unwissaz

*unwissaz (a-stem)

unwissaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
unwissai (masculine nominative plural strong)
unwissō (feminine nominative singular strong)
unwissôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
unwissą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
unwissō (neuter nominative plural strong)
unwissanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
unwissanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
unwissǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
unwissōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
unwissą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
unwissō (accusative neuter plural strong)
unwissas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
unwissaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
unwissaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
unwissaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
unwissas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
unwissaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
unwissammai (dative masculine singular strong)
unwissaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
unwissaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
unwissaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
unwissammai (dative neuter singular strong)
unwissaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
unwissanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
unwissaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
unwissaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
unwissaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
unwissanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
unwissaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
unwissô (masculine nominative singular weak)
unwissaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
unwissǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
unwissōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
unwissô (neuter nominative singular weak)
unwissōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
unwissanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
unwissanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
unwissōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
unwissōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
unwissô (accusative neuter singular weak)
unwissōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
unwissiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
unwissanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
unwissōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
unwissōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
unwissiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
unwissanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
unwissini (dative masculine singular weak)
unwissammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
unwissōni (dative feminine singular weak)
unwissōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
unwissini (dative neuter singular weak)
unwissammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
unwissinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
unwissammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
unwissōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
unwissōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
unwissinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
unwissammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: unġewiss

Old Frisian: unewiss

Old Dutch: *unwis, *ungiwis

Middle Dutch: onwis, onwisse, ongewis

Dutch: onwis, ongewis

Old High German: *unwis, ungiwis

Middle High German: unwis, unwisse, ungewis

German: ungewiss

Old Norse: úviss, úvíss

Icelandic: óviss

Faroese: óvissur

Danish: uvis

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍃 (unwiss)

From *un- + *wissaz (past participle of *witaną).


-āną

-ō (active first-person indicative singular)
-aisi (active indicative second-person singular)
-ai (active imperative second-person singular)
-āsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
-aiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
-āþau (active imperative singular third-person)
-āþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
-ōs (active dual first-person indicative)
-āþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-āþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
-āmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
-ānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
-aiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
-aiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
-ānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
-ānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
-ānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
-ānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
-adǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
-adēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-adēz (active indicative second-person singular)
-adēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-adē (active indicative singular third-person)
-adēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-adēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
-adēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-adēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-adēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-adēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
-adēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-adēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
-adēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-adēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
-adēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-āndz (active participle present)
-adaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-ēn
Old English: -ian (in a few cases; preceded by a palatalised consonant or non-backed æ)
Old High German: -ēn
Middle High German: -en
German: -en

Old Norse: -ja (only after short stems)

Icelandic: -ja

Faroese: -ja

Gothic: -𐌰𐌽 (-ān)

Somewhat uncertain. Reconstructed by Ringe as originating from earlier *-ajaną, from Proto-Indo-European *-oyéti (factitive verb suffix). The reconstruction of this Indo-European suffix is uncertain, but it would also be the origin of the Ancient Greek -όω (-óō) contracted verbs.

der

Creates stative - fientive verbs from other verbs, from adjectives and from nouns.

Creates factitive verbs from adjectives.


-naną

-nō (active first-person indicative singular)
-naų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-nōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
-nais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-nō (active imperative second-person singular)
-nōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
-nai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-nōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
-nōs (active dual first-person indicative)
-naiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-naþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-naiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-naþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
-namaz (active first-person indicative plural)
-naim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-naþ (active indicative plural second-person)
-naiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-naþ (active imperative plural second-person)
-nanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
-nain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-nanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
-nōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
-nōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-nōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
-nōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-nōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
-nōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-nōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
-nōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-nōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-nōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-nōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
-nōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-nōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
-nōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-nōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
-nōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-nandz (active participle present)

Proto-West Germanic: *-nan

Old English: -nian

Middle English: -nen, -enen

English: -en

Scots: -in

Old High German: -nēn

Old Norse: -na

Icelandic: -na

Faroese: -na

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: -na

Norwegian Bokmål: -ne

Swedish: -na

Danish: -ne

Gothic: -𐌽𐌰𐌽 (-nan)

Reconstructed by Ringe from an alternating suffix *-nō- (singular) ~ *-na- (nonsingular), from Proto-Indo-European *-néh₂- ~ *-nh₂-, from n-infix presents to laryngeal-final roots that were reanalysed as a separate suffix (as in several other branches).

Forms fientive verbs, with a sense of 'to become (the base)'.


-aną

3-į̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)

Old English: -an

Middle English: -en, -e

English: (obsolete) -en, -e

Old Frisian: -a

North Frisian: -e

Saterland Frisian: -e

West Frisian: -e

Old Saxon: -an

Middle Low German: -en

Low German: -en

Old Dutch: -an

desc

Middle Dutch: -en (merged with all other verbs)

Dutch: -en

Old High German: -an

Middle High German: -en

German: -en (merged with all other verbs)

Old Norse: -a

Icelandic: -a

Faroese: -a

Norwegian Nynorsk: -a

Swedish: -a

Danish: -e

Norwegian Bokmål: -e

Gothic: -𐌰𐌽 (-an)

From Proto-Indo-European *-onom, from *-o- (thematic vowel) + *-nom (verbal noun suffix). The few remaining athematic verbs (which were irregular in Proto-Germanic) accordingly used only *-ną. Cognate with Sanskrit -अन (-ana).


-ōną

-ō (active first-person indicative singular)
-ǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-ōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
-ōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
-ōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-ō (active imperative second-person singular)
-ōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
-ōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-ōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
-ō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-ōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
-ōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
-ōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-ōs (active dual first-person indicative)
-ōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-ōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-ōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-ōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
-ōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
-ōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-ōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
-ōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
-ōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
-ōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-ōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
-ōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
-ōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-ōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
-ōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-ōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
-ōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
-ōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-ōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
-ōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-ōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
-ōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-ōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
-ōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-ōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
-ōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-ōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-ōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-ōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
-ōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-ōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
-ōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-ōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
-ōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-ōndz (active participle present)
-ōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-ōn
Old English: -ian
Middle English: -ien, -en
Scots: -e (obsolete)
English: -en, -e (obsolete)
Old Frisian: -ia
North Frisian: -je
Saterland Frisian: -je
West Frisian: -je
Old Saxon: -ōn, -oian
Middle Low German: -en
Low German: -en
Old Dutch: -on
Middle Dutch: -en
Dutch: -en
Old High German: -ōn
Middle High German: -en
German: -en

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -a
Danish: -e
Icelandic: -a
Faroese: -a
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: -e, -a
Old Swedish: -a
Swedish: -a

Gothic: -𐍉𐌽 (-ōn)

From two sources, both reflecting earlier *-ōjaną:
* From Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti, an innovated compound suffix from *-éh₂ (eh₂-stem noun suffix) + *-yéti (verbal suffix). These were originally formed as denominative verbs from ō-stem nouns. When attached to thematic (a-stem) nouns, the thematic vowel was also retained, but the resulting compound suffix *-eyé- became part of the first weak class instead.
* From Proto-Indo-European *-(e)h₂yéti, an innovated compound suffix from *-(e)h₂ti (factitive verb suffix) which was originally athematic, but later extended with the thematic present suffix *-yéti.
Cognates include Latin -āre (the whole first conjugation in the present) together with its Proto-Italic ancestor *-āō, Ancient Greek -άω (-áō, contracted verb), -अयति (-ayati) (for the causative in Sanskrit), Proto-Celtic *-āti and Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā́ˀtei (whence the infinite Proto-Slavic *-ati, referring again to the whole conjugation).
Note that Ringe (2017) reconstructs this suffix with a trimoric vowel, *-ôną (or, following his own conventions, *-ō̄ną). See Ringe (2017: 160).

cog

Suffix of the infinitive. Creates denominative verbs from nouns.

