle Dutch or Middle Low German)
English: los, loz
Old Frisian: *luks, *loks
Saterland Frisian: Luks
Old Saxon: lohs, los
Middle Low German: *luhs, lūs, los
Old Dutch: *lohs, *los
Middle Dutch: los
Dutch: los
→ English: losse (dated)
Old High German: luhs
Middle High German: luhs
German: Luchs
→ Low German: Luks
→ Luxembourgish: Luchs
⇒ German: abluchsen (partly)
Luxembourgish: Luuss (dated)

Old Norse: *lóa (from *luhǭ, possibly by analogy with *fuhǭ)

Danish: los

Old Swedish: lō

Swedish: lo

From Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“to be bright, be light, shine”).


saipǭ

saipǭ (nominative singular)
saipōniz (nominative plural)
saipǭ (singular vocative)
saipōniz (plural vocative)
saipōnų (accusative singular)
saipōnunz (accusative plural)
saipōniz (genitive singular)
saipōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
saipōni (dative singular)
saipōmaz (dative plural)
saipōnē (instrumental singular)
saipōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *saipā
Old English: sāpe
Middle English: sope, sape
English: soap (see there for further descendants)
Scots: saip, sape
→ Middle Irish: sóp
→ Old Norse: sápa
Icelandic: sápa
Faroese: sápa
Norwegian: såpa, såpe
→ Danish: såpe
Norwegian Bokmål: såpe
Old Swedish: sāpa
Swedish: såpa
→ Finnish: suopa, soopa
Old Frisian: *sēpe
Saterland Frisian: Seepe
West Frisian: sjippe
Old Saxon: *sēpa
Middle Low German: sēpe, seipe
German Low German: Seep
Dutch Low Saxon: ziepe, zaip, zaipe, zeeip, zepe, zeip, ziep, zaibe, zeep
→ Estonian: seep
→ Danish: sæbe
Norwegian Bokmål: sæbe, sæpe, sepe
→ Latvian: ziepes
Old Dutch: *sēpa, *seipa
Middle Dutch: sêpe, seipe
Dutch: zeep
Afrikaans: seep (see there for further descendants)
Berbice Creole Dutch: sepu
Skepi Creole Dutch: sepu
→ Akawaio: seepoo, sawana
→ Pemon: seepoo, sawana
→ Lokono: sêpo
Limburgish: zeip
Old High German: seipfa, seiffa, seifa
Middle High German: seife
Alemannic German: Seif, Seife, Seifi, Seipfe, Soapfe
Swabian: Soif
Bavarian: Saf, Soaffa, Soaf
Central Franconian: Seef, Sääf, Seif
Hunsrik: Seif
Luxembourgish: Seef
East Central German:
Vilamovian: zaof
East Franconian: Saafe
German: Seife
Rhine Franconian: Saaf, Saaif, Sääf, Sääif, Seef
Frankfurterisch: [saːf]
Pennsylvania German: Seef
Yiddish: זייף (zeyf)

Finnic:

→ Finnish: saippua
→ Ingrian: saippu
→ Northern Sami: sáibu

→ Latin: sāpō (see there for further descendants)

Of unclear origin. One theory derives the term from Proto-Indo-European *seyb- (“to pour out, dribble, strain, trickle”), and compares it with Latin sēbum (“tallow, grease”).


liþugaz

*liþugaz (a-stem)

liþugaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
liþugai (masculine nominative plural strong)
liþugō (feminine nominative singular strong)
liþugôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
liþugą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
liþugō (neuter nominative plural strong)
liþuganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
liþuganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
liþugǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
liþugōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
liþugą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
liþugō (accusative neuter plural strong)
liþugas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
liþugaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
liþugaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
liþugaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
liþugas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
liþugaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
liþugammai (dative masculine singular strong)
liþugaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
liþugaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
liþugaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
liþugammai (dative neuter singular strong)
liþugaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
liþuganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
liþugaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
liþugaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
liþugaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
liþuganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
liþugaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
liþugô (masculine nominative singular weak)
liþuganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
liþugǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
liþugōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
liþugô (neuter nominative singular weak)
liþugōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
liþuganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
liþuganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
liþugōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
liþugōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
liþugô (accusative neuter singular weak)
liþugōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
liþuginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
liþuganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
liþugōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
liþugōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
liþuginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
liþuganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
liþugini (dative masculine singular weak)
liþugammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
liþugōni (dative feminine singular weak)
liþugōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
liþugini (dative neuter singular weak)
liþugammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
liþuginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
liþugammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
liþugōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
liþugōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
liþuginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
liþugammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: liþiġ

Middle English: lethi

English: lithy

Old Frisian: lethoch, lethech, lethich

Saterland Frisian: leedich

West Frisian: liddich, leeg

Old Saxon: *lithig

Middle Low German: ledich

German Low German: leddig

Plautdietsch: lädich

→ Danish: ledig

→ Swedish: ledig

→ Norwegian: ledig

Frankish: *lithig

Old Dutch: *lithig

desctree

Middle Dutch: lēdich
Dutch: leeg, ledig, leêg
Negerhollands: leeg
→ Sranan Tongo: leigi
→ Aukan: leigi
→ Caribbean Javanese: légi
Limburgish: leidig, laeg

→ Old French: liege, lige

→ English: liege

Old High German: *lidig (?)

i

Middle High German: lëdec, lëdic, leidec (expected i-form is rare; northern influence is speculative)

desc

Central Franconian: leddig, lääch, lädig

Hunsrik: lettich

German: ledig

Yiddish: ליידיק (leydik)

