bazōną

bazō (active first-person indicative singular)
bazǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bazōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
bazōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
bazōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bazō (active imperative second-person singular)
bazōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bazōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bazōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bazō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bazōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bazōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bazōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bazōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bazōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bazōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bazōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bazōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bazōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bazōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bazōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bazōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bazōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bazōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bazōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bazōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bazōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bazōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bazōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bazōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bazōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bazōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bazōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bazōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bazōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bazōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bazōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
bazōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bazōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bazōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bazōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bazōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bazōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bazōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bazōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bazōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bazōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bazōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bazōndz (active participle present)
bazōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *baʀōn
Old English: barian
Middle English: baren
Scots: bare
English: bare
Old Frisian: baria
West Frisian: bere
Old Saxon: barōn
Middle Low German: baren
Old Dutch: baron
Middle Dutch: baren
Dutch: baren
Old High German: barōn
Middle High German: baren, barn
Swabian: bären

Old Norse: bera; (Eastern dialect) *bara

Icelandic: bera

Old Swedish: bara

⇒ Old Norse: opinbera

Icelandic: opinbera


bazaz

*bazaz (a-stem)

bazaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
bazai (masculine nominative plural strong)
bazō (feminine nominative singular strong)
bazôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
bazą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
bazō (neuter nominative plural strong)
bazanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
bazanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
bazǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
bazōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
bazą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
bazō (accusative neuter plural strong)
bazas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
bazaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
bazaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
bazaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
bazas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
bazaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
bazammai (dative masculine singular strong)
bazaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
bazaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
bazaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
bazammai (dative neuter singular strong)
bazaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
bazanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
bazaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
bazaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
bazaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
bazanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
bazaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
bazô (masculine nominative singular weak)
bazaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
bazǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
bazōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
bazô (neuter nominative singular weak)
bazōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
bazanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
bazanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
bazōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
bazōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
bazô (accusative neuter singular weak)
bazōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
baziniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
bazanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
bazōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
bazōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
baziniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
bazanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
bazini (dative masculine singular weak)
bazammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
bazōni (dative feminine singular weak)
bazōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
bazini (dative neuter singular weak)
bazammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
bazinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
bazammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
bazōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
bazōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
bazinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
bazammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *baʀ
Old English: bær
Middle English: bare, bar, baar, bayre, bere, beare
English: bare
Scots: bare, bair
Yola: baar, baare
Old Frisian: ber
Saterland Frisian: boar
West Frisian: baar
Old Saxon: bar
Middle Low German: bâr
German Low German: baar
Old Dutch: *bar
Middle Dutch: bāer
Dutch: bar
Dutch: baar
Old High German: bar
Middle High German: bar
German: bar, baar
Yiddish: פּאַרעוו (parev)
→ English: parev, pareve
→ Old French: baraigne, baraing
Middle French: brehaigne
French: bréhaigne
→ Middle English: barain, barein
English: barren

Old Norse: berr (western), *baʀʀ (eastern)

Icelandic: ber

Faroese: berur

Norn: bjar

Norwegian: berr, bar

Old Swedish: bar

Swedish: bar

Danish: bar

Gutnish: bär, bärar


klajjô

klajjô (nominative singular)
klajjaniz (nominative plural)
klajjô (singular vocative)
klajjaniz (plural vocative)
klajjanų (accusative singular)
klajjanunz (accusative plural)
klajjiniz (genitive singular)
klajjanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klajjini (dative singular)
klajjammaz (dative plural)
klajjinē (instrumental singular)
klajjammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: kleggi

Icelandic: kleggi

Faroese: kleggi

Norwegian: kli (dialectal)

Danish: klæg, kleg

→ Scots: cleg, (clag), kleg

→ English: cleg; (clag?)

From Proto-Indo-European *gley- (“to glue, stick together”).


alinabugô

alinabugô (nominative singular)
alinabuganiz (nominative plural)
alinabugô (singular vocative)
alinabuganiz (plural vocative)
alinabuganų (accusative singular)
alinabuganunz (accusative plural)
alinabuginiz (genitive singular)
alinabuganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
alinabugini (dative singular)
alinabugammaz (dative plural)
alinabuginē (instrumental singular)
alinabugammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: elnboga, elboga
Middle English: *elboghe, *elboȝe, elbowe
English: elbow
Scots: elbuck (earlier elbok)
Yola: helbough, helboge

Old Frisian: *elboga

Saterland Frisian: Älbooge

Old Saxon: *elinbogo

Middle Low German: ellebōge

German Low German: Ellebage

Plautdietsch: Alboagen

Old Dutch: *elinbogo

Middle Dutch: ellenbōge, ellenbōghe

Dutch: elleboog, ellenboog
Afrikaans: elmboog
→ Papiamentu: èlebog, èlembog, elleboog

Old High German: elinbogo
Middle High German: elenboge
German: Ellenboge, Ellbogen, Ellenbogen
Luxembourgish: Ielebou
Vilamovian: ełböga
Yiddish: עלנבויגן (elnboygn)

Old Norse: ǫlnbogi, alnbogi, albogi, ǫlbogi
Icelandic: olnbogi, olbogi
Faroese: albogi, albógvi
Norwegian:
Bokmål: albue
Norwegian Nynorsk: olboge
Old Swedish: *alnboghi, alboghi
Swedish: almboge, armbåge
Old Danish: almboghæ
Danish: albue, almbue, armbue
Gutnish: albuge, armbuge
Elfdalian: abugi
Scanian: alnbuğe

From *alinō (“ell, ulna, forearm”) + *bugô (“bend, bow”).


klakōną

klakō (active first-person indicative singular)
klakǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klakōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
klakōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
klakōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klakō (active imperative second-person singular)
klakōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
klakōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
klakōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
klakō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klakōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
klakōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
klakōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
klakōs (active dual first-person indicative)
klakōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klakōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klakōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klakōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
klakōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
klakōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klakōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
klakōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
klakōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
klakōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klakōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
klakōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
klakōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
klakōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
klakōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klakōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
klakōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
klakōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
klakōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
klakōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klakōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
klakōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klakōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
klakōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klakōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
klakōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klakōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klakōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klakōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
klakōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klakōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
klakōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klakōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
klakōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klakōndz (active participle present)
klakōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *clacian

desc

Middle English: claken, clakken, clacken

Scots: clake, claik

English: clack

Old Saxon: *klakōn

Middle Low German: klacken

Low German: klakken

Old Dutch: *klakon

Middle Dutch: klacken

Dutch: klakken

→ Old French: clacquer, claquer

Middle French: claquer

French: claquer

Old High German: klahhazzen, klahhezzen, klachazzen, klachezzen

Old Norse: klaka

Icelandic: klaka

Norwegian: klakka

From Proto-Indo-European *glag- (“to make a noise, chatter, chirp”), from Proto-Indo-European *gal- (“to roop, scream, shout”).


