nutą

nutą (nominative singular)
nutō (nominative plural)
nutą (singular vocative)
nutō (plural vocative)
nutą (accusative singular)
nutō (accusative plural)
nutas (genitive singular)
nutis (genitive singular)
nutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nutai (dative singular)
nutamaz (dative plural)
nutō (instrumental singular)
nutamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: not

West Frisian: not

Old Dutch: *ginot

Middle Dutch: genot, ghenot

Dutch: genot

Old High German: *ginuz

Middle High German: genuz

German: Genuss

Luxembourgish: Genoss

Old Norse: *not

Icelandic: not

From Proto-Indo-European *newd- (“to acquire, make use of”).


nutō

nutō (nominative singular)
nutôz (nominative plural)
nutō (singular vocative)
nutôz (plural vocative)
nutǭ (accusative singular)
nutōz (accusative plural)
nutōz (genitive singular)
nutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nutōi (dative singular)
nutōmaz (dative plural)
nutō (instrumental singular)
nutōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *nutu, *notu

desctree

Old English: notu
Middle English: note, noote
Scots: note, not
English: note

Old Frisian: note

West Frisian: noat, nôt

Old Saxon: *nota

Middle Low German: nōte

Old Dutch: *nota

Middle Dutch: nōte, not

Old High German: nuzza

Middle High German: nutze

>? Old High German: nuz m

Middle High German: nuz, nutz

German: Nutz, Nutzen

→ Saterland Frisian: Nutsen

Yiddish: נוץ (nuts)

From *nutiz (“useful”), from *neutaną (“to enjoy, use, catch”), from Proto-Indo-European *newd- (“to acquire, make use of”). Cognate with Lithuanian nauda (“benefit, foredeal”), Russian нужда́ (nuždá, “need, request”).


laubijaną

laubijō (active first-person indicative singular)
laubijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laubijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
laubīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
laubijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laubī (active imperative second-person singular)
laubijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
laubijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
laubīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
laubijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laubijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
laubijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
laubijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
laubijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
laubijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laubijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laubijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laubijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
laubijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
laubijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laubijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
laubijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
laubīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
laubijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laubīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
laubijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
laubijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
laubijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
laubijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laubijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
laubijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
laubijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laubidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
laubidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laubidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
laubidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laubidē (active indicative singular third-person)
laubidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laubidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
laubidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laubidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laubidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laubidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
laubidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laubidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
laubidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laubidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
laubidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laubijandz (active participle present)
laubidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *laubijan
Old English: līefan, lȳfan
Middle English: leven
Scots: leve, lefe
English: leave
Old Frisian: lēva
North Frisian: leauwjen
Saterland Frisian: leeuwe; loowje, lööwje
West Frisian: leauwe (?)
Old Saxon: lōvian
Middle Low German: lôven, lö̂ven
German Low German: löven
Old Dutch: *lōven
Middle Dutch: lôven
Dutch: loven (to believe, dialectal)
Old High German: *louben
Middle High German: louben
German: lauben

Old Norse: leyfa
Icelandic: leyfa
Faroese: loyva
Norwegian Nynorsk: løyva
→ Norwegian Bokmål: løyve


launą

launą (nominative singular)
launō (nominative plural)
launą (singular vocative)
launō (plural vocative)
launą (accusative singular)
launō (accusative plural)
launas (genitive singular)
launis (genitive singular)
launǫ̂ (genitive plural)
launai (dative singular)
launamaz (dative plural)
launō (instrumental singular)
launamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *laun
Old English: lēan
Middle English: lean, læn, lan, lien
Old Frisian: lān
North Frisian: lean
Saterland Frisian: Loon
West Frisian: lean
Old Saxon: lōn
Middle Low German: lōn
German Low German: Lauhn (Westfälisch)
Old Dutch: *lōn
Middle Dutch: lôon
Dutch: loon
Afrikaans: loon
Limburgish: loean
Old High German: lōn
Middle High German: lōn
German: Lohn m
Luxembourgish: Loun
Pennsylvania German: Loh
Yiddish: לוין (loyn)
→⇒ Medieval Latin: *widerlonum, widerdonum
Old French: gueredun, guerdon, werdon
French: guerdon
→ English: guerdon
Occitan: guierdon
Italian: guidardone, guiderdone
Spanish: galardón
Old Galician-Portuguese: gualardon
Galician: galardón
Portuguese: galardão

Old Norse: laun

Icelandic: laun

Norwegian: læn, læ (dialectal)

Old Swedish: løn

Swedish: lön

Old Danish: løn

Danish: løn

Norwegian Bokmål: lønn

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: lønn

→ Faroese: løn

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: løn

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽 (laun)

From Pre-Germanic *lh₂ewnom or *lowh₂nom (with laryngeal metathesis), from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂w- (“to capture, enjoy”). Cognate with Latin lucrum (“profit, foredeal”), Ancient Greek λεία (leía, “booty, spoils”).


taikijaną

taikijō (active first-person indicative singular)
taikijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
taikijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
taikīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
taikijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
taikī (active imperative second-person singular)
taikijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
taikijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
taikīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
taikijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
taikijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
taikijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
taikijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
taikijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
taikijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
taikijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
taikijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
taikijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
taikijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
taikijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
taikijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
taikijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
taikīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
taikijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
taikīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
taikijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
taikijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
taikijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
taikijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
taikijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
taikijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
taikijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
taihtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
taihtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
taihtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
taihtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
taihtē (active indicative singular third-person)
taihtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
taihtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
taihtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
taihtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
taihtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
taihtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
taihtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
taihtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
taihtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
taihtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
taihtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
taikijandz (active participle present)
taikidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *taikijan

desctree

Old English: tǣċan
Middle English: techen
English: teach
Scots: teich
Yola: teach

Causative in *-janą + [Term?] to *taik(k)ōną (see Proto-West Germanic *taigōn), from Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ- (“to show, instruct, tell, point out, explain”) + *-néh₂ti; the Germanic *k rather than expected *h or *g is thus due to Kluge's law. Cognate with Latin dīcō (“speak, say, tell”), Ancient Greek δείκνυμι (deíknumi, “show, point out, explain, teach”).

cog

(West Germanic) to show, point out, demonstrate; to teach


hunangą

hunangą (nominative singular)
hunangō (nominative plural)
hunangą (singular vocative)
hunangō (plural vocative)
hunangą (accusative singular)
hunangō (accusative plural)
hunangas (genitive singular)
hunangis (genitive singular)
hunangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hunangai (dative singular)
hunangamaz (dative plural)
hunangō (instrumental singular)
hunangamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *huning

North Frisian: hönning, honning

West Frisian: huning

Old Saxon: *huneg, *honeg

desc

Low German: hunnig, hunning, hünnig, hünning, hoanig, hoaning, höänig, höäning, huanig, huaning, hüänig, hüäning

Old Dutch: honog, *honang

Middle Dutch: honinc

Dutch: honing

Old High German: honang

Old Norse: hunang

Icelandic: hunang

Faroese: hunangur, hunang

Norwegian Nynorsk: huning, honing, honning

Swedish: honung

Danish: honning

Norwegian Bokmål: honning

Gutnish: hånnungg

From pre-Germanic *kn̥h₂onkós, from Proto-Indo-European *kn̥h₂ónks (gen. *kn̥h₂n̥kós).


staggijô

gem-decl-noun-table

*staggijô (an-stem)

staggijô (nominative singular)
staggijaniz (nominative plural)
staggijô (singular vocative)
staggijaniz (plural vocative)
staggijanų (accusative singular)
staggijanunz (accusative plural)
staggīniz (genitive singular)
staggijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staggīni (dative singular)
staggijammaz (dative plural)
staggīnē (instrumental singular)
staggijammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: stagga, stacga

