biganganą

bigangō (active first-person indicative singular)
bigangaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bigangai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bigangizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bigangaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bigang (active imperative second-person singular)
bigangazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bigangaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bigangidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bigangai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bigangadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bigangadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bigangaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bigangōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bigangaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bigangadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bigangaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bigangadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bigangamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bigangaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bigangandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bigangaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bigangid (active indicative plural second-person)
bigangaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bigangid (active imperative plural second-person)
bigangandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bigangaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bigangandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bigangain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bigangandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bigangandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bigangaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bigegang (active first-person indicative singular)
bigegangį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bigeganht (active indicative second-person singular)
bigegangīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bigegang (active indicative singular third-person)
bigegangī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bigegangū (active dual first-person indicative)
bigegangīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bigegangudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bigegangīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bigegangum (active first-person indicative plural)
bigegangīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bigegangud (active indicative plural second-person)
bigegangīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bigegangun (active indicative plural third-person)
bigegangīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bigangandz (active participle present)
biganganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: begangan, begongan

⇒ Old English: begangnes, begengnes

desc

⇒ Old English: beganga, bigengea, bigenga

Middle English: beȝenga, beȝeng

Old Frisian: bigunga

Saterland Frisian: begunge

Old Frisian: bigangnisse, bigongnisse

Old Saxon: bigangan

⇒ Old Saxon: bigangandelīk, bigangandilīk

⇒ Middle Low German: begangnisse, begencnisse

Old Dutch: *bigangan

⇒ Middle Dutch: begangen, begengen, begingen

⇒ Middle Dutch: begangenisse

Dutch: begangenis

Old High German: bigangan

Middle High German: begangen

⇒ German: begangen

⇒ Middle High German: begancnisse, begencnisse

German: Begängnis

/biˈɣɑŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃/

to come across; find; get; procure; acquire


Gunþiharjaz

Gunþiharjaz (nominative singular)
Gunþiharją (accusative singular)
Gunþiharjai (dative singular)
Gunþiharjō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Gunþihari

Old Dutch: *Guntheri (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: Guntheer

German: Gunther

→ English: Gunter

desctree

Old Norse: Gunnarr
Icelandic: Gunnar
Faroese: Gunnar
Norwegian: Gunna(r), Gon(n)ar, Gunnår
Old Swedish: Gunnar
Swedish: Gunnar
Danish: Gunder, → Gunnar
→ Faroese: Gundur
→ Norwegian: Gunder, Gunner
→ Estonian: Gunnar, Kunnar

Suevic or Gothic:

→ Late Latin: Gundiarius

Galician: Gontar, Gonxar, Gonzar (place names)

From *gunþiz (“battle”) + *harjaz (“warrior”).


swarduz

swarduz (nominative singular)
swardiwiz (nominative plural)
swardu (singular vocative)
swardiwiz (plural vocative)
swardų (accusative singular)
swardunz (accusative plural)
swardauz (genitive singular)
swardiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swardiwi (dative singular)
swardumaz (dative plural)
swardū (instrumental singular)
swardumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sweard
Middle English: sward
Scots: swaird
English: sward

Old Dutch: *swarda

Middle Dutch: swaerde

Dutch: zwoerd

Old High German: *swarta

Middle High German: swarte

German: Schwarte

Old Norse: svǫrðr
Icelandic: svörður
Faroese: svørður
Norwegian Nynorsk: svord, svor
Norwegian Bokmål: svor
Swedish: svål
Danish: svær

Of unknown origin. Often the only cognate compared is Latvian šērve (“pigskin, thick skin”) and a possible reconstruction Proto-Balto-Slavic *sverdvē, though the Latvian term itself could have been borrowed through Germanic from German Low German Schörwe.


lamsaz

lamsaz (nominative singular)
lamsōz (nominative plural)
lamsōs (nominative plural)
lams (singular vocative)
lamsōz (plural vocative)
lamsōs (plural vocative)
lamsą (accusative singular)
lamsanz (accusative plural)
lamsas (genitive singular)
lamsis (genitive singular)
lamsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lamsai (dative singular)
lamsamaz (dative plural)
lamsō (instrumental singular)
lamsamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: láss m
Icelandic: lás m
Faroese: lás n
Norwegian Nynorsk: lås m or n
Old Swedish: las m or n
Swedish: lås n
Elfdalian: lǫs n
Danish: lås c
Norwegian Bokmål: lås m or n (neuter through dialectal Norwegian)

Uncertain. Kroonen rejects comparisons to Latin lamina (“thin sheet of metal”) on semantic grounds.


lukilaz

lukilaz (nominative singular)
lukilōz (nominative plural)
lukilōs (nominative plural)
lukil (singular vocative)
lukilōz (plural vocative)
lukilōs (plural vocative)
lukilą (accusative singular)
lukilanz (accusative plural)
lukilas (genitive singular)
lukilis (genitive singular)
lukilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lukilai (dative singular)
lukilamaz (dative plural)
lukilō (instrumental singular)
lukilamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: lykill
Icelandic: lykill m
Faroese: lykil m
Norwegian Nynorsk: lykel m
Old Swedish: lykel
Swedish: (dialectal) lyckel c, likul
Old Danish: lykæl
Danish: (Jutlandic) løgel c, løgle
⇒ Old Norse: nykill

From *lūkaną (“to lock”) + *-ilaz (agent/instrument suffix).


preunaz

preunaz (nominative singular)
preunōz (nominative plural)
preunōs (nominative plural)
preun (singular vocative)
preunōz (plural vocative)
preunōs (plural vocative)
preuną (accusative singular)
preunanz (accusative plural)
preunas (genitive singular)
priunis (genitive singular)
preunǫ̂ (genitive plural)
priunai (dative singular)
preunamaz (dative plural)
preunō (instrumental singular)
preunamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: prēon

Middle English: pren

English: preen

⇒ English: pirn

Scots: preen

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German:

Low German: Preem

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: priem

Dutch: priem

Old High German:

Middle High German: pfrieme

German: Pfriem

Old Norse: prjónn

Icelandic: prjónn

Faroese: prónur

⇒ Norwegian Bokmål: pjone

⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: pjone, pjona

Danish: pryne

Possibly from earlier *preuhmô, genitive *preuhnaz, from *bréuk-mō, *bréuk-(m)n-os, from Proto-Indo-European *brewk-, related to Bulgarian бръсна (brǎsna, “to shave”), Lithuanian brukti (“to prod”).
Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *brewn-, related to Lithuanian briaunà (“edge”), Albanian brez (“belt, girdle”).


hreubaz

hreubaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hriubai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hreubō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hreubôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hreubą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hreubō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hreubanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hreubanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hreubǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hreubōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hreubą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hreubō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hreubas (genitive masculine singular strong)
hriubis (genitive masculine singular strong)
hriubaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hriubaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hriubaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hreubas (genitive neuter singular strong)
hriubis (genitive neuter singular strong)
hriubaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hreubammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hriubaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hriubaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hriubaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hreubammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hriubaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hreubanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hriubaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hriubaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hriubaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hreubanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hriubaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hreubô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hreubaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hreubǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hreubōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hreubô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hreubōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hreubanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hreubanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hreubōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hreubōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hreubô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hreubōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hriubiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hreubanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hreubōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hreubōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hriubiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hreubanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hriubini (dative masculine singular weak)
hreubammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hreubōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hreubōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hriubini (dative neuter singular weak)
hreubammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hriubinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hreubammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hreubōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hreubōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hriubinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hreubammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hreub
Old English: hrēof
Middle English: ref
English: reef
Scots: reif
Old High German: hriob, riob