nēhwagabūrô

nēhwagabūrô (nominative singular)
nēhwagabūraniz (nominative plural)
nēhwagabūrô (singular vocative)
nēhwagabūraniz (plural vocative)
nēhwagabūranų (accusative singular)
nēhwagabūranunz (accusative plural)
nēhwagabūriniz (genitive singular)
nēhwagabūranǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nēhwagabūrini (dative singular)
nēhwagabūrammaz (dative plural)
nēhwagabūrinē (instrumental singular)
nēhwagabūrammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *nāhwagabūrō

desctree

Old English: nēahġebūr
Middle English: neyghebour, neghboer, neghbour, neghebore, neghebur, neȝbore, neȝborwe, neȝebur, neȝȝebour, neȝhbor, nehebour, neighbore, neighbour, neighebor, neighebour, neiȝbor, neiȝbour, neiȝebor, neiȝebour, neihebur, neihȝebor, neybour, neyburwe, neyebore, neyghborn, neyghbour, neyghbur, neyȝbour, neyȝbure, neypur, nye-bore; neghtburgh, neghtebur, neȝtboure (influenced by nyght); neahȝebur, neahhebur, nehgebur, nehhebur (Early Middle English)
English: neighbour, neighbor
Scots: neibour, nebour, neebour, nichbour, nechbour, neichbour
Yola: nypore, nipore

Old Frisian: *nābūr

North Frisian: näiber

Saterland Frisian: Noaber

Old Saxon: *nāgibūr, nāhbūr, nābūr

desc

Middle Low German: nabûr, nabuwer, nahber, nâber

Low German: Nahwer, Naber, Nabur, Nabber, Nahber, Naober; nåber (New Saxon Spelling)

→ Finnish: naapuri (or directly from Old Swedish)

→ Estonian: naaber

→ Old Swedish: nabor

→ Ingrian: naapuri (or directly from Middle Low German)

→ Votic: naapuri (or directly from Middle Low German)

Old Dutch: *nāgibūr, *nābūr

Middle Dutch: nāgebuur, nāghebuur, nābuer, nābuur

Dutch: nagebuur, nabuur

Old High German: nāhgibūro; nāhgibūr

Middle High German: nāchgebūre; nāchgebūr

Alemannic German: Naachpuur, Nochbär, Nochber

Bavarian: Nochbar, Nåchbår

German: Nachbar, Nachbauer, Nachgebaur

Central Franconian: Nohber

Luxembourgish: Noper

Pennsylvania German: Nochber

desctree

Old Norse: nábúi
Icelandic: nábúi
Faroese: nábúgvi
Old Swedish: nābōe, nābō
Swedish: nabo
Danish: nabo
→ Norwegian Bokmål: nabo
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: nabo
→ Scottish Gaelic: nàbaidh

/ˈnɛː.xʷɑ.ɣɑ.ˌbuː.rɔːː/

From *nēhwaz (“nigh, close by”) + *gabūrô (“dweller”) (see *būraz).


skiftijaną

skiftijō (active first-person indicative singular)
skiftijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skiftijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skiftīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skiftijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skiftī (active imperative second-person singular)
skiftijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skiftijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skiftīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skiftijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skiftijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skiftijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skiftijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skiftijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skiftijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skiftijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skiftijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skiftijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skiftijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skiftijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skiftijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skiftijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skiftīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skiftijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skiftīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skiftijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skiftijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skiftijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skiftijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skiftijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skiftijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skiftijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skiftidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skiftidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skiftidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skiftidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skiftidē (active indicative singular third-person)
skiftidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skiftidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skiftidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skiftidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skiftidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skiftidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skiftidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skiftidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skiftidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skiftidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skiftidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skiftijandz (active participle present)
skiftidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skiftijan

desc

Old English: sċiftan, *sċieftan, sċyftan

Middle English: schiften

Scots: schift, shift

English: shift

→ Vietnamese: quần chíp

Old Frisian: skifta, skiffa

⇒ Saterland Frisian: skiftje

West Frisian: skifte, skiftsje

Old Saxon: *skiftian

Middle Low German: schiften, schichten

German Low German: schichten

→ Middle High German: schihten (northern)

German: schichten

→ Luxembourgish: schichten

Old Dutch: *skiften

Middle Dutch: sciften, scichten, schiften, schiffen, schichten

Dutch: schiften

Old High German: *skiften

>? Middle High German: schiften

Old Norse: skipta

Icelandic: skipta, skifta

Norwegian: skifte

Old Swedish: skipta

Swedish: skifta

Danish: skifte

→ Scots: skift

From earlier *skiptijaną, from yet earlier *skipatjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *skeyb- (“to separate, divide, part”), from Proto-Indo-European *skēy- (“to cut, divide, separate, part”) + *-atjaną.


stummaz

*stummaz (a-stem)

stummaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
stummai (masculine nominative plural strong)
stummō (feminine nominative singular strong)
stummôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
stummą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
stummō (neuter nominative plural strong)
stummanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
stummanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
stummǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
stummōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
stummą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
stummō (accusative neuter plural strong)
stummas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
stummaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
stummaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
stummaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
stummas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
stummaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
stummammai (dative masculine singular strong)
stummaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
stummaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
stummaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
stummammai (dative neuter singular strong)
stummaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
stummanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
stummaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
stummaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
stummaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
stummanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
stummaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
stummô (masculine nominative singular weak)
stummaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
stummǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
stummōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
stummô (neuter nominative singular weak)
stummōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
stummanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
stummanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
stummōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
stummōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
stummô (accusative neuter singular weak)
stummōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
stumminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
stummanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
stummōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
stummōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
stumminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
stummanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
stummini (dative masculine singular weak)
stummammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
stummōni (dative feminine singular weak)
stummōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
stummini (dative neuter singular weak)
stummammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
stumminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
stummammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
stummōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
stummōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
stumminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
stummammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stumm
Old Frisian: stumm, stum
North Frisian: stomm, stamm
Saterland Frisian: stum
West Frisian: stom
Old Saxon: stumm, stum
Middle Low German: stum
Low German: stumm
Plautdietsch: stomm
→ Swedish: stum
Old Dutch: *stumm
Middle Dutch: stomm, stom
Dutch: stom
Berbice Creole Dutch: stom
Negerhollands: stom
→ English: stum, stoom
→ Papiamentu: stom (dated)
West Flemish: stum
Old High German: stumm, stumb, stum
Middle High German: stum
German: stumm
Luxembourgish: stomm
Yiddish: שטום (shtum)
→ English: shtum

From Pre-Germanic *stm̥Hnós, from Proto-Indo-European *stemH- (“to push, inhibit, stutter, stammer”).


starkuz

starkuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
starkijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
starkī (feminine nominative singular strong)
starkijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
starkų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
starkijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
starkijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
starkijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
starkijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
starkijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
starkų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
starkijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
starkijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
starkīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
starkijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
starkijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
starkijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
starkijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
starkīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
starkijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
starkijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
starkijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
starkijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
starkijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
starkijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
starkijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
starkijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
starkijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
starkijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
starkijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
starkijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
starkijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
starkijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
starkijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
starkijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
starkijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
starkijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
starkijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
starkijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
starkijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
starkijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
starkijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
starkijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
starkijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
starkīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
starkijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
starkijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
starkijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
starkīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
starkijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
starkīni (dative masculine singular weak)
starkijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
starkijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
starkijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
starkīni (dative neuter singular weak)
starkijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
starkīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
starkijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
starkijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
starkijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
starkīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
starkijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stark
Old English: starc, stearc, *stierc
Middle English: stark, sterk
Scots: stark, sterk
English: stark
Old Frisian: sterk, stark, steric
Saterland Frisian: stäärk
West Frisian: sterk
Old Saxon: stark, *sterk
Middle Low German: stark, sterk
Low German: sterk
Plautdietsch: stoakj
Old Dutch: stark, *sterk
Middle Dutch: starc, sterc
Dutch: sterk
Afrikaans: sterk
Limburgish: stèrk
Old High German: starah, starch, starc, stark
Middle High German: starc
German: stark
Luxembourgish: staark
Yiddish: שטאַרק (shtark)