Middle English: stagge, steg

Scots: staig

English: stag

Old Norse: steggi

Icelandic: steggi

Faroese: steggi


staggijaz

staggijaz (nominative singular)
staggijōz (nominative plural)
staggijōs (nominative plural)
staggī (singular vocative)
staggijōz (plural vocative)
staggijōs (plural vocative)
staggiją (accusative singular)
staggijanz (accusative plural)
staggijas (genitive singular)
staggīs (genitive singular)
staggijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staggijai (dative singular)
staggijamaz (dative plural)
staggijō (instrumental singular)
staggijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: steggr

Icelandic: steggur

→ Middle English: stegge

Scots: steg

English: steg (dialectal)


bellǭ

bellǭ (nominative singular)
bellōniz (nominative plural)
bellǭ (singular vocative)
bellōniz (plural vocative)
bellōnų (accusative singular)
bellōnunz (accusative plural)
bellōniz (genitive singular)
bellōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bellōni (dative singular)
bellōmaz (dative plural)
bellōnē (instrumental singular)
bellōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bellā

desctree

Old English: belle, bell
Middle English: belle
Scots: bell
English: bell
→ Fiji Hindi: belo
→ Japanese: ベル (beru)
→ Korean: 벨 (bel)

Old Frisian: *belle

West Frisian: belle, bel

Old Saxon: bella

Middle Low German: belle

German Low German: Belle, Bel

Old Dutch: *bella

Middle Dutch: belle

Dutch: bel

Limburgish: bèl

Old Norse: bjalla
Icelandic: bjalla
Faroese: bjølla
Norwegian Nynorsk: bjølle (through bjǫllu)
Old Swedish: biælla
Swedish: bjällra (with unexplained -r-)
Danish: bjælde
Norwegian Bokmål: bjelle
Gutnish: bjällå, bjälla

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to sound”).


baką

baką (nominative singular)
bakō (nominative plural)
baką (singular vocative)
bakō (plural vocative)
baką (accusative singular)
bakō (accusative plural)
bakas (genitive singular)
bakis (genitive singular)
bakǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bakai (dative singular)
bakamaz (dative plural)
bakō (instrumental singular)
bakamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bak
Old English: bæc, bec — Mercian, Kentish
Middle English: bak, back
English: back
Scots: bak, back, bake
Old Frisian: bek
West Frisian: beck, bek
⇒ West Frisian: bekling
Old Saxon: bak
Middle Low German: bak
⇒ Middle Low German: *huckebak
Low German: Huckeback
→ German: huckepack
Old High German: bah
⇒ Old High German: bahho m
Middle High German: bache
German: Bache
⇒ Old High German: bahha f
Middle High German: bache
German: Bache

Old Norse: bak

Icelandic: bak

Faroese: bak

Norwegian: bak m or n

Old Swedish: baker m

Swedish: bak

Old Danish: bak

Danish: bag

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“to vault; arch”) via an extension *bʰóg-o-m (see *-os).


blukką

blukką (nominative singular)
blukkō (nominative plural)
blukką (singular vocative)
blukkō (plural vocative)
blukką (accusative singular)
blukkō (accusative plural)
blukkas (genitive singular)
blukkis (genitive singular)
blukkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blukkai (dative singular)
blukkamaz (dative plural)
blukkō (instrumental singular)
blukkamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blokk
Old Frisian: blok
Saterland Frisian: Blok
West Frisian: blok
Old Saxon: blok
Middle Low German: blok
German Low German: Block
→ Danish: blok
→ Faroese: blokkur
→ Norwegian: blokk
→ Swedish: block
Old Dutch: *bloc
Middle Dutch: bloc
Dutch: blok
Afrikaans: blok
Berbice Creole Dutch: bloko
→ Caribbean Javanese: blog
→ Indonesian: blok
→ Papiamentu: blòki, blokki (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: blok, blók
→ Old French: bloc
Middle French: bloc
French: bloc (see there for further descendants)
Walloon: blok
→ Middle English: blok
English: block (see there for further descendants)
Scots: block
Old High German: bloh, bloch (also piloch, biloh, from a merger with an unrelated word)
Middle High German: bloch
German: Block (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *blukną, presumably metathesized from *bulkną, from pre-Germanic *bʰl̥ǵʰ-no-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵʰ-. Cognate with Old Irish blog, Latin fulcrum.


gallô

gallô (nominative singular)
gallaniz (nominative plural)
gallô (singular vocative)
gallaniz (plural vocative)
gallanų (accusative singular)
gallanunz (accusative plural)
galliniz (genitive singular)
gallanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gallini (dative singular)
gallammaz (dative plural)
gallinē (instrumental singular)
gallammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gallō

Old English: ġealla (“skin lesion”)

Middle English: galle

English: gall

Scots: gall, gaw

Old Saxon: *gallo, *galla f

gl

possibly via Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">galla</i>, ultimately from Germanic

>? Middle Low German: galle f (“swelling, defect”) (possibly via Latin galla, ultimately from Germanic)

→ Norwegian: galder

Old High German: *gallo, *galla f

desc

>? Middle High German: galle f (“swelling”) (possibly via Latin galla, ultimately from Germanic)

German: Galle

Old Norse: galli

Icelandic: galli

Swedish: gall

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelH-(r)- (“damage, infirmity, error”).


hunagą

hunagą (nominative singular)
hunagō (nominative plural)
hunagą (singular vocative)
hunagō (plural vocative)
hunagą (accusative singular)
hunagō (accusative plural)
hunagas (genitive singular)
hunagis (genitive singular)
hunagǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hunagai (dative singular)
hunagamaz (dative plural)
hunagō (instrumental singular)
hunagamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hunag
Old English: huniġ
Middle English: hony
English: honey (see there for further descendants)
Scots: honey, hony, huny, hinny
Yola: henee, honi
Old Frisian: hunig, hunich
Saterland Frisian: Huunich
West Frisian: hunich
Old Saxon: huneg, honeg, haneg
Middle Low German: hōnich, honnich, hönich, höneg
German Low German: Hönnig
Plautdietsch: Honnich
Old Dutch: honag, honog
Middle Dutch: honech, honich, heunic
Dutch: honig (archaic)
Old High German: honag, honeg
Middle High German: honec, honic
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Honich
Luxembourgish: Hunneg
Cimbrian: huunig, hone (Luserna)
German: Honig
Rhine Franconian: Honich, Hunich
Frankfurterisch: [hoːniʃ]
Yiddish: האָניק (honik)

Old Norse: *hunag

desc

Old Swedish: hunagh, honugh, hanigh, hānagh

Old Danish: hunagh, honugh, hunægh, honigh

Middle Danish: hunnig, honnig

Scanian: hanağ

→ Finnish: hunaja

From earlier *hunangą, from pre-Germanic *kn̥h₂onkós, from Proto-Indo-European *kn̥h₂ónks (gen. *kn̥h₂n̥kós).


diuriþō

diuriþō (nominative singular)
diuriþôz (nominative plural)
diuriþō (singular vocative)
diuriþôz (plural vocative)
diuriþǭ (accusative singular)
diuriþōz (accusative plural)
diuriþōz (genitive singular)
diuriþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
diuriþōi (dative singular)
diuriþōmaz (dative plural)
diuriþō (instrumental singular)
diuriþōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *diuriþu
Old English: *dīerþu, *dīerþ
Middle English: derthe, derth, derþ, derþe, dierþe, dyrthe
English: dearth
Scots: dearth, darth, deart, daart
Old Frisian: *diōrithe, *diōrthe
Saterland Frisian: Djuurte
West Frisian: djoerte
Old Saxon: diuritha
Middle Low German: dǖrede, dûrete, dûrte
German Low German: Düürte
Old Dutch: *diuritha
Middle Dutch: dierte, duurte
Dutch: duurte
Afrikaans: duurte
Old High German: tiurida
Middle High German: tiurede, tiurde, tūrde

