sumaz

sumaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sumai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sumō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sumôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sumą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sumō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sumanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sumanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sumǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sumōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sumą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sumō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sumas (genitive masculine singular strong)
sumis (genitive masculine singular strong)
sumaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sumaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sumaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sumas (genitive neuter singular strong)
sumis (genitive neuter singular strong)
sumaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sumammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sumaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sumaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sumaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sumammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sumaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sumanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sumaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sumaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sumaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sumanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sumaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sum
Old English: sum
Middle English: som, somme, summe; zome (Kent)
English: some
Scots: sum, some
Yola: zim, zum
Old Frisian: sum
North Frisian: som, sam, säm
West Frisian: sume, sum
Old Saxon: sum
Middle Low German: som
Low German: sum
Old Dutch: sum
Middle Dutch: som
Dutch: som, saom (dialectal)
Limburgish: zóm
Old High German: sum
Middle High German: sum

Old Norse: sumr
Icelandic: sumur
Faroese: summur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sum, som; (dialectal) sum’e, søm
Old Swedish: sumber
Swedish: somme, somma, somt, (dialectal) sômmer, sômma
Danish: somme
Norwegian Bokmål: somme

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌼𐍃 (sums)

From Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-h₁-o-, from *sem- (“one, whole”).

(in the singular) some (one), a certain (one)


hwar

Proto-West Germanic: *hwār
Old English: hwǣr, huœ̄r — Northumbrian; hwār, hwēr, hwīer, wēr, wār
Middle English: wher, where, wheir, whare, were, qwere
English: where, quhair, quhar, quher, quhere (obsolete)
Scots: whaur
Old Frisian: hwēr
Saterland Frisian: wier
West Frisian: wêr
Old Saxon: hwār, hwar
Middle Low German: wār, wōr
German Low German: waar
Low German: wor
Old Dutch: war, wara
Middle Dutch: waer, war
Dutch: waar
Afrikaans: waar
Javindo: waar
Jersey Dutch: wääir
Negerhollands: waar, wa
Petjo: waar
Skepi Creole Dutch: war
Old High German: hwār, wār
Middle High German: wār, wā, wō
Alemannic German: warr
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: bo, ba (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: bou
German: wo
Hunsrik: wo
Luxembourgish: wou

Old Norse: hvar
Icelandic: hvar
Faroese: hvar
Norwegian Nynorsk: kvar, kor
Russenorsk: kor
Old Swedish: hvar, hwor
Swedish: var, (pre-1906 spelling) hvar, (dialectal) hôr
Danish: hvor
Norwegian Bokmål: hvor
Gutnish: var

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐍂 (ƕar)


librō

librō (nominative singular)
librôz (nominative plural)
librō (singular vocative)
librôz (plural vocative)
librǭ (accusative singular)
librōz (accusative plural)
librōz (genitive singular)
librǫ̂ (genitive plural)
librōi (dative singular)
librōmaz (dative plural)
librō (instrumental singular)
librōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *libru
Old English: lifer
Middle English: lyvere, lyver, livere
English: liver
Scots: liver
Old Frisian: livere
Saterland Frisian: Líeuwer
West Frisian: lever
Old Saxon: *livara, *levara (attested in Old Saxon leverinlappa)
Middle Low German: lēver
German Low German: Lever
Plautdietsch: Läwa
Old Dutch: *levara
Middle Dutch: lēvere
Dutch: lever
Afrikaans: lewer
Berbice Creole Dutch: lefre
Negerhollands: leber
→ Aukan: lebii
→ Indonesian: lever
→ Saramaccan: lebèn
→ Sranan Tongo: lefre
→ Caribbean Javanese: léfer
Old High German: lebara
Middle High German: leber
German: Leber
Central Franconian: Levver, Läver, Leaver
Hunsrik: Lewer
Luxembourgish: Liewer
Vilamovian: łaower
Yiddish: לעבער (leber)

Old Norse: lifr

Icelandic: lifur

Faroese: livur

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: lever

Norwegian Nynorsk: lever

Old Swedish: liver

Swedish: lever

Old Danish: liuær

Danish: lever

Gutnish: livar, livår, livur

From Proto-Indo-European *leyp- (“to smudge, stick”), from Proto-Indo-European *ley- (“to be slimy, be sticky, glide”). Compare *lībą (“body; life”).


hwaþeraz

hwaþeraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hwaþirai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hwaþerō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hwaþerôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hwaþerą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hwaþerō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hwaþeranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hwaþeranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hwaþerǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hwaþerōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hwaþerą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hwaþerō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hwaþeras (genitive masculine singular strong)
hwaþiris (genitive masculine singular strong)
hwaþiraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hwaþiraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hwaþiraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hwaþeras (genitive neuter singular strong)
hwaþiris (genitive neuter singular strong)
hwaþiraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hwaþerammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hwaþiraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hwaþiraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hwaþiraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hwaþerammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hwaþiraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hwaþeranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hwaþiraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hwaþiraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hwaþiraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hwaþeranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hwaþiraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hwaþar
Old English: hwæþer
Middle English: whether
Scots: quhether, quhither, whedder
English: whether
⇒ Old English: ǣġhwæþer, ǣġþer, āðer
Middle English: either, æȝþer, ethir, eiþer, outher
English: either
Scots: aither
Old Frisian: hweder
Old Saxon: hwēthar
Old Dutch: *wether
Middle Dutch: weder
Dutch: weder, weer
Afrikaans: weer
Limburgish: wieër
Old High German: wedar
Middle High German: weder
Alemannic German: weder
Cimbrian: bèdar
German: weder

Old Norse: hvaðarr, hvárr

Icelandic: hvor; hvorki (from Old Norse hvárt + -gi)

Faroese: hvørki

Norwegian Nynorsk: kvar, korkje, kven

Old Swedish: hvār; hvarke, hvarkin

Swedish: var; varken

Danish: hver

Norwegian Bokmål: hver

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂 (ƕaþar)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷóteros, from *kʷos (“which”). Cognate with Sanskrit कतर (katará), Ancient Greek πότερος (póteros), Proto-Slavic *koterъjь / *kotorъjь, Latin uter.


hwaz

hwaz (masculine nominative singular)
hwō (feminine nominative singular)
hwat (neuter nominative singular)
hwanǭ (accusative masculine singular)
hwǭ (accusative feminine singular)
hwat (accusative neuter singular)
hwes (genitive masculine singular)
hwezōz (feminine genitive singular)
hwes (genitive neuter singular)
hwammai (dative masculine singular)
hwezōi (dative feminine singular)
hwammai (dative neuter singular)
hwē (instrumental masculine singular)
hwī (instrumental masculine singular)
hwō (instrumental masculine singular)
hwezō (feminine instrumental singular)
hwē (instrumental neuter singular)
hwī (instrumental neuter singular)
hwō (instrumental neuter singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwaʀ
Old English: hwā
Middle English: who, ȝwo, ho, hoo, huo, quo, qwo, qwho, whoo, wo, woo; qua, wha; hwa, hwo, hwoa
English: who
Geordie English: whe
Scots: wha
Yola: fho, fo, vo
Old Frisian: hwā
West Frisian: wa
Old Saxon: hwē
Middle Low German: wê, wei, wie
Low German: we, wo
Old Dutch: wie
Middle Dutch: wie
Dutch: wie
Limburgish: wae
Old High German: wer, hwer; (northern) *(h)wie
Middle High German: wer; (northern) wie, wē
Central Franconian: wä
Cimbrian: bèar, ber (Luserna)
German: wer
Yiddish: ווער (ver)

q

paradigm merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*hwarjaz</i>

Old Norse: *hver, *hvar, hverr (paradigm merged with *hwarjaz), hvat, hví, hvé

Icelandic: hver, hvað, hví

Faroese: hvør, hvat, hví

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: kven (from the accusative), kveim (from the dative), kva, kvi, (dialectal) kver, kvæ

Old Swedish: hvar, hwar, hwo; hvat

Swedish: vem (from the dative), vad; vi, ho

Danish: hvem (from the dative), hvad, hvis (from the genitive), hvi, hvo

Norwegian Bokmål: hvem (from the dative), hva, hvis (from the genitive), hvi, hvo

Jamtish: hut, hvuð, horreg

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐍃 (ƕas), 𐍈𐌰 (ƕa), 𐍈𐌴 (ƕē)

(interrogative, in accusative and dative) whom

(interrogative, in instrumental) with whom, with what, how, in what way


kussaz

kussaz (nominative singular)
kussōz (nominative plural)
kussōs (nominative plural)
kuss (singular vocative)
kussōz (plural vocative)
kussōs (plural vocative)
kussą (accusative singular)
kussanz (accusative plural)
kussas (genitive singular)
kussis (genitive singular)
kussǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kussai (dative singular)
kussamaz (dative plural)
kussō (instrumental singular)
kussamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *koss
Old English: coss, cos, *cus
Middle English: cos, cus, kis, kys, kysse, kesse
English: kiss
Scots: kis
Yola: kesse
Old Frisian: koss, kos
Old Saxon: kus, kuss, koss, kos
Middle Low German: kus, kuss
Plautdietsch: Kuss
Old Dutch: *cus, *cos
Middle Dutch: kos, kus
Dutch: kus
Afrikaans: kus
Berbice Creole Dutch: kosi
Negerhollands: kus
Old High German: kus, kos
Middle High German: kus, kos
Cimbrian: khüss (vowel influenced by verb)
German: Kuss
Hunsrik: Kuss
Luxembourgish: Kuss

Old Norse: koss
Icelandic: koss
Faroese: kossur
Norwegian Nynorsk: kyss; (dialectal) kjøss, kjuss
Old Swedish: kus, kos
Swedish: kyss
Old Danish:
Danish: kys

Probably onomatopoeic; or alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *gʷas-, *gus-.