Suffix of the infinitive. Creates factitive verbs from adjectives.


waknaną

waknō (active first-person indicative singular)
waknaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waknōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
waknais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waknō (active imperative second-person singular)
waknōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
waknai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waknōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
waknōs (active dual first-person indicative)
waknaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waknaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waknaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waknaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
waknamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
waknaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waknaþ (active indicative plural second-person)
waknaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waknaþ (active imperative plural second-person)
waknanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
waknain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waknanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
waknōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
waknōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waknōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
waknōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waknōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
waknōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waknōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
waknōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waknōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waknōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waknōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
waknōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waknōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
waknōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waknōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
waknōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waknandz (active participle present)

Old English: wæcnan

Middle English: waknen

English: waken

Scots: wakin, waikin, walkin

Old Norse: vakna

Icelandic: vakna

Faroese: vakna

Norn: vakna

Norwegian Nynorsk: vakna

→ Norwegian Bokmål: vakne

Elfdalian: wakken

Old Swedish: vakna

Swedish: vakna

Old Danish: wognæ, vokne

Danish: vågne

Norwegian Bokmål: våkne

Gutnish: vakkne

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌺𐌽𐌰𐌽 (gawaknan)


fijāną

fijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fijaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
fijai (active imperative second-person singular)
fijāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fijaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fijāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fijāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fijāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fijāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fijāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fijānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fijaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fijaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fijānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fijānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fijānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fijānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fijadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fijadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fijadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fijadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fijadē (active indicative singular third-person)
fijadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fijadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fijadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fijadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fijadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fijadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fijadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fijadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fijadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fijadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fijadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fijāndz (active participle present)
fijadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fijēn
Old English: fēoġan
Old High German: fīēn

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: fjá, fía

Icelandic: fjá, fía

Faroese: fíggja

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fijan)

From Pre-Germanic *ph₁ih₁yé-, from an original stative *ph₁yéh₁-, to a ye-present formation from Proto-Indo-European *peh₁- (“to hate”). Cognate with Sanskrit पीयति (pī́yati, “to blame”).


lausaz

*lausaz (a-stem)

lausaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
lausai (masculine nominative plural strong)
lausō (feminine nominative singular strong)
lausôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
lausą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
lausō (neuter nominative plural strong)
lausanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
lausanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
lausǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
lausōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
lausą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
lausō (accusative neuter plural strong)
lausas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
lausaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
lausaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
lausaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
lausas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
lausaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
lausammai (dative masculine singular strong)
lausaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
lausaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
lausaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
lausammai (dative neuter singular strong)
lausaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
lausanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
lausaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
lausaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
lausaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
lausanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
lausaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
lausô (masculine nominative singular weak)
lausaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
lausǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
lausōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
lausô (neuter nominative singular weak)
lausōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
lausanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
lausanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
lausōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
lausōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
lausô (accusative neuter singular weak)
lausōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
lausiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
lausanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
lausōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
lausōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
lausiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
lausanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
lausini (dative masculine singular weak)
lausammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
lausōni (dative feminine singular weak)
lausōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
lausini (dative neuter singular weak)
lausammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
lausinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
lausammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
lausōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
lausōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
lausinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
lausammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *laus
Old English: lēas
Middle English: leas, lees, les
Old Frisian: *lās (in compounds)
North Frisian: lus, luas
Saterland Frisian: loos
West Frisian: loas
Old Saxon: lōs
Middle Low German: lōs
Plautdietsch: looss
Old Dutch: *lōs
Middle Dutch: loos
Dutch: loos
Afrikaans: loos
Old High German: lōs, -laos (once)
Middle High German: lōs
German: los

Old Norse: lauss
Icelandic: laus
Faroese: leysur
Norn: los
Norwegian Nynorsk: laus
→ Norwegian Bokmål: laus
Swedish: lös
Danish: løs
Norwegian Bokmål: løs
Gutnish: låss
→ Middle English: laus, lous, loos
English: loose
Scots: lous, lows, loose

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃 (laus)

→ Proto-Finnic: *lausas (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *lewH- (“to untie, set free, separate”). Related to *leusaną; outside of Germanic, related to Ancient Greek λύω (lúō), Latin luō (“expiate, pay”), Sanskrit लून (lūna, “sever, cut forth, destroy, annihilate”), and possibly Old Armenian լուծանեմ (lucanem) and Albanian lirë.

cog

(in compounds) -less, lacking, devoid of


manniskaz

*manniskaz (a-stem)

manniskaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
manniskai (masculine nominative plural strong)
manniskō (feminine nominative singular strong)
manniskôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
manniską (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
manniskō (neuter nominative plural strong)
manniskanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
manniskanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
manniskǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
manniskōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
manniską (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
manniskō (accusative neuter plural strong)
manniskas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
manniskaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
manniskaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
manniskaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
manniskas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
manniskaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
manniskammai (dative masculine singular strong)
manniskaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
manniskaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
manniskaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
manniskammai (dative neuter singular strong)
manniskaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
manniskanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
manniskaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
manniskaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
manniskaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
manniskanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
manniskaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
manniskô (masculine nominative singular weak)
manniskaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
manniskǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
manniskōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
manniskô (neuter nominative singular weak)
manniskōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
manniskanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
manniskanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
manniskōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
manniskōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
manniskô (accusative neuter singular weak)
manniskōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
manniskiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
manniskanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
manniskōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
manniskōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
manniskiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
manniskanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
manniskini (dative masculine singular weak)
manniskammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
manniskōni (dative feminine singular weak)
manniskōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
manniskini (dative neuter singular weak)
manniskammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
manniskinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
manniskammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
manniskōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
manniskōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
manniskinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
manniskammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *mannisk

desctree

Old English: mennisċ
Middle English: mennesc, mennish, mænnisc, mannish
English: mennish, mannish

Old Frisian: menniska, manniska

North Frisian: mansche

Saterland Frisian: Moanske

West Frisian: minske

Old Saxon: mennisk, mennisko

Middle Low German: mensche, minsche

Low German:

Dutch Low Saxon: meanske, méénse

German Low German: Minsch

Hamburgisch: Mensch

Westphalian:

Paderbornisch: Mensk m (poetic), Minsche m

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Minske

Westmünsterlandisch: Mensk, Menske, Määnske, Määske, Mense, Mentse, Mainske, Maiske

Plautdietsch: Mensch

→ Old Norse: manneskja

Icelandic: manneskja

Faroese: menniskja

Norwegian Bokmål: menneske

Old Swedish: mænniskia

Swedish: människa

Danish: menneske

Old Dutch: *mennisko

Middle Dutch: mensc, mensch

Dutch: mens

Old High German: mennisko, mennisk
Middle High German: mensch, mensche
Alemannic German: Mänsch
Bavarian: Mensch
Mòcheno: mènsch
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Mensch
Kölsch: Minsch
Luxembourgish: Mënsch
German: Mensch
Rhine Franconian: Mensch (Frankfurterisch)
Pennsylvania German: Mensch
Vilamovian: menś
Yiddish: מענטש (mentsh)
→ English: mensch

Old Norse: mennskr, mennska

Icelandic: mennskur, mennska

Faroese: menskur

Old Swedish: mænsker

Swedish: mänska

→ Middle English: menske

English: mensk, mense

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (mannisks)


þagjaną

þagjō (active first-person indicative singular)
þagjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þagaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
þagjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þagai (active imperative second-person singular)
þagaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þagjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þagjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þagjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þagjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þagjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þagjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þagjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þagjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þagjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þagaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þagjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þagaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þagjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þagjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þagjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þagdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þagdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þagdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þagdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þagdē (active indicative singular third-person)
þagdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þagdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þagdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þagdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þagdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þagdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þagdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þagdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þagdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þagdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þagdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þagjandz (active participle present)
þagdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þagēn
Old High German: dagēn
German: dagen (obsolete)

Old Norse: þegja
Icelandic: þegja
Faroese: tiga
Norwegian Nynorsk: tegja, teia; (dialectal) tea, tigja, tiga, teiga, tyjå
Elfdalian: taja
Old Swedish: þighia
Swedish: tiga
Old Danish: thighæ
Danish: tie
Norwegian Bokmål: tie
Scanian: tæğa, tiğa
Gutnish: tige

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þahan)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *tak- or *tHk-. Cognate with Proto-Italic *takēō.

