barsaz

barsaz (nominative singular)
barsōz (nominative plural)
barsōs (nominative plural)
bars (singular vocative)
barsōz (plural vocative)
barsōs (plural vocative)
barsą (accusative singular)
barsanz (accusative plural)
barsas (genitive singular)
barsis (genitive singular)
barsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
barsai (dative singular)
barsamaz (dative plural)
barsō (instrumental singular)
barsamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bars
Old English: bærs
Middle English: bars, bas
English: barse, bass
Old Frisian:
Saterland Frisian: Boas
Old Saxon: bars
→ Polabian: borš
Old Dutch: *bars
Middle Dutch: bars, bāers
Dutch: baars
Old High German: bars
Middle High German: bars
German: Barsch

(Old Norse: *borri < *burzô)

(Old Swedish: borre (in compounds))

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰórsos (“pointy, prickly”), from *bʰers- (“top, point”).


seldanē

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *seldanā
Old English: seldan, seldum
Middle English: selden, seilden, seldom
Scots: seld, seldin, seendil
English: seldom
Old Frisian: sielden
Saterland Frisian: säilden
West Frisian: komselden
Old Saxon: seldan
Middle Low German: selden
Old Dutch: *seldan
Middle Dutch: selden
Dutch: zelden
Afrikaans: selde
Negerhollands: selden
Old High German: seltan; *seldan (Central German)
Middle High German: selten; selden
Alemannic German: selte
German: selten
Central Franconian: säle, seale, selle, selde
Luxembourgish: sielen
Yiddish: זעלטן (zeltn)

Old Norse: sjaldan
Icelandic: sjaldan
Faroese: sjáldan, sjaldan
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: sjelden
Norwegian Nynorsk: sjeldan
Old Swedish: siäldan, säldan, siällan
Swedish: sällan
Old Danish: siældæn
Danish: sjælden

From unattested *seldaz (“rare”) + *-anē.


bardǭ

bardǭ (nominative singular)
bardōniz (nominative plural)
bardǭ (singular vocative)
bardōniz (plural vocative)
bardōnų (accusative singular)
bardōnunz (accusative plural)
bardōniz (genitive singular)
bardōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bardōni (dative singular)
bardōmaz (dative plural)
bardōnē (instrumental singular)
bardōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bardā

Old Saxon: barda

Middle Low German: bārde

Frankish: *barda > *Langabarda (possibly, meaning "long axe")

Old Dutch: barda

Middle Dutch: barde, baerde; bardse; helmbaerde

Dutch: baars; hellebaard

→ Late Latin: Langobardus, Longobardus

Old French: Lombard

Old High German: barta

Middle High German: barte

German: Barte

Old Norse: barða

Icelandic: barða

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰ- or *bʰordʰ-, probably from *bʰer-, *bʰor- (“to protrude; bristle, spike, tip, awn”); compare *baraz for the unextended root.
Sometimes considered a derivative of *bardaz (“beard”), as if meaning “beard-shaped tool”, though the direction could be the reverse. Orel compares Old Norse skegg-ǫx (literally “beard-axe”) for the semantics.


wīsadōmaz

wīsadōmaz (nominative singular)
wīsadōmōz (nominative plural)
wīsadōmōs (nominative plural)
wīsadōm (singular vocative)
wīsadōmōz (plural vocative)
wīsadōmōs (plural vocative)
wīsadōmą (accusative singular)
wīsadōmanz (accusative plural)
wīsadōmas (genitive singular)
wīsadōmis (genitive singular)
wīsadōmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīsadōmai (dative singular)
wīsadōmamaz (dative plural)
wīsadōmō (instrumental singular)
wīsadōmamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wīsdōm

Middle English: wisdom

Scots: wisdom, wysdome

English: wisdom

Old Frisian: wīsdōm

West Frisian: wiisdom

Old Saxon: wīsdōm

Middle Low German: wiisdoem

Old Dutch: *wīsduom

Middle Dutch: wijsdom

Dutch: wijsdom

Old High German: wīstuom

Middle High German: wīstuom

German: Weistum

Old Norse: vísdómr

Icelandic: vísdómur

Norwegian: visdom

Old Swedish: vīsdōmber

Swedish: visdom

Danish: visdom


būsniz

būsniz (nominative singular)
būsnīz (nominative plural)
būsni (singular vocative)
būsnīz (plural vocative)
būsnį (accusative singular)
būsninz (accusative plural)
būsnīz (genitive singular)
būsnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
būsnī (dative singular)
būsnimaz (dative plural)
būsnī (instrumental singular)
būsnimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *būsni
Old English: bȳsn, bȳsen
Middle English: bisne, bysen
Scots: bysen, bizen, besyne, bysene
English: bizen
Old Saxon: būsen, būsan (in compounds: e.g. ambūsan)

Old Norse: býsn
Icelandic: býsn n pl
Norwegian Nynorsk: bisn f or n

From earlier *budsniz, from zero-grade of *beudaną (“to offer, bid”) + *-(s)niz.


dagāną

dagō (active first-person indicative singular)
dagaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
dagai (active imperative second-person singular)
dagāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dagaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dagāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dagāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dagōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dagāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dagāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dagāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dagānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dagaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dagaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dagānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dagānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dagānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dagānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dagadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dagadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dagadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dagadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dagadē (active indicative singular third-person)
dagadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dagadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dagadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dagadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dagadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dagadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dagadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dagadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dagadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dagadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dagadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dagāndz (active participle present)
dagadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *dagēn
Old English: dagian, dagiġan
Middle English: daȝiȝen, dawen
English: daw
Scots: daw
Old Frisian: *dagia
West Frisian: daagje
Old Saxon: *dagon
Middle Low German: dagen, dāgen
German Low German: dagen
Old Dutch: *dagon
Middle Dutch: dāgen
Dutch: dagen
Old High German: tagēn
Middle High German: tagen
German: tagen

Old Norse: daga

Icelandic: daga

Faroese: daga

Norwegian: dage

Swedish: daga

Danish: dage

Gothic: *𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽 (*dagan) (in the derived agent noun 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (dagands))

/ˈdɑ.ɣɑː.nɑ̃/


dēhǭ

dēhǭ (nominative singular)
dēhōniz (nominative plural)
dēhǭ (singular vocative)
dēhōniz (plural vocative)
dēhōnų (accusative singular)
dēhōnunz (accusative plural)
dēhōniz (genitive singular)
dēhōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dēhōni (dative singular)
dēhōmaz (dative plural)
dēhōnē (instrumental singular)
dēhōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dāhwā, *dagwā; *dahā
Old English: *dāwe
Middle English: dawe
English: daw
⇒ English: jackdaw
Scots: da, daa, daw
Old Saxon: dāha
Old High German: tāha
Middle High German: tāhe
German: Tach, Dache (dialectal)

Perhaps from an onomatopoeic Proto-Indo-European root *dʰek-, *dʰēk- (“a daw, starling, thrush”). Cognate with Old Prussian doacke (“starling”), Latin faccilāre (“the sound or timbre of the thrush”).


hwistlōną

hwistlō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwistlǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwistlōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwistlōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwistlōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwistlō (active imperative second-person singular)
hwistlōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwistlōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwistlōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwistlō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwistlōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwistlōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwistlōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwistlōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hwistlōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwistlōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwistlōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwistlōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwistlōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwistlōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwistlōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwistlōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwistlōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hwistlōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwistlōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hwistlōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwistlōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwistlōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwistlōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwistlōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwistlōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwistlōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwistlōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hwistlōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwistlōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hwistlōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwistlōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hwistlōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwistlōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwistlōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwistlōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwistlōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwistlōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwistlōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwistlōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwistlōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwistlōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwistlōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwistlōndz (active participle present)
hwistlōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: hwistlian

Middle English: whistlen

Scots: whistle

English: whistle

Old Dutch: *wistalon

Middle Dutch: *wistelen

Dutch: wistelen

Old Norse: hvísla

Icelandic: hvísla

Norwegian: hvisle

Old Swedish: hvīsla, hvizsla

Swedish: vissla

Old Danish: hwīslæ

Danish: hvisle

Elfdalian: wissla

Scanian: hvysla

From *hwis- (“to hiss”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱweys-, *ḱwey- (“to hiss, whistle, whisper”). Cognate with Latin quiritō (“scream, screech, shriek, squall”).


bardaz

bardaz (nominative singular)
bardōz (nominative plural)
bardōs (nominative plural)
bard (singular vocative)
bardōz (plural vocative)
bardōs (plural vocative)
bardą (accusative singular)
bardanz (accusative plural)
bardas (genitive singular)
bardis (genitive singular)
bardǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bardai (dative singular)
bardamaz (dative plural)
bardō (instrumental singular)
bardamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bard
Old English: beard
Middle English: berd, bard, bærd, beord, burd
English: beard
Scots: berd, berde, beird
Yola: bearde
→ Anglo-Norman: berd
→⇒ Anglo-Norman: barder (verb) (merged with Old French barbier)
Old Frisian: *bard, berd
West Frisian: burd
Old Saxon: bard
Middle Low German: bart
German Low German: Baart
Westphalian
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Bårt
Vest Recklinghausen: Bart
Westmünsterländisch: Baord, Buord, Burd
Plautdietsch: Boat
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: barde
→ Saterland Frisian: Boart
Old Dutch: *bart
Middle Dutch: bāert
Dutch: baard
Afrikaans: baard
Negerhollands: baard
→ Virgin Islands Creole: bad (archaic)
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: barde
→ West Frisian: baard
Limburgish: baerd
Old High German: bart
Middle High German: bart
Alemannic German: Baart
Bavarian: Bårt
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Baart
Luxembourgish: Baart
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: biöet, biöt
East Franconian:
German: Bart
→ Norwegian: bart
Rhine Franconian: Bat, Bart
Frankfurterisch: [b̥ɑːt], (older) [b̥ɔːt]
Pennsylvania German: Baart
Yiddish: באָרד (bord)

Old Norse: barð n (< *barðą)
Icelandic: barð
Norwegian Bokmål: bard m
Norwegian Nynorsk: bard, barde
Swedish: bard, bård

Crimean Gothic: bars

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰéh₂.
The change from a feminine first declension pattern to a masculine short a-stem is analogous; a more etymologically accurate descendant would be something like "bardō."


