kwidiz

kwidiz (nominative singular)
kwidīz (nominative plural)
kwidi (singular vocative)
kwidīz (plural vocative)
kwidį (accusative singular)
kwidinz (accusative plural)
kwidīz (genitive singular)
kwidjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwidī (dative singular)
kwidimaz (dative plural)
kwidī (instrumental singular)
kwidimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: cwide

Middle English: quide

Old High German: quiti

Old Norse: kviðr (“verdict; jury”)

Icelandic: kviður

From pre-Germanic *gʷetís, an i-stem derived from *kweþaną (“to say, speak”).


nēhwaz

nēhw (adverb)
nēhwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
nēhwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
nēhwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
nēhwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
nēhwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
nēhwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
nēhwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
nēhwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
nēhwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
nēhwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
nēhwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
nēhwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
nēhwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
nēhwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
nēhwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
nēhwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
nēhwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
nēhwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
nēhwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
nēhwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
nēhwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
nēhwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
nēhwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
nēhwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
nēhwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
nēhwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
nēhwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
nēhwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
nēhwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
nēhwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
nēhwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
nēhwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
nēhwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
nēhwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
nēhwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
nēhwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
nēhwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
nēhwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
nēhwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
nēhwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
nēhwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
nēhwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
nēhwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
nēhwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
nēhwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
nēhwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
nēhwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
nēhwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
nēhwini (dative masculine singular weak)
nēhwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
nēhwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
nēhwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
nēhwini (dative neuter singular weak)
nēhwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
nēhwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
nēhwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
nēhwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
nēhwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
nēhwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
nēhwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*nēhwaz (a-stem)

desctree

Old English: nēah, nēa, nēh, nīh
Middle English: neygh, nygh, nye, nyȝ, nighe
English: nigh
Scots: ne, ney
Yola: neeghe, nich

Old Frisian: nā, nēi

North Frisian: nei, nai

Old Saxon: nāh
Middle Low German: nâch, nâ
German Low German: na

Old High German: nāh

Middle High German: nāch

Alemannic German: naach

Central Franconian: noh

German: nah, nach

Luxembourgish: no

Gothic: 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 (nēƕa)

From Pre-Germanic *h₂nḗḱwos, a lengthened-grade adjective derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂neḱ- (“to reach”).


frawurdiz

frawurdiz (nominative singular)
frawurdīz (nominative plural)
frawurdi (singular vocative)
frawurdīz (plural vocative)
frawurdį (accusative singular)
frawurdinz (accusative plural)
frawurdīz (genitive singular)
frawurdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frawurdī (dative singular)
frawurdimaz (dative plural)
frawurdī (instrumental singular)
frawurdimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: forwyrd, forwird

Old High German: farwurt, firwurt

Derived from *frawerþaną (“to perish”). Equivalent to *fra- + *wurdiz.


hattijǭ

hattijǭ (nominative singular)
hattijōniz (nominative plural)
hattijǭ (singular vocative)
hattijōniz (plural vocative)
hattijōnų (accusative singular)
hattijōnunz (accusative plural)
hattijōniz (genitive singular)
hattijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hattijōni (dative singular)
hattijōmaz (dative plural)
hattijōnē (instrumental singular)
hattijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: hetta

Icelandic: hetta

Faroese: hetta

Norwegian: hette

Old Swedish: hætta

Swedish: hätta

Middle Danish: hettæ

Danish: hætte


hōpą

hōpą (nominative singular)
hōpō (nominative plural)
hōpą (singular vocative)
hōpō (plural vocative)
hōpą (accusative singular)
hōpō (accusative plural)
hōpas (genitive singular)
hōpis (genitive singular)
hōpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōpai (dative singular)
hōpamaz (dative plural)
hōpō (instrumental singular)
hōpamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hōp

Middle English: hoop

Scots: hupe, houp, huip

English: hoop

Old Frisian: hōp

North Frisian: hop

Saterland Frisian: Houp

West Frisian: hoep

Old Dutch: *hōp

Middle Dutch: hoop, hoep

Dutch: hoep

⇒ Dutch: hoepel

→ German Low German: Hopel (borrowed ?)

Old Norse: hóp

Icelandic: hóp

Danish: hop

→ Scots: hope

From Proto-Indo-European *kewb- (“to bend, bow, arch, vault”).


hrindaną

hrindō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrindaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrindai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrindizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrindaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrind (active imperative second-person singular)
hrindazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrindaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrindidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrindai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrindadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrindadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrindaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrindōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hrindaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrindadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrindaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrindadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrindamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrindaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrindandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrindaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrindid (active indicative plural second-person)
hrindaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrindid (active imperative plural second-person)
hrindandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrindaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrindandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrindain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrindandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrindandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrindaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hrand (active first-person indicative singular)
hrundį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hranst (active indicative second-person singular)
hrundīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrand (active indicative singular third-person)
hrundī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrundū (active dual first-person indicative)
hrundīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrundudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrundīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrundum (active first-person indicative plural)
hrundīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrundud (active indicative plural second-person)
hrundīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrundun (active indicative plural third-person)
hrundīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrindandz (active participle present)
hrundanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrindan

Old English: hrindan

Old Norse: hrinda

Icelandic: hrinda

Faroese: rinda

Old Swedish: rinda

From Proto-Indo-European *kret- (“to beat, strike, hit”).


innganganą

inngangō (active first-person indicative singular)
inngangaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
inngangai (first-person indicative passive singular)
inngangizi (active indicative second-person singular)
inngangaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
inngang (active imperative second-person singular)
inngangazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
inngangaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
inngangidi (active indicative singular third-person)
inngangai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
inngangadau (active imperative singular third-person)
inngangadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
inngangaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
inngangōz (active dual first-person indicative)
inngangaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
inngangadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
inngangaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
inngangadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
inngangamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
inngangaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
inngangandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
inngangaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
inngangid (active indicative plural second-person)
inngangaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
inngangid (active imperative plural second-person)
inngangandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
inngangaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
inngangandi (active indicative plural third-person)
inngangain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
inngangandau (active imperative plural third-person)
inngangandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
inngangaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
inngegang (active first-person indicative singular)
inngegangį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
inngeganht (active indicative second-person singular)
inngegangīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
inngegang (active indicative singular third-person)
inngegangī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
inngegangū (active dual first-person indicative)
inngegangīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
inngegangudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
inngegangīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
inngegangum (active first-person indicative plural)
inngegangīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
inngegangud (active indicative plural second-person)
inngegangīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
inngegangun (active indicative plural third-person)
inngegangīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
inngangandz (active participle present)
innganganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: ingangan

Middle English: ingangen

Old High German: ingangan

(Old Norse: ganga inn)

Old Swedish: inganga

Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (inngaggan)

/ˌinː.ˈɣɑŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃/


nīwalaz

*nīwalaz (a-stem)

nīwalaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
nīwalai (masculine nominative plural strong)
nīwalō (feminine nominative singular strong)
nīwalôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
nīwalą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
nīwalō (neuter nominative plural strong)
nīwalanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
nīwalanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
nīwalǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
nīwalōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
nīwalą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
nīwalō (accusative neuter plural strong)
nīwalas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
nīwalaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
nīwalaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
nīwalaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
nīwalas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
nīwalaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
nīwalammai (dative masculine singular strong)
nīwalaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
nīwalaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
nīwalaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
nīwalammai (dative neuter singular strong)
nīwalaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
nīwalanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
nīwalaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
nīwalaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
nīwalaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
nīwalanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
nīwalaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
nīwalô (masculine nominative singular weak)
nīwalaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
nīwalǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
nīwalōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
nīwalô (neuter nominative singular weak)
nīwalōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
nīwalanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
nīwalanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
nīwalōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
nīwalōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
nīwalô (accusative neuter singular weak)
nīwalōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
nīwaliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
nīwalanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
nīwalōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
nīwalōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
nīwaliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
nīwalanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
nīwalini (dative masculine singular weak)
nīwalammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
nīwalōni (dative feminine singular weak)
nīwalōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
nīwalini (dative neuter singular weak)
nīwalammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
nīwalinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
nīwalammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
nīwalōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
nīwalōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
nīwalinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
nīwalammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: neowol, nēol, nihol, niwol

Middle English: neall

Middle Low German: nigel, nule (adverb)

Middle Dutch: niel (adverb)

⇒ Middle Dutch: vernielen

Dutch: vernielen

Likely from earlier *nīgwala-, denominative adjective from pre-Germanic *nih₃kʷ- (“looking down, facing down”), compound of Proto-Indo-European *ni (“down”) and *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”). Compare Sanskrit नीच (nīca, “below, down”). For a similar formation, see Ancient Greek ὀπιπεύω (opipeúō) < *h₁opi-h₃kʷ-.