Old Norse: starkr, sterkr

Icelandic: sterkur

Faroese: sterkur

Norn: stark

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: sterk

Norwegian Nynorsk: sterk

Old Swedish: starker

Swedish: stark

Danish: stærk

Elfdalian: stark

Gutnish: starkar, starkur

An o-grade adjective derived from the strong verb *sterkaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sterg- (“rigid, stiff”).


skaþjaną

skaþjō (active first-person indicative singular)
skaþjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skaþjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skaþisi (active indicative second-person singular)
skaþjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skaþi (active imperative second-person singular)
skaþjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skaþjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skaþiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skaþjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skaþjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skaþjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skaþjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skaþjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skaþjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skaþjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skaþjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skaþjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skaþjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skaþjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skaþjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skaþjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skaþiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skaþjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skaþiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skaþjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skaþjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skaþjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skaþjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skaþjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skaþjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skaþjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skōd (active first-person indicative singular)
skōdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skōst (active indicative second-person singular)
skōdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skōd (active indicative singular third-person)
skōdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skōdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skōdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skōdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skōdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skōdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skōdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skōdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skōdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skōdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skōdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skaþjandz (active participle present)
skadanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skaþþjan
Old English: sċeþþan, sċieþþan
Middle English: sceþþen

Old Norse: skeðja

Icelandic: skeðja

⇒ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: skade

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: skade, ska (short form); skada (long form with a or cleft infinitive)

⇒ Swedish: oskadd (“unscathed”)

⇒ Danish: uskadt (“unscathed”)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (skaþjan)

From Pre-Germanic *skh₁tH-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)keh₁t- (“damage, harm”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀσκηθής (askēthḗs, “intact, safe, sound”, literally “without damage”).


wlakwaz

*wlakwaz (a-stem)

wlakwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wlakwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wlakwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wlakwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wlakwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wlakwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wlakwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wlakwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wlakwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wlakwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wlakwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wlakwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wlakwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wlakwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wlakwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wlakwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wlakwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wlakwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wlakwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wlakwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wlakwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wlakwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wlakwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wlakwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wlakwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wlakwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wlakwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wlakwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wlakwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wlakwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wlakwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wlakwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wlakwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wlakwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wlakwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wlakwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wlakwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wlakwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wlakwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wlakwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wlakwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wlakwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wlakwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wlakwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wlakwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wlakwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wlakwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wlakwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wlakwini (dative masculine singular weak)
wlakwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wlakwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wlakwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wlakwini (dative neuter singular weak)
wlakwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wlakwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wlakwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wlakwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wlakwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wlakwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wlakwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wlaku
Old English: wlacu, wlæc
Middle English: wlak, wlach
Early Scots: *wlach, *walch, *walgh
Scots: wallachie, wauch
Old Saxon: *wlak
Middle Low German: wlak, wlack

From Proto-Indo-European *welg- (“moist, wet”).


hliwjaz

*hliwjaz (ja-stem)

hliwjaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hliwjai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hliwjō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hliwjôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hliwją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hliwjō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hliwjanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hliwjanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hliwjǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hliwjōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hliwją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hliwjō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hliwjas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hliwjaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hliwjaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hliwjaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hliwjas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hliwjaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hliwjammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hliwjaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hliwjaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hliwjaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hliwjammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hliwjaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hliwjanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hliwjaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hliwjaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hliwjaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hliwjanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hliwjaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hliwjô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hliwjaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hliwjǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hliwjōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hliwjô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hliwjōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hliwjanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hliwjanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hliwjōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hliwjōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hliwjô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hliwjōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hliwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hliwjanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hliwjōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hliwjōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hliwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hliwjanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hliwini (dative masculine singular weak)
hliwjammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hliwjōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hliwjōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hliwini (dative neuter singular weak)
hliwjammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hliwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hliwjammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hliwjōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hliwjōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hliwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hliwjammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *hliuwi

Old English: hlīwe, hlīewe, hlȳwe

Middle English: lewe

English: lew

Scots: lew

Old Norse: hlýr

Icelandic: hlýr

Faroese: lýggjur

Norwegian: ly

Swedish: ly

Danish: ly

Finlandic lect: lyi, ljoi

Gutnish: löir

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱal(w)e-, *ḱlēw- (“warm, hot”). Cognate with Lithuanian šiltas (“warm”), Latin calor (“warmth, heat”), Welsh clyd (“warm, cozy”).


hlēwaz

*hlēwaz (a-stem)

hlēwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hlēwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hlēwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hlēwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hlēwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hlēwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hlēwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hlēwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hlēwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hlēwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hlēwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hlēwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hlēwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hlēwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hlēwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hlēwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hlēwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hlēwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hlēwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hlēwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hlēwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hlēwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hlēwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hlēwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hlēwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hlēwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hlēwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hlēwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hlēwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hlēwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hlēwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hlēwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hlēwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hlēwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hlēwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hlēwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hlēwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hlēwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hlēwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hlēwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hlēwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hlēwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hlēwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hlēwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hlēwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hlēwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hlēwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hlēwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hlēwini (dative masculine singular weak)
hlēwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hlēwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hlēwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hlēwini (dative neuter singular weak)
hlēwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hlēwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hlēwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hlēwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hlēwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hlēwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hlēwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hlāu
Old English: hlēow
Middle English: lew, lewe
Scots: lew
English: lew
Old Frisian: *hliāw, *liāw
Saterland Frisian: ljou
West Frisian: lij
Old Saxon: *hlāo
Middle Low German: lau, lauw
German Low German: lau
Old Dutch: *lāo
Middle Dutch: lâeu, lau
Dutch: lauw
Old High German: lāo, *hlāo
Middle High German: lā (lāw-)
Alemannic German: leew
German: lau
→ Old French: [Term?], flou
Middle French: flou
French: flou
→ Middle Dutch: vlau
Dutch: flauw
→ German: flau
→ Danish: flov

desc

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*hlējaz</i>

>? Old Norse: hlær (or from *hlējaz)

Icelandic: hlær

Norwegian: læ

Danish: læ

→ Proto-Finnic: *leevä (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finnic: *lauha (see there for further descendants)

From the same root of the synonym *hliwjaz as well as possibly *hlewą (“shelter”) (but see Proto-West Germanic *hlaiw for an alternative), further uncertain:
* from Proto-Indo-European *ḱleh₁-wós, from the root *ḱelh₁- ~ *ḱleh₁- (“warm, hot”). Cognate with Lithuanian šiltas (“warm”), Latin calor (“warmth, heat”), Welsh clyd (“warm, cozy”).
* a vṛddhi derivative of *hlew- (“(to) clean, bathe?”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlewH- (“to clean”), whence also *hlūtraz. However, even allowing for the semantic gap, the unextended root is not found in Germanic.


erþōbazją

erþōbazją (nominative singular)
erþōbazjō (nominative plural)
erþōbazją (singular vocative)
erþōbazjō (plural vocative)
erþōbazją (accusative singular)
erþōbazjō (accusative plural)
erþōbazjas (genitive singular)
erþōbazis (genitive singular)
erþōbazjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
erþōbazjai (dative singular)
erþōbazjamaz (dative plural)
erþōbazjō (instrumental singular)
erþōbazjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *erþubaʀi
Old English: eorþberġe, eorþberie, eorþberiġe
Old Frisian: *irtheberie
Saterland Frisian: Äidbäie
West Frisian: ierdbei
Old Saxon: erthberi, erdberi
Middle Low German: erdbere
German Low German: Eerdbeei, Eerdjebeei, Eerkebeei
Low German: Erebeie, Eerdbeer
Plautdietsch: Ieedbäa
Old Dutch: *erdberi
Middle Dutch: erdbere
Dutch: aardbei
Afrikaans: aarbei
→ Indonesian: arbei
→ Papiamentu: artbèi
Old High German: erdberi, erdperi
Middle High German: erdbere
German: Erdbeere
Luxembourgish: Äerdbier
Mòcheno: eaper
→ English: earthberry (calque)

