narwaz

*narwaz (a-stem)

narwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
narwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
narwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
narwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
narwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
narwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
narwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
narwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
narwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
narwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
narwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
narwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
narwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
narwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
narwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
narwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
narwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
narwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
narwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
narwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
narwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
narwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
narwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
narwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
narwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
narwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
narwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
narwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
narwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
narwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
narwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
narwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
narwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
narwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
narwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
narwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
narwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
narwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
narwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
narwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
narwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
narwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
narwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
narwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
narwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
narwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
narwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
narwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
narwini (dative masculine singular weak)
narwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
narwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
narwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
narwini (dative neuter singular weak)
narwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
narwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
narwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
narwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
narwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
narwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
narwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *naru

Old English: naro, naru, nearu

desc

Middle English: naru, narwe, narewe, narowe

English: narrow

Scots: naro, narow, narrow

Old Frisian: *naro

North Frisian: naar, noar, noor, nåår

Saterland Frisian: noar

West Frisian: near, naar

Old Saxon: naru, naro, narowo, narawo

Middle Low German: nare, narwe

German Low German: naar

qual

Old Dutch: *naro, *naru (attested in a placename of probable Frisian origin)

Middle Dutch: nare, naer (rare; possibly from Frisian or Saxon)

Dutch: naar

Old High German: *naru (in derivatives)

Old Norse: *nǫrr, *njǫrr (attested in placenames: Nǫrvasund, Njǫrvasund)

Swedish: nor

Norwegian: nor

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ner- (“to turn, bend, twist, constrict”).


draugiz

draugiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
draugijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
draugī (feminine nominative singular strong)
draugijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
draugį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
draugijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
draugijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
draugijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
draugijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
draugijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
draugį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
draugijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
draugijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
draugīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
draugijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
draugijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
draugijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
draugijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
draugīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
draugijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
draugijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
draugijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
draugijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
draugijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
draugijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
draugijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
draugijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
draugijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
draugijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
draugijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
draugijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
draugijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
draugijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
draugijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
draugijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
draugijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
draugijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
draugijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
draugijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
draugijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
draugijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
draugijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
draugijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
draugijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
draugīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
draugijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
draugijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
draugijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
draugīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
draugijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
draugīni (dative masculine singular weak)
draugijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
draugijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
draugijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
draugīni (dative neuter singular weak)
draugijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
draugīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
draugijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
draugijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
draugijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
draugīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
draugijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *draugī
Old English: drȳġe, drīġe (or < *drūgī)
Middle English: drye, drie, dri, drige, dryge, drüȝe
English: dry
Scots: dry, drey
Old Saxon: *drōgi
Middle Low German: drôge
Low German: dröög, dröge
→ German: dröge
Old Dutch: *drougi, *drōgi
Middle Dutch: drôghe
Dutch: droog
Afrikaans: droog
Berbice Creole Dutch: droko
Negerhollands: droog, drok
Skepi Creole Dutch: dróg
→ West Frisian: droech

⇒ Old Norse: draugr
Icelandic: draugur

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to strengthen; become hard or solid”), from *dʰer- (“to hold, hold fast, support”).


seuþaną

seuþō (active first-person indicative singular)
seuþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
seuþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
siuþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
seuþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
seuþ (active imperative second-person singular)
seuþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
seuþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
siuþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
seuþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
seuþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
seuþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
seuþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
seuþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
seuþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
seuþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
seuþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
seuþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
seuþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
seuþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
seuþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
seuþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
siuþid (active indicative plural second-person)
seuþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
siuþid (active imperative plural second-person)
seuþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
seuþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
seuþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
seuþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
seuþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
seuþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
seuþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sauþ (active first-person indicative singular)
sudį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
saust (active indicative second-person singular)
sudīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sauþ (active indicative singular third-person)
sudī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sudū (active dual first-person indicative)
sudīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sududiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sudīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sudum (active first-person indicative plural)
sudīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sudud (active indicative plural second-person)
sudīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sudun (active indicative plural third-person)
sudīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
seuþandz (active participle present)
sudanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *seuþan
Old English: sēoþan
Middle English: sethen
Scots: seth, seith
English: seethe
Old Frisian: siāþa, siātha
Saterland Frisian: sjoode
West Frisian: sjiedden, siede
Old Saxon: *siothan
Middle Low German: sêden
Low German: seden
Old Dutch: *siethan
Middle Dutch: sieden
Dutch: zieden
Old High German: siodan
Middle High German: sieden
German: sieden
Bavarian: siadn
Luxembourgish: sueden

Old Norse: sjóða
Icelandic: sjóða
Norwegian: syde
Old Swedish: siūþa
Swedish: sjuda
Old Danish: siuthæ, sythæ
Danish: syde

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂sewt- (“to move about, roil, seethe”), perhaps a t-extension of *(h)sew- (“to burn”), for which see *swīþaną (“to burn, ache”) for more. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *šutiti (“to joke, jest”), Lithuanian siaũsti (“to play, rage”), Ancient Greek ἀϋτμή (aütmḗ, “breath, scent”).


fraberaną

fraberō (active first-person indicative singular)
fraberaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraberai (first-person indicative passive singular)
frabirizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fraberaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fraber (active imperative second-person singular)
fraberazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fraberaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
frabiridi (active indicative singular third-person)
fraberai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fraberadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fraberadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fraberaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fraberōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fraberaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fraberadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fraberaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fraberadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fraberamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fraberaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fraberandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fraberaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
frabirid (active indicative plural second-person)
fraberaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frabirid (active imperative plural second-person)
fraberandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fraberaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fraberandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fraberain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraberandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fraberandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fraberaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frabar (active first-person indicative singular)
frabērį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frabart (active indicative second-person singular)
frabērīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frabar (active indicative singular third-person)
frabērī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frabērū (active dual first-person indicative)
frabērīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frabērudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frabērīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frabērum (active first-person indicative plural)
frabērīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frabērud (active indicative plural second-person)
frabērīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frabērun (active indicative plural third-person)
frabērīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraberandz (active participle present)
fraburanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fraberan
Old English: forberan
Middle English: forberen
English: forbear
Scots: forbere, forbeir
Old Frisian: forbera
⇒ Old Frisian: forbernisse
Old Saxon: *farberan
⇒ Middle Low German: vorbörnisse, vörbȫrnisse
Old Dutch: *farberan
⇒ Middle Dutch: verboornisse, verbeurnisse
Old High German: *farberan, *firberan, ferberan
Middle High German: verbërn
Cimbrian: vorbèeran

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (frabairan)

From *fra- (“off, away (from), completely”) + *beraną (“to bear, carry”).

prefix

to hold back or keep away (from); restrain or refrain (oneself) from


algiz

algiz (nominative singular)
algīz (nominative plural)
algi (singular vocative)
algīz (plural vocative)
algį (accusative singular)
alginz (accusative plural)
algīz (genitive singular)
algijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
algī (dative singular)
algimaz (dative plural)
algī (instrumental singular)
algimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: elgr m
Icelandic: elgur
Faroese: elgur
Norwegian Nynorsk: elg; (dialectal) alg
Old Swedish: ælgher
Swedish: älg
Danish: elg, ⇒ elsdyr
Norwegian Bokmål: elg

→? Ancient Greek: ἄλκη f (álkē)
Greek: άλκη (álki)

→? Latin: alcēs f, alcē; alx (Medieval Latin)
Galician: alce
Italian: alce
Portuguese: alce
Spanish: alce
→ English: alce

→ English: Algiz (learned)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁élḱis, *h₁ólḱis (“elk”), from *h₁el- (“deer”). Cognate with Vedic Sanskrit ऋश्य (ṛ́śya, “antelope”), Lithuanian elnias (“deer, stag, hart”), Russian оле́нь (olénʹ, “deer”), Russian лось (losʹ, “elk”), Ancient Greek ἔλαφος (élaphos, “deer”), Old Armenian եղն (ełn, “hind”).


elhaz

elhaz (nominative singular)
elhōz (nominative plural)
elhōs (nominative plural)
elh (singular vocative)
elhōz (plural vocative)
elhōs (plural vocative)
elhą (accusative singular)
elhanz (accusative plural)
elhas (genitive singular)
ilhis (genitive singular)
elhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ilhai (dative singular)
elhamaz (dative plural)
elhō (instrumental singular)
elhamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: eolh, elch, elh, eolc, eolch; ēola
Middle English: elk, elke
English: elk
→ German: Elk (obsolete)
→ Korean: 엘크 (elkeu)
→ Malayalam: എൽക്ക് (elkkŭ)
→ Welsh: elc

Old Saxon: *elho

Middle Low German: elk

>? German Low German: Elk (or from English)

>? Middle Low German: elen, elent

(→ German: Elen)