umbiganganą

umbigangō (active first-person indicative singular)
umbigangaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
umbigangai (first-person indicative passive singular)
umbigangizi (active indicative second-person singular)
umbigangaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
umbigang (active imperative second-person singular)
umbigangazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
umbigangaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
umbigangidi (active indicative singular third-person)
umbigangai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
umbigangadau (active imperative singular third-person)
umbigangadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
umbigangaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
umbigangōz (active dual first-person indicative)
umbigangaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
umbigangadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
umbigangaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
umbigangadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
umbigangamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
umbigangaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
umbigangandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
umbigangaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
umbigangid (active indicative plural second-person)
umbigangaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
umbigangid (active imperative plural second-person)
umbigangandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
umbigangaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
umbigangandi (active indicative plural third-person)
umbigangain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
umbigangandau (active imperative plural third-person)
umbigangandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
umbigangaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
umbigegang (active first-person indicative singular)
umbigegangį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
umbigeganht (active indicative second-person singular)
umbigegangīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
umbigegang (active indicative singular third-person)
umbigegangī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
umbigegangū (active dual first-person indicative)
umbigegangīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
umbigegangudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
umbigegangīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
umbigegangum (active first-person indicative plural)
umbigegangīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
umbigegangud (active indicative plural second-person)
umbigegangīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
umbigegangun (active indicative plural third-person)
umbigegangīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
umbigangandz (active participle present)
umbiganganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: ymbgangan

Middle English: umgangen, umbegangen

Old Saxon: *umbigangan

Middle Low German: *ümmegān

German Low German: ümgahn

Old Dutch: *umbigangan

Middle Dutch: ommegān

Dutch: omgaan

Old High German: umbigangan

(Old Norse: ganga um)


mēþiz

mēþiz (nominative singular)
mēþīz (nominative plural)
mēþi (singular vocative)
mēþīz (plural vocative)
mēþį (accusative singular)
mēþinz (accusative plural)
mēþīz (genitive singular)
mēþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mēþī (dative singular)
mēþimaz (dative plural)
mēþī (instrumental singular)
mēþimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *māþi

Old English: mǣþ

Middle English: mæþ, methe, meth

From Proto-Indo-European *méh₁-ti-s ~ *m̥h₁-téy-s, from *meh₁- (“to measure”) + *-tis.


inngangaz

inngangaz (nominative singular)
inngangōz (nominative plural)
inngangōs (nominative plural)
inngang (singular vocative)
inngangōz (plural vocative)
inngangōs (plural vocative)
inngangą (accusative singular)
innganganz (accusative plural)
inngangas (genitive singular)
inngangis (genitive singular)
inngangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
inngangai (dative singular)
inngangamaz (dative plural)
inngangō (instrumental singular)
inngangamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ingang

Middle English: ingang

English: ingang

Old Frisian: ingang, ingong

Saterland Frisian: Iengoang

West Frisian: yngong

Old Saxon: ingang

Middle Low German: inganc

German Low German: Ingang

Plautdietsch: Engank

Old Dutch: *ingang

Middle Dutch: ingang

Dutch: ingang

Afrikaans: ingang

Old High German: ingang

Middle High German: īnganc

German: Eingang

Luxembourgish: Agang, Agank

Old Norse: inngangr

Icelandic: inngangur

Faroese: inngangur, inngongd

Norn: inngeng

Norwegian: inngang

Old Swedish: inganger

Swedish: ingång

Danish: indgang

Elfdalian: ingaungg

Gutnish: ingangg

/ˈinː.ˌɣɑŋ.ɡɑz/

Derived from *innganganą; equivalent to *inn + *gangaz.


skūmaz

skūmaz (nominative singular)
skūmōz (nominative plural)
skūmōs (nominative plural)
skūm (singular vocative)
skūmōz (plural vocative)
skūmōs (plural vocative)
skūmą (accusative singular)
skūmanz (accusative plural)
skūmas (genitive singular)
skūmis (genitive singular)
skūmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skūmai (dative singular)
skūmamaz (dative plural)
skūmō (instrumental singular)
skūmamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skūm
Old Frisian: *skūm
Saterland Frisian: Skuum, Schuum
West Frisian: skûm, skom
Old Saxon: *skūm
Middle Low German: schûm
German Low German: Schuum
Old Dutch: *scūm
Middle Dutch: schuum
Dutch: schuim
→ Middle English: scome, scume (partially from Old French escume)
Scots: skum, skoom
English: scum
Old High German: skūm, scūm
Middle High German: schūm
German: Schaum
→ Esperanto: ŝaŭmo
Luxembourgish: Schaum
→ Vulgar Latin: *scūma
Old French: escume
Middle French: escume, écume
French: écume
Medieval Latin: scuma, schuma (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: *skúmr; *skúm

Icelandic: skúm

Faroese: skúm

Norwegian: skum

Old Swedish: skūm

Swedish: skum

Danish: skum

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to cover, mask, hide, conceal”).


umbigangaz

umbigangaz (nominative singular)
umbigangōz (nominative plural)
umbigangōs (nominative plural)
umbigang (singular vocative)
umbigangōz (plural vocative)
umbigangōs (plural vocative)
umbigangą (accusative singular)
umbiganganz (accusative plural)
umbigangas (genitive singular)
umbigangis (genitive singular)
umbigangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
umbigangai (dative singular)
umbigangamaz (dative plural)
umbigangō (instrumental singular)
umbigangamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *umbigang

Old English: ymbgang

Middle English: umgang, umbegang

English: umgang, umgong

Scots: umgang

Old Frisian: umbegang, umbegung

Saterland Frisian: Uumgong

West Frisian: omgong

Old Saxon: *umbigang

desc

Middle Low German: umbganc, ümmeganc, umganc

Low German: Ümgang

German Low German: Umgang

Old Dutch: *umbigang

Middle Dutch: ommegang

desctree

Dutch: omgang
Afrikaans: omgang
Negerhollands: omgang

Old High German: umbigang

Middle High German: umbeganc

German: Umgang

Luxembourgish: Ëmgang

Old Norse: umgangr

Icelandic: umgangur

Norwegian: omgang

Old Swedish: umganger

Swedish: omgång

Danish: omgang

Derived from *umbiganganą; equivalent to *umbi + *gangaz.


þurhw

Old English: þurh, þuruh

Middle English: thurgh, thurh, thruh

English: through, thorough

Scots: throuch, thorow

Old Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: truch

West Frisian: troch

Old Saxon: thurh

Middle Low German:

German Low German: dörch, dör; dür (Paderbornisch); diör (Münsterländisch)

Old Dutch: thuro
Middle Dutch: dōre
Dutch: door
Afrikaans: deur
Berbice Creole Dutch: doro
Jersey Dutch: dœr
Negerhollands: door
Petjo: door
Skepi Creole Dutch: door
Sranan Tongo: doro
Aukan: doo
Kwinti: doo, doro
Saramaccan: dóu
→ Kari'na: dorome
→ Caribbean Javanese: dhur, dhur-dhuran
→ Papiamentu: dor
Limburgish: doear, doearch, dórch
West Flemish: deur
Zealandic: deu, deur, door

Old High German: duruh

Middle High German: durch

German: durch

Yiddish: דורך (durkh)

→ Hebrew: דוך (dukh)

Hunsrik: dorrich

Likely from Pre-Germanic *tr̥h₂(h₃)kʷ-, a compound of Proto-Indo-European *terh₂- (“to cross”) + *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”). Others take the second element to be *-kʷe. In either event related to Sanskrit तिरस् (tiras, “through”), तिर्यञ्च् (tiryañc, “transverse, horizontal”), Latin trāns.


