ebnaz

*ebnaz (a-stem)

ebnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
ebnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
ebnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
ebnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ebną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
ebnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
ebnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
ebnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
ebnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
ebnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ebną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
ebnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
ebnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
ebnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
ebnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
ebnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
ebnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
ebnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
ebnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
ebnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
ebnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
ebnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
ebnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
ebnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
ebnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
ebnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
ebnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
ebnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
ebnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
ebnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ebnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
ebnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
ebnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
ebnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
ebnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
ebnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
ebnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
ebnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
ebnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
ebnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
ebnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
ebnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ebniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
ebnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
ebnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
ebnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ebniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
ebnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
ebnini (dative masculine singular weak)
ebnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
ebnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
ebnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
ebnini (dative neuter singular weak)
ebnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
ebninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
ebnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
ebnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
ebnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
ebninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
ebnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ebn
Old English: efn, efen, emn, em
Middle English: even
English: even
Scots: evin
Old Frisian: even, ivin
Saterland Frisian: íeuwen
West Frisian: effen, even
Old Saxon: evan
Middle Low German: even
Low German: effen, even
→ Danish: effen
→ Polabian: aven
→ Swedish: även
Old Dutch: *evan
Middle Dutch: ēven
Dutch: even
Limburgish: aeve
Middle Dutch: effen
Dutch: effen
Old High German: eban
Middle High German: eben
Alemannic German: ëben
Cimbrian: ébane
German: eben

Old Norse: jafn, jamn
Icelandic: jafn
Faroese: javnur
Norwegian Nynorsk: jamn
→ Norwegian Bokmål: jamn
Old Swedish: iæmpn, iamn, iæmn, iampn
Swedish: jämn
Old Danish: iæmfn, iafn, iæfn, ifn, iofn, iauæn, iæuæn, iæmn
Danish: jævn
Norwegian Bokmål: jevn

Elfdalian: iemmen
Jamtish: jamn
Gutnish: jamnar, jämbar
Scanian: jǫvner

Gothic: 𐌹𐌱𐌽𐍃 (ibns)

From Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)ém-no- (“equal, straight; flat, level, even”). Cognate with Sanskrit अम्नस् (amnás, “just now”, adv.), with differing accent.


erþō

erþō (nominative singular)
erþôz (nominative plural)
erþō (singular vocative)
erþôz (plural vocative)
erþǭ (accusative singular)
erþōz (accusative plural)
erþōz (genitive singular)
erþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
erþōi (dative singular)
erþōmaz (dative plural)
erþō (instrumental singular)
erþōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *erþu, (weak declension) *erþā
Old English: eorþe, earðe — Northumbrian; iorðe — Kentish; eorþ, earþe, iorþe, yrþ, eorðe, eorðo, eorðu; eorþæ, heorðe, heordæ, eorda, eordæ, eorða
Middle English: erthe, eerthe, eorthe, eorþe, oerþe, oerþ, ereth, erth, erþ, erþe, irthe, yrþe, orþe, ȝorthe, horþe, horðe, urþe, urthe, hurde, erde; earþe, erðe, eorðe, eorth, herðe (Early Middle English)
English: earth, Earth
Scots: erd (influenced by erd)
Yola: erth, eart, eard; eorth, eord
Old Frisian: erthe, erde, irthe
Saterland Frisian: Äide, Idde, Äid
West Frisian: ierde
Old Saxon: ertha, erda
Middle Low German: ērde
Low German:
Dutch Low Saxon: eerde
German Low German: Eer, Eerd, Ier, Ierd
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Eren (dative (as in up Eren) and genitive (as in in der Eren Grund))
Ravensbergisch: Airn
Sauerländisch: Ēre, Ere, Ǟre, Ēäre
Westmünsterländisch: Eerde, Eere, Äärde, Ääre, Iärde
Plautdietsch: Ead, Ieed
Old Dutch: ertha
Middle Dutch: erde
Dutch: aarde
Afrikaans: aarde
Negerhollands: aarde, adu, aerde
→ Virgin Islands Creole: adu, ard (archaic)
→ Indonesian: arde
Limburgish: aerd, aerj
Old High German: erda, haerda
Middle High German: ērde
Alemannic German: Ëërde
Bavarian: Erd, Erdn
Cimbrian: èerda
Central Franconian: Ääd, Erd (Moselle Franconian); Äerd
Hunsrik: Äerd
Kölsch: Äd
German: Erde
Luxembourgish: Äerd
Rhine Franconian: Erd
Pennsylvania German: Erd, Aerd, Eaht
Vilamovian: aod
Yiddish: ערד (erd)

Proto-Norse: *ᛖᚱᚦᚢ (*erþu)

Old Norse: jǫrð, jorð
Icelandic: jörð
Faroese: jørð
Norn: yurn (< jǫrðin)
Norwegian Nynorsk: jord f
Jamtish: jórð
Elfdalian: juord
Old Swedish: iorþ, iordh
Swedish: jord
Old Danish: iorþ, iorth, ᛁᚮᚱᚦ
Danish: jord
Norwegian Bokmål: jord m or f
Scanian: jorð
Old Gutnish: iorþ
Gutnish: jård

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰 (airþa)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁érteh₂ (“earth”). Related to *erwǭ.


ehwaz

ehwaz (nominative singular)
ehwōz (nominative plural)
ehwōs (nominative plural)
ehw (singular vocative)
ehwōz (plural vocative)
ehwōs (plural vocative)
ehwą (accusative singular)
ehwanz (accusative plural)
ehwas (genitive singular)
ihwis (genitive singular)
ehwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ihwai (dative singular)
ehwamaz (dative plural)
ehwō (instrumental singular)
ehwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ehw
Old English: eoh
Old Saxon: ehu-, eo- (in compounds)
Old High German: ehu- (in compounds)

Proto-Norse: ᛖᚢᚨᛉ (euaʀ), *ᛖᚢᛉ (*euʀ)

Old Norse: jór

Icelandic: jór

Gothic: *𐌰𐌹𐍈𐍃 (*aiƕs) (in 𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹 (aiƕatundi))

→? Proto-Finnic: *hëpo (see there for further descendants)

PIE word
 *h₁éḱwos
From Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos (“horse”).


fullijaną

fullijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fullijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fullijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fullīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fullijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fullī (active imperative second-person singular)
fullijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fullijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fullīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fullijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fullijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fullijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fullijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fullijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fullijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fullijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fullijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fullijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fullijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fullijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fullijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fullijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fullīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fullijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fullīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fullijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fullijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fullijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fullijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fullijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fullijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fullijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fullidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fullidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fullidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fullidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fullidē (active indicative singular third-person)
fullidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fullidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fullidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fullidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fullidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fullidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fullidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fullidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fullidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fullidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fullidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fullijandz (active participle present)
fullidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fullijan
Old English: fyllan
Middle English: fillen, felle, fellen, fil, fill, fille, fillyn, fulle, fullen, fylle, velle, vullen; fillenn (Ormulum)
English: fill
Scots: fill
Yola: vill
Old Frisian:
West Frisian: folje
Old Saxon: fullian
Low German: füllen
Old Dutch: *fullen
Middle Dutch: vullen
Dutch: vullen
Afrikaans: vul
Negerhollands: ful, voel
→ Caribbean Javanese: fèl, ngefèl
Limburgish: völle
Old High German: fullen
Middle High German: vüllen
Bavarian: fuin, fülln, fün
Cimbrian: vüllan, büllan (Mezzaselva)
German: füllen
Luxembourgish: fëllen

Old Norse: fylla
Icelandic: fylla
Faroese: fylla
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: fylle
Norwegian Nynorsk: fylla, fylle
Old Swedish: fylla
Swedish: fylla
Old Danish: fyllæ
Danish: fylde

Gothic: 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fulljan)


freusaną

freusō (active first-person indicative singular)
freusaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
freusai (first-person indicative passive singular)
friusizi (active indicative second-person singular)
freusaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
freus (active imperative second-person singular)
freusazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
freusaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
friusidi (active indicative singular third-person)
freusai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
freusadau (active imperative singular third-person)
freusadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
freusaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
freusōz (active dual first-person indicative)
freusaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
freusadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
freusaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
freusadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
freusamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
freusaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
freusandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
freusaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
friusid (active indicative plural second-person)
freusaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
friusid (active imperative plural second-person)
freusandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
freusaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
freusandi (active indicative plural third-person)
freusain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
freusandau (active imperative plural third-person)
freusandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
freusaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fraus (active first-person indicative singular)
fruzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraust (active indicative second-person singular)
fruzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fraus (active indicative singular third-person)
fruzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fruzū (active dual first-person indicative)
fruzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fruzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fruzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fruzum (active first-person indicative plural)
fruzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fruzud (active indicative plural second-person)
fruzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fruzun (active indicative plural third-person)
fruzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
freusandz (active participle present)
fruzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *freusan
Old English: frēosan
Middle English: fresen, freese, frese, freosen
English: freeze
→ Maltese: ffriża
Scots: frese
Old Frisian: *friāsa
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: friis
Sölring: früüs
Saterland Frisian: frjoze
West Frisian: frieze
Old Saxon: friosan
Middle Low German: vrêsen, vreisen
German Low German: fresen
Low German: freern, freren, fresen
Old Dutch: *friesan
Middle Dutch: vriesen
Dutch: vriezen
Afrikaans: vries
→ Papiamentu: fris
Limburgish: vrere, vreze
Old High German: friosan
Middle High German: vriesen, vrieren
Bavarian: frian
Cimbrian: vriizan, briizan (Mezzaselva)
Central Franconian: freese, früüse, friere
Luxembourgish: fréieren
German: frieren
Yiddish: פֿרירן (frirn)

Old Norse: frjósa
Icelandic: frjósa
⇒ Faroese: frosin (adj) (via past participle)
Jamtish: frýse
Elfdalian: friuosa
Old Swedish: frȳsa
Swedish: frysa; fryse (Ångermanland)
Old Danish: frȳsæ
Scanian: frýsa
Danish: fryse
Norwegian Bokmål: fryse
Gutnish: frausa, frause

From Proto-Indo-European *prews- (“to freeze; frost”). Cognate with Latin pruīna (“hoarfrost, frost”).