Old Norse: liðugr

Icelandic: liðugur

Faroese: liðugur

Old Swedish: lidhugher

Swedish: ledig (likely from Low German)

Presumably from *liþuz (“joint, member”) + *-gaz (forms adjectives from nouns and verbs with a sense of “being, having or doing”).


fraiwą

fraiwą (nominative singular)
fraiwō (nominative plural)
fraiwą (singular vocative)
fraiwō (plural vocative)
fraiwą (accusative singular)
fraiwō (accusative plural)
fraiwas (genitive singular)
fraiwis (genitive singular)
fraiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fraiwai (dative singular)
fraiwamaz (dative plural)
fraiwō (instrumental singular)
fraiwamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: frjó, fræ

Icelandic: frjó, fræ

Faroese: fræ

Norwegian: frø, fræ, frjo

Dalian: fri, fre

Old Swedish: frö

Swedish: frö

Old Danish: frø

Danish: frø

→ Middle English: fry

Scots: fry, frie

English: fry

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍅 (fraiw)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)per-, *(s)prey- (“to strew, sow”).


taihwǭ

taihwǭ (nominative singular)
taihwōniz (nominative plural)
taihwǭ (singular vocative)
taihwōniz (plural vocative)
taihwōnų (accusative singular)
taihwōnunz (accusative plural)
taihwōniz (genitive singular)
taihwōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
taihwōni (dative singular)
taihwōmaz (dative plural)
taihwōnē (instrumental singular)
taihwōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *taihā
Old English: tā, tāhe (Mercian)
Middle English: ta, to
Scots: ta, tae
English: toe
Old Frisian: tāne (originally a plural?)
Saterland Frisian: Tone
West Frisian: tean
Old Saxon: *tēha
Middle Low German: tē
Low German: Tehn, Töhn, Teuhn
Old Dutch: *tēa
Middle Dutch: tee
Dutch: teen (plural reanalysed as singular), toon (dialectal, also a plural reanalysed as singular)
Afrikaans: toon
Old High German: zēha
Middle High German: zēhe, zē
Alemannic German: Zeewe
Bavarian: Zächa
Central Franconian: Zieh
German: Zehe, Zeh
Luxembourgish: Zéif
Pennsylvania German: Zehe, Zeh

Old Norse: tá
Icelandic: tá
Faroese: tá
Norwegian Nynorsk: tå
Norwegian Bokmål: tå
Swedish: tå
Danish: tå

From Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ- (“to point out”). Cognate with Latin digitus (“toe, finger, digit”), Latin dīcō (“say, indicate, point out”).


mōsą

mōsą (nominative singular)
mōsō (nominative plural)
mōsą (singular vocative)
mōsō (plural vocative)
mōsą (accusative singular)
mōsō (accusative plural)
mōsas (genitive singular)
mōsis (genitive singular)
mōsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mōsai (dative singular)
mōsamaz (dative plural)
mōsō (instrumental singular)
mōsamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mōs
Old English: mōs
Middle English: mos, mose
>? English: mush
>? Scots: moosh
Old Frisian: mōs
Saterland Frisian: Muus
⇒ Saterland Frisian: Muusmas
⇒ Saterland Frisian: Appelmuus, Apelmuus
⇒ Saterland Frisian: Gemöis (possibly from German)
West Frisian: moes
Old Saxon: *mōs
Middle Low German: môs
German Low German: Moos
Plautdietsch: Mooss
→ Estonian: moos
Old Dutch: muos
Middle Dutch: moes
Dutch: moes
Afrikaans: moes
→ English: moose
Old High German: muos
Middle High German: muos
Alemannic German: Mues
→ French: mouise
⇒ Alemannic German: Müesli (diminutive) (see there for further descendants)
German: Mus
Luxembourgish: Mous
⇒ Middle High German: gemüese
Bavarian: Gmias
German: Gemüse
Hunsrik: Gemies
Luxembourgish: Geméis
Pennsylvania German: Gemies

Old Norse: *mós

Norwegian Bokmål: mos

Norwegian Nynorsk: mos

Swedish: mos

→ Finnish: muusi

Danish: mos

An ablaut variant of the root *mat-, usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d- (“wet, liquid, fat, dripping”); compare *matjaną (“to lap up, eat”). Contrary to Pokorny and followers, Kroonen separates the Germanic food words from this root, instead linking Ancient Greek μεστός (mestós, “full”) for a root *med- (“to satiate”).


manō

manō (nominative singular)
manôz (nominative plural)
manō (singular vocative)
manôz (plural vocative)
manǭ (accusative singular)
manōz (accusative plural)
manōz (genitive singular)
manǫ̂ (genitive plural)
manōi (dative singular)
manōmaz (dative plural)
manō (instrumental singular)
manōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *manu
Old English: manu
Middle English: mane
Scots: mane
English: mane
Old Frisian: *mane; mana, mona
North Frisian: man
Saterland Frisian: Moone
West Frisian: moannen, moanjes
Old Saxon: *mana
Middle Low German: māne, man
German Low German: Mahn
Old Dutch: *mana
Middle Dutch: māne
Dutch: maan
⇒ Afrikaans: maanhaar
Limburgish: maan
Old High German: mana
Middle High German: man, mane
German: Mähne
Luxembourgish: Munn

Old Norse: mǫn

Icelandic: mön

Faroese: mon

Norwegian Bokmål: man

Norwegian Nynorsk: man

Old Swedish: man

Swedish: man

Danish: man

From Proto-Indo-European *mono- (“neck, nape; ornament”), from Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to project, peak, tower over, protrude”). Compare with Latin monile (“necklace”) and Old Irish muin (“neck”).


