stāną

stō (active first-person indicative singular)
staisi (active indicative second-person singular)
stai (active imperative second-person singular)
staiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
stāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
stōs (active dual first-person indicative)
stāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
staiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
staiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
stānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
stānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
stōþ (active first-person indicative singular)
stōdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stōst (active indicative second-person singular)
stōdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stōþ (active indicative singular third-person)
stōdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stōdū (active dual first-person indicative)
stōdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stōdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stōdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stōdum (active first-person indicative plural)
stōdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stōdud (active indicative plural second-person)
stōdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stōdun (active indicative plural third-person)
stōdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stāndz (active participle present)
stadanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *stān
Old Frisian: stān
West Frisian: stean
Old Saxon: stān
Middle Low German: stān
German Low German: stahn
Old Dutch: stān
Middle Dutch: stâen
Dutch: staan
Afrikaans: staan
Berbice Creole Dutch: tan
Jersey Dutch: stân
Negerhollands: staan, tan
→ Biak: vestan
Limburgish: staon
Old High German: stān, stēn
Middle High German: stān, stēn
Alemannic German: staa, schtaa
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: stean
Mòcheno: stean
Northern Bavarian: [ʒ̊d̥ɛi]
Central Franconian: stohn, stonn, stiehn
Hunsrik: stehn
Luxembourgish: stoen
German: stehen
Rhine Franconian: stehn
Pennsylvania German:
Vilamovian: śtejn
Yiddish: שטיין (shteyn)

Old Norse: *stá

Faroese: stá

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: stå

Norwegian Nynorsk: stå

Old Swedish: stā

Swedish: stå

Danish: stå

→? Proto-Finnic: *soora (“straight”) (see there for further descendants)

The present stem derives from a Pre-Germanic j-present, *sth₂-yé/ó-, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-. Because it represents a formation known in Indo-European times, it may have been inherited.
The past stem derives from an innovated extended form of the root, Pre-Germanic perfect singular *stéh₂-t-, nonsingular *sth₂-t-´. The process that led to this extension is unknown, however.


sōkijaną

sōkijō (active first-person indicative singular)
sōkijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sōkijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sōkīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sōkijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sōkī (active imperative second-person singular)
sōkijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sōkijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sōkīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sōkijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sōkijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sōkijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sōkijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sōkijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sōkijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sōkijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sōkijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sōkijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sōkijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sōkijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sōkijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sōkijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sōkīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sōkijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sōkīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sōkijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sōkijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sōkijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sōkijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sōkijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sōkijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sōkijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sōhtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sōhtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sōhtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sōhtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sōhtē (active indicative singular third-person)
sōhtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sōhtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sōhtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sōhtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sōhtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sōhtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sōhtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sōhtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sōhtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sōhtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sōhtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sōkijandz (active participle present)
sōkidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sōkijan
Old English: sēċan, sœ̄ċan, sēċean
Middle English: seken
English: seek, seech (Lancashire and other dialects)
Scots: seek
Yola: zeek
Old Frisian: sēka
Saterland Frisian: säike
West Frisian: sykje
Old Saxon: sōkian
Middle Low German: sö̂ken
Low German: sooken, söken, seuken, säuken (see there for further descendants)
Old Dutch: suoken
Middle Dutch: soeken
Dutch: zoeken
Afrikaans: soek
Berbice Creole Dutch: suku
Javindo: soeken
Negerhollands: soek, suk
Skepi Creole Dutch: sook
→ Aukan: suku
→ Kwinti: suku
→ Saramaccan: súku
→ Sranan Tongo: suku
Limburgish: zeuke
Old High German: suohhen, suochen
Middle High German: suochen, süechen
Alemannic German: sueche, süeche (Uri)
Alsatian: süacha
Bavarian: suacha, suachn
Cimbrian: züuchan
Central Franconian: seeche, sieche, suche (Moselle Franconian); söke (Ripuarian, a Low Franconian relict)
Hunsrik: suche
Luxembourgish: sichen
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
East Franconian:
German: suchen
Rhine Franconian: suche
Frankfurterisch: [suɣ̥ə]
Yiddish: זוכן (zukhn)

Old Norse: sǿkja, sœkja, sækja
Icelandic: sækja
Faroese: søkja
Norwegian Nynorsk: søkja, søkje
Old Swedish: sø̄kia
Swedish: söka
Old Danish: søkia, søkæ (Jutland)
Danish: søge
Norwegian Bokmål: søke
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: søke, søka
Old Gutnish: sykia

Gothic: 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (sōkjan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *hakëdak (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *séh₂gyeti, from *seh₂g- (“to seek out”).


aiganą

aih (active first-person indicative singular)
aigį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aiht (active indicative second-person singular)
aigīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aih (active indicative singular third-person)
aigī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aigū (active dual first-person indicative)
aigīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aigudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aigīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aigum (active first-person indicative plural)
aigīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aigud (active indicative plural second-person)
aigīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aigun (active indicative plural third-person)
aigīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aihtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
aihtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aihtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
aihtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aihtē (active indicative singular third-person)
aihtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aihtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
aihtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aihtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aihtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aihtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
aihtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aihtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
aihtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aihtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
aihtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aigandz (active participle present)
aiganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *aigan
Old English: āgan
Middle English: owen, ouen, own, owe, awen, aȝen
English: owe (present tense), ought (past tense), own (past participle)
Scots: aw, awe
Old Frisian: āga, hāga
North Frisian: age
Old Saxon: ēgan
Middle Low German: êgen, eigen
German Low German: egen
Old Dutch: *ēgan
Middle Dutch: eigen, êgen
Old High German: eigan
Middle High German: eigen

Old Norse: eiga; eigna

Icelandic: eiga; eigna

Faroese: eiga

Norwegian Bokmål: eie

Norwegian Nynorsk: eiga, eige

Old Swedish: ǣgha, ēgha

Swedish: äga; ägna

Old Danish: ēgha, eghæ

Danish: eje; egne

Elfdalian: iegå

Gutnish: aige

Scanian: æğa

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (aigan), 𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽 (aihan)

/ˈɑi̯.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₂óyḱe, from *h₂eyḱ- (“ability, possession”).


þurbaną

þarf (active first-person indicative singular)
þurbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þarft (active indicative second-person singular)
þurbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þarf (active indicative singular third-person)
þurbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þurbū (active dual first-person indicative)
þurbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þurbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þurbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þurbum (active first-person indicative plural)
þurbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þurbud (active indicative plural second-person)
þurbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þurbun (active indicative plural third-person)
þurbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þurftǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þurftēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þurftēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þurftēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þurftē (active indicative singular third-person)
þurftēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þurftēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þurftēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þurftēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þurftēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þurftēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þurftēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þurftēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þurftēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þurftēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þurftēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þurbandz (active participle present)
þurftaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þurban
Old English: þurfan
Middle English: tharen
English: thair (dialectal)
Scots: thair
Old Saxon: thurvan, thurƀan
Middle Low German: dürven, dörven, dröven
Low German: dörven, dröven, dröffen
Old Dutch: thurvan
Middle Dutch: dorven
Dutch: durven (conflated in meaning with dorren)
Afrikaans: durf
Javindo: durref
Negerhollands: derv, dėfo
→ Papiamentu: dùrf
Limburgish: dörve
Old High German: durfan (f by backformation, this f is generally fortis as if from Germanic *p)
Middle High German: durfen, dürfen
Alemannic German: törfe
Central Franconian: dürve, durfe, dearfe
Luxembourgish: däerfen, duerfen, dierfen
German: dürfen
→ Ido: darfar
Yiddish: דאַרפֿן (darfn)

Old Norse: þurfa
Icelandic: þurfa
Faroese: tørva, tarva
Norwegian Bokmål: turve
Norwegian Nynorsk: turva
Old Swedish: þorva, þarva
Swedish: torva (archaic), Swedish: tarva (archaic)
Danish: tarve

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 (þaurban)

From Proto-Indo-European *tetórpe, from *terp- (“to satiate”).