frawaz

*frawaz (a-stem)

frawaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
frawai (masculine nominative plural strong)
frawō (feminine nominative singular strong)
frawôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
frawą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
frawō (neuter nominative plural strong)
frawanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
frawanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
frawǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
frawōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
frawą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
frawō (accusative neuter plural strong)
frawas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
frawaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
frawaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
frawaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
frawas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
frawaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
frawammai (dative masculine singular strong)
frawaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
frawaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
frawaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
frawammai (dative neuter singular strong)
frawaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
frawanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
frawaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
frawaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
frawaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
frawanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
frawaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
frawô (masculine nominative singular weak)
frawaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
frawǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
frawōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
frawô (neuter nominative singular weak)
frawōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
frawanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
frawanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
frawōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
frawōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
frawô (accusative neuter singular weak)
frawōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
frawiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
frawanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
frawōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
frawōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
frawiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
frawanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
frawini (dative masculine singular weak)
frawammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
frawōni (dative feminine singular weak)
frawōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
frawini (dative neuter singular weak)
frawammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
frawinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
frawammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
frawōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
frawōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
frawinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
frawammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *frau

Old Frisian: frē, frō

desctree

Old Saxon: frā
Middle Low German: vrô
Plautdietsch: froo
→ Danish: fro

Old Dutch: *frō, frōlīk

Middle Dutch: fro, vro, vroe

Old High German: frō, frao, frāo
Middle High German: vrō
Bavarian: froh
Cimbrian: fròo
Central Franconian: fruh, froh
Luxembourgish: frou
German: froh
Silesian East Central German: fruh

Old Norse: frár, frór

Icelandic: frár, frór

Faroese: fróur

Old Swedish: frār

Dalian: frår

Helsingian: frå

Gothic: *𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃 (*fraus) (in given names)

→ Proto-Finnic: *rapëda (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *prow-os, likely from Proto-Indo-European *prew- (“to jump, hop”). Cognate with Sanskrit प्रवते (právate, “to jump, leap”).

cog

froihlik

Middle Low German: vrȫlîk, vroulîk, vroilik

vroolijkAfrikaans: vrolik→ English: frolic


fanją

fanją (nominative singular)
fanjō (nominative plural)
fanją (singular vocative)
fanjō (plural vocative)
fanją (accusative singular)
fanjō (accusative plural)
fanjas (genitive singular)
fanis (genitive singular)
fanjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fanjai (dative singular)
fanjamaz (dative plural)
fanjō (instrumental singular)
fanjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fani
Old English: fenn, fen, fænn, fæn, feon, fien
Middle English: fen, fenne, ven
English: fen
Scots: fen
Yola: ven
Old Frisian: fene, fenne, fane
North Frisian: fenn
Saterland Frisian: Foan
West Frisian: fean
Old Saxon: feni, fenni
Middle Low German: venne, vēn, ven
German Low German: Fenne
Old Dutch: *feni
Middle Dutch: vēne
Dutch: veen
Middle Dutch: venne
Dutch: ven
Old High German: fenni
Middle High German: venne (rare, northern)
German: Fenn, Venn (chiefly based on Low German)
→ Old French: *fagne
Walloon: fanie, fagne
→ French: fagne

Old Norse: fen
Icelandic: fen
Faroese: fen
Norwegian: fen
Danish: fen

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌹 (fani)

From lost *fan- + *-ją, from *pen- (“moist, wet, mud, swamp, water”). Cognate with Old Prussian pannean (“bog”), Proto-Celtic *ɸenos (“water”); possibly also related to Proto-Germanic *funhtijaz (“wet, damp”), Old English fyne (“mold”).


falkô

falkô (nominative singular)
falkaniz (nominative plural)
falkô (singular vocative)
falkaniz (plural vocative)
falkanų (accusative singular)
falkanunz (accusative plural)
falkiniz (genitive singular)
falkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
falkini (dative singular)
falkammaz (dative plural)
falkinē (instrumental singular)
falkammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *falkō
Old English: *fealca, *falca
Middle English: falk (in placenames and personal names); fylkere
Scots: falk, fauk, faik; facky, feckie
Old Frisian: *falka
Saterland Frisian: Falke
West Frisian: falk
Old Saxon: falko
Middle Low German: falke, valke
Low German:
German Low German: Falk
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: Falke
Plautdietsch: Faulkj
→ Old Norse: falki (possibly, alternatively from root) (see there for further descendants)
Old Dutch: *falco
Middle Dutch: valke
Dutch: valk
Old High German: falco, falko, falcho, falc
Middle High German: valke
German: Falke, Falk
Hunsrik: Fallek
Luxembourgish: Fallek
→ Late Latin: falcō (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: falkr
Faroese: falkur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: falk
Norwegian Nynorsk: falk
Swedish: falk
Danish: falk
Elfdalian: falk

Gutnish: falk

There is a clear connection with Latin falcō, but it is unknown whether this word was borrowed from Germanic into Latin or the other way around.
Owing to its widespread use and early attestation in Germanic languages, and relatively late appearance in Latin, it is likely that the word originated in Germanic, from Proto-Indo-European *pelH- (“pale, grey”) + *-(u)k-, a suffix found in the names of several types of birds (e.g. *alkǭ, *habukaz, Proto-West Germanic *kranuk, etc.).


ōþalą

ōþalą (nominative singular)
ōþalō (nominative plural)
ōþalą (singular vocative)
ōþalō (plural vocative)
ōþalą (accusative singular)
ōþalō (accusative plural)
ōþalas (genitive singular)
ōþalis (genitive singular)
ōþalǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ōþalai (dative singular)
ōþalamaz (dative plural)
ōþalō (instrumental singular)
ōþalamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ōþil
Old English: ēþel, oeþel
Old Frisian: ēthel
Old Saxon: ōthil
Old High German: uodil

Old Norse: óðal

Icelandic: óðal

Faroese: óðal

Norwegian Nynorsk: odal

Old Swedish: ōþal

Swedish: odal

Danish: odel

Norwegian Bokmål: odel

desc

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: odel (Danicised form of odal)

/ˈɔː.θɑ.lɑ̃/

Vṛddhi derivative of *aþalą (“nature; nobility”).

vrd

ancestral land, the land owned by one's kin

(by extension) one's property, inheritance


gebō

gebō (nominative singular)
gebôz (nominative plural)
gebō (singular vocative)
gebôz (plural vocative)
gebǭ (accusative singular)
gebōz (accusative plural)
gebōz (genitive singular)
gebǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gebōi (dative singular)
gebōmaz (dative plural)
gebō (instrumental singular)
gebōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gebu
Old English: ġiefu, ġifu, ġyfu
Middle English: gife (early), ȝyfe, ȝef, ȝif, yeve
Old Frisian: jef, jeve
Old Saxon: geva
Old Dutch: geva
Middle Dutch: geve
Dutch: geef
Old High German: geba

Old Norse: gjǫf

Icelandic: gjöf

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: gjæv

Old Swedish: giæf, gæf

Swedish: gäv

Old Danish: giæf, gæf

Danish: gæv

Scanian: gøv

Gothic: 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰 (giba)

Vandalic: *giba


gawissaz

*gawissaz (a-stem)

gawissaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gawissai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gawissō (feminine nominative singular strong)
gawissôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gawissą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gawissō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gawissanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gawissanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gawissǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gawissōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gawissą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gawissō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gawissas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
gawissaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gawissaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gawissaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gawissas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
gawissaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gawissammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gawissaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gawissaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gawissaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gawissammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gawissaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gawissanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gawissaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gawissaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gawissaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gawissanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gawissaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gawissô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gawissaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gawissǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gawissōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gawissô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gawissōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gawissanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gawissanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gawissōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gawissōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gawissô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gawissōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gawissiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gawissanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gawissōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gawissōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gawissiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gawissanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gawissini (dative masculine singular weak)
gawissammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gawissōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gawissōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gawissini (dative neuter singular weak)
gawissammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gawissinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gawissammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gawissōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gawissōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gawissinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gawissammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *gawiss
Old English: ġewiss, ġewis
Middle English: ywis, iwis, wis, wiss
English: iwis, wis
Scots: iwis
Old Saxon: giwis, giwiss
Middle Low German: gewis
German Low German: gewiss
→ Kashubian: gwës
⇒ Kashubian: gwësny
→ Polish: gweśny (or from German)
Old Dutch: *giwiss
Middle Dutch: gewis, gewes
Dutch: gewis
⇒ Old Dutch: giwis wêsen
Old High German: giwis
Middle High German: gewis; wis
German: gewiss
→ Saterland Frisian: gewis
Yiddish: געוויס (gevis)

Old Norse: viss

Icelandic: viss

Faroese: vissur

Old Swedish: viss, vis

Swedish: viss

Danish: vis

From *ga- + *wissaz (past participle of *witaną).


fulką

fulką (nominative singular)
fulkō (nominative plural)
fulką (singular vocative)
fulkō (plural vocative)
fulką (accusative singular)
fulkō (accusative plural)
fulkas (genitive singular)
fulkis (genitive singular)
fulkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fulkai (dative singular)
fulkamaz (dative plural)
fulkō (instrumental singular)
fulkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *folk
Old English: folc
Middle English: folk, folke, foolk, fok, folck, folc, follc, volk
English: folk
Scots: fowk
Old Frisian: folk
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: folk
Saterland Frisian: Foulk
West Frisian: folk
Old Saxon: folk, folc
Middle Low German: volk
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Volk
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Volk
Ravensbergisch: Folk
Sauerländisch: Volk
Westmünsterländisch: Volk
Plautdietsch: Volkj
Old Dutch: folc
Middle Dutch: volc
Dutch: volk
Afrikaans: volk
Negerhollands: volk, folok, folk, fulok, fuluk, folluk
→ Sranan Tongo: folku
Limburgish: vouk
Old High German: folk, folc
Middle High German: volk
Cimbrian: vòlk, bòlk (Mezzaselva)
German: Volk
Hunsrik: Follek
Luxembourgish: Vollek
Vilamovian: fulk
Yiddish: פֿאָלק (folk)
→ Early Medieval Latin: fulcus
Catalan: folc
Italian: folla
Old French: foulc (see there for further descendants)
Galician: foula