krēǭ

krēǭ (nominative singular)
krēōniz (nominative plural)
krēǭ (singular vocative)
krēōniz (plural vocative)
krēōnų (accusative singular)
krēōnunz (accusative plural)
krēōniz (genitive singular)
krēōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krēōni (dative singular)
krēōmaz (dative plural)
krēōnē (instrumental singular)
krēōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *krāā, *krājā
Old English: crāwe, crāuuae — early
Middle English: crowe, crawe, crow, crauw, craw
English: crow
Geordie English: craw
Scots: craw
Yola: croowe, crowe, crouw
Old Frisian: *krā, *krē
West Frisian: krie
Old Saxon: krāia, krāa
Middle Low German: krâ, kreie
Plautdietsch: Krauj
Old Dutch: *krāia (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: crâye
Dutch: kraai
Afrikaans: kraai
Limburgish: krej
Old High German: krāwa, kraja, krāha
Middle High German: krā, krāe, krāwe
Cimbrian: kre
German: Krähe
Hunsrik: Kreh
Luxembourgish: Kréi
Vilamovian: kröw
Yiddish: קראָ (kro)


strawą

strawą (nominative singular)
strawō (nominative plural)
strawą (singular vocative)
strawō (plural vocative)
strawą (accusative singular)
strawō (accusative plural)
strawas (genitive singular)
strawis (genitive singular)
strawǫ̂ (genitive plural)
strawai (dative singular)
strawamaz (dative plural)
strawō (instrumental singular)
strawamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *strau
Old English: strēaw
Middle English: straw
English: straw
Scots: strae
Yola: strew, stre
Old Frisian: strē
Saterland Frisian: Sträi
West Frisian: strie
Old Saxon: strō
Middle Low German: strô
German Low German: Stroh
Plautdietsch: Stroo
Old Dutch: strō
Middle Dutch: strô
Dutch: stro
Old High German: strou, strō
Middle High German: strō
German: Stroh
Luxembourgish: Stréi
Vilamovian: śtruf
Yiddish: שטרוי (shtroy)

Old Norse: strá

Icelandic: strá

Faroese: strá

Norwegian: strå

Old Swedish: strā

Swedish: strå

Old Danish: stra

Danish: strå

Gutnish: strä

From Pre-Germanic *strow-o-m, from Proto-Indo-European *strew-.

etymon

*strow-o-m


akraną

akraną (nominative singular)
akranō (nominative plural)
akraną (singular vocative)
akranō (plural vocative)
akraną (accusative singular)
akranō (accusative plural)
akranas (genitive singular)
akranis (genitive singular)
akranǫ̂ (genitive plural)
akranai (dative singular)
akranamaz (dative plural)
akranō (instrumental singular)
akranamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *akarn, *akran, *akrun, *akrin
Old English: æcern, æceran, æceren, æcirn
Middle English: acorn
English: acorn
Scots: aicorn
Old Frisian: *akern
Saterland Frisian: Äkkene
West Frisian: aker
Old Saxon: *akeran, *ekerin
Middle Low German: ākeren, ackeren, ēkeren, eckeren
German Low German: Ecker
Low German: eckeren
Old Dutch: *akeran
Middle Dutch: aecker, aker
Dutch: aker
Old High German: *akeran, *ekerin
Middle High German: ackeran, eckeren, eckern, ecker
German: Ackeran, Ecker
→ Old French: aigrun

Old Norse: akarn
Icelandic: akarn
Faroese: akarn
Norwegian Nynorsk: åkorn
Swedish: akarn
Danish: agern

Gothic: 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽 (akran)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ógr̥ (“small fruit ~ berry”); compare Proto-Celtic *agrinyos (“~ sloe, small plum, berry”), Latvian ôga, Lithuanian úoga, Proto-Slavic *àgo-da (“fruit, berry”), Tocharian B oko (“fruit”).


akwisī

akwisī (nominative singular)
akuzijôz (nominative plural)
akwisī (singular vocative)
akuzijôz (plural vocative)
akuzijǭ (accusative singular)
akuzijōz (accusative plural)
akuzijōz (genitive singular)
akuzijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
akuzijōi (dative singular)
akuzijōmaz (dative plural)
akuzijō (instrumental singular)
akuzijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *akusi
Old English: æx, æces, acas, eax
Middle English: ax, axe, ex, exe; æxæ, æxe
English: axe, ax
Scots: aix
Old Frisian: axa
Saterland Frisian: Äkse
Old Saxon: akus
Middle Low German: axe, ēxe, akes
Low German: Ax, Äx, Ex
Westphalian:
Märkisch: Akes
Plautdietsch: Akjs
Old Dutch: *akus, *acus
Middle Dutch: aex
Dutch: aks, akst
Old High German: ackis, ackus
Middle High German: ackes, aks, ax, axt
German: Axt
Luxembourgish: Aaxt

Old Norse: øx, ǫx
Icelandic: öxi, exi, öx
Faroese: øks
Norwegian Bokmål: øks
Norwegian Nynorsk: øks
Old Swedish: øx, øxa
Swedish: yxa
Old Danish: øx, øxæ
Danish: økse
Elfdalian: öks
Old Gutnish: yxi
Gutnish: yx
Scanian: yğsa

Gothic: 𐌰𐌵𐌹𐌶𐌹 (aqizi)

→ Proto-Samic: *ākšōjō (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *okъša, *okъšy (see there for further descendants)

From apparent pre-Germanic *h₂egʷésih₂ (“axe”), which along with Ancient Greek ἀξῑ́νη (axī́nē) and Latin ascia is probably a borrowing from a non-Indo-European language. Compare also Akkadian 𒍏𒄩𒍣𒅔 (ḫaṣṣinnum), Aramaic חצינא (ḥăṣṣīnā).

cog

Aramaic חצינא (ḥăṣṣīnā)

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


nadrǭ

nadrǭ (nominative singular)
nadrōniz (nominative plural)
nadrǭ (singular vocative)
nadrōniz (plural vocative)
nadrōnų (accusative singular)
nadrōnunz (accusative plural)
nadrōniz (genitive singular)
nadrōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nadrōni (dative singular)
nadrōmaz (dative plural)
nadrōnē (instrumental singular)
nadrōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *nadrā
Old English: nǣdre, nǣddre
Middle English: naddere, addere
Scots: edder
English: adder; nedder (dialectal)
Old Frisian: *nēdre
Saterland Frisian: Neder
West Frisian: njirre
Old Saxon: nādra, nādara
Middle Low German: nâder, nader, nadder
Low German: Adder
German Low German: Adder
→ Saterland Frisian: Adder
Old Dutch: *nadra
Middle Dutch: nadre, nadder, adre, adder
Dutch: adder
Afrikaans: adder
Limburgish: adder
Old High German: nātara, otter
Middle High German: nātere, nāter, otter
German: Natter, Otter
Luxembourgish: Adder

Old Norse: naðra

Icelandic: naðra


brēdô

brēdô (nominative singular)
brēdaniz (nominative plural)
brēdô (singular vocative)
brēdaniz (plural vocative)
brēdanų (accusative singular)
brēdanunz (accusative plural)
brēdiniz (genitive singular)
brēdanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brēdini (dative singular)
brēdammaz (dative plural)
brēdinē (instrumental singular)
brēdammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: brǣd, brǣde, brād (Old English nouns are strong)

Middle English: brede, brade

Scots: brede

Old Frisian: *brāde, *brēde

Saterland Frisian: Broaden (possibly from Middle Low German)

(West Frisian: gebraden)

Old Saxon: brādo

Middle Low German: brade, brâde; brât

German Low German: Braa

Frankish: *brādō

Old Dutch: *brādo
Middle Dutch: brâde
Afrikaans: braai
→ Dutch: braai
→ English: braai

→ Old French: braon

→ Middle English: brawne

Scots: brawn, bran

English: brawn

Old High German: brāto, prāto; brāt

Middle High German: brāte; brāt

German: Brät, Braten, Bratwurst

→ English: brat, bratwurst

Luxembourgish: Brot

Old Norse: bráð

Icelandic: bráð

Faroese: bráð

Danish: brad

Old Swedish: brāþ

Swedish: bråd (in villebråd)

→ Proto-Finnic: *raato (see there for further descendants)

/ˈbrɛː.ðɔːː/

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrē- (“waft; breeze; haze”) or Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- (“to seethe; brew; cook”).


gamaną

gamaną (nominative singular)
gamanō (nominative plural)
gamaną (singular vocative)
gamanō (plural vocative)
gamaną (accusative singular)
gamanō (accusative plural)
gamanas (genitive singular)
gamanis (genitive singular)
gamanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gamanai (dative singular)
gamanamaz (dative plural)
gamanō (instrumental singular)
gamanamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gaman
Old English: gamen, gomen
Middle English: game, gamen, gemen, gomen, gome, gammen, gaume, gamme, gamin, gomin, gomyn, gomun, gam, geme
English: game (see there for further descendants); gammon (dialectal gam)
Scots: gemme, gem, gyem
Yola: gaame, gaume, gaaume
Old Frisian: game, gome
>? West Frisian: gammen
Old Saxon: gaman
⇒ Middle Low German: gamel
German Low German: Gammel
Old Dutch: *gaman
Middle Dutch: gāme
⇒ Middle Dutch: gemelijc
Dutch: gemelijk
Old High German: gaman
Middle High German: gamen, gamel
German: Gammel (dialectal)

Old Norse: gaman; (gems)
Icelandic: gaman
Faroese: gaman
Norwegian Nynorsk: gaman, gama
→ Norwegian Bokmål: gaman
Old Swedish: gaman, gamman, gammen
Swedish: gamman
Danish: gammen
Norwegian Bokmål: gammen

>? Old Norse: man
Icelandic: man

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽 (gaman)

/ˈɣɑ.mɑ.nɑ̃/

Exact origin uncertain. Perhaps from *ga- + *mann-, but the stress is on the first syllable, whereas the prefix *ga- never bears stress. Alternatively:
* Cognate with Proto-Slavic *gomonъ (“noise”)
* Pokorny compares Middle High German gampen, gumpen (“to jump”) (cf. *gampaz) and Ancient Greek ἀθεμβοῦσα (athemboûsa, “exuberant”), which would point to Proto-Indo-European *(h₂)gʷʰemb- (“to hop, jump, frisk”).


kebrą

kebrą (nominative singular)
kebrō (nominative plural)
kebrą (singular vocative)
kebrō (plural vocative)
kebrą (accusative singular)
kebrō (accusative plural)
kebras (genitive singular)
kibris (genitive singular)
kebrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kibrai (dative singular)
kebramaz (dative plural)
kebrō (instrumental singular)
kebramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kebr