Old Norse: dýrð

Icelandic: dýrð

Faroese: dýrd

Swedish: dyrd

Old Gutnish: dyrþ

⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: dyrdestein


herutaz

herutaz (nominative singular)
herutōz (nominative plural)
herutōs (nominative plural)
herut (singular vocative)
herutōz (plural vocative)
herutōs (plural vocative)
herutą (accusative singular)
herutanz (accusative plural)
herutas (genitive singular)
herutis (genitive singular)
herutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
herutai (dative singular)
herutamaz (dative plural)
herutō (instrumental singular)
herutamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *herut
Old English: heorot, heorut, heort
Middle English: hert, harte, hartt, heert, heort
English: hart
Scots: hert
Old Frisian: hert
Saterland Frisian: Hart
West Frisian: hart
Old Saxon: hirut, hirot
Middle Low German: herte, harte
⇒ German Low German: Hartbuck
Old Dutch: hirut
Middle Dutch: hert, hēert
Dutch: hert, hart
Afrikaans: hert
Limburgish: hèrtj
Old High German: hiruz, hirz
Middle High German: hirz
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: hirsch
Mòcheno: hirsch
German: Hirsch
→ Luxembourgish: Hirsch
→ North Frisian: hirsk
→ Plautdietsch: Hersch
→ Saterland Frisian: Hirsk
Luxembourgish: Hierz (archaic)
Yiddish: הירש (hirsh)

Old Norse: hjǫrtr
Icelandic: hjörtur
Faroese: hjørtur
Norwegian: hjort
Old Swedish: hiorter
Swedish: hjort
Danish: hjort
Gutnish: hjort

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“horn”) + *-utaz. Cognate with Lithuanian karvė (“cow”), Russian коро́ва (koróva, “cow, neat”), Latin cervus (“deer, stag”), Welsh carw (“hart, stag”).


knībaz

knībaz (nominative singular)
knībōz (nominative plural)
knībōs (nominative plural)
knīb (singular vocative)
knībōz (plural vocative)
knībōs (plural vocative)
knībą (accusative singular)
knībanz (accusative plural)
knības (genitive singular)
knībis (genitive singular)
knībǫ̂ (genitive plural)
knībai (dative singular)
knībamaz (dative plural)
knībō (instrumental singular)
knībamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *knīb
Old English: cnīf (possible reborrowing from Old Norse knífr or Middle Dutch cnīf, cnijf)
Middle English: knyf, knif
Scots: knyfe, knife
English: knife
Sranan Tongo: nefi
Yola: kunnife
→ French: canif
Old Frisian: *knīf
West Frisian: kniif, knyf, knyft
Old Saxon: *knīf
Middle Low German: knîf
German Low German: Knief
Low German: knief, kniiv, knif
Plautdietsch: Kjnief
Old Dutch: *cnīf
Middle Dutch: cnijf
Dutch: knijf (dialectal)
Old High German: *knīb (?)
Middle High German: knîp; knîf (latter West Central German)
German: Kneip (dialectal); Knifte
Luxembourgish: Knäip
→ Vulgar Latin: *cnīfus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Norse: *ᚲᚾᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*knibaʀ)

Old Norse: knífr
Icelandic: knífur, hnífur
Faroese: knívur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: kniv
Norwegian Nynorsk: kniv
Elfdalian: knaiv
Old Swedish: knīver
Swedish: kniv
Danish: kniv
Gutnish: kneiv
→ Old English: cnīf
Middle English: knyf, knif
Scots: knyfe, knife
English: knife
Sranan Tongo: nefi
Yola: kunnife
→ French: canif
→ North Frisian: Knif

→ Proto-Samic: *nijpē
Western Samic:
Southern Sami: nejpie (from *nëjpē)
Ume Sami: nijbbie
Pite Sami: nijjbe
Lule Sami: nijbbe
Northern Sami: niibi
Eastern Samic:
Inari Sami: nijbe
Skolt Sami: neiʹbb
Akkala Sami: ныййпь (nyjjp’)
Kildin Sami: ныййп (nyjjp)
Ter Sami: nijjbe

From Proto-Indo-European *gneybʰ- (“to pinch, nip”), from Proto-Indo-European *gen- (“to pinch, squeeze, bend, press, ball up”).


taikną

taikną (nominative singular)
taiknō (nominative plural)
taikną (singular vocative)
taiknō (plural vocative)
taikną (accusative singular)
taiknō (accusative plural)
taiknas (genitive singular)
taiknis (genitive singular)
taiknǫ̂ (genitive plural)
taiknai (dative singular)
taiknamaz (dative plural)
taiknō (instrumental singular)
taiknamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *taikn
Old English: tācn, tācen, tācon
Middle English: token, tokene, tokin, tokine, tokon, tokne, tocne, toquen; taken, takein, takin, takine (Northern); taken, takein, takin, takine, tacn, tacne, tacnæ, tockne (Early Middle English)
English: token
Scots: taiken
→ Old Norse: tákn
Icelandic: tákn
Old Frisian: tēken
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: teeken
Saterland Frisian: Teeken
West Frisian: teken
Old Saxon: tēken
Middle Low German: têken
German Low German: Teken
Plautdietsch: Tieekjen
Old Dutch: teikan, teikin, teican
Middle Dutch: têken, teiken
Dutch: teken, teiken (dialectal)
Afrikaans: teken, teiken
Berbice Creole Dutch: tegn
Negerhollands: teken
→ Indonesian: teken
Limburgish: teike
Old High German: zeihhan
Middle High German: zeichen
Alemannic German: Zäiche, Zäie
German: Zeichen
Luxembourgish: Zeechen
Yiddish: צייכן (tseykhn)
→ Friulian: tacolâ, tacon, taconâ

Old Norse: teikn

Icelandic: teikn

Faroese: tekn

Norwegian Nynorsk: teikn, tekn

Elfdalian: tekken

Old Swedish: tēkn

Swedish: tecken

Old Danish: tēkn

Danish: tegn

Norwegian Bokmål: tegn

Gutnish: tekken

Scanian: teğn

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐍃 (taikns) ( < *taikniz, although an a-stem neuter may be attested; see entry) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *taika (see there for further descendants)

From the root of *taikijaną, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ- (“to show, indicate, point out, declare”).


dammaz

dammaz (nominative singular)
dammōz (nominative plural)
dammōs (nominative plural)
damm (singular vocative)
dammōz (plural vocative)
dammōs (plural vocative)
dammą (accusative singular)
dammanz (accusative plural)
dammas (genitive singular)
dammis (genitive singular)
dammǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dammai (dative singular)
dammamaz (dative plural)
dammō (instrumental singular)
dammamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *damm
Old English: *damm, *dam (in derivatives)
Middle English: damme, dam
Scots: dam
English: dam
Old Frisian: dam, dom
Saterland Frisian: Dom
West Frisian: dam
Old Saxon: *damm, *dam
Middle Low German: dam, damm
Low German: Damm
Plautdietsch: Daum
Old Dutch: *damm, dam (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: dam
Dutch: dam
Old High German: *tamm
Middle High German: tam, tamm
German: Damm, Tham
Hunsrik: Damm
Luxembourgish: Damm