/ˈθɑɣ.jɑ.nɑ̃/


þagjaną

þagjō (active first-person indicative singular)
þagjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þagjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þagisi (active indicative second-person singular)
þagjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þagi (active imperative second-person singular)
þagjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þagjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þagiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þagjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þagjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þagjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þagjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þagjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þagjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þagjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þagjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þagjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þagjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þagjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þagjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þagjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þagiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þagjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þagiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þagjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þagjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þagjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þagjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þagjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þagjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þagjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þagidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þagidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þagidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þagidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þagidē (active indicative singular third-person)
þagidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þagidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þagidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þagidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þagidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þagidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þagidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þagidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þagidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þagidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þagidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þagjandz (active participle present)
þagidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þagjan

Old English: þeċġan, āþeċġan

Iterative-intensive formation derived from *þigjaną.

/ˈθɑɣ.jɑ.nɑ̃/


abô

abô (nominative singular)
abniz (nominative plural)
abô (singular vocative)
abniz (plural vocative)
abanų (accusative singular)
abnuz (accusative plural)
abniz (genitive singular)
abnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
abni (dative singular)
abnamaz (dative plural)
abnē (instrumental singular)
abnamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: afi
Faroese: avi
Icelandic: afi

Gothic: 𐌰𐌱𐌰 (aba)

Probably represents a zero-grade agent n-stem derived from the lost strong verb *afaną. The semantics probably developed from "he who works, labors" > "man of the household".


libjaną

libjō (active first-person indicative singular)
libjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
libaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
libjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
libai (active imperative second-person singular)
libaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
libjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
libjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
libjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
libjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
libjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
libjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
libjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
libjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
libjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
libaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
libjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
libaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
libjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
libjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
libjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
libdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
libdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
libdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
libdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
libdē (active indicative singular third-person)
libdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
libdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
libdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
libdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
libdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
libdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
libdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
libdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
libdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
libdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
libdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
libjandz (active participle present)
libdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *libbjan
Old English: libban, lifian — Anglian
Middle English: lyven, leeve, lefe, leve, leven, libbe, libben, lifen, live, liven, lybbe, lyve; libbæn, libbenn, livie, livien, luvien
English: live
Scots: leeve
Yola: live
Old Frisian: leva
Saterland Frisian: líeuwje
West Frisian: libje
Old Saxon: libbian
Middle Low German: leven
German Low German: lęven, lewen, lewe (in other dialects, including Low Prussian)
Old Dutch: libben
Middle Dutch: leven
Dutch: leven, leeven (obsolete)
Afrikaans: leef, lewe
Berbice Creole Dutch: lefu
Jersey Dutch: lêve
Negerhollands: leev, lif, leven
Limburgish: laeve
Middle Dutch: leven
Dutch: leven, leeven (obsolete)
Afrikaans: leef, lewe
Berbice Creole Dutch: lefu
Jersey Dutch: lêve
Negerhollands: leev, lif, leven
Limburgish: laeve
Old High German: lebēn
Middle High German: lëben
Alemannic German: lëëbe
Alsatian: lawe
Swabian: läba
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: lem
Mòcheno: lem
German: leben
Luxembourgish: liewen
Vilamovian: łaowa
Yiddish: לעבן (lebn)

Old Norse: lifa
Icelandic: lifa
Faroese: liva
Norwegian Nynorsk: leva, liva (pre-1917 spelling)
Old Swedish: liva, leffua
Swedish: leva, lefva (pre-1906 spelling)
Danish: leve
Norwegian Bokmål: leve

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (liban)

From Proto-Indo-European *leyp- (“leave, cling, linger”).


rūnō

rūnō (nominative singular)
rūnôz (nominative plural)
rūnō (singular vocative)
rūnôz (plural vocative)
rūnǭ (accusative singular)
rūnōz (accusative plural)
rūnōz (genitive singular)
rūnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rūnōi (dative singular)
rūnōmaz (dative plural)
rūnō (instrumental singular)
rūnōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rūnu
Old English: rūn
Middle English: roun
Scots: rune, roun, round
English: roun, round
Old Saxon: rūna
Middle Low German: rûne, rune
Old Dutch: *rūna
Middle Dutch: rune, ruun, ruen; (alruna, alrune)
(Dutch: alruin)
Old High German: rūna
Middle High German: rūne
German: Raune, Rune

Proto-Norse: ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (rūnō) (accusative singular)
Old Norse: rún
Icelandic: rún f
Faroese: rún f
Norwegian Nynorsk: run f, runer f pl (← rúnir); (dialectal) rón f, rjón n
Old Swedish: rūn, rūna
Swedish: runa c or f
Old Danish: rune
Danish: rune c (partially through artificial revival), runer pl
Norwegian Bokmål: rune m or f
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: rune f, runa f
→ German: Rune f
→ Dutch: rune
→ English: rune
→ Mandarin: 盧恩／卢恩 (lú'ēn)
→ Finnish: runo
→ Swedish: runa c or f, runo c or f

Gothic: 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰 (rūna)

From Proto-Indo-European *rewHn-, from *rewH-, *rēwH- (“to roar; grumble; murmur; mumble; whisper”). Compare Latin rūmor. Possibly a borrowing either from Proto-Celtic *rūnā or from the same source as it.

inscription written with runes (letters of the Germanic runic alphabet)


frijōną

frijō (active first-person indicative singular)
frijǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frijōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
frijōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
frijōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frijō (active imperative second-person singular)
frijōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
frijōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
frijōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
frijō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frijōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
frijōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
frijōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
frijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
frijōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frijōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frijōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frijōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
frijōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
frijōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frijōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
frijōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
frijōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
frijōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frijōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
frijōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
frijōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
frijōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
frijōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frijōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
frijōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
frijōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frijōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
frijōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frijōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
frijōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frijōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
frijōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frijōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
frijōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frijōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frijōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frijōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
frijōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frijōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
frijōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frijōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
frijōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frijōndz (active participle present)
frijōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *frijōn, *frijigōn
Old English: frīġan, frēoġan, frēon
Middle English: freen, freoȝen, freoen, fren
Scots: fre, frey, frie
English: free
Old Frisian: frīa, frīaia, friāia, frāia
Saterland Frisian: fräie
West Frisian: frije
Old Saxon: friehōn, friohōn
Middle Low German: vrîen, vrigen, vrihen, freien
German Low German: frejen
Low German: frijen
Old Dutch: *frīon
⇒ Old Dutch: afrio
Middle Dutch: vrien, vrihen, vrijen
Dutch: vrijen
Old High German: *frīhōn, *frīwōn, *frijōn
Middle High German: frīen, vrīen, vrijen, vrigen
German: freien
Luxembourgish: freien

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: frjá, fría

Icelandic: frjá, fría

Faroese: fríggja

Norwegian: fri

Old Swedish: fria

Swedish: fria

Danish: fri

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽 (frijōn)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *priHyéh₂ti. By surface analysis, *frijaz (“free”) + *-ōną. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *prijati.


fijandz

fijandz (nominative singular)
fijandiz (nominative plural)
fijand (singular vocative)
fijandiz (plural vocative)
fijandų (accusative singular)
fijandunz (accusative plural)
fijandiz (genitive singular)
fijandǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fijandi (dative singular)
fijandumaz (dative plural)
fijandē (instrumental singular)
fijandumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fijand

Old English: fēond

Middle English: feend

Scots: fient

English: fiend

Old Frisian: fīand

Saterland Frisian: Fäind

West Frisian: fijân

desctree

Old Saxon: fīand, fīond, fīoud
Middle Low German: vîent, vîant, vîen, vigent, vigen, vînt, vîend, fīent
German Low German: Feend, Fiend
Plautdietsch: Fient