Old Norse: hrjúfr

Icelandic: hrjúfur

From Proto-Indo-European *krewp-o-s, from *krewp- (“scab, crust”).


hwannō

hwannō (nominative singular)
hwannôz (nominative plural)
hwannō (singular vocative)
hwannôz (plural vocative)
hwannǭ (accusative singular)
hwannōz (accusative plural)
hwannōz (genitive singular)
hwannǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwannōi (dative singular)
hwannōmaz (dative plural)
hwannō (instrumental singular)
hwannōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: hvǫnn
Danish: kvan c, kvanne c
Faroese: hvonn f
Icelandic: hvönn f
Norwegian (Nynorsk): kvann f, kvanne f or m
Swedish: kvanne c, kvann c (in dialects also kvanna f)
→ Greenlandic: kuaneq

→ Proto-Samic:

Lule Sami: faddnu

Northern Sami: faddnu


laskwaz

laskwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
laskwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
laskwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
laskwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
laskwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
laskwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
laskwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
laskwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
laskwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
laskwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
laskwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
laskwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
laskwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
laskwis (genitive masculine singular strong)
laskwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
laskwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
laskwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
laskwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
laskwis (genitive neuter singular strong)
laskwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
laskwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
laskwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
laskwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
laskwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
laskwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
laskwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
laskwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
laskwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
laskwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
laskwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
laskwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
laskwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
laskwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
laskwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
laskwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
laskwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
laskwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
laskwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
laskwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
laskwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
laskwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
laskwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
laskwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
laskwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
laskwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
laskwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
laskwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
laskwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
laskwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
laskwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
laskwini (dative masculine singular weak)
laskwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
laskwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
laskwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
laskwini (dative neuter singular weak)
laskwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
laskwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
laskwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
laskwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
laskwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
laskwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
laskwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *laskw, *lasku

Old English: *lesċ, *lysċ (< Proto-West Germanic *lasku, < Proto-Germanic *laskuz)

Middle English: lusch

English: lush

Old Saxon: *lask

Middle Low German: lasch, las

Low German: lasch

→ German: lasch

Old Dutch: *lask

Middle Dutch: lasc, lasch

Dutch: las

Old Norse: lǫskr, laskr

Icelandic: löskur

Jamtish: lǫsk

→ Middle English: *lusk

English: lusk

Uncertain. Possibly from earlier *latskwaz, from *lataz (“slow, late”), from Proto-Indo-European *leh₁d- (“to let, leave”).


hahtuz

hahtuz (nominative singular)
hahtiwiz (nominative plural)
hahtu (singular vocative)
hahtiwiz (plural vocative)
hahtų (accusative singular)
hahtunz (accusative plural)
hahtauz (genitive singular)
hahtiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hahtiwi (dative singular)
hahtumaz (dative plural)
hahtū (instrumental singular)
hahtumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: háttr
Icelandic: háttur m
Faroese: háttur m
Norn: hot
Norwegian Nynorsk: hått m

Unknown; possibly dissimilated from earlier *hwahtuz, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷóḱ-tu-s, from *kʷeḱ- (“to see, appear”), perhaps cognate with Old Irish cucht (“external appearance; colour”), Tocharian B kektseñe (“body”). Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *kóḱ-tu-s, from *ḱek- (“to be able, capable”), whence also *hagaz (“skilled, abled”).


þruhtuz

þruhtuz (nominative singular)
þruhtiwiz (nominative plural)
þruhtu (singular vocative)
þruhtiwiz (plural vocative)
þruhtų (accusative singular)
þruhtunz (accusative plural)
þruhtauz (genitive singular)
þruhtiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þruhtiwi (dative singular)
þruhtumaz (dative plural)
þruhtū (instrumental singular)
þruhtumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: þroht

⇒ Old English: þrehtiġ

Old Saxon: *thruht, *thrūth (in personal names and placenames)

⇒ Old Saxon: Thrudbertus

⇒ Old Saxon: Thruthburg

Old Norse: þróttr

Icelandic: þróttur

⇒ Icelandic: íþrótt

⇒ Old Swedish: īþrǣt

From Proto-Indo-European *treg- (“firm, fast”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)terg- (“to be stiff; rigid”).


þullaz

þullaz (nominative singular)
þullōz (nominative plural)
þullōs (nominative plural)
þull (singular vocative)
þullōz (plural vocative)
þullōs (plural vocative)
þullą (accusative singular)
þullanz (accusative plural)
þullas (genitive singular)
þullis (genitive singular)
þullǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þullai (dative singular)
þullamaz (dative plural)
þullō (instrumental singular)
þullamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þoll
Old English: þol, þoll
Middle English: thole
English: thole
→ Irish: dola
Old Frisian: tholl
Old Saxon: *tholl
Middle Low German: dulle, dolle
Low German: Doll, Dull
→ German: Dolle
Old Dutch: *tholl
Middle Dutch: dolle
Dutch: dol
→ Old French: *toll
⇒ Old French: *tollet
Middle French: tollet
 French: tolet (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: þollr

Icelandic: þollur

Danish: toll

Swedish: tull

Norwegian: toll

Unknown. Comparisons to Ancient Greek τύλος (túlos, “callus; knot; knob; trenail”), τύλη (túlē, “callus; hump; pad, cushion”), Proto-Slavic *tylъ, Lithuanian tulis (“axle nail”) are prone to coincidence. Looking particularly on Sanskrit तूल (tūla, “tuft of grass or reeds”) to which those words are put one would like to see a relation with German Tolle, Dolle (“tuft of hair”) and the related Dolde (“corymb”) understanding English rowlock as not from lock (“closing implement”) but lock (“tuft of hair”) but this is likewise easily coincidental.


sinīgaz

*sinīgaz (a-stem)

sinīgaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sinīgai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sinīgō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sinīgôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sinīgą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sinīgō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sinīganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sinīganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sinīgǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sinīgōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sinīgą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sinīgō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sinīgas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sinīgaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sinīgaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sinīgaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sinīgas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sinīgaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sinīgammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sinīgaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sinīgaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sinīgaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sinīgammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sinīgaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sinīganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sinīgaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sinīgaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sinīgaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sinīganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sinīgaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sinīgô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sinīganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sinīgǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sinīgōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sinīgô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sinīgōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sinīganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sinīganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sinīgōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sinīgōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sinīgô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sinīgōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sinīginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sinīganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sinīgōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sinīgōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sinīginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sinīganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sinīgini (dative masculine singular weak)
sinīgammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sinīgōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sinīgōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sinīgini (dative neuter singular weak)
sinīgammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sinīginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sinīgammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sinīgōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sinīgōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sinīginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sinīgammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 (sineigs)

From Proto-Indo-European *senikos (“old”) equivalent to *senaz (“old”) + *-īgaz (“forms adjectives from nouns”). Cognates include Ancient Greek ἕνος (hénos), Sanskrit सन (sána), Old Armenian հին (hin) and Latin senex.