Old Norse: dammr

Icelandic: dammur

Faroese: dammur

Old Danish: dam

Danish: dam

Old Swedish: damber

Swedish: damm

Gutnish: dam

Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰm̥bʰ- (“to dig”), if the original meaning was "dyke created by excavating earth," see also Ancient Greek τάφος (táphos, “tomb”), ταφή (taphḗ), θάπτω (tháptō, “bury”).


gaistaz

gaistaz (nominative singular)
gaistōz (nominative plural)
gaistōs (nominative plural)
gaist (singular vocative)
gaistōz (plural vocative)
gaistōs (plural vocative)
gaistą (accusative singular)
gaistanz (accusative plural)
gaistas (genitive singular)
gaistis (genitive singular)
gaistǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaistai (dative singular)
gaistamaz (dative plural)
gaistō (instrumental singular)
gaistamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gaist
Old English: gāst, gǣst, gaast
Middle English: gost, gast, gaast, goost, goste
English: ghost
Scots: gaist, gast, ghaist
Yola: gaast
Old Frisian: gāst, gēst
Saterland Frisian: Gäist, Jeest
West Frisian: geast
Old Saxon: gēst, *gast
Middle Low German: gêst, geist
German Low German: Geest, Geist
Low German: geest
Plautdietsch: Jeist
→ Norwegian Bokmål: gast
→ Old Danish: gast (or from Frisian)
Danish: gast
→ Swedish: gast
Old Dutch: geist, *gēst, gast
Middle Dutch: gêest
Dutch: geest
Afrikaans: gees
Negerhollands: geest
Old High German: geist, gheist, keist
Middle High German: geist
German: Geist
→ English: geist
→ Danish: gejst
→ Swedish: geist
→ Norwegian Bokmål: geist
Hunsrik: Geest, Geist
Luxembourgish: Geescht
Yiddish: גײַסט (gayst)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéysd-os, from *ǵʰeysd- (“anger, agitation”). Cognate with Sanskrit हेड (héḍa).


þekuz

þekuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
þikwijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
þikwī (feminine nominative singular strong)
þikwijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
þekų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
þikwijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
þikwijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
þikwijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
þikwijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
þikwijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
þekų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
þikwijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
þikwijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
þikwīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
þikwijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
þikwijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
þikwijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
þikwijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
þikwīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
þikwijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
þikwijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
þikwijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
þikwijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
þikwijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
þikwijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
þikwijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
þikwijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
þikwijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
þikwijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
þikwijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
þikwijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
þikwijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
þikwijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
þikwijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
þikwijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
þikwijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
þikwijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
þikwijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
þikwijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
þikwijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
þikwijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
þikwijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
þikwijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
þikwijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
þikwīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
þikwijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
þikwijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
þikwijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
þikwīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
þikwijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
þikwīni (dative masculine singular weak)
þikwijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
þikwijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
þikwijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
þikwīni (dative neuter singular weak)
þikwijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
þikwīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
þikwijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
þikwijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
þikwijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
þikwīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
þikwijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *þikkwī
Old English: þicce
Middle English: thikke, thicke, thik, thyke, thykke, þikke
English: thick
Scots: thik, thicke, thick
Old Frisian: thikke, *thiukke, *thiuke
Saterland Frisian: tjuk
West Frisian: tsjok, tsjûk
Old Saxon: thikki
Middle Low German: dicke
Low German: dick
Plautdietsch: dikj
Old Dutch: *thicki
Middle Dutch: dicke
Dutch: dik
Afrikaans: dik
Berbice Creole Dutch: deki
Negerhollands: dik
→ Virgin Islands Creole: dik (archaic)
→ Aukan: deki
→ Papiamentu: diki, dek
→ Saramaccan: dégi (via Skepi Creole Dutch)
→ Sranan Tongo: deki
Limburgish: diek
Zealandic: dik
Old High German: dicchi, dichi, dicki, dikki, dihhi, thichi, thihhi, thiki, ticchi
Middle High German: dicke, dic
Central Franconian: deck
Cimbrian: dikh, dikhe (Luserna)
German: dick
Hunsrik: dick
Luxembourgish: déck
Pennsylvania German: dick
Yiddish: דיק (dik)

Old Norse: þykkr, þjokkr, þjukkr
Icelandic: þykkur
Faroese: tjúkkur, tjukkur
Norwegian Nynorsk: tjukk, tykk
→ Norwegian Bokmål: tjukk
Old Swedish: thiokker, thiukker
Swedish: tjock
Old Danish: thyk, thiuk, thiok
Danish: tyk
Norwegian Bokmål: tykk
Elfdalian: tiokk
Jamtish: tjukk
Gutnish: tjåkkar
Scanian: tjykker
→ Finnish: tykky (“thick snow on trees”)
→ Karelian: tykky

→ Proto-Samic: *teakkē (“thick meat”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *tégus (“thick”).


wraiþaz

*wraiþaz (a-stem)

wraiþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wraiþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wraiþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wraiþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wraiþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wraiþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wraiþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wraiþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wraiþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wraiþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wraiþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wraiþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wraiþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wraiþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wraiþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wraiþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wraiþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wraiþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wraiþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wraiþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wraiþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wraiþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wraiþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wraiþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wraiþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wraiþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wraiþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wraiþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wraiþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wraiþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wraiþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wraiþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wraiþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wraiþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wraiþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wraiþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wraiþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wraiþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wraiþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wraiþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wraiþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wraiþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wraiþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wraiþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wraiþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wraiþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wraiþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wraiþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wraiþini (dative masculine singular weak)
wraiþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wraiþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wraiþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wraiþini (dative neuter singular weak)
wraiþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wraiþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wraiþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wraiþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wraiþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wraiþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wraiþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *wraiþ
Old English: wrāþ
Middle English: wrath, wroth
English: wrath, wroth
Scots: wraith
Old Frisian: wrēth
Saterland Frisian: wreed
West Frisian: wreed
Old Saxon: wrēth
Middle Low German: wrêt
German Low German: wreed, wreet
Old Dutch: *wrēth
Middle Dutch: wreet
Dutch: wreed
Old High German: reid, (Central Franconian) wrēde
Middle High German: reit
Alemannic German: reid
Central Franconian: fried

Old Norse:

Old West Norse: reiðr, vreiðr — older form, Old East Norse
Icelandic: reiður
Faroese: vreiður, reiður
Norwegian Nynorsk: reid

Old East Norse: vreiðr, reiðr — Old West Norse
Old Swedish: vrēþer
Swedish: vred
Old Danish: wredher, wredh
Danish: vred
Norwegian Bokmål: vred
→ Russenorsk: vred
Norwegian Nynorsk: vreid

From Proto-Indo-European *wreyt- (“to turn, twist”).