tunglą

tunglą (nominative singular)
tunglō (nominative plural)
tunglą (singular vocative)
tunglō (plural vocative)
tunglą (accusative singular)
tunglō (accusative plural)
tunglas (genitive singular)
tunglis (genitive singular)
tunglǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tunglai (dative singular)
tunglamaz (dative plural)
tunglō (instrumental singular)
tunglamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tungl
Old English: tungol
Middle English: tungol
Old Saxon: tungal
Old High German: *zungal

Old Norse: tungl
Icelandic: tungl
Faroese: tungl
Elfdalian: tunggel
Old Swedish: tungel
Swedish: (dated, dialectal) tungel

Gothic: 𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐌻 (tuggl)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰn̥ǵʰ- (“covering, overcast”). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *dangāˀ.


himinaz

himinaz (nominative singular)
himinōz (nominative plural)
himinōs (nominative plural)
himin (singular vocative)
himinōz (plural vocative)
himinōs (plural vocative)
himiną (accusative singular)
himinanz (accusative plural)
himinas (genitive singular)
himinis (genitive singular)
himinǫ̂ (genitive plural)
himinai (dative singular)
himinamaz (dative plural)
himinō (instrumental singular)
himinamiz (instrumental plural)

>? Proto-West Germanic: *hebun (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-West Germanic: *himil (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Old Norse: himinn, hifinn
Icelandic: himinn, hifinn
Faroese: himin
Old Swedish: himin
Old Danish: himæn
Old Gutnish: himin

Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃 (himins)

Unclear, but possibly descending from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱmō (“stone?”) with heavy remodelling, including apparent metathesis similar to Proto-Slavic *kamy. The difference in meaning seems to be bridged by Ancient Greek ἄκμων (ákmōn), meaning among other things 'meteorite'. Kroonen suggests 'heavenly vault' as the original meaning. Compare also Iranian cognates such as Persian آسمان (âsemân, âsmân, “sky, heaven”).
Kroonen proposes descent primarily from the genitive *h₂ḱm̥nós, yielding first in Germanic a paradigm with nominative *hemō, genitive *hemnaz, dative *hemeni, later levelled further to give two parallel stems *hemina- and *hemna-.


wunskijaną

wunskijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wunskijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wunskijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wunskīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wunskijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wunskī (active imperative second-person singular)
wunskijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wunskijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wunskīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wunskijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wunskijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wunskijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wunskijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wunskijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wunskijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wunskijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wunskijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wunskijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wunskijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wunskijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wunskijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wunskijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wunskīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wunskijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wunskīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wunskijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wunskijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wunskijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wunskijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wunskijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wunskijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wunskijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wunskidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wunskidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wunskidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wunskidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wunskidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wunskidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wunskidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wunskidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wunskidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wunskidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wunskidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wunskidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wunskidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wunskidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wunskidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wunskidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wunskijandz (active participle present)
wunskidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wunskijan
Old English: wȳsċan
Middle English: wüschen, wischen, wisshen
Scots: wis
English: wish
Yola: vish
Old Frisian: *wenskia, *wunskia (likely a borrowing?)
Saterland Frisian: wonskje
West Frisian: winskje
Old Saxon: *wunskian
Middle Low German: wunschen
German Low German: wönschen, wünsken (Westphalian)
Low German: wöösken
Plautdietsch: wenschen
Old Dutch: *wunsken
Middle Dutch: wonschen (eastern), wunschen (eastern), wenschen (western)
Dutch: wensen
Limburgish: wönsje
Old High German: wunsken, wunscen
Middle High German: wunschen
German: wünschen
→ Czech: vinšovat
→ Polish: winszować
→ Belarusian: віншава́ць (vinšavácʹ)
→ Ukrainian: віншува́ти (vinšuváty)
→ Carpathian Rusyn: вінчова́ти (vinčováty)
→ Slovak: vinšovať
Luxembourgish: wënschen
Yiddish: ווינטשן (vintshn)
→ Serbo-Croatian: приу̀штити, priùštiti
→ Slovene: voščiti, privoščiti

Old Norse: œskja, ǿskja, ýskja
Icelandic: æskja
Faroese: ynskja
Norwegian Nynorsk: ynskja, ønskja; (dialectal) yskje, yski
Jamtish: ønskje
Old Swedish: ȳskia, ø̄skia, ønskia
Swedish: önska
Old Danish: ȳskæ
Danish: ønske
Norwegian Bokmål: ønske
Elfdalian: yönstja
Gutnish: ynske

→? Proto-Finnic: *uskodak

From *wunskaz (“wish”) + *-janą or *wunskō (“wish”) + *-janą, from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to wish, love”).


balwaz

*balwaz (a-stem)

balwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
balwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
balwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
balwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
balwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
balwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
balwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
balwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
balwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
balwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
balwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
balwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
balwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
balwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
balwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
balwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
balwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
balwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
balwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
balwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
balwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
balwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
balwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
balwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
balwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
balwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
balwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
balwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
balwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
balwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
balwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
balwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
balwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
balwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
balwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
balwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
balwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
balwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
balwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
balwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
balwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
balwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
balwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
balwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
balwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
balwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
balwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
balwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
balwini (dative masculine singular weak)
balwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
balwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
balwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
balwini (dative neuter singular weak)
balwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
balwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
balwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
balwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
balwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
balwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
balwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *balu
Old English: bealu
Old Frisian: *bale
West Frisian: bal
Old Saxon: *balu, *balo
Middle Low German: bal
Old Dutch: *balo
Middle Dutch: bal