Proto-Norse: *ᚠᛟᛚᚲᚨ (*folka)

Old Norse: folk, fólk
Icelandic: fólk
Faroese: fólk
Norn: folekar
Norwegian Nynorsk: folk; (dialectal) fólk, fókk, følk, fælk
Jamtish: fołk
Elfdalian: fuok
Old Swedish: folk, fulk
Swedish: folk
Old Danish: folk
Danish: folk
Norwegian Bokmål: folk
Scanian: fólk
Old Gutnish: fulk
Gutnish: fålk

Gothic: *𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌺 (*fulk) (likely)

→ Proto-Slavic: *pъlkъ
East Slavic:
Old East Slavic: пълкъ (pŭlkŭ)
Old Ruthenian: полкъ (polk) (< influence of the Middle Russian полкъ (polk))
Belarusian: полк (polk)
Ukrainian: полк (polk), повк (povk), півк (pivk)
→ Polish: połk, półk, pułk
→ German: Pulk
→ Latvian: pulks
Middle Russian: полкъ (polk)
Russian: полк (polk)
South Slavic:
Old Church Slavonic:
Old Cyrillic script: плъкъ (plŭkŭ)
Glagolitic script: ⱂⰾⱏⰽⱏ (plŭkŭ)
Bulgarian: пълк (pǎlk)
Macedonian: полк (polk)
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: пу̑к
Latin script: pȗk
Slovene: połk
West Slavic:
Czech: pluk
Old Polish: *pełk
Slovak: pluk
Sorbian:
Upper Sorbian: połk

→ Proto-Finnic: *hulkka (see there for further descendants)

From *fulkaz (“crowd, army”). May ultimately be from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁-gós, from *pleh₁- (“to fill”). Compare Latin plebs (“common people”). Old Church Slavonic плъкъ (plŭkŭ, “army division”), Lithuanian pulkas (“crowd”) are both believed to be early borrowings from the Proto-Germanic word before Grimm's Law occurred.


naudiz

naudiz (nominative singular)
naudīz (nominative plural)
naudi (singular vocative)
naudīz (plural vocative)
naudį (accusative singular)
naudinz (accusative plural)
naudīz (genitive singular)
naudijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
naudī (dative singular)
naudimaz (dative plural)
naudī (instrumental singular)
naudimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *naudi
Old English: nīed, nȳd, nēd, nēad
Middle English: nede
English: need
Scots: nede
Old Frisian: nēd, nād
North Frisian: nud
Saterland Frisian: Nood
West Frisian: need
Old Saxon: nōd
Middle Low German: nōt
Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: nôd
Westmünsterländisch: Nood
Plautdietsch: Noot
Old Dutch: *nōd
Middle Dutch: nôot
Dutch: nood
Afrikaans: nood
Limburgish: noead
Old High German: nōt
Middle High German: nōt
German: Not
Luxembourgish: Nout

Proto-Norse: *ᚾᚨᚢᛞᛁᛉ (naudiz)
Old Norse: nauð, nauðr, neyð
Icelandic: nauð, neyð
Faroese: neyð
Norwegian Nynorsk: naud
Old Swedish: nø̄þ
Swedish: nöd
Danish: nød
Norwegian Bokmål: nød
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: nød

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (nauþs)

From a *ti- stem related to the root of *nawiz (“corpse”). See also Old Norse neyða (“to force”), Gothic 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (nauþjan).


gamainiz

gamainizô (comparative)
gamainistaz (superlative)
gamainiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gamainijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gamainī (feminine nominative singular strong)
gamainijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gamainį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gamainijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gamainijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gamainijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gamainijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gamainijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gamainį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gamainijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gamainijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
gamainīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
gamainijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gamainijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gamainijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gamainijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
gamainīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
gamainijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gamainijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gamainijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gamainijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gamainijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gamainijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gamainijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gamainijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gamainijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gamainijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gamainijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gamainijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gamainijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gamainijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gamainijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gamainijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gamainijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gamainijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gamainijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gamainijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gamainijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gamainijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gamainijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gamainijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gamainijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gamainīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gamainijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gamainijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gamainijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gamainīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gamainijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gamainīni (dative masculine singular weak)
gamainijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gamainijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gamainijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gamainīni (dative neuter singular weak)
gamainijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gamainīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gamainijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gamainijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gamainijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gamainīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gamainijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *gamainī
Old English: ġemǣne
Middle English: ȝemene, imæne, imeane, imene
English: mean
Scots: mene, mein
Old Frisian: gemēne
Saterland Frisian: gemeen
West Frisian: gemien, mien
Old Saxon: gimēni
Middle Low German: gemêne, gemeine, gemên
Low German: gemeen
→ Swedish: gemen
Old Dutch: *gimēni
Middle Dutch: gemêne
Dutch: gemeen
Afrikaans: gemeen
Negerhollands: gemeen
Petjo: gemeen
Limburgish: gemein
Old High German: gimeini
Middle High German: gemeine
German: gemein
Luxembourgish: gemeeng
⇒ Old High German: gimeinī (noun)
Alemannic German: g'mai
Middle High German: gemeine
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: kamou
Mòcheno: gamoa'
German: Gemeine (archaic)
→ Polish: gmina
→ English: gmina
→ Ukrainian: ґміна (gmina)
Luxembourgish: Gemeng

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (gamains)

From *ga- + *mainiz, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱom-moynis. Related to Latin commūnis (from earlier comoinis).


hērą

hērą (nominative singular)
hērō (nominative plural)
hērą (singular vocative)
hērō (plural vocative)
hērą (accusative singular)
hērō (accusative plural)
hēras (genitive singular)
hēris (genitive singular)
hērǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hērai (dative singular)
hēramaz (dative plural)
hērō (instrumental singular)
hēramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hār
Old English: hǣr, hēr
Middle English: her
English: hair
Scots: hair, hayr, hare
Yola: haar
Old Frisian: hēr
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: hiar
Goesharde: heer, häär
Halligen: heer
Heligoland: Hear
Mooring: häär
Sylt: Hiir
Wiedingharde: heer
Saterland Frisian: Híer
West Frisian: hier
Old Saxon: hār
Middle Low German: hâr
German Low German: Hoor, Haar
Plautdietsch: Hoa
Old Dutch: hār
Middle Dutch: hâer
Dutch: haar
Old High German: hār
Middle High German: hār
Alemannic German: Härre
Swabian: Hoar
Walser: haar, hoar, hoor, hàre
Bavarian: hoor
Cimbrian: har, haar (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: hor
Central Franconian: Hoor
German: Haar
Luxembourgish: Hoer
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Haar
Yiddish: האָר (hor)

Old Norse: hár
Icelandic: hár
Faroese: hár
Norwegian Nynorsk: hår
Norwegian Bokmål: hår
Elfdalian: år
Old Swedish: hār
Swedish: hår
Danish: hår
Gutnish: har, hår

Often traced to Proto-Indo-European *ḱer-, *ḱeres- (“rough hair, bristle”), though this leaves the lengthened grade unaccounted for. Alternatively, from earlier *hezra-, with loss of -z- before -r- and compensatory lengthening of the vowel, from Pre-Germanic *kesróm (“that which is combed”), substantivization of an adjective *kesros, derived from Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to comb, scrape”).


hwalaz

hwalaz (nominative singular)
hwalōz (nominative plural)
hwalōs (nominative plural)
hwal (singular vocative)
hwalōz (plural vocative)
hwalōs (plural vocative)
hwalą (accusative singular)
hwalanz (accusative plural)
hwalas (genitive singular)
hwalis (genitive singular)
hwalǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwalai (dative singular)
hwalamaz (dative plural)
hwalō (instrumental singular)
hwalamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hwal
Old English: hwæl
Middle English: whale, hwæl, qual, whal, swale, quall, quale, whaale, whalle, qwayll, wale, qwall, qwalle
English: whale
Scots: whaul
Old Saxon: hwal
Middle Low German: wal
Low German: Waal
Old Dutch: *wal
Middle Dutch: wal
Dutch: wal
Old High German: wal
Middle High German: wal
German: Wal
→ Estonian: vaal
→ Luxembourgish: Wal

Old Norse: hvalr
Icelandic: hvalur
Faroese: hvalur
Norn: hval
Norwegian Nynorsk: kval
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kval
Elfdalian: wal
Old Swedish: hval
Swedish: val
Scanian: hval
Old Danish: hwal
Danish: hval
Norwegian Bokmål: hval
Gutnish: val

→ Proto-Samic: *fālēs
Western Samic:
Southern Sami: faala
Ume Sami:
Pite Sami: fáles
Lule Sami: sváles (?)
Northern Sami: fális
→ Finnish: valas
Eastern Samic:
Inari Sami: fäälis
Skolt Sami: vääʹles
Kildin Sami: ва̄лесь (vāljes’)
Ter Sami: valesʹ

Northern Sami: fális

Southern Sami: faelies

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kʷálos (“large fish, sheatfish”). Compare Latin squalus, Old Prussian kalis, Ancient Greek ἀσπαλιεύς (aspalieús, “fisherman”), Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬀 (kara, “kind of fish”).


hwalaz

hwalaz (nominative singular)
hwalizō (nominative plural)
hwalaz (singular vocative)
hwalizō (plural vocative)
hwalaz (accusative singular)
hwalizō (accusative plural)
hwaliziz (genitive singular)
hwalizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwalizi (dative singular)
hwalizumaz (dative plural)
hwalizē (instrumental singular)
hwalizumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwaliʀ n or m

Old Saxon: *hwels

Middle Low German: wels, wils m

German Low German: Wels

Old Dutch: *wels

Middle Dutch: *wels, wils m

Dutch: wels

Old High German: *wals, *wels

Middle High German: wels m

German: Wels

desc

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *hwalʀā f (< *hwalizǭ)

Old Saxon: *hwalra

Middle Low German: walre

Old High German: walra, walira

Middle High German: walre

German: Waler (archaic), Waller

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kʷálos (“large fish, sheatfish”).