skulaną

skal (active first-person indicative singular)
skulį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skalt (active indicative second-person singular)
skulīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skal (active indicative singular third-person)
skulī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skulū (active dual first-person indicative)
skulīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skuludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skulīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skulum (active first-person indicative plural)
skulīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skulud (active indicative plural second-person)
skulīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skulun (active indicative plural third-person)
skulīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skuldǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skuldēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skuldēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skuldēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skuldē (active indicative singular third-person)
skuldēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skuldēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skuldēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skuldēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skuldēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skuldēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skuldēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skuldēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skuldēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skuldēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skuldēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skulandz (active participle present)
skuldaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skulan
Old English: sċulan, sċeolan
Middle English: schulen
English: shall, should
Scots: sall, suld (modern shall, should are influenced by English)
Yola: shell, shall, shul
Old Frisian: skela, skila
Saterland Frisian: skälle
West Frisian: sille
Old Saxon: skulan
Middle Low German: schȫlen, schöllen, schullen, sȫlen, scölen
Low German: schölen, sölen, schüllen, schöllen
German Low German: schölen, sölen, sallen
Old Dutch: sulan
Middle Dutch: sullen
Dutch: zullen
Afrikaans: sal
Jersey Dutch: zal
Negerhollands: sa, sal
Skepi Creole Dutch: sa
Limburgish: zölle, zólle
Old High German: skulan, sulan, scolan
Middle High German: süln, suln, scholen, schulen, sollen, saln, soln
Alemannic German: solle
Bavarian: soin, solln
Central Franconian: solle
Hunsrik: solle
Luxembourgish: sollen
German: sollen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: solle
Yiddish: זאָלן (zoln)

Old Norse: skulu, skolu
Icelandic: skulu
Faroese: skula
Norwegian Nynorsk: skulla, skulle
Old Swedish: skula, skola, skulu
Swedish: skola
Danish: skulle
Norwegian Bokmål: skulle

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽 (skulan)

From Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to be obligated, owe, be guilty”).

der

(auxiliary) shall, will, to be going to, must


geutaną

geutō (active first-person indicative singular)
geutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
geutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
giutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
geutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
geut (active imperative second-person singular)
geutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
geutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
giutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
geutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
geutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
geutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
geutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
geutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
geutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
geutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
geutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
geutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
geutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
geutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
geutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
geutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
giutid (active indicative plural second-person)
geutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
giutid (active imperative plural second-person)
geutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
geutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
geutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
geutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
geutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
geutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
geutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gaut (active first-person indicative singular)
gutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaust (active indicative second-person singular)
gutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaut (active indicative singular third-person)
gutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gutū (active dual first-person indicative)
gutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gutum (active first-person indicative plural)
gutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gutud (active indicative plural second-person)
gutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gutun (active indicative plural third-person)
gutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
geutandz (active participle present)
gutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *geutan
Old English: ġēotan
Middle English: yeten
English: yet, ewte (dialectal), yete (obsolete), yeet
Scots: ȝet, yet, yat
⇒ English: yote (via past participle yoten) (dialectal)
English: gut
Old Frisian: jāta
Saterland Frisian: joote
West Frisian: jitte
Old Saxon: giotan
Middle Low German: gêten
German Low German: geten
Old Dutch: gietan
Middle Dutch: gieten
Dutch: gieten
Afrikaans: giet
Limburgish: gete
Old High German: giozan
Middle High German: giezen
German: gießen
→ French: gueuse, guise (“pig iron”)
→ Italian: ghisa (“cast iron”)
→ Cimbrian: ghiiza
Luxembourgish: géissen
Yiddish: גיסן (gisn)

Old Norse: gjóta
Icelandic: gjóta
Faroese: gýta
Norwegian Nynorsk: gjota, gyta
Dalian:
Mora: gjota
Elfdalian: dşuta
Old Swedish: giūta
Swedish: gjuta
Danish: gyde
Norwegian Bokmål: gyte
Gutnish: giauta

Gothic: 𐌲𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (giutan)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰewd- (“to pour”).


etaną

etō (active first-person indicative singular)
etaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
etai (first-person indicative passive singular)
itizi (active indicative second-person singular)
etaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
et (active imperative second-person singular)
etazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
etaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
itidi (active indicative singular third-person)
etai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
etadau (active imperative singular third-person)
etadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
etaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
etōz (active dual first-person indicative)
etaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
etadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
etaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
etadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
etamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
etaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
etandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
etaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
itid (active indicative plural second-person)
etaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
itid (active imperative plural second-person)
etandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
etaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
etandi (active indicative plural third-person)
etain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
etandau (active imperative plural third-person)
etandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
etaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ēt (active first-person indicative singular)
ētį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ēst (active indicative second-person singular)
ētīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ēt (active indicative singular third-person)
ētī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ētū (active dual first-person indicative)
ētīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ētudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ētīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ētum (active first-person indicative plural)
ētīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ētud (active indicative plural second-person)
ētīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ētun (active indicative plural third-person)
ētīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
etandz (active participle present)
etanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *etan
Old English: etan, eata — Northumbrian; eotan; ætan
Middle English: eten, eete, eeten, ete, etin, ethe, ette; æten, etenn (Early Middle English)
English: eat
Scots: ait, aet, eat, eit, ete
Yola: at, ayth, eight
Old Frisian: ita, eta
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: iidj
Mooring: ääse
Saterland Frisian: iete, íete
West Frisian: ite
Old Saxon: etan
Middle Low German: ēten
Low German: eten
Old Dutch: etan
Middle Dutch: ēten
Dutch: eten
Afrikaans: eet
Limburgish: aete
Old High German: ezzan
Middle High German: ëzzen, eszen
Alemannic German: ässe
Walser: essen, ässä, asse, assu
Bavarian: eisn, essn, èssn
Cimbrian: èzzan, èssan, ezzan
Mòcheno: èssn
Central Franconian: äße, esse (Kölsch, northernmost Ripuarian); eaße (parts of Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: esse
German: essen
Luxembourgish: iessen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: esse
Vilamovian: aosa
Yiddish: עסן (esn)

Old Norse: eta
Icelandic: eta, éta
Faroese: eta
Norwegian Nynorsk: eta, ete; (dialectal) ita, åtå, øtå
Elfdalian: jätå
Old Swedish: æta
Swedish: äta
Old Danish: ætæ
Danish: æde
Norwegian Bokmål: ete
Scanian: æda
Gutnish: äte, jite, jeta

Gothic: 𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (itan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *ettana (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁édti, from *h₁ed-.


fallaną

fallō (active first-person indicative singular)
fallaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fallai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fallizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fallaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fall (active imperative second-person singular)
fallazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fallaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fallidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fallai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
falladau (active imperative singular third-person)
falladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fallaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fallōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fallaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
falladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fallaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
falladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fallamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fallaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fallandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fallaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fallid (active indicative plural second-person)
fallaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fallid (active imperative plural second-person)
fallandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fallaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fallandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fallain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fallandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fallandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fallaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fefall (active first-person indicative singular)
fefallį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fefallt (active indicative second-person singular)
fefallīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fefall (active indicative singular third-person)
fefallī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fefallū (active dual first-person indicative)
fefallīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fefalludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fefallīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fefallum (active first-person indicative plural)
fefallīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fefallud (active indicative plural second-person)
fefallīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fefallun (active indicative plural third-person)
fefallīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fallandz (active participle present)
fallanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fallan
Old English: feallan
Middle English: fallen
English: fall
Scots: fall, faw
Old Frisian: falla
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: faal
Saterland Frisian: faale
West Frisian: falle
Old Saxon: fallan
Middle Low German: vallen
Low German: fallen
Old Dutch: fallan
Middle Dutch: vallen
Dutch: vallen
Limburgish: valle
Old High German: fallan
Middle High German: vallen
Bavarian: foin
Cimbrian: vallan, ballan (Mezzaselva)
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: falle
Luxembourgish: falen
German: fallen
Yiddish: פֿאַלן (faln)

Old Norse: falla
Icelandic: falla
Faroese: falla
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: falle
Norwegian Nynorsk: falla, falle
Elfdalian: folla
Old Swedish: falla
Swedish: falla
Old Danish: fallæ
Danish: falde
Scanian: falða
Gutnish: falle

According to a recent theory, explained as from Pre-Germanic *h₂ph₃elh₁né- or *h₂ph₃olh₁né-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂peh₃lH-, a proposed compound of *h₂epo (“off, away”) + *h₃elh₁- (“to fall”), which would allow connection with Latin aboleō (“to destroy”) (although this is not entirely certain) and Ancient Greek ἀπόλλῡμι (apóllūmi, “to destroy, kill”). Compare also Lithuanian pùlti (“to fall; fall to; attack”).