senaz

*senaz (a-stem)

senaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
senai (masculine nominative plural strong)
senō (feminine nominative singular strong)
senôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
seną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
senō (neuter nominative plural strong)
senanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
senanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
senǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
senōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
seną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
senō (accusative neuter plural strong)
senas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
senaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
senaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
senaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
senas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
senaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
senammai (dative masculine singular strong)
senaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
senaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
senaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
senammai (dative neuter singular strong)
senaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
senanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
senaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
senaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
senaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
senanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
senaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
senô (masculine nominative singular weak)
senaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
senǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
senōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
senô (neuter nominative singular weak)
senōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
senanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
senanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
senōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
senōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
senô (accusative neuter singular weak)
senōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
seniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
senanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
senōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
senōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
seniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
senanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
senini (dative masculine singular weak)
senammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
senōni (dative feminine singular weak)
senōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
senini (dative neuter singular weak)
senammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
seninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
senammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
senōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
senōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
seninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
senammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

From Proto-Indo-European *sénos (“old”). Cognates include Ancient Greek ἕνος (hénos), Sanskrit सन (sána), Old Armenian հին (hin) and Latin senex.


spraidijaną

spraidijō (active first-person indicative singular)
spraidijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spraidijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
spraidīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
spraidijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spraidī (active imperative second-person singular)
spraidijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
spraidijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
spraidīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
spraidijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spraidijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
spraidijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
spraidijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
spraidijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
spraidijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spraidijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spraidijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spraidijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
spraidijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
spraidijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spraidijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
spraidijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
spraidīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
spraidijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spraidīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
spraidijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
spraidijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
spraidijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
spraidijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spraidijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
spraidijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
spraidijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
spraididǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
spraididēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spraididēz (active indicative second-person singular)
spraididēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spraididē (active indicative singular third-person)
spraididēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spraididēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
spraididēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spraididēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spraididēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spraididēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
spraididēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spraididēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
spraididēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spraididēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
spraididēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spraidijandz (active participle present)
spraididaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *spraidijan
Old English: sprǣdan
Middle English: spreden
English: spread
Scots: spreid
Old Frisian: *sprēda
North Frisian: spriedjen
Saterland Frisian: spreede
West Frisian: spriede
Old Saxon: *sprēdian
Middle Low German: sprêden)
Low German: spreden
→ Norwegian: spre, spreia
Old Dutch: *spreiden, *sprēden
Middle Dutch: spreiden, sprêden
Dutch: spreiden
Old High German: spreiten
Middle High German: spreiten
Alemannic German: spräite
German: spreiten

Swedish: sprida

→? Irish: spréigh

From *sprīþaną (“to break up”) + *-janą. Cognate with Latin spernō, spargō, Ancient Greek σπείρω (speírō), Persian سپردن (sepordan, “to deposit”).


bigerdaną

bigerdō (active first-person indicative singular)
bigerdaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bigerdai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bigirdizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bigerdaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bigerd (active imperative second-person singular)
bigerdazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bigerdaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bigirdidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bigerdai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bigerdadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bigerdadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bigerdaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bigerdōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bigerdaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bigerdadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bigerdaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bigerdadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bigerdamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bigerdaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bigerdandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bigerdaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bigirdid (active indicative plural second-person)
bigerdaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bigirdid (active imperative plural second-person)
bigerdandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bigerdaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bigerdandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bigerdain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bigerdandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bigerdandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bigerdaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bigard (active first-person indicative singular)
bigurdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bigarst (active indicative second-person singular)
bigurdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bigard (active indicative singular third-person)
bigurdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bigurdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bigurdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bigurdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bigurdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bigurdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bigurdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bigurdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bigurdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bigurdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bigurdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bigerdandz (active participle present)
bigurdanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: begyrdan, begirdan
Middle English: bigirden, begirden
English: begird

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌽 (bigairdan)


mimraz

*mimraz (a-stem)

mimraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
mimrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
mimrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
mimrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
mimrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
mimrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
mimranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
mimranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
mimrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
mimrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
mimrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
mimrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
mimras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
mimraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
mimraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
mimraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
mimras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
mimraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
mimrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
mimraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
mimraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
mimraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
mimrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
mimraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
mimranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
mimraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
mimraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
mimraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
mimranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
mimraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
mimrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
mimraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
mimrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
mimrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
mimrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
mimrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
mimranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
mimranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
mimrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
mimrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
mimrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
mimrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
mimriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
mimranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
mimrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
mimrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
mimriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
mimranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
mimrini (dative masculine singular weak)
mimrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
mimrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
mimrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
mimrini (dative neuter singular weak)
mimrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
mimrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
mimrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
mimrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
mimrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
mimrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
mimrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *mimr

Old English: mimor

⇒ Old English: ġemimor

Old Norse: Mímir (Norse god of Memory)


bauknōną

bauknō (active first-person indicative singular)
bauknǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bauknōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
bauknōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
bauknōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bauknō (active imperative second-person singular)
bauknōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bauknōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bauknōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bauknō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bauknōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bauknōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bauknōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bauknōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bauknōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bauknōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bauknōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bauknōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bauknōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bauknōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bauknōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bauknōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bauknōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bauknōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bauknōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bauknōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bauknōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bauknōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bauknōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bauknōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bauknōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bauknōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bauknōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bauknōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bauknōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bauknōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bauknōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
bauknōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bauknōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bauknōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bauknōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bauknōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bauknōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bauknōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bauknōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bauknōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bauknōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bauknōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bauknōndz (active participle present)
bauknōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bauknōn
Old English: bēacnian, bēcnian, bīcnian, bȳcnian
Middle English: bekenen, beckenen, bekenyn, beknen, beknyn, becnen; bæcnien, becnien, beknien (Early Middle English); beccyn, bekyn, bekken, bikken (reanalysed)
English: beckon; beck
Middle Scots: bekin
Old Frisian: *bākenia
West Frisian: beakenje
→ Dutch: bakenen

Old Norse: bákna

Faroese: bákna

Icelandic: bákna


-jô

gem-decl-noun-table

*-jô (an-stem)

-jô (nominative singular)
-janiz (nominative plural)
-jô (singular vocative)
-janiz (plural vocative)
-janų (accusative singular)
-janunz (accusative plural)
-iniz (genitive singular)
-janǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ini (dative singular)
-jammaz (dative plural)
-inē (instrumental singular)
-jammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-jō
Old English: -a
Old Frisian: -a
Old Saxon: -io
Old Dutch: -o
Old High German: -o, -eo

Old Norse: -i

Old Swedish: -e

Gothic: -𐌾𐌰 (-ja)

-er. Forms agent nouns, often from the zero-grade form of the base.


-dōmaz

-dōmaz (nominative singular)
-dōmōz (nominative plural)
-dōmōs (nominative plural)
-dōm (singular vocative)
-dōmōz (plural vocative)
-dōmōs (plural vocative)
-dōmą (accusative singular)
-dōmanz (accusative plural)
-dōmas (genitive singular)
-dōmis (genitive singular)
-dōmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-dōmai (dative singular)
-dōmamaz (dative plural)
-dōmō (instrumental singular)
-dōmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-dōm
Old English: -dōm
Middle English: -dom, -dam, -dame, -dome, -don, -doom, -dum
English: -dom
Scots: -dom
Old Frisian: -dōm
North Frisian: -dom
Saterland Frisian: -dum
West Frisian: -domme
Old Saxon: -dōm
Middle Low German: -dôm
Low German: -dom
Old Dutch: -duom
Middle Dutch: -dom
Dutch: -dom
Old High German: -tuom
Middle High German: -tuom
German: -tum
Yiddish: ־טום (-tum)

Old Norse: -dómr
Icelandic: -dómur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: -dømme
Norwegian Nynorsk: -døme
Old Swedish: -dōmber
Swedish: -dom, -döme
Danish: -dom, -dømme

Forms nouns denoting the condition or state of the suffixed word.