ūtgangaz

ūtgangaz (nominative singular)
ūtgangōz (nominative plural)
ūtgangōs (nominative plural)
ūtgang (singular vocative)
ūtgangōz (plural vocative)
ūtgangōs (plural vocative)
ūtgangą (accusative singular)
ūtganganz (accusative plural)
ūtgangas (genitive singular)
ūtgangis (genitive singular)
ūtgangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ūtgangai (dative singular)
ūtgangamaz (dative plural)
ūtgangō (instrumental singular)
ūtgangamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ūtgang

Old English: ūtgang

Middle English: outgang

English: outgang

desc

Scots: outgang, ootgang, ootging, utgeng

Old Frisian: ūtgang, ūtgong

Saterland Frisian: Uutgoang

West Frisian: útgong

Old Saxon: ūtgang

Middle Low German: ūtgang

German Low German: Utgang

Plautdietsch: Utgank

Old Dutch: *ūtgang

Middle Dutch: ūtgang

Dutch: uitgang

Afrikaans: uitgang

Old High German: ūzgang

Middle High German: ūzgang

German: Ausgang

Luxembourgish: Ausgank

Old Norse: útgangr

Icelandic: útgangur

Faroese: útgongd

Norn: utgeng

Norwegian: utgang

Old Swedish: ūtganger

Swedish: utgång

Danish: udgang

Elfdalian: autgaungg

Gutnish: äutgangg

/ˈuːt.ˌɣɑŋ.ɡɑz/


afteraz

aftrōzô (comparative)
aftrōstaz (superlative)
afteraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
afterai (masculine nominative plural strong)
afterō (feminine nominative singular strong)
afterôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
afterą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
afterō (neuter nominative plural strong)
afteranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
afteranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
afterǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
afterōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
afterą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
afterō (accusative neuter plural strong)
afteras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
afteraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
afteraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
afteraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
afteras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
afteraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
afterammai (dative masculine singular strong)
afteraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
afteraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
afteraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
afterammai (dative neuter singular strong)
afteraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
afteranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
afteraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
afteraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
afteraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
afteranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
afteraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
afterô (masculine nominative singular weak)
afteraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
afterǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
afterōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
afterô (neuter nominative singular weak)
afterōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
afteranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
afteranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
afterōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
afterōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
afterô (accusative neuter singular weak)
afterōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
afteriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
afteranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
afterōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
afterōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
afteriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
afteranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
afterini (dative masculine singular weak)
afterammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
afterōni (dative feminine singular weak)
afterōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
afterini (dative neuter singular weak)
afterammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
afterinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
afterammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
afterōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
afterōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
afterinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
afterammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*afteraz (a-stem)

Old High German: aftaro

Middle High German: after

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó + *-teros (contrastive suffix). See *ab.


merkuz

*merkuz (u-stem)

merkuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
mirkwijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
mirkwī (feminine nominative singular strong)
mirkwijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
merkų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-ijatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
mirkwijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
mirkwijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
mirkwijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
mirkwijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
mirkwijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
merkų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-ijatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
mirkwijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
mirkwijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
mirkwijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
mirkwijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
mirkwijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
mirkwijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
mirkwijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
mirkwijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
mirkwijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
mirkwijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
mirkwijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
mirkwijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
mirkwijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
mirkwijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
mirkwijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
mirkwijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
mirkwijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
mirkwijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
mirkwijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
mirkwijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
mirkwijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
mirkwijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
mirkwijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
mirkwijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
mirkwijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
mirkwijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
mirkwijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
mirkwijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
mirkwijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
mirkwijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
mirkwijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
mirkwīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
mirkwijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
mirkwijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
mirkwijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
mirkwīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
mirkwijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
mirkwīni (dative masculine singular weak)
mirkwijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
mirkwijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
mirkwijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
mirkwīni (dative neuter singular weak)
mirkwijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
mirkwīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
mirkwijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
mirkwijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
mirkwijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
mirkwīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
mirkwijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mirkwī
Old English: mirce, mierce
Middle English: mirke, merke
Scots: mirk, merk, mark
English: mirk, murk
Old Saxon: mirki

Old Norse: myrkr
Icelandic: myrkur
Faroese: myrkur
Norwegian Nynorsk: myrk, mørk
Swedish: mörk
Danish: mørk
Norwegian Bokmål: mørk

→? Proto-Finnic: *mürkkü (“poison”) (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *merkwuz, from Proto-Indo-European *(h₂)mer(H)gʷ- (“dark”), cognate to Proto-Slavic *mergъ (“brown”). Orr summarizes arguments for borrowing from common Slavic into common Germanic. In any case, related to Proto-Slavic *morkъ (“darkness”).


kanô

kanô (nominative singular)
kananiz (nominative plural)
kanô (singular vocative)
kananiz (plural vocative)
kananų (accusative singular)
kananunz (accusative plural)
kaniniz (genitive singular)
kananǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kanini (dative singular)
kanammaz (dative plural)
kaninē (instrumental singular)
kanammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kanō

Old Saxon: *kano

Middle Low German: kāne

German Low German: Kahn (“prison”)

Low German: Kane

→ Old French: cane

French: canard

→ English: canard

Old High German: *kano

Middle High German: kane, kan

German: Kahn

→ Dutch: kaan

Old Norse: kani; (kǿna, kœna)

(Icelandic: kæna)

Norwegian Nynorsk: kane

Swedish: kana

Danish: kane

Norwegian Bokmål: kane

According to the Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, from Proto-Indo-European *gan-, *gandʰ- (“container, vessel”) through an extension *gán(dʰ)ō. Cognates within Indo-European uncertain. Probably related to *kannǭ.


frageldaną

frageldō (active first-person indicative singular)
frageldaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frageldai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fragildizi (active indicative second-person singular)
frageldaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frageld (active imperative second-person singular)
frageldazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
frageldaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fragildidi (active indicative singular third-person)
frageldai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frageldadau (active imperative singular third-person)
frageldadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
frageldaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
frageldōz (active dual first-person indicative)
frageldaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frageldadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frageldaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frageldadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
frageldamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
frageldaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frageldandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
frageldaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fragildid (active indicative plural second-person)
frageldaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fragildid (active imperative plural second-person)
frageldandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
frageldaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
frageldandi (active indicative plural third-person)
frageldain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frageldandau (active imperative plural third-person)
frageldandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
frageldaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fragald (active first-person indicative singular)
fraguldį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fragalst (active indicative second-person singular)
fraguldīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fragald (active indicative singular third-person)
fraguldī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fraguldū (active dual first-person indicative)
fraguldīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fraguldudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fraguldīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fraguldum (active first-person indicative plural)
fraguldīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fraguldud (active indicative plural second-person)
fraguldīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fraguldun (active indicative plural third-person)
fraguldīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frageldandz (active participle present)
fraguldanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *frageldan

Old English: forġieldan, forġildan

Middle English: forȝelden, foryelden

Scots: foryeild

English: foryield

Old Frisian: forielda, forjelda

Saterland Frisian: ferjäilde

West Frisian: ferjilde

Old Saxon: fargeldan

Middle Low German: forgelden, vorgelden

German Low German: vergelden

Old Dutch: fargeldan

Middle Dutch: vergelden

Dutch: vergelden

Old High German: fargeltan

Middle High German: vergelten

German: vergelten

Old Norse: *forgjalda

Old Danish: forgælde (possibly from Low German)

Danish: forgælde

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽 (fragildan)


sunþanē

Proto-West Germanic: *sunþanā
Old English: sūþan
Middle English: suthen
Old Saxon: sūthan
Old Dutch: *sūthan
Middle Dutch: sūden
→ German: Süden
→ Alemannic German: Süde
Dutch: zuiden
Old High German: sundan, sundana
Middle High German: sunden

Old Norse: sunnan
Icelandic: sunnan
Faroese: sunnan
Norwegian Nynorsk: sunnan
Old Swedish: sunnan
Swedish: sunnan
Danish: sønden


austanē

Proto-West Germanic: *austanā
Old English: ēastan, ēastane
Middle English: easten
Old Saxon: ōstan, ōstana
Old High German: ōstana
Middle High German: ōsten, ōstene

Old Norse: austan
Icelandic: austan
Faroese: eystan
Norwegian Nynorsk: austa, austan
Old Swedish: ø̄stan
Swedish: östan

From *austraz + *-anē. Likely a later formation developed after the reinterpretation of *aus-traz as *aust-raz.


westanē

Proto-West Germanic: *westanā
Old English: westan, westane
Middle English: westen, westan, westene
Yola: westan
Old Saxon: westan, westana
Old High German: *westana
Middle High German: westen, westene