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeic


hūdiz

hūdiz (nominative singular)
hūdīz (nominative plural)
hūdi (singular vocative)
hūdīz (plural vocative)
hūdį (accusative singular)
hūdinz (accusative plural)
hūdīz (genitive singular)
hūdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hūdī (dative singular)
hūdimaz (dative plural)
hūdī (instrumental singular)
hūdimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hūdi
Old English: hȳd
Middle English: hyde, hyd, hide, hid; hude, huyde, huide (Southern, Southwestern)
English: hide
Scots: hide, hyde
Old Frisian: hūd, hēd, hēde
North Frisian: heed
Saterland Frisian: Häid
West Frisian: hûd
Old Saxon: hūd
Middle Low German: hūt
Low German: Huud, Huut
Old Dutch: hūd
Middle Dutch: huut
Dutch: huid
Afrikaans: huid
Old High German: hūt
Middle High German: hūt
Alemannic German: Hutt
Walser: Huut
Cimbrian: haut
Central Franconian: Hock, Hout (Moselle Franconian); Huut (western Ripuarian); Huck (Kölsch)
Hunsrik: Haut, haut
German: Haut
Luxembourgish: Haut
Yiddish: הויט (hoyt)

Old Norse: húð
Icelandic: húð
Faroese: húð
Norwegian: hud
Old Swedish: hūþ
Swedish: hud
Danish: hud

→? Proto-Finnic: *huudëh (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kéwHtis (“bedecking, hide, skin”), possibly from *(s)kewH- (“to cover, hide”). Cognate with Latin cutis.


fingraz

fingraz (nominative singular)
fingrōz (nominative plural)
fingrōs (nominative plural)
fingr (singular vocative)
fingrōz (plural vocative)
fingrōs (plural vocative)
fingrą (accusative singular)
fingranz (accusative plural)
fingras (genitive singular)
fingris (genitive singular)
fingrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fingrai (dative singular)
fingramaz (dative plural)
fingrō (instrumental singular)
fingramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fingr
Old English: finger
Middle English: fynger, finger, vinger, fyngir, fyngur, fyngyr, fiyngir, ffynger
English: finger
Sranan Tongo: finga
Scots: finger
Yola: vinger
Old Frisian: finger
Saterland Frisian: Finger
West Frisian: finger
Old Saxon: fingar
Middle Low German: vinger
Low German: Finger
Plautdietsch: Finja
Old Dutch: fingar
Middle Dutch: vinger
Dutch: vinger
Afrikaans: vinger
Berbice Creole Dutch: finggri
Negerhollands: vinger, fiṅgu, finger
→? Aukan: finga
→? Caribbean Hindustani: ungri
→? Sranan Tongo: finga
→ Saramaccan: fingá
Limburgish: vinger, vènger
Old High German: fingar
Middle High German: vinger
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Fengr
Bavarian: Finga
Cimbrian: vingar, bingar (Mezzaselva)
German: Finger
Luxembourgish: Fanger
Vilamovian: fyngier
Yiddish: פֿינגער (finger)

Old Norse: fingr

Icelandic: fingur

Faroese: fingur

Norwegian: finger

Old Swedish: finger

Swedish: finger

Old Danish: fingær

Danish: finger

Gutnish: finggar, finggur

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃 (figgrs)

Probably from a putative Proto-Indo-European *penkʷrós, related to Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe (“five”) (Proto-Germanic *fimf).


naglaz

naglaz (nominative singular)
naglōz (nominative plural)
naglōs (nominative plural)
nagl (singular vocative)
naglōz (plural vocative)
naglōs (plural vocative)
naglą (accusative singular)
naglanz (accusative plural)
naglas (genitive singular)
naglis (genitive singular)
naglǫ̂ (genitive plural)
naglai (dative singular)
naglamaz (dative plural)
naglō (instrumental singular)
naglamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *nagl, *nagli
Old English: næġl, næġel, neġl, neġel
Middle English: nayl, neil, nail, nayle, nayll, neyl, naylle
English: nail
Scots: nail, nale
Yola: niel
Old Frisian: neil, nīl
North Frisian:
Sylt: Nail
Saterland Frisian: Nail
West Frisian: neil
Old Saxon: nagal, *negil
Middle Low German: nāgel, nēgel
German Low German: Nagel
Plautdietsch: Noagel
Old Dutch: *nagal
Middle Dutch: nāgel
Dutch: nagel
Afrikaans: nael
Berbice Creole Dutch: nanggli
→ Caribbean Hindustani: nakkhun
→ Sranan Tongo: nangra
→ Aukan: nangaa
Limburgish: nagel
Old High German: nagal, negil
Middle High German: nagel, nail, nāl, negel, neil
Bavarian: Någl
Cimbrian: naaghel
Mòcheno: nagel
Central Franconian: Nohl, Nähl, Näl, Nääl, Nahl, Nagel
Hunsrik: Naaghel
Luxembourgish: Nol
German: Nagel
→ Russian: нагель (nagelʹ)
Alemannic German: Nagel
Yiddish: נאָגל (nogl), נאגיל (nogil) (Middle Yiddish, attested in Shemot Devarim)

Old Norse: nagl m (pl. negl), nagli m, negla f, nygla f

Icelandic: nögl f, nagli m

Faroese: naglur m, negl f, nøgl f

Norwegian Nynorsk: nagl m, nygla f, nugla f, naggel m

Old Swedish: naghl m

Swedish: nagel c

Danish: negl c

Norwegian Bokmål: negl m

Elfdalian: nagel m

Gutnish: nagel m, nagul m

→ Kildin Sami: на̄ввьл (nāvv’l)

Gothic: *𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌻𐍃 (*nagls)

→ Proto-Finnic: *nakla (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃nṓgʰs (“nail”).


saiwalō

saiwalō (nominative singular)
saiwalôz (nominative plural)
saiwalō (singular vocative)
saiwalôz (plural vocative)
saiwalǭ (accusative singular)
saiwalōz (accusative plural)
saiwalōz (genitive singular)
saiwalǫ̂ (genitive plural)
saiwalōi (dative singular)
saiwalōmaz (dative plural)
saiwalō (instrumental singular)
saiwalōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *saiwalu
Old English: sāwol, sāwel, sāwal, sāul, sawl, sōwhul, sawul
Middle English: soule, saul, saule, souel, soul, soull, soulle, sowel, sowele, sowle, sowll, sowyl; sauele, sawlæ, sawle, sæule (Early Middle English); sauel, saull, saulle, sawel, sawele, sawell, sawil, sawle (Northern); zaule (Kent)
English: soul (see there for further descendants)
Scots: saul
→ Old Norse: sála, sál
Icelandic: sál
Faroese: sál
Norwegian Nynorsk: sål
Old Gutnish: selu
Old Frisian: sēla
North Frisian: siel, sial
Saterland Frisian: Seele
West Frisian: siel
Old Saxon: sēola
Middle Low German: sêle
Low German:
German Low German: Seel
Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: Siäle, Säile, Saile, Sǟle
Westmünsterländisch: Seele, Sääle
Plautdietsch: Seel
→ Old Norse:
Norwegian: sjel
Old Swedish: siæl, sial
Swedish: själ
Danish: sjæl
Old Dutch: sēla
Middle Dutch: siele
Dutch: ziel
Afrikaans: siel
Limburgish: zeel
Old High German: sēla
Middle High German: sēle
Alemannic German: Seel
Central Franconian: Siel
German: Seele
Luxembourgish: Séil
Vilamovian: zejł

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰 (saiwala)

Uncertain with several theories:
* from *saiwiz (“sea, ocean”) + *-alō, in connection to the pagan Germanic belief in sacred lakes inhabited by the dead and the unborn, compare the Sami borrowing from Germanic, *Sāvjë, a realm of the dead believed to be under special double-bottomed lakes,
* from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂i-wl̥ ~ *sh₂i-wéns, possibly cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *séiˀlāˀ (“strength, force; soul”), Latin saevus (“fierce”), Proto-Celtic *saitlom (“life, age”), Latin saeculum (“generation, lifetime”), perhaps either from *seh₂y- (“to bind”) or homonym *seh₂y- (“rage, fury”), making it possibly again related to *saiwiz (“sea, ocean”),
* or from *s(w)ai (“self”), from Proto-Indo-European *swoy-, + *walō (“choice, will”), from Proto-Indo-European *wolh₁-eh₂, from *welh₁-.


haimaz

haimaz (nominative singular)
haimōz (nominative plural)
haimōs (nominative plural)
haim (singular vocative)
haimōz (plural vocative)
haimōs (plural vocative)
haimą (accusative singular)
haimanz (accusative plural)
haimas (genitive singular)
haimis (genitive singular)
haimǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haimai (dative singular)
haimamaz (dative plural)
haimō (instrumental singular)
haimamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haim
Old English: hām
Middle English: hom, hoom, home, hoome, whom, om, am; hame (Northern); ham (Early Middle English)
English: home, -ham (partially)
Geordie English: hyem
Scots: hame
Yola: hime, hyme, haime
Old Frisian: hām, hēm
North Frisian: hamm
Saterland Frisian: Heem
West Frisian: hiem
Old Saxon: hēm
Middle Low German: hēm, heim
German Low German: Heem, Heim
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: Haim
East Westphalian: Håime (Ravensbergisch-Lippisch)
Plautdietsch: Heim
Old Dutch: hēm
Middle Dutch: hêem, heim
Dutch: heem, heim (possibly from German), -em, -hem, -gem (in placenames)
Afrikaans: heim
Limburgish: heim
Old High German: heim
Middle High German: heim
Alemannic German: Haa, Hai, Ham, Häi
Italian Walser: haim, heim, hemmu, hei
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: hòam, huam (Tredici Comuni, Luserna)
Mòcheno: hoa'm
Udinese: hame, hama
German: Heim
Luxembourgish: Heem
Yiddish: היים (heym)
→ Old French: ham (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: heimr, haimr — Old Gutnish; hæimr
Icelandic: heimur m, heim n
Faroese: heimur m, heim n
Norn: hem
Norwegian Nynorsk: heim m
→ Norwegian Bokmål: heim m
Elfdalian: iem
Old Swedish: hēmber m, hēm n
Swedish: hem n
Finnish: hima
Old Danish: hēm, hiem
Danish: hjem n
Norwegian Bokmål: hjem n
Old Gutnish: haimr
Gutnish: haim

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃 (haims)

→⇒ Latin: Boiohaemum

French: Bohème

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱóymos (“village, home”), either from o-grade form of *ḱey- (“to be lying down, to settle”) + *-mos (action/result noun forming suffix), or from *tḱóymos (“settlement, dwelling”), from o-grade form of *tḱey- (“to settle, dwell”) + *-mos (action/result noun forming suffix). If the second proposal is correct, cognate of Sanskrit क्षेम (kṣéma, “basis, foundation; residing, resting, abiding at ease”), Lithuanian kaimas (“village, countryside”) (though this could be a borrowing).


blōtaną

blōtō (active first-person indicative singular)
blōtaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blōtai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blōtizi (active indicative second-person singular)
blōtaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blōt (active imperative second-person singular)
blōtazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blōtaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blōtidi (active indicative singular third-person)
blōtai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blōtadau (active imperative singular third-person)
blōtadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blōtaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blōtōz (active dual first-person indicative)
blōtaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blōtadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blōtaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blōtadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blōtamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blōtaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blōtandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blōtaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blōtid (active indicative plural second-person)
blōtaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blōtid (active imperative plural second-person)
blōtandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blōtaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blōtandi (active indicative plural third-person)
blōtain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blōtandau (active imperative plural third-person)
blōtandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blōtaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
beblōt (active first-person indicative singular)
beblōtį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
beblōst (active indicative second-person singular)
beblōtīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
beblōt (active indicative singular third-person)
beblōtī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
beblōtū (active dual first-person indicative)
beblōtīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
beblōtudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
beblōtīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
beblōtum (active first-person indicative plural)
beblōtīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
beblōtud (active indicative plural second-person)
beblōtīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
beblōtun (active indicative plural third-person)
beblōtīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blōtandz (active participle present)
blōtanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blōtan
Old English: blōtan
Old High German: bluozan, pluozan, plozzan