Old Norse: *bǫlvíss

Icelandic: bölvís

Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌿𐍃 (*balus) (in 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌰𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹 (balwawēsei) (< *balwa-wēs-); 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (balwjan))

Unknown. Possibly related to Old Church Slavonic болѣти (bolěti, “to be sick, be in pain”), Cornish bal (“disease”).


brestaną

brestō (active first-person indicative singular)
brestaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brestai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bristizi (active indicative second-person singular)
brestaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brest (active imperative second-person singular)
brestazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brestaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bristidi (active indicative singular third-person)
brestai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brestadau (active imperative singular third-person)
brestadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brestaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brestōz (active dual first-person indicative)
brestaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brestadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brestaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brestadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brestamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brestaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brestandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brestaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bristid (active indicative plural second-person)
brestaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bristid (active imperative plural second-person)
brestandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brestaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brestandi (active indicative plural third-person)
brestain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brestandau (active imperative plural third-person)
brestandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brestaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brast (active first-person indicative singular)
brustį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brast (active indicative second-person singular)
brustīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brast (active indicative singular third-person)
brustī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brustū (active dual first-person indicative)
brustīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brustudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brustīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brustum (active first-person indicative plural)
brustīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brustud (active indicative plural second-person)
brustīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brustun (active indicative plural third-person)
brustīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brestandz (active participle present)
brustanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *brestan
Old English: berstan
Middle English: bresten, bersten
English: burst, bust
Scots: brist, bryst
Old Frisian: bersta
North Frisian: baast (Föhr-Amrum)
Saterland Frisian: bäärste
West Frisian: barste, boarste
Old Saxon: *brestan
Middle Low German: bersten, barsten, borsten
German Low German: barsten, basten
Old Dutch: brestan
Middle Dutch: bersten, barsten
Dutch: barsten, bersten
Old High German: *brestan, prestan, *bristan
Middle High German: brësten, bresten
German: bresten, bersten
Luxembourgish: baschten
→ Old French: brisier, briser; debrisier
Middle French: briser; debriser
French: briser; débris
→ English: debris
→ Middle Dutch: *brisen; briselen
Dutch: verbrijzelen

Old Norse: bresta

Icelandic: bresta

Faroese: bresta

Old Swedish: brista, bræsta

Swedish: brista

Norwegian Bokmål: briste

Norwegian Nynorsk: breste

Danish: briste

Gothic: *𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 (*bristan) (in derivatives)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰres- (“to burst, break, crack, split, separate”).


sūliz

sūliz (nominative singular)
sūlīz (nominative plural)
sūli (singular vocative)
sūlīz (plural vocative)
sūlį (accusative singular)
sūlinz (accusative plural)
sūlīz (genitive singular)
sūlijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sūlī (dative singular)
sūlimaz (dative plural)
sūlī (instrumental singular)
sūlimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sūli
Old English: sȳl
Middle English: syle
English: sile
Scots: sile, syle, cyle
Old Frisian: sēle
Old Saxon: sūl
Middle Low German: sûl, sûle
German Low German: Süül
Old Dutch: sūl
Middle Dutch: suul
Dutch: zuil
→ West Frisian: suil
Limburgish: zuul
Old High German: sūl
Middle High German: sūl
German: Säule
Luxembourgish: Sail
Yiddish: זײַל (zayl)

Old Norse: súl, súla

Danish: sule

Faroese: súla

Icelandic: súla

Norwegian: sul

Swedish: sula; sul (dialectal)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐍃 (sauls)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱsewl-, *ḱswel- (“log”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱsew-, *ḱes- (“to scratch, comb”).


sulą

sulą (nominative singular)
sulō (nominative plural)
sulą (singular vocative)
sulō (plural vocative)
sulą (accusative singular)
sulō (accusative plural)
sulas (genitive singular)
sulis (genitive singular)
sulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sulai (dative singular)
sulamaz (dative plural)
sulō (instrumental singular)
sulamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: sol- (prefix)

From Proto-Indo-European *sūl- (“thick liquid, muck”).


tiną

tiną (nominative singular)
tinō (nominative plural)
tiną (singular vocative)
tinō (plural vocative)
tiną (accusative singular)
tinō (accusative plural)
tinas (genitive singular)
tinis (genitive singular)
tinǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tinai (dative singular)
tinamaz (dative plural)
tinō (instrumental singular)
tinamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tin
Old English: tin
Middle English: tyn, tin, tyne, tynne
English: tin
→ Atong (India): tin
→ Iban: tin
→ Indonesian: tin
→ Norman: tinne
Tok Pisin: tin
Scots: tin
Old Frisian: tinn
Saterland Frisian: Tin
West Frisian: tin
Old Saxon: tin
Middle Low German: tin, ten
German Low German: Tinn
Old Dutch: *tin
Middle Dutch: tin, ten
Dutch: tin
Afrikaans: tin
Old High German: zin
Middle High German: zin
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Zinn
German: Zinn
→ Czech: cín
→ Polish: cyna
→ Slovak: cín
Luxembourgish: Zënn

>? Old Norse: (probably a West Germanic loan) tin
Icelandic: tin
Faroese: tin
Norwegian Nynorsk: tinn
Norwegian Bokmål: tinn
Old Swedish: tin, tēn
Swedish: tenn
Danish: tin
Jamtish: tin