Old Dutch: *elho, elo

>? Middle Dutch: elen, elent

(Dutch: eland)

desc

Old High German: elahho, eliho, elcho, elo

Middle High German: elch, elhe

desctree

German: Elch, Elk (obsolete)
→ Luxembourgish: Elch

→ English: Elhaz (learned)


aiwaz

aiwaz (nominative singular)
aiwōz (nominative plural)
aiwōs (nominative plural)
aiw (singular vocative)
aiwōz (plural vocative)
aiwōs (plural vocative)
aiwą (accusative singular)
aiwanz (accusative plural)
aiwas (genitive singular)
aiwis (genitive singular)
aiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aiwai (dative singular)
aiwamaz (dative plural)
aiwō (instrumental singular)
aiwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aiw, *aiwu
⇒ Old English: āwa, ā (adverb)
Middle English: ō, ā
Old Frisian: ēwa; ēwe, ē
West Frisian: iuw
⇒ Old Frisian: ā (adverb)
Old Saxon: ēo, io, ēu, ē (also adverb)
Middle Low German: ê, ee, eje, ewe
German Low German: Ehe
Old Dutch: ēwa
Middle Dutch: êwe, êeu
Dutch: eeuw
Afrikaans: eeu
Limburgish: ieuw
⇒ Old Dutch: io (adverb)
Middle Dutch: ie
Old High German: ēwa, ēo, ēa
Middle High German: ēwe, ê
Alemannic German: Ee, E-e
German: Ehe
⇒ Old High German: io (adverb)
Middle High German: ie
German: je

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛁᚹᚨᛉ (*aiwaʀ)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛁᚹᚨᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*aiwalaibaʀ)

desctree

Old Norse: æ, ei, ey
Icelandic: æ
Old Swedish: ē, ǣ
Swedish: ä, e, e-
→ Middle English: aye, ai, agg
English: aye

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃 (aiws); 𐌰𐌹𐍅 (aiw)

→? Proto-Finnic: *aika (“time”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂óyu ~ *h₂yéws, reformed as a thematic (a-stem) noun.


sturmaz

sturmaz (nominative singular)
sturmōz (nominative plural)
sturmōs (nominative plural)
sturm (singular vocative)
sturmōz (plural vocative)
sturmōs (plural vocative)
sturmą (accusative singular)
sturmanz (accusative plural)
sturmas (genitive singular)
sturmis (genitive singular)
sturmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sturmai (dative singular)
sturmamaz (dative plural)
sturmō (instrumental singular)
sturmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sturm
Old English: storm, stearm
Middle English: storm
English: storm
→ Esperanto: ŝtormo
→ Irish: stoirm
→ Scottish Gaelic: stoirm
Scots: storm
Yola: stharm, starm
Old Frisian: *storm
Saterland Frisian: Stoarm
West Frisian: stoarm
Old Saxon: storm
Middle Low German: storm
German Low German: Storm
→ Polish: sztorm
Old Dutch: *sturm
Middle Dutch: storm
Dutch: storm
Afrikaans: storm
Negerhollands: storm
→ Papiamentu: storm
Old High German: sturm
Middle High German: sturm
German: Sturm
Yiddish: שטורעם (shturem)
→ Polish: szturm
→ Russian: штурм (šturm)
Luxembourgish: Stuerm
Hunsrik: Storrem
Lombardic: *sturm
→ Italian: stormo
→ Vulgar Latin: *estornus, *estorma
Old French: estor, estour, estur, estorme, estorn
Middle French: estor, estour
→ Middle English: stour, store, stor
English: stour
Scots: sture, stour
Occitan: estorn

Old Norse: stormr
Icelandic: stormur
Faroese: stormur
Norwegian: storm (Bokmål), storm (Nynorsk)
Old Swedish: stormber
Swedish: storm
Danish: storm

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)twerH- (“to rotate, swirl, twirl, move around”).


anhulō

anhulō (nominative singular)
anhulôz (nominative plural)
anhulō (singular vocative)
anhulôz (plural vocative)
anhulǭ (accusative singular)
anhulōz (accusative plural)
anhulōz (genitive singular)
anhulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
anhulōi (dative singular)
anhulōmaz (dative plural)
anhulō (instrumental singular)
anhulōmiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *anhulu, *ą̄hulu, *ą̄hlu

Old English: *ōl

⇒ Old English: ōlþwong

Old Norse: ál, ǫ́l

Icelandic: ól

Faroese: ól

Old Swedish: ōl, øl, öl

Danish: øl

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enk- (“to turn, bend, flex, curve”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀγκύλη (ankúlē, “leather belt”), Lithuanian ánka (“sling, loop”).


gundaz

gundaz (nominative singular)
gundōz (nominative plural)
gundōs (nominative plural)
gund (singular vocative)
gundōz (plural vocative)
gundōs (plural vocative)
gundą (accusative singular)
gundanz (accusative plural)
gundas (genitive singular)
gundis (genitive singular)
gundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gundai (dative singular)
gundamaz (dative plural)
gundō (instrumental singular)
gundamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gund

Old English: gund

Middle English: gunde, gounde, gownde

English: gound

Old Saxon: gund

Old High German: gund, kund, gunt, cunt

Old Norse: *gundr

Norwegian: gund (dialectal)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌳 n (gund) (< *gundą)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰendʰ- (“sore, ulcer, abscess, boil”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κανθύλη (kanthúlē, “swelling”). See also Middle Persian gwnd (/gund/).


þankaz

þankaz (nominative singular)
þankōz (nominative plural)
þankōs (nominative plural)
þank (singular vocative)
þankōz (plural vocative)
þankōs (plural vocative)
þanką (accusative singular)
þankanz (accusative plural)
þankas (genitive singular)
þankis (genitive singular)
þankǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þankai (dative singular)
þankamaz (dative plural)
þankō (instrumental singular)
þankamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: þanc, þonc

Middle English: thank, thonk

Scots: thank

English: thank, thanks

Old Frisian: thank, thonk

Saterland Frisian: Tonk

West Frisian: tanck, tank

Old Saxon: thanc, thank

Middle Low German: dank, danke

Low German: Dank

Old Dutch: *thanc, thank

Middle Dutch: danc

Dutch: dank

Afrikaans: dankie

Old High German: danc

Middle High German: danc

German: Dank

Yiddish: דאַנק (dank)

→ Old Czech: diek

Czech: dík

→ Old Polish: dzięka (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: þǫkk (from *þankō)

Icelandic: þökk

Faroese: tøkk

Norwegian: takk

Elfdalian: tokk

Old Swedish: þak

Swedish: tack

Danish: tak

→ Faroese: takk

→ Icelandic: takk

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌺𐍃 (þagks)

Vandalic: *þank-

From Proto-Indo-European *tóng-o-s, from *teng- (“to think, feel, perceive, know”).


sturkaz

sturkaz (nominative singular)
sturkōz (nominative plural)
sturkōs (nominative plural)
sturk (singular vocative)
sturkōz (plural vocative)
sturkōs (plural vocative)
sturką (accusative singular)
sturkanz (accusative plural)
sturkas (genitive singular)
sturkis (genitive singular)
sturkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sturkai (dative singular)
sturkamaz (dative plural)
sturkō (instrumental singular)
sturkamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stork
Old English: storc
Middle English: stork
Scots: stork
English: stork
Old Frisian: *stork
Saterland Frisian: Stoark
Old Saxon: *stork
Middle Low German: stork
German Low German: Störk, Stoork, Stürk
Old Dutch: *stork
Middle Dutch: storke, storc, sturc
Dutch: stork
Old High German: storah, storh, *stork (irregular -h- possibly generalized from svarabhakti form)
Middle High German: storch, storc
German: Storch, (obsolete) Stork
→ Hunsrik: Storrich
→ Luxembourgish: Storch
Luxembourgish: (dated) Stuerk
→ Latvian: stārķis
→ Lithuanian: starkus

Old Norse: storkr
Icelandic: storkur
Faroese: storkur
Norwegian Bokmål: stork
Norwegian Nynorsk: stork
Old Swedish: storker
Swedish: stork
Old Danish: stork
Danish: stork

According to Witczak (1991), from Proto-Indo-European *sr̥ǵos (“stork”), cognate to Sanskrit सृजय (sṛjaya, “wading bird”), Ancient Greek πελαργός (pelargós, “stork”), and Dacian *βärzæ (whence Romanian barză (“stork”), dialectal Bulgarian барзъ (barz).)
Alternately, from Proto-Indo-European *str̥gos, from *(s)terg-, *(s)terǵ- (“a type of bird”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ter- (“stiff”). Cognate with Old East Slavic стьркъ (stĭrkŭ, “stork, crane”), Russian стерх (sterx, “Siberian crane”), Ancient Greek τόργος (tórgos, “vulture”), Albanian sterkjok (“stork”) and possibly Old Armenian տառեղն (taṙełn, “stork”).


aitrą

aitrą (nominative singular)
aitrō (nominative plural)
aitrą (singular vocative)
aitrō (plural vocative)
aitrą (accusative singular)
aitrō (accusative plural)
aitras (genitive singular)
aitris (genitive singular)
aitrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aitrai (dative singular)
aitramaz (dative plural)
aitrō (instrumental singular)
aitramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aitr
Old English: ātor, āttor, ǣtor, ǣttor
Middle English: atter, attere, attir, attre, atture, attyr, attyre; atterr (Ormulum)
English: atter
Scots: atter, etter
Old Frisian: āter, ater, ātter, atter
Saterland Frisian: Atter
West Frisian: etter
Old Saxon: ēttor, ēttar; eitir
Middle Low German: etter
German Low German: Etter, Atter
Old Dutch: *ētar, *ēttar; eitir
Middle Dutch: etter, atter
Dutch: etter, atter
Old High German: eitar, eittar
Middle High German: eiter
German: Eiter
Luxembourgish: Eeter

Old Norse: eitr
Elfdalian: ietter (“venom; pus”)
Icelandic: eitur
Faroese: eitur
Norwegian Nynorsk: eiter, eitr
→ Norwegian Bokmål: eiter
Old Swedish: ēter
Swedish: etter
⇒ Old Swedish: ēterkoppa
Swedish: etterkopp
Old Danish: ētær
Danish: edder
Norwegian Bokmål: edder
⇒ Old Danish: etærkop, ederkoppæ
Danish: edderkop
Norwegian Bokmål: edderkopp
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: edderkopp

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyd-ro-m, from *h₂eyd- (“to swell; swelling, tumour, abscess”). Cognate with Ancient Greek οἶδος (oîdos, “tumour, swelling”) and the first element *οἰδῐ́- (*oidí-) of the name Οἰδῐ́πους (Oidípous, “Oedipus”, literally “swollen-footed”), as well as with Old Church Slavonic ꙗдра (jadra, “bosom, embrace”, pl.).