Old Dutch: *fīand

Middle Dutch: viant
Dutch: vijand
Afrikaans: vyand
Negerhollands: vyand, vieand
→ Sranan Tongo: feyanti
→ Aukan: feyanti
→ Saramaccan: feántima
Limburgish: vieënd, vieëndj

Old High German: fīant, fīand

Middle High German: vīant, vīent, vīnt

Cimbrian: faint

German: Feind

Yiddish: פֿײַנד (faynd)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: fjándi
Icelandic: fjandi
Faroese: fjandi (“devil, fiend”)
Norn: fjandi (“devil”)
Norwegian Bokmål: fiende
Norwegian Nynorsk: fiende
Elfdalian: fiend, fiund
Old Swedish: fiænde, fiande, fionde
Swedish: fiende
Danish: fjende
Gutnish: fiende, feiunde

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (fijands)

Present participle of *fijāną, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₁- (“to hate”), equivalent to *fijāną + *-ndz.


sēmô

sēmô (nominative singular)
sēmnō (nominative plural)
sēmô (singular vocative)
sēmnō (plural vocative)
sēmô (accusative singular)
sēmnō (accusative plural)
sēmniz (genitive singular)
sēmnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sēmni (dative singular)
sēmnamaz (dative plural)
sēmnē (instrumental singular)
sēmnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sāmō
Old Saxon: sāmo
Middle Low German: sāme
Old High German: sāmo
Middle High German: sāme, saume
Cimbrian: zamo
German: Samen, Same (now rare)
→ Japanese: ザーメン (zāmen)
Hunsrik: Some
Luxembourgish: Som
Vilamovian: zöma
Yiddish: זוימען (zoymen) (< saume)

→ Finnish: hieman (through earlier *šeema)

From Proto-Indo-European *séh₁mn̥ (“seed”); thus equivalent to *sēaną + *-mô.


frijōndz

frijōndz (nominative singular)
frijōndiz (nominative plural)
frijōnd (singular vocative)
frijōndiz (plural vocative)
frijōndų (accusative singular)
frijōndunz (accusative plural)
frijōndiz (genitive singular)
frijōndǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frijōndi (dative singular)
frijōndumaz (dative plural)
frijōndē (instrumental singular)
frijōndumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *friund
Old English: frēond, frīond — Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish
Middle English: frend, frende, freond, friend, vrend, freend, frond, frund, freind, freynde, vryend, frind
English: friend (see there for further descendants)
Scots: freend, frende, freynd, freind
Yola: vriene, friend
→ Welsh: ffrind
Old Frisian: friūnd, friōnd
Saterland Frisian: Früünd, Fjund
West Frisian: freon
Old Saxon: friund
Middle Low German: vrint, vrünt, vrent
German Low German: Fründ, Frund, Frönd
Plautdietsch: Frint
→ Old Swedish: frynt, frynd
Swedish: frynt (obsolete)
Old Dutch: friund, friunt
Middle Dutch: vrient
Dutch: vriend, vrind
Afrikaans: vriend
Berbice Creole Dutch: frindi
Javindo: friend
Jersey Dutch: vrînt
Negerhollands: vriend, vrient
Petjo: pring (archaic)
Limburgish: vröndj
Old High German: friunt
Middle High German: vriunt
Alemannic German: Fründ
Bavarian: Freind
Cimbrian: vròint, bròint (Mezzaselva)
Central Franconian: Frönd, Frend, Frind, Frönk, Fründ
Hunsrik: Freind, froynt
Luxembourgish: Frënd
German: Freund
Vilamovian: frajnd
Yiddish: פֿרײַנד (fraynd)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: fríandi, frjándi, frændi
Icelandic: frændi
Faroese: frændi
Norn: frend
Norwegian Nynorsk: frende
Old Swedish: frænde
Swedish: frände
Danish: frænde
Norwegian Bokmål: frende

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃 (frijōnds)

Present participle of *frijōną, equivalent to *frijōną + *-ndz.


-janą

-jō (active first-person indicative singular)
-jaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-jai (first-person indicative passive singular)
-isi (active indicative second-person singular)
-jais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-i (active imperative second-person singular)
-jasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
-jaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-iþi (active indicative singular third-person)
-jai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-jaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
-jaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
-jaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-jōs (active dual first-person indicative)
-jaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-jaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-jaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-jaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
-jamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
-jaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-janþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
-jainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
-iþ (active indicative plural second-person)
-jaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-iþ (active imperative plural second-person)
-janþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
-jainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-janþi (active indicative plural third-person)
-jain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-janþau (active imperative plural third-person)
-janþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
-jainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-idǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
-idēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-idēz (active indicative second-person singular)
-idēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-idē (active indicative singular third-person)
-idēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-idēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
-idēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-idēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-idēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-idēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
-idēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-idēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
-idēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-idēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
-idēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-jandz (active participle present)
-idaz (active participle past subjunctive)
-ijō (active first-person indicative singular)
-ijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-ijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
-īsi (active indicative second-person singular)
-ijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-ī (active imperative second-person singular)
-ijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
-ijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-īþi (active indicative singular third-person)
-ijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-ijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
-ijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
-ijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-ijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
-ijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-ijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-ijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-ijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
-ijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
-ijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-ijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
-ijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
-īþ (active indicative plural second-person)
-ijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-īþ (active imperative plural second-person)
-ijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
-ijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-ijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
-ijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-ijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
-ijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
-ijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-idǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
-idēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-idēz (active indicative second-person singular)
-idēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-idē (active indicative singular third-person)
-idēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-idēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
-idēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-idēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-idēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-idēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
-idēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-idēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
-idēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-idēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
-idēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-ijandz (active participle present)
-idaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *-jan
Old English: -an (merged with strong verb ending), -ian (after r).
Middle English: -en, -ien
English: -y (only after r, as in ferry, herry, etc.)
Old Frisian: -a (merged with strong verb ending), -ia (after r)
Saterland Frisian: -e, -je
West Frisian: -e, -je
Old Saxon: -ian
Middle Low German: -en (merged with all other verbs)
German Low German: -en
Old Dutch: -en, -ien (after r)
Middle Dutch: -en (merged with all other verbs)
Dutch: -en
Old High German: -en, -ien (after r)
Middle High German: -en (merged with all other verbs)
German: -en

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -ja (only after short stems)

Icelandic: -ja

Faroese: -ja

Swedish: -ja

Gothic: -𐌾𐌰𐌽 (-jan)

From a merger of several Proto-Indo-European suffixes, which had become alike because of the combination of Sievers' law (j/ij) and i-mutation:
* *-yéti (denominative suffix) attached to athematic stems. Cognates include Ancient Greek denominatives with -y- metathesis, verbs in -ίω (-íō) and -ύω (-úō), Sanskrit denominative verbs in -यति (-yáti).
* *-eyéti, a compound suffix of *-e- (noun thematic vowel) + the above suffix. Cognates include most Latin -īre (fourth conjugation) verbs, some -ēre (second conjugation) verbs, most Ancient Greek -έω (-éō) contracted verbs, Sanskrit denominative verbs in -अयति (-ayáti).

Derives denominatives from nouns and factitives from adjectives.


-janą

From Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti (causative suffix).

inh

Derives causatives from basic strong verbs, with a sense of 'cause to do (the action of the verb)'. The stem vowel of the derived verb becomes that of the singular past tense, and the final consonant becomes the voiced Verner alternant.