rīdaną

rīdō (active first-person indicative singular)
rīdaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rīdai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rīdizi (active indicative second-person singular)
rīdaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rīd (active imperative second-person singular)
rīdazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rīdaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rīdidi (active indicative singular third-person)
rīdai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rīdadau (active imperative singular third-person)
rīdadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rīdaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rīdōz (active dual first-person indicative)
rīdaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rīdadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rīdaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rīdadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rīdamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rīdaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rīdandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rīdaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rīdid (active indicative plural second-person)
rīdaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rīdid (active imperative plural second-person)
rīdandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rīdaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rīdandi (active indicative plural third-person)
rīdain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rīdandau (active imperative plural third-person)
rīdandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rīdaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raid (active first-person indicative singular)
ridį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raist (active indicative second-person singular)
ridīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raid (active indicative singular third-person)
ridī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ridū (active dual first-person indicative)
ridīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ridudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ridīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ridum (active first-person indicative plural)
ridīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ridud (active indicative plural second-person)
ridīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ridun (active indicative plural third-person)
ridīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rīdandz (active participle present)
ridanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rīdan
Old English: rīdan
Middle English: riden, ryden
Scots: ryde, ride
English: ride
Old Frisian: rīda
North Frisian: ride
Saterland Frisian: riede
West Frisian: ride
Old Saxon: rīdan
Middle Low German: riden
Low German: rieden
Plautdietsch: rieden
Old Dutch: rīdan
Middle Dutch: riden
Dutch: rijden
Limburgish: rieje
Old High German: rītan
Middle High German: rīten
German: reiten
Hunsrik: reide
Luxembourgish: reiden

Proto-Norse:

⇒ Proto-Norse: *ᚱᛁᛞᚨᛉ (*ridaʀ)
Old Norse: -ríðr
Old Norse: Atríðr, Fráríðr

Old Norse: ríða
Icelandic: ríða
Faroese: ríða
Norn: riða
Norwegian: ride, rida, ri
Old Swedish: rīþa
Swedish: rida
Old Danish: rithæ
Danish: ride
Gutnish: reide, reid', reida

From Proto-Indo-European *Hreydʰ- (“to set in motion, ride”), likely a suffixed form of *h₃reyH- (“to move, churn”).
Cognate with Proto-Celtic *rēdeti, whence Old Irish réidid (“to ride, drive”), ríad (“ride”, noun); Latvian raĩdît (“to send hastily, urge, (reflexive) hurry”); and Lithuanian riedė́ti (“to roll”), raidù (“quick”).


haitaną

haitō (active first-person indicative singular)
haitaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haitai (first-person indicative passive singular)
haitizi (active indicative second-person singular)
haitaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hait (active imperative second-person singular)
haitazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
haitaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
haitidi (active indicative singular third-person)
haitai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haitadau (active imperative singular third-person)
haitadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
haitaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
haitōz (active dual first-person indicative)
haitaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haitadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haitaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haitadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
haitamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
haitaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haitandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
haitaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
haitid (active indicative plural second-person)
haitaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haitid (active imperative plural second-person)
haitandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
haitaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
haitandi (active indicative plural third-person)
haitain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haitandau (active imperative plural third-person)
haitandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
haitaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hehait (active first-person indicative singular)
hehaitį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hehaist (active indicative second-person singular)
hehaitīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hehait (active indicative singular third-person)
hehaitī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hehaitū (active dual first-person indicative)
hehaitīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hehaitudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hehaitīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hehaitum (active first-person indicative plural)
hehaitīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hehaitud (active indicative plural second-person)
hehaitīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hehaitun (active indicative plural third-person)
hehaitīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haitandz (active participle present)
haitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haitan
Old English: hātan
Middle English: hoten, hoaten, haten
English: hote, hight
Scots: hate, hait
Old Frisian: hēta
Saterland Frisian: hete
West Frisian: hjitte
Old Saxon: hētan
Middle Low German: hêten, hêiten
German Low German: heiten, heten
Old Dutch: hētan
Middle Dutch: hêten
Dutch: heten
Afrikaans: heet
Negerhollands: hiet
Limburgish: heite
Old High German: heizzan, heizan
Middle High German: heizen
Bavarian: hoazn
Cimbrian: hoazan
Mòcheno: hoasn
German: heißen
Luxembourgish: heeschen (fully merged with *aiskōn)
Yiddish: הייסן (heysn)
→ Vulgar Latin: *haitō
⇒ Vulgar Latin: *subhaitō
Old French: sohaidier
Middle French: souhaiter
French: souhaiter

desc

Proto-Norse: ᚺᚨᛁᛏᛖ (haite, 1st singular passive), ᚺᚨᛁᛏᛁᚾᚨᛉ (haitinaʀ, past participle)

desctree

Old Norse: heita
Icelandic: heita
Faroese: eita, heita
Norwegian Nynorsk: heita
Old Swedish: hēta
Swedish: heta
Old Danish: hetæ
Danish: hedde, hede
Norwegian Bokmål: hete
Old Gutnish: haita

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (haitan)

From Proto-Indo-European *key-d-, a dental extension of the root Proto-Indo-European *key- (“to move, to impel”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κινέω (kinéō, “to set in motion, to arouse”), Latin cieō (“to set in motion, to summon”), Sanskrit च्यवते (cyavate, “to come forth, to fall down”), Albanian qoj (“to wake up”). Perhaps the original notion was "to summon", i.e. "to order someone to come" (cf. the parallel usage of English cite (“to summon (someone)”), from the cognate Latin root).


teuhaną

teuhō (active first-person indicative singular)
teuhaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
teuhai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tiuhizi (active indicative second-person singular)
teuhaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
teuh (active imperative second-person singular)
teuhazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
teuhaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tiuhidi (active indicative singular third-person)
teuhai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
teuhadau (active imperative singular third-person)
teuhadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
teuhaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
teuhōz (active dual first-person indicative)
teuhaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
teuhadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
teuhaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
teuhadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
teuhamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
teuhaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
teuhandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
teuhaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tiuhid (active indicative plural second-person)
teuhaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tiuhid (active imperative plural second-person)
teuhandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
teuhaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
teuhandi (active indicative plural third-person)
teuhain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
teuhandau (active imperative plural third-person)
teuhandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
teuhaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tauh (active first-person indicative singular)
tugį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tauht (active indicative second-person singular)
tugīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tauh (active indicative singular third-person)
tugī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tugū (active dual first-person indicative)
tugīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tugudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tugīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tugum (active first-person indicative plural)
tugīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tugud (active indicative plural second-person)
tugīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tugun (active indicative plural third-person)
tugīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
teuhandz (active participle present)
tuganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *teuhan
Old English: tēon, tīon
Middle English: teen
English: tee
Old Frisian: tiān
Saterland Frisian: tja
West Frisian: tsjen
Old Saxon: tiohan
Middle Low German: tên
Low German: tehen, tehn, teen
Old Dutch: tian
Middle Dutch: tiën
Dutch: tijgen
Old High German: ziohan
Middle High German: ziehen
Alemannic German: zieh, züha
Bavarian: zahn, zaan, ziagen
Viennese: ziagn
German: ziehen
Hunsrik: ziehe
Luxembourgish: zéien
Yiddish: ציִען (tsien)

Gothic: 𐍄𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 (tiuhan)

From Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to pull, lead”).


