nabō

nabō (nominative singular)
nabôz (nominative plural)
nabō (singular vocative)
nabôz (plural vocative)
nabǭ (accusative singular)
nabōz (accusative plural)
nabōz (genitive singular)
nabǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nabōi (dative singular)
nabōmaz (dative plural)
nabō (instrumental singular)
nabōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *nabu
Old English: nafu
Middle English: nave, nawe; naf, naff, naffe (Northern)
English: nave
Scots: naff
Old Frisian: *nave
West Frisian: nauwe
Old Saxon: nava
Middle Low German: nāve
Old Dutch: *nava
Middle Dutch: nāve
Dutch: naaf
Afrikaans: naaf
Old High German: naba
Middle High German: nabe
German: Nabe
Luxembourgish: Nuef

desc

Proto-Norse: ᚾᚨᛒᛟᛉ (naboʀ, genitive singular)

desctree

Old Norse: nǫf
Icelandic: nöf
Norwegian Nynorsk: nav
Norwegian Bokmål: nav
Danish: nav
Old Swedish: naf
Swedish: nav

→? Proto-Finnic: *napa (or from Baltic)

From Pre-Germanic *h₃nobʰeh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃nebʰ- (“nave, hub”). Cognate with Latvian naba (“navel”).


griwjaną

griwjō (active first-person indicative singular)
griwjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
griwjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
griwisi (active indicative second-person singular)
griwjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
griwi (active imperative second-person singular)
griwjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
griwjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
griwiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
griwjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
griwjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
griwjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
griwjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
griwjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
griwjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
griwjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
griwjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
griwjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
griwjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
griwjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
griwjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
griwjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
griwiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
griwjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
griwiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
griwjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
griwjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
griwjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
griwjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
griwjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
griwjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
griwjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
griwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
griwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
griwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
griwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
griwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
griwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
griwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
griwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
griwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
griwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
griwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
griwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
griwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
griwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
griwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
griwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
griwjandz (active participle present)
griwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: *grýja (attested nominalization)

Norwegian: gry

Old Swedish: *grȳia, grȳ

Swedish: gry

Old Danish: *grȳ

Danish: gry

Elfdalian: gry

Gutnish: grya

i

possibly; if it continues earlier <i class="Latn mention" lang="fo">*griggja</i>

Faroese: gliggja (possibly; if it continues earlier *griggja)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₁u-, *ǵʰreh₁- (“to dawn, shine”). Cognate with Hittite 𒅗𒊒𒌑 (ka-ru-ú, “early; up to now”).


herzną

herzną (nominative singular)
herznō (nominative plural)
herzną (singular vocative)
herznō (plural vocative)
herzną (accusative singular)
herznō (accusative plural)
herznas (genitive singular)
hirznis (genitive singular)
herznǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hirznai (dative singular)
herznamaz (dative plural)
herznō (instrumental singular)
herznamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: hjarn

Icelandic: hjarn

Norwegian: hjårn

From Pre-Germanic *ḱersnó-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱers-. Indo-European cognates include Proto-Slavic *sernъ.

(North Germanic) frozen snow, snow crust

herzuz

> Old Norse *hjǫrr > dialectal Norwegian jorr


heuhmô

heuhmô (nominative singular)
heuhmaniz (nominative plural)
heuhmô (singular vocative)
heuhmaniz (plural vocative)
heuhmanų (accusative singular)
heuhmanunz (accusative plural)
hiuhminiz (genitive singular)
heuhmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hiuhmini (dative singular)
heuhmammaz (dative plural)
hiuhminē (instrumental singular)
heuhmammiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌼𐌰 (hiuhma)

From Pre-Germanic *kéwkmō, *kéwkmon-, from Proto-Indo-European *kewk-.


hulmaz

hulmaz (nominative singular)
hulmōz (nominative plural)
hulmōs (nominative plural)
hulm (singular vocative)
hulmōz (plural vocative)
hulmōs (plural vocative)
hulmą (accusative singular)
hulmanz (accusative plural)
hulmas (genitive singular)
hulmis (genitive singular)
hulmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hulmai (dative singular)
hulmamaz (dative plural)
hulmō (instrumental singular)
hulmamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *holm
Old English: holm (meaning influenced by Old Norse holmr)
Middle English: holm, holme
English: holm
Scots: holm, hulm, houm
Old Saxon: holm
Middle Low German: holm
Low German: Holm
→ German: Holm
Old Dutch: holm
Middle Dutch: holm
Dutch: holm

Old Norse: holmr

Icelandic: hólmur

Faroese: hólmur

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: holm, holme; (dialectal) hølm, hølme, hómi, hùlme

Old Swedish: holmber, hulmber; holme

Swedish: holme

Old Danish: hulm

Danish: holm

→ Proto-Slavic: *xъlmъ (from an unknown Germanic language)

From Pre-Germanic *kl̥Hmos, likely from an original mn-stem; from Proto-Indo-European *kelH-. Cognate with Latin columen (“summit, peak”).


aþna-

aþnaz (nominative singular)
aþnōz (nominative plural)
aþnōs (nominative plural)
aþn (singular vocative)
aþnōz (plural vocative)
aþnōs (plural vocative)
aþną (accusative singular)
aþnanz (accusative plural)
aþnas (genitive singular)
aþnis (genitive singular)
aþnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aþnai (dative singular)
aþnamaz (dative plural)
aþnō (instrumental singular)
aþnamiz (instrumental plural)
aþną (nominative singular)
aþnō (nominative plural)
aþną (singular vocative)
aþnō (plural vocative)
aþną (accusative singular)
aþnō (accusative plural)
aþnas (genitive singular)
aþnis (genitive singular)
aþnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aþnai (dative singular)
aþnamaz (dative plural)
aþnō (instrumental singular)
aþnamiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌸𐌽𐌰𐌼 (aþnam)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂étnos (“that which goes; sun; year”), *h₂et-. Cognate with Sanskrit अत्न (atna, “the sun”), Latin annus (“year”).


hurhwą

hurhwą (nominative singular)
hurhwō (nominative plural)
hurhwą (singular vocative)
hurhwō (plural vocative)
hurhwą (accusative singular)
hurhwō (accusative plural)
hurhwas (genitive singular)
hurhwis (genitive singular)
hurhwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hurhwai (dative singular)
hurhwamaz (dative plural)
hurhwō (instrumental singular)
hurhwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *horhu

Old English: horh, horg, horu

Middle English: hore

Old Frisian: hore

Old Saxon: horo, horu

Middle Low German: hōre, hōr, hāre, hār

desctree

Old Dutch: horo
Middle Dutch: hōre
Dutch: hore

Old High German: horo

Middle High German: hore, hor

German: Hor

Old Norse: horr

Icelandic: hor

Possibly from a Pre-Germanic *kr̥k-wo-, which Kroonen suggests might be connected with Middle Irish corcach (“moor”), for a Proto-Indo-European *kork-.


smukkaz

smukkaz (nominative singular)
smukkōz (nominative plural)
smukkōs (nominative plural)
smukk (singular vocative)
smukkōz (plural vocative)
smukkōs (plural vocative)
smukką (accusative singular)
smukkanz (accusative plural)
smukkas (genitive singular)
smukkis (genitive singular)
smukkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smukkai (dative singular)
smukkamaz (dative plural)
smukkō (instrumental singular)
smukkamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: smoc, smocc

Middle English: smoc

English: smock

Old Norse: smokkr
>? Icelandic: smokkur

Derived from either *smukkōną (“to creep, slink, slip”) or from the same zero-grade root representing Pre-Germanic *smuknós, from Proto-Indo-European *smewk- (“to slip, slide”)


asunz

asunz (nominative singular)
asniz (nominative plural)
asų (singular vocative)
asniz (plural vocative)
asnų (accusative singular)
asnunz (accusative plural)
asniz (genitive singular)
asnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
asni (dative singular)
asnumaz (dative plural)
asnē (instrumental singular)
asnumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *asnī

Old English: esne

Middle English: esne

→ English: esne

Old Saxon: *asni

Middle Low German: asne, asnen

Old High German: asni

Gothic: 𐌰𐍃𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃 (asneis)

From Proto-Indo-European *os(e)n- (“summer, harvest-time, harvest”).


ailidaz

ailidaz (nominative singular)
ailidōz (nominative plural)
ailidōs (nominative plural)
ailid (singular vocative)
ailidōz (plural vocative)
ailidōs (plural vocative)
ailidą (accusative singular)
ailidanz (accusative plural)
ailidas (genitive singular)
ailidis (genitive singular)
ailidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ailidai (dative singular)
ailidamaz (dative plural)
ailidō (instrumental singular)
ailidamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ailid
Old English: ǣled
Middle English: ēld
→ Proto-Brythonic:
Breton: oaled
Cornish: oles
Welsh: aelwyd
Old Saxon: ēld

Old Norse: eldr, eildr
Icelandic: eldur
Faroese: eldur
Norwegian Nynorsk: eld
Elfdalian: jäld
Old Swedish: elder
Swedish: eld
Old Danish: eld
Danish: ild
Norwegian Bokmål: ild
→ North Frisian: iilj
→? North Frisian: Jöl
Scanian: élð, ílð
Gutnish: eld, ild

Substantive past participle of *ailijaną.


fanô

fanô (nominative singular)
fananiz (nominative plural)
fanô (singular vocative)
fananiz (plural vocative)
fananų (accusative singular)
fananunz (accusative plural)
faniniz (genitive singular)
fananǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fanini (dative singular)
fanammaz (dative plural)
faninē (instrumental singular)
fanammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fanō

Old English: fana; fanu, fane

Middle English: fane, vane

Scots: fane, faan, thane, phane

English: fane, vane

Old Frisian: fana, fona

Saterland Frisian: Foane, Foone

West Frisian: fane

Old Saxon: fano, phano

Middle Low German: vāne

German Low German: Fahn

Low German: Fane

Old Dutch: *fano
Middle Dutch: vāne
Dutch: vaan

→ Latin: fanōnem (accusative)

→ Italian: fanone

→ Old French: fanon, feinion

French: fanon, fanion

→ Middle English: fanon, fanoun

English: fanon

Old High German: fano
Middle High German: vane, van
Alemannic German: Faane
Cimbrian: baane
German: Fahne
→ Silesian: fana
Hunsrik: Faan
Yiddish: פֿאָן (fon)

Old Norse: fani, fáni

Icelandic: fáni

Faroese: fáni

Norwegian Bokmål: fane

Norwegian Nynorsk: fane

Old Swedish: fana

Swedish: fana

Danish: fane

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌰 (fana)

From Proto-Indo-European *peh₂n- (“something woven; weave; tissue; fabric; cloth”). Cognate with Latin pannus (“cloth, rag”).


dintaną

dintō (active first-person indicative singular)
dintaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dintai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dintizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dintaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dint (active imperative second-person singular)
dintazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dintaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dintidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dintai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dintadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dintadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dintaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dintōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dintaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dintadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dintaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dintadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dintamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dintaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dintandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dintaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dintid (active indicative plural second-person)
dintaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dintid (active imperative plural second-person)
dintandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dintaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dintandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dintain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dintandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dintandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dintaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dant (active first-person indicative singular)
duntį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
danst (active indicative second-person singular)
duntīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dant (active indicative singular third-person)
duntī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
duntū (active dual first-person indicative)
duntīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
duntudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
duntīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
duntum (active first-person indicative plural)
duntīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
duntud (active indicative plural second-person)
duntīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
duntun (active indicative plural third-person)
duntīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dintandz (active participle present)
duntanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: detta

Icelandic: detta

Faroese: detta

Norwegian: detta

Elfdalian: detta


skardaz

*skardaz (a-stem)

skardaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
skardai (masculine nominative plural strong)
skardō (feminine nominative singular strong)
skardôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
skardą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
skardō (neuter nominative plural strong)
skardanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
skardanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
skardǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
skardōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
skardą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
skardō (accusative neuter plural strong)
skardas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
skardaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
skardaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
skardaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
skardas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
skardaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
skardammai (dative masculine singular strong)
skardaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
skardaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
skardaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
skardammai (dative neuter singular strong)
skardaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
skardanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
skardaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
skardaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
skardaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
skardanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
skardaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
skardô (masculine nominative singular weak)
skardaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
skardǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
skardōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
skardô (neuter nominative singular weak)
skardōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
skardanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
skardanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
skardōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
skardōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
skardô (accusative neuter singular weak)
skardōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
skardiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
skardanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
skardōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
skardōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
skardiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
skardanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
skardini (dative masculine singular weak)
skardammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
skardōni (dative feminine singular weak)
skardōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
skardini (dative neuter singular weak)
skardammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
skardinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
skardammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
skardōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
skardōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
skardinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
skardammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skard
Old English: sċeard
Middle English: scherd, scheard, scheord, scherde, schord, shard, sherd, sherde
English: shard, sherd
Scots: shaird
Yola: sheardhe, sheardh, shearde, sharde
Old Frisian: skerd, skerde
Old Saxon: skard
Middle Low German: schart
Old High German: *skart
Middle High German: schart, scharte
German: Scharte

Old Norse: skarðr

Icelandic: skarður

From Pre-Germanic *skordʰos, from Proto-Indo-European *skerdʰ-. Cognate with Old Irish scerdaid, Lithuanian sker̃sti (“to cut, slaughter”).


laikaną

laikō (active first-person indicative singular)
laikaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laikai (first-person indicative passive singular)
laikizi (active indicative second-person singular)
laikaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laik (active imperative second-person singular)
laikazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
laikaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
laikidi (active indicative singular third-person)
laikai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laikadau (active imperative singular third-person)
laikadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
laikaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
laikōz (active dual first-person indicative)
laikaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laikadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laikaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laikadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
laikamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
laikaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laikandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
laikaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
laikid (active indicative plural second-person)
laikaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laikid (active imperative plural second-person)
laikandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
laikaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
laikandi (active indicative plural third-person)
laikain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laikandau (active imperative plural third-person)
laikandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
laikaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lelaik (active first-person indicative singular)
lelaikį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lelaiht (active indicative second-person singular)
lelaikīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lelaik (active indicative singular third-person)
lelaikī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lelaikū (active dual first-person indicative)
lelaikīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lelaikudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lelaikīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lelaikum (active first-person indicative plural)
lelaikīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lelaikud (active indicative plural second-person)
lelaikīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lelaikun (active indicative plural third-person)
lelaikīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laikandz (active participle present)
laikanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *laikan
Old English: lācan
Middle English: laken
English: lake, laak (dialectal)
>? Old High German: *leihhan
Middle High German: leichen
German: laichen

Old Norse: leika
Icelandic: leika
Faroese: leika
Norwegian Nynorsk: leika
→ Norwegian Bokmål: leike
Old Swedish: lēka
Swedish: leka
Danish: lege
Norwegian Bokmål: leke
Scanian: lega
Gutnish: laika
→ Middle English: layken, leyken, leiken, laiken
English: lake, laik
Scots: laik

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽 (laikan)

From Proto-Indo-European *leyg- (“to jump around”).


tuskijaną

tuskijō (active first-person indicative singular)
tuskijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tuskijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tuskīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
tuskijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tuskī (active imperative second-person singular)
tuskijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tuskijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tuskīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tuskijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tuskijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tuskijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tuskijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tuskijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tuskijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tuskijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tuskijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tuskijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tuskijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tuskijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tuskijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tuskijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tuskīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tuskijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tuskīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tuskijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tuskijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tuskijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tuskijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tuskijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tuskijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tuskijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tuskidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tuskidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tuskidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tuskidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tuskidē (active indicative singular third-person)
tuskidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tuskidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tuskidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tuskidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tuskidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tuskidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tuskidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tuskidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tuskidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tuskidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tuskidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tuskijandz (active participle present)
tuskidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old High German: zusken, zuscen

→? Proto-Finnic: *tuhka (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *dh₂uske-, sk-present to Proto-Indo-European *deh₂-, *deh₂w-. Compare Ancient Greek δαίω (daíō, “to burn”), Welsh deifio (“to kindle”).


uznaną

uznō (active first-person indicative singular)
uznaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uznōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
uznais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uznō (active imperative second-person singular)
uznōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
uznai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uznōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
uznōs (active dual first-person indicative)
uznaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uznaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uznaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uznaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
uznamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
uznaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uznaþ (active indicative plural second-person)
uznaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uznaþ (active imperative plural second-person)
uznanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
uznain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uznanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
uznōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
uznōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uznōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
uznōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uznōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
uznōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uznōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
uznōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uznōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uznōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uznōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
uznōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uznōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
uznōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uznōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
uznōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uznandz (active participle present)

Old Norse: *orna

Faroese: orna

Icelandic: orna

Old Swedish: orna

From Pre-Germanic *Hus-néh₂-, from one of two possible sources:
* Proto-Indo-European *h₁ews- (“to burn”). Cognate with Ancient Greek εὕω (heúō, “to singe”), Latin ūrō (“to burn”), Sanskrit ओषति (óṣati, “to burn”).
* Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews- (“dawn”).