Old Norse: jarðber

Icelandic: jarðarber

Faroese: jarðber

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: jordber, jordbær; (dialectal) jardabær, jardbær

Swedish: jordbär (archaic)

Danish: jordbær

Norwegian Bokmål: jordbær

From *erþō (“earth”) + *bazją (“berry”).


gōdalīkaz

*gōdalīkaz (a-stem)

gōdalīkaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gōdalīkai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gōdalīkō (feminine nominative singular strong)
gōdalīkôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gōdalīką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gōdalīkō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gōdalīkanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gōdalīkanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gōdalīkǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gōdalīkōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gōdalīką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gōdalīkō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gōdalīkas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
gōdalīkaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gōdalīkaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gōdalīkaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gōdalīkas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
gōdalīkaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gōdalīkammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gōdalīkaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gōdalīkaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gōdalīkaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gōdalīkammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gōdalīkaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gōdalīkanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gōdalīkaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gōdalīkaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gōdalīkaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gōdalīkanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gōdalīkaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gōdalīkô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gōdalīkaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gōdalīkǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gōdalīkōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gōdalīkô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gōdalīkōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gōdalīkanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gōdalīkanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gōdalīkōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gōdalīkōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gōdalīkô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gōdalīkōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gōdalīkiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gōdalīkanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gōdalīkōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gōdalīkōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gōdalīkiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gōdalīkanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gōdalīkini (dative masculine singular weak)
gōdalīkammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gōdalīkōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gōdalīkōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gōdalīkini (dative neuter singular weak)
gōdalīkammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gōdalīkinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gōdalīkammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gōdalīkōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gōdalīkōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gōdalīkinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gōdalīkammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *gōdalīk

Old English: gōdlīc, gōdlīċ

Middle English: goodlich, goodly

English: goodly

Middle Scots: gudely, gudly, guidly, gudelie, guidlye, gwidlie, goodly

Scots: gudely, gudly, guidly

Old Frisian: gōdlīk

West Frisian: gulk

Old Saxon: gōdlīk

Middle Low German: gôtlîk

Low German: göödlich

Old Dutch: *guodlīk

Middle Dutch: goetlike, goedelike, goedelijc, goedelijck, goedlijc, goetlijc, goetelijc, guedelijc, guelijc, guetelijc, goelijc

Dutch: goedelijk (obsolete), goelijk

Old High German: guotlīh, kuotilīh, guollīh

Middle High German: guotlīch, güetlīch

German: gütlich

Old Norse: góðligr

Icelandic: góðlegur

⇒ Faroese: góðsligur

/ˈɣɔː.ðɑ.ˌliː.kɑz/


gadilingaz

gadilingaz (nominative singular)
gadilingōz (nominative plural)
gadilingōs (nominative plural)
gadiling (singular vocative)
gadilingōz (plural vocative)
gadilingōs (plural vocative)
gadilingą (accusative singular)
gadilinganz (accusative plural)
gadilingas (genitive singular)
gadilingis (genitive singular)
gadilingǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gadilingai (dative singular)
gadilingamaz (dative plural)
gadilingō (instrumental singular)
gadilingamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gaduling, *gadiling
Old English: gædeling, geaduling
Middle English: gadling, gedelyng, gedling
Scots: gedling
English: gadling
Old Saxon: gaduling, *gediling
Middle Low German: gadelink, gedelink, gēdelinc
Old Dutch: *gediling
Middle Dutch: gēdelinc
Old High German: gatuling, gataling, gatiling, *getiling
Middle High German: getelinc, getlinc

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (gadiliggs)

From *gadō (“joined, united”) + *-ilingaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰedʰ- (“to join, unite”).

der

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


krampô

gem-decl-noun-table

*krampô (an-stem)

krampô (nominative singular)
krampaniz (nominative plural)
krampô (singular vocative)
krampaniz (plural vocative)
krampanų (accusative singular)
krampanunz (accusative plural)
krampiniz (genitive singular)
krampanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krampini (dative singular)
krampammaz (dative plural)
krampinē (instrumental singular)
krampammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *krampō

Old Frisian: *kramp, *kromp

Saterland Frisian: Kroamp

West Frisian: kramp

Old Saxon: krampo

Middle Low German: krampe

German Low German: Kramp

→ Danish: krampe

→ Swedish: kramp

→ Finnish: kramppi

→ Norwegian: krampe

→ Icelandic: krampa

→ German: Krampe

Old Dutch: *krampa

Middle Dutch: crampe

Dutch: kramp

desc

→ Middle English: crampe, crompe (“metal bar”)

English: cramp

→ Old French: cranpe, crampe

Middle French: crampe

French: crampe

→ Middle English: crampe, craumpe (“spasm”)

Scots: cramp

English: cramp

→ Medieval Latin: crampa

→ Italian: crampo

→ Venetian: sgranfo

→ Galician: grampa

Old High German: krampfo, krampho, chrampho; chramph

Middle High German: cramph, kramph

German: Krampf

Luxembourgish: Kramp

Lombard: ranf

Gothic: 𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌼𐍀𐌰 (krampa)

→ Galician: cambra

→ Portuguese: cãibra, câimbra

→ Spanish: calambre

From Proto-Indo-European *grem- (“to bind together, unite; lap, pile, heap”), from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to unite, collect, forgather”).


swinþaz

*swinþaz (a-stem)

swinþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
swinþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
swinþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
swinþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
swinþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
swinþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
swinþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
swinþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
swinþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
swinþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
swinþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
swinþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
swinþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
swinþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
swinþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
swinþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
swinþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
swinþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
swinþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
swinþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
swinþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
swinþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
swinþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
swinþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
swinþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
swinþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
swinþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
swinþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
swinþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
swinþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
swinþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
swinþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
swinþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
swinþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
swinþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
swinþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
swinþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
swinþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
swinþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
swinþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
swinþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
swinþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
swinþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
swinþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
swinþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
swinþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
swinþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
swinþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
swinþini (dative masculine singular weak)
swinþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
swinþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
swinþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
swinþini (dative neuter singular weak)
swinþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
swinþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
swinþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
swinþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
swinþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
swinþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
swinþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swinþ
Old English: swīþ
Middle English: swith
English: swith
Scots: swith
Old Frisian: *swīth
Saterland Frisian: swied
West Frisian: swiid
Old Saxon: swīth, *swinth
Middle Low German: swît, swîde, swinde
Low German: swied, swinn
Plautdietsch: schwind
→ Polish: szwytki, świtki (“agile, quick, dashing”) (dialectal)
→ Old Ruthenian: швыдкїй (švydkij) (dialectal) (see there for further descendants)
Old Dutch: *swīth, *swinth (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: swîde, swinde
Dutch: swiet, zwiej (dialectal)
Old High German: *swind (in personal names)
Middle High German: swinde, swint
⇒ Middle High German: geswinde
Bavarian: gschwind
German: geschwind
→ Dutch: gezwind
Luxembourgish: geschwënn