-janą

-jō (active first-person indicative singular)
-jaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-aisi (active indicative second-person singular)
-jais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-ai (active imperative second-person singular)
-aiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
-jai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-jaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
-jōs (active dual first-person indicative)
-jaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-jaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-jaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-jaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
-jamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
-jaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-aiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
-jaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-aiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
-janþi (active indicative plural third-person)
-jain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-janþau (active imperative plural third-person)
-dǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
-dēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-dēz (active indicative second-person singular)
-dēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-dē (active indicative singular third-person)
-dēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-dēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
-dēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-dēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-dēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-dēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
-dēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-dēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
-dēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-dēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
-dēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-jandz (active participle present)
-daz (active participle past subjunctive)
-ijō (active first-person indicative singular)
-ijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-aisi (active indicative second-person singular)
-ijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-ai (active imperative second-person singular)
-aiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
-ijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-ijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
-ijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
-ijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-ijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-ijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-ijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
-ijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
-ijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-aiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
-ijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-aiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
-ijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
-ijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-ijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
-dǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
-dēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-dēz (active indicative second-person singular)
-dēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-dē (active indicative singular third-person)
-dēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-dēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
-dēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-dēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-dēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-dēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
-dēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-dēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
-dēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-dēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
-dēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-ijandz (active participle present)
-daz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old High German: -ēn

Middle High German: -en (merged with all other verbs)

German: -en

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -ja (only after short stems)

Icelandic: -ja

Faroese: -ja

Gothic: -𐌰𐌽 (-an)

From Proto-Indo-European *-h₁yéti, an innovated compound suffix from *-éh₁ti (stative verb suffix) which was originally athematic, but later extended with the thematic present suffix *-yéti based on the past participle. Cognate with Latin stative verbs in -ēre (second conjugation).

Creates stative verbs either directly from roots or from other verbs.


haiduz

haiduz (nominative singular)
haidiwiz (nominative plural)
haidu (singular vocative)
haidiwiz (plural vocative)
haidų (accusative singular)
haidunz (accusative plural)
haidauz (genitive singular)
haidiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haidiwi (dative singular)
haidumaz (dative plural)
haidū (instrumental singular)
haidumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haidu; *-haidu, *-haidi

Old English: hād, -hād; *hǣd, *-hǣd, *-hǣdu

Middle English: had, hod, hode, hede; -had, -hod, -hed, -hede

Scots: had, hade, haid, -heid

English: hade, hede, hode, -hood; -head

Old Frisian: -hēd

Saterland Frisian: -haid, -gaid

West Frisian: -heid

Old Saxon: -hēd

Middle Low German: -heit

desc

German Low German: -heid (East Frisian), -heit (Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommerisch, Paderbornisch), -heet, -het

→ Norwegian Bokmål: -het

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: -heit

→ Swedish: -het

→ Danish: -hed

→ Icelandic: -heit

Old Dutch: *-hēd, *-heid

Middle Dutch: -heit

Dutch: -heid
Afrikaans: -heid

Old High German: -heit

Middle High German: -heit

German: -heit, -keit

Yiddish: ־הייט (-heyt), ־קייט (-keyt)

>? Old French: hait (“emotion, joy”)

⇒ Old French: haitier

Old Norse: heiðr

Icelandic: heiður

Faroese: heiður

Norwegian Bokmål: heder

Norwegian Nynorsk: heider

Old Swedish: hēþer

Swedish: heder

Danish: hæder

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍃 (haidus)

Apparently identical to Sanskrit केतु (ketú, “brightness, light; appearance, form, mark”), from Proto-Indo-European *koytús, from the root *keyt- (“clear, bright, shining”), whence also *haidraz (“clear, bright”). (A pre-form *keydʰ- is also possible.)


uhsô

uhsô (nominative singular)
uhsniz (nominative plural)
uhsô (singular vocative)
uhsniz (plural vocative)
uhsanų (accusative singular)
uhsnuz (accusative plural)
uhsniz (genitive singular)
uhsnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
uhsni (dative singular)
uhsnamaz (dative plural)
uhsnē (instrumental singular)
uhsnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ohsō
Old English: oxa
Middle English: oxe, hox, nox, occe, ocxe, okse, ox, oxhe, oxse
English: ox (see there for further descendants)
Scots: ox
Old Frisian: oxa
North Frisian: Aus, oxse
West Frisian: okse
Saterland Frisian: Okse
Old Saxon: *ohso
Middle Low German: osce, ochse, osse
German Low German: Osse, Oss
Plautdietsch: Oss
Old Dutch: osso
Middle Dutch: osse
Dutch: os
Afrikaans: os
Negerhollands: os
Old High German: ohso
Middle High German: ohse, ochse, osse, ox
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: oks
Mòcheno: ocks
German: Ochse, Ochs (regional or poetic)
→ Luxembourgish: Ochs
Central Franconian: Ohs
Luxembourgish: Uess
Yiddish: אָקס (oks)

Old Norse: oxi, uxi
Icelandic: oxi, uxi
Faroese: oksi
Norwegian Nynorsk: okse, ukse
Old Swedish: oxe, uxe
Swedish: oxe
Old Danish: oxæ, uxæ
Danish: okse
Norwegian Bokmål: okse
Scanian: oğse

Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃𐌰 (auhsa)

→ Proto-Samic: *vuoksā (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *uksḗn (“bull”).


frumistaz

frumist (adverb)
frumistaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
frumistai (masculine nominative plural strong)
frumistō (feminine nominative singular strong)
frumistôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
frumistą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
frumistō (neuter nominative plural strong)
frumistanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
frumistanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
frumistǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
frumistōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
frumistą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
frumistō (accusative neuter plural strong)
frumistas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
frumistaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
frumistaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
frumistaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
frumistas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
frumistaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
frumistammai (dative masculine singular strong)
frumistaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
frumistaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
frumistaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
frumistammai (dative neuter singular strong)
frumistaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
frumistanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
frumistaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
frumistaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
frumistaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
frumistanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
frumistaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
frumistô (masculine nominative singular weak)
frumistaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
frumistǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
frumistōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
frumistô (neuter nominative singular weak)
frumistōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
frumistanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
frumistanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
frumistōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
frumistōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
frumistô (accusative neuter singular weak)
frumistōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
frumistiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
frumistanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
frumistōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
frumistōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
frumistiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
frumistanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
frumistini (dative masculine singular weak)
frumistammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
frumistōni (dative feminine singular weak)
frumistōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
frumistini (dative neuter singular weak)
frumistammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
frumistinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
frumistammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
frumistōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
frumistōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
frumistinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
frumistammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*frumistaz (a-stem)


maiz

mor

Old Frisian: mā, mē, mār, mēr; North Frisian


airizô

airiz (adverb)
airistaz (superlative)
airizô (masculine nominative singular)
airizaniz (masculine nominative plural)
airizį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
airizīniz (feminine nominative plural)
airizô (neuter nominative singular)
airizōnō (neuter nominative plural)
airizanų (accusative masculine singular)
airizanunz (accusative masculine plural)
airizīnų (accusative feminine singular)
airizīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
airizô (accusative neuter singular)
airizōnō (accusative neuter plural)
airiziniz (genitive masculine singular)
airizanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
airizīniz (feminine genitive singular)
airizīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
airiziniz (genitive neuter singular)
airizanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
airizini (dative masculine singular)
airizammaz (dative masculine plural)
airizīni (dative feminine singular)
airizīmaz (dative feminine plural)
airizini (dative neuter singular)
airizammaz (dative neuter plural)
airizinē (instrumental masculine singular)
airizammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
airizīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
airizīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
airizinē (instrumental neuter singular)
airizammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

gem-decl-adj-table

*airizô (an/īn-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *airiʀōOld English: ǣrraMiddle English: ærre

eroreOld Frisian:West Frisian: earderOld Saxon:Middle Low German: êrerLow German: ehrderOld Dutch: *ēriroMiddle Dutch: eerreDutch: eerderOld High German: ēriro

ēroroMiddle High German: ērer(German: eher)


airiz

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *airi
Old English: ǣr
Middle English: er
English: ere
Scots: air
Yola: ear
Old Frisian: ēr
Saterland Frisian: eer, ädder
West Frisian: ier
⇒ West Frisian: eardat, ear't
Old Saxon: ēr
Middle Low German: êr
German Low German: ehr
⇒ German Low German: ehrdat
⇒ German Low German: ehrder
⇒ German Low German: ehrtieds
Old Dutch: ēr
Middle Dutch: êer
Dutch: eer
Limburgish: ieër
Old High German: ēr
Middle High German: ēr, ē (loss of -r as in hie, dā)
German: eher, ehe, eh