raidō

raidō (nominative singular)
raidôz (nominative plural)
raidō (singular vocative)
raidôz (plural vocative)
raidǭ (accusative singular)
raidōz (accusative plural)
raidōz (genitive singular)
raidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raidōi (dative singular)
raidōmaz (dative plural)
raidō (instrumental singular)
raidōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *raidu
Old English: rād
Middle English: rode, rade, rod, rood, roode
English: road
Scots: raid
→ English: raid, rade (Scotland)
→ Spanish: raid
→ French: raid
→ Italian: raid
→ Polish: rajd
→ Romanian: raid
→ Swedish: räd
→ Old French: *rade
Middle French: rade
French: rade
→ Catalan: rada
→ Italian: rada
→ Spanish: rada
Old Frisian: *rēd
West Frisian: reed
Old Saxon: *rēda
>? Middle Low German: rêde, reide
→ German: Reede
Old Dutch: rēda
>? Middle Dutch: rêde
Dutch: rede
Old High German: reita
Middle High German: reite

Proto-Norse: *ᚱᚨᛁᛞᚢ (*raidu)

Old Norse: reið

Icelandic: reið

Faroese: reið

Norwegian Nynorsk: rei, reid (unofficial, Sunnmørsk, Høgnorsk)

Norwegian Bokmål: rei

Old Swedish: redh

Swedish: red

Danish: red

Old Gutnish: raiþ

Gothic: *𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 (*raida) (attested as 𐍂𐌴𐌳𐌰 (rēda))

→ Finnish: raita, raide

→ Proto-Samic: *rājδō
Western Samic:
Southern Sami: raajroe
Ume Sami: rájđđuo
Pite Sami: rájjdo
Lule Sami: rájddo
Northern Sami: ráidu
Eastern Samic:
Inari Sami: ráiđu
Skolt Sami: räidd
Kildin Sami: ра̄ййт (rājjt)
Ter Sami: раййта (râjjtâ)
→ Swedish: rajd

From o-grade of Proto-Indo-European *Hreydʰ-, whence also *rīdaną.


gladaz

*gladaz (a-stem)

gladaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gladai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gladō (feminine nominative singular strong)
gladôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gladą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gladō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gladanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gladanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gladǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gladōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gladą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gladō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gladas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
gladaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gladaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gladaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gladas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
gladaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gladammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gladaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gladaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gladaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gladammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gladaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gladanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gladaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gladaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gladaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gladanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gladaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gladô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gladaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gladǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gladōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gladô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gladōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gladanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gladanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gladōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gladōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gladô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gladōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gladiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gladanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gladōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gladōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gladiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gladanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gladini (dative masculine singular weak)
gladammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gladōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gladōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gladini (dative neuter singular weak)
gladammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gladinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gladammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gladōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gladōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gladinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gladammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *glad
Old English: glæd
Middle English: glad, glade, gladde, glaid, gled
English: glad
Scots: gled, glaid
Yola: glaude
⇒ Middle English: glade, glode, glede
English: glade
Yola: gladès
Old Frisian: gled
Saterland Frisian: glääd
West Frisian: glêd
Old Saxon: glad
Middle Low German: glad, glat
Low German: glad, glatt
Plautdietsch: glaut
Old Dutch: *glad, *glat
Middle Dutch: glat
Dutch: glad
Afrikaans: glad
Old High German: glat
Middle High German: glat
German: glatt
→ Danish: glat
→ Swedish: glatt
→ Norwegian: glatt
→ Esperanto: glata
Ido: glata
Luxembourgish: glat
Vilamovian: głōt
Yiddish: גלאַט (glat)
→ English: glatt

Old Norse: glaðr

Icelandic: glaður

Faroese: glaður

Norwegian: glad

Old Swedish: glaþer

Swedish: glad

Danish: glad

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: láđis

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰladʰ-, from *gʰleh₂dʰ- (“to shine”).
Cognate to Latin glaber and Old Church Slavonic гладъкъ (gladŭkŭ).


juką

juką (nominative singular)
jukō (nominative plural)
juką (singular vocative)
jukō (plural vocative)
juką (accusative singular)
jukō (accusative plural)
jukas (genitive singular)
jukis (genitive singular)
jukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jukai (dative singular)
jukamaz (dative plural)
jukō (instrumental singular)
jukamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *juk
Old English: ġeoc, ġioc, ioc
Middle English: yok, ȝocke, ȝok, ȝoke, ȝook, ȝoocke, jok, yoke, yokke; ȝeoce, ȝocc, iuc (Early Middle English)
English: yoke (obsolete yock)
Middle Scots: ȝok, ȝoke, ȝock, ȝocke, yok, yoke
Scots: yoke, yock
Old Frisian: *juk, *jok
Saterland Frisian: Juk
West Frisian: jok, jûk
Old Saxon: juk
Middle Low German: juk, jok
German Low German: Jok, Jog
Plautdietsch: Joch
Old Dutch: *juk
Middle Dutch: joc, juc
Dutch: juk
Negerhollands: jok
Limburgish: jaok
Old High German: joh
Middle High German: joch
Cimbrian: jòch
German: Joch
Hunsrik: Joch
Luxembourgish: Jach

Old Norse: ok
Icelandic: ok
Faroese: ok
Norwegian: åk
Old Swedish: uk, ok
Swedish: ok
Danish: åg
Elfdalian: uok
Gutnish: uk

Gothic: 𐌾𐌿𐌺 (juk)


geldaną

geldō (active first-person indicative singular)
geldaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
geldai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gildizi (active indicative second-person singular)
geldaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
geld (active imperative second-person singular)
geldazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
geldaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gildidi (active indicative singular third-person)
geldai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
geldadau (active imperative singular third-person)
geldadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
geldaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
geldōz (active dual first-person indicative)
geldaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
geldadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
geldaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
geldadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
geldamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
geldaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
geldandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
geldaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gildid (active indicative plural second-person)
geldaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gildid (active imperative plural second-person)
geldandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
geldaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
geldandi (active indicative plural third-person)
geldain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
geldandau (active imperative plural third-person)
geldandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
geldaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gald (active first-person indicative singular)
guldį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
galst (active indicative second-person singular)
guldīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gald (active indicative singular third-person)
guldī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
guldū (active dual first-person indicative)
guldīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
guldudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
guldīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
guldum (active first-person indicative plural)
guldīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
guldud (active indicative plural second-person)
guldīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
guldun (active indicative plural third-person)
guldīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
geldandz (active participle present)
guldanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *geldan
Old English: ġieldan, ġyldan, ġildan, ġeldan
Middle English: yielden, yelden
English: yield
Scots: yield
Old Frisian: ielda, jelda
North Frisian: jilde
Saterland Frisian: jeelde
West Frisian: jilde
Old Saxon: geldan
Middle Low German: gelden
Low German: gellen
Old Dutch: *geldan
Middle Dutch: gelden
Dutch: gelden
Limburgish: gèlje
Old High German: geltan
Middle High German: gëlten
Cimbrian: ghèltan
German: gelten
Luxembourgish: gëllen

Old Norse: gjalda
Icelandic: gjalda
Faroese: gjalda
Norwegian Nynorsk: gjelda; (dialectal) galda, gjedla, gjelja
Norwegian Bokmål: gjelde
Old Swedish: giælda, gialda, giælla, gælla
Swedish: gälla, gälda
Old Danish: gialdæ
Danish: gælde

Gothic: *𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽 (*gildan) (in derivatives)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

Akin to Proto-Slavic *želsti (attested only in Old Church Slavonic жлѣсти (žlěsti) and Old East Slavic желести (želesti)). If not an early borrowing from Germanic, these may be from common Proto-Indo-European *gʰeldʰ-. Old Irish gell (“pledge”) may also continue the same root.


rōdō

rōdō (nominative singular)
rōdôz (nominative plural)
rōdō (singular vocative)
rōdôz (plural vocative)
rōdǭ (accusative singular)
rōdōz (accusative plural)
rōdōz (genitive singular)
rōdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rōdōi (dative singular)
rōdōmaz (dative plural)
rōdō (instrumental singular)
rōdōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: rōd

Middle English: rod, roode, rood

Scots: rude, ruid

English: rood

Old Frisian: rōd; rōde

Saterland Frisian: Roue

West Frisian: roede

Old Saxon: rōda, ruoda

Middle Low German: rôde

German Low German: Rood, Roo, Roe

Old Dutch: ruoda

Middle Dutch: rude, roede

Dutch: roede, roe

Old High German: ruota

Middle High German: ruote

German: Rute

Luxembourgish: Rutt

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*rōdǭ</i>

Old Norse: róða (< *rōdǭ)

Icelandic: róða

Norwegian: roda

Danish: rode

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁t- (“post”).


justaz

justaz (nominative singular)
justōz (nominative plural)
justōs (nominative plural)
just (singular vocative)
justōz (plural vocative)
justōs (plural vocative)
justą (accusative singular)
justanz (accusative plural)
justas (genitive singular)
justis (genitive singular)
justǫ̂ (genitive plural)
justai (dative singular)
justamaz (dative plural)
justō (instrumental singular)
justamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: ostr

Icelandic: ostur

Faroese: ostur

Norwegian Bokmål: ost

Norwegian Nynorsk: ost

Old Swedish: oster

Swedish: ost; ust (dialectal)

Danish: ost

→ Proto-Finnic: *juusto

Finnish: juusto

Estonian: juust

Ingrian: juusso

Votic: juusso

→ Proto-Samic: *vuostā (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *yúHs (“sap, juice, broth”), from *yewH- (“to blend, mix (food), knead”). Cognate with Latin iūs (“juice, broth”), Welsh uwd (“porridge”), and dialectal Lithuanian jū́šė (“fish soup”).


steuraz

steuraz (nominative singular)
steurōz (nominative plural)
steurōs (nominative plural)
steur (singular vocative)
steurōz (plural vocative)
steurōs (plural vocative)
steurą (accusative singular)
steuranz (accusative plural)
steuras (genitive singular)
stiuris (genitive singular)
steurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stiurai (dative singular)
steuramaz (dative plural)
steurō (instrumental singular)
steuramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *steur
Old English: stēor
Middle English: steer, steor, ster, stere
English: steer
Middle Scots: ster, stere, steir
Scots: steer
Old Frisian: stiār
Old Saxon: *stior, stier
Middle Low German: stēr
Old Dutch: stier
Middle Dutch: stier
Dutch: stier
Afrikaans: stier
Old High German: stior
Middle High German: stier
Alemannic German: Stier
German: Stier
Luxembourgish: Stéier

Old Norse: stjórr

Icelandic: stjór

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 (stiur)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)táwros. The synonym *þeuraz derives from the same base, but without s-mobile.