Old Dutch: *kifer; *kifel

→ Old French: *gifle, giffe

Middle French: gifle

French: gifle

Old High German: kifer; *kifel

Middle High German: kiver; kifel

German: Kiefer


nakwô

nakwô (nominative singular)
nakwaniz (nominative plural)
nakwô (singular vocative)
nakwaniz (plural vocative)
nakwanų (accusative singular)
nakwanunz (accusative plural)
nakwiniz (genitive singular)
nakwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nakwini (dative singular)
nakwammaz (dative plural)
nakwinē (instrumental singular)
nakwammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *nakwō
Old English: naca
Old Frisian: *naka, âke, âk
West Frisian: aek, aak
Old Saxon: nako
German Low German: Âken
Old Dutch: *nako
Middle Dutch: naecke, aecke
Dutch: aak
Old High German: nahho
Middle High German: nache
German: Nachen
Luxembourgish: Naachen

Old Norse: nǫkkvi

Icelandic: nökkvi

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂us (“boat”); a possible explanation of the kʷ is Cowgill's Law.


brēdaną

brēdō (active first-person indicative singular)
brēdaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brēdai (first-person indicative passive singular)
brēdizi (active indicative second-person singular)
brēdaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brēd (active imperative second-person singular)
brēdazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brēdaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brēdidi (active indicative singular third-person)
brēdai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brēdadau (active imperative singular third-person)
brēdadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brēdaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brēdōz (active dual first-person indicative)
brēdaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brēdadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brēdaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brēdadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brēdamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brēdaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brēdandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brēdaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brēdid (active indicative plural second-person)
brēdaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brēdid (active imperative plural second-person)
brēdandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brēdaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brēdandi (active indicative plural third-person)
brēdain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brēdandau (active imperative plural third-person)
brēdandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brēdaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bebrēd (active first-person indicative singular)
bebrēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bebrēst (active indicative second-person singular)
bebrēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bebrēd (active indicative singular third-person)
bebrēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bebrēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bebrēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bebrēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bebrēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bebrēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bebrēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bebrēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bebrēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bebrēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bebrēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brēdandz (active participle present)
brēdanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *brādan

Old English: brǣdan

Middle English: breden, breaden

Scots: brade

Old Frisian: brēda

Saterland Frisian: bräide

West Frisian: briede

Old Saxon: brādan

Middle Low German: braden, brāden

Low German: braden, braën

Plautdietsch: broden

Old Dutch: brādan
Middle Dutch: brâden
Dutch: braden
Afrikaans: braai
→ English: braai
Berbice Creole Dutch: brai
Negerhollands: braen
Petjo: brajen
Skepi Creole Dutch: brai
→ Sranan Tongo: brai
Limburgish: braoje

Old High German: prātan, brātan

Middle High German: braten

German: braten

Luxembourgish: broden

Yiddish: בראָטן (brotn)

Old Norse: bræða

Icelandic: bræða

Faroese: bræða

Old Swedish: brædha

Danish: bræde

Crimean Gothic: breen

/ˈbrɛː.ðɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- (“to boil, seethe”). Cognate with Latin fervō (“seethe, burn”).


būraz

būraz (nominative singular)
būrōz (nominative plural)
būrōs (nominative plural)
būr (singular vocative)
būrōz (plural vocative)
būrōs (plural vocative)
būrą (accusative singular)
būranz (accusative plural)
būras (genitive singular)
būris (genitive singular)
būrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
būrai (dative singular)
būramaz (dative plural)
būrō (instrumental singular)
būramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *būr

Old English: būr

Middle English: boueer, booer

English: bower

Scots: bour

⇒ Old English: gebūr
→ English: gebur

Old Frisian: būr

⇒ Old Frisian: *gebūr

West Frisian: gebuur

Old Saxon: *būr

Middle Low German: bûr

Low German: Buer

⇒ Polabian: bör

⇒ Old Saxon: gibūr

Old Dutch: *būr

desctree

Middle Dutch: buur
Dutch: buur
Afrikaans: buur
Jersey Dutch: buer

Middle Dutch: bure (eastern dialects)

Dutch: boer
Afrikaans: boer
→ English: Boer
Jersey Dutch: bûr
→ English: boor
→ Sranan Tongo: buru
→ Caribbean Javanese: bulman, bulmang, buru
→ Dutch: boeroe

⇒ Old Dutch: gibūr

Middle Dutch: gebuur
Dutch: gebuur
West Flemish: gebeur

Old High German: būr
⇒ Middle High German: būre (“neighbor, farmer, peasant”)
German: Bauer (“farmer”)
→ English: bauer; bower
→ Polish: bauer
→ Serbo-Croatian: pȁor, па̏ор
Luxembourgish: Bauer
Mòcheno: pauer
Pennsylvania German: Bauer
Yiddish: פּויער (poyer)

table
From or related to *būaną (“to dwell”).


strawjaną

strawjō (active first-person indicative singular)
strawjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
strawjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
strawisi (active indicative second-person singular)
strawjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
strawi (active imperative second-person singular)
strawjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
strawjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
strawiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
strawjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
strawjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
strawjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
strawjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
strawjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
strawjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
strawjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
strawjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
strawjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
strawjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
strawjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
strawjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
strawjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
strawiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
strawjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
strawiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
strawjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
strawjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
strawjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
strawjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
strawjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
strawjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
strawjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
strawidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
strawidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
strawidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
strawidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
strawidē (active indicative singular third-person)
strawidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
strawidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
strawidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
strawidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
strawidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
strawidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
strawidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
strawidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
strawidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
strawidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
strawidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
strawjandz (active participle present)
strawidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *strauwjan
Old English: strēawian, strēowian, strēwian
Middle English: strewen, streuen
English: strew, strow, straw (dialectal)
Scots: straw
Old Frisian: strēwa
North Frisian: strijen
West Frisian: streauwe
Old Saxon: streuwian, strōian
Middle Low German: strōen, strōuwen
Old Dutch: *strōien
Middle Dutch: strôyen
Dutch: strooien
Afrikaans: strooi
Negerhollands: strui, strooj
→ Papiamentu: stroi, strooi
→ West Frisian: struie
Limburgish: struie
Old High German: strewen, strouwen
Middle High German: streuwen, ströuwen, strouwen
Alemannic German: streuwe
Central Franconian: streue, streie, strähe, straaie
Luxembourgish: streeën
German: streuen

Old Norse: strá, *streyja

Icelandic: strá

Faroese: stroyggja

Norwegian Nynorsk: strå, strøya, strø

Old Swedish: strø̄ia, strø̄
Swedish: strö

Old Danish: strø̄

Danish: strø

Norwegian Bokmål: strø

Elfdalian: sträa

Gutnish: stråie

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽 (straujan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *raivat'ak (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *strow-éye-ti, a causative from the root *strew- (“to spread, strew”).


raduraz

raduraz (nominative singular)
radurōz (nominative plural)
radurōs (nominative plural)
radur (singular vocative)
radurōz (plural vocative)
radurōs (plural vocative)
radurą (accusative singular)
raduranz (accusative plural)
raduras (genitive singular)
raduris (genitive singular)
radurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
radurai (dative singular)
raduramaz (dative plural)
radurō (instrumental singular)
raduramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *radur

Old English: radur, rador, rodor

Old Saxon: radur, radul

Old Norse: rǫðull

Icelandic: röðull

From Proto-Indo-European *Hreth₂- (“to run”). Cognate with Latin rota (“wheel”).


airundiją

airundiją (nominative singular)
airundijō (nominative plural)
airundiją (singular vocative)
airundijō (plural vocative)
airundiją (accusative singular)
airundijō (accusative plural)
airundijas (genitive singular)
airundīs (genitive singular)
airundijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
airundijai (dative singular)
airundijamaz (dative plural)
airundijō (instrumental singular)
airundijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ārundī
Old English: ǣrende, ǣrænde
Middle English: erende, erand, arend, ernde, arnde
English: errand
Scots: erand, eirand, earand
Yola: erroane, errone
Old Frisian: ērende
Old Saxon: ārundi
Old High German: ārunti
Middle High German: ārant, arant, erande, erende
Bavarian: Erend, Ernd

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚱᚢᚾᛞᛁᛃᚨ (*arundija /ārundija, arundija/)

Old Norse: eyrendi, erendi, ørendi

Icelandic: eyrendi, erindi

Faroese: ørindi

Norwegian: ærend

Old Swedish: ærande, ærinde, ærende

Swedish: ärende

Danish: ærinde

From a derivative of, or from a compound with an initial element of *airuz (“messenger”).


maiwaz

maiwaz (nominative singular)
maiwōz (nominative plural)
maiwōs (nominative plural)
maiw (singular vocative)
maiwōz (plural vocative)
maiwōs (plural vocative)
maiwą (accusative singular)
maiwanz (accusative plural)
maiwas (genitive singular)
maiwis (genitive singular)
maiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maiwai (dative singular)
maiwamaz (dative plural)
maiwō (instrumental singular)
maiwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *maiwī (diminutive)
Old English: mǣw, mēu, mēw, mēau, mēaw
Middle English: mewe, mawe, meau, mowe
English: mew (archaic)
Scots: maw (through confluence with Old Norse form)
→ Old French: maoe, mave, mauve
French: mauve
Old French: moette
French: mouette

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *maiwā, *maihwā
Old Frisian: *mēwe
North Frisian: mö (Söl'ring)
West Frisian: meau, miuw
Old Saxon: *mēwa
Middle Low German: mêwe, mêve
German Low German: Meew, Meev, Mööw, Mööv
→ German: Möwe
→ Yiddish: מעווע (meve)
→ Luxembourgish: Méiw
→ Limburgish: mévas
Old Dutch: *mēwa
Middle Dutch: mewe, meeuwe
Dutch: meeuw
Afrikaans: meeu
>? Old High German: mēu, mēh (from a transcription originally written in Old English)

Old Norse: már, mór; diminutives: mási, *máki

Icelandic: már, mávur

Faroese: máur, mávur, mási

Norwegian: måke, måse

desc

Swedish: mås, måse, måsa, måk, måke, måka

Danish: måge, moge, måg

→? Middle Dutch: meauca

Dutch: mok

→ West Frisian: mok

Probably of non-Indo-European substrate origin, as no certain cognates exist outside of Germanic. Or, of imitative origin.