(North Germanic) to become warm, warm up


reudaną

reudō (active first-person indicative singular)
reudaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
reudai (first-person indicative passive singular)
riudizi (active indicative second-person singular)
reudaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
reud (active imperative second-person singular)
reudazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
reudaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
riudidi (active indicative singular third-person)
reudai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
reudadau (active imperative singular third-person)
reudadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
reudaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
reudōz (active dual first-person indicative)
reudaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
reudadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
reudaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
reudadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
reudamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
reudaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
reudandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
reudaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
riudid (active indicative plural second-person)
reudaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
riudid (active imperative plural second-person)
reudandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
reudaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
reudandi (active indicative plural third-person)
reudain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
reudandau (active imperative plural third-person)
reudandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
reudaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raud (active first-person indicative singular)
rudį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raust (active indicative second-person singular)
rudīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raud (active indicative singular third-person)
rudī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rudū (active dual first-person indicative)
rudīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rududiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rudīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rudum (active first-person indicative plural)
rudīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rudud (active indicative plural second-person)
rudīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rudun (active indicative plural third-person)
rudīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
reudandz (active participle present)
rudanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *reudan
Old English: rēodan

Old Norse: rjóða

Icelandic: rjóða


reudaną

Proto-West Germanic: *reudan
Old English: rēodan
Old High German: *riotan
Middle High German: rieten

Old Norse: rjóða

Icelandic: rjóða


greutaną

greutō (active first-person indicative singular)
greutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
greutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
griutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
greutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
greut (active imperative second-person singular)
greutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
greutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
griutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
greutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
greutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
greutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
greutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
greutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
greutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
greutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
greutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
greutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
greutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
greutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
greutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
greutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
griutid (active indicative plural second-person)
greutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
griutid (active imperative plural second-person)
greutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
greutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
greutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
greutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
greutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
greutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
greutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
graut (active first-person indicative singular)
grutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
graust (active indicative second-person singular)
grutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
graut (active indicative singular third-person)
grutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grutū (active dual first-person indicative)
grutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grutum (active first-person indicative plural)
grutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grutud (active indicative plural second-person)
grutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grutun (active indicative plural third-person)
grutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
greutandz (active participle present)
grutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *greutan
Old High German: *griozan
Middle High German: griezen

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰrewd-, *gʰer- (“to rub, grind, remove”). Cognate with Lithuanian grūsti (“to crush, tamp”), Russian гру́да (grúda, “pile, heap”).


flōaną

flōō (active first-person indicative singular)
flōaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flōai (first-person indicative passive singular)
flōizi (active indicative second-person singular)
flōaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flō (active imperative second-person singular)
flōazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
flōaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
flōidi (active indicative singular third-person)
flōai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flōadau (active imperative singular third-person)
flōadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
flōaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
flōōz (active dual first-person indicative)
flōaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flōadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flōaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flōadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
flōamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
flōaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flōandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
flōaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
flōid (active indicative plural second-person)
flōaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flōid (active imperative plural second-person)
flōandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
flōaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
flōandi (active indicative plural third-person)
flōain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flōandau (active imperative plural third-person)
flōandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
flōaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
feflō (active first-person indicative singular)
feflōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
feflōt (active indicative second-person singular)
feflōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
feflō (active indicative singular third-person)
feflōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
feflōū (active dual first-person indicative)
feflōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
feflōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
feflōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
feflōum (active first-person indicative plural)
feflōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
feflōud (active indicative plural second-person)
feflōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
feflōun (active indicative plural third-person)
feflōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flōandz (active participle present)
flōanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *flōan

Old English: flōwan

Middle English: flowen

English: flow

Scots: flow, flou

Old Frisian: *flōja

Saterland Frisian: flouje

West Frisian: floeie

Old Saxon: *flōian

desc

Middle Low German: vlôien, vlôigen, vlôgen

Low German: floien, flojen

Old Dutch: *fluoien

Middle Dutch: vloeyen

Dutch: vloeien

Afrikaans: vloei

Old High German: flouwen, flawjan, flawen, flewen

Middle High German: flæjen, vlæjen, vlæen, vlæn

German: flaien

Old Norse: flóa

Icelandic: flóa

Norwegian Nynorsk: flo

Swedish: floa (dialectal)

/ˈɸlɔː.ɑ.nɑ̃/

Possibly from a pre-form *plōw-, the lengthened o-grade form of Proto-Indo-European *plew-. Alternatively from *pleh₃-.
Kroonen explains the alternation between -w- (in Anglo-Saxon) and -j- (in Low German) as a result of hiatus after the regular loss of *u after *ō.


flugǭ

flugǭ (nominative singular)
flugōniz (nominative plural)
flugǭ (singular vocative)
flugōniz (plural vocative)
flugōnų (accusative singular)
flugōnunz (accusative plural)
flugōniz (genitive singular)
flugōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flugōni (dative singular)
flugōmaz (dative plural)
flugōnē (instrumental singular)
flugōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: fluga
Icelandic: fluga
Faroese: fluga
Norwegian Nynorsk: fluga, fluge, flugu
Elfdalian: flugu
Old Swedish: flugha
Swedish: fluga
Old Danish: flughæ
Danish: flue
Norwegian Bokmål: flue
Gutnish: fluge, flugå

From *fleuganą, from Proto-Indo-European *plewk- (“to fly”).


fleugǭ

fleugǭ (nominative singular)
fleugōniz (nominative plural)
fleugǭ (singular vocative)
fleugōniz (plural vocative)
fleugōnų (accusative singular)
fleugōnunz (accusative plural)
fleugōniz (genitive singular)
fleugōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fleugōni (dative singular)
fleugōmaz (dative plural)
fleugōnē (instrumental singular)
fleugōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: flēoge, flēge, flīeġe
Middle English: flye, fflye, fleȝe, flei, fleie, fley, fleye, flie, fliȝe, vliȝe, vlye
English: fly
Scots: flee, fle, flei

Old Frisian: *fliāge

Saterland Frisian: Fljooge

Old Saxon: flioga, fliega

Middle Low German: vlēge

German Low German: Fleeg

Plautdietsch: Fläj

Old Dutch: fliega

Middle Dutch: vlieghe

Dutch: vlieg
Afrikaans: vlieg
Negerhollands: vliegi, fligi
→ Virgin Islands Creole: fligi (dated)

Limburgish: vleeg

Old High German: flioga, fliuga (< *fliugijǭ)
Middle High German: vliege, fliuge
Alemannic German: Flüüge
Bavarian: Fluig
Cimbrian: blòiga
German: Fliege, Fleug
Luxembourgish: Fléi
Yiddish: פֿליג (flig)

Old Norse: *fljúga

Faroese: fljúga

Norwegian: fliuga, fljuge

/ˈɸleu̯.ɣɔ̃ː/


remaz

remaz (nominative singular)
rimizō (nominative plural)
remaz (singular vocative)
rimizō (plural vocative)
remaz (accusative singular)
rimizō (accusative plural)
rimiziz (genitive singular)
rimizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rimizi (dative singular)
rimizumaz (dative plural)
rimizē (instrumental singular)
rimizumiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐍂𐌹𐌼𐌹𐍃 (rimis)