nemaną

nemō (active first-person indicative singular)
nemaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nemai (first-person indicative passive singular)
nimizi (active indicative second-person singular)
nemaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nem (active imperative second-person singular)
nemazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
nemaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
nimidi (active indicative singular third-person)
nemai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nemadau (active imperative singular third-person)
nemadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
nemaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
nemōz (active dual first-person indicative)
nemaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nemadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nemaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nemadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
nemamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
nemaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nemandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
nemaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
nimid (active indicative plural second-person)
nemaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nimid (active imperative plural second-person)
nemandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
nemaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
nemandi (active indicative plural third-person)
nemain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nemandau (active imperative plural third-person)
nemandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
nemaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
nam (active first-person indicative singular)
nēmį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
namt (active indicative second-person singular)
nēmīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nam (active indicative singular third-person)
nēmī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nēmū (active dual first-person indicative)
nēmīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nēmudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nēmīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nēmum (active first-person indicative plural)
nēmīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nēmud (active indicative plural second-person)
nēmīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nēmun (active indicative plural third-person)
nēmīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nemandz (active participle present)
numanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *neman
Old English: niman
Middle English: nimen, nymen
English: nim; numb (from past participle)
Scots: nim
Old Frisian: nima, nema
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: nem
Mooring: naame
Saterland Frisian: níeme
West Frisian: nimme
Old Saxon: niman, neman
Middle Low German: nemen
Low German: nehmen
Old Dutch: neman
Middle Dutch: nēmen
Dutch: nemen
Afrikaans: neem
Jersey Dutch: nême
Negerhollands: neem
Skepi Creole Dutch: nemek, name
Limburgish: naeme, nömme
Old High German: neman
Middle High German: nëmen
Alemannic German: nää, nee, nèè, nä, në
Central Franconian: nemme
Hunsrik: nemme
Cimbrian: nemmen
German: nehmen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: nemme
Vilamovian: naoma
Yiddish: נעמען (nemen)

Old Norse: nema
Icelandic: nema
Faroese: nema
Norwegian Nynorsk: nema
Old Swedish: nima
Swedish: nimma, (förnimma)
Scanian: nimma
Danish: nemme

Gothic: 𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (niman)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *ném-e (“to allocate”). The meaning developed from the middle voice “to allocate to oneself”. Kroonen however follows an alternative derivation of Kortlandt's from *h₁em- (“to take, distribute”), with the initial *n- rebracketed from the perfective prefix *ga- (derived from nasal-final Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm).

der

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


drinkaną

drinkō (active first-person indicative singular)
drinkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
drinkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
drinkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
drinkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drink (active imperative second-person singular)
drinkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
drinkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
drinkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
drinkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drinkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
drinkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
drinkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
drinkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
drinkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drinkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drinkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drinkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
drinkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
drinkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drinkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
drinkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
drinkid (active indicative plural second-person)
drinkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
drinkid (active imperative plural second-person)
drinkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
drinkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
drinkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
drinkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
drinkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
drinkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
drinkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
drank (active first-person indicative singular)
drunkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dranht (active indicative second-person singular)
drunkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drank (active indicative singular third-person)
drunkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drunkū (active dual first-person indicative)
drunkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drunkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drunkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drunkum (active first-person indicative plural)
drunkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drunkud (active indicative plural second-person)
drunkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
drunkun (active indicative plural third-person)
drunkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
drinkandz (active participle present)
drunkanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *drinkan
Old English: drincan
Middle English: drinken, drynken
English: drink (see there for further descendants)
Scots: drink
Yola: drink
Old Frisian: drinka
North Frisian:
Föhr: drank
Hallig: drinke
Mooring: drainke
Saterland Frisian: drinke
West Frisian: drinke
Old Saxon: drinkan
Middle Low German: drinken
Low German: drinken
Old Dutch: drincan
Middle Dutch: drinken
Dutch: drinken
Afrikaans: drink
Berbice Creole Dutch: dronggi
Negerhollands: drink, dring, drin
→ Aukan: dingii
Limburgish: drinke
Old High German: trinkan
Middle High German: trinken
Alemannic German: trinke
Italian Walser: trenhu, trénge, tringhien, trinche
Bavarian: trinkn, dringa
Cimbrian: trinkhan, trinkan (Tredici Comuni)
Mòcheno: trinken
Udinese: trinkn, trinkhn, trinckn
Central Franconian: drenke, dronke, drönke (Eifel); drinke (Kölsch), drinke
Hunsrik: drinke
German: trinken
Luxembourgish: drénken
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: drinke
Vilamovian: trynkja
Yiddish: טרינקען (trinken)
→ Middle French: trinquer
French: trinquer
→ Galician: trincar
→ Italian: trincare
→ Sicilian: ntrincari
→ Spanish: trincar
→ Venetian: trincar, trincàr

Old Norse: drekka, drikka
Icelandic: drekka
Faroese: drekka
Norwegian Nynorsk: drikke, drikka
Russenorsk: drikkom
Elfdalian: drikka
Old Swedish: drikka
Swedish: dricka
Old Danish: drikkæ
Danish: drikke
Norwegian Bokmål: drikke
Scanian: drikka

Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌺𐌰𐌽 (drigkan)

Vandalic: drincan

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrenǵ- (“to draw into one's mouth, sip, gulp”), nasalised variant of *dʰreǵ- (“to draw, glide”). Cognate with Lithuanian drėgti (“to become moist”), Sanskrit ध्रजति (dhrájati, “to glide, swoop”).


kwemaną

kwemō (active first-person indicative singular)
kwemaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwemai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kwimizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kwemaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwem (active imperative second-person singular)
kwemazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kwemaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kwimidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kwemai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kwemadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kwemadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kwemaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kwemōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kwemaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kwemadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kwemaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kwemadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kwemamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kwemaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kwemandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kwemaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kwimid (active indicative plural second-person)
kwemaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kwimid (active imperative plural second-person)
kwemandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kwemaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kwemandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kwemain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kwemandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kwemandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kwemaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kwam (active first-person indicative singular)
kwēmį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwamt (active indicative second-person singular)
kwēmīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwam (active indicative singular third-person)
kwēmī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kwēmū (active dual first-person indicative)
kwēmīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kwēmudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kwēmīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kwēmum (active first-person indicative plural)
kwēmīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kwēmud (active indicative plural second-person)
kwēmīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kwēmun (active indicative plural third-person)
kwēmīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kwemandz (active participle present)
kumanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kweman, *kwuman, *kuman (late)
Old English: cuman
Middle English: comen, cumen
English: come, cum
Solombala English: комъ (kom)
Scots: cum
Yola: coome, come, cum
Old Frisian: koma
North Frisian:
Mooring: kaame
Föhr-Amrum: kem
Saterland Frisian: kume
West Frisian: komme
Old Saxon: kuman, queman, cuman
Middle Low German: kōmen, kommen, kamen
Low German: kamen
Dutch Low Saxon: kommen, kåmen
German Low German: komen
Plautdietsch: kome
Old Dutch: cuman
Middle Dutch: cōmen
Dutch: komen, kommen
Afrikaans: kom
Berbice Creole Dutch: kumu
Javindo: kom
Jersey Dutch: kôme
Negerhollands: kom
Skepi Creole Dutch: kum, com, come
Limburgish: kómme
Old High German: queman, chueman, kuman, cuman, chuman
Middle High German: quemen, kemen, kümen, kumen, komen
Alemannic German: choo, cho, cha
Italian Walser: cheemen, cheme, cho, chomu, chéeme
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: khemmen, khèmman, ken
Mòcheno: kemmen
Udinese: ckeman, kèmmin, khemen
Central Franconian: komme, kumme (some Ripuarian dialects, including Kölsch); kun, kunn, konn (Ripuarian; some Moselle Franconian dialects; chiefly dated), kunn, kuun, konn; kumme; komme
Hunsrik: komme
German: kommen
Luxembourgish: kommen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: kumme
Yiddish: קומען (kumen)

Old Norse: koma, kuma
Icelandic: koma
Faroese: koma
Norn: cumma
Norwegian Nynorsk: koma, komma; (dialectal) kobma, købma, kåmå, kømø
Jamtish: kuma
Elfdalian: kumå
Old Swedish: koma, kuma
Swedish: komma
Old Danish: komæ, kumæ, kommæ, kummæ, kumbæ
Scanian: komma
Danish: komme
Norwegian Bokmål: komme
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: komme
Gutnish: kumme, kumbe

Crimean Gothic: kommen

Gothic: 𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (qiman)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷémt, from *gʷem-.