þeuraz

þeuraz (nominative singular)
þeurōz (nominative plural)
þeurōs (nominative plural)
þeur (singular vocative)
þeurōz (plural vocative)
þeurōs (plural vocative)
þeurą (accusative singular)
þeuranz (accusative plural)
þeuras (genitive singular)
þiuris (genitive singular)
þeurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þiurai (dative singular)
þeuramaz (dative plural)
þeurō (instrumental singular)
þeuramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þeur, *þiuri

Old Saxon: *thiuri

Middle Low German: *düre, *dür

Low German: Dür

Old Dutch: *thiuri

Middle Dutch: duer

Dutch: deur, duur (dialectal)

Old Norse: þjórr
Icelandic: þjór
Faroese: tjórur
Norwegian Nynorsk: tjor
Old Swedish: þiūr
Swedish: tjur
Old Danish: thiūr
Danish: tyr
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: tyr
Norwegian Nynorsk: tyr
Gutnish: tjur
Scanian: týr

→ Finnish: teuras

From Proto-Indo-European *táwros. The synonym *steuraz derives from the same base, but with an added s-mobile.


knewą

knewą (nominative singular)
knewō (nominative plural)
knewą (singular vocative)
knewō (plural vocative)
knewą (accusative singular)
knewō (accusative plural)
knewas (genitive singular)
kniwis (genitive singular)
knewǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kniwai (dative singular)
knewamaz (dative plural)
knewō (instrumental singular)
knewamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kneu
Old English: cnēow, cnēo
Middle English: kne, knewe, knee, knew, know; kneo, cneowe, cneo
English: knee
Scots: kne, kney, knie
Yola: konnee
Old Frisian: kniu, knī, knē
Saterland Frisian: Knie
⇒ Old Frisian: knībola, knēbolla
Saterland Frisian: Kniebel
West Frisian: knibbel
Old Saxon: knio, kneo, kniu
Middle Low German: knê
Low German:
German Low German: Kneei
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Knåi
Sauerländisch: Knai, Knoi, Knaue, Knī
Westmünsterländisch: Knee
Plautdietsch: Kjnee
Old Dutch: *cnio
Middle Dutch: cnie
Dutch: knie
Afrikaans: knie
Limburgish: kneen (plural reanalysed as singular)
Old High German: kneo, kniu, knio, chniu, chneo
Middle High German: knie
Alemannic German: Chnüüw
Cimbrian: khnia
German: Knie
Luxembourgish: Knéi
Vilamovian: kni
Yiddish: קני (kni)

Old Norse: kné
Icelandic: kné, hné
Faroese: knæ
Norwegian Nynorsk: kne; (dialectal) ne, (h)nje
Norwegian Bokmål: kne
Old Swedish: knǣ
Swedish: knä
Old Danish: knæ
Danish: knæ
Gutnish: knei

Gothic: 𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌿 (kniu)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu (specifically the oblique stem *ǵnéw-).


kurną

kurną (nominative singular)
kurnō (nominative plural)
kurną (singular vocative)
kurnō (plural vocative)
kurną (accusative singular)
kurnō (accusative plural)
kurnas (genitive singular)
kurnis (genitive singular)
kurnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kurnai (dative singular)
kurnamaz (dative plural)
kurnō (instrumental singular)
kurnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *korn
Old English: corn
Middle English: corn, coorn, coren, corne, curn, koren, korn
English: corn (see there for further descendants)
Scots: corn, curn
Yola: coorn, koorn
Old Frisian: korn
Saterland Frisian: Koarel (via dissimilation)
West Frisian: koarn
Old Saxon: korn
Middle Low German: korn
Low German: korn, Korn, Koorn, Kuurn, Kurn
Plautdietsch: Korn
Old Dutch: korn, coren (in compounds)
Middle Dutch: corn, kōren
Dutch: koren, koorn
Afrikaans: koring
Negerhollands: koorn
→ Sranan Tongo: karu
→ Saramaccan: kálu
Old High German: korn
Middle High German: korn
Alemannic German: Chorn
Central Franconian: Koon, Kor, Korn (Moselle Franconian)
Cimbrian: khòrn
German: Korn
Luxembourgish: Kar
Mòcheno: kourn
Yiddish: קאָרן (korn)

Proto-Norse: *ᚲᛟᚱᚾᚨ (*korna)

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚹᚨᛚᚺᚨᚲᚢᚱᚾᛖ (walhakurnē) (dative singular)

Old Norse: korn
Icelandic: korn
Faroese: korn
Norn: korn
Norwegian Nynorsk: (dialectal) korn, kørn
Norwegian Bokmål: korn
Old Swedish: korn
Swedish: korn
Danish: korn

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: gordni

Southern Sami: gernie

Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽 (kaurn)

Crimean Gothic: kor


klimbaną

klimbō (active first-person indicative singular)
klimbaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klimbai (first-person indicative passive singular)
klimbizi (active indicative second-person singular)
klimbaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klimb (active imperative second-person singular)
klimbazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
klimbaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
klimbidi (active indicative singular third-person)
klimbai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klimbadau (active imperative singular third-person)
klimbadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
klimbaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
klimbōz (active dual first-person indicative)
klimbaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klimbadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klimbaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klimbadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
klimbamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
klimbaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klimbandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
klimbaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
klimbid (active indicative plural second-person)
klimbaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klimbid (active imperative plural second-person)
klimbandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
klimbaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
klimbandi (active indicative plural third-person)
klimbain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klimbandau (active imperative plural third-person)
klimbandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
klimbaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
klamb (active first-person indicative singular)
klumbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klamft (active indicative second-person singular)
klumbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klamb (active indicative singular third-person)
klumbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klumbū (active dual first-person indicative)
klumbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klumbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klumbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klumbum (active first-person indicative plural)
klumbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klumbud (active indicative plural second-person)
klumbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klumbun (active indicative plural third-person)
klumbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klimbandz (active participle present)
klumbanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *klimban
Old English: climban
Middle English: climben
Scots: clim, clym
English: climb
Old Frisian: *klimba
West Frisian: klimme
Old Saxon: klimban
Middle Low German: klimmen
German Low German: klimmen
Old Dutch: *climban
Middle Dutch: climmen
Dutch: klimmen
Limburgish: klumme, klömme
Old High German: klimban, chlimban
Middle High German: klimmen
German: klimmen
Luxembourgish: klammen

Possibly a nasalized variant of *klībaną (“to stick, cleave”), itself from Proto-Indo-European *gleybʰ-, an extended form of *gley- (“to stick”).


þingą

þingą (nominative singular)
þingō (nominative plural)
þingą (singular vocative)
þingō (plural vocative)
þingą (accusative singular)
þingō (accusative plural)
þingas (genitive singular)
þingis (genitive singular)
þingǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þingai (dative singular)
þingamaz (dative plural)
þingō (instrumental singular)
þingamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þing
Old English: þing, þinċġ, þinġċ
Middle English: thing, thinge, thyng
English: thing
Scots: thing, ting, hing
Yola: dhing
Old Frisian: thing
West Frisian: ding
Old Saxon: thing
Middle Low German: dink
German Low German: Ding
Plautdietsch: Dinkj
Old Dutch: thing
Middle Dutch: dinc
Dutch: ding
Afrikaans: ding
Berbice Creole Dutch: dinggi
Jersey Dutch: däng
Limburgish: dink, ding
Old High German: ding, dinc, dink, thing
Middle High German: ding
Cimbrian: ding
German: Ding
Luxembourgish: Déngen
Pennsylvania German: Ding

Old Norse: þing
Icelandic: þing
Faroese: ting
Norn: ting
Norwegian Nynorsk: ting
Old Swedish: þing
Swedish: ting
Old Danish: þing, thing (Jutland)
Danish: ting
Norwegian Bokmål: ting
Gutnish: tingg
→ German: Thing

→ Proto-Samic:

Southern Sami: digkie

Northern Sami: diggi

Lule Sami: tigge

Skolt Sami: teʹǧǧ

From earlier Proto-Indo-European *tenkó-, likely from *tenk- (“to be suitable”) (compare *þinhaną (“to succeed”)), in which case the original meaning was "suitable time; scheduled time" then "assembly; issue, matter to discuss".

case, matter, issue (such as what is discussed at an assembly)


jainaz

jainaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
jainai (masculine nominative plural strong)
jainō (feminine nominative singular strong)
jainôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
jainą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
jainō (neuter nominative plural strong)
jainanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
jainanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
jainǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
jainōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
jainą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
jainō (accusative neuter plural strong)
jainas (genitive masculine singular strong)
jainis (genitive masculine singular strong)
jainaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
jainaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
jainaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
jainas (genitive neuter singular strong)
jainis (genitive neuter singular strong)
jainaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
jainammai (dative masculine singular strong)
jainaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
jainaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
jainaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
jainammai (dative neuter singular strong)
jainaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
jainanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
jainaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
jainaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
jainaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
jainanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
jainaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

Proto-West Germanic: *jain

Old English: ġeon
Middle English: yon, gion, ȝen, ȝene, ȝeon, ȝhone, ȝon, ȝone, ȝonne, ȝyn, yhon, yoene, yone
English: yon
⇒ English: thon (under the influence of this, that)
Scots: yon, thon

Old Frisian: jen, jena

Saterland Frisian: juns

West Frisian: jinge; itjinge

(Old Saxon: ginuwar, genower; gendro)

(Middle Low German: ginder, gender)

(German Low German: günt, günners, günnert, etc.)