From Pre-Germanic *h₁rem-os, *h₁rem-es-, an s-stem from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rem- (“to be quiet, calm”). Related to Sanskrit रमते (rámate, “to calm down”), रामयति (rāmáyati, “to bring to rest”), Lithuanian rìmti (“to calm down”).


kudją

kudją (nominative singular)
kudjō (nominative plural)
kudją (singular vocative)
kudjō (plural vocative)
kudją (accusative singular)
kudjō (accusative plural)
kudjas (genitive singular)
kudis (genitive singular)
kudjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kudjai (dative singular)
kudjamaz (dative plural)
kudjō (instrumental singular)
kudjamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: kedde, ked

Old Saxon: *kuddi

Middle Low German: kudde, küdde

Old Dutch: *kuddi

Middle Dutch: cudde, kudde

Dutch: kudde

Old High German: kutti, chutti

Middle High German: kütte

German: Kütte, Kitte, Kette

Kroonen reconstructs the Pre-Germanic form *gʷh₃udʰh₁yom, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeh₃u- (“cow”), *gʷeh₃- (“to graze, pasture; to keep”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place”), with the meaning "set of cows". Kroonen notes, however, that the meaning of the root from the first part meant it might not have been necessarily restricted to cows. See *awidiją for a similar formation.


sarwą

sarwą (nominative singular)
sarwō (nominative plural)
sarwą (singular vocative)
sarwō (plural vocative)
sarwą (accusative singular)
sarwō (accusative plural)
sarwas (genitive singular)
sarwis (genitive singular)
sarwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sarwai (dative singular)
sarwamaz (dative plural)
sarwō (instrumental singular)
sarwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *saru
Old English: searu, searo
Old Saxon: saru
Old High German: saro

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌰 pl (sarwa)

Likely from Pre-Germanic *sor-wo-, derived from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“to tie together; to watch over, protect, guard”).


þrumą

þrumą (nominative singular)
þrumō (nominative plural)
þrumą (singular vocative)
þrumō (plural vocative)
þrumą (accusative singular)
þrumō (accusative plural)
þrumas (genitive singular)
þrumis (genitive singular)
þrumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þrumai (dative singular)
þrumamaz (dative plural)
þrumō (instrumental singular)
þrumamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *þrum (in tunge-þrum "sublinguae; a ligament of the tongue")

Middle English: throm

desc

English: thrum (“end of the warp threads; a tuft or tassel”)

Old Saxon: thrumi

Middle Dutch: drom, drum

Dutch: drom, dreum

Old High German: trum, drum; demil (“beam”)

Middle High German: trum, drum; treme, trempel (“supporting pillar”), trame, drame (“beam”)

German: Trumm (“large block, lump”), Trümmer (“debris”); Tremel (“trunk”)

Old Norse: þrǫmr (“edge, border, brim”)

Norwegian: tröm, trumm, tram

Swedish: tröm, trumm, trom (“trunk, block of wood”)

Etymology uncertain. R. Meringer (Idg. Forsch. 21 (1907), 299) compared τέρμα (térma), terminus (Proto-Indo-European *térmn̥).


hēliz

hēliz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hēlijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hēlī (feminine nominative singular strong)
hēlijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hēlį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hēlijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hēlijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hēlijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hēlijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hēlijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hēlį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hēlijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hēlijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
hēlīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
hēlijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hēlijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hēlijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hēlijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
hēlīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
hēlijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hēlijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hēlijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hēlijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hēlijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hēlijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hēlijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hēlijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hēlijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hēlijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hēlijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hēlijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hēlijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hēlijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hēlijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hēlijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hēlijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hēlijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hēlijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hēlijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hēlijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hēlijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hēlijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hēlijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hēlijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hēlīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hēlijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hēlijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hēlijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hēlīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hēlijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hēlīni (dative masculine singular weak)
hēlijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hēlijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hēlijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hēlīni (dative neuter singular weak)
hēlijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hēlīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hēlijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hēlijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hēlijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hēlīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hēlijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Middle Low German: hāl

Old High German: hāli

Middle High German: hæl, hæle

Vṛddhi gerundive of *helaną (“to conceal”).


mahtīgaz

*mahtīgaz (a-stem)

mahtīgaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
mahtīgai (masculine nominative plural strong)
mahtīgō (feminine nominative singular strong)
mahtīgôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
mahtīgą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
mahtīgō (neuter nominative plural strong)
mahtīganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
mahtīganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
mahtīgǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
mahtīgōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
mahtīgą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
mahtīgō (accusative neuter plural strong)
mahtīgas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
mahtīgaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
mahtīgaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
mahtīgaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
mahtīgas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
mahtīgaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
mahtīgammai (dative masculine singular strong)
mahtīgaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
mahtīgaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
mahtīgaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
mahtīgammai (dative neuter singular strong)
mahtīgaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
mahtīganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
mahtīgaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
mahtīgaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
mahtīgaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
mahtīganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
mahtīgaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
mahtīgô (masculine nominative singular weak)
mahtīganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
mahtīgǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
mahtīgōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
mahtīgô (neuter nominative singular weak)
mahtīgōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
mahtīganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
mahtīganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
mahtīgōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
mahtīgōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
mahtīgô (accusative neuter singular weak)
mahtīgōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
mahtīginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
mahtīganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
mahtīgōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
mahtīgōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
mahtīginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
mahtīganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
mahtīgini (dative masculine singular weak)
mahtīgammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
mahtīgōni (dative feminine singular weak)
mahtīgōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
mahtīgini (dative neuter singular weak)
mahtīgammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
mahtīginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
mahtīgammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
mahtīgōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
mahtīgōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
mahtīginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
mahtīgammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mahtīg
Old English: mæhtiġ, meahtiġ, mehtiġ, mihtiġ
Middle English: maȝty, miȝty, myghty, mighti
Scots: michty, mychty
English: mighty
Old Frisian: machtich, mechtich
Saterland Frisian: machtich
West Frisian: machtich
Old Saxon: mahtig
Middle Low German: mechtich
German Low German: machtig
→ Old Norse: mektugr
Danish: mægtig
Swedish: mäktig
Norwegian: mektig
Old Dutch: mahtig
Middle Dutch: machtech
Dutch: machtig
Limburgish: mechtig
Old High German: mahtīg, mahtīc
Middle High German: mechtic
German: mächtig

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: máttugr, máttigr

Icelandic: máttugur

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 (mahteigs)


gridiz

gridiz (nominative singular)
gridīz (nominative plural)
gridi (singular vocative)
gridīz (plural vocative)
gridį (accusative singular)
gridinz (accusative plural)
gridīz (genitive singular)
gridjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gridī (dative singular)
gridimaz (dative plural)
gridī (instrumental singular)
gridimiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: *grit, gritmāli

Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐌹𐌸𐍃 (griþs)

Derived from *grīdaną (“to step, spread the legs wide”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰreydʰ-, see also Lithuanian grìdyti (“to go, to wander”), Old Irish in·greinn, do·greinn (“to persecute”).


baidijaną

baidijō (active first-person indicative singular)
baidijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
baidijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
baidīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
baidijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baidī (active imperative second-person singular)
baidijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
baidijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
baidīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
baidijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
baidijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
baidijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
baidijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
baidijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
baidijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
baidijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
baidijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
baidijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
baidijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
baidijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
baidijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
baidijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
baidīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
baidijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
baidīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
baidijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
baidijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
baidijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
baidijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
baidijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
baidijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
baidijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
baididǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
baididēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
baididēz (active indicative second-person singular)
baididēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baididē (active indicative singular third-person)
baididēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
baididēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
baididēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
baididēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
baididēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
baididēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
baididēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
baididēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
baididēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
baididēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
baididēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
baidijandz (active participle present)
baididaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *baidijan
Old English: bǣdan
Old Saxon: bēdian
Old Dutch: beidan
Middle Dutch: beiden
Dutch: beiden
Old High German: beiten
Middle High German: beiten