→ Proto-Samic: *tënē (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *tina

Of obscure origin, but would have likely evolved from Pre-Proto-Germanic *dinom, which Orel derives from Proto-Indo-European *deyh₂- (“to shine”); see Sanskrit दीप् (dīp, “to blaze, glow”) for more. Another theory takes the word as a borrowing from a pre-Indo-European substrate of western Europe, based on the tin bronze technology of the area in pre-Indo-European times.
Likely related to Old Irish tinne (“ingot”) (itself a hapax legomenon). The potential connection to Proto-Celtic *stagnos (“tin”) (whence Latin stannum (“id”)) suffers from many formal issues.

unk

obscure


etunaz

etunaz (nominative singular)
etunōz (nominative plural)
etunōs (nominative plural)
etun (singular vocative)
etunōz (plural vocative)
etunōs (plural vocative)
etuną (accusative singular)
etunanz (accusative plural)
etunas (genitive singular)
etunis (genitive singular)
etunǫ̂ (genitive plural)
etunai (dative singular)
etunamaz (dative plural)
etunō (instrumental singular)
etunamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *etun
Old English: eoten, eten
Middle English: eten, eotend, eatant, yoten, geten
English: etten, ettin, eaton
Scots: etin, etyn, eattin, yetin
Old Saxon: *etun, *etinna
Middle Low German: eteninne

Old Norse: jǫtunn

Icelandic: jötunn

Faroese: jøtun

Norwegian Nynorsk: jøtul, jutul

Norwegian Bokmål: jutul

Old Swedish: iætun, iætte

Swedish: jätte

→ Finnish: jätti

→ Finnish: jatuli

Old Danish: iætæn

Danish: jætte

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: jotun, jøtun (artificially revived)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: jotun (artificially revived)

→ English: jotun

→ Finnish: jotuni

→? Proto-Finnic: *etana (see there for further descendants)

From *etaną (“to eat”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed- (“to eat”).


bandijaną

bandijō (active first-person indicative singular)
bandijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bandijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bandīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
bandijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bandī (active imperative second-person singular)
bandijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bandijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bandīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bandijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bandijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bandijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bandijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bandijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bandijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bandijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bandijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bandijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bandijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bandijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bandijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bandijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bandīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bandijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bandīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bandijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bandijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bandijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bandijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bandijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bandijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bandijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bandidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bandidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bandidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bandidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bandidē (active indicative singular third-person)
bandidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bandidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bandidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bandidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bandidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bandidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bandidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bandidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bandidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bandidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bandidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bandijandz (active participle present)
bandidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bandijan
Old English: bendan
Middle English: benden
English: bend
Scots: bend
Old Saxon: *bendian
Middle Low German: benden
Old High German: *benten
Middle High German: benden
→ Old French: bender, bander
Middle French: bander
French: bander
→ Occitan: bendar
→ Italian: bendare, bandare
→ Spanish: vendar, bandar
→ Portuguese: vendar, bandar

Old Norse: benda

Icelandic: benda

Faroese: benda

Norwegian: bende

Old Swedish: bænda
Swedish: bända

Danish: bænde

From *bindaną + *-janą. The sense to "bend, inflect" (Old Norse and Old English only) is probably derived from the act of bending a bow in order to bind it.

(transitive) To bind, fetter, restrain; stretch


hrussą

hrussą (nominative singular)
hrussō (nominative plural)
hrussą (singular vocative)
hrussō (plural vocative)
hrussą (accusative singular)
hrussō (accusative plural)
hrussas (genitive singular)
hrussis (genitive singular)
hrussǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrussai (dative singular)
hrussamaz (dative plural)
hrussō (instrumental singular)
hrussamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hross, *hors
Old English: hors
Middle English: hors, horse, horsse, horce, ors
English: horse; hoss (see there for further descendants)
Scots: horse, hors
Old Frisian: hors, hars, hers, ros
North Frisian: hors
⇒ Saterland Frisian: rosje, rösje (“to groom (a horse)”, verb)
West Frisian: hoars; rosje (“to groom (a horse)”, verb)
Old Saxon: hros, hross, hors
Middle Low German: ros, ors
German Low German: Hüsi, Hiesi ?
Old Dutch: hors, ors, hers, ros
Middle Dutch: ors, hors, hers, ers, ros
Dutch: ros, hors (dialectal)
Afrikaans: ros
⇒ Dutch: rossen (“to groom (a horse)”, verb)
→ West Frisian: rosse (verb)
Old High German: hros, ros
Middle High German: ros, ors
Alemannic German: Ross
Bavarian: Ross
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Ross
Transylvanian Saxon: Räuss
German: Ross
→ Vulgar Latin: *rossa (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hross, hors
Icelandic: hross, hors
Faroese: ross, hors
Norn: russ
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: røss-
Norwegian Nynorsk: hors (“mare”)
Old Swedish: hors
Swedish: russ, hors (dialectal)
Danish: hors (dialectal)
Gutnish: russ

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: rossi

Uncertain. Theories include:
* From Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥sós (“vehicle”, literally “runner”), derived from Proto-Indo-European *ḱers- (“to run”).
* Borrowed from an Iranian language, from Proto-Iranian *(w)ŕ̥šā (“male animal”). Compare Ossetian уырс (wyrs, “stallion”). (Favored by Orel.)
* Less likely, derived from *hreusaną; compare Old English hrēosan (“to fall”), Old High German riosan (“to fall, plunge, rush”) and Lithuanian krùšti (“to trample”).


sīlą

sīlą (nominative singular)
sīlō (nominative plural)
sīlą (singular vocative)
sīlō (plural vocative)
sīlą (accusative singular)
sīlō (accusative plural)
sīlas (genitive singular)
sīlis (genitive singular)
sīlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sīlai (dative singular)
sīlamaz (dative plural)
sīlō (instrumental singular)
sīlamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: síl n, síld f