Old Dutch: *gēn

Middle Dutch: gene, ghene

Dutch: ginds, geen, gene

Old High German: jenēr
Middle High German: jener, ener
Alemannic German: ääne
German: jener
Yiddish: יענער (yener)

>? Proto-Norse: *ᚺᛁᚾᚨᛉ (*hīnaʀ)

Old Norse: hinn, inn, enn, -inn

Icelandic: enn, inn, hinn, -inn

Faroese: -in, hin

Norwegian Nynorsk: -en, hin

Swedish: -en

Danish: -en, hin

Norwegian Bokmål: -en, hin

Gothic: 𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (jains)

From the pronominal Proto-Indo-European *ís; related to Old Church Slavonic онъ (onŭ, “he”), Lithuanian ans (“he”), Latin idem (“the same”), and Sanskrit एना (enā, “that; he”).


kaldaz

*kaldaz (a-stem)

kaldaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
kaldai (masculine nominative plural strong)
kaldō (feminine nominative singular strong)
kaldôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
kaldą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
kaldō (neuter nominative plural strong)
kaldanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
kaldanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
kaldǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
kaldōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
kaldą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
kaldō (accusative neuter plural strong)
kaldas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
kaldaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
kaldaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
kaldaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
kaldas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
kaldaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
kaldammai (dative masculine singular strong)
kaldaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
kaldaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
kaldaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
kaldammai (dative neuter singular strong)
kaldaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
kaldanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
kaldaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
kaldaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
kaldaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
kaldanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
kaldaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
kaldô (masculine nominative singular weak)
kaldaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
kaldǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
kaldōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
kaldô (neuter nominative singular weak)
kaldōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
kaldanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
kaldanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
kaldōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
kaldōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
kaldô (accusative neuter singular weak)
kaldōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
kaldiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
kaldanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
kaldōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
kaldōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
kaldiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
kaldanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
kaldini (dative masculine singular weak)
kaldammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
kaldōni (dative feminine singular weak)
kaldōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
kaldini (dative neuter singular weak)
kaldammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
kaldinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
kaldammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
kaldōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
kaldōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
kaldinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
kaldammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *kald
Old English: ċeald, cald — Anglian
Middle English: cold, cald, cheld, cheald, chald
English: cold
Geordie English: cawd, cauld
Scots: cald, cauld
Yola: coale, khoal, cole
Old Frisian: kald
Saterland Frisian: koold
West Frisian: kâld
Old Saxon: kald
Middle Low German: kold, kolt
Low German:
German Low German: kold, kol, kolt, koolt, koold
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: käult
Lippisch: kault
Sauerländisch: kàld
Westmünsterländisch: kold
Plautdietsch: kolt
Old Dutch: kalt, *kald, *kold (in toponyms)
Middle Dutch: cout, calt
Dutch: koud
Afrikaans: koud
Berbice Creole Dutch: kautu
Negerhollands: koud, koude, kout, kot, kou
Skepi Creole Dutch: kout
→ Kwinti: kowru
→ Saramaccan: koto
Limburgish: kaad
West Flemish: koed, kod
Old High German: kalt
Middle High German: kalt
Alemannic German: chalt
Walser: chalt, choalt, cholt, chélte
Bavarian: ckolt, kholt, kòlt, koid, kålt (Southern Bavarian, Carinthia, Tyrol); ckolt (Timau); kholt (Sauris); kòlt (Sappada)
Cimbrian: kalt, khalt (Luserna, Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: khòlt, kòlt
Central Franconian: kalt
German: kalt
Luxembourgish: kal
Pennsylvania German: kalt
Vilamovian: kāłt
Yiddish: קאַלט (kalt)

Old Norse: kaldr
Icelandic: kaldur
Faroese: kaldur
Norwegian Nynorsk: kald; (dialectal) kald’u, kald’e
Norwegian Bokmål: kald
Elfdalian: kold
Old Swedish: kalder, kaller
Swedish: kall
Old Danish: kald
Danish: kold
Norwegian Bokmål: kold
Gutnish: kaldar

Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃 (kalds)

From *kalaną, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gel-. Diachronically from Proto-Indo-European *goltós.


walhaz

walhaz (nominative singular)
walhōz (nominative plural)
walhōs (nominative plural)
walh (singular vocative)
walhōz (plural vocative)
walhōs (plural vocative)
walhą (accusative singular)
walhanz (accusative plural)
walhas (genitive singular)
walhis (genitive singular)
walhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
walhai (dative singular)
walhamaz (dative plural)
walhō (instrumental singular)
walhamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *walh
Old English: wealh
Middle English: wælh, wale
→ English: wealh (learned)
→ Medieval Latin: wallus
⇒ Old English: Cornwēalas (“Cornwall”)
Middle English: Cornwale, Cornwaile
English: Cornwall
⇒ Old English: Wēalas (“Wales”) (see there for further descendants)
Old Dutch: *Wala, *Wale
Middle Dutch: wāle
Dutch: Waal
Old High German: walh, walah
Middle High German: walch
German: Walchen pl, Walen pl (in placenames)
→ Vulgar Latin: *Wallō
Walloon: walon, Walon
→ French: wallon, Wallon
→ English: Walloon
→? Proto-Slavic: *volxъ
→ English: Vlach, Wallachia

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᚨᛚᚺᚨᛉ (*walhaʀ)

Old Norse: valr sg, valir pl

Icelandic: valur sg, valir pl

⇒ Old Norse: val-

Faroese: val-

Icelandic: val-

Old Swedish: val sg, valar pl

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚹᚨᛚᚺᚨᚲᚢᚱᚾᛖ (walhakurnē, “gold”, dat.sg., literally “Roman grain”)

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌷𐍃 (*walhs)

→? Proto-Slavic: *volxъ (“Roman; Romance speaker”)

→ English: Vlach, Wallachia

From the name of a Celtic tribe, the Volcae. Historically the tribe's name has been linked to an animal, possibly Proto-Celtic *wolkos (“hawk”), or alternatively (but less likely) Proto-Celtic *ulkʷos (“wolf”), in turn from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos, as Caesar described the Celts having fought with huge dogs.
For the first possibility, cf. the personal name Gaulish Catuvolcus and Welsh cadwalch (“hero, champion, warrior”, literally “battle-hawk”).

cog

speaker of Latin or a Romance or Celtic language


swē

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swā
Old English: swā
Middle English: so, swo
English: so
Old Frisian: sā
West Frisian: sa
Old Saxon: sō
Middle Low German: swê, swô
Low German: so
Old Dutch: sō
Middle Dutch: so
Dutch: zo
Old High German: sō
German: so

Old Norse: svá
Icelandic: svo
Faroese: svá, so
Middle Norwegian: svá, svo, so
Norwegian Nynorsk: so; (dialectal) så, sø, sé, sér
Jamtish: su
Elfdalian: so
Old Swedish: svā, svo
Swedish: så
Old Danish: swā, swo, so
Danish: så
Norwegian Bokmål: så
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: så
Gutnish: så
Scanian: sá

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌴 (swē)


wilþijaz

*wilþijaz (ja-stem)

wilþijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wilþijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wilþijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wilþijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wilþiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wilþijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wilþijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wilþijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wilþijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wilþijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wilþiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wilþijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wilþijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
wilþijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wilþijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wilþijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wilþijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
wilþijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wilþijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wilþijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wilþijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wilþijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wilþijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wilþijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wilþijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wilþijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wilþijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wilþijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wilþijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wilþijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wilþijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wilþijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wilþijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wilþijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wilþijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wilþijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wilþijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wilþijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wilþijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wilþijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wilþijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wilþijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wilþīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wilþijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wilþijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wilþijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wilþīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wilþijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wilþīni (dative masculine singular weak)
wilþijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wilþijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wilþijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wilþīni (dative neuter singular weak)
wilþijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wilþīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wilþijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wilþijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wilþijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wilþīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wilþijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *wilþī
Old English: wilde
Middle English: wild, wilde, wielde, wille, will
English: wild
Scots: wylde, wild, wile
Old Frisian: wilde
Saterland Frisian: wíeld, wüüld
West Frisian: wyld
Old Saxon: wildi
Middle Low German: wilde, wilt
Low German: wild
Plautdietsch: wilt
→ Danish: vild
→ Swedish: vild
Old Dutch: wildi
Middle Dutch: wilde, wilt
Dutch: wild
Afrikaans: wild
Berbice Creole Dutch: weldri
Jersey Dutch: wäld
Negerhollands: wild, weeld, welt, willit, wil
Limburgish: wildj
Old High German: wildi
Middle High German: wilde
Central Franconian: weld, well (chiefly Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: wild
Luxembourgish: wëll
Bavarian: wüd, wuid, wüld
Cimbrian: bill
German: wild
Vilamovian: wyłd
Yiddish: ווילד (vild)

Old Norse: villr
Icelandic: villur
Faroese: villur
Norn: vill
Norwegian: vill
Old Swedish: viller
Swedish: vill
→ Finnish: villi
Gutnish: vildar, villar
Scanian: vilðer
⇒ Danish: vild (influenced by Old Saxon wildi)
⇒ Old Swedish: vilder (influenced by Old Saxon wildi)
Swedish: vild

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 (wilþeis)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wel-, *welw- (“hair, wool, grass, ear (of corn), forest”). Alternatively from *gʷʰel-t-, whence also Proto-Celtic *gʷeltis (“wild”) (Welsh gwyllt (“wild”), Irish gealt (“lunatic”)).


wedrą

wedrą (nominative singular)
wedrō (nominative plural)
wedrą (singular vocative)
wedrō (plural vocative)
wedrą (accusative singular)
wedrō (accusative plural)
wedras (genitive singular)
widris (genitive singular)
wedrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
widrai (dative singular)
wedramaz (dative plural)
wedrō (instrumental singular)
wedramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wedr
Old English: weder
Middle English: weder, wethyr
English: weather
Scots: weddir, wethir, wathir
Old Frisian: weder, wedder
Saterland Frisian: Weeder
West Frisian: waar
Old Saxon: wedar
German Low German: Weder
Plautdietsch:
Old Dutch: wedar
Dutch: weder, weer
Afrikaans: weer
Old High German: wetar, *wedar
Middle High German: weter (classical), wetter (late), weder (Central German)
Alemannic German: Wätter
Swabian:
Bavarian: Wetta
Austrian: Weda
Cimbrian: bèttar
Mòcheno:
Central Franconian: Wedder, Wäder, Weader, Wäer
Hunsrik: Wetter
Luxembourgish: Wieder
Transylvanian Saxon: Wadder, Wodder
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Wättr
East Franconian:
German: Wetter
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Wedder
Yiddish: וועטער (veter)

Old Norse: veðr, -viðri
Icelandic: veður
Faroese: veður
Norwegian Nynorsk: vêr, veder; (dialectal) veir, vør, ve
Elfdalian: weðer
Old Swedish: væþer
Swedish: väder
Old Danish: wæthær
Danish: vejr, vær, vædder
Norwegian Bokmål: vær
Gutnish: vädar
Scanian: væðer