Old Norse: vestan
Icelandic: vestan
Faroese: vestan
Old Swedish: væstan
Swedish: västan


nurþanē

Old English: norþan

Old Saxon: northan

Old High German: nordana

Middle High German: nordane, norden

Old Norse: norðan
Icelandic: norðan
Faroese: norðan
Norwegian Nynorsk: nordan
Old Swedish: norþan
Swedish: nordan
Danish: norden
Norwegian Bokmål: norden


sunþraz

sunþrizô (comparative)
sunþristaz (superlative)
sunþraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sunþrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sunþrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sunþrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sunþrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sunþrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sunþranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sunþranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sunþrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sunþrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sunþrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sunþrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sunþras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sunþraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sunþraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sunþraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sunþras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sunþraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sunþrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sunþraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sunþraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sunþraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sunþrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sunþraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sunþranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sunþraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sunþraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sunþraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sunþranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sunþraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sunþrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sunþraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sunþrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sunþrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sunþrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sunþrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sunþranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sunþranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sunþrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sunþrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sunþrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sunþrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sunþriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sunþranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sunþrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sunþrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sunþriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sunþranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sunþrini (dative masculine singular weak)
sunþrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sunþrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sunþrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sunþrini (dative neuter singular weak)
sunþrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sunþrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sunþrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sunþrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sunþrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sunþrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sunþrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*sunþraz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *sunþr
Old English: sūþ
Middle English: south, souþ, suþ, sowth, suthe, souþe, suth, souht; zouth (Kent)
English: south
Scots: sooth
Yola: zouth
→ Old French: sud, su
Middle French: sud
French: sud
Old Frisian: *sūther
West Frisian: suder, súd
Old Saxon: *sūthar
Middle Low German: sǖder, suder
Old High German: sundar
Middle High German: sunder

From Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ún-teros, from *sóh₂w-l̥ ~ *sh₂w-én-s (“the sun”) + *-teros (directional suffix).


sunþraz

sunþrōz (comparative)
sunþrōst (superlative)

Old English: sūþ

English: south

Old Saxon: sūthar

Old High German: *sundar

Middle High German: sunder

desctree

Old Norse: suðr, sunnr
Icelandic: suður
Faroese: suður
Norn: sud
Norwegian Nynorsk: sud, sør
Norwegian Bokmål: sør
Old Swedish: sudher
Swedish: söder, syd (influenced by Dutch or Low German)
Danish: syd
Norwegian Bokmål: syd
Gutnish: sudar, sudur


westraz

westrōzô (comparative)
westrōstaz (superlative)
westraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
westrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
westrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
westrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
westrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
westrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
westranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
westranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
westrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
westrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
westrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
westrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
westras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
westraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
westraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
westraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
westras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
westraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
westrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
westraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
westraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
westraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
westrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
westraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
westranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
westraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
westraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
westraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
westranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
westraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
westrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
westraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
westrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
westrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
westrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
westrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
westranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
westranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
westrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
westrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
westrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
westrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
westriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
westranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
westrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
westrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
westriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
westranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
westrini (dative masculine singular weak)
westrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
westrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
westrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
westrini (dative neuter singular weak)
westrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
westrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
westrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
westrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
westrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
westrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
westrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*westraz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *westr
Old Saxon: westar
Middle Low German: wester
Old High German: westar
Middle High German: wester

PIE word
 *wek(ʷ)speros
From Proto-Indo-European *wek(ʷ)speros (“evening, dusk”), with the -p- passing to -t- under the influence of the dentals in *austraz, *nurþraz, *sunþraz.


westraz

westrōz (comparative)
westrōst (superlative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *westr
Old English: west
Middle English: west
English: west
Scots: wast
→ Old French: west (see there for further descendants)
Old Frisian: wester
Old High German: westar
Middle Low German: wester

Old Norse: vestr
Icelandic: vestur
Faroese: vestur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: vest
Norwegian Nynorsk: vest
Old Swedish: væster, væst
Swedish: väster, väst
Old Danish: væster, væst
Danish: vest, vester


fragebaną

fragebō (active first-person indicative singular)
fragebaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fragebai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fragibizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fragebaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frageb (active imperative second-person singular)
fragebazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fragebaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fragibidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fragebai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fragebadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fragebadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fragebaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fragebōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fragebaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fragebadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fragebaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fragebadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fragebamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fragebaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fragebandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fragebaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fragibid (active indicative plural second-person)
fragebaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fragibid (active imperative plural second-person)
fragebandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fragebaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fragebandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fragebain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fragebandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fragebandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fragebaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fragab (active first-person indicative singular)
fragēbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fragaft (active indicative second-person singular)
fragēbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fragab (active indicative singular third-person)
fragēbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fragēbū (active dual first-person indicative)
fragēbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fragēbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fragēbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fragēbum (active first-person indicative plural)
fragēbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fragēbud (active indicative plural second-person)
fragēbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fragēbun (active indicative plural third-person)
fragēbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fragebandz (active participle present)
fragebanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: forġiefan, forġeofan — Non-West Saxon; forġifan — West Saxon; forġyfan — Late West Saxon
Middle English: foryiven, foryeven, foryive, forȝive, forȝiven; forgiven (influenced by given)
⇒ Middle English: forgiven (influenced by given)
English: forgive
Scots: forgie, firgee, forgae

Old Frisian: urieva
Saterland Frisian: ferjeeuwe
West Frisian: ferjaan

Old Saxon: fargevan, fargeƀan
Middle Low German: vorgeven
German Low German: vergeven, vögiëwen

Old Dutch: *fargevan

Middle Dutch: vergēven
Dutch: vergeven
Afrikaans: vergewe
Negerhollands: vergie, vergeven
Skepi Creole Dutch: forgef
Limburgish: vergaeve

Old High German: fargeban

Middle High German: vergeben

desc

Cimbrian: vorghìban, borghìban (Mezzaselva)

German: vergeben

Luxembourgish: verginn

Yiddish: פֿאַרגעבן (fargebn)

Old Norse: fyrirgefa

Icelandic: fyrirgefa

Faroese: fyrigeva

Danish: forgive (obsolete)

Old Swedish: forgiva

Swedish: förgiva (obsolete)

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (fragiban)

→? Late Latin: perdōnō (calque) (see there for further descendants)

/ˌɸrɑ.ˈɣe.βɑ.nɑ̃/

From *fra- + *gebaną. Possibly calqued from Late Latin perdōnō, or vice-versa.


austraz

austrōzô (comparative)
austrōstaz (superlative)
austraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
austrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
austrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
austrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
austrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
austrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
austranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
austranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
austrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
austrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
austrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
austrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
austras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
austraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
austraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
austraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
austras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
austraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
austrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
austraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
austraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
austraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
austrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
austraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
austranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
austraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
austraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
austraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
austranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
austraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
austrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
austraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
austrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
austrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
austrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
austrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
austranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
austranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
austrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
austrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
austrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
austrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
austriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
austranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
austrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
austrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
austriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
austranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
austrini (dative masculine singular weak)
austrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
austrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
austrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
austrini (dative neuter singular weak)
austrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
austrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
austrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
austrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
austrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
austrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
austrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*austraz (a-stem)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *austr
Old English: ēast
English: east
Old Frisian: āster
Old Saxon: ōstar
Old High German: ōstar
Middle High German: oster

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwsteros (“in the direction of dawn, east”).


austraz

austrōz (comparative)
austrōst (superlative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *austr
Old English: ēast
Middle English: est
English: east
→ Old French: est
French: est (see there for further descendants)
Old High German: ōstar
Middle High German: ōster

Old Norse: austr, ᛅᚢᛋᛏᚱ (austr) — Runic form
Icelandic: austur
Faroese: eystur
Norwegian Nynorsk: aust, auster; (dialectal) aust’u, aust’e
→ Norwegian Bokmål: aust
Medelpadian: yster, yst
Old Swedish: ø̄ster
Swedish: öster
Old Danish: øst
Danish: øster, øst
Norwegian Bokmål: øst
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: øst


gafulkiją

gafulkiją (nominative singular)
gafulkijō (nominative plural)
gafulkiją (singular vocative)
gafulkijō (plural vocative)
gafulkiją (accusative singular)
gafulkijō (accusative plural)
gafulkijas (genitive singular)
gafulkīs (genitive singular)
gafulkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gafulkijai (dative singular)
gafulkijamaz (dative plural)
gafulkijō (instrumental singular)
gafulkijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġefylċe

Old Norse: fylki

Icelandic: fylki

Faroese: fylki

Norwegian: fylke

From *ga- + *fulką + *-ją (collective suffix).


gawurdiją

gawurdiją (nominative singular)
gawurdijō (nominative plural)
gawurdiją (singular vocative)
gawurdijō (plural vocative)
gawurdiją (accusative singular)
gawurdijō (accusative plural)
gawurdijas (genitive singular)
gawurdīs (genitive singular)
gawurdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gawurdijai (dative singular)
gawurdijamaz (dative plural)
gawurdijō (instrumental singular)
gawurdijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġewyrde

Old High German: *giwurti (possibly attested once as cauuurti)

Middle High German: *gewürte, ungewürte

Old Norse: yrði

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌹 (gawaurdi)


gawēpniją

gawēpniją (nominative singular)
gawēpnijō (nominative plural)
gawēpniją (singular vocative)
gawēpnijō (plural vocative)
gawēpniją (accusative singular)
gawēpnijō (accusative plural)
gawēpnijas (genitive singular)
gawēpnīs (genitive singular)
gawēpnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gawēpnijai (dative singular)
gawēpnijamaz (dative plural)
gawēpnijō (instrumental singular)
gawēpnijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġewǣpne

Old Saxon: giwāpni

Old High German: giwāfani

Middle High German: gewāfen

(Old Norse: *væpni in alvæpni)


garūniją

garūniją (nominative singular)
garūnijō (nominative plural)
garūniją (singular vocative)
garūnijō (plural vocative)
garūniją (accusative singular)
garūnijō (accusative plural)
garūnijas (genitive singular)
garūnīs (genitive singular)
garūnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
garūnijai (dative singular)
garūnijamaz (dative plural)
garūnijō (instrumental singular)
garūnijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *garūnī
Old English: ġerȳne
Middle English: irīne, *yrīne, ʒerīnu (pl.)
Old High German: *girūni
Middle High German: gerūne, geriune
German: Geraune

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌹 (garūni)


bedō

bedō (nominative singular)
bedôz (nominative plural)
bedō (singular vocative)
bedôz (plural vocative)
bedǭ (accusative singular)
bedōz (accusative plural)
bedōz (genitive singular)
bedǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bedōi (dative singular)
bedōmaz (dative plural)
bedō (instrumental singular)
bedōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bedu
Old English: bedu, beodo
Middle English: bede, bed, beed, beode, bode, boede; ȝebed, ibæd, ibed (conflated with Old English ġebed)
English: bead (bede)
Scots: bead, bede, beid
Old Frisian: bede
Saterland Frisian: Beed
West Frisian: bea
Old Saxon: beda
Middle Low German: bēde
German Low German: Beed
→ German: Bede
Old Dutch: beda
Middle Dutch: bēde
Dutch: bede
Old High German: beta
Middle High German: bëte, bët
German: Bete (obsolete), Bitte (altered after bitten)

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰 (bida)

Disputed: most likely from either Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰedʰ- (“to ask for, beseech”) or *bʰedʰ- (“to bend, bow”), the former depending on the outcome of Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰ in Germanic, which otherwise was *w; see *banô and *berô for other proposed examples of *gʷʰ- > *b-. Kroonen, though doubtful of this sound change, admits *gʷʰedʰ- is a better semantic match. For *bʰedʰ-, compare however Sanskrit ज्ञुबाध (jñu-bā́dha, “bending the knee, kneeling (in reverence)”), which would then have parallels in Old English cnēow-ġebed and Old Saxon kneo-beda (“prayer (on one's knees)”), all literally “knee-bend”.
In any case, the Germanic nouns probably point to a lost strong verb *bedaną.


nurþraz

nurþrōzô (comparative)
nurþrōstaz (superlative)
nurþraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
nurþrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
nurþrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
nurþrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
nurþrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
nurþrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
nurþranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
nurþranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
nurþrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
nurþrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
nurþrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
nurþrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
nurþras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
nurþraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
nurþraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
nurþraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
nurþras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
nurþraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
nurþrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
nurþraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
nurþraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
nurþraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
nurþrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
nurþraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
nurþranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
nurþraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
nurþraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
nurþraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
nurþranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
nurþraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
nurþrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
nurþraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
nurþrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
nurþrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
nurþrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
nurþrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
nurþranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
nurþranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
nurþrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
nurþrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
nurþrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
nurþrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
nurþriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
nurþranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
nurþrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
nurþrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
nurþriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
nurþranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
nurþrini (dative masculine singular weak)
nurþrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
nurþrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
nurþrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
nurþrini (dative neuter singular weak)
nurþrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
nurþrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
nurþrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
nurþrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
nurþrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
nurþrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
nurþrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*nurþraz (a-stem)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *norþr
Old English: norþ
Middle English: north, norþ, northe, norþe, norrþ
English: north
Scots: north
Yola: nordh, noardth
→ Old French: nort (see there for further descendants)
Old Frisian: north
Old Saxon: *northar, *nordar
Middle Low German: nōrder, narder
Old High German: *nordar
Middle High German: norder

Old Norse: norðr
Icelandic: norður
Faroese: norður
Norn: nord
Norwegian Nynorsk: nord, norder-
Old Swedish: nor
Swedish: norr, nord (influenced by Dutch or Low German)
Danish: nord
Norwegian Bokmål: nord
Gutnish: nådar, nårdar

From Pre-Germanic *h₁nŕ̥t(e)ros, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ner- (“inner, under”), from *h₁en (“in”). Compare Ancient Greek ἐνέρτερος (enérteros), νέρτερος (nérteros).


nurþraz

nurþrōz (comparative)
nurþrōst (superlative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *norþr
Old English: norþ
Middle English: north
English: north
Scots: north
Yola: nordh
Old Frisian: *north
West Frisian: noard
Old Saxon: north
Old Dutch: *north
Middle Dutch: nort
Dutch: noord
Afrikaans: noord
Negerhollands: noord
→ Papiamentu: nort, nòrt, noord
Limburgish: naord
Old High German: *nordar
Middle High German: norder

Old Norse: norðr

Icelandic: norður

Faroese: norður

Old Swedish: nor

Swedish: norr

Danish: nord


nīþą

nīþą (nominative singular)
nīþō (nominative plural)
nīþą (singular vocative)
nīþō (plural vocative)
nīþą (accusative singular)
nīþō (accusative plural)
nīþas (genitive singular)
nīþis (genitive singular)
nīþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nīþai (dative singular)
nīþamaz (dative plural)
nīþō (instrumental singular)
nīþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *nīþ
Old English: nīþ, nīð
Middle English: nith, nithe, niþ, nuþ, nyth, nyþe; nið, nuð (Early Middle English)
Old Frisian: nīth, nīd
Saterland Frisian: Nied
West Frisian: niid
Old Saxon: nīth
Middle Low German: nît
German Low German: Nied
Old Dutch: nīth
Middle Dutch: nijt
Dutch: nijd
Negerhollands: neid
Old High German: nīd
Middle High German: nīt
German: Neid
Luxembourgish: Näid

Old Norse: níð

Icelandic: níð

Old Swedish: niþ, nidh (later)

Swedish: nid

Danish: nid

Gothic: 𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌸 (neiþ)

From Pre-Germanic *néyHto- or *níHto-, from Proto-Indo-European *neyH- (“to be angry”). Related to Old Irish níth (“battle, fury”).


hnits

hnits (nominative singular)
hnitiz (nominative plural)
hnit (singular vocative)
hnitiz (plural vocative)
hnitų (accusative singular)
hnitunz (accusative plural)
hnitiz (genitive singular)
hnitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hniti (dative singular)
hnitumaz (dative plural)
hnitē (instrumental singular)
hnitumiz (instrumental plural)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *hnitu

Old English: hnitu

English: nit

Old Saxon: *hnitu

Middle Low German: nete

Old Dutch: *nitu

Middle Dutch: nete

Dutch: neet

Old High German: niz, hniz

Middle High German: niz, nizze

German: Nisse

Old Norse: gnit

Icelandic: gnit, nit

Elfdalian: gnit

Faroese: nitrur

From Proto-Indo-European *-níd- (“nit, louse egg”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κονίς (konís, “nit, insect egg”), Old Irish sned (“nit”).


uhnaz

uhnaz (nominative singular)
uhnōz (nominative plural)
uhnōs (nominative plural)
uhn (singular vocative)
uhnōz (plural vocative)
uhnōs (plural vocative)
uhną (accusative singular)
uhnanz (accusative plural)
uhnas (genitive singular)
uhnis (genitive singular)
uhnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
uhnai (dative singular)
uhnamaz (dative plural)
uhnō (instrumental singular)
uhnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ofn
Old English: ofn, ofen; ofnet
Middle English: oven
Scots: ovin, uven, une
English: oven
→ Chichewa: uvuni
→ Zulu: uhhavini
Old Frisian: oven
North Frisian: oven, ouvn
Saterland Frisian: Ougend (< *ogn ?)
West Frisian: ûne, ûn
Old Saxon: *ovan
Middle Low German: ōven
German Low German: Aven
Old Dutch: *ovan
Middle Dutch: ōven
Dutch: oven
Afrikaans: oond
Negerhollands: oven
→ Caribbean Javanese: ofen
→ Indonesian: oven
→ Sranan Tongo: onfu
→ Saramaccan: ónfu
Limburgish: aove
West Flemish: oven
Zealandic: oven
Old High German: ofan, ovan, ovin
Middle High German: oven
Central Franconian: Ovve, Owe, Uawe (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Ove
Luxembourgish: Uewen
German: Ofen
Transylvanian Saxon: Owen, Îewen
Vilamovian: uwa
Yiddish: אויוון (oyvn)