onomatopoeic

imitative


stapulaz

stapulaz (nominative singular)
stapulōz (nominative plural)
stapulōs (nominative plural)
stapul (singular vocative)
stapulōz (plural vocative)
stapulōs (plural vocative)
stapulą (accusative singular)
stapulanz (accusative plural)
stapulas (genitive singular)
stapulis (genitive singular)
stapulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stapulai (dative singular)
stapulamaz (dative plural)
stapulō (instrumental singular)
stapulamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stapul
Old English: stapol, stapel
Middle English: stapel, stapil, stapile, staple, stapul, stable
English: staple
Scots: steeple
Old Frisian: stapul
Saterland Frisian: Stoapel
West Frisian: steapel
Old Saxon: stapol
Middle Low German: stapel
German Low German: Stapel
→ German: Stapel
→ Yiddish: שטאַפּל (shtapl)
Old Dutch: stapul, stapal
Middle Dutch: stāpel
Dutch: stapel
Old High German: staffal, stapfal
Middle High German: staffel, stapfel
German: Staffel
→ Late Latin: stapula
Old French: estaple
Anglo-Norman: staple
→ Middle English: staple, stapel, stapil, stapul
English: staple
Scots: stapill, staple, steple
Middle French: estappe
French: étape (see there for further descendants)
→ Italian: stapula

Old Norse: stǫpull

Icelandic: stöpull

Faroese: støpul

Norwegian Nynorsk: stopul

Old Swedish: stapul

Swedish: stapel
→ Finnish: taapeli

Old Danish: stapæl

Danish: stabel, stapel, stavl

Norwegian Bokmål: stabel

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: stabel

→ Icelandic: stafli

Scanian: stabel

→ Proto-Finnic: *sapilas (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *stebʰ- (“stem, post”). Related to *stabaz (“staff, stick”).


stabaz

stabaz (nominative singular)
stabōz (nominative plural)
stabōs (nominative plural)
stab (singular vocative)
stabōz (plural vocative)
stabōs (plural vocative)
stabą (accusative singular)
stabanz (accusative plural)
stabas (genitive singular)
stabis (genitive singular)
stabǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stabai (dative singular)
stabamaz (dative plural)
stabō (instrumental singular)
stabamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stab
Old English: stæf
Middle English: staf
Scots: staf, staff
English: staff, stave (from the inflected forms)
Old Frisian: staf, stef
Saterland Frisian: Stäf
West Frisian: stêf
Old Saxon: staf
Middle Low German: staf
German Low German: Staff, Staav (from the inflected forms)
Old Dutch: *staf
Middle Dutch: staf
Dutch: staf, staaf (from the inflected forms)
Old High German: stab, stap
Middle High German: stab, stap
German: Stab
→ Czech: štáb
→ Danish: stab
→ Esperanto: stabo
→ Hungarian: stáb
→ Macedonian: штаб (štab)
→ Polish: sztab
→ Russian: штаб (štab)
→ Serbo-Croatian: štab (“headquarters”)
→ Swedish: stab
Luxembourgish: Staf

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᛊᛏᚨᛒᚨᛉ (*stabaʀ), ᛋᛏᛡᛒᛡ (stᴀbᴀ) (accusative plural)

Old Norse: stafr

Icelandic: stafur

Faroese: stavur

Norwegian Bokmål: stav

Old Swedish: staver

Swedish: stav

Old Danish: staf

Danish: stav

Gutnish: stav

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍆𐍃 (stafs) (i-stem)

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: stáhpi


skattaz

skattaz (nominative singular)
skattōz (nominative plural)
skattōs (nominative plural)
skatt (singular vocative)
skattōz (plural vocative)
skattōs (plural vocative)
skattą (accusative singular)
skattanz (accusative plural)
skattas (genitive singular)
skattis (genitive singular)
skattǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skattai (dative singular)
skattamaz (dative plural)
skattō (instrumental singular)
skattamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skatt
Old English: sċeatt, sċeat, sċætt
Middle English: schat, sat, schet, scet
→ Medieval Latin: scata, sceatta
→ English: sceat
Old Frisian: skett, skat, sket, schet
Saterland Frisian: Skät
West Frisian: skat
Old Saxon: skat, skatt, scat
Middle Low German: schat
German Low German: Schatt
Old Dutch: skat
Middle Dutch: schat
Dutch: schat
Afrikaans: skat
Limburgish: sjat
Old High German: skaz, scaz
Middle High German: schaz, schatz
German: Schatz (see there for further descendants)
Luxembourgish: Schatz
→ Old French: escat

Old Norse: skattr

Icelandic: skattur

Faroese: skattur

Norwegian: skatt

Old Swedish: skatter

Swedish: skatt

Danish: skat

→ Middle English: scat, skatte

Scots: scatt, skatt, skait

English: scat

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍄𐍄𐍃 (skatts)

→ Old Church Slavonic: скотъ (skotŭ)

→ Russian: скот (skot)

From Proto-Indo-European *skatn-, *skat- (“to jump, skip, splash out”). Cognate with Latin scateō (“pour out, gush forth”).


kannǭ

kannǭ (nominative singular)
kannōniz (nominative plural)
kannǭ (singular vocative)
kannōniz (plural vocative)
kannōnų (accusative singular)
kannōnunz (accusative plural)
kannōniz (genitive singular)
kannōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kannōni (dative singular)
kannōmaz (dative plural)
kannōnē (instrumental singular)
kannōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kannā

Old English: canne

Middle English: canne

Scots: can

English: can

→ Scottish Gaelic: cana

Old Frisian: kanne, konne

Saterland Frisian: Kanne

West Frisian: kanne

Old Saxon: kanna

Middle Low German: kanne

German Low German: Kanne, Kann

Old Dutch: *kanna

Middle Dutch: kanne

Dutch: kan

desc

→ Medieval Latin: canna, cana, canneta, caneta, cannata

→ Middle French: kanete

French: canette

→ Byzantine Greek: καννίον (kanníon), κανίον (kaníon), κανίν (kanín)

→ Classical Mandaic: ࡒࡀࡍࡉࡍࡀ (/qannīnā/)

→ Classical Syriac: ܩܢܝܢܬܐ (/qannīntā/)

→ Arabic: قِنِّينَة (qinnīna)

קאנון / קנון

→ Mishnaic Hebrew: קאנון / קנון

Old High German: channa

Middle High German: kanne

German: Kanne

→ Hungarian: kanna

→ Bulgarian: ка́на (kána)

→ Lower Sorbian: kana

Luxembourgish: Kan

Old Norse: kanna

Icelandic: kanna

Faroese: kanna

Norwegian: kanne

Old Swedish: kanna

Swedish: kanna

→ Finnish: kannu

→ Estonian: kann

Danish: kande

→ Norman: canne; cannette (Jersey)

Probably from a western Proto-Indo-European *gandʰ-, *gan- (“a vessel, vat, tub”), and related to *kanô (“vessel, boat”), as well as Middle Irish gand (“vessel, can”). An alternative etymology derives *kannǭ as possibly from Latin canna (“a reed, cane”).


sōmijaną

sōmijō (active first-person indicative singular)
sōmijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sōmijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sōmīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sōmijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sōmī (active imperative second-person singular)
sōmijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sōmijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sōmīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sōmijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sōmijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sōmijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sōmijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sōmijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sōmijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sōmijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sōmijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sōmijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sōmijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sōmijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sōmijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sōmijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sōmīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sōmijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sōmīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sōmijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sōmijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sōmijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sōmijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sōmijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sōmijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sōmijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sōmidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sōmidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sōmidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sōmidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sōmidē (active indicative singular third-person)
sōmidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sōmidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sōmidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sōmidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sōmidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sōmidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sōmidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sōmidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sōmidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sōmidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sōmidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sōmijandz (active participle present)
sōmidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sōmijan
Old English: sēman
Middle English: semen, seme, semi

Old Norse: sǿma

Icelandic: sæma

Faroese: søma

Norwegian Nynorsk: søma

Old Swedish: sø̄ma

Danish: sømme

Norwegian Bokmål: sømme

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: sømma

→ Middle English: semen, cemyn, seeme, seemen, seme, semy, semyn
English: seem
Scots: seem

From *sōmiz (“fitting, seemly”) + *-janą.


kakǭ

kakǭ (nominative singular)
kakōniz (nominative plural)
kakǭ (singular vocative)
kakōniz (plural vocative)
kakōnų (accusative singular)
kakōnunz (accusative plural)
kakōniz (genitive singular)
kakōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kakōni (dative singular)
kakōmaz (dative plural)
kakōnē (instrumental singular)
kakōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kakā

Old English: ceace; *cieċil, cyċel, ciċel (< *kakilaz)

Middle English: kichel

Old Saxon: *kaka, *koka

Middle Low German: koke

Low German: koke

Old Dutch: coca

→ Catalan: coca
→ English: coca

Proto-Norse: *ᚲᚨᚲᛟ (*kakō)

Old Norse: kaka
Icelandic: kaka
Faroese: køka, kaka
Norwegian Nynorsk: kake
Old Swedish: kaka
Swedish: kaka
Old Danish: kakæ
Danish: kage
→ Greenlandic: kaagi
Norwegian Bokmål: kake
Scanian: kâga
Gutnish: kake
→ Middle English: cake, kake, caake, cayk
English: cake (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: kyek
Scots: cake
Yola: caake, kaake
→ Irish: cáca

→ Proto-Finnic: *kakku (or from earlier Proto-Germanic)

Estonian: kakk

desc

Finnish: kakku, kaakku, kakko (dialectal)

Livonian: kak

Votic: kakku, kakko

Unknown. The relationship with Lithuanian gúogas (“skull”) by supposed Proto-Indo-European *gag-, *gōg- (“something round, something lumpy”) is highly doubtful. Compare *kōkô (“cake”).


kebą

kebą (nominative singular)
kebō (nominative plural)
kebą (singular vocative)
kebō (plural vocative)
kebą (accusative singular)
kebō (accusative plural)
kebas (genitive singular)
kibis (genitive singular)
kebǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kibai (dative singular)
kebamaz (dative plural)
kebō (instrumental singular)
kebamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: kevan

Middle Low German: keben, keve

Low German: Keve, Keben

Danish: kæbe

Norwegian: kjeve

Apparently from the same Proto-Indo-European root, *ǵep- (“to chew, eat”), as *kebrą and *kaflaz of roughly the same meaning.


ankijǭ

ankijǭ (nominative singular)
ankijōniz (nominative plural)
ankijǭ (singular vocative)
ankijōniz (plural vocative)
ankijōnų (accusative singular)
ankijōnunz (accusative plural)
ankijōniz (genitive singular)
ankijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ankijōni (dative singular)
ankijōmaz (dative plural)
ankijōnē (instrumental singular)
ankijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ankijā

Old High German: anka, anca, enka, enca

Middle High German: anke

German: Anke

gl

second element instead possibly from Proto-Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*angô</i>

⇒? Swabian: Halsanke (second element instead possibly from Proto-Germanic *angô)

desc

→ Byzantine Greek: ἄντζα f (ántza, “calf (of leg)”)

Old Norse: ekkja (“heel”)

Icelandic: ekkja

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eng-ieh₂-, from *h₂eng- (“curve, bend”).