Icelandic: síld f

Faroese: síl n, sild f

Norn: sil; sild; sildin (Shetlandic)

Norwegian: sild f, sil (dialectal)

Old Swedish: sīldh f

Swedish: sill c, sil (dialectal)

Danish: sild c

Gutnish: sild, silld

→ Middle English: *sile, *silok

English: sile, sill, sillock

Scots: sile, sillock

→ Norn: silek; sillock

→ French: célerin (from síldhering)

→ Norman: célérin (Jèrriais) (from síldhering)

→ Latvian: siļķe f (from Norse or a daughter language, depending on the date of the borrowing)

→ Lithuanian: silkė f (from Norse or a daughter language, depending on the date of the borrowing)

desc

→ Old East Slavic: *сьлдь (*sĭldĭ), сельдь (selĭdĭ)

Old Ruthenian: сельдь (selʹdʹ)

desctree

⇒ Old Ruthenian: селе́децъ (selédecʹ), селе́дець (selédecʹ)
Belarusian: селядзе́ц (sjeljadzjéc); оселенец (ósjeljenjec) (dialectal)
Ukrainian: оселе́дець (oselédecʹ); селе́дець (selédecʹ) (dialectal)

→ Czech: sleď

→ Serbo-Croatian: сле̏ђ / slȅđ

Russian: сельдь f (selʹdʹ)

→ Bulgarian: се́лда (sélda)

→ Polish: śledź m

desc

→ Carpathian Rusyn: следзь (sledzʹ), следж (sledž)

→ Slovak: sleď

→ Welsh: sil


strikiz

strikiz (nominative singular)
strikīz (nominative plural)
striki (singular vocative)
strikīz (plural vocative)
strikį (accusative singular)
strikinz (accusative plural)
strikīz (genitive singular)
strikjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
strikī (dative singular)
strikimaz (dative plural)
strikī (instrumental singular)
strikimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *striki
Old English: strica
Middle English: streke
English: streak
Scots: strik, straik
Old Frisian: strike
North Frisian: strijck
Saterland Frisian: Striek
West Frisian: streek
Old Saxon: *striki
Middle Low German: streke
Low German: streek
→ Danish: streg
→ Swedish: streck
→ Icelandic: stryk, strykr
Old Dutch: *striki
Middle Dutch: strēke
Dutch: streek
Afrikaans: streek
Old High German: strih
Middle High German: strich
German: Strich
→ Russian: штрих (štrix)
Luxembourgish: Stréch, Strach

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌺𐍃 (striks)

From Proto-Indo-European *streyg- (“line, stroke, dash”).


strangiz

strangiz (nominative singular)
strangīz (nominative plural)
strangi (singular vocative)
strangīz (plural vocative)
strangį (accusative singular)
stranginz (accusative plural)
strangīz (genitive singular)
strangijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
strangī (dative singular)
strangimaz (dative plural)
strangī (instrumental singular)
strangimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *strangi
Old English: streng
Middle English: streng, string
Scots: string
English: string
→ Dutch: string
→ German: String
Old Frisian: *strang, *streng
Saterland Frisian: Strange (possibly borrowed from Middle Low German)
West Frisian: string
Old Saxon: *strang, *strengi
Middle Low German: strank, strange, strenc
German Low German: Strenge
Old Dutch: *streng (in placename Strink)
Middle Dutch: strenc, strenge
Dutch: streng
Afrikaans: streng
Old High German: stranc, strang
Middle High German: strank, stranc, strange
German: Strang

Old Norse: strengr

Icelandic: strengur

Faroese: strongur

Norwegian: streng

Old Swedish: strænger

Swedish: sträng

Old Danish: stræng

Danish: streng

Elfdalian: straingg

Gutnish: strängg

→ Irish: sreang

From Proto-Indo-European *strengʰ- (“rope, cord; to be tight”). Cognate with Ancient Greek στραγγός (strangós, “tied together, entangled, twisted”), Irish srincne (“umbilical cord”).


skuldiz

skuldiz (nominative singular)
skuldīz (nominative plural)
skuldi (singular vocative)
skuldīz (plural vocative)
skuldį (accusative singular)
skuldinz (accusative plural)
skuldīz (genitive singular)
skuldijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skuldī (dative singular)
skuldimaz (dative plural)
skuldī (instrumental singular)
skuldimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skuldi
Old English: sċyld, sċyldu
Middle English: schuld, shild
English: shild
Old Frisian: skeld
North Frisian: schild
Saterland Frisian: Skeeld
Old Saxon: *skuld, sculd
Middle Low German: schuld, schülde
German Low German: Schuld, Schüld
Old Dutch: skult
Middle Dutch: scult, scout
Dutch: schuld
Afrikaans: skuld
Old High German: *skuld, sculd, scult, sculda, sculta
Middle High German: schult, schulde
German: Schuld
→ Esperanto: ŝuldo
Luxembourgish: Schold
Yiddish: שולד (shuld)

Old Norse: skuld, Skuld, skyld

Icelandic: skuld

Faroese: skuld

Norwegian: skuld, skyld

Old Swedish: skuld, skyld

Swedish: skuld, skull

Danish: skyld

→ Scots: skuld, sculd, skyld

From Proto-Indo-European *skéltis, from Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to be obliged, be beholden to, owe, be guilty”), equivalent to Proto-Germanic *skulaną (“to be obligated, owe”) + *-þiz. Cognate with Lithuanian kaltė (“guilt”).