Old Norse: ofn, omn; *ogn

Icelandic: ofn

Faroese: ovnur

Old Norwegian: ovn; ogn

Norwegian Nynorsk: omn

desc

Norwegian: (dialectal) ogn, obn, ovn (South Western Norway); obm, om, ømn, umn

Old Swedish: oghn, ughn

Swedish: ugn

→ Finnish: uuni

Old Danish: ofn; ouæn

Danish: ovn

Norwegian Bokmål: ovn

Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌽𐍃 (auhns)

→ Proto-Finnic: *uunas (see there for further descendants)

Ascribed to a Proto-Indo-European root *h₂uk-, *h₂ewk- (“a closed container or vessel for cooking; cookpot; oven”) or similar by equation with Sanskrit उखा (ukhā), Albanian anë, Ancient Greek ἰπνός (ipnós), Latin ōlla. It is unclear whether the byform *ufnaz (Proto-West Germanic *ofn) is the same word, or represents a different word altogether.
Kroonen suggests that the word is a Wanderwort from a pre-IE substrate language. Native terms for ovens and stoves are not taken for granted: the East Slavic term плита́ (plitá, “stove”) appears from Ancient Greek in the Middle Ages, against the earlier new formation печь (pečʹ, “oven”), and Arabic, in a warmer climate, seems to have many but no native terms: أَتُّون (ʔattūn), تَنُّور (tannūr), فُرْن (furn), قَمِين (qamīn).


furhs

furhs (nominative singular)
furhiz (nominative plural)
furh (singular vocative)
furhiz (plural vocative)
furhų (accusative singular)
furhunz (accusative plural)
furhiz (genitive singular)
furhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
furhi (dative singular)
furhumaz (dative plural)
furhē (instrumental singular)
furhumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *furh
Old English: furh, furuh
Middle English: forow, furgh
English: furrow
Scots: furr
Old Frisian: furch
North Frisian:
Amrum: forag
Saterland Frisian: Fuurge
West Frisian: fuorge
Old Saxon: *furh, furuh
Middle Low German: vōre, vōr
Low German: Föör
Old Dutch: *furh, *furuh
Middle Dutch: vōre, vuere
Dutch: voor, vore
Old High German: furh, furuh
→ Italian: forra
Middle High German: vurch
German: Furche
Luxembourgish: Fuer
Vilamovian: fiüch

Old Norse: for

Norwegian: for

Old Swedish: for

Swedish: fåra

→ Proto-Finnic: *horho (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *perḱ- (“to dig”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *ɸrikā (“furrow”), Latin porca (“lynchet”), Lithuanian praparšas (“ditch”), Sanskrit पर्शान (párśāna, “chasm”).


wisundz

wisundz (nominative singular)
wisundiz (nominative plural)
wisund (singular vocative)
wisundiz (plural vocative)
wisundų (accusative singular)
wisundunz (accusative plural)
wisundiz (genitive singular)
wisundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wisundi (dative singular)
wisundumaz (dative plural)
wisundē (instrumental singular)
wisundumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wesend, wesand, weosend

Middle English: wesend

Old Saxon: *wisund, *wisand

Middle Low German: wēsent, wisent

→ Old Norse: vísundr

Faroese: visundur

Icelandic: vísundur

Old Dutch: *wisund, *wisand, wisent (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: wēsent, wesende

Old High German: wisunt, wisant

desc

Middle High German: wisent, wisente, wisant

desctree

German: Wisent, Wisund
→ English: wisent
→ Danish: visent
→ Dutch: wisent
→ Swedish: visent

→ Latin: bisōn, bisōnt-

Old French: bison

French: bison

→ English: bison

→ Dutch: bizon

→ German: Bison, Bisont

Gothic or Suevic:

→ Galician: Guisande

Likely a lexicalization of the present participle *wesandz (Stiles 2004; cf. Krahe–Meid 1967:§129.1), from Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“to graze”). The naming-motive “big-eater” is suggested as hunters' taboo (compare 'grey one' for both hare and wolves; 'brown one' or 'honey-eater' for bear in Indo-European). Latin bisōn/bisōntis, variant visōn, is a first-century loan directly from continental West Proto-Germanic, as are Greek forms. Compare Old Prussian wissambrs (“bison”).


arwīts

arwīts (nominative singular)
arwītiz (nominative plural)
arwīt (singular vocative)
arwītiz (plural vocative)
arwītų (accusative singular)
arwītunz (accusative plural)
arwītiz (genitive singular)
arwītǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arwīti (dative singular)
arwītumaz (dative plural)
arwītē (instrumental singular)
arwītumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *arwīt, *arwait
Old Frisian: *erit
Saterland Frisian: Aate
West Frisian: eart
Old Saxon: erit, eriwit
Middle Low German: erwete, erwitte, arwete, erwte, erfte, arfte, arvete, ērte
German Low German: Arvte, Arvt
Old Dutch: *erwit, *erewit
Middle Dutch: erwete
Dutch: erwt
Afrikaans: ertjie
→ Xhosa: i-ertyisi
→ Indonesian: ercis
→ Papiamentu: ert (dated)
→ Sranan Tongo: erki
Old High German: arawīz, araweiz, arawez, areweiz, arewez, arewiz, arewurz, ariwez, arwiz, arwuz, erewiz, erit, erivit, eriwiz, erwez, erwiz, harviz, hereviz
Middle High German: erweiz, erbeiz, arwīs, arwīz, areweiz
Bavarian: Arbaiß
Cimbrian: érbasa
Central Franconian: Ääz, Eerz (Ripuarian), Arwes, Erwes, Erbes, Erres (Moselle Franconian)
Luxembourgish: Ierbes
German: Erbse
Yiddish: אַרבעס (arbes)

Old Norse: ertr (pl.) (likely borrowed from Low German)

Danish: ært

Elfdalian: ert

Faroese: ertur

Icelandic: erta

Norwegian Bokmål: ert

Norwegian Nynorsk: ert

Old Swedish: ært

Swedish: ärt, ärta

Possibly a substrate term related to Latin ervum (“bitter-vetch”), Ancient Greek ὄροβος (órobos, “bitter-vetch”), ἐρέβινθος (erébinthos, “chickpea”) and to Middle Armenian առուոյտ (aṙuoyt, “alfalfa”).


þrūhs

þrūhs (nominative singular)
þrūhiz (nominative plural)
þrūh (singular vocative)
þrūhiz (plural vocative)
þrūhų (accusative singular)
þrūhunz (accusative plural)
þrūhiz (genitive singular)
þrūhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þrūhi (dative singular)
þrūhumaz (dative plural)
þrūhē (instrumental singular)
þrūhumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: þrūh

Middle English: þrouȝ, thrugh, throgh

English: through

Old Saxon: thrūh

Middle Low German: drû

Old Dutch: thrūh, thrūch

Old High German: drūh, druoh

Middle High German: drūch, drūhe, drū

German: Drauche

Old Norse: þró

Icelandic: þró

→ Proto-Finnic: *ruuhi (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *terh₃u- (“to rub, turn, drill, bore”).


rētiz

rētiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
rētijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
rētī (feminine nominative singular strong)
rētijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
rētį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
rētijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
rētijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
rētijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
rētijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
rētijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
rētį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
rētijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
rētijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
rētīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
rētijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
rētijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
rētijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
rētijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
rētīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
rētijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
rētijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
rētijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
rētijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
rētijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
rētijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
rētijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
rētijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
rētijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
rētijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
rētijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
rētijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
rētijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
rētijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
rētijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
rētijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
rētijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
rētijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
rētijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
rētijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
rētijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
rētijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
rētijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
rētijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
rētijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
rētīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
rētijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
rētijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
rētijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
rētīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
rētijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
rētīni (dative masculine singular weak)
rētijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
rētijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
rētijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
rētīni (dative neuter singular weak)
rētijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
rētīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
rētijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
rētijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
rētijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
rētīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
rētijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old High German: rāzi