þwangiz

þwangiz (nominative singular)
þwangīz (nominative plural)
þwangi (singular vocative)
þwangīz (plural vocative)
þwangį (accusative singular)
þwanginz (accusative plural)
þwangīz (genitive singular)
þwangijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þwangī (dative singular)
þwangimaz (dative plural)
þwangī (instrumental singular)
þwangimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þwangi, *þwang m (strong a-stem)
Old English: þwang, þwong, þwæng, þweng
Middle English: thong, thwong, thwang
English: thong
Scots: thwang, thwayng, thang
Yola: fong
Old Frisian: thwong, thwang
Saterland Frisian: Twoang
West Frisian: twang
Old Saxon: *thwang
Middle Low German: dwanc, dwank
German Low German: Dwang
Old Dutch: *thwang
Middle Dutch: dwanc
Dutch: dwang
Afrikaans: dwang
Negerhollands: twang
→ Indonesian: paksaan (semantic loan)
Old High German: dwang (“bit, bridle, rein, restraint”)
Middle High German: twanc
German: Zwang

Old Norse: þvengr

Icelandic: þvengur

Faroese: tvongur

Norwegian: tveng (dialectal)

From earlier *þwanguz, from Proto-Indo-European *twenk- (“to squeeze, press, pressure”).


artijaną

artijō (active first-person indicative singular)
artijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
artijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
artīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
artijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
artī (active imperative second-person singular)
artijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
artijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
artīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
artijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
artijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
artijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
artijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
artijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
artijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
artijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
artijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
artijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
artijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
artijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
artijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
artijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
artīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
artijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
artīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
artijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
artijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
artijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
artijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
artijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
artijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
artijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
artidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
artidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
artidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
artidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
artidē (active indicative singular third-person)
artidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
artidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
artidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
artidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
artidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
artidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
artidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
artidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
artidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
artidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
artidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
artijandz (active participle present)
artidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: erta

Icelandic: erta

Faroese: erta

Norwegian Nynorsk: erta

Old Swedish: ærta

Swedish: ärta

Danish: erte

Norwegian Bokmål: erte

→ Middle English: erten, ertin

English: ert

Scots: ert

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂erdi-, *h₂erd- (“sharp point, stinger”). Cognate with Old Irish aird (“point, ord, end point”), Ancient Greek ἄρδις (árdis, “arrowhead”).

cog

to tease, taunt, grill, annoy, irritate, provoke


skeubaną

skeubō (active first-person indicative singular)
skeubaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skeubai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skiubizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skeubaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skeub (active imperative second-person singular)
skeubazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skeubaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skiubidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skeubai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skeubadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skeubadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skeubaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skeubōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skeubaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skeubadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skeubaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skeubadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skeubamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skeubaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skeubandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skeubaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skiubid (active indicative plural second-person)
skeubaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skiubid (active imperative plural second-person)
skeubandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skeubaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skeubandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skeubain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skeubandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skeubandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skeubaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skaub (active first-person indicative singular)
skubį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skauft (active indicative second-person singular)
skubīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skaub (active indicative singular third-person)
skubī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skubū (active dual first-person indicative)
skubīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skubudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skubīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skubum (active first-person indicative plural)
skubīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skubud (active indicative plural second-person)
skubīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skubun (active indicative plural third-person)
skubīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skeubandz (active participle present)
skubanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skeuban
Old English: sċēofan, sċūfan
Middle English: schouven, shoven
Scots: shuve
English: shove
(Old Frisian: *skiāva, *skiōua?), skūva
Saterland Frisian: schuuwe, skuuwe
(West Frisian: sjouwe?), skowe
(→ Dutch: sjouwen?)
(→ Low German: sjove?)
(→ Swedish: sjåa?)
Old Saxon: *skiovan, *skūvan
Middle Low German: schûven
Low German: schuven
→ Danish: skuffe
→ Swedish: skuffa
Old Dutch: *scūvan
Middle Dutch: schuven
Dutch: schuiven
Limburgish: sjuve
Old High German: sciopan, scioban
Middle High German: schieben
Alemannic German: schiebe
German: schieben
→ Polish: szybować

Old Norse: *skjófa, skúfa

Icelandic: skúfa

Norwegian: skyva, skyve, skuva

→ Danish: skyve

Old Swedish: skiūva, skūva

Swedish: skjuva, skuva

Danish: skue

Gothic: *𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌽 (*skiuban) (in 𐌰𐍆𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌽 (afskiuban))

From Proto-Indo-European *skewbʰ-, *skūbʰ- (“to push, drive, move forward”), possibly metathesized from *ksewbʰ- (compare Sanskrit क्षुभ् (kṣubh, “to throw, shake, agitate”)). Cognate with Lithuanian skubėti (“to hurry, rush”), Polish skubać (“to pull quickly, pluck”).


wōmatjaną

wōmatjō (active first-person indicative singular)
wōmatjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wōmatjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wōmatisi (active indicative second-person singular)
wōmatjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wōmati (active imperative second-person singular)
wōmatjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wōmatjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wōmatiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wōmatjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wōmatjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wōmatjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wōmatjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wōmatjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wōmatjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wōmatjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wōmatjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wōmatjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wōmatjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wōmatjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wōmatjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wōmatjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wōmatiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wōmatjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wōmatiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wōmatjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wōmatjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wōmatjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wōmatjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wōmatjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wōmatjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wōmatjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wōmastǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wōmastēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wōmastēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wōmastēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wōmastē (active indicative singular third-person)
wōmastēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wōmastēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wōmastēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wōmastēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wōmastēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wōmastēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wōmastēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wōmastēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wōmastēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wōmastēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wōmastēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wōmatjandz (active participle present)
wōmatidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: œmta, œnta

Icelandic: æmta, ænta

Faroese: ønta, øna

Norwegian Nynorsk: ømta


hōlą

hōlą (nominative singular)
hōlō (nominative plural)
hōlą (singular vocative)
hōlō (plural vocative)
hōlą (accusative singular)
hōlō (accusative plural)
hōlas (genitive singular)
hōlis (genitive singular)
hōlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōlai (dative singular)
hōlamaz (dative plural)
hōlō (instrumental singular)
hōlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hōl

Old English: hōl

Old Norse: hól

Icelandic: hól

Faroese: hól

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₁l-, *keh₁l- (“to beguile, deceive”).
Cognate with Latin calvor (“deceive, plot against”), calumnia (“false accusation, deceit, defamation”), Russian хвала́ (xvalá, “praise, laud”), Ancient Greek κηλέω (kēléō, “to charm, bewitch, beguile, appease”).


hōlōną

hōlō (active first-person indicative singular)
hōlǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hōlōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hōlōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hōlōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hōlō (active imperative second-person singular)
hōlōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hōlōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hōlōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hōlō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hōlōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hōlōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hōlōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hōlōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hōlōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hōlōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hōlōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hōlōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hōlōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hōlōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hōlōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hōlōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hōlōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hōlōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hōlōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hōlōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hōlōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hōlōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hōlōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hōlōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hōlōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hōlōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hōlōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hōlōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hōlōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hōlōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hōlōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hōlōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hōlōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hōlōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hōlōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hōlōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hōlōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hōlōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hōlōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hōlōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hōlōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hōlōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hōlōndz (active participle present)
hōlōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hōlōn

Old English: hōlian

Middle English: holen

Gothic: 𐌷𐍉𐌻𐍉𐌽 (hōlōn)

/ˈxɔː.lɔː.nɑ̃/


hōlijaną

hōlijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hōlijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hōlijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hōlīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hōlijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hōlī (active imperative second-person singular)
hōlijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hōlijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hōlīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hōlijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hōlijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hōlijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hōlijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hōlijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hōlijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hōlijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hōlijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hōlijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hōlijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hōlijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hōlijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hōlijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hōlīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hōlijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hōlīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hōlijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hōlijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hōlijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hōlijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hōlijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hōlijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hōlijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hōlidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hōlidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hōlidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hōlidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hōlidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hōlidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hōlidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hōlidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hōlidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hōlidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hōlidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hōlidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hōlidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hōlidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hōlidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hōlidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hōlijandz (active participle present)
hōlidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hōlijan
Old English: hēlan
Old High German: huolen

Old Norse: hœla

Icelandic: hæla

Norwegian: høla (dialectal)

From *hōlą (“vain speech, flattery, slander”) + *-janą.