dōną

dōmi (active first-person indicative singular)
dǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
dōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dō (active imperative second-person singular)
dōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dedǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dedēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dedē (active indicative singular third-person)
dēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dōndz (active participle present)
dēnaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *dōn
Old English: dōn, doan — Anglian; doa, doæ, doe, Northumbrian
Middle English: don, donne, doyn, do, doon
English: do
Geordie English: de, dee, div
Scots: dae, dee (Doric)
Yola: doone, deen
Old Frisian: dwā, dwān, duān, duā, dūa
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: du
Mooring: düünj
Saterland Frisian: dwo
West Frisian: dwaan
Old Saxon: dōn, doan, dūan, duon
Middle Low German: dôn
Low German: deoen (Paderbornisch), dohn (Münsterländisch); doon
Old Dutch: duon
Middle Dutch: doen
Dutch: doen
Afrikaans: doen
Berbice Creole Dutch: dun
Jersey Dutch: dûn, dûne
Negerhollands: doe, du, due
Skepi Creole Dutch: doon
→? Aukan: du
Limburgish: doon
Old High German: tuon, duon, duan
Middle High German: tuon
Alemannic German: tue, due, tuä
Swabian: dua, doa
Bavarian: doa
Cimbrian: tüan, tüunan (Sette Comuni)
Northern Bavarian: [d̥o͡u]
Viennese: tuan
Central Franconian: donn, don, dun
Hunsrik: dun
Kölsch: dunn
Luxembourgish: doen, dinn, dunn
German: tun
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: [d̥ũː]
Pennsylvania German: duh
Yiddish: טאָן (ton)

From two related Proto-Indo-European verbs:
* Present tense from the perfective *dʰéh₁t, although the o-grade form *dʰóh₁t is unexpected.
* Past tense from the past of the reduplicated imperfective *dʰédʰeh₁ti.
Both originate from the root *dʰeh₁-.


lētaną

lētō (active first-person indicative singular)
lētaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lētai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lētizi (active indicative second-person singular)
lētaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lēt (active imperative second-person singular)
lētazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lētaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lētidi (active indicative singular third-person)
lētai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lētadau (active imperative singular third-person)
lētadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lētaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lētōz (active dual first-person indicative)
lētaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lētadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lētaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lētadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lētamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lētaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lētandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lētaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lētid (active indicative plural second-person)
lētaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lētid (active imperative plural second-person)
lētandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lētaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lētandi (active indicative plural third-person)
lētain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lētandau (active imperative plural third-person)
lētandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lētaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lelōt (active first-person indicative singular)
leltį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lelōst (active indicative second-person singular)
leltīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lelōt (active indicative singular third-person)
leltī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
leltū (active dual first-person indicative)
leltīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
leltudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
leltīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
leltum (active first-person indicative plural)
leltīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
leltud (active indicative plural second-person)
leltīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
leltun (active indicative plural third-person)
leltīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lētandz (active participle present)
lētanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *lātan
Old English: lǣtan
Middle English: leten, letten
English: let
Scots: lat, let, lete
Yola: leth
Old Frisian: lēta
North Frisian:
Sylt: let
Saterland Frisian: läite
West Frisian: litte
Old Saxon: lātan
Middle Low German: lāten
German Low German: laten, låten
Old Dutch: lātan
Middle Dutch: lâten
Dutch: laten
Afrikaans: laat
Berbice Creole Dutch: latn
Jersey Dutch: lâte
Skepi Creole Dutch: at
Limburgish: laote
Old High German: lāzan, lāzzan
Middle High German: lāzzen
Alemannic German: laa, la, loo, lo, lou, lah
Swabian: lau, lassa
Bavarian: låssn
Central Franconian: loße, losse (southernmost Moselle Franconian; few dialects of Ripuarian, including Kölsch)
Hunsrik: losse
East Central German: lossn
German: lassen
Luxembourgish: loossen
Yiddish: לאָזן (lozn)
→ Old French: laissier, laiser, laisier, laisser, lesser, lessier (in part)
Middle French: laisser, laissier
French: laisser
→ Breton: lezel
Norman: laîssi
Picard: laissier
→ Middle English: *lesen
English: lease, leese (Scotland)
→ Dutch: leasen
⇒ English: leasing
→ Spanish: leasing
→ Finnish: leasing
→ Polish: leasing
→ Swedish: leasing
Scots: lease
→ Middle Irish: léas
Irish: léas

Old Norse: láta
Icelandic: láta
Faroese: láta
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: la
Norwegian Nynorsk: la, lata, late
Elfdalian: låta
Old Swedish: lāta
Swedish: låta
Old Danish: latæ
Danish: lade

Gothic: 𐌻𐌴𐍄𐌰𐌽 (lētan)

From Proto-Indo-European *leh₁d- (“to let (go), be tired”). Compare Latin lassus (“tired”), Albanian lodh, and possibly Ancient Greek ληδεῖν (lēdeîn, “to be tired”).


ganuganą

ganah (active first-person indicative singular)
ganugį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ganaht (active indicative second-person singular)
ganugīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ganah (active indicative singular third-person)
ganugī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ganugū (active dual first-person indicative)
ganugīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ganugudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ganugīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ganugum (active first-person indicative plural)
ganugīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ganugud (active indicative plural second-person)
ganugīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ganugun (active indicative plural third-person)
ganugīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ganuhtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
ganuhtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ganuhtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
ganuhtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ganuhtē (active indicative singular third-person)
ganuhtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ganuhtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
ganuhtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ganuhtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ganuhtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ganuhtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
ganuhtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ganuhtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
ganuhtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ganuhtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
ganuhtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ganugandz (active participle present)
ganuhtaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: ġenugan

Old Saxon: *ginugan

Old High German: ginah (*ginugan)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 (ganauhan)

From *ga- + *nuganą, although the latter has no attested descendants. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₂nóḱe, from *h₂neḱ- (“to reach”).


munaną

man (active first-person indicative singular)
munį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mant (active indicative second-person singular)
munīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
man (active indicative singular third-person)
munī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
munū (active dual first-person indicative)
munīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
munudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
munīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
munum (active first-person indicative plural)
munīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
munud (active indicative plural second-person)
munīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
munun (active indicative plural third-person)
munīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mundǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
mundēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mundēz (active indicative second-person singular)
mundēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mundē (active indicative singular third-person)
mundēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mundēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
mundēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mundēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mundēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mundēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
mundēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mundēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
mundēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mundēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
mundēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
munandz (active participle present)
mundaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *munan
Old English: munan
Middle English: monen
Old Saxon: munan
Old High German: munan

Old Norse: muna; munu

Danish: monne (archaic), mon

Faroese: muna

Icelandic: muna; munu

Norwegian Nynorsk: muna, mune

Old Swedish: mona

Swedish: månde (archaic)

desc

→ Middle English: mone, mon, mune, munne, mun, man

English: mun (dialectal)

Scots: maun, mun, man, mon

Gothic: 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌽 (munan)

From Proto-Indo-European *memóne, from *men- (“to think”).


duganą

daug (active first-person indicative singular)
dugį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dauht (active indicative second-person singular)
dugīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
daug (active indicative singular third-person)
dugī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dugū (active dual first-person indicative)
dugīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dugudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dugīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dugum (active first-person indicative plural)
dugīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dugud (active indicative plural second-person)
dugīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dugun (active indicative plural third-person)
dugīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
duhtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
duhtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
duhtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
duhtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
duhtē (active indicative singular third-person)
duhtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
duhtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
duhtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
duhtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
duhtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
duhtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
duhtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
duhtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
duhtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
duhtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
duhtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dugandz (active participle present)
duhtaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dugan
Old English: dugan
Middle English: douen, dowen, duhen, duȝen
English: dow (obsolete)
Scots: dow
Old Frisian: duga
North Frisian: döge
Saterland Frisian: dooge
West Frisian: doge
Old Saxon: dugan
Middle Low German: dōgen
Low German: dögen
Old Dutch: dugan
Middle Dutch: dōgen
Dutch: deugen
Old High German: tugan
Middle High German: tugen, tugen, tügen
German: taugen
→ Esperanto: taŭgi
Luxembourgish: daachen
Yiddish: טויגן (toygn)

Old Norse: duga
Icelandic: duga
Faroese: duga
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: duge
Norwegian Nynorsk: duga, duge
Old Swedish: dugha, dogha
Swedish: duga
Old Danish: dughæ
Danish: du

Gothic: 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (dugan)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰedʰówgʰe, from *dʰewgʰ- (“to produce”).


lizaną

lais (active first-person indicative singular)
lizį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laist (active indicative second-person singular)
lizīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lais (active indicative singular third-person)
lizī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lizū (active dual first-person indicative)
lizīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lizudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lizīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lizum (active first-person indicative plural)
lizīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lizud (active indicative plural second-person)
lizīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lizun (active indicative plural third-person)
lizīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
listǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
listēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
listēz (active indicative second-person singular)
listēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
listē (active indicative singular third-person)
listēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
listēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
listēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
listēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
listēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
listēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
listēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
listēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
listēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
listēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
listēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lizandz (active participle present)
listaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (lisan)

From Proto-Indo-European *(le-)lóys-e, stative from the root *leys- (“track, furrow, trace, trail”).