Middle High German: ræze

From Pre-Germanic *Hrēh₃dis, a long-grade verbal adjective derived to a lost strong verb *rōtaną, from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₃d-. Related to Latin rōdō (“to gnaw”) and Sanskrit रदति (radati, “to dig”).


tangō

tangō (nominative singular)
tangôz (nominative plural)
tangō (singular vocative)
tangôz (plural vocative)
tangǭ (accusative singular)
tangōz (accusative plural)
tangōz (genitive singular)
tangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tangōi (dative singular)
tangōmaz (dative plural)
tangō (instrumental singular)
tangōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tangu
Old English: tang, tange
Middle English: tonge, tang, tange, tongge, toonge, tounge
English: tong (tongs); tang
Scots: tang, taing
Old Frisian: tange, tonge
Saterland Frisian: Tonge
West Frisian: tange
Old Saxon: tanga
Middle Low German: tange
Low German: Tang
Plautdietsch: Tang
Old Dutch: *tanga
Middle Dutch: tanghe
Dutch: tang
Afrikaans: tang
Limburgish: tang
Old High German: zanga
Middle High German: zange
Bavarian: Zanga
Central Franconian: Zang, Zaang
Hunsrik: Zang
German: Zange
Luxembourgish: Zaang
Rhine Franconian: Zang
Palatine German: Zang
Pennsylvania German: Zang
Vilamovian: cang
⇒ Middle High German: hebzange
→ Old Polish: hebcągi
Polish: obcęgi

Old Norse: tǫng
Icelandic: töng f
Faroese: tong f
Norwegian Nynorsk: tong f; (dialectal) tøng f
Elfdalian: taungg
Swedish: tång c
→ Finnish: tongit
Gutnish: tangg
Danish: tang c
Norwegian Bokmål: tang m or f

From Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”).


līþu

līþu (nominative singular)
līþū (nominative plural)
līþu (singular vocative)
līþū (plural vocative)
līþu (accusative singular)
līþū (accusative plural)
līþauz (genitive singular)
līþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
līþiwi (dative singular)
līþumaz (dative plural)
līþū (instrumental singular)
līþumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *līþu

Old English: līþ

Old Frisian: līth

Old Saxon: līth

Old High German: līth, līd

Middle High German: lît; lîtgebe

Bavarian: Leithaus; Leitkauf; leitgeben, Leitgeber

Old Norse: líð

Icelandic: líð

Gothic: 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌿 (leiþu)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *léyH-tu ~ *liH-téw-s, from *leyH- (“to pour”) + *-tu.


kumþiz

kumþiz (nominative singular)
kumþīz (nominative plural)
kumþi (singular vocative)
kumþīz (plural vocative)
kumþį (accusative singular)
kumþīnz (accusative plural)
kundīz (genitive singular)
kundijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kundī (dative singular)
kundimaz (dative plural)
kundī (instrumental singular)
kundimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: cumst

Middle Dutch: comst

Dutch: komst

Old High German: -kumft (found in compounds, framkumft)

Middle High German: -kunft

German: -kunft

(Old Norse: *kund) (found in compounds, samkund < *kumdō/*kumdiz, showing Verner alternation)

Icelandic: -kund, -kunda

desc

Gothic: *𐌵𐌿𐌼𐌸𐍃 (*qumþs), 𐌲𐌰𐌵𐌿𐌼𐌸𐍃 (gaqumþs) (with -q- restored under influence of 𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (qiman))

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷém-ti-s ~ *gʷm̥-téy-s. Equivalent to *kwemaną (“to come”) + *-þiz.


dōlijō

dōlijō (nominative singular)
dōlijôz (nominative plural)
dōlijō (singular vocative)
dōlijôz (plural vocative)
dōlijǭ (accusative singular)
dōlijōz (accusative plural)
dōlijōz (genitive singular)
dōlijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dōlijōi (dative singular)
dōlijōmaz (dative plural)
dōlijō (instrumental singular)
dōlijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dōliju

Old Saxon: *dōlia

Middle Low German: dôle, dolle, dôlt

German Low German: Dole; Döle, Dööl

Low German: döle

→ Old Frisian: dōl, dōle

Saterland Frisian: Doul

West Frisian: dôl, dôle, dolle

→ Middle English: dool, dole, dowl

English: dool, dole, dowl, dule (dialectal)

Early Scots: dule

Scots: dool, dule, dull

Old Dutch: *dōla, *duola

Middle Dutch: doele, doel

Dutch: doel

→ West Frisian: doel

Old High German: tuola, tuolla

Middle High German: tole, tol, tüele

German: Dole; Düle, Tüle

Old Norse: dœl; dól

Icelandic: dæl

>? Faroese: døll (“small clayen bowl”)

Norwegian Nynorsk: døl, døle

Vṛddhi derivative related to *dalą (“valley, dale”).

døl

Old Norse: dœll (“valley dwellers”); Norwegian Nynorsk


flaugijaną

flaugijō (active first-person indicative singular)
flaugijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flaugijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
flaugīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
flaugijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flaugī (active imperative second-person singular)
flaugijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
flaugijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
flaugīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
flaugijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flaugijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
flaugijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
flaugijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
flaugijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
flaugijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flaugijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flaugijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flaugijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
flaugijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
flaugijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flaugijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
flaugijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
flaugīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
flaugijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flaugīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
flaugijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
flaugijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
flaugijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
flaugijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flaugijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
flaugijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
flaugijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
flaugidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
flaugidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flaugidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
flaugidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flaugidē (active indicative singular third-person)
flaugidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flaugidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
flaugidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flaugidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flaugidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flaugidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
flaugidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flaugidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
flaugidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flaugidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
flaugidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flaugijandz (active participle present)
flaugidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Old Norse: fleygja
Icelandic: fleygja
Faroese: floyggja
Norwegian Nynorsk: fløygje, fløygja
Old Swedish: flø̄ghia
Swedish: flöja

Gothic: *𐍆𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*flaugjan), possibly attested once in 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 (usflaugidai), alternative reading of 𐌿𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 (uswalugidai)

→ Proto-Finnic: *laugëldak (see there for further descendants)


flaugijaną

Proto-West Germanic: *flaugijan
Old Dutch: *flōgen
Middle Dutch: vlôgen
Old High German: *flougen
Middle High German: vlougen, flougen


sumslą

sumslą (nominative singular)
sumslō (nominative plural)
sumslą (singular vocative)
sumslō (plural vocative)
sumslą (accusative singular)
sumslō (accusative plural)
sumslas (genitive singular)
sumslis (genitive singular)
sumslǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sumslai (dative singular)
sumslamaz (dative plural)
sumslō (instrumental singular)
sumslamiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌿𐌼𐍃𐌻 (swumsl) (possibly with restored -w- from unattested *𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰𐌽 (*swimman))

From Pre-Germanic *sumslom, equivalent to *swimmaną + *-slą.

(East Germanic) pool, place for swimming


-slą

-slą (nominative singular)
-slō (nominative plural)
-slą (singular vocative)
-slō (plural vocative)
-slą (accusative singular)
-slō (accusative plural)
-slas (genitive singular)
-slis (genitive singular)
-slǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-slai (dative singular)
-slamaz (dative plural)
-slō (instrumental singular)
-slamiz (instrumental plural)


þinsaną

þinsō (active first-person indicative singular)
þinsaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þinsai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þinsizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þinsaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þins (active imperative second-person singular)
þinsazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þinsaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þinsidi (active indicative singular third-person)
þinsai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þinsadau (active imperative singular third-person)
þinsadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þinsaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þinsōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þinsaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þinsadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þinsaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þinsadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þinsamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þinsaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þinsandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þinsaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þinsid (active indicative plural second-person)
þinsaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þinsid (active imperative plural second-person)
þinsandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þinsaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þinsandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þinsain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þinsandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þinsandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þinsaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þans (active first-person indicative singular)
þunsį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þanst (active indicative second-person singular)
þunsīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þans (active indicative singular third-person)
þunsī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þunsū (active dual first-person indicative)
þunsīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þunsudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þunsīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þunsum (active first-person indicative plural)
þunsīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þunsud (active indicative plural second-person)
þunsīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þunsun (active indicative plural third-person)
þunsīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þinsandz (active participle present)
þunsanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þinsan

Old Saxon: thinsan

Old Dutch: thinsan
Middle Dutch: dinsen

Old High German: dinsan

Middle High German: dinsen

Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌰𐌽 (þinsan)

From Proto-Indo-European *tens- (“to stretch”). Related to Lithuanian tęsti (“to stretch (out); to continue, extend”).