Old Norse: beiða
Icelandic: beiða
Faroese: beiða
Old Swedish: bēþa
⇒ Old Swedish: bēþas (from passive)
Swedish: bedas

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (baidjan)

→ Proto-Finnic:

Finnish: paidata

Ingrian: paijata


gēbiz

gēbiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gēbijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gēbī (feminine nominative singular strong)
gēbijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gēbį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gēbijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gēbijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gēbijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gēbijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gēbijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gēbį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gēbijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gēbijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
gēbīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
gēbijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gēbijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gēbijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gēbijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
gēbīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
gēbijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gēbijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gēbijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gēbijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gēbijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gēbijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gēbijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gēbijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gēbijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gēbijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gēbijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gēbijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gēbijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gēbijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gēbijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gēbijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gēbijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gēbijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gēbijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gēbijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gēbijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gēbijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gēbijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gēbijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gēbijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gēbīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gēbijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gēbijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gēbijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gēbīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gēbijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gēbīni (dative masculine singular weak)
gēbijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gēbijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gēbijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gēbīni (dative neuter singular weak)
gēbijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gēbīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gēbijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gēbijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gēbijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gēbīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gēbijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Frisian: jēve, gēve

Middle Dutch: gāve

Dutch: gaaf

Middle Low German: gēve

Old High German: *gābi

Middle High German: gæbe

Old Norse: gæfr

Icelandic: gæfur

Faroese: gævur

Old Swedish: gǣver

Swedish: gäv

Old Danish: gæv, giæv, gev

Danish: gæv

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: gjæv

Norwegian Bokmål: gjev

Vṛddhi gerundive of *gebaną (“to give”).


gangiz

gangiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gangijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gangī (feminine nominative singular strong)
gangijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gangį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gangijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gangijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gangijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gangijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gangijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gangį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gangijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gangijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
gangīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
gangijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gangijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gangijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gangijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
gangīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
gangijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gangijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gangijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gangijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gangijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gangijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gangijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gangijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gangijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gangijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gangijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gangijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gangijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gangijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gangijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gangijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gangijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gangijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gangijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gangijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gangijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gangijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gangijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gangijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gangijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gangīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gangijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gangijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gangijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gangīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gangijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gangīni (dative masculine singular weak)
gangijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gangijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gangijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gangīni (dative neuter singular weak)
gangijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gangīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gangijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gangijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gangijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gangīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gangijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *gangī
Old English: genġe
Middle English: genge (early)
Old Frisian: genze, ginse
Old Saxon: *gengi
Middle Low German: genge, ginge
Old Dutch: *gengi
Middle Dutch: genge
Old High German: gengi
Middle High German: genge
German: gänge, gäng

Old Norse: gengr

Icelandic: gengur

Faroese: gongdur (remodelled from neuter gongt)

Old Swedish: gænger

desc

Swedish: gäng (adjective, not the noun), gänge (the latter under influence from Middle Low German)

A verbal adjective derived from *ganganą (“to go”).


farmaz

farmaz (nominative singular)
farmōz (nominative plural)
farmōs (nominative plural)
farm (singular vocative)
farmōz (plural vocative)
farmōs (plural vocative)
farmą (accusative singular)
farmanz (accusative plural)
farmas (genitive singular)
farmis (genitive singular)
farmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
farmai (dative singular)
farmamaz (dative plural)
farmō (instrumental singular)
farmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *farm

Old English: fearm

Old Saxon: farm

Old High German: farm

Middle High German: varm

German: Farm

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: farmr

Icelandic: farmur

Faroese: farmur

Norwegian Bokmål: farm

Norwegian Nynorsk: farm

Old Swedish: farmber

From Proto-Indo-European *pórmos, from *per- (“to cross over”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *pormъ (e.g. Russian паро́м (paróm, “small boat, ferry”)), Lithuanian paramà (“support, assistance”).


hwallaz

*hwallaz (a-stem)

hwallaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hwallai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hwallō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hwallôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hwallą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hwallō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hwallanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hwallanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hwallǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hwallōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hwallą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hwallō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hwallas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hwallaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hwallaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hwallaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hwallas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hwallaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hwallammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hwallaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hwallaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hwallaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hwallammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hwallaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hwallanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hwallaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hwallaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hwallaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hwallanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hwallaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hwallô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hwallaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hwallǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hwallōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hwallô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hwallōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hwallanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hwallanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hwallōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hwallōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hwallô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hwallōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hwalliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hwallanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hwallōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hwallōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hwalliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hwallanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hwallini (dative masculine singular weak)
hwallammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hwallōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hwallōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hwallini (dative neuter singular weak)
hwallammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hwallinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hwallammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hwallōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hwallōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hwallinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hwallammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: hweall

Uncertain. Possibly from Pre-Germanic *kʷolh₁nos, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷelh₁- (“to turn, go round”).


spihtaz

spihtaz (nominative singular)
spihtōz (nominative plural)
spihtōs (nominative plural)
spiht (singular vocative)
spihtōz (plural vocative)
spihtōs (plural vocative)
spihtą (accusative singular)
spihtanz (accusative plural)
spihtas (genitive singular)
spihtis (genitive singular)
spihtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spihtai (dative singular)
spihtamaz (dative plural)
spihtō (instrumental singular)
spihtamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *spiht, *speht
Old English: *spiht, *speoht
Middle English: speght (late)
English: speight, specht, spekt, spight
Middle Scots: specht
Old Frisian: *spiāht
West Frisian: spjocht, spjucht
Saterland Frisian: Spächt
North Frisian: specht, spjucht
Old Saxon: speht
Middle Low German: specht
Dutch Low Saxon: specht, spechte
Plautdietsch: Specht
→ English: speight, specht, spekt, spight
Old Dutch: *speht
Middle Dutch: specht
Dutch: specht
Old High German: speht
Middle High German: spëht, specht, speiht
German: Specht
Luxembourgish: Spiecht
→ Old French: espec, espoit, espois
Middle French: espec, especq
French: épeiche
→ Middle English: spek, spec, speke
⇒ Middle English: wod spek

Old Norse: spettr, spætr

Norwegian: spetta

Swedish: spett

Danish: spætte

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)peyk- (“woodpecker; magpie”).


wōgiz

wōgiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wōgijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wōgī (feminine nominative singular strong)
wōgijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wōgį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wōgijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wōgijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wōgijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wōgijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wōgijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wōgį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wōgijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wōgijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
wōgīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
wōgijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wōgijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wōgijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wōgijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
wōgīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
wōgijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wōgijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wōgijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wōgijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wōgijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wōgijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wōgijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wōgijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wōgijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wōgijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wōgijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wōgijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wōgijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wōgijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wōgijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wōgijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wōgijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wōgijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wōgijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wōgijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wōgijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wōgijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wōgijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wōgijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wōgijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wōgīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wōgijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wōgijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wōgijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wōgīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wōgijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wōgīni (dative masculine singular weak)
wōgijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wōgijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wōgijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wōgīni (dative neuter singular weak)
wōgijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wōgīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wōgijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wōgijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wōgijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wōgīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wōgijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Dutch: *wuog

Middle Dutch: woeg

Vṛddhi gerundive of *weganą (“to move”), or a related, unattested *waganą.


baugaz

baugaz (nominative singular)
baugōz (nominative plural)
baugōs (nominative plural)
baug (singular vocative)
baugōz (plural vocative)
baugōs (plural vocative)
baugą (accusative singular)
bauganz (accusative plural)
baugas (genitive singular)
baugis (genitive singular)
baugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
baugai (dative singular)
baugamaz (dative plural)
baugō (instrumental singular)
baugamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *baug
Old English: bēag, bēah
Middle English: beh, beghe, bie, by
Scots: bee, bei, beye
English: bee
Old Frisian: bāg, bāch
Old Saxon: *bōg, *bāg, *bōh
Middle Low German: bōch, būch
→ Late Latin: baga
Old French: bage
→ Middle English: bage, bagge, badge, bagy; bageard
Scots: bagie, badgie, bawgy
English: badge; badger
→ Medieval Latin: bagea, bagia
Old Dutch: bōg
⇒ Middle Dutch: bogel, buegel
Dutch: beugel
→ Vulgar Latin: *baucus
Old Occitan: bauc
Old French: bo, bou
⇒ Norman: bouaille
→ Anglo-Norman: boie
Old High German: baug, boug, paug, pauc, pouc
Middle High German: bouc
German: Baug, Bauk
Yiddish: בייגל (beygl)
→ English: bagel
Lombardic: *baug m, *bauga f
→ Medieval Latin: bauca
Italian: boga, bova
→ French: bogue