leuþą

leuþą (nominative singular)
leuþō (nominative plural)
leuþą (singular vocative)
leuþō (plural vocative)
leuþą (accusative singular)
leuþō (accusative plural)
leuþas (genitive singular)
liuþis (genitive singular)
leuþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
liuþai (dative singular)
leuþamaz (dative plural)
leuþō (instrumental singular)
leuþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *leuþ
Old English: lēoþ
Middle English: leoþ, leod, lede
Scots: leed, lede
English: leed (dialectal); lidden (dialectal, archaic)
Old Frisian: *liāth
Saterland Frisian: Läid
West Frisian: liet
Old Saxon: lioth
Middle Low German: *lēt, *liet
German Low German: Leed, Lied
Old Dutch: *lioth
Middle Dutch: liet, lijt
Dutch: lied
Afrikaans: lied
Negerhollands: liederen (from the plural)
Old High German: liod
Middle High German: liet
German: Lied
→ English: lied
→ Finnish: lied
→ French: lied
→ Romanian: lied
Hunsrik: Lied
Luxembourgish: Lidd
Vilamovian: łid
Yiddish: ליד (lid)

Old Norse: ljóð
Icelandic: ljóð n
Faroese: ljóð n

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸 (liuþ)

Unclear. Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *lew-t-, an extension of a tentative root *lew- (“to sing, praise”), whence also Latin laus (“praise”).


skēpą

skēpą (nominative singular)
skēpō (nominative plural)
skēpą (singular vocative)
skēpō (plural vocative)
skēpą (accusative singular)
skēpō (accusative plural)
skēpas (genitive singular)
skēpis (genitive singular)
skēpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skēpai (dative singular)
skēpamaz (dative plural)
skēpō (instrumental singular)
skēpamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skāp
Old English: sċēap, *sċǣp, sċēp, scīp
Middle English: schep, scheep, schepe, sheep, shepe; ssep (Kent, Southern)
English: sheep (see there for further descendants)
Scots: sheep
Yola: zheep, sheep
Old Frisian: skēp
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: schep, schap
Goesharde: schäip
Helgoland: skēap
Mooring: schäip
Sylt: Sjip
Wiedingharde: sees
East Frisian:
Harlingerland Frisian: schaip
Saterland Frisian: Skäip, Schäip
Wangerooge Frisian: schaip
Wursten Frisian: schepp, scheep
West Frisian: skiep
Hindeloopen: skeep
Schiermonnikoog: schiep
Old Saxon: skāp, scāp
Middle Low German: schâp
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Schaap
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Schåp
Sauerländisch: Schōp
Westmünsterländisch: Schaop
Plautdietsch: Schop
Old Dutch: scāp
Middle Dutch: schâep
Dutch: schaap
Afrikaans: skaap
Berbice Creole Dutch: skapu
Jersey Dutch: sxâp
Negerhollands: skaap, skap
→ Lokono: sjikapoe, shikápo
→ Sranan Tongo: skapu
→ Saramaccan: sikáfu, sikápu
→ Warao: sikabo
Old High German: scāf
Middle High German: schāf
Alemannic German: Schooff
Swabian: Schoaf
Bavarian: Schåf
Carinthian: Hap
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Schåf
German: Schaf
→ Alemannic German: Schaf
Hunsrik: Schof
Luxembourgish: Schof
Rhine Franconian: Schoof
Palatine German: Schoof
Pennsylvania German: Schof
Vilamovian: siöf
Yiddish: שאָף (shof)

Unknown. May be a wanderword from West Asia: compare Persian چپش (čapeš, “yearling goat”), Proto-Scythian *capi (whence Ossetian цӕу (cæw, “goat”); probably also loaned into Albanian as cap, cjap (“he-goat”) and Slavic as *capъ (“he-goat”)) and Proto-Turkic *čepiš (“yearling goat”).
Other proposals include:
* An old European substrate word
* Derived from the root of *skabaną (“to scratch, scrape, shave, shear”), with *b > *p via Kluge's law; this may be evidenced by Old High German scāpāri, scāppāri (“sheepskin”) which points to a Proto-Germanic form with *b
* Mallory & Adams assume a relation to Old English hēċen (“kid”) (see Proto-West Germanic *hōkīn) and propose Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱégos (“goat, sheep”), comparing several Indo-Iranian cognates such as Sanskrit छगल (chagala), छाग (chā́ga, “goat”) (whence Marathi सागा (sāgā, “flock of sheep”)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sčágas.


prattugaz

*prattugaz (a-stem)

prattugaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
prattugai (masculine nominative plural strong)
prattugō (feminine nominative singular strong)
prattugôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
prattugą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
prattugō (neuter nominative plural strong)
prattuganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
prattuganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
prattugǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
prattugōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
prattugą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
prattugō (accusative neuter plural strong)
prattugas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
prattugaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
prattugaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
prattugaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
prattugas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
prattugaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
prattugammai (dative masculine singular strong)
prattugaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
prattugaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
prattugaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
prattugammai (dative neuter singular strong)
prattugaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
prattuganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
prattugaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
prattugaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
prattugaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
prattuganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
prattugaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
prattugô (masculine nominative singular weak)
prattuganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
prattugǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
prattugōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
prattugô (neuter nominative singular weak)
prattugōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
prattuganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
prattuganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
prattugōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
prattugōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
prattugô (accusative neuter singular weak)
prattugōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
prattuginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
prattuganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
prattugōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
prattugōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
prattuginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
prattuganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
prattugini (dative masculine singular weak)
prattugammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
prattugōni (dative feminine singular weak)
prattugōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
prattugini (dative neuter singular weak)
prattugammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
prattuginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
prattugammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
prattugōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
prattugōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
prattuginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
prattugammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *prattug, *prattīg

desc

Old English: prættiġ, prætiġ, pætiġ, petiġ

Middle English: prati, prety

English: pretty, pratty

Scots: pratty, ill-pretty, prety

Old Frisian: *pratig, *pretig

Saterland Frisian: prettig

Old Saxon: *prattig

Middle Low German: prattich

Low German: pratzig

Old Dutch: *prattig

Middle Dutch: *prattich, *prettich, pertich

Dutch: prettig, pruttig, preutig, pertig

Old Norse: prettugr

Icelandic: prettugur

boastful, sly, slick, deceitful, tricky, cunning


gangaz

gangaz (nominative singular)
gangōz (nominative plural)
gangōs (nominative plural)
gang (singular vocative)
gangōz (plural vocative)
gangōs (plural vocative)
gangą (accusative singular)
ganganz (accusative plural)
gangas (genitive singular)
gangis (genitive singular)
gangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gangai (dative singular)
gangamaz (dative plural)
gangō (instrumental singular)
gangamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gang
Old English: gang, gancg, gong; ġeong, ġiong — with initial /j/ after palatalised past forms of gangan
Middle English: gong, gang, gonge, goonge
English: gang (see there for further descendants); gong, goung (obsolete)
Scots: gang, gaung, ging
Northeastern: dyang, gyang
Old Frisian: gang, gong, gung
North Frisian: gong
Saterland Frisian: Goang
West Frisian: gong
Old Saxon: gang
Middle Low German: ganc, gank
German Low German: Gang
Old Dutch: gang (only attested in placenames)
Middle Dutch: ganc
Dutch: gang
Old High German: gang
Middle High German: ganc
Bavarian: Gång
German: Gang
Polish: ganek
Yiddish: גאַניק (ganik) (probably borrowed from Polish)
Luxembourgish: Gang, Gank
→ Middle French: gangue
French: gangue
→ English: gangue

Old Norse: gangr

Icelandic: gangur

Faroese: gangur

Norwegian Bokmål: gang

Norwegian Nynorsk: gang, gong

Old Swedish: ganger

Swedish: gång

Danish: gang

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 (gaggs)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kangas (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰongʰos, from *ǵʰengʰ- (“stride, step”).


skurtijǭ

skurtijǭ (nominative singular)
skurtijōniz (nominative plural)
skurtijǭ (singular vocative)
skurtijōniz (plural vocative)
skurtijōnų (accusative singular)
skurtijōnunz (accusative plural)
skurtijōniz (genitive singular)
skurtijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skurtijōni (dative singular)
skurtijōmaz (dative plural)
skurtijōnē (instrumental singular)
skurtijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skurtijā
Old English: sċyrte
Middle English: sherte, schuyrte, schert, shert, schurte, shurte, sserte, schirte, schyrt, scherte, shearte, shyrte, shirt; scurte (early southern west mid)
English: shirt (see there for further descendants)
Scots: schirt, shurt
Yola: shoorth, skoorth
Old Frisian: *skerte, *skorte; *skertel
North Frisian: Sjürt (Sylt)
West Frisian: skerte
Saterland Frisian: Schoarte
⇒ Old Frisian: skerteldōk
West Frisian: skerteldoek, skeldoek
Old Saxon: *skurtia
Middle Low German: schorte, schörte
Low German: Schörte
→ German: Schürze (or backformation from the plural of Schurz)
→ Old Danish:
Danish: skørt
Norwegian Bokmål: skjørt
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skjørt
→ Old Swedish: skørt, skyrt
Swedish: skört
Old Dutch: *skurta
Middle Dutch: schorte
Dutch: schort
Negerhollands: skorte
→ Papiamentu: skòrt, schortsje, skortje