skuldiz

skuldiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
skuldijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
skuldī (feminine nominative singular strong)
skuldijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
skuldį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
skuldijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
skuldijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
skuldijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
skuldijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
skuldijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
skuldį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
skuldijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
skuldijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
skuldīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
skuldijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
skuldijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
skuldijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
skuldijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
skuldīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
skuldijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
skuldijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
skuldijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
skuldijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
skuldijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
skuldijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
skuldijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
skuldijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
skuldijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
skuldijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
skuldijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
skuldijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
skuldijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
skuldijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
skuldijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
skuldijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
skuldijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
skuldijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
skuldijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
skuldijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
skuldijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
skuldijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
skuldijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
skuldijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
skuldijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
skuldīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
skuldijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
skuldijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
skuldijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
skuldīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
skuldijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
skuldīni (dative masculine singular weak)
skuldijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
skuldijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
skuldijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
skuldīni (dative neuter singular weak)
skuldijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
skuldīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
skuldijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
skuldijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
skuldijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
skuldīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
skuldijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: skyldr

Icelandic: skyldur

Old Swedish: skylder


dwaiskijaną

dwaiskijō (active first-person indicative singular)
dwaiskijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dwaiskijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dwaiskīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
dwaiskijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dwaiskī (active imperative second-person singular)
dwaiskijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dwaiskijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dwaiskīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dwaiskijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dwaiskijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dwaiskijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dwaiskijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dwaiskijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dwaiskijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dwaiskijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dwaiskijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dwaiskijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dwaiskijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dwaiskijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dwaiskijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dwaiskijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dwaiskīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dwaiskijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dwaiskīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dwaiskijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dwaiskijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dwaiskijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dwaiskijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dwaiskijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dwaiskijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dwaiskijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dwaiskidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dwaiskidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dwaiskidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dwaiskidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dwaiskidē (active indicative singular third-person)
dwaiskidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dwaiskidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dwaiskidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dwaiskidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dwaiskidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dwaiskidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dwaiskidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dwaiskidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dwaiskidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dwaiskidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dwaiskidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dwaiskijandz (active participle present)
dwaiskidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *dwaiskijan

Old English: dwǣsċan

Middle English: duschen

English: dush

Scots: dusch

⇒ Old English: ādwǣsċan

Middle English: adweschen

⇒ Old English: tōdwǣsċan

Old Frisian: *dwēska

West Frisian: dwêste

⇒ West Frisian: dwêstgje, dwêstje

⇒ West Frisian: sândwêste

⇒ West Frisian: útdwêste

Old Dutch: *dwēsken

Middle Dutch: dwesscen, dwisscen

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰwey- (“to slip away; dwindle; die”), from *dʰew- (“to dwindle, die”).

der

(West Germanic) (transitive) to suffocate, extinguish


dwalaz

*dwalaz (a-stem)

dwalaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
dwalai (masculine nominative plural strong)
dwalō (feminine nominative singular strong)
dwalôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
dwalą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
dwalō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dwalanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dwalanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
dwalǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
dwalōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
dwalą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
dwalō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dwalas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
dwalaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dwalaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dwalaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dwalas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
dwalaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
dwalammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dwalaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dwalaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dwalaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
dwalammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dwalaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dwalanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dwalaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dwalaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dwalaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dwalanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dwalaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
dwalô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dwalaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
dwalǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
dwalōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
dwalô (neuter nominative singular weak)
dwalōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dwalanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dwalanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
dwalōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
dwalōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
dwalô (accusative neuter singular weak)
dwalōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
dwaliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dwalanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
dwalōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
dwalōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
dwaliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dwalanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
dwalini (dative masculine singular weak)
dwalammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
dwalōni (dative feminine singular weak)
dwalōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
dwalini (dative neuter singular weak)
dwalammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
dwalinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
dwalammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
dwalōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
dwalōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
dwalinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
dwalammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *dwal

Old English: *dwal, *dwol; (dwala, dwela (noun))

Middle English: dwal

⇒ Old English: dwolma

Old Frisian: *dwal, *dwel

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Dwäl, Dweel

⇒ Saterland Frisian: dwälsk

Old Saxon: *dwal

Middle Low German: dwal, dwel

→ Danish: dval

⇒ German Low German: dweelsk

Gothic: 𐌳𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍃 (dwals)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰwel-, *dʰewel- (“to dim, dull, cloud, make obscure, swirl, whirl”). Cognate with Latvian dulls (“crazy, mad”), Lithuanian dvylas (“dark, reddish brown”).


dwēsaz

*dwēsaz (a-stem)

dwēsaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
dwēsai (masculine nominative plural strong)
dwēsō (feminine nominative singular strong)
dwēsôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
dwēsą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
dwēsō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dwēsanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dwēsanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
dwēsǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
dwēsōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
dwēsą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
dwēsō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dwēsas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
dwēsaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dwēsaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dwēsaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dwēsas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
dwēsaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
dwēsammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dwēsaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dwēsaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dwēsaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
dwēsammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dwēsaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dwēsanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dwēsaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dwēsaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dwēsaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dwēsanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dwēsaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
dwēsô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dwēsaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
dwēsǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
dwēsōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
dwēsô (neuter nominative singular weak)
dwēsōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dwēsanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dwēsanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
dwēsōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
dwēsōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
dwēsô (accusative neuter singular weak)
dwēsōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
dwēsiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dwēsanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
dwēsōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
dwēsōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
dwēsiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dwēsanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
dwēsini (dative masculine singular weak)
dwēsammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
dwēsōni (dative feminine singular weak)
dwēsōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
dwēsini (dative neuter singular weak)
dwēsammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
dwēsinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
dwēsammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
dwēsōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
dwēsōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
dwēsinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
dwēsammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dwās
Old English: dwǣs
Middle English: dwæs
Old Frisian: dwēs
Old Saxon: *dwās
Middle Low German: dwâs
Low German: dwas
Old Dutch: *dwās
Middle Dutch: dwâes
Dutch: dwaas
Afrikaans: dwaas
→ West Frisian: dwaas (noun)
Limburgish: dwaos
Old High German: *dwās, *twās
Middle High German: twās, dwās