Old Norse: blóta

Icelandic: blóta

Faroese: blóta

Norwegian Nynorsk: blóta

Old Swedish: blōta

Swedish: blota

→ Danish: blote

Gothic: 𐌱𐌻𐍉𐍄𐌰𐌽 (blōtan)


kussijaną

kussijō (active first-person indicative singular)
kussijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kussijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kussīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kussijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kussī (active imperative second-person singular)
kussijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kussijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kussīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kussijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kussijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kussijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kussijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kussijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kussijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kussijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kussijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kussijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kussijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kussijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kussijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kussijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kussīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kussijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kussīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kussijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kussijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kussijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kussijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kussijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kussijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kussijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kussidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kussidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kussidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kussidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kussidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kussidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kussidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kussidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kussidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kussidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kussidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kussidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kussidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kussidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kussidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kussidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kussijandz (active participle present)
kussidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kussijan
Old English: cyssan
Middle English: kissen, cusse, cussen, kess, kessen, kis, kiss, kisse, kysse, kussen
English: kiss
→ Esperanto: kisi
Scots: kiss
Yola: kisth (preterite)
Old Frisian: kessa
Old Saxon: kussian
Middle Low German: kussen
Low German: küssen
Plautdietsch: kussen
Old Dutch: *cussen
Middle Dutch: cussen
Dutch: kussen
Afrikaans: kus
Limburgish: kösse, kösje
Old High German: kussen
Middle High German: küssen, kussen
German: küssen
Hunsrik: kisse
Luxembourgish: këssen
Yiddish: קושן (kushn)

Old Norse: kyssa
Icelandic: kyssa
Faroese: kyssa
Norwegian Nynorsk: kyssa; (dialectal) kjøssa, kissa
Norwegian Bokmål: kysse
Old Swedish: kyssa
Swedish: kyssa
Danish: kysse
Gutnish: kyssa, kysse


beuganą

beugō (active first-person indicative singular)
beugaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
beugai (first-person indicative passive singular)
biugizi (active indicative second-person singular)
beugaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
beug (active imperative second-person singular)
beugazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
beugaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
biugidi (active indicative singular third-person)
beugai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
beugadau (active imperative singular third-person)
beugadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
beugaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
beugōz (active dual first-person indicative)
beugaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
beugadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
beugaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
beugadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
beugamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
beugaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
beugandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
beugaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
biugid (active indicative plural second-person)
beugaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
biugid (active imperative plural second-person)
beugandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
beugaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
beugandi (active indicative plural third-person)
beugain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
beugandau (active imperative plural third-person)
beugandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
beugaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
baug (active first-person indicative singular)
bugį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bauht (active indicative second-person singular)
bugīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baug (active indicative singular third-person)
bugī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bugū (active dual first-person indicative)
bugīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bugudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bugīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bugum (active first-person indicative plural)
bugīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bugud (active indicative plural second-person)
bugīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bugun (active indicative plural third-person)
bugīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
beugandz (active participle present)
buganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *beugan
Old English: būgan
Middle English: bowen, bouȝen, buȝen, bouwen, buwen, bowe
English: (to) bow
Scots: boo
Old Saxon: būgan
Middle Low German: būgen
Low German: bugen
Old Dutch: *būgan
Middle Dutch: bugen
Dutch: buigen
Limburgish: buge
Old High German: biogan
Middle High German: biegen
German: biegen
Luxembourgish: béien

Old Norse: bjúga, búga

Swedish: buga

Norwegian: bue

Danish: bue

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (biugan)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰewgʰ- (“to bend”). Cognate with Sanskrit भुजति (bhujati, “to bend, curve”).


laugō

laugō (nominative singular)
laugôz (nominative plural)
laugō (singular vocative)
laugôz (plural vocative)
laugǭ (accusative singular)
laugōz (accusative plural)
laugōz (genitive singular)
laugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laugōi (dative singular)
laugōmaz (dative plural)
laugō (instrumental singular)
laugōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *laugu

Old English: lēaġ

Middle English: leihe, leȝe, liȝe

English: lye

Scots: lee

Old Frisian: *lāge, *lāch

Saterland Frisian: Loge, Looie

West Frisian: leach

Old Saxon: *lōga

Middle Low German: lôge

German Low German: Loge, Loog, Loje

Old Dutch: *lōga

Middle Dutch: lôge

Dutch: loog

Old High German: louga

Middle High German: louge

German: Lauge

→ Bulgarian: луга (luga)

→ Czech: louh

→ Hungarian: lúg

→ Macedonian: лу́га (lúga)

→ Polish: ług

→ Serbo-Croatian: лу̑г / lȗg

→ Slovak: lúh

→ Slovene: lug

→ Ukrainian: луг (luh)

desctree

Old Norse: laug
Icelandic: laug
Faroese: leyg
Norwegian Nynorsk: laug
→ Norwegian Bokmål: laug
Old Swedish: løgh
Swedish: lög
Danish: løv, lø, løj, lørdag, Løgum (placename)

desc

Proto-Samic: *lāvkō, *lāvkōtēk (“to bathe”)

Northern Sami: lávgu

Southern Sami: laavkoe

From Proto-Indo-European *lewh₃- (“to wash”).


ubiri

From Proto-Indo-European *upéri, from *upér (ultimately from *upo + *-i).

(with dative) over, above (positioned above)


ubiri

(Old English: yferra (adj))

desctree

Old High German: ubari, ubiri, ubere, uviri
Middle High German: über
Central Franconian: üvver
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: übar
Mòcheno: iber
German: über
→ Serbo-Croatian: iber
Hunsrik: iwer
Luxembourgish: iwwer
Yiddish: איבער (iber)

Old Norse: yfir
Icelandic: yfir
Faroese: yvir
Norwegian: over
Danish: over
Old Swedish: yvir, ivir, over
Swedish: över; öv (dialectal)
Gutnish: yfvar, yfver
Dalian: yvyr


upanaz

*upanaz (a-stem)

upanaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
upanai (masculine nominative plural strong)
upanō (feminine nominative singular strong)
upanôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
upaną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
upanō (neuter nominative plural strong)
upananǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
upananz (accusative masculine plural strong)
upanǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
upanōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
upaną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
upanō (accusative neuter plural strong)
upanas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
upanaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
upanaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
upanaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
upanas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
upanaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
upanammai (dative masculine singular strong)
upanaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
upanaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
upanaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
upanammai (dative neuter singular strong)
upanaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
upananō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
upanaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
upanaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
upanaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
upananō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
upanaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
upanô (masculine nominative singular weak)
upananiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
upanǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
upanōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
upanô (neuter nominative singular weak)
upanōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
upananų (accusative masculine singular weak)
upananunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
upanōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
upanōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
upanô (accusative neuter singular weak)
upanōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
upaniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
upananǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
upanōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
upanōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
upaniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
upananǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
upanini (dative masculine singular weak)
upanammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
upanōni (dative feminine singular weak)
upanōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
upanini (dative neuter singular weak)
upanammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
upaninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
upanammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
upanōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
upanōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
upaninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
upanammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *opan
Old English: open
Middle English: open, opyn, ope
Scots: appen, apen
English: open
Old Frisian: open, epen
Saterland Frisian: eepen
West Frisian: iepen
Old Saxon: opan, open
Middle Low German: open, apen
Low German: open, apen
Old Dutch: *opan
Middle Dutch: ōpen
Dutch: open
Afrikaans: oop
Negerhollands: open, hopo
→ Virgin Islands Creole: hopo
→? Aukan: obo
Limburgish: aop
Old High German: offan, ophan, ofan
Middle High German: offen
Alemannic German: offe
German: offen
Yiddish: אָפֿן (ofn)

Old Norse: opinn

Icelandic: opinn

Faroese: opin

Norwegian Nynorsk: open

Old Swedish: ypin

Swedish: öppen

Danish: åben

Norwegian Bokmål: åpen

Seemingly the past participle of a verb *eupaną, *ūpaną, though no other evidence of such a verb exists. Related to *upp (“up”) and thus originally meaning "lying on top" > "clear, open".


þai

Proto-West Germanic: *þai

Old English: þā

Middle English: tha, tho; thas, thos

Scots: tha, thai; thais

English: tho; those

Old Frisian: thā

Saterland Frisian: do

West Frisian: dy

Old Saxon: thē

Middle Low German: dê

German Low German: de

Old Dutch: thie

Middle Dutch: die

Dutch: die

Old High German: dē, dea, dia, die

Middle High German: dē, die

German: die

Proto-Norse: *ᚦᚨᛁᛉ (*þaiʀ)

Old Norse: þeir, ᚦᛅᛁᛦ (þaiʀ) — early Common Nordic; ᚦᛅᛁᚱ (þair), ᚦᛂᛁᚱ (þeir) — after merger of r and ʀ, occurring by the 800s in West Norse and late 1000s in East Norse; ᚦᛂᚱ (þer), ᚦᛂᛦ (þeʀ), ᚦᛁᚱ (þir), ᚦᛁᛦ (þiʀ) — after East Norse monophthongization, starting in the mid 900s in Denmark; ᚦᛅ (þa); ᚦᛅᛁᛘ (þaim) — Common Nordic; ᚦᛂᛁᛘ (þeim) — after invention of stung runes; ᚦᛂᛘ (þem), ᚦᛁᛘ (þim) — after East Norse monophthongization; ᚦᛅᛁᚱᛅ (þaira), ᚦᛅᛁᛦᛅ (þaiʀa), ᚦᛂᛁᚱᛅ (þeira), ᚦᛂᛁᛦᛅ (þeiʀa), ᚦᛂᚱᛅ (þera), ᚦᛂᛦᛅ (þeʀa), ᚦᛁᚱᛅ (þira), ᚦᛁᛦᛅ (þiʀa)
Icelandic: þeir
Faroese: teir
Norwegian Nynorsk: dei
Jamtish: di
Elfdalian: dier
Old Swedish: þēr, the, þir, thi
Swedish: de, (archaic) the, dhe (dialectal) di, da
Danish: de
Norwegian Bokmål: de
Old Gutnish: þar
Gutnish: dair, di
→ Middle English: thei, they
Scots: they
English: they

From demonstrative root *þa- with plural suffix *-i, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *tóy. Compare *twai (“two”), from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ with same suffix.