>? Old Norse: áðr, áðan
Icelandic: áður
Faroese: áður
Norwegian Nynorsk: åder

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐍃 (airis)

earlier, before; comparative degree of *airi


airi

airiz (comparative)
airist (superlative)

Old Norse: ár, áðr

Icelandic: ár, áður (áður may be from *airiz)

Faroese: áður

Norwegian Nynorsk: år

Old Swedish: *ar

⇒ Old Norse: árla

Icelandic: árla

Faroese: árla

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: årle; (dialectal) årla

Old Swedish: aarla, arla

Swedish: arla

Danish: årle

Norwegian Bokmål: årle

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍂 (air)


hringaz

hringaz (nominative singular)
hringōz (nominative plural)
hringōs (nominative plural)
hring (singular vocative)
hringōz (plural vocative)
hringōs (plural vocative)
hringą (accusative singular)
hringanz (accusative plural)
hringas (genitive singular)
hringis (genitive singular)
hringǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hringai (dative singular)
hringamaz (dative plural)
hringō (instrumental singular)
hringamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hring
Old English: hring, hrincg, hrinċġ, ring; ᚱᛁᚾᚷ (rinġ) — Wheatley Hill Finger Ring
Middle English: ryng, rynge, ring
English: ring
Scots: ring
Yola: ring
→ Medieval Latin: ringa, renga (Anglo-Latin)
Old Frisian: hring
North Frisian: Ring, Rink
Saterland Frisian: Ring
West Frisian: ring
Old Saxon: hring
Middle Low German: rinc, rink, ring
German Low German: Ring
Low German: rink
Plautdietsch: Rinkj
Old Dutch: ring
Middle Dutch: rinc
Dutch: ring
Afrikaans: ring
Negerhollands: rink, riṅ
→? Aukan: linga
→ Indonesian: ring
→ Papiamentu: renchi, ringtsje (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: rink
Old High German: ring, hring
Middle High German: rinc, ring
German: Ring
Luxembourgish: Rank
Yiddish: רינג (ring)
→ Old French: reng, renc, renk, renge, renke, rang, ranc (see there for further descendants)
→ Old French: renge, range (“sword-belt”)
Middle French: renge
→ Middle English: renge, raunge

Old Norse: hringr
Icelandic: hringur
Faroese: ringur
Norn: ring
Norwegian Nynorsk: ring
Elfdalian: ringg
Old Swedish: ringer
Swedish: ring
Old Danish: ring
Danish: ring
Norwegian Bokmål: ring
Gutnish: ringg

Gothic: *𐌷𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (*hriggs)

→ Italian: aringo, arringo

Italian: aringa, arringa

→ Old French: harangue

French: harangue

→ English: harangue

→ Occitan: arengua

→ Spanish: arenga

→ Portuguese: arenga

→ Latin: harenga

→ Medieval Latin: arengum

→ Italian: arengo

Crimean Gothic: ringo

→ Proto-Finnic: *rëngas (< *hrengaz) (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *hrengaz (compare the Proto-Finnic loanword *rëngas), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)krengʰ-, extended nasalized form of Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”). Cognates with Proto-Slavic *krǫgъ.


hringaz

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hring
Old English: hring
Middle English: *ring
English: ring

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreg-, *(s)kArg-, *(s)kArk- (“to caw, crow, croak, pipe, shout”). Cognate with Lithuanian krañkti (“to caw, cough, croak”).


hasô

hesô (nominative singular)
hesaniz (nominative plural)
hesô (singular vocative)
hesaniz (plural vocative)
hesanų (accusative singular)
haznunz (accusative plural)
haznaz (genitive singular)
haznǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hazini (dative singular)
hazummaz (dative plural)
haznē (instrumental singular)
hazummiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hasō ~ *haʀ-
Old English: hara
Middle English: hare
English: hare
Scots: hare, hair
Old Frisian: hasa, hase
North Frisian:
Sylt: Haas
Saterland Frisian: Hoaze, Hoase
West Frisian: hazze
Old Saxon: haso
Middle Low German: hāse
German Low German: Haas, Hoos
Plautdietsch: Hos
Old Dutch: *haso
Middle Dutch: hāse
Dutch: haas
Afrikaans: haas
Jersey Dutch: hâśe (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: haas
Old High German: haso
Middle High German: hase
Alemannic German: Haase
Bavarian: Hås
Cimbrian: haazo, has (Luserna)
Mòcheno: hos
Central Franconian: Has, Hoas
Luxembourgish: Hues
German: Hase
→ French: hase
Vilamovian: hoza
Yiddish: האָז (hoz)

Old Norse: hjasi

Icelandic: hjasi

Norwegian Nynorsk: jase

Old Norse: *hjeri

Icelandic: héri

Old Norse: heri, hari — Old East Norse
Icelandic: héri
Norwegian Bokmål: hare
Norwegian Nynorsk: hare
Elfdalian: eri
Old Swedish: hari
Swedish: hare
Danish: hare
→ Faroese: hara f
→ Middle English: here, ere

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₂s-. Compare with Welsh cannu (“to whiten”), ceinach (“hare”), English hare, Latin cascus (“old”), Old Prussian sasins (“hare”), Pashto سوی (soe, “hare”), and Sanskrit शश (śaśa, “hare”).


warmaz

*warmaz (a-stem)

warmaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
warmai (masculine nominative plural strong)
warmō (feminine nominative singular strong)
warmôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
warmą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
warmō (neuter nominative plural strong)
warmanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
warmanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
warmǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
warmōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
warmą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
warmō (accusative neuter plural strong)
warmas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
warmaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
warmaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
warmaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
warmas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
warmaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
warmammai (dative masculine singular strong)
warmaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
warmaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
warmaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
warmammai (dative neuter singular strong)
warmaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
warmanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
warmaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
warmaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
warmaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
warmanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
warmaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
warmô (masculine nominative singular weak)
warmaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
warmǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
warmōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
warmô (neuter nominative singular weak)
warmōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
warmanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
warmanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
warmōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
warmōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
warmô (accusative neuter singular weak)
warmōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
warminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
warmanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
warmōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
warmōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
warminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
warmanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
warmini (dative masculine singular weak)
warmammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
warmōni (dative feminine singular weak)
warmōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
warmini (dative neuter singular weak)
warmammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
warminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
warmammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
warmōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
warmōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
warminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
warmammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *warm
Old English: wearm
Middle English: warm, warme, werm, wearm
Scots: wairm
English: warm
Old Frisian: warm
Saterland Frisian: woorm
West Frisian: waarm
Old Saxon: warm
Middle Low German: warm
Low German: warm
German Low German: warm
Old Dutch: *warm
Middle Dutch: warm
Dutch: warm
Afrikaans: warm
Limburgish: werm
West Flemish: werm
Old High German: warm
Middle High German: warm
Alemannic German: warm
Italian Walser: warm, woare, woarm, wore, wérme
Bavarian: borm
Cimbrian: barm
Mòcheno: bòrm
Udinese: borm, borbm, boarm
Viennese: wårm
Central Franconian: wärm, warm
Hunsrik: waarem
German: warm
Luxembourgish: waarm
Yiddish: וואַרעם (varem)

Old Norse: varmr
Icelandic: varmur
Faroese: varmur
Norwegian Nynorsk: varm; (dialectal) varm’u, varm’e
Elfdalian: warm
Old Swedish: varmber, værmber
Swedish: varm
Old Danish: warm
Danish: varm
Norwegian Bokmål: varm
Scanian: værmer
Old Gutnish: varmbr
Gutnish: varmar