(anatomy) limb or joint (e.g. foot joint, ankle, nape of the neck, etc.)


erlaz

erlaz (nominative singular)
erlōz (nominative plural)
erlōs (nominative plural)
erl (singular vocative)
erlōz (plural vocative)
erlōs (plural vocative)
erlą (accusative singular)
erlanz (accusative plural)
erlas (genitive singular)
irlis (genitive singular)
erlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
irlai (dative singular)
erlamaz (dative plural)
erlō (instrumental singular)
erlamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *erl
Old English: eorl
Middle English: erl, ærl, eerl, eorl, erle, eryl, ȝerle, ȝierl, yerl
English: earl
Scots: yerl, yarl (merged with Old Norse jarl)
Yola: earle
Old Saxon: erl

Proto-Norse: ᛖᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ (erilaʀ), ᛁᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ (irilaʀ)
Old Norse: jarl, ᛁᛅᚱᛚ (iarl) — Old East Norse
Icelandic: jarl
Faroese: jallur
Norwegian Nynorsk: jarl
Old Swedish: iarl, iærl
Swedish: järl
Old Danish: ierl
→ Danish: jarl (reborrowed)
Norwegian Bokmål: jarl
→ English: jarl
→ Finnish: jaarli
→ Swedish: jarl (reborrowed)

>? Latin: Heruli, Eruli

Unknown. Possibly related to *erǭ (“battle”), with agentive suffix *-ilaz, thus meaning ‘one who makes war’.


nabōgaizaz

nabōgaizaz (nominative singular)
nabōgaizōz (nominative plural)
nabōgaizōs (nominative plural)
nabōgaiz (singular vocative)
nabōgaizōz (plural vocative)
nabōgaizōs (plural vocative)
nabōgaizą (accusative singular)
nabōgaizanz (accusative plural)
nabōgaizas (genitive singular)
nabōgaizis (genitive singular)
nabōgaizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nabōgaizai (dative singular)
nabōgaizamaz (dative plural)
nabōgaizō (instrumental singular)
nabōgaizamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *nabugaiʀ
Old English: nafugār, nafogār, nafegār
Middle English: nauger, auger
English: auger
Old Frisian: navoger
Old Saxon: navugēr, nabugēr
Middle Low German: neveger, eveger, never
Low German: naviger, näviger
Plautdietsch: Auger
Old Dutch: *navugēr
Middle Dutch: nāvegêer, nāveger, nāvegāer, āvegêer
Dutch: avegaar, eveger, egger
Old High German: nabagēr, nabigēr, nabugēr
Middle High German: nabeger, nebeger
German: Näber
Vilamovian: nȧgwer
→ Proto-Slavic: *nebozězъ, *nabozězъ

Proto-Norse: *ᚾᚨᛒᛟᚷᚨᛁᛉᚨᛉ (*nabogaiʀaʀ)

Old Norse: nafarr
Icelandic: nafar
Faroese: navar, navari
Norn: naver
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: navar
Norwegian Nynorsk: navar
Elfdalian: nåvår
Old Swedish: navar
Swedish: navar, naver, navare
Old Danish: nauer
Danish: naver, navr, naur, navre, naure, nav, nave, nager
Gutnish: navare
→ Old French: nafrer, navrer
Middle French: navrer
French: navrer

→ Finnic:

Finnish: napakaira

/ˈnɑ.βɔːˌɣɑi̯.zɑz/

From *nabō (“nave”) + *gaizaz (“spear”).


dwemrą

dwemrą (nominative singular)
dwemrō (nominative plural)
dwemrą (singular vocative)
dwemrō (plural vocative)
dwemrą (accusative singular)
dwemrō (accusative plural)
dwemras (genitive singular)
dwimris (genitive singular)
dwemrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dwimrai (dative singular)
dwemramaz (dative plural)
dwemrō (instrumental singular)
dwemramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dwemr, *dwimr

desc

Old English: *dweomor, dwimor, dwimer, dwymer

Middle English: dweomer, dwimer

English: dweomer, dwimmer

⇒ Old English: ġedwimor

From *dwemaną (“to smoke; fume”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”).


delbaną

delbō (active first-person indicative singular)
delbaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
delbai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dilbizi (active indicative second-person singular)
delbaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
delb (active imperative second-person singular)
delbazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
delbaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dilbidi (active indicative singular third-person)
delbai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
delbadau (active imperative singular third-person)
delbadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
delbaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
delbōz (active dual first-person indicative)
delbaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
delbadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
delbaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
delbadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
delbamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
delbaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
delbandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
delbaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dilbid (active indicative plural second-person)
delbaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dilbid (active imperative plural second-person)
delbandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
delbaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
delbandi (active indicative plural third-person)
delbain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
delbandau (active imperative plural third-person)
delbandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
delbaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dalb (active first-person indicative singular)
dulbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dalft (active indicative second-person singular)
dulbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dalb (active indicative singular third-person)
dulbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dulbū (active dual first-person indicative)
dulbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dulbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dulbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dulbum (active first-person indicative plural)
dulbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dulbud (active indicative plural second-person)
dulbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dulbun (active indicative plural third-person)
dulbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
delbandz (active participle present)
dulbanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *delban
Old English: delfan
Middle English: delven
Scots: delve
English: delve
Old Frisian: delva
West Frisian: dolle
Old Saxon: *delvan (in compounds: bidelvan)
Middle Low German: delven
Low German: dölven
Old Dutch: *delvan
Middle Dutch: delven
Dutch: delven
Limburgish: dèlve
Old High German: *telpan, *telban (in compounds: bitelban)
Middle High German: tëlben, dëlben
German: delben, telben (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰelbʰ- (“to dig”). Cognate with Lithuanian delbti (“to drop, cast down”).


gamalaz

*gamalaz (a-stem)

gamalaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gamalai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gamalō (feminine nominative singular strong)
gamalôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gamalą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gamalō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gamalanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gamalanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gamalǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gamalōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gamalą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gamalō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gamalas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
gamalaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gamalaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gamalaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gamalas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
gamalaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gamalammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gamalaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gamalaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gamalaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gamalammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gamalaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gamalanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gamalaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gamalaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gamalaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gamalanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gamalaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gamalô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gamalaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gamalǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gamalōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gamalô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gamalōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gamalanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gamalanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gamalōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gamalōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gamalô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gamalōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gamaliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gamalanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gamalōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gamalōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gamaliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gamalanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gamalini (dative masculine singular weak)
gamalammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gamalōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gamalōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gamalini (dative neuter singular weak)
gamalammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gamalinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gamalammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gamalōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gamalōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gamalinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gamalammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: gamol, gomel, gomol

Old Frisian: *gamel

Saterland Frisian: gammel

Old Saxon: *gamal

Middle Low German: *gammel

⇒ Low German: gammlig

→ German: gammelig

→ Dutch: gammel

Old Dutch: *gamal

Middle Dutch: gamel

Dutch: gamel (dialectal)

Old High German: gamal (only in names)

desctree

Old Norse: gamall
Icelandic: gamall
Faroese: gamal
Elfdalian: gåmål
Norn: gammel
Norwegian Nynorsk: gamal, gammal, gamall
→ Norwegian Bokmål: gammal
Norwegian: gammalle, gåmål, gåmæⁱll, gabmal, gamadle (dialectal)
Old Swedish: gamal
Swedish: gammal
Danish: gammel
Norwegian Bokmål: gammel
Gutnish: gammel, gamal

Uncertain, but often derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰyem- (in o-grade *ǵʰyom- with loss of -y-) and cognate with Latin hiems (“winter”). Alternatively, it is an old compound, *ḱom-h₂el-o, related to *aldaz (“old”).


maidaz

*maidaz (a-stem)

maidaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
maidai (masculine nominative plural strong)
maidō (feminine nominative singular strong)
maidôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
maidą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
maidō (neuter nominative plural strong)
maidanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
maidanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
maidǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
maidōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
maidą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
maidō (accusative neuter plural strong)
maidas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
maidaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
maidaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
maidaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
maidas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
maidaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
maidammai (dative masculine singular strong)
maidaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
maidaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
maidaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
maidammai (dative neuter singular strong)
maidaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
maidanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
maidaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
maidaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
maidaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
maidanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
maidaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
maidô (masculine nominative singular weak)
maidaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
maidǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
maidōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
maidô (neuter nominative singular weak)
maidōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
maidanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
maidanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
maidōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
maidōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
maidô (accusative neuter singular weak)
maidōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
maidiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
maidanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
maidōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
maidōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
maidiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
maidanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
maidini (dative masculine singular weak)
maidammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
maidōni (dative feminine singular weak)
maidōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
maidini (dative neuter singular weak)
maidammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
maidinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
maidammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
maidōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
maidōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
maidinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
maidammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: ġemād

Old Saxon: gimēd

Middle Low German: gemeit, gemeyt

Old Dutch: *gimeid

Middle Dutch: gemeit, gemeet

Old High German: gimeit

Middle High German: gemeit

German: gemeit

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (gamaiþs)

table
From Pre-Germanic *moyth₂ós, an o-grade adjective from Proto-Indo-European *meyth₂- (“to hurt”).