ēnu

Old Frisian: ōne, ōni

desctree

Old Saxon: āno
Middle Low German: āne
Low German: ahn

Old Dutch: *āna

Middle Dutch: ane, an, on

⇒ Middle Dutch: ane dancs, ondancs

Dutch: ondanks

Limburgish: óndanks, óndanx

Old High German: āno, ānu, āna, āne
Middle High German: âne, ân
Alemannic German: ooni, ohni, ouni
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: ane
Central Franconian: ohne, ohni, ohnt
Luxembourgish: ouni
East Central German: ohne
Vilamovian: ona
German: ohne
Yiddish: אָן (on)

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚾᚢ (*anu /ānu/)

Old Norse: án, ón
Icelandic: án
Faroese: ón
→ Middle English: *on, on-
English: on, ohn
Scots: on-, ohn-

Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐌿 (inu), 𐌹𐌽𐌿𐌷 (inuh)

Dunkel reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *énu (“along, after”) for Gothic and lengthened grade *ḗnu for North and West Germanic. Kroonen derives Alemannic and Cimbrian from *ēneu and unites this with the forms *ēnu and *enu by positing a Proto-Indo-European u-stem noun *h₂ḗn-u, loc. *h₂n-éw, from *h₂en- (“to scoop”), which could also explain Ancient Greek ἄνευ (áneu).

inh

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme


diurijaz

*diurijaz (ja-stem)

diurijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
diurijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
diurijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
diurijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
diuriją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
diurijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
diurijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
diurijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
diurijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
diurijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
diuriją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
diurijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
diurijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
diurijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
diurijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
diurijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
diurijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
diurijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
diurijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
diurijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
diurijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
diurijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
diurijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
diurijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
diurijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
diurijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
diurijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
diurijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
diurijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
diurijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
diurijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
diurijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
diurijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
diurijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
diurijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
diurijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
diurijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
diurijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
diurijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
diurijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
diurijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
diurijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
diuriiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
diurijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
diurijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
diurijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
diuriiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
diurijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
diuriini (dative masculine singular weak)
diurijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
diurijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
diurijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
diuriini (dative neuter singular weak)
diurijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
diuriinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
diurijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
diurijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
diurijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
diuriinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
diurijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *diurī
Old English: dīere, dīore — Northumbrian; dȳre, dēore
Middle English: dere, deere, deore
English: dear
Scots: dere, deir
Yola: dear
Old Frisian: diore, diure
Saterland Frisian: djuur
West Frisian: djoer
Old Saxon: diuri
Middle Low German: dûre, dûr
German Low German: düür
Old Dutch: diuri
Middle Dutch: diere
Dutch: dier, duur
Limburgish: deer, duur
West Flemish: diere
Old High German: tiuri
Middle High German: tiure
Alemannic German: tüür
Bavarian: teier
German: teuer
Vilamovian: taojer
Yiddish: טײַער (tayer)

Old Norse: dýrr

Icelandic: dýr

Faroese: dýrur

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: dyr

Norwegian Nynorsk: dyr

Old Swedish: dȳr

Swedish: dyr

Danish: dyr

→ Proto-Finnic: *tiüris (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *tiwrē

Northern Sami: divrras

Southern Sami: dovres

Unknown.
One suggested derivation is from Proto-Indo-European *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”), which assumes a semantic shift of “to heat up” > “warming” > “dear, cherished”. However, the semantic variation among descendants (see more at *diuriþō) may point to the original meaning having been “rare, scarce”. Alternatively, Guus Kroonen notes that this adjective is similar to Proto–West Germanic *dūrēn (“to grieve, regret, suffer”) (whence German dauern, Middle English douren), ultimately a loan from Latin dūrus (“tough, hard”), and may be a vṛddhi-gerundive thereof.


hradaz

*hradaz (a-stem)

hradaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hradai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hradō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hradôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hradą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hradō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hradanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hradanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hradǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hradōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hradą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hradō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hradas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hradaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hradaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hradaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hradas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hradaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hradammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hradaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hradaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hradaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hradammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hradaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hradanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hradaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hradaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hradaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hradanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hradaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hradô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hradaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hradǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hradōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hradô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hradōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hradanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hradanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hradōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hradōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hradô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hradōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hradiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hradanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hradōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hradōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hradiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hradanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hradini (dative masculine singular weak)
hradammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hradōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hradōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hradini (dative neuter singular weak)
hradammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hradinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hradammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hradōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hradōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hradinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hradammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrad, *hraþ
Old English: hræd, hræþ
Middle English: rad, radde, rade; red, ræd (Early Middle English)
Scots: redd, red
Old Dutch: *rath, *rad
Middle Dutch: rat
Dutch: rad
Old High German: hrad

Old Norse: hraðr

Icelandic: hraður

Norwegian: rad

Old Swedish: radher

Swedish: rad

Uncertain. Per Kroonen, most likely from Proto-Indo-European *kret- (“to shake, move suddenly”), whence also the verbs *hurtoną and *hrattōną (“to rush, tumble”); cognate with Old Irish crothaim (“I shake”), Latvian kratît (“to shake out”), Lithuanian kratýti (“id.”), Latvian krist (“to fall, drop, die”), Lithuanian krìsti (“id.”), and Lithuanian kretė́ti (“to tremble (with old age)”).
Formerly derived from Proto-Indo-European *kerd- (compare Ancient Greek κραδάω (kradáō, “I swing, brandish”), Sanskrit कूर्दति (kūrdati, “(s/he) leaps”), Proto-Celtic *kerdeti (“puts, lays; moves”)), but the root codas (PGmc *d ~ *þ versus PIE *d) do not match. Compare Proto-Germanic *herzô (“hinge”) and Old High German scerdo (“hinge”).


haljō

haljō (nominative singular)
haljôz (nominative plural)
haljō (singular vocative)
haljôz (plural vocative)
haljǭ (accusative singular)
haljōz (accusative plural)
haljōz (genitive singular)
haljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haljōi (dative singular)
haljōmaz (dative plural)
haljō (instrumental singular)
haljōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hallju
Old English: hell, hel
Middle English: helle, hel, hell; hælle
English: hell, Hell
Scots: hell, Hell
Old Frisian: helle, hille
North Frisian: helle, hille, hel
Saterland Frisian: Hälle
West Frisian: hel
Old Saxon: hel, hellja, hellia
Middle Low German: helle
German Low German: Helle, Hölle, Hell, Höll
Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: Helle
Westmünsterländisch: Helle f, Hell m
Plautdietsch: Hal
Old Dutch: hella
Middle Dutch: helle
Dutch: hel
Afrikaans: hel
Limburgish: hel
Old High German: hellia, hella
Middle High German: helle
Alemannic German: Hell
Cimbrian: hélla
German: Helle, Hölle
Luxembourgish: Häll
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Hell

Old Norse: hel

Icelandic: hel

Faroese: hel

Norwegian Nynorsk: hel

Old Swedish: hæl

⇒ Swedish: ihjäl, helsike

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 (halja)

→ Proto-Finnic: *koljoi (see there for further descendants)

From *helaną, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide, conceal”).

der

helliwīti

*haljōwītiją (“hell-punishment, hell-torment”); Old Saxon

hellawīzi

*haljōwītiją (“hell-punishment, hell-torment”); Old High German


buskaz

buskaz (nominative singular)
buskōz (nominative plural)
buskōs (nominative plural)
busk (singular vocative)
buskōz (plural vocative)
buskōs (plural vocative)
buską (accusative singular)
buskanz (accusative plural)
buskas (genitive singular)
buskis (genitive singular)
buskǫ̂ (genitive plural)
buskai (dative singular)
buskamaz (dative plural)
buskō (instrumental singular)
buskamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *busk
Old English: bysċ, busċ
Middle English: bush
English: bush
Scots: bus
Old Frisian: bosk
Saterland Frisian: Busk
West Frisian: bosk
Old Saxon: busk
Middle Low German: busk, busch
Low German: Busk, Busch
Old Dutch: *busc
Middle Dutch: bosch
Dutch: bos
Old High German: busk
Middle High German: busch, bosch
German: Busch
→ Latin: boscus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: buskr

Icelandic: búskur, buski

Norwegian Bokmål: busk

Norwegian Nynorsk: busk

Swedish: buske

Danish: busk

→ Middle English: busk, bosk

Scots: busk

→ Finnish: puska

Probably derived from *būaną (“to dwell, reside”).


daljō

daljō (nominative singular)
daljôz (nominative plural)
daljō (singular vocative)
daljôz (plural vocative)
daljǭ (accusative singular)
daljōz (accusative plural)
daljōz (genitive singular)
daljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
daljōi (dative singular)
daljōmaz (dative plural)
daljō (instrumental singular)
daljōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: dell m or n

Middle English: delle

Scots: dell

English: dell

Old Frisian: *delle

West Frisian: delle, delling, delte (?)