Forms nouns denoting the domain or jurisdiction of the suffixed word.


aizāną

aizō (active first-person indicative singular)
aizaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
aizai (active imperative second-person singular)
aizāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
aizaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
aizāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
aizāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
aizōs (active dual first-person indicative)
aizāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aizāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
aizāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
aizānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
aizaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
aizaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
aizānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
aizānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
aizānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
aizānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
aizadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
aizadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aizadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
aizadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aizadē (active indicative singular third-person)
aizadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aizadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
aizadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aizadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aizadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aizadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
aizadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aizadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
aizadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aizadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
aizadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aizāndz (active participle present)
aizadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *aiʀēn
Old English: ārian
Middle English: oren, aren; arenn (Ormulum)
Old Frisian: āria, ēria
Saterland Frisian: eere
West Frisian: eare
Old Saxon: ērōn
Middle Low German: êren
German Low German: ehren
Old Dutch: ēron
Middle Dutch: ēren
Dutch: eren
Limburgish: ieëre
Old High German: ērēn
Middle High German: ēren
German: ehren

Old Norse: eira

Icelandic: eira

Faroese: eira

From *aizō (“reverence, honour”) + *-āną.


anabūsniz

anabūsniz (nominative singular)
anabūsnīz (nominative plural)
anabūsni (singular vocative)
anabūsnīz (plural vocative)
anabūsnį (accusative singular)
anabūsninz (accusative plural)
anabūsnīz (genitive singular)
anabūsnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
anabūsnī (dative singular)
anabūsnimaz (dative plural)
anabūsnī (instrumental singular)
anabūsnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: ambusan

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌿𐍃𐌽𐍃 (anabūsns)


-itją

-itją (nominative singular)
-itjō (nominative plural)
-itją (singular vocative)
-itjō (plural vocative)
-itją (accusative singular)
-itjō (accusative plural)
-itjas (genitive singular)
-itis (genitive singular)
-itjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-itjai (dative singular)
-itjamaz (dative plural)
-itjō (instrumental singular)
-itjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-iti

Old English: -ett, -et (genitive -ettes)

Old Saxon: *-iti

Middle Low German: -te

Old Dutch: *-iti

Middle Dutch: -te

Dutch: ge- -te, -te

Old High German: -izzi

Middle High German: -ze

German: -ze

Suffix denoting the action of verbs ending in *-itjaną, used similarly as Modern English -age, -ation, -isation, -ism.


-itjaną

-itjō (active first-person indicative singular)
-itjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-itjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
-itisi (active indicative second-person singular)
-itjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-iti (active imperative second-person singular)
-itjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
-itjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-itiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
-itjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-itjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
-itjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
-itjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-itjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
-itjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-itjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-itjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-itjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
-itjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
-itjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-itjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
-itjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
-itiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
-itjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-itiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
-itjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
-itjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-itjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
-itjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-itjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
-itjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
-itjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-istǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
-istēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-istēz (active indicative second-person singular)
-istēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-istē (active indicative singular third-person)
-istēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-istēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
-istēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-istēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-istēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-istēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
-istēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-istēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
-istēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-istēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
-istēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-itjandz (active participle present)
-itidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *-ittjan

i

merged with descendant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*-atjaną</i>

Old English: -ettan (merged with descendant of *-atjaną)

Old Saxon: *-itian, -itōn

Old High German: -izzen

Gothic: *-𐌹𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*-itjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *-dyé- (verbal suffix). Cognate with Ancient Greek -άζω (-ázō).

der

Creates verbs from nouns and adjectives, similar to -ise.

Creates intensive verbs from other verbs.


bibindaną

bibindō (active first-person indicative singular)
bibindaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bibindai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bibindizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bibindaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bibind (active imperative second-person singular)
bibindazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bibindaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bibindidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bibindai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bibindadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bibindadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bibindaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bibindōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bibindaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bibindadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bibindaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bibindadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bibindamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bibindaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bibindandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bibindaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bibindid (active indicative plural second-person)
bibindaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bibindid (active imperative plural second-person)
bibindandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bibindaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bibindandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bibindain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bibindandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bibindandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bibindaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
biband (active first-person indicative singular)
bibundį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bibanst (active indicative second-person singular)
bibundīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
biband (active indicative singular third-person)
bibundī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bibundū (active dual first-person indicative)
bibundīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bibundudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bibundīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bibundum (active first-person indicative plural)
bibundīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bibundud (active indicative plural second-person)
bibundīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bibundun (active indicative plural third-person)
bibundīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bibindandz (active participle present)
bibundanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: bebindan

Old Frisian: bibinda

Old Dutch: *bibindan

Middle Dutch: bebinden

Dutch: bebinden

Old High German: bibintan

Middle High German: bebinden

German: bebinden

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (bibindan)


stamniz

stamniz (nominative singular)
stamnīz (nominative plural)
stamni (singular vocative)
stamnīz (plural vocative)
stamnį (accusative singular)
stamninz (accusative plural)
stamnīz (genitive singular)
stamnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stamnī (dative singular)
stamnimaz (dative plural)
stamnī (instrumental singular)
stamnimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stamni

Old English: stemn, stefn

desc

Middle English: stem, stemme, stempne, stevin

English: stem

Old Frisian: stevene

Old Saxon: stamn

Middle Low German: stam, stamme

German Low German: Stamm

→ Saterland Frisian: Stam

Old Dutch: *stam

Middle Dutch: stam

Dutch: stam

→ West Frisian: stam

Old High German: stam

Middle High German: stam

German: Stamm

Luxembourgish: Stamm

desctree

Old Norse: stafn
Icelandic: stafn
Faroese: stavnur
Norwegian Nynorsk: stamn
Old Danish: stafn
Danish: stavn
→ Norwegian Bokmål: stavn
Old Swedish: stafn, stamn

From pre-Germanic *sth₂-mn-ís, from Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂mn̥ (“that which stands”) (compare *stōmô (“stature”)), deverbal noun from the root *steh₂- (“to stand, stay”) (whence *stāną).