(East Germanic) to know, to be familiar with, to understand


mōtaną

mōt (active first-person indicative singular)
mōtį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mōst (active indicative second-person singular)
mōtīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mōt (active indicative singular third-person)
mōtī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mōtū (active dual first-person indicative)
mōtīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mōtudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mōtīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mōtum (active first-person indicative plural)
mōtīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mōtud (active indicative plural second-person)
mōtīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mōtun (active indicative plural third-person)
mōtīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mōsǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
mōsēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mōsēz (active indicative second-person singular)
mōsēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mōsē (active indicative singular third-person)
mōsēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mōsēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
mōsēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mōsēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mōsēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mōsēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
mōsēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mōsēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
mōsēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mōsēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
mōsēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mōtandz (active participle present)
mōsaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *mōtan
Old English: mōtan
Middle English: moten
Scots: mote, mot, moit
English: mote
⇒ Old English: mōste (preterite)
Middle English: moste
Scots: moste, most, moist
English: must
Old Frisian: mōt (present tense)
Saterland Frisian: moute
West Frisian: moatte
Old Saxon: mōtan
Middle Low German: môten, moste (past)
German Low German: möten
→ Old Swedish: most (late)
Swedish: måste
Old Dutch: muotan
Middle Dutch: moeten
Dutch: moeten
Afrikaans: moet
Berbice Creole Dutch: mu, muti
Negerhollands: moet, moe, mo, mut
→ Sranan Tongo: moe
Limburgish: mótte
Old High German: muozan
Middle High German: muozen, müezen
Alemannic German: müese, müesse
Bavarian: miassn
Cimbrian: missan
Central Franconian: mösse, mosse, moße (Ripuarian; older forms); misse, mieße, muße, moße (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: misse
Luxembourgish: mussen
German: müssen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: misse
Yiddish: מוזן (muzn)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌰𐌽 (gamōtan)

A preterite-present derived from a secondary perfect of *mḗd-e-ti (“to measure, ensure compliance, take care of”): *me-mṓd-e (literally “to have measured, taken care of”).

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


laizijaną

laizijō (active first-person indicative singular)
laizijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laizijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
laizīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
laizijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laizī (active imperative second-person singular)
laizijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
laizijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
laizīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
laizijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laizijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
laizijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
laizijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
laizijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
laizijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laizijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laizijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laizijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
laizijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
laizijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laizijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
laizijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
laizīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
laizijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laizīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
laizijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
laizijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
laizijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
laizijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laizijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
laizijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
laizijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laizidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
laizidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laizidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
laizidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laizidē (active indicative singular third-person)
laizidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laizidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
laizidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laizidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laizidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laizidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
laizidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laizidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
laizidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laizidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
laizidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laizijandz (active participle present)
laizidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *laiʀijan
Old English: lǣran
Middle English: leren
Scots: lere, leir
English: lear (dialectal)
Old Frisian: lēra
Saterland Frisian: leere
West Frisian: leare
Old Saxon: lērian
Middle Low German: leren
→ Old Norse: læra
Icelandic: læra
Faroese: læra
Norwegian Nynorsk: læra
Norwegian Bokmål: lære
Swedish: lära
Danish: lære
Low German: lehren, liehren
Old Dutch: lēren
Middle Dutch: lêren
Dutch: leren
Limburgish: lieëre
Old High German: lēren
Middle High German: leren
Alemannic German:
Italian Walser: lére, leire, lerä
German: lehren
Luxembourgish: léieren

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (laisjan)


þū

ek (unstr. *ik) (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
*se- (nominative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mek (unstr. *mik) (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þek (unstr. *þik) (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miz (dative first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
þiz (dative instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
siz (dative instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīnaz (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīnaz (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīnaz (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wet (unstr. *wit) (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jut (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
*se- (dual nominative personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkiz (dative dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
inkwiz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
siz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
unkeraz (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkweraz (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wīz (unstr. *wiz) (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jūz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jīz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
*se- (nominative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsiz (dative first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
siz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unseraz (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
izweraz (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þū
Old English: þū, ðū
Middle English: þou, thou, þu, thu, þoue, thoue, þowe, thowe, þouȝ, thouȝ, þue, ðhu, þeu, þeou, thugh, thogh, þo, tu, tou, towe, you
English: thou, tha (Yorkshire, Lancashire); thow, thu, du (Scotland)
Scots: thou, du, thoo
Yola: thou, th'
Old Frisian: thū
North Frisian:
Most dialects: dü
Halligen: du
Heligoland: di
Saterland Frisian: du
West Frisian: do, dû
Old Saxon: thū
Middle Low German: thu (earlier), du (later)
Low German: du, diu (Westphalian)
Old Dutch: thū, tu
Middle Dutch: du
Dutch: (obsolete) du, dou, douw
Limburgish: doe
Old High German: dū, thū, ᛞᚢ (du)
Middle High German: du
Alemannic German: du
Swabian: dau, d
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: du
Mòcheno: du
Central Franconian: du, dou
Hunsrik: du
Kölsch: do
German: du
Luxembourgish: du
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: du
Pennsylvania German: du
Yiddish: דו (du)

Old Norse: þú, -du, -ðu, -tu
Icelandic: þú, -du, -ðu, -tu
Faroese: tú
Norwegian Nynorsk: du
Norwegian Bokmål: du
Jamtish: dú
Elfdalian: du
Old Swedish: þū
Swedish: du, tu, thu, dhu (last three obsolete)
Old Danish: thu
Danish: du

Gothic: 𐌸𐌿 (þu)

Crimean Gothic: tzo


wīz

Proto-West Germanic: *wiʀ
Old English: wē, wœ̄ — Northumbrian; wæ; ƿē
Middle English: we, whe, ve, woe, wue, weo, wæ, vue, hwe, huue
English: we
Jamaican Creole: wi
Sranan Tongo: wi
Scots: we, oo
Yola: wough, wu, wee, we, w'
Old Frisian: wī
North Frisian: wi, wü
Saterland Frisian: wie
West Frisian: wy
Old Saxon: wī
Middle Low German: wî, wy
Dutch Low Saxon: wi
German Low German: wi, wî
Plautdietsch: wie
Old Dutch: wī
Middle Dutch: wi
Dutch: wij
Old High German: wir
Middle High German: wir
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: biar, bar (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: biar
German: wir
⇒ Middle High German: mir
Alemannic German: mir, mier
Bavarian: mia
German: mir (dialectal)
Hunsrik: meer
Luxembourgish: mir, mer
Pennsylvania German: mer
Yiddish: מיר (mir)

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᛁᛉ (*wiʀ)

Old West Norse: vér, vær, mér; *wīʀ — Old East Norse
Icelandic: vér, vær
Faroese: vær
Norwegian Nynorsk: me (< mér < erum vér)

Old East Norse: *wīʀ
Elfdalian: wįr
Old Swedish: vīr, vī, ᚠᛁᚱ
Swedish: vi
→ Norwegian: vi
Old Danish: wii, wi
Danish: vi
Norwegian Bokmål: vi
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: vi

Old Gutnish: wir

Gutnish: výr

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 (weis)

From Proto-Indo-European *wéy, plural of *éǵh₂.


jūz

Proto-West Germanic: *jiʀ
Old English: ġē, gī — Northumbrian
Middle English: ye, yee, ȝe, ȝee, yeȝ, yhe, ȝhe, ge, iye, yie, ȝie, gie, hye, hie, ȝeo, geo
English: ye, yee
Scots: ȝe, ye
Yola: ye
Old Frisian: jī
North Frisian: jam, i (Sylt)
Saterland Frisian: jie
West Frisian: jim, jimme
Old Saxon: gī
Middle Low German: gî, gê, î, y, ie, jê
Low German: ji, jie
Plautdietsch: jie
Old Dutch: gī
Middle Dutch: gi
Dutch: gij, jij
Afrikaans: jy
Berbice Creole Dutch: ju
Jersey Dutch: jāi
Negerhollands: joe, ju
Petjo: jij
Limburgish: geer
Old High German: ir, ier, er, aer, gi
Middle High German: ir
Alemannic German: ir
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: iar, iart (Luserna)
Mòcheno: ir
Central Franconian: ühr, ihr, dihr (d- from verb ending by rebracketing)
Hunsrik: deer
Luxembourgish: dir
German: ihr
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: dihr
Yiddish: איר (ir), איהר (ihr) — Daytshmerish