Old Saxon: *dellia

Middle Low German: delle

German Low German: Delle, Dell

Old Dutch: *della

Middle Dutch: delle

Dutch: del

Old High German: *tella

Middle High German: telle

German: Delle (Central/Low German consonantism); Telle (obsolete, dialectal)

Gothic: *𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 (*dalja) (unclear derivation and reconstruction; see etymology at inflected and prefixed form 𐌹𐌱𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌹𐌽 (ibdaljin) ?)


bijǭ

bijǭ (nominative singular)
bijōniz (nominative plural)
bijǭ (singular vocative)
bijōniz (plural vocative)
bijōnų (accusative singular)
binunz (accusative plural)
biniz (genitive singular)
binǫ̂ (genitive plural)
binini (dative singular)
bijummiz (dative plural)
binē (instrumental singular)
binōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bijā
Old English: bēo, bēom, bīom
Middle English: bee, be, beo, bey
English: bee
Scots: bee, be, beye, bie, bea
Yola: been (plural)
Old Frisian: *bē
West Frisian: bij
Old Saxon: *bīa
Middle Low German: bîe, bê, beie
Low German: Bee, bigge
Plautdietsch: Bie
Old Dutch: *bīa
Middle Dutch: bië
Dutch: bij
Afrikaans: by
West Flemish: bie
Zealandic: bie, bieë
Old High German: pīa, bīa
Middle High German: bīe
Alemannic German: Bii
Central Franconian: Bei
German: Beie (obsolete)
Luxembourgish: Bei

Old Norse: bý
Icelandic: bý
Norwegian Bokmål: bie
Norwegian Nynorsk: bie
Old Swedish: bī, bȳ
Swedish: bi
Old Danish: bī
Danish: bi
Gutnish: bei
⇒ Faroese: býfluga
⇒ Icelandic: býfluga

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰey- (“bee”). Cognate with Latin fūcus (“drone”), Old Irish bech (“bee”), Lithuanian bitė (“bee”).


gīslaz

gīslaz (nominative singular)
gīslōz (nominative plural)
gīslōs (nominative plural)
gīsl (singular vocative)
gīslōz (plural vocative)
gīslōs (plural vocative)
gīslą (accusative singular)
gīslanz (accusative plural)
gīslas (genitive singular)
gīslis (genitive singular)
gīslǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gīslai (dative singular)
gīslamaz (dative plural)
gīslō (instrumental singular)
gīslamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gīsl
Old English: ġīsel, ġīsl
Middle English: ȝisel, ȝisle
Old Saxon: gīsal
Middle Low German: gîsel
Low German: Giesel
Old Dutch: *gīsal
Middle Dutch: gisel
Dutch: gijzel
→ West Frisian: gizel
Middle Dutch: giselare
Dutch: gijzelaar
→ West Frisian: gizeler
Old High German: gīsal
Middle High German: gīsel
German: Geisel
→ German Low German: Geisel

Proto-Norse: *ᚷᛁᛊᛚᚨᛉ (*gislaʀ)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚨᛊᚢᚷᛁᛊᚨᛚᚨᛊ (asugisalas /ą̄sugīsᵃlas/)

Old Norse: gísl

Icelandic: gísl

Faroese: gísli

Norwegian Nynorsk: gissel, gisl

Norwegian Bokmål: gissel

Old Swedish: gīsl

⇒ Old Swedish: gislan

Swedish: gisslan

Danish: gidsel

Vandalic: *gīsl-

→ Proto-Finnic: *kihla (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Proto-Celtic *gēstlos (“hostage, pledge”) (compare Old Irish gíall, Welsh gwystl), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeydʰ- (“to desire, wait for”).


askaz

askaz (nominative singular)
askōz (nominative plural)
askōs (nominative plural)
ask (singular vocative)
askōz (plural vocative)
askōs (plural vocative)
aską (accusative singular)
askanz (accusative plural)
askas (genitive singular)
askis (genitive singular)
askǫ̂ (genitive plural)
askai (dative singular)
askamaz (dative plural)
askō (instrumental singular)
askamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ask
Old English: æsċ
Middle English: asshe
English: ash
Scots: aish, esh
→ English: æsc (learned)
Old Frisian: ask
West Frisian: esk
Old Saxon: ask
Middle Low German: esk
Plautdietsch: Asch
Old Dutch: *ask
Middle Dutch: esk
Dutch: es
Old High German: asc
Middle High German: asche, esche
Cimbrian: ess
German: Esche
Luxembourgish: Esch
Yiddish: אַשבוים (ashboym)
⇒? German: Essen (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: askr
Icelandic: askur
Faroese: askur
Norwegian Nynorsk: ask
Old Swedish: asker, ᛆᛋᚴᚽᚱ (Runic)
Swedish: ask
→ Finnish: aski
Old Danish: ask
Danish: ask
Norwegian Bokmål: ask
Gutnish: ask, äsk
→ Old East Slavic: а́скъ (áskŭ), ꙗ́скъ (jáskŭ)
Old Ruthenian: ꙗ́щъ (jášč)
⇒ Old Ruthenian: ꙗ́щикъ (jáščik)
Belarusian: я́шчык (jáščyk) (dialectal)
Ukrainian: я́щик (jáščyk)
⇒ Middle Russian: ꙗ́щїк (jáščik)
Russian: я́щик (jáščik)


glaimiz

glaimiz (nominative singular)
glaimīz (nominative plural)
glaimi (singular vocative)
glaimīz (plural vocative)
glaimį (accusative singular)
glaiminz (accusative plural)
glaimīz (genitive singular)
glaimijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glaimī (dative singular)
glaimimaz (dative plural)
glaimī (instrumental singular)
glaimimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: glǣm

Middle English: gleme

English: gleam

Old High German: gleimo

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰley- (“to shine”).


miltijaz

miltijaz (nominative singular)
miltijōz (nominative plural)
miltijōs (nominative plural)
miltī (singular vocative)
miltijōz (plural vocative)
miltijōs (plural vocative)
miltiją (accusative singular)
miltijanz (accusative plural)
miltijas (genitive singular)
miltīs (genitive singular)
miltijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
miltijai (dative singular)
miltijamaz (dative plural)
miltijō (instrumental singular)
miltijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *miltī

Old English: milt

>? Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐍄𐌹 f (milti)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)meld- (“to beat, grind, crush, weaken”).


skiwô

skiwô (nominative singular)
skiwaniz (nominative plural)
skiwô (singular vocative)
skiwaniz (plural vocative)
skiwanų (accusative singular)
skiwanunz (accusative plural)
skiwiniz (genitive singular)
skiwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skiwini (dative singular)
skiwammaz (dative plural)
skiwinē (instrumental singular)
skiwammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skiwō

Old English: sċēo

Middle English: scheu, schew

Old Saxon: scio, skio

Old Norse: *skew, *skiw

→ Middle English: skew, skiw, skyw

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to cover, bedeck”). Cognate with Old Irish ceó (“sky, heaven”).


furhnō

furhnō (nominative singular)
furhnôz (nominative plural)
furhnō (singular vocative)
furhnôz (plural vocative)
furhnǭ (accusative singular)
furhnōz (accusative plural)
furhnōz (genitive singular)
furhnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
furhnōi (dative singular)
furhnōmaz (dative plural)
furhnō (instrumental singular)
furhnōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *forhnu
Old English: forn
Old Saxon: forhna
Middle Low German: vôrne
→ Swedish: färna
Old Dutch: *forna
Middle Dutch: vōorne
Dutch: voorn
Old High German: forhana
Middle High German: forhen, forhel
German: Forelle
→ Danish: forel
→ Dutch: forel
Luxembourgish: Frell

→ Latin: fariō (gen. fariōnis) (?)