-lōną

-lō (active first-person indicative singular)
-lǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-lōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
-lōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
-lōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-lō (active imperative second-person singular)
-lōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
-lōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-lōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
-lō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-lōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
-lōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
-lōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-lōs (active dual first-person indicative)
-lōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-lōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-lōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-lōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
-lōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
-lōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-lōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
-lōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
-lōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
-lōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-lōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
-lōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
-lōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-lōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
-lōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-lōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
-lōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
-lōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-lōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
-lōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-lōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
-lōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-lōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
-lōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-lōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
-lōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-lōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-lōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-lōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
-lōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-lōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
-lōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-lōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
-lōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-lōndz (active participle present)
-lōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: -lian

Middle English: -lien, -len, -elen (merged with all other verbs)

English: -le (unproductive)

Old Frisian: -lia, -lja

North Frisian: -je

Saterland Frisian: -ele, -elje

West Frisian: -je

Old Saxon: -lōn

Middle Low German: -len, -eln

Low German: -eln

Old Dutch: -lon

Middle Dutch: -elen (merged with all other verbs)

Dutch: -elen

Old High German: -lōn

Middle High German: -eln

German: -eln (merged with all other verbs)

Old Norse: -la

Icelandic: -la

Faroese: -la

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: -le

Norwegian Nynorsk: -la

Swedish: -la

Danish: -le

frequentative verbal suffix; indicating repetition


wibraz

gem-decl-noun-table

*wibraz (a-stem)

wibraz (nominative singular)
wibrōz (nominative plural)
-ōs (nominative plural)
wibr (singular vocative)
wibrōz (plural vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
wibrą (accusative singular)
wibranz (accusative plural)
wibras (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
wibrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wibrai (dative singular)
wibramaz (dative plural)
wibrō (instrumental singular)
wibramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wibr

Old English: wifer

Old Norse: vifr

From Proto-Indo-European *wip-rós, from *weyp- (“to shake, tremble, agitate”).


waibijaną

waibijō (active first-person indicative singular)
waibijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waibijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
waibīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
waibijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waibī (active imperative second-person singular)
waibijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
waibijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
waibīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
waibijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waibijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
waibijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
waibijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
waibijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
waibijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waibijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waibijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waibijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
waibijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
waibijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waibijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
waibijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
waibīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
waibijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waibīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
waibijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
waibijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
waibijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
waibijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waibijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
waibijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
waibijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
waibidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
waibidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waibidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
waibidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waibidē (active indicative singular third-person)
waibidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waibidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
waibidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waibidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waibidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waibidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
waibidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waibidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
waibidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waibidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
waibidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waibijandz (active participle present)
waibidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *waibijan
Old English: wǣfan
Middle English: wēven
English: weave (“to wander”)
Old Dutch: *weiven
Middle Dutch: weiven
Dutch: wuiven (with dialectal rounding)
⇒ Dutch: weifelen
Old High German: weibōn, *weiben (e-conjugation attested in ziweiben)
Middle High German: weiben
⇒ Middle High German: weibeln
Alemannic German: weible
German: weibeln (now only Swiss)

Old Norse: veifa

Icelandic: veifa

Norwegian: veive

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*waibjan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (biwaibjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *woypéyeti, causative of *weyp-.


stōmô

stōmô (nominative singular)
stōmaniz (nominative plural)
stōmô (singular vocative)
stōmaniz (plural vocative)
stōmanų (accusative singular)
stōmanunz (accusative plural)
stōminiz (genitive singular)
stōmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stōmini (dative singular)
stōmammaz (dative plural)
stōminē (instrumental singular)
stōmammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse:

Old Swedish: stomme

Swedish: stomme

Old Danish:

Danish: stom(me) (dialect)

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌼𐌰 (stōma)

/ˈstɔː.mɔːː/

From Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂mn̥ (“that which stands, stature”).


skawaz

skawaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
skawai (masculine nominative plural strong)
skawō (feminine nominative singular strong)
skawôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
skawą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
skawō (neuter nominative plural strong)
skawanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
skawanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
skawǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
skawōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
skawą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
skawō (accusative neuter plural strong)
skawas (genitive masculine singular strong)
skawis (genitive masculine singular strong)
skawaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
skawaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
skawaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
skawas (genitive neuter singular strong)
skawis (genitive neuter singular strong)
skawaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
skawammai (dative masculine singular strong)
skawaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
skawaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
skawaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
skawammai (dative neuter singular strong)
skawaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
skawanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
skawaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
skawaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
skawaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
skawanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
skawaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
skawô (masculine nominative singular weak)
skawaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
skawǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
skawōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
skawô (neuter nominative singular weak)
skawōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
skawanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
skawanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
skawōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
skawōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
skawô (accusative neuter singular weak)
skawōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
skawiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
skawanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
skawōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
skawōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
skawiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
skawanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
skawini (dative masculine singular weak)
skawammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
skawōni (dative feminine singular weak)
skawōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
skawini (dative neuter singular weak)
skawammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
skawinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
skawammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
skawōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
skawōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
skawinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
skawammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Gothic: *𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍅𐍃 (*skaws)

Related to *skawwōną (“to watch, see, perceive”)


balgijaną

balgijō (active first-person indicative singular)
balgijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
balgijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
balgīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
balgijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
balgī (active imperative second-person singular)
balgijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
balgijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
balgīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
balgijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
balgijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
balgijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
balgijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
balgijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
balgijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
balgijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
balgijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
balgijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
balgijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
balgijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
balgijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
balgijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
balgīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
balgijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
balgīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
balgijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
balgijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
balgijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
balgijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
balgijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
balgijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
balgijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
balgidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
balgidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
balgidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
balgidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
balgidē (active indicative singular third-person)
balgidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
balgidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
balgidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
balgidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
balgidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
balgidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
balgidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
balgidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
balgidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
balgidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
balgidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
balgijandz (active participle present)
balgidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *balgijan
Old Saxon: belgian
Old High German: belgen
Middle High German: belgen

Old Norse: belgja
Icelandic: belgja
Norwegian Nynorsk: belgja, belga; (dialectal) bægje
Old Swedish: bælghia
Swedish: bälga
Danish: bælle


Eutalandą

Proto-West Germanic: *Eutaland

Old English: Ēotaland

Old Norse: Jótland
Icelandic: Jótland
Faroese: Jútland
Swedish: Jutland
Old Danish: Iutland
Danish: Jylland
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: Jylland
→ Swedish: Jylland

→ Dutch: Jutland

→ English: Jutland

→ German: Jütland

→ Low German: Jötlann

→ German Low German: Jüütland

Jutland (a peninsula in northwestern Europe)


hrōþīgaz

*hrōþīgaz (a-stem)

hrōþīgaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hrōþīgai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hrōþīgō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hrōþīgôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hrōþīgą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hrōþīgō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hrōþīganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hrōþīganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hrōþīgǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hrōþīgōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hrōþīgą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hrōþīgō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hrōþīgas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hrōþīgaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hrōþīgaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hrōþīgaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hrōþīgas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hrōþīgaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hrōþīgammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hrōþīgaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hrōþīgaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hrōþīgaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hrōþīgammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hrōþīgaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hrōþīganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hrōþīgaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hrōþīgaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hrōþīgaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hrōþīganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hrōþīgaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hrōþīgô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hrōþīganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hrōþīgǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hrōþīgōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hrōþīgô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hrōþīgōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hrōþīganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hrōþīganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hrōþīgōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hrōþīgōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hrōþīgô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hrōþīgōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hrōþīginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hrōþīganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hrōþīgōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hrōþīgōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hrōþīginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hrōþīganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hrōþīgini (dative masculine singular weak)
hrōþīgammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hrōþīgōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hrōþīgōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hrōþīgini (dative neuter singular weak)
hrōþīgammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hrōþīginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hrōþīgammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hrōþīgōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hrōþīgōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hrōþīginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hrōþīgammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: hrēþiġ

Gothic: 𐌷𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 (hrōþeigs)


wandilaz

wandilaz (nominative singular)
wandilōz (nominative plural)
wandilōs (nominative plural)
wandil (singular vocative)
wandilōz (plural vocative)
wandilōs (plural vocative)
wandilą (accusative singular)
wandilanz (accusative plural)
wandilas (genitive singular)
wandilis (genitive singular)
wandilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wandilai (dative singular)
wandilamaz (dative plural)
wandilō (instrumental singular)
wandilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *Wandil