Old Norse: skyrta
Icelandic: skyrta
Faroese: skjúrta
Norwegian Nynorsk: skyrta, skjorte (possibly from Swedish); (dialectal) skjørte, skjurte
Old Swedish: skiurta, skiorta
Swedish: skjorta
Danish: skjorte
Norwegian Bokmål: skjorte
→ Middle English: skyrte, skyrt, skirt, skirte, skyrtt, skyrthe, scyrt, scyrtte, skyrtte
English: skirt (see there for further descendants)
Scots: skirt
→ Welsh: sgert
→ Middle Irish: scirta
Irish: sciorta


harnaz

harnaz (nominative singular)
harnōz (nominative plural)
harnōs (nominative plural)
harn (singular vocative)
harnōz (plural vocative)
harnōs (plural vocative)
harną (accusative singular)
harnanz (accusative plural)
harnas (genitive singular)
harnis (genitive singular)
harnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harnai (dative singular)
harnamaz (dative plural)
harnō (instrumental singular)
harnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *harn

Old High German: harn, haran

Middle High German: harn, harm

German: Harn

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱer-mn-os (“caustic liquid, alkali, urine”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱer- (“manure, dung, filth”). Cognate with Lithuanian šarmas (“lye, alkali, leach”).


blētijaną

blētijō (active first-person indicative singular)
blētijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blētijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blētīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
blētijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blētī (active imperative second-person singular)
blētijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blētijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blētīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
blētijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blētijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
blētijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blētijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blētijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
blētijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blētijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blētijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blētijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blētijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blētijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blētijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blētijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blētīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
blētijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blētīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
blētijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blētijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blētijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
blētijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blētijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
blētijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blētijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
blētidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
blētidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blētidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
blētidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blētidē (active indicative singular third-person)
blētidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blētidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
blētidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blētidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blētidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blētidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
blētidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blētidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
blētidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blētidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
blētidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blētijandz (active participle present)
blētidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blātijan
Old English: blǣtan
Middle English: bleten, blete; bleyte, blætenn
English: bleat
Scots: blete, bleit, blate, blait
⇒ Scots: blaitand (present participle)
→ English: blatant
Old Frisian: *blēta
Saterland Frisian: blēte, blētsje
West Frisian: bâlte, blêtsje, bletterje
Old Saxon: *blātian
Middle Low German: blêten
Low German: bleten
Old Dutch: *blāten
Middle Dutch: blâten, blêten
Dutch: blaten, bleiten
Old High German: blāzen, plāzen
Middle High German: blāzen
German: blaßen, blätzen, blässen

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₁- (“to howl, cry, bleat”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to make a loud noise”). Cognate with Latvian blēšana (“to bleat”), Russian бле́ять (bléjatʹ, “to bleat”), Latin fleō (“cry, weep”).


mōdrijǭ

mōdrijǭ (nominative singular)
mōdrijōniz (nominative plural)
mōdrijǭ (singular vocative)
mōdrijōniz (plural vocative)
mōdrijōnų (accusative singular)
mōdrijōnunz (accusative plural)
mōdrijōniz (genitive singular)
mōdrijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mōdrijōni (dative singular)
mōdrijōmaz (dative plural)
mōdrijōnē (instrumental singular)
mōdrijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mōdrijā

Old English: mōdrie, mōdriġe

Middle English: moddrie

Old Frisian: mōdrie

North Frisian: medder

Old Saxon: *mōdria, *mōdira

desc

Middle Low German: möddere, meddere, mödder, medder

Old Dutch: *muodria, *muodira

Middle Dutch: moeddere, moddere, modder

Old High German: muotera

From *mōdrijaz (“of a mother, maternal”, adj), and/or *méh₂treh₂ (“mother's sister”), from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr.
Cognate with Cornish modrep (“maternal aunt”), Welsh modryb (“maternal aunt”), Ancient Greek μήτριος (mḗtrios, “motherly, maternal”), Albanian motër (“sister”).


mōdaz

mōdaz (nominative singular)
mōdōz (nominative plural)
mōdōs (nominative plural)
mōd (singular vocative)
mōdōz (plural vocative)
mōdōs (plural vocative)
mōdą (accusative singular)
mōdanz (accusative plural)
mōdas (genitive singular)
mōdis (genitive singular)
mōdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mōdai (dative singular)
mōdamaz (dative plural)
mōdō (instrumental singular)
mōdamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mōd
Old English: mōd
Middle English: mod, mode, mood
English: mood
Scots: mude, muid
Old Frisian: mōd
Saterland Frisian: Moud
West Frisian: moed
Old Saxon: mōd
Middle Low German: môt, moit, mout, mût
Low German:
German Low German: Mood, Mōt, Mūt
Westphalian:
Münsterländisch: te Moode
Westmünsterländisch: Mood
East Westphalian: Meot (Ravensbergisch-Lippisch)
Plautdietsch: Moot
Old Dutch: muot
Middle Dutch: moet
Dutch: moed
Afrikaans: moed
Old High German: muot
Middle High German: muot
German: Muth, Mut
Luxembourgish: Mutt
Yiddish: מוט (mut)

Old Norse: móðr
Icelandic: móður
Faroese: móður
Norn: mud, mød, mø
Norwegian Nynorsk: mot n
Old Swedish: mōþ n
Swedish: mod n
Danish: mod n
Norwegian Bokmål: mod n
Gutnish: mod n

East Germanic:

Gothic: 𐌼𐍉𐌸𐍃 (mōþs)

Vandalic: *muths

From Proto-Indo-European *moh₁-, *meh₁- (“endeavour, will, temper”). Cognate with Latin mōs (“will, humour, wont, inclination, mood”), Russian сметь (smetʹ, “to dare, venture, make bold”).


mōmǭ

mōmǭ (nominative singular)
mōmōniz (nominative plural)
mōmǭ (singular vocative)
mōmōniz (plural vocative)
mōmōnų (accusative singular)
mōmōnunz (accusative plural)
mōmōniz (genitive singular)
mōmōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mōmōni (dative singular)
mōmōmaz (dative plural)
mōmōnē (instrumental singular)
mōmōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mōmā
Old English: *mōme
Middle English: mome, mone
English: mama, mammy, mom, mommy, mum, mummy
Scots: mam, mamie
Old Frisian: *mōme
>? Saterland Frisian: Mäme
>? West Frisian: mem, mâm, memme, mâme
Old Saxon: *mōma, moma
Middle Low German: môme, mône, mȫme
German Low German: Mohm, Möhm (regional)
Old Dutch: *muoma
Middle Dutch: moeme, mone, moene, moyne; memme, mamme
Dutch: moene (dialectal); mem, mam
Limburgish: meun
Old High German: muoma
Middle High German: muome; mamme, memme
Alemannic German:
Mòcheno: moa'm
Central Franconian: Möhn, Mehn, Mihn, Mihm
Luxembourgish: Mimm
German: Muhme; Mamme
Yiddish: מומע (mume)

Old Norse: *móma, móna

Icelandic: móna (dialectal)

Elfdalian: muna

Swedish: muna (in liusmuna)

→ Scots: minnie

From Proto-Indo-European *méh₂-meh₂-, reduplication of a base *méh₂- (“mama, mother”). Cognate with Latin mamma (“mother, mama, nurse”), Lithuanian mãma, momà (“mother”), Latvian mãma (“mother”), Old Irish muimme (“foster mother”), Irish mam (“mother”).


langiþō

langiþō (nominative singular)
langiþôz (nominative plural)
langiþō (singular vocative)
langiþôz (plural vocative)
langiþǭ (accusative singular)
langiþōz (accusative plural)
langiþōz (genitive singular)
langiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
langiþōi (dative singular)
langiþōmaz (dative plural)
langiþō (instrumental singular)
langiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *langiþu
Old English: lengþu, lengþ, lengoþu, lengþo
Middle English: lengthe, leinþ, lencþe, length, lengþe, lenkthe, lenkþe, lenth, lenthe, lenþe, leynþe; lenght, lenghte, lenghthe, lenȝte, lenȝth (especially Northern); lencth, lenketh, lenkethe, lenkith (Late Middle English, Northern); lengðe (Early Middle English)
English: length
Scots: lenth, lainth
Old Frisian: lengithe, lengethe
Saterland Frisian: Loangte
West Frisian: lingte, langte
Old Saxon: *lengitha
Middle Low German: lengede, lengde
German Low German: Längde, Längd, Längte, Längt
Old Dutch: *lengitha
Middle Dutch: lengede, lingede, lencde
Dutch: lengte
Old High German: *lengida
Middle High German: lengede
German: Längde
Luxembourgish: Längt
⇒ Old High German: gilengida

Old Norse: lengd

Icelandic: lengd

Faroese: longd

Norwegian Nynorsk: lengd

Old Swedish: længd

Swedish: längd

Danish: længde
Norwegian Bokmål: lengde
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: lengde