Old Norse: baugr
Icelandic: baugur
Old Gutnish: baugr

→ Galician: boga

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰewgʰ- (“to bend”).


maitaną

maitō (active first-person indicative singular)
maitaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
maitai (first-person indicative passive singular)
maitizi (active indicative second-person singular)
maitaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mait (active imperative second-person singular)
maitazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
maitaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
maitidi (active indicative singular third-person)
maitai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
maitadau (active imperative singular third-person)
maitadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
maitaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
maitōz (active dual first-person indicative)
maitaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
maitadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
maitaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
maitadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
maitamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
maitaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
maitandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
maitaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
maitid (active indicative plural second-person)
maitaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
maitid (active imperative plural second-person)
maitandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
maitaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
maitandi (active indicative plural third-person)
maitain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
maitandau (active imperative plural third-person)
maitandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
maitaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
memait (active first-person indicative singular)
memaitį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
memaist (active indicative second-person singular)
memaitīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
memait (active indicative singular third-person)
memaitī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
memaitū (active dual first-person indicative)
memaitīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
memaitudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
memaitīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
memaitum (active first-person indicative plural)
memaitīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
memaitud (active indicative plural second-person)
memaitīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
memaitun (active indicative plural third-person)
memaitīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
maitandz (active participle present)
maitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *maitan
(Old English: mǣded, mǣdd, ġemǣded, ġemǣdd (ppt; adj))
(Middle English: madd, medd, mad, med)
(Scots: madde, mad)
(English: mad)
Old High German: meizan
Middle High German: meizen

Old Norse: meita (wk vb) (through confluence with *maitijaną)

Icelandic: meita

Norwegian: meita

Swedish: meta

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (maitan)

From Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“small”) or *meh₂y- (“to cut”) (compare Proto-Celtic *mailos (“bald”)).
In view of the likely causative *maidijaną (“to hurt”), Kroonen assumes the original form of this verb was *maiþaną, from Pre-Germanic *moitH-, with contamination from the related *mittōną (“to cut”).


stōdą

stōdą (nominative singular)
stōdō (nominative plural)
stōdą (singular vocative)
stōdō (plural vocative)
stōdą (accusative singular)
stōdō (accusative plural)
stōdas (genitive singular)
stōdis (genitive singular)
stōdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stōdai (dative singular)
stōdamaz (dative plural)
stōdō (instrumental singular)
stōdamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: stōd
Middle English: stode, stod, stude, stud
English: stud
Scots: stod, stud, stude, stuid
Yola: sthit

Old Saxon: stōd

Middle Low German: stôt

Old High German: stuot

Middle High German: stuot

German: Stute

→ Old Dutch: *stuot

Middle Dutch: stoet

Dutch: stoet

Old Norse: stóð

Icelandic: stóð

Old Swedish: stōþ

Swedish: sto

→ Proto-Finnic: *soota (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“stand, set”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *stado (“herd, flock”).


twigimaz

*twigimaz (a-stem)

twigimaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
twigimai (masculine nominative plural strong)
twigimō (feminine nominative singular strong)
twigimôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
twigimą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
twigimō (neuter nominative plural strong)
twigimanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
twigimanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
twigimǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
twigimōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
twigimą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
twigimō (accusative neuter plural strong)
twigimas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
twigimaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
twigimaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
twigimaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
twigimas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
twigimaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
twigimammai (dative masculine singular strong)
twigimaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
twigimaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
twigimaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
twigimammai (dative neuter singular strong)
twigimaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
twigimanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
twigimaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
twigimaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
twigimaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
twigimanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
twigimaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
twigimô (masculine nominative singular weak)
twigimaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
twigimǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
twigimōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
twigimô (neuter nominative singular weak)
twigimōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
twigimanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
twigimanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
twigimōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
twigimōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
twigimô (accusative neuter singular weak)
twigimōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
twigiminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
twigimanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
twigimōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
twigimōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
twigiminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
twigimanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
twigimini (dative masculine singular weak)
twigimammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
twigimōni (dative feminine singular weak)
twigimōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
twigimini (dative neuter singular weak)
twigimammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
twigiminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
twigimammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
twigimōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
twigimōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
twigiminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
twigimammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Frankish: *twigim (Latinized as tuigimus)

From Proto-Indo-European *dwiǵʰimos (“two winters (old)”), from *dwi- (“two”) + a form of *ǵʰéyōm (“winter”). Cognate with Latin bīmus (“two years old”).


barugaz

barugaz (nominative singular)
barugōz (nominative plural)
barugōs (nominative plural)
barug (singular vocative)
barugōz (plural vocative)
barugōs (plural vocative)
barugą (accusative singular)
baruganz (accusative plural)
barugas (genitive singular)
barugis (genitive singular)
barugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
barugai (dative singular)
barugamaz (dative plural)
barugō (instrumental singular)
barugamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *barug
Old English: bearg, bærh, bearh, bearug, bęrg; berg — Northumbrian
Middle English: barow, bareȝ, bareh, barew, barwe, borwȝ
English: barrow
Old Frisian: barch
Saterland Frisian: Baarch
West Frisian: baarch
Old Saxon: barug
Middle Low German: borch
German Low German: Barg
Old Dutch: barcho
Middle Dutch: barch, barech
Dutch: barg
Old High German: barug, barh
Middle High German: barc
German: Barg, Barch (dialectal)

Old Norse: bǫrgr

From Pre-Germanic *bʰoru-ḱos. For the root, compare Russian бо́ров (bórov, “hog, castrated boar”); for the suffix, compare *elhaz (“elk”), *selhaz (“seal”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥tḱos (“bear”).


þrautōną

þrautō (active first-person indicative singular)
þrautǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrautōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
þrautōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
þrautōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrautō (active imperative second-person singular)
þrautōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þrautōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þrautōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þrautō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrautōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þrautōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þrautōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þrautōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þrautōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrautōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrautōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrautōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þrautōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þrautōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrautōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þrautōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þrautōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þrautōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrautōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þrautōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þrautōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þrautōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þrautōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrautōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þrautōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þrautōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þrautōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þrautōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrautōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þrautōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrautōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
þrautōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrautōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þrautōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrautōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrautōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrautōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þrautōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrautōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þrautōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrautōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þrautōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrautōndz (active participle present)
þrautōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: þrēatian

Middle English: threten, threaten

Scots: threte, thret, threit

English: threat

Old Saxon: *thrōtōn

desc

Middle Low German: droten, drōten, drôten

Old Dutch: *throuton, *thrōton

Middle Dutch: droten

Dutch: droten

/ˈθrɑu̯.tɔː.nɑ̃/

An o-grade iterative to *þreutaną (“to harass”).


mankô

mankô (nominative singular)
mankaniz (nominative plural)
mankô (singular vocative)
mankaniz (plural vocative)
mankanų (accusative singular)
mankanunz (accusative plural)
mankiniz (genitive singular)
mankanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mankini (dative singular)
mankammaz (dative plural)
mankinē (instrumental singular)
mankammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: *manki, makki

Icelandic: makki

Norwegian Bokmål: manke

Norwegian Nynorsk: manke

Danish: manke

Swedish: manke

Derived from *manō (“mane, neck”) with *-kô, a suffix used for body parts; compare Proto-Germanic *kelkô (“jaw-bone”), *leuskô (“groin”).