Old Norse: sviðr, svinnr

Icelandic: svinnur

Faroese: svinnur

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃 (swinþs)

Uncertain; suggested to derive from Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ- (“to overpower”), whence also *segaz (“victory”), perhaps either:
* directly inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sǵʰ-wént-s ~ *sǵʰ-unt-és, whence also variant *sundaz, from *seǵʰ- + *-wénts;
* or derived from unattested noun *swin- (“strength, power”) + *-þaz, from Proto-Indo-European *séǵʰ-wr̥ ~ *sǵʰ-wén-s (“overpowering; holding”), cognate with Ancient Greek σθένος (sthénos, “strength, power”).


druknaz

*druknaz (a-stem)

druknaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
druknai (masculine nominative plural strong)
druknō (feminine nominative singular strong)
druknôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
drukną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
druknō (neuter nominative plural strong)
druknanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
druknanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
druknǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
druknōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
drukną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
druknō (accusative neuter plural strong)
druknas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
druknaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
druknaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
druknaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
druknas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
druknaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
druknammai (dative masculine singular strong)
druknaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
druknaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
druknaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
druknammai (dative neuter singular strong)
druknaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
druknanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
druknaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
druknaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
druknaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
druknanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
druknaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
druknô (masculine nominative singular weak)
druknaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
druknǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
druknōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
druknô (neuter nominative singular weak)
druknōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
druknanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
druknanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
druknōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
druknōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
druknô (accusative neuter singular weak)
druknōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
drukniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
druknanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
druknōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
druknōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
drukniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
druknanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
druknini (dative masculine singular weak)
druknammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
druknōni (dative feminine singular weak)
druknōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
druknini (dative neuter singular weak)
druknammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
drukninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
druknammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
druknōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
druknōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
drukninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
druknammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *drukn
Old High German: trukkan, truckan, trokkan
Middle High German: trucken, trocken
German: trocken
Hunsrik: drock
Luxembourgish: dréchen (merged with *drūgī)
Yiddish: טרוקן (trukn)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰerǵʰ- (“to strengthen; become hard or solid”), from *dʰer- (“to hold, hold fast, support”).


dimmaz

*dimmaz (a-stem)

dimmaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
dimmai (masculine nominative plural strong)
dimmō (feminine nominative singular strong)
dimmôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
dimmą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
dimmō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dimmanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dimmanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
dimmǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
dimmōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
dimmą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
dimmō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dimmas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
dimmaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dimmaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dimmaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dimmas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
dimmaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
dimmammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dimmaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dimmaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dimmaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
dimmammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dimmaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dimmanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dimmaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dimmaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dimmaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dimmanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dimmaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
dimmô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dimmaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
dimmǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
dimmōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
dimmô (neuter nominative singular weak)
dimmōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dimmanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dimmanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
dimmōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
dimmōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
dimmô (accusative neuter singular weak)
dimmōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
dimminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dimmanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
dimmōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
dimmōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
dimminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dimmanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
dimmini (dative masculine singular weak)
dimmammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
dimmōni (dative feminine singular weak)
dimmōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
dimmini (dative neuter singular weak)
dimmammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
dimminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
dimmammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
dimmōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
dimmōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
dimminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
dimmammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *dimm, *dimr

Old English: dimm, dim

Middle English: dim

Scots: dim

English: dim

→ Dutch: dim

Old Frisian: dimm, dim

Old Saxon: *dimm, thimm, thim

Old High German: timbar (< *dimr < *dimzaz)

Middle High German: timber

Bavarian: dumper

German: dimper

Old Norse: dimmr

Icelandic: dimmur

Faroese: dimmur

Norwegian: dimm, dim

Danish: dim

Old Swedish: dimber

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰemH- (“to whisk, smoke, blow; dust, haze, cloud; obscure”).


laiþaz

*laiþaz (a-stem)

laiþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
laiþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
laiþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
laiþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
laiþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
laiþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
laiþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
laiþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
laiþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
laiþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
laiþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
laiþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
laiþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
laiþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
laiþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
laiþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
laiþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
laiþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
laiþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
laiþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
laiþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
laiþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
laiþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
laiþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
laiþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
laiþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
laiþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
laiþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
laiþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
laiþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
laiþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
laiþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
laiþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
laiþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
laiþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
laiþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
laiþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
laiþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
laiþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
laiþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
laiþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
laiþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
laiþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
laiþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
laiþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
laiþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
laiþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
laiþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
laiþini (dative masculine singular weak)
laiþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
laiþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
laiþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
laiþini (dative neuter singular weak)
laiþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
laiþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
laiþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
laiþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
laiþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
laiþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
laiþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *laiþ
Old English: lāþ
Middle English: lath, loth, lothe
Scots: lathe, laith
English: loath
Scots: lothe, loith
Old Frisian: lēth
Saterland Frisian: läid
West Frisian: leed
Old Saxon: lēth
Middle Low German: lêt, leit
Low German:
Westphalian:
Münsterländisch: leed
Westmünsterländisch: leed
Old Dutch: lēth
Middle Dutch: lêet
Dutch: leed
Old High German: leid
Middle High German: leit
German: leid
Silesian: leed
→ Vulgar Latin: *laidum (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: leiðr
Icelandic: leiður
Faroese: leiður
Norwegian: leid, led
Old Swedish: lēþer
Swedish: led
Old Danish: lēth
Danish: led
Elfdalian: lieð
Gutnish: laidar
Scanian: leðer

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂leytos (“abhorrence, loath”), from *h₂leyt- (“to do something hateful, abhorrent”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *lissus (“abhorrence”) (compare Old Irish lius, liuss (“loathing, disgust”)), Ancient Greek ἀλιτρός (alitrós, “sinful, wicked”).


truzlą

truzlą (nominative singular)
truzlō (nominative plural)
truzlą (singular vocative)
truzlō (plural vocative)
truzlą (accusative singular)
truzlō (accusative plural)
truzlas (genitive singular)
truzlis (genitive singular)
truzlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
truzlai (dative singular)
truzlamaz (dative plural)
truzlō (instrumental singular)
truzlamiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: *trollo

Middle High German: *trolle (attested early 15th c.)

q

German: Troll, Trull, Trulle, Droll (dialectal; modern word chiefly from Norse)

⇒ German: Trulla

Old Norse: troll, trǫll

Icelandic: tröll

Faroese: trøll

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: troll; (dialectal) trøll

Norwegian Bokmål: troll

Old Swedish: trol, trul

Swedish: troll

→ French: troll, trollon

Scanian: trøll

Danish: trold

→ German: Troll (influenced by dialectal word above)

→ English: troll; trollop

→ Middle Low German: *drolle

Low German: droll

→ German: Droll

→ Middle Dutch: drolle, drol

Dutch: drol

→ Old French: drolle, draule

Middle French: drolle

French: drôle

→ English: droll

→ Dutch: trol; troel

Probably from *trudaną (“to tread, step on”) + *-ilą (agent suffix).

af

a supernatural being; demon; fiend; giant; monster


skamō

skamō (nominative singular)
skamôz (nominative plural)
skamō (singular vocative)
skamôz (plural vocative)
skamǭ (accusative singular)
skamōz (accusative plural)
skamōz (genitive singular)
skamǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skamōi (dative singular)
skamōmaz (dative plural)
skamō (instrumental singular)
skamōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skamu
Old English: sċamu, sċeamu, sċomu, sċeomu
Middle English: schame, schome
Scots: scham, schame
English: shame
Old Frisian: skame, scome, skome
Saterland Frisian: scame; (Skoomte)
(West Frisian: skamte)
Old Saxon: skama
Middle Low German: schame, scham
Low German: Schaam; (Schaamd)
Old Dutch: scama
Middle Dutch: schāme
Dutch: schaam (obsolete)
Old High German: scama
Middle High German: schame
German: Scham
Hunsrik: Schaam

Old Norse: skǫmm

Icelandic: skömm

Faroese: skomm

Norwegian Bokmål: skam

Norwegian Nynorsk: skam

Old Swedish: skam

Swedish: skam

Old Danish: skam

Danish: skam

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌰 (skama)

Uncertain, but probably from pre-Germanic *skh₃méh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃- (“dark(ness)”) + *-méh₂. Related to Proto-Germanic *skandō.