Uncertain; traditionally linked to Proto-Slavic *vedro (“good weather”), reconstructing a common Proto-Indo-European *wedʰrom, which is sometimes assumed to be from *h₂weh₁- (“to blow; wind”) + *-dʰrom (instrument noun–deriving suffix), equivalent to *wēaną + *-þrą. However, this etymology suffers phonetic difficulties, namely the lack of a long vowel and the descendants that reflect unvoiced *-þrą in the suffix. If from pre-Germanic *h₂weh₁tróm, perhaps a formation in common with Latvian vētra, Lithuanian vė́tra (“storm”) and Proto-Slavic *vě̀trъ (“wind, air”).


seukaz

*seukaz (a-stem)

seukaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
seukai (masculine nominative plural strong)
seukō (feminine nominative singular strong)
seukôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
seuką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
seukō (neuter nominative plural strong)
seukanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
seukanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
seukǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
seukōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
seuką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
seukō (accusative neuter plural strong)
seukas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
seukaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
seukaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
seukaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
seukas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
seukaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
seukammai (dative masculine singular strong)
seukaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
seukaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
seukaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
seukammai (dative neuter singular strong)
seukaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
seukanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
seukaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
seukaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
seukaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
seukanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
seukaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
seukô (masculine nominative singular weak)
seukaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
seukǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
seukōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
seukô (neuter nominative singular weak)
seukōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
seukanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
seukanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
seukōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
seukōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
seukô (accusative neuter singular weak)
seukōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
seukiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
seukanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
seukōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
seukōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
seukiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
seukanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
seukini (dative masculine singular weak)
seukammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
seukōni (dative feminine singular weak)
seukōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
seukini (dative neuter singular weak)
seukammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
seukinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
seukammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
seukōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
seukōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
seukinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
seukammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *seuk
Old English: sēoc, sēc
Middle English: sik
English: sick
→? Navajo: sxih
Scots: seek, seeck
Yola: zeek
Old Frisian: siāk
North Frisian: sük
Saterland Frisian: säik, süük
West Frisian: siik
Old Saxon: siok
Middle Low German: sêk, sîk, sǖk
German Low German: seek, süük
Old Dutch: *siok
Middle Dutch: siek
Dutch: ziek
Afrikaans: siek
Old High German: sioh, siuh
Middle High German: siech
Alemannic German: siech
German: siech

Old Norse: sjúkr
Icelandic: sjúkur
Faroese: sjúkur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sjuk
→ Norwegian Bokmål: sjuk
Elfdalian: siouk
Old Swedish: siūker
Swedish: sjuk
Old Danish: siūkær, sȳk
Danish: syg
Norwegian Bokmål: syk
Gutnish: sjaukar
Scanian: sjúger, śöger

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌿𐌺𐍃 (siuks)


windaz

windaz (nominative singular)
windōz (nominative plural)
windōs (nominative plural)
wind (singular vocative)
windōz (plural vocative)
windōs (plural vocative)
windą (accusative singular)
windanz (accusative plural)
windas (genitive singular)
windis (genitive singular)
windǫ̂ (genitive plural)
windai (dative singular)
windamaz (dative plural)
windō (instrumental singular)
windamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wind
Old English: wind
Middle English: wynd, wend, wende, wind, winde, wynde
English: wind
Scots: wind, win
Yola: weend, wyeene
Old Frisian: wind
Saterland Frisian: Wíend
West Frisian: wyn
Old Saxon: wind
Middle Low German: wint
German Low German: Wind
Plautdietsch: Wint
Old Dutch: wint
Middle Dutch: wint
Dutch: wind
Afrikaans: wind
Berbice Creole Dutch: wende
Negerhollands: wind, win, wen
Skepi Creole Dutch: went
→ Aukan: winta
→ Sranan Tongo: winti
Limburgish: windj
Old High German: wint
Middle High German: wint
Alemannic German:
Italian Walser: winn, wend, wénn, wind
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: bint
Mòcheno: bint
Udinese: bint
Viennese: Wind
German: Wind
Luxembourgish: Wand
Vilamovian: wynt
Yiddish: ווינט (vint)

Old Norse: vindr
Icelandic: vindur
Faroese: vindur
Norwegian Nynorsk: vind
Elfdalian: wind
Old Swedish: vinder
Swedish: vind
→ Finnish: vintti
Old Danish: wende
Danish: vind, vend
Norwegian Bokmål: vind
Gutnish: vinn, vind

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐍃 (winds)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéh₁n̥ts (genitive *h₂uh₁n̥tés), present participle of *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”). Cognate with Latin ventus.


leuganą

leugō (active first-person indicative singular)
leugaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
leugai (first-person indicative passive singular)
liugizi (active indicative second-person singular)
leugaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
leug (active imperative second-person singular)
leugazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
leugaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
liugidi (active indicative singular third-person)
leugai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
leugadau (active imperative singular third-person)
leugadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
leugaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
leugōz (active dual first-person indicative)
leugaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
leugadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
leugaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
leugadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
leugamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
leugaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
leugandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
leugaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
liugid (active indicative plural second-person)
leugaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
liugid (active imperative plural second-person)
leugandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
leugaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
leugandi (active indicative plural third-person)
leugain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
leugandau (active imperative plural third-person)
leugandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
leugaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laug (active first-person indicative singular)
lugį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lauht (active indicative second-person singular)
lugīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laug (active indicative singular third-person)
lugī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lugū (active dual first-person indicative)
lugīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lugudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lugīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lugum (active first-person indicative plural)
lugīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lugud (active indicative plural second-person)
lugīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lugun (active indicative plural third-person)
lugīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
leugandz (active participle present)
luganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *leugan
Old English: lēogan
Middle English: lien
English: lie
Scots: lee
Old Frisian: liāga
Saterland Frisian: ljooge
West Frisian: lige
Old Saxon: liogan
Middle Low German: lēgen, leigen
Low German: legen, lögen
Old Dutch: liegan
Middle Dutch: liegen
Dutch: liegen
Limburgish: lege
Old High German: liogan
Middle High German: liegen, liugen
German: lügen
Central Franconian: leeje, lieje, lüjje
Luxembourgish: léien
Bavarian: liagn, liang
Yiddish: לײַגן (laygn)

Old Norse: ljúga
Icelandic: ljúga
Faroese: lúgva, ljúgva
Norwegian Nynorsk: ljuga, lyga
Norwegian Bokmål: ljuge, lyge, juge
Elfdalian: liuoga
Old Swedish: liūgha
Swedish: ljuga
Old Danish: liughæ, lyffuæ, liffuæ
Danish: lyve
Norwegian Bokmål: lyve
Scanian: ljuğa
Gutnish: ljauge

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (liugan)


namnijaną

namnijō (active first-person indicative singular)
namnijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
namnijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
namnīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
namnijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
namnī (active imperative second-person singular)
namnijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
namnijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
namnīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
namnijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
namnijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
namnijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
namnijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
namnijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
namnijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
namnijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
namnijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
namnijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
namnijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
namnijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
namnijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
namnijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
namnīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
namnijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
namnīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
namnijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
namnijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
namnijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
namnijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
namnijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
namnijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
namnijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
namnidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
namnidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
namnidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
namnidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
namnidē (active indicative singular third-person)
namnidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
namnidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
namnidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
namnidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
namnidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
namnidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
namnidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
namnidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
namnidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
namnidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
namnidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
namnijandz (active participle present)
namnidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *namnijan
Old English: nemnan, nemnian
Middle English: nemnen, nempnen, nevnen, nevenen
Scots: nemmin, nem, neme, nevin
English: neven
Old Frisian: namna, nemna, nomna, nanna, nenna
Saterland Frisian: namme
Old Saxon: nemnian
Middle Low German: nemnen, nemmen
Plautdietsch: nanen, neemen
Old Dutch: *nemnen
Middle Dutch: nennen
Old High German: nemnen
Middle High German: nemnen, nennen
German: nennen
Hunsrik: nenne
Luxembourgish: nennen

Old Norse: nefna, nemna
Icelandic: nefna
Faroese: nevna
Norwegian Nynorsk: nemna, nemne
Norwegian Bokmål: nevne
Old Swedish: næmna
Swedish: nämna
Danish: nævne

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (namnjan)

PIE word
 *h₁nómn̥
From *namô + *-janą. Compare Ancient Greek ὀνομαίνω (onomaínō) for a parallel formation.


namô

namô (nominative singular)
namnō (nominative plural)
namô (singular vocative)
namnō (plural vocative)
namô (accusative singular)
namnō (accusative plural)
namniz (genitive singular)
namnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
namni (dative singular)
namnamaz (dative plural)
namnē (instrumental singular)
namnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *namō
Old English: nama, noma
Middle English: name, nome
English: name
→ Sranan Tongo: nen
→ Japanese: ネーム
Geordie English: nyem
Scots: name, naim, nem, nome
Yola: naame, naume, name
Old Frisian: nama, noma
North Frisian: nom
(Mooring): noome
(Föhr-Amrum): nööm
Saterland Frisian: Nome
West Frisian: namme
Old Saxon: namo
Middle Low German: nāme, nōme, nām
German Low German: Naam
Plautdietsch: Nomen
Old Dutch: namo
Middle Dutch: nāme
Dutch: naam
Limburgish: naam, naom
Old High German: namo
Middle High German: name
Alemannic German: Naame
Italian Walser: namä, noame, nomu, nàmund
Bavarian: Nama, Nam, Nåm
Cimbrian: nåm, name, naamo
Mòcheno: nu'm
Udinese: nome, nòmm, nome, nomat
German: Name, Namen
Luxembourgish: Numm
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Naame
Yiddish: נאָמען (nomen)

Old Norse: namn, nafn, naβn — Old East Norse; namn
Icelandic: nafn
Faroese: navn
Norn: namn
Norwegian Nynorsk: nabn, namn
Old Swedish: nampn
Swedish: namn
Old Danish: nafn, nauæn
Danish: navn
Norwegian Bokmål: navn
Gutnish: namn

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉 (namō)

PIE word
 *h₁nómn̥
From Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥.