/ˈlɑŋ.ɡi.θɔː/


wrīhaną

wrīhō (active first-person indicative singular)
wrīhaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wrīhai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wrīhizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wrīhaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wrīh (active imperative second-person singular)
wrīhazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wrīhaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wrīhidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wrīhai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wrīhadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wrīhadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wrīhaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wrīhōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wrīhaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wrīhadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wrīhaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wrīhadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wrīhamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wrīhaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wrīhandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wrīhaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wrīhid (active indicative plural second-person)
wrīhaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wrīhid (active imperative plural second-person)
wrīhandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wrīhaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wrīhandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wrīhain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrīhandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wrīhandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wrīhaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wraih (active first-person indicative singular)
wrigį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wraiht (active indicative second-person singular)
wrigīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wraih (active indicative singular third-person)
wrigī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wrigū (active dual first-person indicative)
wrigīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wrigudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wrigīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wrigum (active first-person indicative plural)
wrigīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wrigud (active indicative plural second-person)
wrigīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wrigun (active indicative plural third-person)
wrigīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrīhandz (active participle present)
wriganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wrīhan, *wrīan, *wrīgan
Old English: wrēon (“to cover (up)”)
Middle English: wrihen, wreon, wrien, wryen
English: wry
Old Frisian: *wrīgia
West Frisian: riuwe (“to bind with twine; to constrict”)
⇒ Old Frisian: wreigenge (“bedcover, duvet”)
⇒ Old Frisian: wrichte (“battle-garment”)
Old Saxon: *wrīgan, *wrīan
Middle Low German: rîgen, rîen
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: rîn
Low Prussian: rêgen
Westphalian:
Bentheimisch: rîgen
Dortmundisch, Sauerländisch: riggen
Sauerländisch: reyjen (Wenden)
East Westphalian: rüijen, rüigen, röjjen (Lippe), ruijjen (Ravensberg)
Westmünsterländisch: rijen
Old Dutch: *rīgan, *rīan
Middle Dutch: rîen (“to bind with twine”), rijenn, rîgen
Dutch: rijgen
Limburgish: riege
Old High German: rīhan, *rīgan
Middle High German: rîhen, rîgen, rîhhen (“to pleat; to impale”)
German: reihen
Luxembourgish: reien

From Proto-Indo-European *wreyḱ- (“to twist, weave, bind”). Cognate with Latin rīca (“veil, toile”).


dustą

dustą (nominative singular)
dustō (nominative plural)
dustą (singular vocative)
dustō (plural vocative)
dustą (accusative singular)
dustō (accusative plural)
dustas (genitive singular)
dustis (genitive singular)
dustǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dustai (dative singular)
dustamaz (dative plural)
dustō (instrumental singular)
dustamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: dust
Middle English: dust, doust
English: dust
Scots: dust, dist

Old Frisian: dust

Old Saxon: dust

Middle Low German: dust

→ German: Dust

Old Dutch: *dust

Middle Dutch: dust, dost

Old Norse: dust
Icelandic: dust
Faroese: dust
Norwegian: dust
Swedish: dust
Danish: dyst

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰwes-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”). Cognate with Latin fūmus (“smoke, steam”).


kweþuz

kweþuz (nominative singular)
kwiþiwiz (nominative plural)
kweþu (singular vocative)
kwiþiwiz (plural vocative)
kweþų (accusative singular)
kweþunz (accusative plural)
kweþauz (genitive singular)
kwiþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwiþiwi (dative singular)
kweþumaz (dative plural)
kweþū (instrumental singular)
kweþumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: cwiþ, cwiþa; (cwedele)

Middle English: *kid, *kit (in compound: kidenere, kidnere)

Scots: kyte

English: kite, kidney

Old Saxon: *kweth

Middle Low German: queden

(Old High German: chwadilla, kwedilla, quedilla; quiti; quoden)

(German: Quaddel)

desctree

Old Norse: kviðr
Icelandic: kviður
Faroese: kviður, kvið
Old Swedish: qviþer
Swedish: kved
Old Danish: kwith

Gothic: 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 (qiþus)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷet-, *gūt- (“swelling, rounding; stomach, gut”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷu-, *gū- (“to bend, curve, bow, camber, vault, distend”).


duntiz

duntiz (nominative singular)
duntīz (nominative plural)
dunti (singular vocative)
duntīz (plural vocative)
duntį (accusative singular)
duntinz (accusative plural)
duntīz (genitive singular)
duntijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
duntī (dative singular)
duntimaz (dative plural)
duntī (instrumental singular)
duntimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dunti

Old English: dynt

Middle English: dünt, dent, dint

Scots: dunt, dont, dynt, dint, dent

English: dunt, dint, dent

desc

⇒? Proto-West Germanic: *duntislagi (“a blow which leaves a bruise, punch”)

Old Saxon: *duntslag

Middle Low German: duntslach, dunslach

Old Dutch: *duntslag

Middle Dutch: dontslach, donsslach, dunslach

Old Norse: dyntr, dyttr

Icelandic: dyntur, dynta, dyttur

Swedish: dunt (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰen- (“to strike, hit”).


dunstą

dunstą (nominative singular)
dunstō (nominative plural)
dunstą (singular vocative)
dunstō (plural vocative)
dunstą (accusative singular)
dunstō (accusative plural)
dunstas (genitive singular)
dunstis (genitive singular)
dunstǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dunstai (dative singular)
dunstamaz (dative plural)
dunstō (instrumental singular)
dunstamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: dūst
Middle English: dust, doust
English: dust
Scots: dust, dist

Old Frisian: dūst

Saterland Frisian: Duist

Old Saxon: *dunst, *dūst

Middle Low German: donst, dûst

Low German:

German Low German: Dunst, Duust

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Dunst

Suerländer-Märkisch: Dûst

Westmünsterländisch: Donst, Doonst, Doost, Dunst

Plautdietsch: Donst

Old Dutch: *dunst, *dūst

Middle Dutch: dunst, donst, doest, (possibly borrowed) duust

Dutch: dons, duist

Old High German: tunist, dunist, dunst

Middle High German: tunst, dunst

German: Dunst

Hunsrik: Dunst

Luxembourgish: Donst

Rhine Franconian:

Frankfurterisch: IPA [d̥und̥st]

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”). Cognate with Latin fūmus (“smoke, steam”).


wīhaz

*wīhaz (a-stem)

wīhaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wīhai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wīhō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wīhôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wīhą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wīhō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wīhanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wīhanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wīhǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wīhōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wīhą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wīhō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wīhas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wīhaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wīhaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wīhaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wīhas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wīhaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wīhammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wīhaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wīhaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wīhaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wīhammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wīhaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wīhanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wīhaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wīhaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wīhaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wīhanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wīhaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wīhô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wīhaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wīhǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wīhōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wīhô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wīhōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wīhanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wīhanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wīhōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wīhōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wīhô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wīhōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wīhiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wīhanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wīhōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wīhōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wīhiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wīhanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wīhini (dative masculine singular weak)
wīhammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wīhōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wīhōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wīhini (dative neuter singular weak)
wīhammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wīhinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wīhammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wīhōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wīhōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wīhinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wīhammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *wīh
Old English: *wēoh (in compounds)
Middle English: weoh
Old Frisian: *wī (in compounds)
Old Saxon: *wīh (in compounds)
Old Dutch: *wī (in compounds)
Old High German: wīh
Middle High German: wīch
German: weih (in compounds)

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐍃 (weihs)

From Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to choose, separate out, set aside as holy, consecrate, sacrifice”). Cognate with Latin victima (“offering, sacrifice”).


denaraz

denaraz (nominative singular)
denarōz (nominative plural)
denarōs (nominative plural)
denar (singular vocative)
denarōz (plural vocative)
denarōs (plural vocative)
denarą (accusative singular)
denaranz (accusative plural)
denaras (genitive singular)
denaris (genitive singular)
denarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
denarai (dative singular)
denaramaz (dative plural)
denarō (instrumental singular)
denaramiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: tenar; tenra

Middle High German: tëner; tënre

Thematicized form of Proto-Indo-European *dʰénr̥ (“flat of the hand, palm”). Cognate with Ancient Greek θέναρ (thénar, “palm of the hand; sole of the foot”).


wammijaną

wammijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wammijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wammijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wammīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wammijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wammī (active imperative second-person singular)
wammijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wammijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wammīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wammijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wammijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wammijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wammijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wammijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wammijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wammijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wammijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wammijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wammijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wammijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wammijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wammijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wammīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wammijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wammīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wammijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wammijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wammijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wammijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wammijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wammijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wammijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wammidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wammidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wammidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wammidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wammidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wammidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wammidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wammidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wammidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wammidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wammidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wammidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wammidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wammidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wammidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wammidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wammijandz (active participle present)
wammidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wammijan
Old English: wemman
Middle English: wemmen
Scots: wem
English: wem
Old Frisian: wemma
Old Saxon: wemmian
>? Middle Low German: wemmen
Old High German: *wemmen
>? Middle High German: wimmen, wimen
⇒ Old High German: giwemmit (“stained, spotted, flecked”, ppt)
⇒ Old High German: wemmāri (“corruptor”)
⇒ Old High German: biwemmen
⇒ Old High German: giwemman)

Old Norse: *vemja

Danish: væmmes

Old Swedish: væmia

Swedish: vämjas

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*wammjan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (anawammjan)


saumaz

saumaz (nominative singular)
saumōz (nominative plural)
saumōs (nominative plural)
saum (singular vocative)
saumōz (plural vocative)
saumōs (plural vocative)
saumą (accusative singular)
saumanz (accusative plural)
saumas (genitive singular)
saumis (genitive singular)
saumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
saumai (dative singular)
saumamaz (dative plural)
saumō (instrumental singular)
saumamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *saum
Old English: sēam
Middle English: seem, ceem, ceme, sem, seme, seyme
English: seam
Scots: seam
Old Frisian: sām
Saterland Frisian: Soom
West Frisian: seam
Old Saxon: sōm
Middle Low German: sôm
Low German: Soom
Plautdietsch: Soom
Old Dutch: *soum
Middle Dutch: sôom
Dutch: zoom
Afrikaans: soom
Old High German: soum
Middle High German: soum
German: Saum
Luxembourgish: Sam