(North Germanic) mane, upper part of the neck


wreskwaną

wreskwō (active first-person indicative singular)
wreskwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wreskwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wriskwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wreskwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wreskw (active imperative second-person singular)
wreskwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wreskwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wriskwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wreskwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wreskwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wreskwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wreskwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wreskwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wreskwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wreskwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wreskwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wreskwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wreskwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wreskwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wreskwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wreskwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wriskwid (active indicative plural second-person)
wreskwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wriskwid (active imperative plural second-person)
wreskwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wreskwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wreskwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wreskwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wreskwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wreskwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wreskwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wraskw (active first-person indicative singular)
wruskį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wrasht (active indicative second-person singular)
wruskīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wraskw (active indicative singular third-person)
wruskī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wruskū (active dual first-person indicative)
wruskīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wruskudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wruskīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wruskum (active first-person indicative plural)
wruskīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wruskud (active indicative plural second-person)
wruskīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wruskun (active indicative plural third-person)
wruskīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wreskwandz (active participle present)
wruskwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: roskinn, *vroskinn (attested only by the past participle)

Icelandic: roskinn

Gothic: *𐍅𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌵𐌰𐌽 (*wrisqan) (in 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌵𐌰𐌽 (gawrisqan))


kelþaz

kelþaz (nominative singular)
kilþizō (nominative plural)
kelþaz (singular vocative)
kilþizō (plural vocative)
kelþaz (accusative singular)
kilþizō (accusative plural)
kilþiziz (genitive singular)
kilþizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kilþizi (dative singular)
kilþizumaz (dative plural)
kilþizē (instrumental singular)
kilþizumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kelþ, *kilþ

desctree

Old English: ċild
Middle English: child
English: child
Scots: child

Gothic: *𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌸𐍃 (*kilþs)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌸𐍃 (inkilþs)

From Proto-Indo-European *gelt-, *ǵelt- (“womb”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“to ball up, amass”). Cognate with Danish kuld (“brood, litter”), Swedish kull (“brood, litter”), Icelandic kelta, kjalta (“lap”), Gothic 𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌸𐌴𐌹 (kilþei, “womb”), Sanskrit जर्त (jarta), जर्तु (jártu, “vulva”).


laupaz

laupaz (nominative singular)
laupōz (nominative plural)
laupōs (nominative plural)
laup (singular vocative)
laupōz (plural vocative)
laupōs (plural vocative)
laupą (accusative singular)
laupanz (accusative plural)
laupas (genitive singular)
laupis (genitive singular)
laupǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laupai (dative singular)
laupamaz (dative plural)
laupō (instrumental singular)
laupamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *laup; *laupīn

Old English: lēap

Middle English: lep, lepe, leep

English: leap

⇒? English: lippy, lippie (perhaps borrowed from Scots)

Scots: leip

⇒ Scots: leipie, lepy, lippie

Old Frisian: lēpen

Old Saxon: *lōp; *lōpīn

Middle Low German: lôp; lö̂pen

Old Dutch: *loup, *lōp; loupin, *lōpin

Middle Dutch: loop, lōpe; lōpin, lōpen

Dutch: loop; lopen

→ Old French: lope, loupe; lopin

Middle French: lope, loupe; lopin

French: lope, loupe; lopin

Old Norse: laupr

Icelandic: laupur

Norwegian: løp

Old Swedish: lø̄per

Swedish: löp

Danish: løb

From Proto-Indo-European *lewb- (“to shed, peel, break off”).


kranô

kranô (nominative singular)
krananiz (nominative plural)
kranô (singular vocative)
krananiz (plural vocative)
krananų (accusative singular)
krananunz (accusative plural)
kraniniz (genitive singular)
krananǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kranini (dative singular)
kranammaz (dative plural)
kraninē (instrumental singular)
kranammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kranō
Old Frisian: *krana
Saterland Frisian: Kroane
West Frisian: kraan
Old Saxon: krano
Middle Low German: krāne, krāen, krān
German Low German: Kraan
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: Kraan
→ Danish: kran
→ Icelandic: kran
→ Estonian: kraan (or from German Kran)
→ Lithuanian: krāns
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kran
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kran
→ Swedish: kran
→ Finnish: kraana
Old Dutch: *crano
Middle Dutch: crāne, crāen
Dutch: kraan (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: kraan
West Flemish: kraan
→ Walloon: cråne
Old High German: krano
Middle High German: krane
German: Kran
Hunsrik: Kraan
Luxembourgish: Krunn

⇒ Old Norse: trani m, trana f (perhaps from a related word)

Icelandic: trana

Faroese: trani

Norwegian Bokmål: trane

Norwegian Nynorsk: trane

Swedish: trana

Danish: trane

Gutnish: trane, trana, tranå

Old Norse: trönur (derived from the plural)

→ Anglo-Norman: trone

→ Medieval Latin: trona (Anglo-Latin)

→ Middle English: trone

English: trone, tron

Scots: trone, tron, troan

From Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂- (“to cry hoarsely”).


paddǭ

paddǭ (nominative singular)
paddōniz (nominative plural)
paddǭ (singular vocative)
paddōniz (plural vocative)
paddōnų (accusative singular)
paddōnunz (accusative plural)
paddōniz (genitive singular)
paddōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
paddōni (dative singular)
paddōmaz (dative plural)
paddōnē (instrumental singular)
paddōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *paddā
Old English: padde
Middle English: padde, pade
English: pad; poade, pode
Scots: pade, pad; podde, pode
Old Frisian: padde
Saterland Frisian: Pudde
West Frisian: padde, podde, podd, pod
Old Saxon: *padda
Middle Low German: padde, pedde
Low German: Padde, Pudde
→ German: Padde
Old Dutch: *padda
Middle Dutch: padde, pedde
Dutch: pad
Afrikaans: padda
→ Vulgar Latin: *padda, *podda, *potta
Old French: bot
⇒ Old French: boterel
Italian: botta

Old Norse: padda

Icelandic: padda

Faroese: padda

Norn: padd

Norwegian Bokmål: padde

Norwegian Nynorsk: padde

Old Swedish: padda

Swedish: padda

Danish: padde

Elfdalian: padda

Gutnish: padde, paddå

Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bed- (“to swell”) (Pok. 96), from *bʰew- (“to swell”) (Pok. 98-102).
Also compare English puddle, Old English puduc (“swelling, lump, growth, wart”), Low German puddig (“swollen”).


wangô

wangô (nominative singular)
wangōnō (nominative plural)
wangô (singular vocative)
wangōnō (plural vocative)
wangô (accusative singular)
wangōnō (accusative plural)
wanginiz (genitive singular)
wanganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wangini (dative singular)
wangammaz (dative plural)
wanginē (instrumental singular)
wangammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wangā

Old English: wange, wonge

Middle English: wange

English: wang

Scots: wang, wan

Old Frisian: *wange

West Frisian: wang

Old Saxon: wanga

Middle Low German: wange

Low German: Wang

Old Dutch: wanga

Middle Dutch: wange

Dutch: wang

Old High German: wanga

Middle High German: wange

German: Wange

⇒ Lombardic: *wangja, *wankja

→ Vulgar Latin: *guancia

Emilian: zgwanza

Italian: guancia, gargia

Lombard: zguandza, zguanza, zgwand

Neapolitan: gardza (Apulia)

Sicilian: gargia

Romagnol: guankia (Spoleto)

Venetian: zguandza, zguanza, zgwand

Old Norse: vangi

Icelandic: vangi

Faroese: vangi

Norwegian: vange

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍉 (*waggō) (in 𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (waggāreis))

From Proto-Indo-European *wenk-, *wek- (“to be bent or bowed”).