blindaz

*blindaz (a-stem)

blindaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
blindai (masculine nominative plural strong)
blindō (feminine nominative singular strong)
blindôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
blindą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
blindō (neuter nominative plural strong)
blindanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
blindanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
blindǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
blindōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
blindą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
blindō (accusative neuter plural strong)
blindas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
blindaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
blindaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
blindaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
blindas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
blindaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
blindammai (dative masculine singular strong)
blindaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
blindaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
blindaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
blindammai (dative neuter singular strong)
blindaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
blindanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
blindaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
blindaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
blindaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
blindanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
blindaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
blindô (masculine nominative singular weak)
blindaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
blindǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
blindōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
blindô (neuter nominative singular weak)
blindōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
blindanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
blindanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
blindōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
blindōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
blindô (accusative neuter singular weak)
blindōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
blindiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
blindanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
blindōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
blindōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
blindiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
blindanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
blindini (dative masculine singular weak)
blindammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
blindōni (dative feminine singular weak)
blindōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
blindini (dative neuter singular weak)
blindammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
blindinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
blindammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
blindōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
blindōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
blindinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
blindammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *blind
Old English: blind
Middle English: blind, blynd
Scots: blynd, blind
English: blind
Old Frisian: blind
Saterland Frisian: bliend
West Frisian: blyn
Old Saxon: blind
Middle Low German: blint
German Low German: blind
Plautdietsch: blint
Old Dutch: *blint
Middle Dutch: blint
Dutch: blind
Old High German: blint, blintēr
Middle High German: blint
German: blind
→ Esperanto: blinda
Luxembourgish: blann
Vilamovian: błynd
Yiddish: בלינד (blind)

Old Norse: blindr

Icelandic: blindur

Faroese: blindur

Norn: blind

Norwegian: blind

Old Swedish: blinder

Swedish: blind

Danish: blind

Gutnish: blindar, blindur

Gothic: 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌳𐍃 (blinds)

From Pre-Germanic *bʰlendʰos, an adjective derived from *blandaną (“to make murky”).


braidaz

*braidaz (a-stem)

braidaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
braidai (masculine nominative plural strong)
braidō (feminine nominative singular strong)
braidôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
braidą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
braidō (neuter nominative plural strong)
braidanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
braidanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
braidǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
braidōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
braidą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
braidō (accusative neuter plural strong)
braidas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
braidaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
braidaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
braidaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
braidas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
braidaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
braidammai (dative masculine singular strong)
braidaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
braidaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
braidaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
braidammai (dative neuter singular strong)
braidaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
braidanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
braidaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
braidaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
braidaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
braidanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
braidaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
braidô (masculine nominative singular weak)
braidaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
braidǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
braidōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
braidô (neuter nominative singular weak)
braidōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
braidanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
braidanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
braidōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
braidōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
braidô (accusative neuter singular weak)
braidōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
braidiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
braidanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
braidōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
braidōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
braidiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
braidanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
braidini (dative masculine singular weak)
braidammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
braidōni (dative feminine singular weak)
braidōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
braidini (dative neuter singular weak)
braidammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
braidinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
braidammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
braidōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
braidōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
braidinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
braidammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *braid
Old English: brād
Middle English: brood, brod, brode
English: broad
Scots: braid
Yola: brode
Old Frisian: brēd
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: briad
Goesharde: briid
Halligen: briad
Mooring: briidj
Sylt: breer
Wiedingharde: briidj
Saterland Frisian: breed
West Frisian: brie
Old Saxon: brēd
Middle Low German: *brêd
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: breet
Low Prussian, Westphalian (Bentheimisch, Westmünsterländisch): breed
Westphalian:
Dortmundisch: braẹ̆t
Sauerländisch: bräit, brait (Elpe, Felbecke, Finnentrop, Attendorn, Elspe), brǟt (Niedersfeld)
East Westphalian: breit (Lippe)
Eastphalian: breit (Wedemark)
Old Dutch: *brēd, *breid; *brēt
Middle Dutch: brêet
Dutch: breed
Afrikaans: breed
Berbice Creole Dutch: brete
Negerhollands: breed
→ Caribbean Javanese: bradi (via Sranan Tongo)
→ West Frisian: breed
Limburgish: breid
Zealandic: breêd
Old High German: breit
Middle High German: breit
Bavarian: brad, broad
Central Franconian: breet
German: breit
Hunsrik: breid
Luxembourgish: breet
Vilamovian: braat
Yiddish: ברייט (breyt)

Old Norse: breiðr
Icelandic: breiður
Faroese: breiður
Norwegian Nynorsk: brei, breid
→ Norwegian Bokmål: brei
Old Swedish: brēþer
Swedish: bred
Danish: bred
Norwegian Bokmål: bred

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (braiþs)

Of uncertain origin. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰr-oy-tos, a participle from an i-present of *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”); compare Lithuanian ber̃ti (“to strew, scatter”).


wikǭ

wikǭ (nominative singular)
wikōniz (nominative plural)
wikǭ (singular vocative)
wikōniz (plural vocative)
wikōnų (accusative singular)
wikōnunz (accusative plural)
wikōniz (genitive singular)
wikōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wikōni (dative singular)
wikōmaz (dative plural)
wikōnē (instrumental singular)
wikōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wikā
Old English: wiċe, wicu, wucu, wieċe, weoce
Middle English: weke
English: week
Scots: wouk
Yola: wick, wik
Old Frisian: wike
North Frisian: weg
Saterland Frisian: Wíek
West Frisian: wike
Old Saxon: wika
Middle Low German: wēke
→ North Frisian: Week
German Low German: Week
Plautdietsch: Wäakj
Old Dutch: *wika
Middle Dutch: wēke
Dutch: week
Afrikaans: week
Berbice Creole Dutch: weki
Jersey Dutch: wêk
Negerhollands: week
→ Lokono: wiki
→? Sranan Tongo: wiki
→ Aukan: wiki
→ Saramaccan: wíki
Limburgish: waek
Old High German: wehha, wohha
Middle High German: wëche, woche
Alemannic German:
Italian Walser: bòchò, wuchu, wucha, wucchu
Bavarian: Woch, Wocha, Wochn
Cimbrian: bòcha, boch (Luserna)
Mòcheno: boch
Central Franconian: Woch, Wech, Wääch (Ripuarian; now widely obsolete)
German: Woche
Luxembourgish: Woch
Pennsylvania German: Woch
Vilamovian: woch
Yiddish: וואָך (vokh)

Old Norse: vika
Icelandic: vika
Faroese: vika
Norn: voga
Norwegian Nynorsk: veke, vika, viku; (dialectal) vyku, vuku, væka
Jamtish: vuku
Elfdalian: wiku
Old Swedish: vika
Swedish: vecka
Old Danish: uka, uku, wiku
Scanian: uga
Danish: uge
Norwegian Bokmål: uke
Old Gutnish: wika
Gutnish: vike, vika, viku, vikå

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌺𐍉 (wikō)

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: vahkku

Southern Sami: våhkoe

→ Proto-Finnic: *viikko (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃weyg- (“to bend, wind, turn, yield”), with semantic shift "to bend, give way" > "to shift" > "sequence, week". See also *wīkwaną (“to yield, retreat”).


attô

attô (nominative singular)
attaniz (nominative plural)
attô (singular vocative)
attaniz (plural vocative)
attanų (accusative singular)
attanunz (accusative plural)
attiniz (genitive singular)
attanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
attini (dative singular)
attammaz (dative plural)
attinē (instrumental singular)
attammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *attō
Old English: *ætta, *atta
Middle English: *dadde, *dadd
English: dad
Old Frisian: atta, aththa, atha, eththa
North Frisian: ate, aatj, taatje, tääte
West Frisian: heit
Old Saxon: *atto, *etto
>? Middle Low German: ette (“local elder, hereditary male judge”)
Old Dutch: *atto, *etto
Middle Dutch: ette
Dutch: ette
Old High German: atto
Middle High German: atte
Alemannic German: Ätti, Ätte
Italian Walser: attu, àttu, attò
⇒ Alemannic German: Großätti, Großatt
Bavarian: Ätt
⇒? Cimbrian: tatta

>? Old Norse: Atti

Norwegian Nynorsk: Atte

Old Swedish: Atte

Old Danish: Atti

Gothic: 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 (atta)

From Proto-Indo-European *átta. Cognate with Latin atta (“father”). The word was probably originally only a vocative, but was extended with a full paradigm in most descendants, including Germanic where it was reformed as a masculine n-stem.


gaizaz

gaizaz (nominative singular)
gaizōz (nominative plural)
gaizōs (nominative plural)
gaiz (singular vocative)
gaizōz (plural vocative)
gaizōs (plural vocative)
gaizą (accusative singular)
gaizanz (accusative plural)
gaizas (genitive singular)
gaizis (genitive singular)
gaizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaizai (dative singular)
gaizamaz (dative plural)
gaizō (instrumental singular)
gaizamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gaiʀ
Old English: gār
Middle English: gor, gar, gare, gær
⇒ Middle English: garfysche
English: garfish
Scots: gairfish
Old Frisian: *gār, gēr
Saterland Frisian: Goare
West Frisian: gear
Old Saxon: gēr
Middle Low German: gêr
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: Geere, Geer
Old Dutch: *gēr
Middle Dutch: gêer
Dutch: geer
Old High German: gēr, giri
Lombardic: ger
→⇒ Italian: gherone
Middle High German: gēr
German: Ger

Proto-Norse: *ᚷᚨᛁᛉᚨᛉ (*gaiʀaʀ)

Old Norse: geirr, ᚴᛅᛁᛦ (kaiʀ) — runic
Icelandic: geir
Norwegian Bokmål: geir
Norwegian Nynorsk: geir
Danish: ger
Swedish: gere, gir

→ Finnish: kaira (< Late Proto-Norse *gaiRaR)

Gothic: *𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍃 (*gais) (preserved in given names)

Vandalic: *gais/*geis

→ Proto-Finnic: *kaihas (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Celtic: *gaisos (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰoysós (“throwing spear”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey- (“to drive, move, fling”). Related to Sanskrit हेषस् (heṣas, “missile”), Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀 (zaēna, “weapon”), Ancient Greek χαῖος (khaîos, “shepherd's staff”).