Old Norse: saumr

Icelandic: saumur

Faroese: seymur

Norwegian Nynorsk: saum

Old Swedish: sø̄mber

Swedish: söm

Danish: søm

Norwegian Bokmål: søm

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: sávdnji

→? Finnish: sauma

From Proto-Indo-European *syuHmen- (“band”), from Proto-Indo-European *syewh₁- (“to sew”). Cognate with Sanskrit स्यूमन् (syū́man, “band, thong, bridle”).


wambō

wambō (nominative singular)
wambôz (nominative plural)
wambō (singular vocative)
wambôz (plural vocative)
wambǭ (accusative singular)
wambōz (accusative plural)
wambōz (genitive singular)
wambǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wambōi (dative singular)
wambōmaz (dative plural)
wambō (instrumental singular)
wambōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wambu
Old English: wamb, womb
Middle English: wombe, wambe, womb, wame, woombe, wome, uombe, wompe, wamb
English: womb
Geordie English: wyem
Scots: wame, wam
Old Frisian: wamme, womme
Old Saxon: wamba
Middle Low German: wamme
German Low German: Wamme
Frankish: *wamba
Old Dutch: *wamba, *wamma
Middle Dutch: wamme, wam
Dutch: wam
→ Medieval Latin: wambāsium, wambōsium
Old French: wambais, gambais; wambison, gambison, gambeison
→ Middle English: gambeson, gambison
English: gambeson, gambison
→ Middle Low German: wambois, wambōs, wambūs, wambes, wammes, wams
→ Middle Dutch: wambaes, wambeis, wambois, wambuus, wammes
Dutch: wambuis, wammes
→ Middle High German: wambeis
German: Wams
→ Saterland Frisian: Wams
→ Medieval Latin: gambesōnem
→ Occitan: gambais
→ Old Spanish: gambax
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: canbas
Old High German: wamba
Middle High German: wambe, wampe, wamme
German: Wamme, Wampe
→ Saterland Frisian: Wampe
Bavarian: Wampn

Old Norse: vǫmb
Icelandic: vömb
Faroese: vomb
Norwegian Bokmål: vom
Norwegian Nynorsk: vom
Jamtish: vamb
Elfdalian: uomb
Old Swedish: vāmb
Swedish: våm
Old Danish: wāmb
Scanian: vám
Danish: vom
Gutnish: vamb

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰 (wamba)

Disputed; two competing hypotheses are:
* From Proto-Indo-European *wamp- (“membrane (of bowels), intestines, womb”) and cognate with Old Welsh gumbelauc (“womb”), Breton gwamm (“woman, wife”), Sanskrit वपा (vapā́, “the skin or membrane lining the intestines or parts of the viscera, the caul or omentum”).
* From a root *gʷʰembʰ- (“womb”) whence also Sanskrit गभ (gabhá, “vagina”). (See also *wībą (“woman, wife”).)
The latter etymology assumes that Germanic *w is the expected outcome of PIE *gʷʰ, but this is debated; see *warmaz for discussion.


swin-

From Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound”). Cognate with Latin sonō (“sound, resound”), Latin sonus (“sound, noise”), Russian звон (zvon, “ringing, jingle”), Old Irish seinnid (“play (an instrument)”).

cog

swinsian

Proto-West Germanic: *swinisōn or *swinisēn


hurnungaz

Proto-West Germanic: *hornung, *horning

Old English: hornung

⇒ Old English: hornungsunu

Old Frisian: horning

Old Saxon: hornung, horning

Middle Low German: hornink, hōrninc

Old Dutch: *hornung, *horning

Middle Dutch: horninc

→ Medieval Latin: ornungus, ornongus

Old High German: hornung

desc

>? Middle High German: hornunc (“February”)

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: hornung

Mòcheno: hourneng

German: Hornung

Pennsylvania German: Hanning

Old Norse: hornungr; (horna< *hurnō)

Icelandic: hornungur

From Proto-Indo-European *kurn- (“bastard”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κύρνος (kúrnos, “bastard”), Sanskrit कुण्ड (kuṇḍa, “adulterine, bastard”).


stertaz

stertaz (nominative singular)
stertōz (nominative plural)
stertōs (nominative plural)
stert (singular vocative)
stertōz (plural vocative)
stertōs (plural vocative)
stertą (accusative singular)
stertanz (accusative plural)
stertas (genitive singular)
stirtis (genitive singular)
stertǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stirtai (dative singular)
stertamaz (dative plural)
stertō (instrumental singular)
stertamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stert

Old English: steort

desc

Middle English: steort, stert, stirt, stort, start

Scots: start, stairt

English: start

Old Frisian: stert, stirt

North Frisian: stert

Saterland Frisian: Stäit, Stit (Strukelje)

West Frisian: sturt

Old Saxon: *stert

Middle Low German: stert, start

Low German: Stert, Steert, Staart, Steerd

Old Dutch: stert (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: stert, staert, steert

Dutch: staart

Afrikaans: stert

desctree

Old High German: sterz
Middle High German: stërz
Central Franconian: Statz, Stätz, Stääz
Luxembourgish: Stäerz
German: Sterz
→ Italian: sterzo

Old Norse: stertr

Icelandic: stertur

Faroese: stertur

Norwegian Bokmål: stjert

Norwegian Nynorsk: stjert

Old Swedish: stiærter, stærter

Swedish: stjärt

Danish: stjært

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)terd-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ter- (“to be stiff”).


waþwô

waþwô (nominative singular)
waþwaniz (nominative plural)
waþwô (singular vocative)
waþwaniz (plural vocative)
waþwanų (accusative singular)
waþwanunz (accusative plural)
waþwiniz (genitive singular)
waþwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waþwini (dative singular)
waþwammaz (dative plural)
waþwinē (instrumental singular)
waþwammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: watho

Middle Low German: wāde

German Low German: Waad

Old Dutch: *watho

Middle Dutch: wade, waede, waeye

Dutch: wade, waai

Afrikaans: waai

Old High German: wado

Middle High German: wade

German: Wade

Luxembourgish: Wued

desctree

Old Norse: vǫðvi
Icelandic: vöðvi
Faroese: vøddi
Norwegian Nynorsk: vodve; (dialectal) vovde, vodd, vørve, vauve, vodje, modve
Old Swedish: vaþve
Swedish: vad

Maybe from Proto-Indo-European *uH-two- from a root Proto-Indo-European *weH-, from which Sanskrit ऊरु (ūrú-, “calf”) could also be derived. Probably not related to Latin vatius (“bent outward”) and Latin vatāx (“having a deformity of the feet”), as the connection between “calf” and “bend” is weak.


swarō

swarō (nominative singular)
swarôz (nominative plural)
swarō (singular vocative)
swarôz (plural vocative)
swarǭ (accusative singular)
swarōz (accusative plural)
swarōz (genitive singular)
swarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swarōi (dative singular)
swarōmaz (dative plural)
swarō (instrumental singular)
swarōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: swaru

Middle English: sware

Scots: swere, swear

English: swear

Old Frisian: *swer, *ser (in derivatives)

(Old Saxon: swōr)

(Old High German: *swuor; swōrō (in derivatives))

(Middle High German: swuor m)

(German: Schwur)

From Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to say, speak, talk, swear, curse”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *svarъ (e.g. Old Church Slavonic сваръ (svarŭ, “quarrel”)), Russian ссо́ра (ssóra, “quarrel, dispute”).

cog

a solemn statement or affirmation; oath; vow


andaswarō

andaswarō (nominative singular)
andaswarôz (nominative plural)
andaswarō (singular vocative)
andaswarôz (plural vocative)
andaswarǭ (accusative singular)
andaswarōz (accusative plural)
andaswarōz (genitive singular)
andaswarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
andaswarōi (dative singular)
andaswarōmaz (dative plural)
andaswarō (instrumental singular)
andaswarōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *andaswaru
Old English: andswaru, andsware
Middle English: andsware, answere, answar, answer
Scots: answere, answer
English: answer
Old Frisian: ondswer, ondsere, ondser
Old Saxon: andswar, andswōr, antswōr

Old Norse: andsvar, annsvar

Icelandic: andsvar, ans

Faroese: andsvar

Norwegian: ansvar

Old Swedish: andsvar

Swedish: ansvar

Danish: ansvar


warkiz

warkiz (nominative singular)
warkīz (nominative plural)
warki (singular vocative)
warkīz (plural vocative)
warkį (accusative singular)
warkinz (accusative plural)
warkīz (genitive singular)
warkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
warkī (dative singular)
warkimaz (dative plural)
warkī (instrumental singular)
warkimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *warki
Old English: wærc, werc, weorc, wræc, wærċ
Middle English: werk, warch
Scots: wark, wrak
English: wark
Old Saxon: werk n (“pain”) (conflated with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *werk)

Old Norse: verkr

Icelandic: verkur

Faroese: verkur

Norwegian: verk

Old Swedish: værker

Swedish: värk

Danish: værk

From Proto-Indo-European *werg- (“to suffer”).