they; those; nominative plural masculine of *sa


hurną

hurną (nominative singular)
hurnō (nominative plural)
hurną (singular vocative)
hurnō (plural vocative)
hurną (accusative singular)
hurnō (accusative plural)
hurnas (genitive singular)
hurnis (genitive singular)
hurnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hurnai (dative singular)
hurnamaz (dative plural)
hurnō (instrumental singular)
hurnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *horn
Old English: horn
Middle English: horn, horne, orn
English: horn
Scots: horn
Yola: hoorn
Old Frisian: horn
North Frisian: horn
Saterland Frisian: Houden, (Strukelje) Hudden
West Frisian: hoarn
Old Saxon: horn
Middle Low German: horen, hōrn
Dutch Low Saxon: horn
German Low German: Hoorn
Plautdietsch: Huarn
Old Dutch: *horn (attested in plural horni)
Middle Dutch: horn, horen
Dutch: hoorn, horen
Afrikaans: horing
Berbice Creole Dutch: hurun, hurunu, hornu
Negerhollands: horn
Old High German: horn
Middle High German: horn
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Horn
Luxembourgish: Har
Cimbrian: hòrn
German: Horn
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: [hɔɐ̯n]
Yiddish: האָרן (horn)

Proto-Norse: ᚺᛟᚱᚾᚨ (horna) (attested on the Gallehus horns)

Old Norse: horn
Icelandic: horn
Faroese: horn
Norn: honnj
Norwegian Nynorsk: horn, (dialectal) hønn
Norwegian Bokmål: horn
Old Swedish: horn
Swedish: horn
Danish: horn

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽 (haurn)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂-nó-m, from *ḱerh₂- (“head, horn”). Cognate with Latin cornū, Sanskrit शृङ्ग (ṡṛṅga, “horn”), Old Church Slavonic сръна (srŭna, “roedeer”), Hittite [script needed] (surna, “horn”).


jestuz

jestuz (nominative singular)
jistiwiz (nominative plural)
jestu (singular vocative)
jistiwiz (plural vocative)
jestų (accusative singular)
jestunz (accusative plural)
jestauz (genitive singular)
jistiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jistiwi (dative singular)
jestumaz (dative plural)
jestū (instrumental singular)
jestumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *jestu
Old English: ġiest, ġist, ġyst
Middle English: yeest
Scots: yest
English: yeast
Old Frisian: *gest, *jest
Saterland Frisian: Gääst, Jääst
West Frisian: gêst, gist
Old Saxon: *gest
Middle Low German: gest
German Low German: Geste, Gest, Gist
→ German: Gest (northern Germany)
Old Dutch: *gest, *gist
Middle Dutch: gest, gist
Dutch: gist
Afrikaans: gis
Old High German: *jest, *gest
Middle High German: jest, gest
Alemannic German: Jëst
German: Gischt, Jast, Jäst

Old Norse: jǫstr
Icelandic: jöstur
Norwegian Nynorsk: jester, jest
Norwegian Bokmål: jest
Old Swedish: iæster
Swedish: jäst

fermentation; byproducts or agents of fermentation; yeast


brūdigumô

brūdigumô (nominative singular)
brūdigumaniz (nominative plural)
brūdigumô (singular vocative)
brūdigumaniz (plural vocative)
brūdigumanų (accusative singular)
brūdigumanunz (accusative plural)
brūdiguminiz (genitive singular)
brūdigumanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brūdigumini (dative singular)
brūdigumammaz (dative plural)
brūdiguminē (instrumental singular)
brūdigumammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *brūdigumō
Old English: brydguma
Middle English: bridegome, bredgome, bridegoome, bridgom, bridgume, brudgume, brydegome, bryd-gome, brydgrome
English: bridegroom
Scots: bridegreem
Yola: breedegroom
Old Frisian: brēdgoma, breidgoma
Saterland Frisian: Brüüdicham
West Frisian: breugeman
Old Saxon: brūdigumo, brūdigomo
Middle Low German: brûdegam, brȫdegam
German Low German: Brödigam, Brögam, Brüdigam, Brügam
Plautdietsch: Briegaum
Old Dutch: brūdigomo
Middle Dutch: brudegōme
Dutch: bruidegom
Old High German: brūtigomo
Middle High German: brûtegoum, briutegome
German: Bräutigam

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: brúðgumi
Danish: brudgom
Faroese: brúðgummi, brúðgummur, brúðgommur, brúðgómur
Gutnish: bräudgumme, bräugumme
Icelandic: brúðgumi
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: brudgom
Norwegian Nynorsk: brudgom
Old Swedish: brūþgumi
Swedish: brudgum


brūdiz

brūdiz (nominative singular)
brūdīz (nominative plural)
brūdi (singular vocative)
brūdīz (plural vocative)
brūdį (accusative singular)
brūdinz (accusative plural)
brūdīz (genitive singular)
brūdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brūdī (dative singular)
brūdimaz (dative plural)
brūdī (instrumental singular)
brūdimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *brūdi
Old English: brȳd
Middle English: bride, brid, bryd, bryde, brude
English: bride
Scots: bride
Yola: breede
Old Frisian: brēd, breid
Saterland Frisian: Bräid
West Frisian: breid
Old Saxon: brūd
Middle Low German: brûde, brût
German Low German: Bruut
Old Dutch: *brūd
Middle Dutch: bruut
Dutch: bruid
Afrikaans: bruid
Negerhollands: bruid
→ Papiamentu: brùit, breit, breid
Old High German: brūt, prut
Middle High German: brūt
Alemannic German: Bruut
Central Franconian: Brock, Brout, Bruut, Bruck
Hunsrik: praut
German: Braut
Luxembourgish: Braut
→ Friulian: brût
→ Old French: bruy
French: bru
→ Old French: bru, brut
French: bru

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: brúðr
Icelandic: brúður
Faroese: brúður
Norwegian Nynorsk: brud, brur
Norwegian Bokmål: brud
Jamtish: brúðr
Old Swedish: brūþ, ᛒᚱᚢᚦ
Swedish: brud
Danish: brud
Old Gutnish: bruþ (accusative singular)
Gutnish: braud, bräud

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌸𐍃 (brūþs)

→ Latin: bruta, brutes

→ Proto-Samic: *(p)ruvdës (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. Perhaps a borrowing from a substrate word *bhrūdh.

Nicoline van der Sijs
de:Brian D. Joseph
de:Ludwig Rübekeil


-ārijaz

-ārijaz (nominative singular)
-ārijōz (nominative plural)
-ārijōs (nominative plural)
-ārī (singular vocative)
-ārijōz (plural vocative)
-ārijōs (plural vocative)
-āriją (accusative singular)
-ārijanz (accusative plural)
-ārijas (genitive singular)
-ārīs (genitive singular)
-ārijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ārijai (dative singular)
-ārijamaz (dative plural)
-ārijō (instrumental singular)
-ārijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-ārī
Old English: -ere, -re
Middle English: -er, -are, -ere
English: -er
Scots: -ar
Old Frisian: -ere
Saterland Frisian: -er
West Frisian: -er
Old Saxon: -āri
Middle Low German: -ære, -ēre, -ere
Low German: -er
Old Dutch: *-āri, -ere
Middle Dutch: -ere
Dutch: -er, -aar
Afrikaans: -er
Limburgish: -er
Old High German: -āri, -ari, -eri
Middle High German: -ære, -er
Alemannic German: -er
Bavarian: -er
Cimbrian: -ar
German: -er
Luxembourgish: -er
Yiddish: ־ער (-er)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -ari
Icelandic: -ari
Faroese: -ari
Norwegian Nynorsk: -ar; (dialectal) -ari, -are, -ær
Old Swedish: -are, -ari
Swedish: -are
Danish: -er
Norwegian Bokmål: -er
→ Estonian: -r
→ Finnish: -ari, -uri

Gothic: -𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (-āreis)
→ Proto-Slavic: *-ařь (see there for further descendants)

Usually held to be a borrowing from Latin -ārius; at the very least, it was probably influenced and reinforced by it.
However, Gąsiorowski instead suggests that *-ārijaz is a native formation; he derives it from earlier *-azrijaz, which he etymologises as a zero-grade form of *-sōr suffixed with *-ih₂, creating a suffix *-sr-ih₂ for forming feminine agent nouns, which was then masculinised by attaching *-ós. He also suggests a relation to Proto-West Germanic *-astrijā.


hailagōną

hailagō (active first-person indicative singular)
hailagǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hailagōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hailagōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hailagōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hailagō (active imperative second-person singular)
hailagōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hailagōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hailagōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hailagō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hailagōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hailagōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hailagōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hailagōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hailagōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hailagōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hailagōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hailagōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hailagōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hailagōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hailagōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hailagōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hailagōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hailagōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hailagōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hailagōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hailagōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hailagōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hailagōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hailagōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hailagōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hailagōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hailagōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hailagōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hailagōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hailagōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hailagōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hailagōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hailagōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hailagōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hailagōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hailagōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hailagōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hailagōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hailagōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hailagōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hailagōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hailagōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hailagōndz (active participle present)
hailagōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hailagōn
Old English: *hālegian, hāligian, hālgian
Middle English: halwen
English: hallow
Scots: halow, hallow
Old Frisian: hēligia
Saterland Frisian: heligje
West Frisian: hilligje
Old Saxon: hēlagon
Middle Low German: hilligen, hilgen, helligen, hêiligen
German Low German: hilligen
Old Dutch: *hēlagon, *heilagon
Middle Dutch: heiligen
Dutch: heiligen
Afrikaans: heilig
Old High German: heilagon
Middle High German: heiligen
German: heiligen
→ Danish: hellige

Old Norse: helga

Icelandic: helga

Faroese: halga

Norwegian: hellige

Old Swedish: hælgha

Swedish: helga

Danish: hellige

/ˈxɑi̯.lɑ.ɣɔː.nɑ̃/


hailijaną

hailijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hailijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hailijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hailīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hailijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hailī (active imperative second-person singular)
hailijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hailijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hailīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hailijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hailijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hailijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hailijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hailijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hailijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hailijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hailijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hailijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hailijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hailijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hailijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hailijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hailīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hailijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hailīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hailijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hailijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hailijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hailijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hailijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hailijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hailijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hailidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hailidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hailidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hailidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hailidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hailidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hailidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hailidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hailidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hailidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hailidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hailidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hailidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hailidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hailidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hailidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hailijandz (active participle present)
hailidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hailijan
Old English: hǣlan
Middle English: helen
English: heal
→ Dutch: healen
Scots: heal
Old Frisian: hēla
Saterland Frisian: heila
West Frisian: hielje
Old Saxon: hēlian
Middle Low German: hêlen
Low German: helen
Old Dutch: heilen, *hēlen
Middle Dutch: helen, heilen
Dutch: helen
Afrikaans: heel
Limburgish: heile
Old High German: heilen
Middle High German: heilen
Cimbrian: hailan
German: heilen
Hunsrik: heele
Luxembourgish: heelen
Yiddish: היילן (heyln)

Old Norse: heila

Faroese: heila

Norwegian: heila, heile

Old Swedish: hēla
Swedish: hela

Danish: hele

Gutnish: haile

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hailjan)

From *hailaz (“whole, healthy”) + *-janą.