Old English: Wendle, Wendlas

Middle English: Wandales

Old High German: Wentil

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *Wandilsaiwi

⇒ Old English: Wendelsǣ

⇒ English: Wendle Sea

⇒ Old High German: Wentilsēo

⇒ Old Dutch: *Wendilgēr

Old Norse: Vandill, Vendill

Icelandic: Vandill, Vendill

Swedish: Vendel

→ Latin: Vandalus

Catalan: vàndal

→ English: Vandal

From the root of *wandōną (“to wander”) + *-ilaz.


rehtą

rehtą (nominative singular)
rehtō (nominative plural)
rehtą (singular vocative)
rehtō (plural vocative)
rehtą (accusative singular)
rehtō (accusative plural)
rehtas (genitive singular)
rihtis (genitive singular)
rehtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rihtai (dative singular)
rehtamaz (dative plural)
rehtō (instrumental singular)
rehtamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *reht
Old English: riht, reht — Mercian; reht, reoht, reiht, ryht
Middle English: right, reȝt, riȝte, riȝt, ryȝt, ryght, righte, riht
English: right
→ Spanish: right
→ Welsh: reit
Geordie English: reet
Scots: richt
Yola: reights (plural)
Old Frisian: riucht, riocht
Saterland Frisian: riucht, gjucht
West Frisian: rjocht
Old Saxon: reht
Middle Low German: recht, richt
Low German: recht
Old Dutch: reht
Middle Dutch: recht
Dutch: recht
Berbice Creole Dutch: rekti
Jersey Dutch: rääxt
Negerhollands: recht, rek, ret, tret, regt
→ Virgin Islands Creole: tret (dated)
→ Papiamentu: rècht
→ Saramaccan: leti
Limburgish: rèch
Old High German: reht
Middle High German: rëht
Alemannic German: Rëcht
Central Franconian: rääch, räht, räät (western Ripuarian, parts of western Moselle Franconian); reht, reet, reecht (other parts of Moselle Franconian); räächt (eastern Moselle Franconian)
German: recht, Recht
Hunsrik: richt
Luxembourgish: riets, riicht, Recht (influenced by German)
Vilamovian: racht
Yiddish: רעכט (rekht)

Derived from *rehtaz (“right, straight”). Compare Proto-Celtic *rextus (“rule, law”), which may have influenced this word.


raidijaną

raidijō (active first-person indicative singular)
raidijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raidijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
raidīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
raidijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raidī (active imperative second-person singular)
raidijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
raidijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
raidīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
raidijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raidijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
raidijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
raidijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
raidijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
raidijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raidijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raidijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raidijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
raidijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
raidijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raidijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
raidijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
raidīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
raidijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raidīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
raidijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
raidijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
raidijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
raidijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raidijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
raidijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
raidijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raididǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
raididēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raididēz (active indicative second-person singular)
raididēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raididē (active indicative singular third-person)
raididēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raididēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
raididēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raididēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raididēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raididēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
raididēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raididēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
raididēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raididēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
raididēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raidijandz (active participle present)
raididaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: reiða

Icelandic: reiða

Faroese: reiða

to cause to move, carry (up, forward, etc.), let fall, etc.


raidijaną

Proto-West Germanic: *raidijan
Old English: rǣdan (merged with *rēdaną)
Middle English: reden
English: read, rede
Old Frisian: *rēda
West Frisian: riede
Old Saxon: *rēdian
Middle Low German: rêden
Old Dutch: *reden, *reiden
Middle Dutch: reden, *reiden
Dutch: reden, reiden
Old High German: *reiten
Middle High German: reiten

Old Norse: reiða

Icelandic: reiða

Faroese: reiða

Norwegian Nynorsk: reia, reida

→ Norwegian Bokmål: reie

Elfdalian: rieða

Old Swedish: reþa

Swedish: reda

Danish: rede

Norwegian Bokmål: rede, re

Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (raidjan)


flutą

flutą (nominative singular)
flutō (nominative plural)
flutą (singular vocative)
flutō (plural vocative)
flutą (accusative singular)
flutō (accusative plural)
flutas (genitive singular)
flutis (genitive singular)
flutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flutai (dative singular)
flutamaz (dative plural)
flutō (instrumental singular)
flutamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: flot n

(Middle English: flote) (conflated with Old English flota, from *flutô)

(English: float)

(Scots: flote, flot)

Old Frisian:

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German:

Plautdietsch: Floot

Old Dutch: *flot n

Middle Dutch: vlot

Dutch: vlot

Old High German: fluʒ m

Middle High German: vluʒ

German: Fluss

→ Saterland Frisian: Flüüs

Luxembourgish: Floss

Vilamovian: fłūs

Old Norse: flot

Icelandic: flot

Faroese: flot

Old Swedish: flut, flot

Swedish: flott

Old Danish: flot

Danish: flåd

From earlier *pludom, from Proto-Indo-European *plewd- (“to fly; flow; run”).


klappōną

klappō (active first-person indicative singular)
klappǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klappōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
klappōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
klappōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klappō (active imperative second-person singular)
klappōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
klappōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
klappōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
klappō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klappōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
klappōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
klappōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
klappōs (active dual first-person indicative)
klappōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klappōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klappōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klappōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
klappōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
klappōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klappōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
klappōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
klappōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
klappōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klappōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
klappōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
klappōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
klappōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
klappōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klappōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
klappōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
klappōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
klappōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
klappōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klappōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
klappōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klappōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
klappōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klappōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
klappōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klappōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klappōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klappōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
klappōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klappōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
klappōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klappōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
klappōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klappōndz (active participle present)
klappōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *klappōn
Old English: clappian
Middle English: clappen
English: clap
Scots: clap
Old Frisian: klappia
Saterland Frisian: klappe
West Frisian: klappe
Old Saxon: *klappōn (klapōn)
Middle Low German: klappen
German Low German: klappen
→ German: klappen
Old Dutch: *klappon
Middle Dutch: clappen
Dutch: klappen
Old High German: klaffōn, klapfōn, chlaphōn (← *klapōną)
Middle High German: klaffen, klapfen
German: klaffen

Old Norse: klappa

Danish: klappe

Faroese: klappa

Icelandic: klappa

Norwegian: klappa

Swedish: klappa

→ Old French: claper, clapper

Middle French: clapper

French: clapper

Cognate with Proto-Slavic *klepati. Onomatopoeic and influenced by (or related to) verbs such as *klupjaną (“to grip, grasp, clasp”). Possibly of denominative origin *klappaz (“a hit, clap”) + *-ōną

To clap, strike or pound (especially two things against each other)

To make loud noises, especially breathing or pulsating.


tugōną

tugō (active first-person indicative singular)
tugǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tugōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
tugōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
tugōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tugō (active imperative second-person singular)
tugōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tugōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tugōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tugō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tugōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tugōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tugōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tugōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tugōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tugōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tugōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tugōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tugōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tugōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tugōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tugōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tugōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tugōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tugōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tugōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tugōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tugōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tugōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tugōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tugōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tugōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tugōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tugōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tugōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tugōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tugōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
tugōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tugōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tugōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tugōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tugōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tugōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tugōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tugōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tugōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tugōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tugōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tugōndz (active participle present)
tugōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *togōn
Old English: togian
Middle English: tuggen, toggen
English: tug, tow
⇒ Yola: thugerleen
Old Frisian: togia
West Frisian: tôgje, toaie
Old Saxon: *togōn
Middle Low German: tōgen
Old Dutch: *togon
Middle Dutch: tōgen
⇒ Dutch: ademtogen
⇒ Dutch: zieltogen
Old High German: zogōn
Middle High German: zogen