Uncertain. Two different etymologies have been proposed.
# From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰór-mo-s, from *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”) + *-mos, related to Ancient Greek θερμός (thermós), Latin formus, Persian گرم (garm) and Sanskrit घर्म (gharma).
# From Proto-Indo-European *wór-mo-s, from *wer- (“to burn”) + *-mos, related to Hittite [script needed] (warnuzi).
The dispute is due to differing hypotheses on how Proto-Indo-European initial *gʷʰ- evolved in Germanic. Some maintain that *gʷʰ would have turned to *b, and therefore that the root *gʷʰer- would instead have given rise to *ber- (“to burn”) etc. (compare *banô < *gʷʰon-ō). A counterargument (e.g. Kroonen (2013: p. xxviii)) is that Germanic *w is in fact the usual outcome of *gʷʰ, citing uncontroversial examples such as *snaiwaz < *snóygʷʰos and *neurô < *négʷʰrō. There have also been etymologies proposing a merger of the two roots.

warm (having a higher temperature than usual)


rihtijaną

rihtijō (active first-person indicative singular)
rihtijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rihtijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rihtīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
rihtijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rihtī (active imperative second-person singular)
rihtijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rihtijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rihtīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rihtijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rihtijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rihtijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rihtijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rihtijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rihtijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rihtijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rihtijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rihtijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rihtijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rihtijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rihtijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rihtijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rihtīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rihtijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rihtīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rihtijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rihtijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rihtijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rihtijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rihtijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rihtijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rihtijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rihtidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rihtidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rihtidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rihtidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rihtidē (active indicative singular third-person)
rihtidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rihtidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rihtidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rihtidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rihtidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rihtidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rihtidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rihtidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rihtidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rihtidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rihtidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rihtijandz (active participle present)
rihtidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *rihtijan
Old English: rihtan, rehtan, ryhtan
Middle English: riȝten, righten, reghten
English: right
Old Frisian: riuchta
Old Saxon: rihtian
Old Dutch: *rihten
Middle Dutch: richten
Dutch: richten
Afrikaans: rig
Limburgish: richte
Old High German: rihten
Middle High German: richten
German: richten
Luxembourgish: riichten

q

Old Norse: rétta (a class 1 weak verb, the descendants have mostly moved it to class 2)

Icelandic: rétta

Faroese: rætta

Norwegian: rette

Old Swedish: rǣtta

Swedish: rätta, räta

Danish: rette

Elfdalian: retta, raita

Gutnish: rete, ret', reta


rehtaz

*rehtaz (a-stem)

rehtaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
rehtai (masculine nominative plural strong)
rehtō (feminine nominative singular strong)
rehtôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
rehtą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
rehtō (neuter nominative plural strong)
rehtanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
rehtanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
rehtǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
rehtōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
rehtą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
rehtō (accusative neuter plural strong)
rehtas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
rehtaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
rehtaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
rehtaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
rehtas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
rehtaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
rehtammai (dative masculine singular strong)
rehtaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
rehtaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
rehtaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
rehtammai (dative neuter singular strong)
rehtaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
rehtanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
rehtaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
rehtaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
rehtaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
rehtanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
rehtaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
rehtô (masculine nominative singular weak)
rehtaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
rehtǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
rehtōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
rehtô (neuter nominative singular weak)
rehtōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
rehtanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
rehtanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
rehtōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
rehtōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
rehtô (accusative neuter singular weak)
rehtōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
rehtiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
rehtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
rehtōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
rehtōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
rehtiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
rehtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
rehtini (dative masculine singular weak)
rehtammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
rehtōni (dative feminine singular weak)
rehtōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
rehtini (dative neuter singular weak)
rehtammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
rehtinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
rehtammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
rehtōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
rehtōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
rehtinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
rehtammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *reht
Old English: riht, reht — Mercian; reht, reoht, reiht, ryht
Middle English: right, reȝt, riȝte, riȝt, ryȝt, ryght, righte, riht
English: right
→ Spanish: right
→ Welsh: reit
Geordie English: reet
Scots: richt
Yola: reights (plural)
Old Frisian: riucht, riocht
Saterland Frisian: riucht, gjucht
West Frisian: rjocht
Old Saxon: reht
Middle Low German: recht, richt
Low German: recht
Old Dutch: reht
Middle Dutch: recht
Dutch: recht
Berbice Creole Dutch: rekti
Jersey Dutch: rääxt
Negerhollands: recht, rek, ret, tret, regt
→ Virgin Islands Creole: tret (dated)
→ Papiamentu: rècht
→ Saramaccan: leti
Limburgish: rèch
Old High German: reht
Middle High German: rëht
Alemannic German: Rëcht
Central Franconian: rääch, räht, räät (western Ripuarian, parts of western Moselle Franconian); reht, reet, reecht (other parts of Moselle Franconian); räächt (eastern Moselle Franconian)
German: recht, Recht
Hunsrik: richt
Luxembourgish: riets, riicht, Recht (influenced by German)
Vilamovian: racht
Yiddish: רעכט (rekht)

Old Norse: réttr
Icelandic: réttur
Faroese: rættur
Norwegian Nynorsk: rett
Elfdalian: rett
Old Swedish: rǣtter
Swedish: rätt, rät
Old Danish: rǣt
Scanian: rǽtter
Danish: ret
Norwegian Bokmål: rett
Gutnish: rettar

Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃 (raihts)


tehswô

gem-decl-adj-table

*tehswô (n-stem)

tehswô (masculine nominative singular)
tehswaniz (masculine nominative plural)
tehswǭ (feminine nominative singular)
tehswōniz (feminine nominative plural)
tehswô (neuter nominative singular)
tehswōnō (neuter nominative plural)
tehswanų (accusative masculine singular)
tehswanunz (accusative masculine plural)
tehswōnų (accusative feminine singular)
tehswōnunz (accusative feminine plural)
tehswô (accusative neuter singular)
tehswōnō (accusative neuter plural)
tihswiniz (genitive masculine singular)
tehswanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
tehswōniz (feminine genitive singular)
tehswōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
tihswiniz (genitive neuter singular)
tehswanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
tihswini (dative masculine singular)
tehswammaz (dative masculine plural)
tehswōni (dative feminine singular)
tehswōmaz (dative feminine plural)
tihswini (dative neuter singular)
tehswammaz (dative neuter plural)
tihswinē (instrumental masculine singular)
tehswammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
tehswōnē (feminine instrumental singular)
tehswōmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
tihswinē (instrumental neuter singular)
tehswammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tehswō
Old High German: zeso
Middle High German: zëse (inflected forms: zësewer, zëswer, zësem, etc.)
German: zese

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃𐍅𐌰 (taihswa)

From Proto-Indo-European *deḱs- (“right”). Cognate with Latin dexter (“right”), Lithuanian dešinys (“right”).


hwī

Old English: hwȳ, hwī
Middle English: why
English: why
Scots: why

Old Dutch: wī

Middle Dutch: wij

⇒ Middle Dutch: winne, wijne (wij + ne ), twi (tot + wij)

Old High German: hwē (from the variant *hwē)

(Middle High German: wie) (chiefly from OHG hwēo < *hwaiwa)

(Cimbrian: bia)

(German: wie)

(Mòcheno: bia)

(Yiddish: ווי (vi))