hailagaz

*hailagaz (a-stem)

hailagaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hailagai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hailagō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hailagôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hailagą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hailagō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hailaganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hailaganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hailagǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hailagōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hailagą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hailagō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hailagas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hailagaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hailagaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hailagaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hailagas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hailagaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hailagammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hailagaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hailagaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hailagaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hailagammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hailagaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hailaganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hailagaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hailagaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hailagaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hailaganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hailagaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hailagô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hailaganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hailagǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hailagōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hailagô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hailagōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hailaganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hailaganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hailagōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hailagōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hailagô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hailagōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hailaginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hailaganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hailagōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hailagōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hailaginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hailaganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hailagini (dative masculine singular weak)
hailagammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hailagōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hailagōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hailagini (dative neuter singular weak)
hailagammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hailaginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hailagammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hailagōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hailagōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hailaginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hailagammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *hailag
Old English: hāliġ, hāleġ, hālæġ; hǣliġ
Middle English: holy
English: holy
Scots: haly, halie
Yola: holly, holy
Old Frisian: hēlich, hilich, *hālich
North Frisian: hallig, hellig, hillig, hoeldig
Saterland Frisian: helig, halg
West Frisian: hillig
Old Saxon: hēlag
Middle Low German: hilch, hillich (inflected hillig-)
Westphalian:
Paderbornisch: hilg-, (en) Hilgen
Münsterländisch: hillig
Westmünsterländisch: hillig
East Westphalian: hilg (Ravensbergisch)
Plautdietsch: heilich
Old Dutch: heilig
Middle Dutch: heilich
Dutch: heilig
Old High German: heilag
Middle High German: heilec, heilic
Alemannic German: heilig
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: heilich
Cimbrian: hòolig
German: heilig
Luxembourgish: helleg
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: heilich

Old Norse: heilagr, helgr
Icelandic: heilagur, helgur
Faroese: heilagur, halgur
Norwegian Nynorsk: heilag; (dialectal) heilag’u
Old Swedish: hēlagher
Swedish: helig
Danish: hellig
Norwegian Bokmål: hellig
Icelandic: helgi f
Norwegian Nynorsk: helg f; (dialectal) hæg f, halg f, helj f, halj f
Norwegian Bokmål: helg m or f
Swedish: helg c
Danish: helg c

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌲𐍃 (hailags)


swihô

swihô (nominative singular)
swihaniz (nominative plural)
swihô (singular vocative)
swihaniz (plural vocative)
swihanų (accusative singular)
swihanunz (accusative plural)
swihiniz (genitive singular)
swihanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swihini (dative singular)
swihammaz (dative plural)
swihinē (instrumental singular)
swihammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *Swihō

Old English: Swēo (plural Swēon)

Old Norse: *svíi (plural svíar)

Icelandic: Svíi

Faroese: svíi, svii

Old Swedish: swēar, swīar

Swedish: svear pl

→ Old East Slavic: свѣи pl (svěi)

Russian: свей m (svej)

desc

Gothic: *𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰 (*swaiha), *𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃 (*swaihans) (reconstructed classical Gothic form of the ethnonym Suehans mentioned by Jordanes)

→ Latin: Suehans pl

→ Latin: Suiōnēs pl

Contested but likely from *swé (“one's own, self”) with the literal meaning "our tribe" or "our people"; compare *swēbaz (“Suebi”), said to have the same meaning.


swēbaz

swēbaz (nominative singular)
swēbōz (nominative plural)
swēbōs (nominative plural)
swēb (singular vocative)
swēbōz (plural vocative)
swēbōs (plural vocative)
swēbą (accusative singular)
swēbanz (accusative plural)
swēbas (genitive singular)
swēbis (genitive singular)
swēbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swēbai (dative singular)
swēbamaz (dative plural)
swēbō (instrumental singular)
swēbamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swāb
Old English: Swǣfas pl, Swǣfe
Old High German: swāb
Middle High German: swāp, swābe
German: Schwabe
→ Dutch: Zwaab
→ Romanian: șvab

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᛊᚹᚨᛒᚨᛉ (*swabaʀ /swābaɹ̝̊/)

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᛊᚹᚨᛒᚨᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (swabaharjaʀ /Swābaharjaɹ̝̊/)

Old Norse: *sváfr

⇒ Old Norse: Sváfa

⇒ Old Norse: Sváfaland

→ Latin: Suēbus (plural Suēbī), Suēvus (plural Suēvī), Suēbia, Suābia

Catalan: sueu, Suèvia

Galician: suevos; Suevos, Suegos (place names)

→ Ancient Greek: Σούηβος (Soúēbos)

→ German: Sueben

→ English: Suebi, Suevi, Swabia

someone of the Suebi (a Swabian, but this has a modern meaning)


selhaz

selhaz (nominative singular)
selhōz (nominative plural)
selhōs (nominative plural)
selh (singular vocative)
selhōz (plural vocative)
selhōs (plural vocative)
selhą (accusative singular)
selhanz (accusative plural)
selhas (genitive singular)
silhis (genitive singular)
selhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
silhai (dative singular)
selhamaz (dative plural)
selhō (instrumental singular)
selhamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *selh
Old English: seolh
Middle English: *selh, sele
Early Scots: selich
Scots: selch, selkie, silkie
English: seal
Old Frisian: *selch
North Frisian: selich
Old Saxon: *selh, *selah
Middle Low German: sēl, sale
Plautdietsch: Säajel
⇒ Low German: saalhund
Old Dutch: *selh
Middle Dutch: sēel, sāel, sēle
Old High German: selah
Middle High German: sëleh
German: Seel (obsolete)
⇒ German: Seelhund ⇒ Seehund

Old Norse: selr

Icelandic: selur

Faroese: selur

Norwegian: sel

Old Swedish: siæl, sæl

Swedish: säl

Danish: sæl

Gutnish: själ

Either from Proto-Indo-European *selk- (“to pull”) (compare dialectal English sullow (“plough”)) or from early Proto-Finnic *šülkeš (later *hülgeh, compare Finnish hylje, Estonian hüljes).


hailaz

*hailaz (a-stem)

hailaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hailai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hailō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hailôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hailą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hailō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hailanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hailanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hailǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hailōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hailą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hailō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hailas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hailaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hailaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hailaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hailas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hailaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hailammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hailaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hailaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hailaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hailammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hailaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hailanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hailaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hailaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hailaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hailanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hailaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hailô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hailaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hailǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hailōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hailô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hailōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hailanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hailanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hailōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hailōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hailô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hailōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hailiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hailanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hailōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hailōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hailiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hailanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hailini (dative masculine singular weak)
hailammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hailōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hailōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hailini (dative neuter singular weak)
hailammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hailinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hailammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hailōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hailōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hailinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hailammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *hail
Old English: hāl, hǣl
Middle English: hole
English: whole
Scots: hole, holl
Yola: haoleghey
Northern Middle English: hal
Geordie English: hyel
Scots: hale
Old Frisian: hēl
Saterland Frisian: heel
West Frisian: hiel
Old Saxon: hēl
Middle Low German: hêl, heil
Low German: hel, heel, heil
Old Dutch: *hēl, heil
Middle Dutch: hêel
Dutch: heel
Old High German: heil
Middle High German: heil
German: heil

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᛁᛚᚨᛉ (*hailaʀ)

Old Norse: heill, hęill
Icelandic: heill
Faroese: heilur
Norwegian Nynorsk: heil
→ Norwegian Bokmål: heil
Old Swedish: hēl
Swedish: hel
Old Danish: hel, hiæl
Danish: hel
Norwegian Bokmål: hel
→ Middle English: heil
English: hail
Scots: hail

East Germanic

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 (hails)

Vandalic: *hailz (early), eils, *hēlz (late)

From Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ilos (“healthy, whole”). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *káilas (> Proto-Slavic *cělъ (“whole”), Old Prussian kailūstiskan (“health”)).


hailaz

hailaz (nominative singular)
hailizō (nominative plural)
hailaz (singular vocative)
hailizō (plural vocative)
hailaz (accusative singular)
hailizō (accusative plural)
hailiziz (genitive singular)
hailizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hailizi (dative singular)
hailizumaz (dative plural)
hailizē (instrumental singular)
hailizumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hail
Old English: hǣl
Old Saxon: hēl
Middle Low German: heil
Old Dutch: *heil
Middle Dutch: heil
Dutch: heil
Old High German: heil
Middle High German: heil
German: Heil

Old Norse: heill

Icelandic: heill

Probably of similar derivation to the above. Related to Proto-Brythonic *koɨl (“omen, augury”).


gutô

gutô (nominative singular)
gutaniz (nominative plural)
gutô (singular vocative)
gutaniz (plural vocative)
gutanų (accusative singular)
gutanunz (accusative plural)
gutiniz (genitive singular)
gutanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gutini (dative singular)
gutammaz (dative plural)
gutinē (instrumental singular)
gutammiz (instrumental plural)

Pliny the Elder
Ptolemy
Pytheas of Massalia
Strabo
Tacitus

Proto-West Germanic: *gotō

Old English: Gota, Guta

Middle English: Gothes, Gotes (pl.)

English: Goth (influenced by Latin Gothus)

→ Irish: Gotach

Middle High German: goten (pl.)

German: Gote (borrowed from English?)

→ Latin: Gotones, Gothones (Tacitus)

Old Norse: goti
Icelandic: Goti
Faroese: goti
Norwegian Nynorsk: gote
Old Swedish: guti (pl. gutar, gotar)
Swedish: gute, got (in Gotland)
Danish: guter pl, gote, goter
Norwegian Bokmål: goter
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: gotar
Old Gutnish: gutar pl
→ Finnish: gootti

Gothic: *𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌰 (*guta) (in 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 (gutþiuda)), ᚷᚢᛏᚨᚾᛁ (gutanī, gen.pl.)