Compare *dusāną (“to slumber”); also Latvian dusēt (“to sleep, rest”).


dungō

dungō (nominative singular)
dungôz (nominative plural)
dungō (singular vocative)
dungôz (plural vocative)
dungǭ (accusative singular)
dungōz (accusative plural)
dungōz (genitive singular)
dungǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dungōi (dative singular)
dungōmaz (dative plural)
dungō (instrumental singular)
dungōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dungu
Old English: dung, ding
Middle English: donge, dong, donke, doung, dounge, dung, dunge
English: dung
Scots: dung
Old Frisian: dung
North Frisian: dong
West Frisian: dong
Old Dutch: *dunga
Middle Dutch: donge
Dutch: dong
Old High German: tunga
Middle High German: tunge

Unknown; perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dʰḿ̥ǵʰ-, metathesized from *dʰǵʰḿ̥-, from *dʰéǵʰ-ōm ~ *dʰǵʰ-més (“earth”). Possibly cognate with Latvian dañga (“rut, corner, piece of land that is surrounded by water or marshlands on three sides, bay”). Often citied as being related to Proto-Germanic *dungz (“cellar”), from *dʰengʰ- (“to cover, hide, conceal”), however this seems semantically doubtful.


ginnaną

Brill Publishers
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

ginnō (active first-person indicative singular)
ginnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ginnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
ginnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
ginnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ginn (active imperative second-person singular)
ginnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ginnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ginnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
ginnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ginnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
ginnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ginnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ginnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
ginnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ginnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ginnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ginnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ginnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ginnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ginnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ginnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ginnid (active indicative plural second-person)
ginnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ginnid (active imperative plural second-person)
ginnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ginnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ginnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
ginnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ginnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
ginnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ginnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gann (active first-person indicative singular)
gunnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gannt (active indicative second-person singular)
gunnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gann (active indicative singular third-person)
gunnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gunnū (active dual first-person indicative)
gunnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gunnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gunnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gunnum (active first-person indicative plural)
gunnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gunnud (active indicative plural second-person)
gunnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gunnun (active indicative plural third-person)
gunnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ginnandz (active participle present)
gunnanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *anaginnan

Old High German: *anaginnan

Middle High German: aneginnen

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *andaginnan (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *biginnan (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *gaginnan

Old Saxon: *gaginnan

Middle Low German: geginnen

Old High German: giginnan

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *inginnan

Old English: inginnan

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *undarginnan

Old English: underginnan

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *uʀginnan

Old English: āginnan

>? Old Dutch: āginnan (attested as hagunnan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (duginnan)

Unclear, the root has often been traced to Proto-Indo-European *gʰed- (“to take”), e.g. by LIV. Kroonen and Scheungraber take it to be from Proto-Indo-European *ken- (“to arise, begin”), with the prefix inducing voicing by Verner's law. Cognates would then include Proto-Slavic *načęti (“to begin”) and Proto-Celtic *kentus (“first”). If the meaning 'to cut open' is original, the verb could be related to *gīnaną (“to gape, to yawn”) from Proto-Indo-European *gʰh₂ey-.


dulaz

*dulaz (a-stem)

dulaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
dulai (masculine nominative plural strong)
dulō (feminine nominative singular strong)
dulôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
dulą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
dulō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dulanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dulanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
dulǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
dulōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
dulą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
dulō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dulas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
dulaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dulaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dulaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dulas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
dulaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
dulammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dulaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dulaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dulaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
dulammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dulaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dulanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dulaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dulaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dulaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dulanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dulaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
dulô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dulaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
dulǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
dulōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
dulô (neuter nominative singular weak)
dulōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dulanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dulanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
dulōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
dulōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
dulô (accusative neuter singular weak)
dulōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
duliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dulanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
dulōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
dulōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
duliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dulanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
dulini (dative masculine singular weak)
dulammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
dulōni (dative feminine singular weak)
dulōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
dulini (dative neuter singular weak)
dulammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
dulinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
dulammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
dulōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
dulōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
dulinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
dulammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *dol

Old English: dol

Middle English: dul, dull, dulle

Scots: dull, dul, doll

English: dull

Old Frisian: dol, dul, doll, dull

North Frisian: dol, doll, dull

Saterland Frisian: dul

West Frisian: dol

Old Saxon: dol

Middle Low German: dol

Low German: dol, dul

→ German: doll

Old Dutch: *dol

Middle Dutch: dul, dol, dolle

desctree

Dutch: dol
Negerhollands: dol
Petjo: dol
→ Indonesian: dol (“out of control”)
→ Papiamentu: dol (dated)

Old High German: tol

Middle High German: tol

German: toll

Old Norse: dulr

Icelandic: dulur

Faroese: dulur

Old Swedish: dol, dul

From earlier *dwulaz, zero-grade form of *dwalaz. Related to Old Irish dall (“blind”), Latvian dulls (“crazy, furious”).