Proto-Norse: *ᛃᛁᛉ (*jiʀ)

Old West Norse: ér
Icelandic: ér
⇒ Old West Norse: þér (← hafið ér)
Icelandic: þér
Faroese: tær
Old Swedish: þær, þæ

Old East Norse: *īʀ
Old Swedish: īr, ī, ᛁᚱ
Swedish: I, ni (← hafven I)
Danish: I
Norwegian Bokmål: I

Old Gutnish: ir, ᛁᛦ (/īʀ/)

Gothic: 𐌾𐌿𐍃 (jūs)

From Proto-Indo-European *yū́, plural of *túh₂.


farjaną

farjō (active first-person indicative singular)
farjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
farjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
farisi (active indicative second-person singular)
farjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fari (active imperative second-person singular)
farjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
farjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fariþi (active indicative singular third-person)
farjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
farjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
farjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
farjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
farjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
farjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
farjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
farjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
farjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
farjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
farjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
farjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
farjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fariþ (active indicative plural second-person)
farjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fariþ (active imperative plural second-person)
farjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
farjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
farjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
farjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
farjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
farjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
farjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
faridǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
faridēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
faridēz (active indicative second-person singular)
faridēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
faridē (active indicative singular third-person)
faridēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
faridēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
faridēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
faridēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
faridēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
faridēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
faridēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
faridēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
faridēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
faridēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
faridēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
farjandz (active participle present)
faridaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *farjan
Old English: ferian
Middle English: ferien
Scots: fery, ferry
English: ferry
Old Frisian: feria
Old Saxon: ferian
(Middle Low German: varen)
Old Dutch: *ferien
Middle Dutch: veren
Dutch: veren
Old High German: ferian, ferren
Middle High German: verren, vern

Old Norse: ferja (pret. farði, also later ferjaði, which may be a denominal into which this verb merged; descendants all have the latter conjugation)

Icelandic: ferja

Faroese: ferja

Norwegian Nynorsk: ferja

Swedish: färja

Danish: færge

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (farjan)

Probably the causative-iterative to the lost strong verb *feraną; compare *faraną (“to travel, to go”).


fōrijaną

fōrijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fōrijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fōrijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fōrīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fōrijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fōrī (active imperative second-person singular)
fōrijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fōrijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fōrīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fōrijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fōrijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fōrijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fōrijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fōrijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fōrijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fōrijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fōrijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fōrijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fōrijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fōrijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fōrijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fōrijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fōrīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fōrijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fōrīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fōrijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fōrijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fōrijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fōrijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fōrijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fōrijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fōrijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fōridǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fōridēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fōridēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fōridēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fōridē (active indicative singular third-person)
fōridēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fōridēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fōridēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fōridēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fōridēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fōridēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fōridēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fōridēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fōridēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fōridēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fōridēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fōrijandz (active participle present)
fōridaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fōrijan
Old English: fēran
Middle English: feren, fearen (merged with descendant of Old English faran)
Old Frisian: fēra
Saterland Frisian: fiere
West Frisian: fiere
Old Saxon: fōrian
Middle Low German: vôren, vuren
German Low German: föhren
Old Dutch: fuoren
Middle Dutch: voeren, voren, vuren, vueren
Dutch: voeren
Afrikaans: voer
Limburgish: veure
Old High German: fuoren
Middle High German: vüeren
Bavarian: fiarn
Cimbrian: vüuran, büuran (Mezzaselva)
Central Franconian: führe, fiehre
Luxembourgish: féieren
German: führen
Yiddish: פֿירן (firn)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: fǿra, fœra, færa
Icelandic: færa
Faroese: føra
Norwegian Nynorsk: føra
Old Swedish: fø̄ra
Swedish: föra
Danish: føre
Norwegian Bokmål: føre
→ English: fure

From *faraną (“to go, travel”) + *-janą.

to cause (one) to go; lead (someone; take (someone's) lead


faraną

farō (active first-person indicative singular)
faraų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
farai (first-person indicative passive singular)
farizi (active indicative second-person singular)
faraiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
far (active imperative second-person singular)
farazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
faraizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
faridi (active indicative singular third-person)
farai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
faradau (active imperative singular third-person)
faradai (indicative passive singular third-person)
faraidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
farōz (active dual first-person indicative)
faraiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
faradiz (active dual indicative second-person)
faraidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
faradiz (active dual imperative second-person)
faramaz (active first-person indicative plural)
faraim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
farandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
faraindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
farid (active indicative plural second-person)
faraid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
farid (active imperative plural second-person)
farandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
faraindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
farandi (active indicative plural third-person)
farain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
farandau (active imperative plural third-person)
farandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
faraindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fōr (active first-person indicative singular)
fōrį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fōrt (active indicative second-person singular)
fōrīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fōr (active indicative singular third-person)
fōrī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fōrū (active dual first-person indicative)
fōrīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fōrudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fōrīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fōrum (active first-person indicative plural)
fōrīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fōrud (active indicative plural second-person)
fōrīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fōrun (active indicative plural third-person)
fōrīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
farandz (active participle present)
faranaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *faran
Old English: faran, fearan — Mercian; fara, færan, færa, feran
Middle English: faren, fare, faryn, feren, ffare, varen; faran, farenn, fearen (Early Middle English)
English: fare
Scots: fare
Old Frisian: fara
Saterland Frisian: foare
West Frisian: farre
Old Saxon: faran
Middle Low German: vāren
German Low German: fahren
Old Dutch: faran
Middle Dutch: vāren
Dutch: varen
Limburgish: vare
Old High German: faran
Middle High German: varen, varn
Alemannic German: faare, fare
Bavarian: foarn
Central Franconian: fahre, foahre
Hunsrik: faare
Luxembourgish: fueren
German: fahren
Yiddish: פֿאָרן (forn)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: fara
Icelandic: fara
Faroese: fara
Norwegian Nynorsk: fara
Elfdalian: fårå
Old Swedish: fara
Swedish: fara
Danish: fare
Norwegian Bokmål: fare

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 (faran)

/ˈɸɑ.rɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *per- (“going, passage”).


waljaną

waljō (active first-person indicative singular)
waljaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waljai (first-person indicative passive singular)
walisi (active indicative second-person singular)
waljais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wali (active imperative second-person singular)
waljasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
waljaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
waliþi (active indicative singular third-person)
waljai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waljaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
waljaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
waljaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
waljōs (active dual first-person indicative)
waljaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waljaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waljaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waljaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
waljamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
waljaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waljanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
waljainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
waliþ (active indicative plural second-person)
waljaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waliþ (active imperative plural second-person)
waljanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
waljainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
waljanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
waljain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waljanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
waljanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
waljainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
walidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
walidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
walidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
walidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
walidē (active indicative singular third-person)
walidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
walidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
walidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
walidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
walidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
walidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
walidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
walidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
walidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
walidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
walidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waljandz (active participle present)
walidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *walljan
Old Saxon: *welian
Middle Low German: wēlen
Low German: wählen (perhaps influenced by High German)
Old Dutch: wellen
Old High German: wellen (inflected welit etc.)
Middle High German: weln, welen, wellen
Bavarian: wäihn, wöhln, wöhn
German: wählen (influenced by Wahl)
→ Low German: wählen
Luxembourgish: wielen

Old Norse: velja
Icelandic: velja
Faroese: velja
Norwegian Nynorsk: velja
Old Swedish: vælia
Swedish: välja
Old Danish: wæliæ
Danish: vælge
Norwegian Bokmål: velge
Elfdalian: wela
Gutnish: väle
Scanian: vælla
Ostrobothnian: väli, välg

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (waljan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *valit'ak (see there for further descendants)


Þunraz

Þunraz (nominative singular)
Þunr (singular vocative)
Þunrą (accusative singular)
Þunras (genitive singular)
Þunris (genitive singular)
Þunrai (dative singular)
Þunrō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Þunr, *Þonr, *Þonr
Old English: Þunor, Þūr, Þor
→ English: Thunor (learned)
Old Saxon: Thunær [9th c. CE, Old Saxon Baptismal Vow]
Old High German: Donar
→ German: Donar (learned)
→ Dutch: Donar (learned)
⇒ Old High German: ᚹᛁᚷᛁᚦᛟᚾᚨᚱ (wigiþonar) [6th–7th c. CE, Nordendorf fibula]