andawurdiją

andawurdiją (nominative singular)
andawurdijō (nominative plural)
andawurdiją (singular vocative)
andawurdijō (plural vocative)
andawurdiją (accusative singular)
andawurdijō (accusative plural)
andawurdijas (genitive singular)
andawurdīs (genitive singular)
andawurdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
andawurdijai (dative singular)
andawurdijamaz (dative plural)
andawurdijō (instrumental singular)
andawurdijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *andawurdī
Old English: andwyrde
Old Frisian: ondwarde, antwerde, ontwert, ondert, onder
Saterland Frisian: Oantwoud
West Frisian: andwird, antwurd, antwird, andert
Old Saxon: andwurdi, andwordi
Middle Low German: antworde, antwōrde, antword
German Low German: Antwoord
Plautdietsch: Auntwuat
Old Dutch: *antwurdi, andwarde
Middle Dutch: antworde, antwoorde, antwerde
Dutch: antwoord
Afrikaans: antwoord
Negerhollands: antwoord, anturt
→ Sranan Tongo: antwortu
→ Caribbean Javanese: antwor
Limburgish: antjwaord, antjwaordj
Old High German: antwurti, antwurtī
Middle High German: antwürte
German: Antwort
Luxembourgish: Äntwert
Yiddish: ענטפֿער (entfer)

Old Norse: andyrði

Icelandic: andyrði

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌹 (andawaurdi)


smikraz

*smikraz (a-stem)

smikraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
smikrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
smikrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
smikrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
smikrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
smikrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
smikranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
smikranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
smikrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
smikrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
smikrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
smikrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
smikras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
smikraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
smikraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
smikraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
smikras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
smikraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
smikrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
smikraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
smikraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
smikraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
smikrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
smikraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
smikranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
smikraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
smikraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
smikraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
smikranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
smikraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
smikrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
smikraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
smikrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
smikrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
smikrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
smikrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
smikranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
smikranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
smikrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
smikrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
smikrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
smikrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
smikriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
smikranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
smikrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
smikrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
smikriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
smikranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
smikrini (dative masculine singular weak)
smikrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
smikrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
smikrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
smikrini (dative neuter singular weak)
smikrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
smikrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
smikrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
smikrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
smikrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
smikrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
smikrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *smikr
Old English: smicor, smicer
Middle English: smiker
English: smicker
Old High German: smehhar, smechar, *smekkar, *smeckar
Middle High German: smecker
→ Danish: smækker
→ Swedish: smäcker

Old Norse: *smikr

Norwegian: smikr (noun) (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *smēyg- (“small, delicate, thin; twig, pole; crumb”), from Proto-Indo-European *smē-, *smey- (“to smear, stroke, wipe, rub”). Cognate with Ancient Greek σμικρός (smikrós), μικρός (mikrós, “small, short”), Lithuanian smeigti (“to lunge, thrust, jab”), Latin mīca (“crumb, morsel, bit”).


smiþaz

smiþaz (nominative singular)
smiþōz (nominative plural)
smiþōs (nominative plural)
smiþ (singular vocative)
smiþōz (plural vocative)
smiþōs (plural vocative)
smiþą (accusative singular)
smiþanz (accusative plural)
smiþas (genitive singular)
smiþis (genitive singular)
smiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smiþai (dative singular)
smiþamaz (dative plural)
smiþō (instrumental singular)
smiþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *smiþ
Old English: smiþ
Middle English: smyth
English: smith
Scots: smith, smyth
Old Frisian: smith, smeth, smid
Saterland Frisian: Smid
West Frisian: smid
Old Saxon: smith
Middle Low German: smit, smet, smede
German Low German: Smitt, Smidd, Smedd
Plautdietsch: Schmett
Old Dutch: *smith
Middle Dutch: smit
Dutch: smid
Afrikaans: smid
Negerhollands: smid
→ Munsee: shumát
→ Papiamentu: smet, smid
→ Sranan Tongo: smeti, smitti
→ Saramaccan: simítima
→ Unami: shëmìt, shmìt
Limburgish: smeid, smieëd
Old High German: smid
Middle High German: smit
Alemannic German: Schmid
Italian Walser: schméd, schmét, schmid, schmìd
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: smit, smitt (Luserna)
Mòcheno: schmi'
Udinese: schmidt, schmit, sghmiid
German: Schmied
Hunsrik: Schmitt
Luxembourgish: Schmadd
Vilamovian: śmejt
Yiddish: שמיד (shmid)

Old Norse: smiðr
Icelandic: smiður
Faroese: smiður
Norwegian Nynorsk: smed
Norwegian Bokmål: smed
Elfdalian: smið
Old Swedish: smiþer
Swedish: smed
Old Danish:
Danish: smed

Gothic: *𐍃𐌼𐌹𐌸𐌰 (*smiþa) (< *smiþô)

Likely related to *smītaną, *smit(t)ōną (“to strike; to smudge”), but the origin is uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *smey- (“to smear, spread”) + *-t-, if the root is cognate with Ancient Greek σμάω (smáō, “to smear, wipe”), but this comes with formal difficulties and the similarity may well be coincidental. For the semantics, Orel compares Proto-Slavic *kaliti (“to temper (of metals)”) versus *kalъ (“dirt”)—though their connection is also disputed—and assumes an intermediate meaning “to dip [metal] into liquid”. Per Kroonen, the suffix may be an agentive tu-stem (see Proto-Indo-European *-tus and Proto-Germanic *-þuz), but no further etymology is given.


fastuz

fastuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
fastijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
fastī (feminine nominative singular strong)
fastijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
fastų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
fastijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
fastijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
fastijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
fastijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
fastijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
fastų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
fastijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
fastijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
fastīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
fastijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
fastijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
fastijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
fastijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
fastīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
fastijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
fastijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
fastijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
fastijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
fastijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
fastijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
fastijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
fastijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
fastijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
fastijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
fastijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
fastijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
fastijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
fastijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
fastijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
fastijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
fastijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
fastijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
fastijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
fastijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
fastijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
fastijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
fastijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
fastijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
fastijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
fastīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
fastijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
fastijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
fastijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
fastīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
fastijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
fastīni (dative masculine singular weak)
fastijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
fastijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
fastijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
fastīni (dative neuter singular weak)
fastijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
fastīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
fastijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
fastijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
fastijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
fastīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
fastijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fast, *fastu; *fastī (Old Saxon and Old High German)
Old English: fæst
Middle English: fæst, fest, fast
Scots: fest, fast
English: fast
Old Frisian: fest
Saterland Frisian: fääst
West Frisian: fêst
Old Saxon: fast
Middle Low German: fast, vast
Low German: fast
Old Dutch: fast
Middle Dutch: vast
Dutch: vast
Old High German: fast
Middle High German: fast, vast

Proto-West Germanic: *fastī
Old Saxon: festi
Middle Low German: feste, veste, vest
Low German: fest
Old High German: festi
Middle High German: feste, veste
German: fest

Old Norse: fastr
Icelandic: fastur
Faroese: fastur
Norwegian: fast
Old Swedish: faster
Swedish: fast
Danish: fast

Gothic: *𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍃 (*fasts) (in derivatives)

Vandalic: *fast-

Connected with Old Armenian հաստ (hast, “firm, steady, standing still, tough; thick, dense, broad”), possibly also Sanskrit पस्त्य n (pastyá, “stall, stable ← stable habitation”), पस्त्या f (pastyā́, “homestead, dwelling, household”), and usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *pastV- (“solid, stable”). Kroonen separates the Sanskrit and reconstructs the Proto-Indo-European root for Armenian and Germanic as *pHst-, according to him from earlier *ph₂ǵ-sth₂-, a compound of *peh₂ǵ- (“to become firm”) (compare Ancient Greek πήγνυμι (pḗgnumi, “to fasten, fix, make solid”)) and *steh₂- (“to stand”).
However, according to Martirosyan “we are hardly dealing with a Proto-Indo-European word,” rather a substrate word shared by Armenian, Germanic, and possibly also Indo-Aryan. See հաստ (hast) for more on this.


sweltaną

sweltō (active first-person indicative singular)
sweltaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sweltai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swiltizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sweltaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swelt (active imperative second-person singular)
sweltazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sweltaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swiltidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sweltai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sweltadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sweltadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sweltaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sweltōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sweltaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sweltadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sweltaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sweltadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sweltamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sweltaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sweltandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sweltaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swiltid (active indicative plural second-person)
sweltaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swiltid (active imperative plural second-person)
sweltandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sweltaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sweltandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sweltain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sweltandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sweltandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sweltaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swalt (active first-person indicative singular)
swultį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swalst (active indicative second-person singular)
swultīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swalt (active indicative singular third-person)
swultī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swultū (active dual first-person indicative)
swultīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swultudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swultīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swultum (active first-person indicative plural)
swultīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swultud (active indicative plural second-person)
swultīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swultun (active indicative plural third-person)
swultīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sweltandz (active participle present)
swultanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sweltan

Old English: sweltan

Middle English: swelten

Scots: swelt, swalt

English: swelt

Old Saxon: sweltan

Old Dutch: *sweltan

Middle Dutch: swelten

Dutch: zwelten

West Flemish: zwelten

desc

⇒ West Flemish: zwelte (“lazy woman”, noun)

Old High German: swelzan

Middle High German: swëlzen

Old Norse: svelta

Icelandic: svelta

Faroese: svølta

Old Swedish: svælta

Swedish: svälta

Danish: svelte (archaic or dialectal), sulte (-u- under influence from adjective/participle sulten and noun sult)

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌻𐍄𐌰𐌽 (swiltan)

Crimean Gothic: schwalth

From Proto-Indo-European *swel- (“to smolder; burn; scorch”). Cognate with Old Armenian քաղց (kʻałcʻ).