Old Norse: toga

Icelandic: toga

Faroese: toga

From Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to pull, lead”). Either a variant of *tukkōną or from *tugiz (“a drawing, tug, pull”) + *-ōną.


daniskaz

daniskaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
daniskai (masculine nominative plural strong)
daniskō (feminine nominative singular strong)
daniskôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
daniską (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
daniskō (neuter nominative plural strong)
daniskanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
daniskanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
daniskǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
daniskōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
daniską (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
daniskō (accusative neuter plural strong)
daniskas (genitive masculine singular strong)
daniskis (genitive masculine singular strong)
daniskaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
daniskaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
daniskaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
daniskas (genitive neuter singular strong)
daniskis (genitive neuter singular strong)
daniskaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
daniskammai (dative masculine singular strong)
daniskaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
daniskaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
daniskaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
daniskammai (dative neuter singular strong)
daniskaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
daniskanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
daniskaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
daniskaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
daniskaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
daniskanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
daniskaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
daniskô (masculine nominative singular weak)
daniskaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
daniskǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
daniskōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
daniskô (neuter nominative singular weak)
daniskōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
daniskanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
daniskanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
daniskōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
daniskōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
daniskô (accusative neuter singular weak)
daniskōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
daniskiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
daniskanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
daniskōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
daniskōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
daniskiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
daniskanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
daniskini (dative masculine singular weak)
daniskammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
daniskōni (dative feminine singular weak)
daniskōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
daniskini (dative neuter singular weak)
daniskammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
daniskinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
daniskammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
daniskōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
daniskōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
daniskinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
daniskammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *Danisk

Old English: Denisċ

Middle English: Densc, Dench

English: Dench (surname)

Old Saxon: *denisk

Middle Low German: dēnisch, dēnsch

Old Dutch: *denisc

Middle Dutch: *dēensch

Dutch: Deens

Afrikaans: Deens

Old High German: *tenisc

Middle High German:

⇒ German: dänisch, Dänisch

desctree

Old Norse: danskr
Icelandic: danskur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: dansk
Norwegian Nynorsk: dansk
Old Swedish: dansker
Swedish: dansk
Danish: dansk

→ Old French: danois

→ Italian: danese

→ Portuguese: danês

→ Romanian: danez

→ Spanish: danés

From *daniz (“Dane”) + *-iskaz (“-ish”).


swerką

swerką (nominative singular)
swerkō (nominative plural)
swerką (singular vocative)
swerkō (plural vocative)
swerką (accusative singular)
swerkō (accusative plural)
swerkas (genitive singular)
swirkis (genitive singular)
swerkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swirkai (dative singular)
swerkamaz (dative plural)
swerkō (instrumental singular)
swerkamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġesweorc n

Old Frisian:

North Frisian: swark n


rīþaz

rīþaz (nominative singular)
rīþōz (nominative plural)
rīþōs (nominative plural)
rīþ (singular vocative)
rīþōz (plural vocative)
rīþōs (plural vocative)
rīþą (accusative singular)
rīþanz (accusative plural)
rīþas (genitive singular)
rīþis (genitive singular)
rīþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rīþai (dative singular)
rīþamaz (dative plural)
rīþō (instrumental singular)
rīþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rīþ
Old English: rīþ
Middle English: rīth
English: rith
Old Frisian: rīd
⇒ Old Frisian: mēderīd
Old Saxon: *rīth
Middle Low German: rīde, rîe, rige, rhyde, rüde
→ German: Riede
Old Dutch: rīth
Middle Dutch: rijt
Dutch: rijt (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- (“to boil, churn”).


spannijaną

spannijō (active first-person indicative singular)
spannijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spannijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
spannīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
spannijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spannī (active imperative second-person singular)
spannijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
spannijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
spannīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
spannijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spannijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
spannijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
spannijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
spannijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
spannijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spannijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spannijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spannijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
spannijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
spannijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spannijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
spannijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
spannīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
spannijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spannīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
spannijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
spannijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
spannijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
spannijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spannijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
spannijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
spannijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
spannidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
spannidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spannidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
spannidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spannidē (active indicative singular third-person)
spannidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spannidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
spannidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spannidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spannidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spannidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
spannidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spannidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
spannidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spannidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
spannidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spannijandz (active participle present)
spannidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *spannijan

Old Saxon: *spennian

Middle Low German: spennen

Old High German: *spennen

Middle High German: spennen

Old Norse: spenna

Icelandic: spenna

Faroese: spenna

Old Danish: spænne

Danish: spænde

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: spenne

Norwegian Nynorsk: spenne, spenna

Old Swedish: spænna

Swedish: spänna


halô

gem-decl-noun-table

*halô (an-stem)

halô (nominative singular)
halaniz (nominative plural)
halô (singular vocative)
halaniz (plural vocative)
halanų (accusative singular)
halanunz (accusative plural)
haliniz (genitive singular)
halanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
halini (dative singular)
halammaz (dative plural)
halinē (instrumental singular)
halammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: hali

Icelandic: hali

Faroese: hali

Norwegian Bokmål: hale

Norwegian Nynorsk: hale

Danish: hale

→ Scots: halin, halen

→ Scots: haalie


haimijaną

haimijō (active first-person indicative singular)
haimijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haimijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
haimīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
haimijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haimī (active imperative second-person singular)
haimijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
haimijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
haimīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
haimijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haimijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
haimijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
haimijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
haimijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
haimijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haimijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haimijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haimijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
haimijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
haimijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haimijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
haimijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
haimīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
haimijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haimīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
haimijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
haimijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
haimijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
haimijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haimijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
haimijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
haimijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
haimidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
haimidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haimidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
haimidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haimidē (active indicative singular third-person)
haimidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haimidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
haimidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haimidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haimidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haimidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
haimidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haimidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
haimidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haimidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
haimidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haimijandz (active participle present)
haimidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haimijan
Old English: hǣman
Old High German: *haimen
Middle High German: heimen

Old Norse: heima

Icelandic: heima


takkô

gem-decl-noun-table

*takkô (an-stem)

takkô (nominative singular)
takkaniz (nominative plural)
takkô (singular vocative)
takkaniz (plural vocative)
takkanų (accusative singular)
takkanunz (accusative plural)
takkiniz (genitive singular)
takkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
takkini (dative singular)
takkammaz (dative plural)
takkinē (instrumental singular)
takkammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *takkō

Old Frisian: *takka

Saterland Frisian: Takke

⇒ Old Frisian: takel

West Frisian: takkel, takke

Old Saxon: *takko

Middle Low German: tacke

German Low German: Tacke, Tack

→ Danish: tak

Old Dutch: *takko

Middle Dutch: tacke, tac

Dutch: tak

→ Old Northern French: taque

desctree

→ Middle English: tak, takke, take, tace
English: tack
Scots: taik

→ Anglo-Latin: taccum

Old High German: *zacho; *tacha, *zacha

Middle High German: tacke, zacke

German: Zacke

From Proto-Indo-European *deHgʰ-n-, possibly from a root *deh₃gʰ- (“branch”); split from the same paradigm came Proto-Germanic *tōgô and *tōkô (“branch”).