Old Norse: hví

Icelandic: hví

Faroese: hví

Norwegian Nynorsk: kvi

⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: kvifor

Swedish: vi

Danish: hvi

Norwegian Bokmål: hvi

⇒ Danish: hvifor

q

from the variant <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*hwē</i>

Gothic: 𐍈𐌴 (ƕē) (from the variant *hwē)

how, with what, by what means; instrumental of *hwaz


fraetaną

fraetō (active first-person indicative singular)
fraetaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraetai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fraitizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fraetaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fraet (active imperative second-person singular)
fraetazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fraetaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fraitidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fraetai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fraetadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fraetadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fraetaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fraetōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fraetaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fraetadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fraetaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fraetadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fraetamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fraetaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fraetandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fraetaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fraitid (active indicative plural second-person)
fraetaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fraitid (active imperative plural second-person)
fraetandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fraetaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fraetandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fraetain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraetandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fraetandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fraetaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fraēt (active first-person indicative singular)
fraētį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraēst (active indicative second-person singular)
fraētīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fraēt (active indicative singular third-person)
fraētī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fraētū (active dual first-person indicative)
fraētīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fraētudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fraētīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fraētum (active first-person indicative plural)
fraētīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fraētud (active indicative plural second-person)
fraētīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fraētun (active indicative plural third-person)
fraētīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraetandz (active participle present)
fraetanaz (active participle past subjunctive)
fraitō (active first-person indicative singular)
fraitaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraitai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fraitizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fraitaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frait (active imperative second-person singular)
fraitazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fraitaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fraitidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fraitai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fraitadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fraitadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fraitaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fraitōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fraitaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fraitadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fraitaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fraitadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fraitamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fraitaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fraitandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fraitaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fraitid (active indicative plural second-person)
fraitaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fraitid (active imperative plural second-person)
fraitandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fraitaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fraitandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fraitain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraitandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fraitandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fraitaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frēt (active first-person indicative singular)
frētį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frēst (active indicative second-person singular)
frētīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frēt (active indicative singular third-person)
frētī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frētū (active dual first-person indicative)
frētīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frētudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frētīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frētum (active first-person indicative plural)
frētīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frētud (active indicative plural second-person)
frētīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frētun (active indicative plural third-person)
frētīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraitandz (active participle present)
fraitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)
fretō (active first-person indicative singular)
fretaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fretai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fritizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fretaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fret (active imperative second-person singular)
fretazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fretaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fritidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fretai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fretadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fretadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fretaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fretōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fretaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fretadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fretaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fretadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fretamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fretaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fretandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fretaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fritid (active indicative plural second-person)
fretaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fritid (active imperative plural second-person)
fretandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fretaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fretandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fretain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fretandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fretandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fretaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frēt (active first-person indicative singular)
frētį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frēst (active indicative second-person singular)
frētīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frēt (active indicative singular third-person)
frētī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frētū (active dual first-person indicative)
frētīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frētudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frētīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frētum (active first-person indicative plural)
frētīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frētud (active indicative plural second-person)
frētīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frētun (active indicative plural third-person)
frētīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fretandz (active participle present)
fretanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fraetan
Old English: fretan
Middle English: freten, ffrete, frete, fretyn, vreten; freoten
English: fret
Scots: frete, freet
Old Frisian: freta
Saterland Frisian: freete
West Frisian: frette
Old Saxon: fretan
Middle Low German: vrēten
German Low German: freten, friätten
→ Swedish: fräta
Old Dutch: *fretan
Middle Dutch: vrēten
Dutch: vreten
Afrikaans: vreet
Limburgish: vraete
Old High German: frezzan, firezzan
Middle High German: vrezzen
Cimbrian: vrèssan, brèssan, vrèzzan
German: fressen
→ English: fress (or from Yiddish)
→ Polish: frasować
Luxembourgish: friessen
Vilamovian: fraosa
Yiddish: פֿרעסן (fresn)
→ English: fress (or from German)

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (fraitan)


-īnaz

*-īnaz (a-stem)

-īnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
-īnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
-īnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
-īnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
-īną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
-īnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
-īnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
-īnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
-īnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
-īnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
-īną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
-īnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
-īnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
-īnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
-īnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
-īnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
-īnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
-īnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
-īnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
-īnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
-īnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
-īnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
-īnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
-īnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
-īnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
-īnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
-īnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
-īnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
-īnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
-īnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
-īnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
-īnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
-īnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
-īnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
-īnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
-īnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
-īnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
-īnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
-īnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
-īnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
-īniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
-īnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
-īnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
-īnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
-īniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
-īnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
-īnini (dative masculine singular weak)
-īnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
-īnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
-īnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
-īnini (dative neuter singular weak)
-īnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
-īninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
-īnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
-īnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
-īnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
-īninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
-īnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: -en

Middle English: -en

Scots: -en, -in

English: -en

Old Saxon: -īn

Middle Low German: -en

Low German: -en

Old Dutch: *-īn

Middle Dutch: -ijn, -en

Dutch: -en

Old High German: -īn

Middle High German: -en

German: -en, -ern

Old Norse: -inn

Icelandic: -inn

Gothic: -𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (-eins)

From Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos. Cognate with Latin -īnus and Ancient Greek -ινος (-inos).

-en. Originally forming adjectives of material from nouns, meaning 'made of (noun)'; either later in proto-Germanic proper or a subsequent development in pre-Germanic expanding to also form adjectives or nominalised adjectives pertaining to a thing, as in ‘characteristic of (noun)’.


anda-

Proto-West Germanic: *anda-
Old English: and-, an-, ond-, on-
English: an-, and-, on-, un-
Old Frisian: *and-, und-, ant-
Saterland Frisian: änt-
West Frisian: unt-, ûnt, ûnd
Old Saxon: and-
Middle Low German: ent-
German Low German: ent-
Old Dutch: ant-
Middle Dutch: ont-, ant-
Dutch: ont-
Afrikaans: ont-
Old High German: ant-, anta-, int-
Middle High German: ent-, -int-, ant-
German: ent-, emp-

Old Norse: and-

Icelandic: and-

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰- (anda-), 𐌰𐌽𐌳- (and-)

Vandalic: *and-

From pre-Germanic *h₂entó-, a combining form or allative formation from the Proto-Indo-European root noun *h₂énts. Cognate with Proto-Tocharian *ā́ntë (“in front of”).


winistraz

*winistraz (a-stem)

winistraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
winistrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
winistrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
winistrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
winistrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
winistrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
winistranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
winistranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
winistrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
winistrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
winistrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
winistrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
winistras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
winistraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
winistraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
winistraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
winistras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
winistraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
winistrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
winistraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
winistraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
winistraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
winistrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
winistraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
winistranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
winistraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
winistraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
winistraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
winistranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
winistraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
winistrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
winistraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
winistrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
winistrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
winistrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
winistrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
winistranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
winistranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
winistrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
winistrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
winistrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
winistrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
winistriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
winistranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
winistrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
winistrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
winistriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
winistranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
winistrini (dative masculine singular weak)
winistrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
winistrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
winistrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
winistrini (dative neuter singular weak)
winistrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
winistrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
winistrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
winistrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
winistrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
winistrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
winistrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

As with many words for 'left', this word was probably a taboo formation from *winiz (“friend”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to strive for, wish for, desire, love”).


fra-

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fra-, *far-, *fur-, *fir-
Old English: for-, fer-, fær-, fier-
Middle English: for-, far-, fer-, vor-
English: for-
Scots: for-
Old Frisian: for-
Saterland Frisian: fer-
West Frisian: for-, fer-
Old Saxon: far-, fir-; for-
Middle Low German: vor-
Low German: for-, ver-
Old Dutch: far-, for-, fer-
Middle Dutch: ver-
Dutch: ver-
Old High German: far-, fir-
Middle High German: ver-
German: ver-
Yiddish: פֿאַר־ (far-)

Old Norse: for-, fyr-, fir-

Icelandic: for-

Norwegian: for-

Swedish: för-

Danish: for-

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰- (fra-)

From Proto-Indo-European *pro- (“before, in front of”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πρό- (pró-, “in front of”).


hwarjaz

hwarjaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hwarjai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hwarjō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hwarjôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hwarją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hwarjō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hwarjanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hwarjanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hwarjǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hwarjōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hwarją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hwarjō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hwarjas (genitive masculine singular strong)
hwaris (genitive masculine singular strong)
hwarjaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hwarjaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hwarjaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hwarjas (genitive neuter singular strong)
hwaris (genitive neuter singular strong)
hwarjaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hwarjammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hwarjaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hwarjaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hwarjaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hwarjammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hwarjaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hwarjanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hwarjaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hwarjaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hwarjaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hwarjanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hwarjaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚹᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (*hwarjaʀ)

Old Norse: hverr (paradigm merged with *hwaz)

Icelandic: hver

Faroese: hvør

Norwegian Nynorsk: kvar, kven

Old Swedish: hvar (acc. fem. hvaria)

Swedish: varje (var)

Danish: hver

Norwegian Bokmål: hver

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 (ƕarjis)

From earlier *kʷoryos, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷ-.