þrangwaz

*þrangwaz (a-stem)

þrangwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
þrangwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
þrangwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
þrangwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
þrangwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
þrangwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
þrangwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
þrangwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
þrangwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
þrangwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
þrangwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
þrangwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
þrangwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
þrangwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
þrangwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
þrangwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
þrangwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
þrangwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
þrangwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
þrangwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
þrangwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
þrangwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
þrangwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
þrangwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
þrangwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
þrangwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
þrangwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
þrangwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
þrangwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
þrangwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
þrangwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
þrangwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
þrangwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
þrangwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
þrangwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
þrangwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
þrangwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
þrangwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
þrangwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
þrangwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
þrangwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
þrangwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
þrangwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
þrangwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
þrangwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
þrangwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
þrangwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
þrangwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
þrangwini (dative masculine singular weak)
þrangwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
þrangwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
þrangwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
þrangwini (dative neuter singular weak)
þrangwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
þrangwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
þrangwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
þrangwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
þrangwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
þrangwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
þrangwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *þrang, *þrangwī

Old English: *þrang, *þrong

Middle English: thrang, throng

Old Frisian: *thrang, *throng

Saterland Frisian: troang

West Frisian: trang

Old Saxon: *thrang

Middle Low German: dranc, drange

German Low German: drang

Old Dutch: *thrang

Middle Dutch: drang

Old High German: *drang

Middle High German: dranc, drange

German: drang

Old Norse: þrǫngr

Icelandic: þröngur

Faroese: trongur

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: trang

Norwegian Nynorsk: trong

Old Swedish: þranger

Swedish: trång

Old Danish: thrang

Danish: trang

Elfdalian: traungg

Gutnish: tranggar

Scanian: tránger

/ˈθrɑŋʷ.ɡʷɑz/

An o-grade adjective derived from *þrinhwaną (“to press”).


skōhslą

skōhslą (nominative singular)
skōhslō (nominative plural)
skōhslą (singular vocative)
skōhslō (plural vocative)
skōhslą (accusative singular)
skōhslō (accusative plural)
skōhslas (genitive singular)
skōhslis (genitive singular)
skōhslǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skōhslai (dative singular)
skōhslamaz (dative plural)
skōhslō (instrumental singular)
skōhslamiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌷𐍃𐌻 (skōhsl)

Possibly from Pre-Germanic *skōkslom, a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *skek- (“to move, stir”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *skāxslom (“demon, supernatural being”). On the other hand, if the change -Vxsl- > -Vːxsl- is regular in Celtic, this would represent an early borrowing from Celtic.


smukkōną

smukkō (active first-person indicative singular)
smukkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smukkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
smukkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
smukkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smukkō (active imperative second-person singular)
smukkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
smukkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
smukkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
smukkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smukkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
smukkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
smukkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
smukkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
smukkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smukkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smukkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smukkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
smukkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
smukkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smukkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
smukkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
smukkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
smukkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smukkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
smukkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
smukkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
smukkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
smukkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smukkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
smukkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
smukkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
smukkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
smukkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smukkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
smukkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smukkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
smukkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smukkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
smukkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smukkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smukkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smukkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
smukkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smukkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
smukkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smukkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
smukkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smukkōndz (active participle present)
smukkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

(Dutch: smokkelen) (with secondary frequentative suffix)

Old Norse: *smokka, *smugga

Faroese: smokka

Norwegian: smugga

From Pre-Germanic *smuknéh₂-, iterative formation to *smeuganą (“to creep, slip into”).


smirwislą

smirwislą (nominative singular)
smirwislō (nominative plural)
smirwislą (singular vocative)
smirwislō (plural vocative)
smirwislą (accusative singular)
smirwislō (accusative plural)
smirwislas (genitive singular)
smirwislis (genitive singular)
smirwislǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smirwislai (dative singular)
smirwislamaz (dative plural)
smirwislō (instrumental singular)
smirwislamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: smirels m

Old Norse: smyrsl (plural)

Icelandic: smyrsl, smyrsli

Faroese: smyrsl

Norwegian: smorelse

Old Swedish: smyrsla, smyrilse

Swedish: smörjelse

Danish: smørelse

Dutch: smeersel


tīdijaz

*tīdijaz (ja-stem)

tīdijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
tīdijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
tīdijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
tīdijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
tīdiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
tīdijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
tīdijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
tīdijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
tīdijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
tīdijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
tīdiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
tīdijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
tīdijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
tīdijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
tīdijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
tīdijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
tīdijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
tīdijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
tīdijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
tīdijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
tīdijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
tīdijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
tīdijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
tīdijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
tīdijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
tīdijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
tīdijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
tīdijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
tīdijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
tīdijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
tīdijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
tīdijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
tīdijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
tīdijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
tīdijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
tīdijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
tīdijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
tīdijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
tīdijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
tīdijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
tīdijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
tīdijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
tīdīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
tīdijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
tīdijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
tīdijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
tīdīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
tīdijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
tīdīni (dative masculine singular weak)
tīdijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
tīdijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
tīdijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
tīdīni (dative neuter singular weak)
tīdijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
tīdīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
tīdijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
tīdijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
tīdijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
tīdīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
tīdijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: tíðr

Icelandic: tíður

Norwegian Nynorsk: tid


tinnaną

tinnō (active first-person indicative singular)
tinnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tinnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tinnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
tinnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tinn (active imperative second-person singular)
tinnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tinnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tinnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
tinnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tinnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
tinnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tinnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tinnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
tinnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tinnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tinnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tinnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tinnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tinnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tinnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tinnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tinnid (active indicative plural second-person)
tinnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tinnid (active imperative plural second-person)
tinnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tinnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tinnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
tinnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tinnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
tinnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tinnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tann (active first-person indicative singular)
tunnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tannt (active indicative second-person singular)
tunnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tann (active indicative singular third-person)
tunnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tunnū (active dual first-person indicative)
tunnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tunnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tunnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tunnum (active first-person indicative plural)
tunnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tunnud (active indicative plural second-person)
tunnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tunnun (active indicative plural third-person)
tunnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tinnandz (active participle present)
tunnanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: tinnan

Old High German: *zinnan

Middle High German: zinnen

From Pre-Germanic *dendʰneti. The ultimate origin is unclear, as solid cognates outside of Germanic are lacking. Osthoff suggests Proto-Indo-European *deh₂w- (“kindle, burn”) (Ancient Greek δαίω (daíō)), but Pokorny rejects this.

der

Brill Publishers
Friedrich Kluge
John Francis Davis


smirwijaną

smirwijō (active first-person indicative singular)
smirwijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smirwijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
smirwīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
smirwijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smirwī (active imperative second-person singular)
smirwijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
smirwijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
smirwīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
smirwijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smirwijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
smirwijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
smirwijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
smirwijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
smirwijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smirwijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smirwijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smirwijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
smirwijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
smirwijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smirwijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
smirwijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
smirwīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
smirwijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smirwīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
smirwijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
smirwijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
smirwijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
smirwijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smirwijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
smirwijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
smirwijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
smirwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
smirwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smirwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
smirwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smirwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
smirwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smirwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
smirwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smirwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smirwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smirwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
smirwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smirwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
smirwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smirwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
smirwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smirwijandz (active participle present)
smirwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *smirwijan
Old English: smirwan, smierwan, smyrian, smerian
Middle English: smerien, smeren
English: smear
Scots: smere, smeir
Old Frisian: *smera
Saterland Frisian: smeere
Old Saxon: *smirwian, *smirian
Middle Low German: smeren
Low German: smeren
Old Dutch: *smirwen, *smiren
Middle Dutch: smeren
Dutch: smeren
Afrikaans: smeer
Negerhollands: smeer
→ Indonesian: semir
→ Papiamentu: smer
Old High German: smirwen
Middle High German: smirwen
Alemannic German: schmirre
German: schmieren
→ Polish: szmira
Hunsrik: schmeere
Luxembourgish: schmieren
Yiddish: שמיר (shmir)
→ English: shmear

Old Norse: smyrva, smyrja

Icelandic: smyrja

Faroese: smyrja

Norwegian Nynorsk: smyrja, smørja

Elfdalian: smyra

Old Swedish: smyria
Swedish: smörja

Old Danish: smyriæ, smøræ

Scanian: smøra

Danish: smøre, smørre

Norwegian Bokmål: smøre

Gutnish: smöire, smöre

From *smerwą (“butter, grease”) + *-janą.