handuwerką

handuwerką (nominative singular)
handuwerkō (nominative plural)
handuwerką (singular vocative)
handuwerkō (plural vocative)
handuwerką (accusative singular)
handuwerkō (accusative plural)
handuwerkas (genitive singular)
handuwirkis (genitive singular)
handuwerkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
handuwirkai (dative singular)
handuwerkamaz (dative plural)
handuwerkō (instrumental singular)
handuwerkamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: handweorc, hondweorc
Middle English: hondwerk, handwerke, hondewerk, andwork, handwarke, handwerk, hand-warke, handewerrc
English: handwork
Scots: handwerk, handwark

Old Frisian: *handwerk, *hondwerk

Saterland Frisian: Hondwierk

West Frisian: handwurk

Old Saxon: *handwerk

Middle Low German: hantwerk

German Low German: Handwark

Dutch Low Saxon: handwark

→ Swedish: hantverk

Old Dutch: *handwerk

Middle Dutch: hantwerc

Dutch: handwerk

Afrikaans: handwerk

Old High German: hantwerc, hantwerch

Middle High German: hantwerc

German: Handwerk

Old Norse: handaverk

Icelandic: handverk

Old Swedish: handaværk


gripjaną

gripjō (active first-person indicative singular)
gripjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gripjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gripisi (active indicative second-person singular)
gripjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gripi (active imperative second-person singular)
gripjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gripjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gripiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gripjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gripjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gripjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gripjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gripjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gripjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gripjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gripjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gripjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gripjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gripjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gripjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gripjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gripiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gripjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gripiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gripjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gripjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gripjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gripjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gripjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gripjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gripjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gripidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
gripidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gripidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
gripidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gripidē (active indicative singular third-person)
gripidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gripidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gripidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gripidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gripidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gripidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gripidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gripidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gripidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gripidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gripidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gripjandz (active participle present)
gripidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: grippan

Middle English: grippen

English: grip

Scots: grip

Old High German: gripfen

Middle High German: gripfen, *grippen

Luxembourgish: Grapp (probably)


gripiz

gripiz (nominative singular)
gripīz (nominative plural)
gripi (singular vocative)
gripīz (plural vocative)
gripį (accusative singular)
gripinz (accusative plural)
gripīz (genitive singular)
gripjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gripī (dative singular)
gripimaz (dative plural)
gripī (instrumental singular)
gripimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: gripe
Middle English: gripe, grepe, grippe, grype
English: grip
→ Dutch: grip
Scots: grip, grup
Yola: grip

Old Frisian: *grip (in bigrip)

Old Dutch: *gripi

Middle Dutch: grepe

Dutch: greep

Old High German: grif

Middle High German: grif

German: Griff

→ Polish: gryf

Old French: gris pl, *griffe (?)

French: griffe (or deverbal)

Old Norse: gripr

Icelandic: gripur


kuniz

kuniz (nominative singular)
kunīz (nominative plural)
kuni (singular vocative)
kunīz (plural vocative)
kunį (accusative singular)
kuninz (accusative plural)
kunīz (genitive singular)
kunjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kunī (dative singular)
kunimaz (dative plural)
kunī (instrumental singular)
kunimiz (instrumental plural)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *kuni- (prefix)
Old English: cyne-, cyn-, cine-; cyni- — early
Middle English: kine-, coin-, ken-, kene-, kin-, kym-, kyne-; cune-, cyne- (Early Middle English)
(English: kindom)
(Scots: kinrick)
Old High German: *kuni-, chune-, chuni- (in personal names)

Old Norse: konr

Icelandic: konur; konar

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to beget”).


gaumō

gaumō (nominative singular)
gaumôz (nominative plural)
gaumō (singular vocative)
gaumôz (plural vocative)
gaumǭ (accusative singular)
gaumōz (accusative plural)
gaumōz (genitive singular)
gaumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaumōi (dative singular)
gaumōmaz (dative plural)
gaumō (instrumental singular)
gaumōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gaumu

gl

< Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*gaumijā</i>

Old English: ġīeme (< Proto-West Germanic *gaumijā)

Middle English: ȝieme, ȝeme, yeme, yem

Old Frisian: gāme

West Frisian: gammen

Old Saxon: gōma

Middle Low German: gôme, goum

Old Dutch: gouma

Middle Dutch: gome

Dutch: goom

Old High German: gouma

Middle High German: goume, goum

German: Gaume

Old Norse: gaum

Icelandic: gaum

Norwegian: gaum

→ Middle English: gome, gom

English: gaum

⇒ English: gormless

Scots: gome, goam


strakkaz

*strakkaz (a-stem)

strakkaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
strakkai (masculine nominative plural strong)
strakkō (feminine nominative singular strong)
strakkôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
strakką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
strakkō (neuter nominative plural strong)
strakkanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
strakkanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
strakkǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
strakkōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
strakką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
strakkō (accusative neuter plural strong)
strakkas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
strakkaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
strakkaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
strakkaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
strakkas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
strakkaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
strakkammai (dative masculine singular strong)
strakkaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
strakkaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
strakkaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
strakkammai (dative neuter singular strong)
strakkaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
strakkanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
strakkaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
strakkaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
strakkaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
strakkanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
strakkaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
strakkô (masculine nominative singular weak)
strakkaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
strakkǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
strakkōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
strakkô (neuter nominative singular weak)
strakkōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
strakkanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
strakkanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
strakkōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
strakkōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
strakkô (accusative neuter singular weak)
strakkōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
strakkiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
strakkanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
strakkōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
strakkōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
strakkiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
strakkanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
strakkini (dative masculine singular weak)
strakkammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
strakkōni (dative feminine singular weak)
strakkōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
strakkini (dative neuter singular weak)
strakkammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
strakkinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
strakkammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
strakkōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
strakkōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
strakkinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
strakkammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)treg- (“rigid, stiff”).


kaupô

gem-decl-noun-table

*kaupô (an-stem)

kaupô (nominative singular)
kaupaniz (nominative plural)
kaupô (singular vocative)
kaupaniz (plural vocative)
kaupanų (accusative singular)
kaupanunz (accusative plural)
kaupiniz (genitive singular)
kaupanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kaupini (dative singular)
kaupammaz (dative plural)
kaupinē (instrumental singular)
kaupammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kaupō
Old English: ċīepa
Old High German: koufo
Middle High German: koufe

/ˈkɑu̯.pɔːː/

Borrowed from Latin caupō (“innkeeper, shopkeeper”), likely a common Mediterranean borrowing separately into Latin and Greek. More at caupō.


madarǭ

madarǭ (nominative singular)
madarōniz (nominative plural)
madarǭ (singular vocative)
madarōniz (plural vocative)
madarōnų (accusative singular)
madarōnunz (accusative plural)
madarōniz (genitive singular)
madarōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
madarōni (dative singular)
madarōmaz (dative plural)
madarōnē (instrumental singular)
madarōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *madarā
Old English: mædere, mædre, mæddre
Middle English: mader, madere, madur, madyr, madyre, maddir, madir, mædere
English: madder
Scots: mather, mader, madder, malder, maider (obsolete)
→ Irish: madra, madar
Old Saxon: *madara
Middle Low German: madre; māder m
Old High German: matara, matra, matreia, matere, metere
Middle High German: matere

Old Norse: maðra

Icelandic: maðra

Norwegian: modre

Swedish: madra

/ˈmɑ.ðɑ.rɔ̃ː/

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *modʰro-.