maidaz

maidaz (nominative singular)
maidōz (nominative plural)
maidōs (nominative plural)
maid (singular vocative)
maidōz (plural vocative)
maidōs (plural vocative)
maidą (accusative singular)
maidanz (accusative plural)
maidas (genitive singular)
maidis (genitive singular)
maidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maidai (dative singular)
maidamaz (dative plural)
maidō (instrumental singular)
maidamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: meiðr
Icelandic: meiður
Norwegian Nynorsk: mei
Norwegian Bokmål: mei, meie
Elfdalian: mįeð
Swedish: med, mede
Danish: mede


spēnuz

spēnuz (nominative singular)
spēniwiz (nominative plural)
spēnu (singular vocative)
spēniwiz (plural vocative)
spēnų (accusative singular)
spēnunz (accusative plural)
spēnauz (genitive singular)
spēniwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spēniwi (dative singular)
spēnumaz (dative plural)
spēnū (instrumental singular)
spēnumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *spānu
Old English: spōn
Middle English: spone, spon, sponne, spoon, spoun, spoune, spun, spune
English: spoon
Geordie English: spuin, speun
Scots: spuin, spin, spon, spone, spun, spune
Yola: spone
Old Frisian: *spōn
North Frisian:
Sylt: spuun
Wiedingharde: spoon
Saterland Frisian: Spoune
West Frisian: spoen, spoan
Old Saxon: *spān, *spōn
Middle Low German: spân, spôn
Low German: spoon
German Low German: Spoon
Old Dutch: *spān
Middle Dutch: spâen, spon
Dutch: spaan
→ West Frisian: spaan
Limburgish: spoon
Old High German: spān; spanna (“spoon”)
Middle High German: spān
Alemannic German: Spään
German: Span
Luxembourgish: Spoun

Old Norse: spánn, spónn
Icelandic: spánn, spónn
Faroese: spónur
Norwegian Nynorsk: spon
Old Swedish: spān
Swedish: spån
Danish: spån
Gutnish: span, spån

→? Proto-Finnic: *pëëna (“cleat”)

Finnish: piena

Uncertain. Traditionally compared with Ancient Greek σφήν (sphḗn, “wedge”) and Sanskrit स्फ्य (sphyá, “flat piece of wood used as a ritual sword”), for a tentative Proto-Indo-European *(s)peH- (“to cut off; chip, shaving, log, length of wood”). However, this connection is phonologically impossible, and all of the supposed cognates are themselves of disputed origin.


ankulaz

ankulaz (nominative singular)
ankulōz (nominative plural)
ankulōs (nominative plural)
ankul (singular vocative)
ankulōz (plural vocative)
ankulōs (plural vocative)
ankulą (accusative singular)
ankulanz (accusative plural)
ankulas (genitive singular)
ankulis (genitive singular)
ankulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ankulai (dative singular)
ankulamaz (dative plural)
ankulō (instrumental singular)
ankulamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ankul, *ankil

desc

Old English: *ancol, *ancel, anclēo, anclēow

Middle English: ankel, ankyll, ancle, ankne, anknee

English: ankle

Scots: ankleth, anklet (fusion of Middle English ancle and lith)

Old Frisian: onkel, anckel, inzil, onklef

North Frisian: onkel

Saterland Frisian: Onkel, Oankel n

West Frisian: ankel

Old Saxon: enkel, ankel

Middle Low German: ankel, enkel, anclef, antcleve, antclau n

German Low German: Enkel

Low German: Enkel

→ Norwegian Bokmål: ankel

→ Swedish: ankel

→ Danish: ankel

→ Gutnish: ankel, ankul, ankål

Old Dutch: *enklow, *enkle, *ankel

Middle Dutch: enkel, ankel, inkel, enklauw, enclau, anclief, inclouwe

Dutch: enkel, enklauw

Afrikaans: enkel

Old High German: enkil; ankala f; anchlāo n

Middle High German: enkel

German: Enkel

Old Norse: ǫkkla, ǫkla f, ǫkli m

Icelandic: ökla, ökli, ökkli

Faroese: økil, økul

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eng- (“joint; to bend”) + *-ulaz.


snigilaz

snigilaz (nominative singular)
snigilōz (nominative plural)
snigilōs (nominative plural)
snigil (singular vocative)
snigilōz (plural vocative)
snigilōs (plural vocative)
snigilą (accusative singular)
snigilanz (accusative plural)
snigilas (genitive singular)
snigilis (genitive singular)
snigilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snigilai (dative singular)
snigilamaz (dative plural)
snigilō (instrumental singular)
snigilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: snigill
Icelandic: snigill
Faroese: snigil
Norwegian Nynorsk: snigel
Norwegian Bokmål: snile
Old Swedish: snighil
Swedish: snigel
Old Danish: snigel, snæghæl
Danish: snegl
Norwegian Bokmål: snegl, snegle

Gutnish: snegel, snigull

From *sneganą (“to crawl, creeping”) + *-ilaz (agent suffix). Parallel formation with *snagilaz.

af

(North Germanic) snail (alternative form of *snagilaz)


flakaz

*flakaz (a-stem)

flakaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
flakai (masculine nominative plural strong)
flakō (feminine nominative singular strong)
flakôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
flaką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
flakō (neuter nominative plural strong)
flakanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
flakanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
flakǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
flakōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
flaką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
flakō (accusative neuter plural strong)
flakas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
flakaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
flakaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
flakaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
flakas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
flakaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
flakammai (dative masculine singular strong)
flakaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
flakaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
flakaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
flakammai (dative neuter singular strong)
flakaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
flakanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
flakaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
flakaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
flakaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
flakanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
flakaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
flakô (masculine nominative singular weak)
flakaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
flakǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
flakōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
flakô (neuter nominative singular weak)
flakōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
flakanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
flakanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
flakōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
flakōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
flakô (accusative neuter singular weak)
flakōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
flakiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
flakanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
flakōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
flakōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
flakiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
flakanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
flakini (dative masculine singular weak)
flakammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
flakōni (dative feminine singular weak)
flakōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
flakini (dative neuter singular weak)
flakammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
flakinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
flakammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
flakōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
flakōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
flakinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
flakammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *flak

> (Old English: flōc (“flatfish”)) ?

(Middle English: flok)

(English: fluke)

(Scots: fleuk)

Old Frisian: *flak

Saterland Frisian: flak

West Frisian: flak

Old Saxon: flak

Middle Low German: vlak

German Low German: flack

→ Swedish: flack

→ Danish: flak

Old Dutch: *flak

Middle Dutch: vlak

Dutch: vlak

Afrikaans: vlak

Limburgish: vlaak

Old High German: flah

Middle High German: vlach

Bavarian: flåch

German: flach

Luxembourgish: flaach

Vilamovian: fłaoch

Swedish: flak

Yiddish: פֿלאַך (flakh)

→ Proto-Finnic: *lakja (< *flakją)

Finnish: laaja

Estonian: lai

Livonian: laiga

q

nativized with <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-ëda</i>

→ Proto-Finnic: *lakëda (nativized with *-ëda)

Finnish: lakea

Uncertain, though resembling other Indo-European words meaning “flat”. If from pre-Germanic *plog- or *pleh₂g-, or from earlier *flakkaz from *plog-n- or *pleh₂k-n-, the origin could be an extended form of Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“broad, wide, flat”); compare the synonymous Proto-Germanic *flataz, possibly from *pleth₂-n-.


klawō

klawō (nominative singular)
klawôz (nominative plural)
klawō (singular vocative)
klawôz (plural vocative)
klawǭ (accusative singular)
klawōz (accusative plural)
klawōz (genitive singular)
klawǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klawōi (dative singular)
klawōmaz (dative plural)
klawō (instrumental singular)
klawōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *klawu

Old English: clawu

Middle English: clawe, claw

Scots: claw, clau

English: claw

Old Frisian: klawe, kle

Saterland Frisian: Klaue

West Frisian: klau, kloer

Old Saxon: klawa

Middle Low German: klowe, kla

Low German: Klau

Old Dutch: klawa

Middle Dutch: klawe, klauwe

Dutch: klauw

Afrikaans: klou

Limburgish: klaw

Old High German: klawa

Middle High German: klawe

German: Klaue

Luxembourgish: Klo

Old Norse: kló

Icelandic: kló

Faroese: klógv

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: klo

Norwegian Nynorsk: klo

Old Swedish: klō

Swedish: klo

Old Danish: klo

Danish: klo

Gutnish: klau

From *klawjaną, from a Proto-Indo-European root *glew-, from a base *gel- (“to make round, clench”).


laukaz

laukaz (nominative singular)
laukōz (nominative plural)
laukōs (nominative plural)
lauk (singular vocative)
laukōz (plural vocative)
laukōs (plural vocative)
lauką (accusative singular)
laukanz (accusative plural)
laukas (genitive singular)
laukis (genitive singular)
laukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laukai (dative singular)
laukamaz (dative plural)
laukō (instrumental singular)
laukamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lauk
Old English: lēac, *lǣc, lāec, lēc — Anglian
Middle English: lek, leek, leeke, leke, leyke
English: leek
→ Maori: riki
Scots: leke, leik
Old Frisian: *lāk
Saterland Frisian: Look
West Frisian: lak, lok (possibly from Middle Dutch)
Old Saxon: lōk
Middle Low German: lōk
Low German: Look
Plautdietsch: Luak
Old Dutch: *lōk
Middle Dutch: look
Dutch: look
West Flemish: look
Old High German: louh
Middle High German: loch
Alemannic German: Làuich
German: Lauch

Proto-Norse: ᛚᚨᚢᚲᚨᛉ (laukaʀ)
Old Norse: laukr
Icelandic: laukur
Faroese: leykur
Norwegian Nynorsk: lauk
Elfdalian: lok
Old Swedish: lø̄ker
Swedish: lök
Old Danish: lø̄k
Danish: løg
Norwegian Bokmål: løk
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: løk
Scanian: løg
Gutnish: lauk

→ Proto-Slavic: *lukъ (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *laukka (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *lewg- (“to bend”).


lagjaz

lagjaz (nominative singular)
lagjōz (nominative plural)
lagjōs (nominative plural)
lagi (singular vocative)
lagjōz (plural vocative)
lagjōs (plural vocative)
lagją (accusative singular)
lagjanz (accusative plural)
lagjas (genitive singular)
lagis (genitive singular)
lagjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lagjai (dative singular)
lagjamaz (dative plural)
lagjō (instrumental singular)
lagjamiz (instrumental plural)

Lombardic: lagi

Old Norse: leggr
Icelandic: leggur
Faroese: leggur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: legg
Norwegian Nynorsk: legg
Old Swedish: lægger
Swedish: lägg

Danish: læg
→ Middle English: leg, legge, leggue, leige, lige
English: leg
→ Finnish: legi
→ Hungarian: leg
Scots: leg

Of unclear origin:
* Possibly related to Proto-Germanic *lihwizô, *ligwizô (“thigh; groin”), from Proto-Indo-European *lekʷs-, *lewks- (“groin”).
* Possibly from a root meaning "to bend," shared with Latin lacertus (“the arm”).
* Possibly related to *lagjaną (“to place, lay”).