→ Ancient Greek: *Γοῦθθος (*Goûththos) (as gen. pl. Γούθθων), Γύθωες (Gúthōes) (Ptolemy), Γότθος (Gótthos)

→ Chinese: 哥特人 (gētèrén)

→ Latin: gotus, gothus

Catalan: got

Middle French: Got

French: Goth

Portuguese: godo

Spanish: godo

→ Parthian: Gut

→ Russian: гот (got)

→ Serbo-Croatian: Gȍt, Го̏т

→ Ancient Greek: Γούτωνες (Goútōnes) (Strabo)

q

→ Latin: Gutones (Pliny the Elder, recording the account of Pytheas of Massalia)

Perhaps from *geutaną (“to pour”). Compare Proto-Germanic *gautaz and Proto-Germanic *eutaz, related also to Gutnish, Gotland.


lūs

lūs (nominative singular)
lūsiz (nominative plural)
lūs (singular vocative)
lūsiz (plural vocative)
lūsų (accusative singular)
lūsunz (accusative plural)
lūsiz (genitive singular)
lūsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lūsi (dative singular)
lūsumaz (dative plural)
lūsē (instrumental singular)
lūsumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lūs
Old English: lūs
Middle English: lous, lows, lowse
Scots: louse, loose
English: louse
Old Frisian: *lūs
Saterland Frisian: Lúus
West Frisian: lûs
Old Saxon: *lūs
Middle Low German: lūs
Low German: Luus
Plautdietsch: Lus
Old Dutch: *lūs
Middle Dutch: luus, luys
Dutch: luis
Afrikaans: luis
Old High German: lūs
Middle High German: lūs
Cimbrian: laus
German: Laus
Hunsrik: Laus
Luxembourgish: Laus
Vilamovian: łaojs
Yiddish: לויז (loyz)

Old Norse: lús

Icelandic: lús

Faroese: lús

Norn: lus

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: lus

Norwegian Nynorsk: lus

Old Swedish: lūs

Swedish: lus

Danish: lus

Gutnish: läus

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *lewH-.


durz

durz (nominative singular)
duriz (nominative plural)
dur (singular vocative)
duriz (plural vocative)
durų (accusative singular)
durunz (accusative plural)
duriz (genitive singular)
durǫ̂ (genitive plural)
duri (dative singular)
durumaz (dative plural)
durē (instrumental singular)
durumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dur
Old English: duru, doru
Middle English: dore, doire, dure, dur
English: door
Sranan Tongo: doro
Scots: dure, dur
Yola: dher
Old Frisian: dure, dore
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: dör
Mooring, Sylt: döör
Saterland Frisian: Doore
West Frisian: doar
Old Saxon: duru
Middle Low German: dȫr, dȫre
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Dör
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: Dööre, Döör
Plautdietsch: Däa
Old Dutch: duri
Middle Dutch: dōre, duere, dure
Dutch: deur
Old High German: turi
Middle High German: türe
Alemannic German: Tüür, Tiire (Uri), Dire
Bavarian: Dia, Tia
Cimbrian: tür
Mòcheno: tir
Central Franconian: Dür, Diar
Kölsch: Dör, Dür
East Central German: Thüa(r) (Egerländisch)
Upper Saxon German: Düre
German: Tür, Türe
Luxembourgish: Dier
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Deer
Pennsylvania German: Dier
Yiddish: טיר (tir)

Old Norse: dyrr pl
Icelandic: dyr pl
Faroese: dyr pl
Norn: dør
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: dør
Norwegian Nynorsk: dør
Jamtish: dẃr
Elfdalian: dörer
Old Swedish: dyr
Swedish: dörr
Scanian: dør
Danish: dør
Gutnish: dur, duri

Likely back-formed from *dʰur-ih₁, an old neuter dual form, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer-.


þistilaz

þistilaz (nominative singular)
þistilōz (nominative plural)
þistilōs (nominative plural)
þistil (singular vocative)
þistilōz (plural vocative)
þistilōs (plural vocative)
þistilą (accusative singular)
þistilanz (accusative plural)
þistilas (genitive singular)
þistilis (genitive singular)
þistilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þistilai (dative singular)
þistilamaz (dative plural)
þistilō (instrumental singular)
þistilamiz (instrumental plural)

Perhaps from pre-Germanic Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to pierce, prick, be sharp”) + *-sd-, with the Germanic suffix *-ilaz. Compare *mistilaz for the formation.

der

Proto-West Germanic: *þistilOld English: þistelMiddle English: thistel

thystulEnglish: thistleScots: thrisselOld Saxon: thistilOld Dutch: *thistilMiddle Dutch: distelDutch: distelOld High German: distil

distilaMiddle High German: distelGerman: DistelLuxembourgish: DëschtelVilamovian: döstułPennsylvania German: Dischdel


þakjaną

þakjō (active first-person indicative singular)
þakjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þakjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þakisi (active indicative second-person singular)
þakjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þaki (active imperative second-person singular)
þakjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þakjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þakiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þakjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þakjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þakjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þakjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þakjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þakjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þakjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þakjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þakjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þakjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þakjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þakjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þakjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þakiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þakjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þakiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þakjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þakjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þakjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þakjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þakjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þakjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þakjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þakidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þakidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þakidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þakidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þakidē (active indicative singular third-person)
þakidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þakidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þakidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þakidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þakidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þakidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þakidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þakidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þakidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þakidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þakidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þakjandz (active participle present)
þakidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þakkjan
Old English: þeċċean, þeċċan
Middle English: thecchen, theken (unassibilated form possibly from Old Norse þekja)
Scots: theke, theik, thack
English: thatch
Yola: detch
Old Frisian: thekka, thekkia
Saterland Frisian: däkke
West Frisian: dekke
Old Saxon: thekkian
Middle Low German: decken
German Low German: decken
Old Dutch: thecken
Middle Dutch: decken
Dutch: dekken
Limburgish: dèkke
Old High German: decchen
Middle High German: decken
German: decken
Luxembourgish: decken

Old Norse: þekja
Icelandic: þekja
Faroese: tekja
Norwegian: tekkja
Old Swedish: þækkia
Swedish: täcka
Danish: tække
Norwegian Bokmål: tekke
Gutnish: täkke, täkk'


þakjaną

Proto-West Germanic: *þakkjan
Old English: þeċċan
Old High German: *dahhen
⇒ Old High German: dahhazen

From Proto-Indo-European *teh₂ǵ-. Possible cognate with Ancient Greek τήγανον (tḗganon), τάγηνον (tágēnon).


-ndz

-ndz (nominative singular)
-ndiz (nominative plural)
-nd (singular vocative)
-ndiz (plural vocative)
-ndų (accusative singular)
-ndunz (accusative plural)
-ndiz (genitive singular)
-ndǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ndi (dative singular)
-ndumaz (dative plural)
-ndē (instrumental singular)
-ndumiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *-andī (participle ending)

Old English: -ande, -ende

Middle English: -ende, -and, -inde, -inge

English: -and, -ant, -ing

Scots: -and, -in

Old High German: -endi, -enti, -anti

Middle High German: -end

German: -end

Proto-West Germanic: *-andi (agent noun)

Old English: -end, -and

Middle English: -and, -end, -ant, -nd

English: -and

Scots: -an

Old Saxon: -und, -and, -ond

Middle Low German: -end, -ant, -ent

German Low German: -end

Old High German: -nt, -unt, -ant

Middle High German: -nt, -ant, -ent

German: -end

Proto-Norse:

desctree

Old Norse: -andi
Icelandic: -andi
Faroese: -andi
Norwegian Nynorsk: -ande
Old Swedish: -andi, -ande
Swedish: -ande, -ende
Danish: -ende
Norwegian Bokmål: -ende

Gothic: -𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-nds)

-ing one, -er. Forms agent nouns from verbs. Identical in form and meaning to the present participle.


agjō

agjō (nominative singular)
agjôz (nominative plural)
agjō (singular vocative)
agjôz (plural vocative)
agjǭ (accusative singular)
agjōz (accusative plural)
agjōz (genitive singular)
agjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
agjōi (dative singular)
agjōmaz (dative plural)
agjō (instrumental singular)
agjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aggju
Old English: eċġ
Middle English: egge
English: edge
Scots: ege, egge
Old Frisian: egg, eg, egge
Saterland Frisian: Ägge
West Frisian: igge
Old Saxon: eggia
Middle Low German: egge, egke, ecke
German Low German: Eck
Plautdietsch: Agj, Akj
Old Dutch: *egga
Middle Dutch: egge
Dutch: egge, eg
Old High German: egga, ecka
Middle High German: egge, ecke
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Eck
Luxembourgish: Eck
East Central German:
Vilamovian: ekk
German: Ecke
Rhine Franconian: Eck
Yiddish: עק (ek)

Old Norse: egg
Icelandic: egg
Faroese: egg
Norwegian Nynorsk: egg
Dalian: egg
Old Swedish: eg
Swedish: egg
Danish: æg
Norwegian Bokmål: egg

→ Proto-Samic: *āvjō (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *akja (see there for further descendants)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”).


þrukkijaną

þrukkijō (active first-person indicative singular)
þrukkijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrukkijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þrukkīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
þrukkijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrukkī (active imperative second-person singular)
þrukkijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þrukkijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þrukkīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þrukkijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrukkijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þrukkijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þrukkijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þrukkijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þrukkijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrukkijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrukkijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrukkijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þrukkijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þrukkijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrukkijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þrukkijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þrukkīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þrukkijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrukkīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þrukkijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þrukkijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þrukkijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þrukkijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrukkijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þrukkijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þrukkijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þrukkidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þrukkidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrukkidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þrukkidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrukkidē (active indicative singular third-person)
þrukkidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrukkidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þrukkidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrukkidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrukkidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrukkidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þrukkidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrukkidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þrukkidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrukkidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þrukkidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrukkijandz (active participle present)
þrukkidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þrukkijan
Old English: þryċċan
Middle English: thrucchen
English: thrutch (dialectal), druck
Middle English: *threkken
English: thrack
Old Frisian: thretza, thrikka
West Frisian: druwckjen, drukke
Old Saxon: thrukkian
Middle Low German: drücken
German Low German: drücken
→ West Frisian: drukke
Old Dutch: *thrucken
Middle Dutch: drucken
Dutch: drukken
Afrikaans: druk
→ Caribbean Javanese: nggedrig
→ Papiamentu: drùk, druk
Limburgish: drókke, drökke
Old High German: drucchen, drukken, drucchan
Middle High German: drücken, drucken
Bavarian: druckn
Cimbrian: drukhan
German: drücken (“press”), drucken (“print”)
→ Ladin: druché
→ Low German: drucken
→ Polish: drukować
→ Belarusian: друкава́ць (drukavácʹ)
→ Ukrainian: друкува́ти (drukuváty)
→ Yiddish: דרוקן (drukn)
Luxembourgish: drécken
Yiddish: דריקן (drikn)

Old Norse: þrykkja

Icelandic: þrykkja

Faroese: trykkja

Norwegian Nynorsk: trykkja

Old Swedish: þrykkia
Swedish: trycka

Danish: trykke

Norwegian Bokmål: trykke

Trésor de la langue française informatisé

From Proto-Indo-European *trewk-; cognates outside of Germanic include Welsh trychu (“to cut”), Lithuanian trū́kti (“to tear into pieces, burst”), trùkti (“to last, continue”). Other theories derive the root from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub, bore, twist”).
Has been suggested as the origin of Vulgar Latin *trūdicāre, but this appears unlikely.