From Proto-Indo-European *pr̥ḱ-n-éh₂, from *perḱ- (“colored, speckled”). Cognate with Middle Irish erch (“perch, salmon”), Ancient Greek πέρκη (pérkē, “perch”).


greutą

greutą (nominative singular)
greutō (nominative plural)
greutą (singular vocative)
greutō (plural vocative)
greutą (accusative singular)
greutō (accusative plural)
greutas (genitive singular)
griutis (genitive singular)
greutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
griutai (dative singular)
greutamaz (dative plural)
greutō (instrumental singular)
greutamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: grēot

Middle English: griet, grete

English: grit

→ Dutch: grit

Old Saxon: griot

Old Dutch: *griot

Middle Dutch: griet

q

Dutch: griet (“brill”) (possibly, if the name derives from the typical habitat of brills)

Old High German: grioz

Middle High German: griez

Bavarian: Griaß

German: Grieß

→ Dutch: gries, griesmeel

→ Polish: grys

desctree

Old Norse: grjót n
Icelandic: grjót
Faroese: grjót
Norwegian Nynorsk: grjot
Old Bothnian: *griūt n, *griūta f
Old Swedish: grȳt
Swedish: gryt; (dialectal) gryte

→ Proto-Finnic: *riutta (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰrewd-. Compare Lithuanian grúodas (“frost; frozen street dirt”) and Serbo-Croatian grȕda (“lump”).


skiwją

skiwją (nominative singular)
skiwjō (nominative plural)
skiwją (singular vocative)
skiwjō (plural vocative)
skiwją (accusative singular)
skiwjō (accusative plural)
skiwjas (genitive singular)
skiwis (genitive singular)
skiwjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skiwjai (dative singular)
skiwjamaz (dative plural)
skiwjō (instrumental singular)
skiwjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: ský
Icelandic: ský (“cloud”)
Faroese: skýggj (“cloud”)
Norwegian Nynorsk: sky f (“cloud”)
Old Swedish: skȳ (“cloud, sky”)
Swedish: sky (“sky, heaven”)
Old Danish: sky
Danish: sky (“cloud”)
Norwegian Bokmål: sky m or f (“cloud”)
→ Middle English: sky, skie, ske (“cloud, sky”)
English: sky (“sky, (obsolete) cloud”)
Scots: sky, skie, skey, ske (“sky”)
Yola: skee


meltǭ

meltǭ (nominative singular)
meltōniz (nominative plural)
meltǭ (singular vocative)
meltōniz (plural vocative)
meltōnų (accusative singular)
meltōnunz (accusative plural)
meltōniz (genitive singular)
meltōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
meltōni (dative singular)
meltōmaz (dative plural)
meltōnē (instrumental singular)
meltōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *meltā, *miltijā

Old English: milte
Middle English: milte, milt, multe, mylt, mylte
English: milt
Scots: melt, meilt

Old Frisian: milte

Saterland Frisian: Milte

West Frisian: milt, melt

Old Saxon: *milta

Middle Low German: milte

German Low German: Milt

Old Dutch: *milta
Middle Dutch: milte
Dutch: milt

Old High German: milza

Old Norse: mjalti

Norwegian: mjelte

Elfdalian: mjälta

Old Swedish: miælte, mælte

Swedish: mjälte


stagą

stagą (nominative singular)
stagō (nominative plural)
stagą (singular vocative)
stagō (plural vocative)
stagą (accusative singular)
stagō (accusative plural)
stagas (genitive singular)
stagis (genitive singular)
stagǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stagai (dative singular)
stagamaz (dative plural)
stagō (instrumental singular)
stagamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stag

Old English: stæġ

Middle English: steye, stay

Scots: sta, stay

English: stay

→ Old French: estay, estai

Middle French: estai

French: étai

→ Catalan: estai

→ Spanish: estay

→ Portuguese: estay, estai

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: esteo (or either from Latin stilus)

Galician: esteo

Portuguese: esteio

Old Frisian: stag

West Frisian: staach

Old Saxon: stag

Middle Low German: stach

German Low German: Stag

→ German: Stag

→ Polish: sztag

Old Dutch: *stag

Middle Dutch: *stach, *stagh

Dutch: stag

Old Norse: stag

Swedish: stag

Norwegian: stag

Swedish: stag

Danish: stag

Icelandic: stag

From *stag- (“to be stiff, prop”), from Proto-Indo-European *stak-, *stek- (“to stand, stell, hold”).


bōþlą

bōþlą (nominative singular)
bōþlō (nominative plural)
bōþlą (singular vocative)
bōþlō (plural vocative)
bōþlą (accusative singular)
bōþlō (accusative plural)
bōþlas (genitive singular)
bōþlis (genitive singular)
bōþlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bōþlai (dative singular)
bōþlamaz (dative plural)
bōþlō (instrumental singular)
bōþlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bōþl
Old English: botl, botel, bold
Middle English: bottle, botle, buttle
English: bottle (“dwelling, building”)
Old Frisian: bōdel, bōld
North Frisian: bol, boel, böl
Saterland Frisian: bûdel, bôdel
West Frisian: boel
Old Saxon: bōdal
Middle Low German: bôdel, bôl
German Low German:
Klevisch-Weselisch: Baul
Westmünsterländisch: Buddel, Büoddel
Old Dutch: *buothal
Middle Dutch: boedel, bodel
Dutch: boedel, boel
→ English: boodle

Old Norse: ból
Icelandic: ból
Faroese: ból
Norwegian: bol
Old Swedish: bōl
Swedish: bol
Danish: bol

Possibly from *bōwwjaną (“to settle, inhabit”) + *-þlą (instrumental suffix), or perhaps from *bōþō (“building, dwelling”) + *-(i)lą, or from Proto-Indo-European *bʰoh₂u-tlo-m (compare Lithuanian būklà (“presence (of mind), dwelling”)), all possibly from *bʰweh₂- (“to grow, arise, become”).


kruppaz

kruppaz (nominative singular)
kruppōz (nominative plural)
kruppōs (nominative plural)
krupp (singular vocative)
kruppōz (plural vocative)
kruppōs (plural vocative)
kruppą (accusative singular)
kruppanz (accusative plural)
kruppas (genitive singular)
kruppis (genitive singular)
kruppǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kruppai (dative singular)
kruppamaz (dative plural)
kruppō (instrumental singular)
kruppamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *krupp, *kropp

desctree

Old English: cropp
Middle English: croppe, crop, crope, croupe
English: crop
Scots: crap, crop, croip, cropt, croup, croop

Old Frisian: *krop

Saterland Frisian: Krop

West Frisian: krop

Old Saxon: kropp, krop

Middle Low German: krop

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Krop, Krip

Suerländer-Märkisch: Kropp

Westmünsterländisch: Kropp

Plautdietsch: Kropp

Old Dutch: *kropp, crop

Middle Dutch: crop

Dutch: krop
Afrikaans: krop
Negerhollands: krop

→ Vulgar Latin: *cruppus
Catalan: grop
Italian: gruppo, groppo (see there for further descendants)
Sicilian: gruppu