unk

unclear


flataz

*flataz (a-stem)

flataz (masculine nominative singular strong)
flatai (masculine nominative plural strong)
flatō (feminine nominative singular strong)
flatôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
flatą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
flatō (neuter nominative plural strong)
flatanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
flatanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
flatǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
flatōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
flatą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
flatō (accusative neuter plural strong)
flatas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
flataizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
flataizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
flataizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
flatas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
flataizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
flatammai (dative masculine singular strong)
flataimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
flataizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
flataimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
flatammai (dative neuter singular strong)
flataimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
flatanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
flataimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
flataizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
flataimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
flatanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
flataimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
flatô (masculine nominative singular weak)
flataniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
flatǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
flatōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
flatô (neuter nominative singular weak)
flatōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
flatanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
flatanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
flatōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
flatōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
flatô (accusative neuter singular weak)
flatōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
flatiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
flatanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
flatōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
flatōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
flatiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
flatanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
flatini (dative masculine singular weak)
flatammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
flatōni (dative feminine singular weak)
flatōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
flatini (dative neuter singular weak)
flatammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
flatinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
flatammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
flatōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
flatōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
flatinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
flatammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *flat

Old Frisian: *flat

Saterland Frisian: flot

Old Saxon: flat

Old High German: flaz; (flazzi, flezzi)

(Middle High German: vletze)

(German: Flöz)

→⇒ Old French: flat

desc

→ Middle English: flat (“a blow (with a weapon)”)

⇒ Old French: flater

Middle French: flatter

French: flatter

Old Norse: flatr

Icelandic: flatur

Faroese: flatur

Norwegian: flat

Old Swedish: flater

Swedish: flat

Old Danish: flat

Danish: flad

Elfdalian: flat

Gutnish: flatar

Scanian: flader

→ Middle English: flat, flatte, flatt

English: flat

Scots: flat, flet

Likely cognates outside Germanic are found with *t also, e.g. Ancient Greek πλατύς (platús), Lithuanian platùs, Sanskrit पृथु (pṛthú). These do not straightforwardly match the Germanic *t due to Grimm's law. Kroonen proposes a derivation with a geminate, i.e. pre-Germanic *plottos, presumably from *plotnos via Kluge's law. This would make it derive from the Proto-Indo-European root *pleth₂-.


bakiz

bakiz (nominative singular)
bakīz (nominative plural)
baki (singular vocative)
bakīz (plural vocative)
bakį (accusative singular)
bakinz (accusative plural)
bakīz (genitive singular)
bakjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bakī (dative singular)
bakimaz (dative plural)
bakī (instrumental singular)
bakimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *baki
Old English: bæċ
Middle English: bæcche, bæche, bache
English: beach, batch
Old Frisian: *beke, *betze
Saterland Frisian: Bäke
West Frisian: beek, (in placenames) beets
Old Saxon: *bak, beki
Middle Low German: bēke, bach
German Low German: Beek
Plautdietsch: Bach
→ German: -beck
Old Dutch: beki
Middle Dutch: bēke
Dutch: beek
Limburgish: baek
Old High German: bah
Middle High German: bach
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: pach
Mòcheno: pòch
German: Bach
Luxembourgish: Baach
→ Medieval Latin: bacha

Old Norse: bekkr

Icelandic: bekkur

Norwegian Bokmål: bekk

Norwegian Nynorsk: bekk

Old Swedish: bækker

Swedish: bäck

Danish: bæk

Danish: bæk

→ Old English: bæc, becc (mostly in placenames)

Middle English: bec, becc

Scots: bek, bekk

English: beck

Old French: *bec

Norman: -bec, Bec (in placenames)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰog-i-s, from *bʰog- (“flowing water, brook, stream”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *bagnò (“swamp, bog, marsh”).


garną

garną (nominative singular)
garnō (nominative plural)
garną (singular vocative)
garnō (plural vocative)
garną (accusative singular)
garnō (accusative plural)
garnas (genitive singular)
garnis (genitive singular)
garnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
garnai (dative singular)
garnamaz (dative plural)
garnō (instrumental singular)
garnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *garn
Old English: ġearn
Middle English: yarn, ȝarn, ȝern, ȝerne, jarne, yarne, yeern
English: yarn
Scots: yairn
Middle English: garn, garne (conflated with Old Norse garn)
English: garn (obsolete)
Old Frisian: *jern, *jirn
Saterland Frisian: Jäiden, Jidden
West Frisian: jern
Old Saxon: garn
Middle Low German: garn
German Low German: Gaarn
Old Dutch: *garn
Middle Dutch: gāren
Dutch: garen
Old High German: garn
Middle High German: garn
Cimbrian: gaarn, ghèrn
German: Garn
Luxembourgish: Gar

Old Norse: garn

Icelandic: garn

Faroese: garn

Norwegian: garn

Old Swedish: garn

Swedish: garn

Danish: garn

From *garnō (“gut, intestine”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“gut, intestine”). Cognate with Latin hernia (“rupture”), Latin hīra (“empty gut”), Ancient Greek χορδή (khordḗ, “string”), Sanskrit हिर (híra, “band, strip”).


strandō

strandō (nominative singular)
strandôz (nominative plural)
strandō (singular vocative)
strandôz (plural vocative)
strandǭ (accusative singular)
strandōz (accusative plural)
strandōz (genitive singular)
strandǫ̂ (genitive plural)
strandōi (dative singular)
strandōmaz (dative plural)
strandō (instrumental singular)
strandōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *strand m

desctree

Old English: strand m
Middle English: strand, strande; stround, stronde, strond
English: strand
Scots: strand
Yola: sthroane, sthroan, sthrone, stronde
→ Old French: estrande, estran

Old Frisian: stran

North Frisian:

Föhr: strun

Hallig: ströön

Helgoland: Strun

Mooring: strönj

Saterland Frisian: Strand

West Frisian: strân

Old Saxon: *strand
Middle Low German: strant m or n
German Low German: Strand m
Plautdietsch: Straunt

Old Dutch: *strand

Middle Dutch: strand, strant; strange, strang

Dutch: strand
Afrikaans: strand

→ Picard Old French: estranghe

→ Middle French: estranc, estran

French: estran

Old High German: *strant

Middle High German: strant, strand m

German: Strand
→ Hungarian: strand
→ Romanian: ștrand
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: штранд
Latin script: štrand

Luxembourgish: Strand

Old Norse: strǫnd
Icelandic: strönd
Faroese: strond
Norn: stranjd
Norwegian Nynorsk: strond, strand; (dialectal) strønd
Norwegian Bokmål: strand
Old Swedish: strand
Swedish: strand
Danish: strand
Gutnish: strand

→? Proto-Finnic: *ranta (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *sterh₃- (“to broaden, spread out”). Cognate with Lithuanian trénta (“place, region, direction”). Kroonen however assigns no etymology.


muldō

muldō (nominative singular)
muldôz (nominative plural)
muldō (singular vocative)
muldôz (plural vocative)
muldǭ (accusative singular)
muldōz (accusative plural)
muldōz (genitive singular)
muldǫ̂ (genitive plural)
muldōi (dative singular)
muldōmaz (dative plural)
muldō (instrumental singular)
muldōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: molde
Middle English: molde
English: mold, mould, mool
Scots: muild, moud

Old Dutch: *molda

Middle Dutch: moude

Dutch: moude

Old High German: molta

Middle High German: molte f, molt m

German: Molte, Molde (Central Germany) (obsolete or dialectal)

Old Norse: mold
Faroese: mold
Icelandic: mold
Norwegian Nynorsk: mold
→ Norwegian Bokmål: mold
Old Swedish: muld
Swedish: mull
Old Danish: muld
Danish: muld
Norwegian Bokmål: muld m or f

Gothic: 𐌼𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌰 (mulda)

→ Proto-Finnic: *multa

From Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“to grind, crush”)


hraigrô

hraigrô (nominative singular)
hraigraniz (nominative plural)
hraigrô (singular vocative)
hraigraniz (plural vocative)
hraigranų (accusative singular)
hraigranunz (accusative plural)
hraigriniz (genitive singular)
hraigranǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hraigrini (dative singular)
hraigrammaz (dative plural)
hraigrinē (instrumental singular)
hraigrammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hraigrō
Old English: hrāgra
⇒? Old English: *sċitehrāgra, *sċitehrāga
Middle English: schiterow
Yola: shederow
Old Frisian: *hrāgra, *hrēgra
Saterland Frisian: Reger
West Frisian: reager
Old Saxon: *hrēgar; hēgiro
Middle Low German: rêger, reiger
German Low German: Reiger
Old Dutch: heigero, *reigaro, *rēgaro
Middle Dutch: heiger, reiger, rêger
Dutch: reiger
Afrikaans: reier
Limburgish: reiger
Old High German: heigaro, reigaro, reigar
Middle High German: heiger, reiger
German: Reiher
→ Saterland Frisian: Raier
Luxembourgish: Räer
→ Italian: airone (partially from Old French)
→ Medieval Latin: hairō (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hegri

Icelandic: hegri

Faroese: hegri

Norwegian: hegre, heire

Old Swedish: hægher

Swedish: häger

Danish: hejre

→ Scots: hegrie, haigrie

→ Proto-Finnic: *haikari (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱrey- (“to scream, screech”), from *sḱer- (“to caw, crow”).


hrabnaz

hrabnaz (nominative singular)
hrabnōz (nominative plural)
hrabnōs (nominative plural)
hrabn (singular vocative)
hrabnōz (plural vocative)
hrabnōs (plural vocative)
hrabną (accusative singular)
hrabnanz (accusative plural)
hrabnas (genitive singular)
hrabnis (genitive singular)
hrabnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrabnai (dative singular)
hrabnamaz (dative plural)
hrabnō (instrumental singular)
hrabnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrabn, *hrabō
Old English: hræfn, hrefn, hræmn, hrem, hremn, hræfen
Middle English: raven, reven, revin
English: raven
Scots: ravin, revin, rawin
Old Frisian: ravan
Saterland Frisian: Roave (possibly from Middle Low German)
West Frisian: raven
Old Saxon: hravan, hraƀan, ravan
Middle Low German: rāven, rāve, rāvene, rāmme
German Low German: Raav, Roov
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Räwe
Lippisch: Rabe
Westmünsterländisch: Raawe, Raabe
Plautdietsch: Rowen
Old Dutch: ravan
Middle Dutch: rāven
Dutch: raaf
Old High German: raban, hraban, hram, ram, rabo, rappo
Middle High German: raben, ram; rabe, rab, rappe, rapp; rauen (plural; Niederrheinisch)
Alemannic German: Rapp
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Raab, Raaf
Luxembourgish: Ramm
German: Rabe
Rhine Franconian: Rab, Ramm, Rapp
Frankfurterisch: [ʀɑːp]
Yiddish: ראָב (rob)