slēpaz

slēpaz (nominative singular)
slēpōz (nominative plural)
slēpōs (nominative plural)
slēp (singular vocative)
slēpōz (plural vocative)
slēpōs (plural vocative)
slēpą (accusative singular)
slēpanz (accusative plural)
slēpas (genitive singular)
slēpis (genitive singular)
slēpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
slēpai (dative singular)
slēpamaz (dative plural)
slēpō (instrumental singular)
slēpamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *slāp
Old English: slǣp
Middle English: slepe
English: sleep
Scots: slepe, sleip
Old Frisian: slēp
Saterland Frisian: Släip
West Frisian: sliep
Old Saxon: slāp
Middle Low German:
Low German: Slaap, Slap, Schlop (dative: Schlope; Westphalian: Sauerländisch, Paderbornisch)
Old Dutch: *slāp
Middle Dutch: slâep
Dutch: slaap
Afrikaans: slaap
Old High German: slāf
Middle High German: slāf
German: Schlaf
Hunsrik: Schlof
Luxembourgish: Schlof
Pennsylvania German: Schlof
Vilamovian: śłöf
Yiddish: שלאָף (shlof)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌻𐌴𐍀𐍃 (slēps)


tūną

tūną (nominative singular)
tūnō (nominative plural)
tūną (singular vocative)
tūnō (plural vocative)
tūną (accusative singular)
tūnō (accusative plural)
tūnas (genitive singular)
tūnis (genitive singular)
tūnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tūnai (dative singular)
tūnamaz (dative plural)
tūnō (instrumental singular)
tūnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tūn m (“fence”)
Old English: tūn (“enclosed land, town”)
Middle English: toun, town, towne, tun, tune
English: town, tahn, tawn (Bermuda); toon (Geordie); toune, towne (obsolete)
→ Chichewa: tawuni
→ Jersey Dutch: tāun
→ Pennsylvania German: Taun
→ Japanese: タウン (taun)
Geordie English: toon
Scots: toun, tone, toon, town
Yola: teoune, teoun
Old Frisian: tūn (“fence, enclosure”)
Saterland Frisian: Tuun
West Frisian: tún
Old Saxon: tūn (“fence”)
Middle Low German: tûn
German Low German: Tuun
Low German: Tuun
Old Dutch: tūn (“garden”)
Middle Dutch: tuun
Dutch: tuin
Afrikaans: tuin
Berbice Creole Dutch: tun
Skepi Creole Dutch: tun
Limburgish: toen
West Flemish: tuun
Zealandic: tuun
Old High German: zūn (“fence, enclosure”)
Middle High German: zūn, zoun
German: Zaun
Luxembourgish: Zonk
Vilamovian: caojn
→ Proto-Slavic: *tynъ (“fence, enclosure”) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: tún n (“field, enclosure”)
Icelandic: tún
Faroese: tún
Norwegian Nynorsk: tun, Tune; (dialectal) ton
Swedish: tun, -tuna, Tuna
Danish: tun, Tune
Norwegian Bokmål: tun, Tune

Borrowed from (Pre-)Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”) before Grimm's law changed *d to *t.


hijō

Proto-West Germanic: *hiju

desctree

Old English: hēo, hæo — Anglian; hiu, hia, hīo
Middle English: ȝho, hyo, hye, scho, hoo, sche
English: she (dialectal hoo, shoo)
Scots: she, sho

Old Frisian: hiō, hiū

Saterland Frisian: jo, ju

West Frisian: so, sy, se

she; nominative singular feminine of *hiz


aiganaz

*aiganaz (a-stem)

aiganaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
aiganai (masculine nominative plural strong)
aiganō (feminine nominative singular strong)
aiganôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
aiganą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
aiganō (neuter nominative plural strong)
aigananǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
aigananz (accusative masculine plural strong)
aiganǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
aiganōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
aiganą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
aiganō (accusative neuter plural strong)
aiganas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
aiganaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
aiganaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
aiganaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
aiganas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
aiganaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
aiganammai (dative masculine singular strong)
aiganaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
aiganaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
aiganaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
aiganammai (dative neuter singular strong)
aiganaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
aigananō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
aiganaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
aiganaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
aiganaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
aigananō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
aiganaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
aiganô (masculine nominative singular weak)
aigananiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
aiganǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
aiganōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
aiganô (neuter nominative singular weak)
aiganōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
aigananų (accusative masculine singular weak)
aigananunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
aiganōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
aiganōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
aiganô (accusative neuter singular weak)
aiganōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
aiganiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
aigananǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
aiganōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
aiganōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
aiganiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
aigananǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
aiganini (dative masculine singular weak)
aiganammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
aiganōni (dative feminine singular weak)
aiganōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
aiganini (dative neuter singular weak)
aiganammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
aiganinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
aiganammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
aiganōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
aiganōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
aiganinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
aiganammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *aigan
Old English: āgan
Middle English: owen, ouen, own, owe, awen, aȝen
English: owe (present tense), ought (past tense), own (past participle)
Scots: aw, awe
Old Frisian: āga, hāga
North Frisian: age
Old Saxon: ēgan
Middle Low German: êgen, eigen
German Low German: egen
Old Dutch: *ēgan
Middle Dutch: eigen, êgen
Old High German: eigan
Middle High German: eigen

Old Norse: eiginn
Icelandic: eiginn
Faroese: egin
Norwegian Nynorsk: eigen
→ Norwegian Bokmål: eigen
Elfdalian: iegen
Old Swedish: ēghin
Swedish: egen
Danish: egen
Norwegian Bokmål: egen


þūmô

þūmô (nominative singular)
þūmaniz (nominative plural)
þūmô (singular vocative)
þūmaniz (plural vocative)
þūmanų (accusative singular)
þūmanunz (accusative plural)
þūminiz (genitive singular)
þūmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þūmini (dative singular)
þūmammaz (dative plural)
þūminē (instrumental singular)
þūmammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þūmō
Old English: þūma
Middle English: thombe
English: thumb
Scots: thoum
Yola: thoome, thoume
Old Frisian: thūma
North Frisian: tome, töme
Saterland Frisian: Tume
West Frisian: tomme, tûme
Old Saxon: thūmo
Middle Low German: dûme
German Low German: Dumen, Dume, Duum
Plautdietsch: Dumen
Old Dutch: *thūmo
Middle Dutch: dume
Dutch: duim, (archaic) dom
Afrikaans: duim
Negerhollands: tompi
→ Aukan: doin
→ Caribbean Hindustani: doi
→ Caribbean Javanese: dim
→ Indonesian: dim
→ Papiamentu: dùim, duim
→ Russian: дюйм (djujm)
Limburgish: doem, doemb
Old High German: dūmo
Middle High German: dūme
Cimbrian: daumo
German: Daumen
Luxembourgish: Daum

Old Norse: *þumi

⇒ Old Gutnish: ᚦᚢᛘᛒᛚᛁᚾᚵᛁ

Icelandic: þumi

Faroese: tummi

Norn: tum

Old Swedish: þumi
Swedish: tumme, tum

Danish: tomme

→ Icelandic: tomma

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tomme

Old Gutnish:

Gutnish: tumme

From Proto-Indo-European *tum- (“to swell, be thick”), from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”). Cognate with Latin tumor (“swelling, tumor”).


weraz

weraz (nominative singular)
werōz (nominative plural)
werōs (nominative plural)
wer (singular vocative)
werōz (plural vocative)
werōs (plural vocative)
werą (accusative singular)
weranz (accusative plural)
weras (genitive singular)
wiris (genitive singular)
werǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wirai (dative singular)
weramaz (dative plural)
werō (instrumental singular)
weramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wer
Old English: wer
English: wer
Old Frisian: wer
Old Saxon: wer
Old Dutch: *wer
Old High German: wer

Proto-Norse: ᚹᛖᚱᚨᛉ (weraʀ)

Old Norse: verr
Icelandic: ver
Faroese: ver-
Old Swedish: vær-
Swedish: vär-

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂 (wair)

From Proto-Indo-European *wiHrós, with pretonic shortening before a resonant. Compare Latin vir, Sanskrit वीर (vīrá), Irish fear, Welsh gŵr and Lithuanian vyras.


haubudą

haubudą (nominative singular)
haubudō (nominative plural)
haubudą (singular vocative)
haubudō (plural vocative)
haubudą (accusative singular)
haubudō (accusative plural)
haubudas (genitive singular)
haubudis (genitive singular)
haubudǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haubudai (dative singular)
haubudamaz (dative plural)
haubudō (instrumental singular)
haubudamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haubud

Old English: hēafod
Middle English: heed
English: head
→ Japanese: ヘッド (heddo)
Sranan Tongo: ede
Aukan: ede
Saramaccan: hédi
Geordie English: heed
Scots: heid
Yola: heade, haade, hade

Old Frisian: hāved, hāud, hāfd, hād

North Frisian: hood (Föhr-Amrum), Haur (Sylt)

Saterland Frisian: Haud

West Frisian: haad

Old High German: houbit, haupit
Middle High German: höubet, houbet, houpt
Alemannic German: Haupt
German: Haupt, Haubt, Häubt, Häupt, Heubt, Heupt
→ Plautdietsch: Haupt
Vilamovian: hiöt
Yiddish: הויפּט (hoypt)

Old Norse: haufuð

Icelandic: haufuð

desc

>? Norwegian Nynorsk: (dialectal) hauv, haue, haud

Crimean Gothic: hoef

Proto-West Germanic: *haubid (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸 (haubiþ)

Crimean Gothic: hoef

Old English: *hafud (in hafudland (“headland”)

desctree

Old Norse: hǫfuð
Icelandic: höfuð
Faroese: høvd, høvur
Norn: heved
Norwegian: hovud; (dialectal) huvud, hugud, hue, haud
→ Norwegian Bokmål: hue
Jamtish: huvu
Elfdalian: ovuð
Old Swedish: hovuþ, huwuþ, hoffuidh, hwffuit
Swedish: huvud
Old Danish: hofuþ, houæth
Scanian: huweð
Danish: hoved, hode
Norwegian Bokmål: hode, hoved-
Old Gutnish: hafuþ
Gutnish: häud, håvud
English: Howth

/ˈxɑu̯.βu.ðɑ̃/

From earlier *hafud, from Proto-Indo-European *káput. Cognate with Latin caput.
The original form in Germanic was *habudą, which has been retained in most North Germanic dialects, whereas some North Germanic dialects along with the West Germanic languages and Gothic have forms that go back to *haubudą or *haubidą. The diphthong may be due to metathesis, if one reconstructs the original paradigm nominative *hafuþ ~ genitive *habweþaz.
The same root but with an alternate ending also appears in Germanic: *habulô (e.g. Old English hafola (“head”)). The presence of initial *-a- in both *habudą and *habulô remains unexplained.


aldiz

aldiz (nominative singular)
aldīz (nominative plural)
aldi (singular vocative)
aldīz (plural vocative)
aldį (accusative singular)
aldinz (accusative plural)
aldīz (genitive singular)
aldijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aldī (dative singular)
aldimaz (dative plural)
aldī (instrumental singular)
aldimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: ǫld

Icelandic: öld

Faroese: øld

Danish: old (archaic)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃 (alds)


aldiz

Proto-West Germanic: *aldī

Old English: ælde, ielde, ylde (plural)