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Germanic parent language


tanhuz

tanhuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
tanhijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
tanhī (feminine nominative singular strong)
tanhijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
tanhų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
tanhijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
tanhijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
tanhijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
tanhijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
tanhijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
tanhų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
tanhijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
tanhijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
tanhīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
tanhijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
tanhijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
tanhijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
tanhijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
tanhīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
tanhijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
tanhijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
tanhijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
tanhijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
tanhijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
tanhijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
tanhijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
tanhijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
tanhijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
tanhijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
tanhijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
tanhijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
tanhijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
tanhijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
tanhijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
tanhijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
tanhijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
tanhijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
tanhijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
tanhijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
tanhijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
tanhijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
tanhijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
tanhijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
tanhijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
tanhīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
tanhijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
tanhijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
tanhijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
tanhīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
tanhijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
tanhīni (dative masculine singular weak)
tanhijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
tanhijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
tanhijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
tanhīni (dative neuter singular weak)
tanhijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
tanhīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
tanhijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
tanhijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
tanhijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
tanhīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
tanhijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *tą̄h(ī)
Old English: tōh
Middle English: toȝ, tou, towgh, tough
Scots: teuch
English: tough
→ Swedish: tuff
→ Norwegian Bokmål: tøff
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: tøff
Old Frisian: *tāi, *tēi
North Frisian: toi
Saterland Frisian: toai
West Frisian: taai
Old Saxon: *tāh, *tāhi
Middle Low German: tā, taie, tēge, teie
Low German: taa, taë, tage, taag
German Low German: taai
Old Dutch: *tāi
Middle Dutch: tâie, tây, tâey
Dutch: taai
Old High German: zāh, zāhi
Middle High German: zāch, zǣhe, zǣh, zǣch
German: zähe, zäh
Bavarian: zach (pronounced [tsaːx])
Luxembourgish: zéi

From Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”).

holding together; clinging; sticky; tenacious; tough


smiþjǭ

smiþjǭ (nominative singular)
smiþjōniz (nominative plural)
smiþjǭ (singular vocative)
smiþjōniz (plural vocative)
smiþjōnų (accusative singular)
smiþjōnunz (accusative plural)
smiþjōniz (genitive singular)
smiþjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smiþjōni (dative singular)
smiþjōmaz (dative plural)
smiþjōnē (instrumental singular)
smiþjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: smiþþe

Middle English: smythe

English: smithe (obsolete)

Old Frisian: smithe, smitte

Old Dutch: *smiththa

Middle Dutch: smisse, smitse

Dutch: smidse

desc

Old High German: smiththa, smidda, smitta

German: Schmiede

Luxembourgish: Schmëdd

Old Norse: smiðja

Icelandic: smiðja

Faroese: smiðja

Norwegian Nynorsk: smia, smie, smidja, smidje, smidju

Norwegian Bokmål: smie

Old Swedish: smiþia

Swedish: smedja

Danish: smedje

→ Middle English: smythy

English: smithy

Scots: smiddy, smiddie


smiþōną

smiþō (active first-person indicative singular)
smiþǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smiþōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
smiþōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
smiþōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smiþō (active imperative second-person singular)
smiþōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
smiþōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
smiþōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
smiþō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smiþōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
smiþōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
smiþōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
smiþōs (active dual first-person indicative)
smiþōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smiþōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smiþōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smiþōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
smiþōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
smiþōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smiþōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
smiþōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
smiþōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
smiþōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smiþōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
smiþōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
smiþōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
smiþōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
smiþōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smiþōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
smiþōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
smiþōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
smiþōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
smiþōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smiþōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
smiþōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smiþōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
smiþōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smiþōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
smiþōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smiþōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smiþōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smiþōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
smiþōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smiþōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
smiþōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smiþōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
smiþōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smiþōndz (active participle present)
smiþōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *smiþōn
Old English: smiþian
Middle English: smythen
English: smith
Old Saxon: smithōn
Middle Low German: smēden
Old Dutch: smithon
Middle Dutch: smēden
Dutch: smeden
Limburgish: smeide, smieëde
Old High German: smidōn
German: schmieden
Luxembourgish: schmidden

Gothic: *𐍃𐌼𐌹𐌸𐍉𐌽 (*smiþōn) (attested in 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌼𐌹𐌸𐍉𐌽 (gasmiþōn))

Old Norse: smíða
Faroese: smíða
Icelandic: smíða
Norwegian Bokmål: smi
Norwegian Nynorsk: smi, smida, smide
Swedish: smida
Danish: smede


skautaz

skautaz (nominative singular)
skautōz (nominative plural)
skautōs (nominative plural)
skaut (singular vocative)
skautōz (plural vocative)
skautōs (plural vocative)
skautą (accusative singular)
skautanz (accusative plural)
skautas (genitive singular)
skautis (genitive singular)
skautǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skautai (dative singular)
skautamaz (dative plural)
skautō (instrumental singular)
skautamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċēat; sċēata; *sċīete, *sċȳte, *sċīte, sċēte

Middle English: scheat; schete

Scots: schete, scheit, sheat, sheet

English: sheet

→ Swazi: lishidi

Old Frisian: scāt, skāt, schāt

North Frisian: skut

Saterland Frisian: Skoote

West Frisian: skoat

Old Saxon: *skōt

Middle Low German: schôt; schôte

German Low German: Schoot

→ German: Schot

→ Swedish: skot

Old Dutch: *skōt; skōta (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: scoot, schoot

Dutch: schoot

Old High German: scōzo, scōz, *scōza, scozza
Middle High German: schoz, schōze
German: Schoß
Luxembourgish: Schouss
Yiddish: שויס (shoys)

Old Norse: skaut

Icelandic: skaut

Norwegian: skot, skaut

Old Swedish: skø̄t

Swedish: sköt, sköte

Danish: skød; skøde

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍄𐍃 (skauts), 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍄 (skaut) (?)

→ Proto-Slavic: *skutъ

Serbo-Croatian: skȗt/ску̑т

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewd- (“to throw, shoot, pursue, rush”), whence *skeutaną (“to shoot”); cognate with Proto-Slavic *kỳdati (“to fling”), Sanskrit चोदति (códati, “to impel”). The semantic development would be “to shoot out” > “to jut out” > “projection, edge”.

der

the corner of a piece of cloth or garment: lap, flap, fold

(nautical) a line from the foot of a sail


kribjǭ

kribjǭ (nominative singular)
kribjōniz (nominative plural)
kribjǭ (singular vocative)
kribjōniz (plural vocative)
kribjōnų (accusative singular)
kribjōnunz (accusative plural)
kribjōniz (genitive singular)
kribjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kribjōni (dative singular)
kribjōmaz (dative plural)
kribjōnē (instrumental singular)
kribjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kribbjā, *krippjā

Old English: cribb, crybb, crib, cryb

Middle English: cribbe, crib

English: crib

Scots: crib, cryb

Old Frisian: kribbe

Saterland Frisian: Kräbbe, Krääb, Krääf

West Frisian: krêbe

Old Saxon: kribbia

Middle Low German: kribbe, krübbe

German Low German: Krübbe, Krübb

Low German: kribbe, krubbe

→ German: Kribbe

Old Dutch: kribba

Middle Dutch: cribbe

Dutch: krib

→ Latin: *creppea, *creppia (via Frankish)

⇒ Late Latin: cripia (see there for further descendants)

desc

Old High German: crippea, crippa, kribba, krippa; chripfa, krippha, kripfa, kripha

Middle High German: krippe; kripfe

Central Franconian: Krepp

Hunsrik: Kripp

Luxembourgish: Krëpp

German: Krippe

Rhine Franconian: Kripp

Frankfurterisch: IPA [kʀip]

South Franconian: Kripf

Old Norse: krubba

Danish: krybbe

Faroese: krubba

Icelandic: krubba

Norwegian: krybbe

Swedish: krubba

From *krebô, from Proto-Indo-European *grebʰ-, *gerbʰ- (“bunch, bundle, tuft, clump”), from *ger- (“to turn, twist”).

a wickerwork; crate; wooden trough; manger


skīdą

skīdą (nominative singular)
skīdō (nominative plural)
skīdą (singular vocative)
skīdō (plural vocative)
skīdą (accusative singular)
skīdō (accusative plural)
skīdas (genitive singular)
skīdis (genitive singular)
skīdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skīdai (dative singular)
skīdamaz (dative plural)
skīdō (instrumental singular)
skīdamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skīd
Old English: sċīd
Middle English: schyd, chyde, scheyde, schide, schudde, schyde, schyyd, shide, shyde, syde, szhide; sid, scid (Early Middle English)
English: shide (obsolete)
Middle Scots: schide, schyde
Old Frisian: skīd
North Frisian: skeid
Old Saxon: *skīd
Middle Low German: schît
Old Dutch: *skīd
Middle Dutch: *schijt
Dutch: schijd (East Flemish)
→ French: skęt, hète; skète, équette
Old High German: skīt
Middle High German: schīt
German: Scheit
Luxembourgish: Schäit, Scheet

Old Norse: skíð
Icelandic: skíð
Faroese: skíð
Norwegian: skid, ski (see there for further descendants)
→ Danish: ski
Norwegian Bokmål: ski
Old Swedish: skīdh n; skīþa f
Swedish: skid; skida
→ Middle English: *skid
English: skid, skeed

From Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to split”).


swerkaną

swerkō (active first-person indicative singular)
swerkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swerkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swirkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swerkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swerk (active imperative second-person singular)
swerkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swerkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swirkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swerkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swerkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
swerkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swerkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swerkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swerkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swerkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swerkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swerkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swerkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swerkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swerkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swerkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swirkid (active indicative plural second-person)
swerkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swirkid (active imperative plural second-person)
swerkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swerkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swerkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swerkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swerkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swerkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swerkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swark (active first-person indicative singular)
swurkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swarht (active indicative second-person singular)
swurkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swark (active indicative singular third-person)
swurkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swurkū (active dual first-person indicative)
swurkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swurkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swurkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swurkum (active first-person indicative plural)
swurkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swurkud (active indicative plural second-person)
swurkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swurkun (active indicative plural third-person)
swurkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swerkandz (active participle present)
swurkanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *swerkan
Old English: sweorcan
Middle English: *swerken, swærken; swurken (ppl)
Old Frisian: swerka
Old Saxon: swerkan
Middle Low German: swerken
Low German: swerken, schwerken
Old Dutch: *swerkan
Middle Dutch: swerken
Old High German: swerchan


lasiwaz

*lasiwaz (a-stem)

lasiwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
lasiwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
lasiwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
lasiwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
lasiwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
lasiwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
lasiwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
lasiwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
lasiwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
lasiwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
lasiwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
lasiwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
lasiwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
lasiwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
lasiwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
lasiwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
lasiwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
lasiwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
lasiwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
lasiwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
lasiwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
lasiwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
lasiwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
lasiwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
lasiwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
lasiwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
lasiwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
lasiwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
lasiwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
lasiwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
lasiwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
lasiwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
lasiwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
lasiwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
lasiwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
lasiwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
lasiwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
lasiwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
lasiwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
lasiwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
lasiwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
lasiwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
lasiwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
lasiwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
lasiwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
lasiwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
lasiwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
lasiwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
lasiwini (dative masculine singular weak)
lasiwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
lasiwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
lasiwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
lasiwini (dative neuter singular weak)
lasiwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
lasiwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
lasiwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
lasiwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
lasiwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
lasiwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
lasiwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: lesu, *liesu, lysu; lyswen, lyssen

Old High German: *leso; *leswēn, *irleswēn

Middle High German: erleswen

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌹𐍅𐍃 (lasiws)

From Proto-Indo-European *leh₁s- (“limp, weak”).


raupijaną

raupijō (active first-person indicative singular)
raupijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raupijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
raupīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
raupijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raupī (active imperative second-person singular)
raupijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
raupijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
raupīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
raupijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raupijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
raupijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
raupijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
raupijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
raupijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raupijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raupijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raupijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
raupijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
raupijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raupijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
raupijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
raupīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
raupijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raupīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
raupijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
raupijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
raupijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
raupijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raupijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
raupijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
raupijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raupidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
raupidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raupidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
raupidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raupidē (active indicative singular third-person)
raupidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raupidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
raupidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raupidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raupidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raupidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
raupidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raupidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
raupidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raupidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
raupidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raupijandz (active participle present)
raupidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *raupijan
Old English: rīepan, rȳpan (“to rip, tear; pillage, plunder”)
Middle English: ripen, rupen, rippen, rypen
Old Saxon: *rōpian
Middle Low German: rôpen
German Low German: röpen
Old Dutch: *roupen, *rōpen
Middle Dutch: ropen
Dutch: ropen (dialectal)
Old High German: roufen, rouffen
Middle High German: roufen, röufen, reufen
German: raufen

Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (raupjan, “to pluck, rip”)
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: roupa
Galician: roupa
Portuguese: roupa
→ Spanish: ropa

From the same Proto-Indo-European root as *reufaną (“to tear, rip, pluck”).


kīmô

kīmô (nominative singular)
kīmaniz (nominative plural)
kīmô (singular vocative)
kīmaniz (plural vocative)
kīmanų (accusative singular)
kīmanunz (accusative plural)
kīminiz (genitive singular)
kīmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kīmini (dative singular)
kīmammaz (dative plural)
kīminē (instrumental singular)
kīmammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kīmō; *kīm

Old Saxon: kīmo

Middle Low German: kîme, kîne

German Low German: Kiem, Kien

→ Middle Dutch: kieme

Dutch: kiem

→ West Frisian: kym, kjim

→ Saterland Frisian: Kien

Old Dutch: kīmo

Middle Dutch: kyme

Old High German: kīmo

Middle High German: kīme

German: Keim

Luxembourgish: Kéng

From Proto-Indo-European *ģiH-mon-, related to *kī- (“to split open, germinate, sprout”). More at *kīnaną.