Proto-Norse: ᚺᚨᚱᚨᛒᚨᚾᚨᛉ (harabanaʀ)
Old Norse: hrafn, hramn
Icelandic: hrafn
Faroese: ravnur
Norwegian Nynorsk: ramn, (dialectal) rabn, rabm, ravn
Old Swedish: ramn, rampn, rafn
Swedish: ramn, ramm (dialectal)
Old Danish: rafn
Danish: ravn
Norwegian Bokmål: ravn

Possibly from a root Proto-Indo-European *ḱer-, whence also Latin corvus, Proto-Balto-Slavic *śárˀkāˀ.


tōmaz

*tōmaz (a-stem)

tōmaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
tōmai (masculine nominative plural strong)
tōmō (feminine nominative singular strong)
tōmôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
tōmą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
tōmō (neuter nominative plural strong)
tōmanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
tōmanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
tōmǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
tōmōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
tōmą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
tōmō (accusative neuter plural strong)
tōmas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
tōmaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
tōmaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
tōmaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
tōmas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
tōmaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
tōmammai (dative masculine singular strong)
tōmaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
tōmaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
tōmaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
tōmammai (dative neuter singular strong)
tōmaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
tōmanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
tōmaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
tōmaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
tōmaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
tōmanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
tōmaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
tōmô (masculine nominative singular weak)
tōmaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
tōmǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
tōmōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
tōmô (neuter nominative singular weak)
tōmōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
tōmanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
tōmanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
tōmōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
tōmōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
tōmô (accusative neuter singular weak)
tōmōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
tōminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
tōmanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
tōmōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
tōmōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
tōminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
tōmanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
tōmini (dative masculine singular weak)
tōmammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
tōmōni (dative feminine singular weak)
tōmōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
tōmini (dative neuter singular weak)
tōmammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
tōminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
tōmammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
tōmōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
tōmōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
tōminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
tōmammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *tōm(ī)

Old English: tōm
Middle English: tome, tom, toume, tombe; toyme, tum, tume (Northern)
English: toom
Scots: tume, tuim

Old Saxon: tōm, tōmi

Old High German: *zuom, *zuomi

⇒ Old High German: widarzuomi

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *tōmīg

Old Saxon: tōmig

Old High German: zuomīg

Old Norse: tómr
Icelandic: tómur
Faroese: tómur
Norn: tøm
Norwegian Nynorsk: tom
Old Swedish: tōmber
Swedish: tom
Danish: tom
Norwegian Bokmål: tom

From Pre-Germanic *deH-, further origin unknown. Potentially from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂- (“to divide, share”), but semantically unconvincing.


maskwǭ

maskwǭ (nominative singular)
maskwōniz (nominative plural)
maskwǭ (singular vocative)
maskwōniz (plural vocative)
maskwōnų (accusative singular)
maskwōnunz (accusative plural)
maskwōniz (genitive singular)
maskwōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maskwōni (dative singular)
maskwōmaz (dative plural)
maskwōnē (instrumental singular)
maskwōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *maskā
Old English: mæsċre f, masc n, max n
Middle English: maske, *masche, mesche
Scots: mask
English: mesh
Old Frisian: *maske
Saterland Frisian: Mäske
West Frisian: mesk, mêsk
Old Saxon: maska, *māska
Middle Low German: masche
German Low German: Maske, Mask
Old Dutch: *maska, *māska
Middle Dutch: maessce, masche, maesche
Dutch: maas
Old High German: masca, māsca, maska, māska
Middle High German: masche
German: Masche
Luxembourgish: Masch
→? Medieval Latin: masca (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: mǫskvi m, mǫskun f

Icelandic: möskvi

Faroese: meskur

Norwegian: moske

Old Swedish: maska

Swedish: maska

Danish: maske

From Proto-Indo-European *mozgo- (“netting, mesh, knot, loop”), from Proto-Indo-European *mezgʷ- (“to knit, tie, make a loop”). Cognate with Lithuanian mègzti (“to make a knot, knit”).


kutjaną

kutjō (active first-person indicative singular)
kutjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kutjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kutisi (active indicative second-person singular)
kutjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kuti (active imperative second-person singular)
kutjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kutjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kutiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kutjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kutjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kutjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kutjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kutjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kutjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kutjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kutjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kutjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kutjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kutjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kutjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kutjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kutiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kutjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kutiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kutjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kutjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kutjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kutjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kutjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kutjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kutjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kutidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kutidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kutidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kutidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kutidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kutidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kutidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kutidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kutidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kutidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kutidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kutidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kutidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kutidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kutidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kutidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kutjandz (active participle present)
kutidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: kytja, kutta

Icelandic: kutta

desc

→ Middle English: cutten, kitten, kytten, ketten

Scots: kut, kit

English: cut

Possibly related to *ketwą (“meat”). Also compare *kwetwą (“flesh”). For possible sense development, compare Latin carō (“meat”), which probably was originally "a piece of meat cut off".


smertaną

smertō (active first-person indicative singular)
smertaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smertai (first-person indicative passive singular)
smirtizi (active indicative second-person singular)
smertaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smert (active imperative second-person singular)
smertazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
smertaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
smirtidi (active indicative singular third-person)
smertai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smertadau (active imperative singular third-person)
smertadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
smertaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
smertōz (active dual first-person indicative)
smertaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smertadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smertaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smertadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
smertamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
smertaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smertandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
smertaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
smirtid (active indicative plural second-person)
smertaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smirtid (active imperative plural second-person)
smertandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
smertaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
smertandi (active indicative plural third-person)
smertain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smertandau (active imperative plural third-person)
smertandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
smertaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
smart (active first-person indicative singular)
smurtį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smarst (active indicative second-person singular)
smurtīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smart (active indicative singular third-person)
smurtī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smurtū (active dual first-person indicative)
smurtīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smurtudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smurtīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smurtum (active first-person indicative plural)
smurtīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smurtud (active indicative plural second-person)
smurtīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smurtun (active indicative plural third-person)
smurtīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smertandz (active participle present)
smurtanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *smertan
Old English: *smeortan
Middle English: smerten, smeorten, smearten, smarten
English: smart
Scots: smert, smairt
Old Frisian: *smerta
Saterland Frisian: smeete, smäite
West Frisian: smerte
Old Saxon: *smertan
Middle Low German: smerten, smarten
German Low German: smarten
Low German: smerten
→ Danish: smerte
→ Swedish: smärta
→ Norwegian: smerte
Old Dutch: *smertan
Middle Dutch: smerten, smarten
Dutch: smarten
Old High German: smerzan
Middle High German: schmerzen
German: schmerzen


smilāną

smilō (active first-person indicative singular)
smilaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
smilai (active imperative second-person singular)
smilāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
smilaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
smilāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
smilāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
smilōs (active dual first-person indicative)
smilāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smilāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
smilāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
smilānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
smilaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
smilaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
smilānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
smilānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
smilānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
smilānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
smiladǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
smiladēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smiladēz (active indicative second-person singular)
smiladēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smiladē (active indicative singular third-person)
smiladēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smiladēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
smiladēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smiladēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smiladēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smiladēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
smiladēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smiladēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
smiladēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smiladēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
smiladēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smilāndz (active participle present)
smiladaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *smilēn; *smīlēn

Old High German: smielēn

Middle High German: smielen

→ Middle Low German: *smîlen, *smielen

German Low German: smielen

→ Dutch: smuilen

→ Saterland Frisian: smielje

→ Old Danish: smile

Danish: smile

→ Faroese: smíla

→ Norwegian: smile

→ Swedish: smila

→ Middle English: smilen

English: smile

Scots: smil, smyl

From Proto-Indo-European *smey- (“to laugh; be glad”).

der

smerian

Proto-West Germanic: *smirēn, *smīrēn; *smirōn, *smīrōn


galaną

galō (active first-person indicative singular)
galaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
galai (first-person indicative passive singular)
galizi (active indicative second-person singular)
galaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gal (active imperative second-person singular)
galazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
galaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
galidi (active indicative singular third-person)
galai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
galadau (active imperative singular third-person)
galadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
galaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
galōz (active dual first-person indicative)
galaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
galadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
galaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
galadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
galamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
galaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
galandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
galaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
galid (active indicative plural second-person)
galaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
galid (active imperative plural second-person)
galandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
galaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
galandi (active indicative plural third-person)
galain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
galandau (active imperative plural third-person)
galandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
galaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gōl (active first-person indicative singular)
gōlį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gōlt (active indicative second-person singular)
gōlīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gōl (active indicative singular third-person)
gōlī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gōlū (active dual first-person indicative)
gōlīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gōludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gōlīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gōlum (active first-person indicative plural)
gōlīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gōlud (active indicative plural second-person)
gōlīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gōlun (active indicative plural third-person)
gōlīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
galandz (active participle present)
galanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *galan
Old English: galan
Middle English: galen
English: gale
Scots: gale
Old Saxon: galan
Old Dutch: *galan
Middle Dutch: gālen
Old High German: galan, kalan
>? Middle High German: golen, goln
German: golen
⇒ Middle High German: begalen
⇒? Old High German: galt (“(of cows) not milch, infertile”, past participle) (from the belief that sterile or un-milch cows are bewitched)
Middle High German: galt
Alemannic German: galt (“(of cows) not milch”)
Swabian: gall (“(of sheep) not pregnant”)
Bavarian:
Carinthian: galt (“(of cows) infertile or pregnant (therefore not milch)”)
Cimbrian: galt (“(of cows) not milch; (of cows and human women) infertile”)
⇒ Tyrolean: galt (“unfarmed land”)
>? German: gelt (“(of non-human animals) infertile”)
⇒ Middle High German: galte (“one-year-old calf”)
Alemannic German: Galti (“two-year-old cow that has not yet become pregnant”)

Old Norse: gala
Danish: gale
Faroese: gala
Icelandic: gala
Norwegian Nynorsk: gala, gale
Norwegian Bokmål: gale
Old Swedish: gala, (verbal noun) gall
Swedish: gala, (verbal noun) gall, (derivation) gallra

/ˈɣɑ.lɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰel- (“to shout, cry”).