Old Saxon: aldi, eldi

⇒ Old Saxon: eldibarn

Lombardic: *aldi

→ Late Latin: aldius

Italian: aldio

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: ǫld
Icelandic: öld f
Faroese: øld f
Danish: old c (archaic)


strīkaną

strīkō (active first-person indicative singular)
strīkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
strīkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
strīkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
strīkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
strīk (active imperative second-person singular)
strīkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
strīkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
strīkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
strīkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
strīkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
strīkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
strīkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
strīkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
strīkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
strīkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
strīkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
strīkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
strīkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
strīkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
strīkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
strīkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
strīkid (active indicative plural second-person)
strīkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
strīkid (active imperative plural second-person)
strīkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
strīkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
strīkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
strīkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
strīkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
strīkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
strīkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
straik (active first-person indicative singular)
strikį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
straiht (active indicative second-person singular)
strikīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
straik (active indicative singular third-person)
strikī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
strikū (active dual first-person indicative)
strikīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
strikudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
strikīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
strikum (active first-person indicative plural)
strikīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
strikud (active indicative plural second-person)
strikīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
strikun (active indicative plural third-person)
strikīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
strīkandz (active participle present)
strikanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *strīkan
Old English: strīcan
Middle English: striken
Scots: strik, stryke, strike
English: strike
→ Esperanto: striko
Ido: striko
→ German: streiken, Streik
Old Frisian: strīka
Saterland Frisian: strieke
Old Saxon: strīkan
Middle Low German: strîken
Low German: strieken
Old Dutch: *strīcan
Middle Dutch: striken
Dutch: strijken
Limburgish: strieke
→ Middle French: estriquer
French: étriquer
Old High German: strīhhan
Middle High German: strīchen
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: streiche
Luxembourgish: sträichen
German: streichen
Rhine Franconian: streiche, streische, striche, stroiche, stroische

⇒ Old Norse: strýkva, strýkja

Icelandic: strýkva, strýkja

Faroese: strúka

From Proto-Indo-European *streyg- (“to stroke, rub, press”). Compare also *streukaną.


kannijaną

kannijō (active first-person indicative singular)
kannijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kannijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kannīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kannijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kannī (active imperative second-person singular)
kannijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kannijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kannīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kannijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kannijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kannijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kannijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kannijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kannijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kannijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kannijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kannijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kannijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kannijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kannijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kannijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kannīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kannijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kannīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kannijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kannijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kannijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kannijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kannijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kannijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kannijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kannidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kannidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kannidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kannidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kannidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kannidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kannidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kannidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kannidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kannidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kannidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kannidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kannidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kannidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kannidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kannidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kannijandz (active participle present)
kannidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kannijan
Old English: cennan
Middle English: kennen, kenin
English: ken
Scots: ken
Yola: ee-kent (ppl.)
Old Frisian: kenna
West Frisian: kenne
Old Saxon: *kennian
Low German: kennen
Old Dutch: kennen
Middle Dutch: kennen
Dutch: kennen
Afrikaans: ken
Negerhollands: ken
Limburgish: kènne, kinne
Old High German: *kennen
Middle High German: kennen
Alemannic German: kenne
Bavarian: kenna
Cimbrian: khennen, khénnan (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: kennen
Central Franconian: kenne
German: kennen
Luxembourgish: kennen
Pennsylvania German: kenne
Vilamovian: kenna
Yiddish: קענען (kenen)

Old Norse: kenna
Icelandic: kenna
Faroese: kenna
Norn: kenna
Norwegian Nynorsk: kjenna
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kjenne
Elfdalian: kenna
Old Swedish: kænna
Swedish: känna
Old Danish: kænnæ
Danish: kende
Scanian: kænða
Gutnish: känne

Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (kannjan)


sahsą

sahsą (nominative singular)
sahsō (nominative plural)
sahsą (singular vocative)
sahsō (plural vocative)
sahsą (accusative singular)
sahsō (accusative plural)
sahsas (genitive singular)
sahsis (genitive singular)
sahsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sahsai (dative singular)
sahsamaz (dative plural)
sahsō (instrumental singular)
sahsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sahs
Old English: seax, sex — West Saxon; syx, sex
Middle English: sax, sexe, sex, sæx, seax
English: sax; zax
Scots: saks; sax (verb) (through confluence with Norse form)
→ English: seax (learned)
Old Frisian: sax
North Frisian: sax
Saterland Frisian: Soaks
Old Saxon: sahs
Middle Low German: sax, sachs, sass
Old Dutch: *sas
Middle Dutch: sas
Old High German: sahs
Middle High German: sahs
German: Sachs

Old Norse: sax

Icelandic: sax

Faroese: saksur

Norwegian: saks

Old Swedish: sax f

Swedish: sax (probably originally the plural form)
→ Finnish: sakset pl, saksi sg

Danish: saks (dial. saus)

Scanian: sağs

→ Scots: sax, saks, saxie, saksi

From Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”).


widuwǭ

widuwǭ (nominative singular)
widuwōniz (nominative plural)
widuwǭ (singular vocative)
widuwōniz (plural vocative)
widuwōnų (accusative singular)
widuwōnunz (accusative plural)
widuwōniz (genitive singular)
widuwōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
widuwōni (dative singular)
widuwōmaz (dative plural)
widuwōnē (instrumental singular)
widuwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *widuwā
Old English: widuwe, widua — Northumbrian; wuduwe — West Saxon; widewe, wyduwe, weoduwe, weodewe, wydewe
Middle English: widwe
English: widow
Scots: weedae, wedow, widdow
Old Frisian: widwe, wedwe
Saterland Frisian: Wiede- (in Wiedewieuw, Wiedekäärel)
West Frisian: widdo
Old Saxon: widuwa, widowa
Middle Low German: wedewe, weduwe, wedue
Plautdietsch: Wät- (in Wätfru)
Old Dutch: widowa
Middle Dutch: weduwe, wedewe
Dutch: weduwe, (archaic) weeuw
Afrikaans: weduwee
Negerhollands: weduwe
→ Caribbean Hindustani: widhwá
Old High German: wituwa, witawa
Middle High German: witewe
Cimbrian: bittaba
German: Witwe
Luxembourgish: Wit- (in Witfra, Witmann)
Vilamovian: wytwa

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍅𐍉 (widuwō)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁widʰéwh₂ (“widow”).


wullō

wullō (nominative singular)
wullôz (nominative plural)
wullō (singular vocative)
wullôz (plural vocative)
wullǭ (accusative singular)
wullōz (accusative plural)
wullōz (genitive singular)
wullǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wullōi (dative singular)
wullōmaz (dative plural)
wullō (instrumental singular)
wullōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wullu
Old English: wull
Middle English: wulle, woule, wolle
Scots: woll, wol, wow, wo, oull, owll, owl, oo
English: wool
Old Frisian: wulle, wolle, ulle, ul
Saterland Frisian: Wulle
West Frisian: wolle, wol
Old Saxon: wulla
Middle Low German: wulle
German Low German: Wulle, Wull
Low German: Wulle
Old Dutch: *wulla, *wolla
Middle Dutch: wolle
Dutch: wol
Afrikaans: wol
→ Indonesian: wol
Old High German: wolla
Middle High German: wolle
Cimbrian: bòlla
German: Wolle
Hunsrik: Woll
Luxembourgish: Woll
Pennsylvania German: Woll
Vilamovian: wuuł
Yiddish: וואָל (vol)

Old Norse: ull

Icelandic: ull

Faroese: ull

Norwegian Bokmål: ull

Norwegian Nynorsk: ull

Old Swedish: ul, ull

Swedish: ull

Danish: uld

Gothic: 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌰 (wulla)

→ Proto-Samic: *ullō (see there for further descendants)


rīkiją

rīkiją (nominative singular)
rīkijō (nominative plural)
rīkiją (singular vocative)
rīkijō (plural vocative)
rīkiją (accusative singular)
rīkijō (accusative plural)
rīkijas (genitive singular)
rīkīs (genitive singular)
rīkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rīkijai (dative singular)
rīkijamaz (dative plural)
rīkijō (instrumental singular)
rīkijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rīkī
Old English: rīce
Middle English: riche, ryche; rik, rike, ryk (Northern); rice (Early Middle English)
Old Frisian: rīke
Saterland Frisian: Riek
West Frisian: ryk
Old Saxon: rīki
Middle Low German: rîch, ricke, rijke, rîk, rîke
Low German: riek
Plautdietsch: Rikj
Old Dutch: rīki
Middle Dutch: rike
Dutch: rijk
Afrikaans: ryk
Old High German: rīhhi
Middle High German: riche
Bavarian: Reich
German: Reich
→ English: Reich
→ Polish: Reich
→ Russian: рейх (rejx)
Luxembourgish: Räich
→ Polish: rzesza
→ Czech: říše
→ Slovak: ríša

Old Norse: ríki
Icelandic: ríki
Faroese: ríki
Norwegian Nynorsk: rike
Norwegian Bokmål: rike
Old Swedish: rīke
Swedish: rike
Danish: rige
→ Middle English: rike
English: rike
Scots: rik

Gothic: 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹 (reiki)

→ Estonian: riik (borrowing) (from (Old) Swedish or (Middle) Low German)

From Proto-Celtic *rīgyom, whence also Old Irish ríge.


wurmiz

wurmiz (nominative singular)
wurmīz (nominative plural)
wurmi (singular vocative)
wurmīz (plural vocative)
wurmį (accusative singular)
wurminz (accusative plural)
wurmīz (genitive singular)
wurmijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wurmī (dative singular)
wurmimaz (dative plural)
wurmī (instrumental singular)
wurmimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wurmi
Old English: wyrm
Middle English: worm, werm, wirm, wurm, wyrm, wyrme, wrim, worme
English: worm
Scots: worm, wirm
→ English: wyrm
Old Frisian: worm, werm, wirm
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: wörem
Saterland Frisian: Wurm, Wúurm
West Frisian: wjirm
Old Saxon: wurm
Middle Low German: worm
Low German:
German Low German: Worm
Plautdietsch: Worm
Old Dutch: wurm, worm
Middle Dutch: worm
Dutch: worm, wurm
Afrikaans: wurm
Berbice Creole Dutch: worum
Negerhollands: worm, wurum
Limburgish: worm
Old High German: wurm
Middle High German: wurm
Alemannic German: Wüüre
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: bórm, burm
Mòcheno: burm
Hunsrik: Worrem
German: Wurm
Luxembourgish: Wuerm
Vilamovian: wüm
Yiddish: וואָרעם (vorem)
→ Old French: gourme, gorme
French: gourme
→ Spanish: gurma

Old Norse: ormr
Icelandic: ormur
Faroese: ormur
Norn: orm (“vermin; shoal of fish”)
Norwegian: orm
Elfdalian: uorm
Old Swedish: ormber
Swedish: orm
Danish: orm
Gutnish: årm, årrm

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌼𐍃 (waurms)

From Proto-Indo-European *wr̥mis. Cognate with Latin vermis, Ancient Greek ῥόμος (rhómos), Lithuanian var̃mas (“bug, fly”), Old Prussian wormyan (“red”), Old East Slavic *вьрмиѥ (*vĭrmije) (whence Ukrainian вермяний (vermjanyj, “red”)). The meaning red developed from a colour that one gains by a scale insect.