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚦᛟᚾᚨᚱᚨᛉ (*þonaraʀ), *ᚦᛟᚱᚨᛉ (*þoraʀ /Þǭraʀ/)

desctree

Old Norse: Þórr, ᚦᚢᚱ (þur), ᚦᚮᚱ (þor) — nominative
Icelandic: Þór
Faroese: Tórur
Norwegian: Tor
Old Swedish: Þōr
Swedish: Tor
Old Danish: Thor
Danish: Tor (older spelling Thor)
→ Chinese: 索爾／索尔 (suǒ'ěr)
→ English: Thor
→ French: Thor
→ Japanese: トール
→ Korean: 토르 (toreu)
→ Russian: Тор (Tor)

Personification of *þunraz (“thunder”). Identified with the Roman deity Jupiter by way of interpretatio germanica in Germanic weekday names (see Thursday), yet otherwise identified with Hercules by way of interpretatio romana.


fehtaną

fehtō (active first-person indicative singular)
fehtaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fehtai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fihtizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fehtaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
feht (active imperative second-person singular)
fehtazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fehtaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fihtidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fehtai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fehtadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fehtadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fehtaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fehtōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fehtaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fehtadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fehtaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fehtadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fehtamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fehtaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fehtandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fehtaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fihtid (active indicative plural second-person)
fehtaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fihtid (active imperative plural second-person)
fehtandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fehtaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fehtandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fehtain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fehtandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fehtandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fehtaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
faht (active first-person indicative singular)
fuhtį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fahst (active indicative second-person singular)
fuhtīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
faht (active indicative singular third-person)
fuhtī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fuhtū (active dual first-person indicative)
fuhtīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fuhtudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fuhtīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fuhtum (active first-person indicative plural)
fuhtīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fuhtud (active indicative plural second-person)
fuhtīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fuhtun (active indicative plural third-person)
fuhtīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fehtandz (active participle present)
fuhtanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fehtan
Old English: feohtan
Middle English: fighten, fehten, feghten, feighten, fihhtenn, fiȝten
Scots: fecht, ficht
English: fight
Old Frisian: fiuchta, fiuhta
Saterland Frisian: fjuchte
West Frisian: fjochtsje, fjuchte
Old Saxon: fehtan
Middle Low German: vechten
Low German: fechten
→ Danish: fægte
→ Norwegian: fekte
→ Saterland Frisian: fächtje
→ Swedish: fäkta
Old Dutch: fehtan
Middle Dutch: vechten
Dutch: vechten
Afrikaans: veg
Berbice Creole Dutch: purkaru
Negerhollands: vekkete, fegete, figiti, fikiti
→ Virgin Islands Creole: fikiti (dated)
Limburgish: vechte
West Flemish: vichten
Old High German: fehtan
Middle High German: vëhten
Alemannic German: fëchte
German: fechten
→ Russian: фехтовать (fextovatʹ)

From Proto-Indo-European *peḱ- (“to pluck, ruffle, tousle, shear”). Cognate with Latin pectō (“to comb, thrash”).


beudaną

beudō (active first-person indicative singular)
beudaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
beudai (first-person indicative passive singular)
biudizi (active indicative second-person singular)
beudaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
beud (active imperative second-person singular)
beudazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
beudaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
biudidi (active indicative singular third-person)
beudai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
beudadau (active imperative singular third-person)
beudadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
beudaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
beudōz (active dual first-person indicative)
beudaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
beudadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
beudaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
beudadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
beudamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
beudaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
beudandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
beudaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
biudid (active indicative plural second-person)
beudaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
biudid (active imperative plural second-person)
beudandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
beudaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
beudandi (active indicative plural third-person)
beudain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
beudandau (active imperative plural third-person)
beudandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
beudaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
baud (active first-person indicative singular)
budį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
baust (active indicative second-person singular)
budīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baud (active indicative singular third-person)
budī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
budū (active dual first-person indicative)
budīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bududiz (active dual indicative second-person)
budīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
budum (active first-person indicative plural)
budīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
budud (active indicative plural second-person)
budīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
budun (active indicative plural third-person)
budīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
beudandz (active participle present)
budanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *beudan
Old English: bēodan
Middle English: beden
Scots: bede
English: bid, bede
Old Frisian: biāda
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: bad
Halligen: biide
Mooring: biidje
Saterland Frisian: biada, bjoode
West Frisian: biede
Old Saxon: biodan
Middle Low German: bēden
Low German: beden
Old Dutch: biedan
Middle Dutch: bieden
Dutch: bieden
Limburgish: beje, bijje
Old High German: biotan
Middle High German: bieten
German: bieten
Luxembourgish: bidden

Old Norse: bjóða
Icelandic: bjóða
Faroese: bjóða
Norwegian Nynorsk: bjoda, bjode
Jamtish: bjǿðe
Elfdalian: biuoða
Old Swedish: biūþa
Swedish: bjuda
Old Danish: biūthæ
Danish: byde
Norwegian Bokmål: by, byde
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: by, byde, byda
Scanian: býða
Old Gutnish: biauþa
Gutnish: bjaude


ga-

Proto-West Germanic: *ga-
Old English: ġe-, i- — Late West Saxon; gæ- — Anglian; gi- — Northumbrian; ie- — Kentish
Middle English: ȝe-, i-, y-
English: a-, y-, i- (obsolete)
Old Frisian: ge-, gi-, je-, ie-, e-, i-, a-
Saterland Frisian: ge-
West Frisian: ge-
Old Saxon: gi-, i-, ge-, ga-
Middle Low German: ge-
Low German: ge-, e-, je-
Old Dutch: gi-, ge-
Middle Dutch: ghe-, ge-, (West-Flanders) i-, y-
Dutch: ge-
Afrikaans: ge-
West Flemish: ge-, e-
Old High German: gi-, ga-, ki-, ka-
Middle High German: ge-
Alemannic German: g- or ge- (euphonic)
Bavarian: g-
German: ge-
Luxembourgish: ge-
Vilamovian: gy-
Yiddish: גע־ (ge-)

Old Norse: g- (non-productive)

⇒ Old Norse: gnógr, glíkr, greiðr, greiða, granni

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰- (ga-)

Vandalic: *ga-

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“with, near, by, along”). Cognate with Latin co-, con-, prefix forms of cum (“with”). The irregular change from expected **ha- to *ga- is probably due to the unstressed nature of this prefix.

der

Indicates association or togetherness; co-.

Indicates completeness or wholeness. In verbs, also indicates perfectivity (a finished action).


tanþs

tanþs (nominative singular)
tanþiz (nominative plural)
tanþ (singular vocative)
tanþiz (plural vocative)
tanþų (accusative singular)
tanþunz (accusative plural)
tundiz (genitive singular)
tundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tundi (dative singular)
tundumaz (dative plural)
tundē (instrumental singular)
tundumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tanþ, *tą̄þ (North Sea Germanic)
Old English: tōþ
Middle English: tothe, toth, tooth
Scots: tuth, tutht, tuith
English: tooth
Old Frisian: tōth
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: tus
Sylt: Ter
Old Saxon: tand
Middle Low German: tant, tan
Low German: Tähn
German Low German: Tand, Tann, Tähn
Plautdietsch: Tän
→ Saterland Frisian: Tiende
Old Dutch: tant
Middle Dutch: tant
Dutch: tand
Old High German: zand, zan, zant, tænd
Middle High German: zan, zant
Alemannic German: Zah
Bavarian: Zåhn, Zant
Central Franconian: Zank, Zand
Kölsch: Zant
German: Zahn
→ Central Franconian: Zahn
Hunsrik: Zaan
Luxembourgish: Zant
Pennsylvania German: Zaah
Swabian: Zah, Zai
Vilamovian: cōn
Yiddish: צאָן (tson)
→ Italian: zanna (via Lombardic)

Old Norse: tǫnn

Icelandic: tönn

Faroese: tonn

Norn: tann, tannj

Norwegian: tann, tonn

Old Swedish: tan

Swedish: tand

Danish: tand

Gutnish: tann, tand