þaisimô

þaisimô (nominative singular)
þaisimaniz (nominative plural)
þaisimô (singular vocative)
þaisimaniz (plural vocative)
þaisimanų (accusative singular)
þaisimanunz (accusative plural)
þaisiminiz (genitive singular)
þaisimanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þaisimini (dative singular)
þaisimammaz (dative plural)
þaisiminē (instrumental singular)
þaisimammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þaisimō, *þaismijō
Old English: þǣsma
Old Saxon: *thēsimo
Middle Low German: dêsem
Old Dutch: *thēsimo
Middle Dutch: dêsem
Dutch: desem
Old High German: deismo, deisemo
Middle High German: deisme
German: Deisam

From Proto-Indo-European *teh₂- (“to knead”).


slagiz

slagiz (nominative singular)
slagīz (nominative plural)
slagi (singular vocative)
slagīz (plural vocative)
slagį (accusative singular)
slaginz (accusative plural)
slagīz (genitive singular)
slagjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
slagī (dative singular)
slagimaz (dative plural)
slagī (instrumental singular)
slagimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *slagi
Old English: sleġe
Middle English: slay, sleye, slaye
English: sley
Old Frisian: slei
Old Saxon: slegi, slag
Middle Low German: slach
German Low German: Slag
Old Dutch: slag
Middle Dutch: slach
Dutch: slag
Negerhollands: slaa
Old High German: slag
Middle High German: slac, slag
German: Schlag
Luxembourgish: Schlag
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Schlach

Old Norse: slag, slagr

Icelandic: slag

Faroese: slag

Norwegian: slag

Norwegian Bokmål: slag

Norwegian Nynorsk: slag

Swedish: slag

Gothic: 𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌷𐍃 (slahs)

→ Proto-Finnic: *lagas

Derived from *slahaną (“to hit, strike”).


slōgiz

slōgiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
slōgijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
slōgī (feminine nominative singular strong)
slōgijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
slōgį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
slōgijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
slōgijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
slōgijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
slōgijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
slōgijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
slōgį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
slōgijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
slōgijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
slōgīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
slōgijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
slōgijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
slōgijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
slōgijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
slōgīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
slōgijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
slōgijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
slōgijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
slōgijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
slōgijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
slōgijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
slōgijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
slōgijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
slōgijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
slōgijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
slōgijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
slōgijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
slōgijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
slōgijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
slōgijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
slōgijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
slōgijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
slōgijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
slōgijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
slōgijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
slōgijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
slōgijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
slōgijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
slōgijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
slōgijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
slōgīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
slōgijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
slōgijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
slōgijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
slōgīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
slōgijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
slōgīni (dative masculine singular weak)
slōgijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
slōgijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
slōgijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
slōgīni (dative neuter singular weak)
slōgijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
slōgīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
slōgijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
slōgijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
slōgijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
slōgīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
slōgijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: slœgr

Icelandic: slægur

Norwegian Nynorsk: sløg

Old Danish: sløw

Danish: sløv (obsolete)

Old Swedish: sløgher

Swedish: slög (obsolete)

→ Middle English: sley, sly

Scots: sley, sleye, sley

English: sly

Vṛddhi gerundive of *slahaną (“to hit, strike”).


habilaz

habilaz (nominative singular)
habilōz (nominative plural)
habilōs (nominative plural)
habil (singular vocative)
habilōz (plural vocative)
habilōs (plural vocative)
habilą (accusative singular)
habilanz (accusative plural)
habilas (genitive singular)
habilis (genitive singular)
habilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
habilai (dative singular)
habilamaz (dative plural)
habilō (instrumental singular)
habilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *habil

Old English: hebel, hefel (in hefelþrǣd); (hefeld?)

desc

Middle English: hefel, hevel, heveld, held

English: heavel, havel

Old Saxon: *hevil; (hebild)

Middle Low German: hevel (in hevelgarn); (hevelte?)

German Low German: Hevel

→ Saterland Frisian: Heeuwelte

Old Dutch: *hevilo

Middle Dutch: hevel (in heveldeech)

Dutch: hevel (possibly a reborrowing from German)

Old High German: *hebil, *hefil, *hevil; *hebila, *hevila

Middle High German: hebel, hevel, hefel

Cimbrian: höbel

German: Hebel

→ German Low German: Hebel

Old Norse: hefill

Icelandic: hefill

Norn: hevel

Norwegian: hevel

Swedish: hävel (dialectal, partly)

→ Scots: hevel

⇒ Scots: hivvle (verb)


tarbijaną

tarbijō (active first-person indicative singular)
tarbijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tarbijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tarbīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
tarbijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tarbī (active imperative second-person singular)
tarbijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tarbijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tarbīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tarbijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tarbijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tarbijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tarbijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tarbijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tarbijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tarbijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tarbijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tarbijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tarbijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tarbijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tarbijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tarbijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tarbīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tarbijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tarbīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tarbijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tarbijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tarbijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tarbijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tarbijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tarbijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tarbijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tarbidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tarbidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tarbidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tarbidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tarbidē (active indicative singular third-person)
tarbidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tarbidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tarbidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tarbidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tarbidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tarbidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tarbidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tarbidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tarbidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tarbidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tarbidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tarbijandz (active participle present)
tarbidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tarbijan
Old English: *tierfan, *tyrfan, *tyrfian
Middle English: tirven, tyrven, terven
English: terve
⇒ English: tervy
⇒ English: topsy-turvy
Scots: tirvie
⇒ Middle English: overterven, overtarven
Scots: overtirve, ourtirve
⇒ Middle English: tyrf, tyrfe
English: tirfe
⇒ Old English: ġetyrfan, ġetyrfian
Old High German: zerben
Middle High German: zirben

From Proto-Indo-European *dorbʰéyeti, a causative formation of Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“to plait, braid, twist, spin, weave, wind”). A direct cognate with दर्भयति (darbháyati).


krōkaz

krōkaz (nominative singular)
krōkōz (nominative plural)
krōkōs (nominative plural)
krōk (singular vocative)
krōkōz (plural vocative)
krōkōs (plural vocative)
krōką (accusative singular)
krōkanz (accusative plural)
krōkas (genitive singular)
krōkis (genitive singular)
krōkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krōkai (dative singular)
krōkamaz (dative plural)
krōkō (instrumental singular)
krōkamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *krōk
Old English: *crōc
Middle English: crok, croke
Scots: cruke, creuk, crewk, cruik
English: crook
→ Irish: crúca
Old Dutch: *kruok
Middle Dutch: croec
→ Vulgar Latin: *crōcus, *crōca
Old French: croce, croc, croche
Middle French: croche
French: croche
→ Catalan: corxa
→ Occitan: cròcha
Norman: cro (Jèrriais)
Walloon: crotche
→ Middle English: croche
English: croche
⇒ Old French: crochet, crochette, croket (diminutive)
Middle French: crochet
French: crochet, crochée
→ Catalan: corxera, corxea
→ English: crochet
→ Spanish: croché, corchea
Portuguese: crochet, crochê, croché, colcheia
Walloon: crotchèt
⇒ Old French: acrocher, accrocher, encrocher
Middle French: accrocher, acrocher, acrochier, accrochier
Middle French: accrocher
Walloon: acrotchî, acrotchi, acrotcher, acrotchè
→ Middle English: acrochen
Piedmontese: cròc
Sicilian: croccu
Medieval Latin: croccus

Old Norse: krókr
Icelandic: krókur
Faroese: krókur
Norwegian Bokmål: krok
Norwegian Nynorsk: krok
Old Swedish: krōker
Swedish: krok
Danish: krog
→ French: croc, crochet
→ English: crochet, crotchet
→ Norman: cro (Jersey)
→? Russian: крюк (krjuk)

From Proto-Indo-European *greh₂ǵos (“a twist, rope, wicker, a tangle”), from *ger- (“to turn, to wind”). Cognate with Sanskrit ग्रन्थि (granthí, “a knot, tie”).


walô

walô (nominative singular)
walaniz (nominative plural)
walô (singular vocative)
walaniz (plural vocative)
walanų (accusative singular)
walanunz (accusative plural)
waliniz (genitive singular)
walanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
walini (dative singular)
walammaz (dative plural)
walinē (instrumental singular)
walammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *welō, *walō
Old English: wela, weala — Northumbrian; weola — West Saxon; wala
Middle English: wele
English: weal
Scots: weal, weel
Old Saxon: welo
>? Middle Low German: wēle f, wēl m
Old Dutch: *welo
Middle Dutch: wele
Old High German: welo, wolo; wela f, wola f, wala f
Middle High German: wole
German: Wol, Wohl
Luxembourgish: Wuel

From *wala, *wela (“as wished, as desired, well”, adverb).