swīkwaną

swīkwō (active first-person indicative singular)
swīkwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swīkwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swīkwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swīkwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swīkw (active imperative second-person singular)
swīkwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swīkwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swīkwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swīkwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swīkwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
swīkwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swīkwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swīkwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swīkwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swīkwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swīkwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swīkwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swīkwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swīkwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swīkwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swīkwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swīkwid (active indicative plural second-person)
swīkwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swīkwid (active imperative plural second-person)
swīkwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swīkwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swīkwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swīkwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swīkwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swīkwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swīkwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swaikw (active first-person indicative singular)
swikwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swaiht (active indicative second-person singular)
swikwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swaikw (active indicative singular third-person)
swikwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swikwū (active dual first-person indicative)
swikwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swikwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swikwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swikwum (active first-person indicative plural)
swikwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swikwud (active indicative plural second-person)
swikwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swikwun (active indicative plural third-person)
swikwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swīkwandz (active participle present)
swikwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *swīkwan
Old English: swīcan
Middle English: swiken
Scots: swike, swyk
English: swike
Old Frisian: swīka
Old Saxon: swīkan
Middle Low German: swīken
Old Dutch: *swīcan
Middle Dutch: swiken
Dutch: zwijken
Limburgish: zwieke
Old High German: swīhhan, swīchan
Middle High German: swīchen

Old Norse: svíkja, svíkva; sýkva
Icelandic: svíkja
Faroese: svíkja
Norwegian Nynorsk: svika, svike
Old Swedish: svīkia
Swedish: svika
Danish: svige

From Proto-Indo-European *sweyg- (“to turn, move around, wander, swing”).

der

to move out of the way; dodge; swerve; avoid; shun


limpaną

limpō (active first-person indicative singular)
limpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
limpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
limpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
limpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
limp (active imperative second-person singular)
limpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
limpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
limpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
limpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
limpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
limpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
limpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
limpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
limpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
limpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
limpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
limpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
limpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
limpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
limpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
limpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
limpid (active indicative plural second-person)
limpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
limpid (active imperative plural second-person)
limpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
limpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
limpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
limpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
limpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
limpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
limpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lamp (active first-person indicative singular)
lumpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lamft (active indicative second-person singular)
lumpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lamp (active indicative singular third-person)
lumpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lumpū (active dual first-person indicative)
lumpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lumpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lumpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lumpum (active first-person indicative plural)
lumpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lumpud (active indicative plural second-person)
lumpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lumpun (active indicative plural third-person)
lumpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
limpandz (active participle present)
lumpanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *limpan
Old English: limpan
Middle English: lympen, limpen
Scots: limp
English: limp
Old Frisian: limpa
Old Saxon: limpan
Middle Low German: limpen
Low German: limpen, gelimpen
Old High German: limpfan, limphan
Middle High German: limpfen, limfen

Old Norse: limpa

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)lembʰ- (“to hang limply”).


winnaną

winnō (active first-person indicative singular)
winnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
winnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
winnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
winnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
winn (active imperative second-person singular)
winnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
winnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
winnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
winnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
winnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
winnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
winnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
winnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
winnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
winnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
winnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
winnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
winnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
winnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
winnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
winnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
winnid (active indicative plural second-person)
winnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
winnid (active imperative plural second-person)
winnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
winnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
winnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
winnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
winnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
winnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
winnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wann (active first-person indicative singular)
wunnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wannt (active indicative second-person singular)
wunnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wann (active indicative singular third-person)
wunnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wunnū (active dual first-person indicative)
wunnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wunnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wunnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wunnum (active first-person indicative plural)
wunnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wunnud (active indicative plural second-person)
wunnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wunnun (active indicative plural third-person)
wunnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
winnandz (active participle present)
wunnanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *winnan
Old English: winnan
Middle English: winnen
English: win
Scots: win
Old Frisian: winna
Saterland Frisian: winne
West Frisian: winne
Old Saxon: winnan
Middle Low German: winnen
Low German: winnen
Old Dutch: winnan
Middle Dutch: winnen
Dutch: winnen
Afrikaans: wen
Berbice Creole Dutch: won
Negerhollands: win, wind
→ Sranan Tongo: wini
→ Caribbean Javanese: wini
→ Kari'na: winimary
Limburgish: winne
Old High German: winnan
Middle High German: winnen

Old Norse: vinna
Icelandic: vinna
Faroese: vinna
Norwegian: vinne
Old Swedish: vinna
Swedish: vinna; vinne (dialectal)
Old Danish: winnæ
Danish: vinde

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (winnan)

From Proto-Indo-European *wen-. But see Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁-.


kerbaną

kerbō (active first-person indicative singular)
kerbaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kerbai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kirbizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kerbaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kerb (active imperative second-person singular)
kerbazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kerbaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kirbidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kerbai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kerbadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kerbadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kerbaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kerbōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kerbaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kerbadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kerbaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kerbadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kerbamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kerbaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kerbandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kerbaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kirbid (active indicative plural second-person)
kerbaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kirbid (active imperative plural second-person)
kerbandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kerbaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kerbandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kerbain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kerbandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kerbandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kerbaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
karb (active first-person indicative singular)
kurbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
karft (active indicative second-person singular)
kurbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
karb (active indicative singular third-person)
kurbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kurbū (active dual first-person indicative)
kurbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kurbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kurbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kurbum (active first-person indicative plural)
kurbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kurbud (active indicative plural second-person)
kurbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kurbun (active indicative plural third-person)
kurbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kerbandz (active participle present)
kurbanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kerban
Old English: ceorfan
Middle English: cherven
Middle English: kerven, carve, carven, cerven, karven, kerve, kirven, kyrvyn; ceorfan, ceorfæn, keorven (Early Middle English)
English: carve
Scots: cairve, kerve, kerf, carf
Old Frisian: kerva
North Frisian: karve
Saterland Frisian: käärwje
West Frisian: kerve
Old Saxon: kervan
Middle Low German: kerven, karven
Low German: karven
→ Danish: karve
→ Swedish: karva
→ Norwegian: karve
Old Dutch: *kervan
Middle Dutch: kerven
Dutch: kerven
Old High German: kerban
Middle High German: kërben
Alemannic German: chërbe, kërbe
German: kerben
East Franconian: kerwe
Vilamovian: karwa
Yiddish: קאַרבן (karbn)
→ Polish: karbować

From Proto-Indo-European *gerbʰ- (“to scratch”).


bandiz

bandiz (nominative singular)
bandīz (nominative plural)
bandi (singular vocative)
bandīz (plural vocative)
bandį (accusative singular)
bandinz (accusative plural)
bandīz (genitive singular)
bandijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bandī (dative singular)
bandimaz (dative plural)
bandī (instrumental singular)
bandimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bænd, bend

desctree

Middle English: band, bande, bend; bond, boond, bonde, bound
English: band, bend, bond
Scots: band, bend

Old Frisian: bende

Saterland Frisian: Bend

Old Saxon: bendi

Frankish: *bend

Old Dutch: bende

→ Vulgar Latin: *benda

Italian: benda

Old French: bende, bande

Middle French: bande

French: bande
→ Portuguese: banda
→ Turkish: bant

→ Middle English: bande

English: band

→ Middle Dutch: bende

Dutch: bende

→ Galician: banda

Occitan: benda

West Iberian

Old Galician-Portuguese: venda

Portuguese: venda

Galician: venda

Spanish: venda

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to tie; bond, band”).