Old High German: kropf, kroph

Middle High German: kropf, kroph

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Kropp

Luxembourgish: Krapp

German: Kropf

Rhine Franconian: Kropp, Krupp

Frankfurterisch: IPA [kʀopʃ]

Vilamovian: kröp

Old Norse: kroppr

Icelandic: kroppur

Faroese: kroppur

Norwegian Bokmål: kropp

Norwegian Nynorsk: kropp

Old Swedish: kropper, krupper
Swedish: kropp

Danish: krop

→ Old French: crope, croupe, crupe
Middle French: croupe
French: croupe (see there for further descendants)
Norman: croupe
→ Middle English: croupe, crope, crop, croppe
English: croup, croupe
Scots: crouppe

From Proto-Indo-European *grewb- (“to curve, bend, crawl”), from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to turn, wind”).

der

(of harvest, fruit, plant, corn) a crop; bunch; cluster; head (of grain)


smalaz

*smalaz (a-stem)

smalaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
smalai (masculine nominative plural strong)
smalō (feminine nominative singular strong)
smalôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
smalą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
smalō (neuter nominative plural strong)
smalanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
smalanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
smalǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
smalōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
smalą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
smalō (accusative neuter plural strong)
smalas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
smalaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
smalaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
smalaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
smalas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
smalaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
smalammai (dative masculine singular strong)
smalaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
smalaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
smalaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
smalammai (dative neuter singular strong)
smalaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
smalanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
smalaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
smalaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
smalaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
smalanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
smalaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
smalô (masculine nominative singular weak)
smalaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
smalǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
smalōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
smalô (neuter nominative singular weak)
smalōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
smalanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
smalanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
smalōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
smalōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
smalô (accusative neuter singular weak)
smalōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
smaliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
smalanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
smalōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
smalōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
smaliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
smalanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
smalini (dative masculine singular weak)
smalammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
smalōni (dative feminine singular weak)
smalōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
smalini (dative neuter singular weak)
smalammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
smalinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
smalammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
smalōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
smalōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
smalinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
smalammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *smal
Old English: smæl
Middle English: smal
Scots: smal, smaw
English: small
Old Frisian: smel
North Frisian: smaal, smääl, smeel
Saterland Frisian: smäl
West Frisian: smel
Old Saxon: smal
Middle Low German: smal
Low German: small
Old Dutch: smal
Middle Dutch: smal
Dutch: smal
Old High German: smal
Middle High German: smal
Bavarian: schmål, schmoi
German: schmal
Hunsrik: schmaal
Luxembourgish: schmuel
Vilamovian: śmoł
Yiddish: שמאָל (shmol)

i

Old Norse: smalr (late Old Norse; possibly borrowed from Low German)

Icelandic: smalur

Faroese: smalur

Norwegian: smal

Swedish: smal

Danish: smal

Gothic: *𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍃 (*smals)

⇒ Gothic: 𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (smalists)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)mal-, *(s)mel-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *malъ (“small; little”) and possibly Latin malus (“bad”).


supô

supô (nominative singular)
supaniz (nominative plural)
supô (singular vocative)
supaniz (plural vocative)
supanų (accusative singular)
supanunz (accusative plural)
supiniz (genitive singular)
supanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
supini (dative singular)
supammaz (dative plural)
supinē (instrumental singular)
supammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sopa

Middle English: sope, soppe, sop

English: sop

Scots: sope

Old Saxon: *sopo

Middle Low German: sope

q

with influence from Old French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">supe</i>

→ German: Suppe (with influence from Old French supe) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Norse: soppa

→ Icelandic: súpa

→ Faroese: súpan

→ Norwegian: suppe

→ Swedish: soppa
→ Finnish: soppa

→ Danish: suppe

Old Dutch: *sopo

Middle Dutch: sope, soop

desc

⇒ Dutch: zoopje, zopie (diminutiva tantum)

Afrikaans: sopie

Old Norse: sopi

Icelandic: sopi

Faroese: sopi

Norwegian Nynorsk: sope

Old Swedish: supi, sopi

→ Latin: suppa (also possibly from *suppǭ)

Lombard: süpa

Italo-Dalmatian

Italian: zuppa

Sicilian: suppa, zuppa

Old French: supe (see there for further descendants)

Old Occitan:

Catalan: sopa

Occitan: sopa

West Iberian

Aragonese: sopa

Asturian: sopa

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: sopa

Portuguese: sopa

Spanish: sopa

→ Basque: zopa

From Proto-Indo-European *sū-, *sewH- (“wetness, moisture, rain; juice, flow”). Related to Hittite [script needed] (šuḫḫai, “to pour”) and perhaps Sanskrit सूप (sūpa, “soup, sauce”).


lēwijaną

lēwijō (active first-person indicative singular)
lēwijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lēwijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lēwīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
lēwijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lēwī (active imperative second-person singular)
lēwijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lēwijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lēwīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
lēwijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lēwijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
lēwijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lēwijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lēwijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
lēwijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lēwijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lēwijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lēwijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lēwijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lēwijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lēwijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lēwijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lēwīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
lēwijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lēwīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
lēwijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lēwijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lēwijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
lēwijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lēwijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
lēwijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lēwijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lēwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
lēwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lēwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
lēwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lēwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
lēwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lēwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
lēwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lēwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lēwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lēwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
lēwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lēwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
lēwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lēwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
lēwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lēwijandz (active participle present)
lēwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lāwijan
Old English: lǣwan
⇒ Old English: lǣwede
Middle English: lewede, lewed
Scots: lawit, lewit, lewd
English: lewd
⇒ Old English: belǣwan
Middle English: belewen
⇒ Old English: lǣwa
⇒ Middle English: lewe (adjective)
Old High German: *lāwen, *lāen
⇒ Old High German: firlāwen, firlāen
⇒ Old High German: gilāwen, gilāen

Gothic: 𐌻𐌴𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (lēwjan)

From *lēwą (“occasion, opportunity”) + *-janą.


-ilingaz

-ilingaz (nominative singular)
-ilingōz (nominative plural)
-ilingōs (nominative plural)
-iling (singular vocative)
-ilingōz (plural vocative)
-ilingōs (plural vocative)
-ilingą (accusative singular)
-ilinganz (accusative plural)
-ilingas (genitive singular)
-ilingis (genitive singular)
-ilingǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ilingai (dative singular)
-ilingamaz (dative plural)
-ilingō (instrumental singular)
-ilingamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-ling
Old English: -ling
Middle English: -ling, -linge, -lingge, -lyng, -lynge
English: -ling
Scots: -ling, -lin
Old Frisian: -ling
Saterland Frisian: -ling
West Frisian: -ling
Old Saxon: -ling
Middle Low German: -linc, -link
German Low German: -ling
Old Dutch: -ling
Middle Dutch: -ling
Dutch: -ling
Old High German: -ling
Middle High German: -linc
German: -ling
→ Vulgar Latin: *-lingus
Old French: -lein, -lain, -llan, -layn, -lenc, -leyn
Middle French: -llan
French: -llan
→ Italian: -llano
→ Spanish: -lán
→ English: -lain
Old Italian: -lingo
Italian: -lengo
Old Occitan: -leng
Catalan: -lenc
Spanish: -lengo

Old Norse: -lingr

Icelandic: -lingur

Faroese: -lingur

Swedish: -ling

Gothic: -𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (-liggs)

Forms noun-derivatives with sense of 'belonging to, coming from, descending from', often with a diminutive force.


farwō

farwō (nominative singular)
farwôz (nominative plural)
farwō (singular vocative)
farwôz (plural vocative)
farwǭ (accusative singular)
farwōz (accusative plural)
farwōz (genitive singular)
farwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
farwōi (dative singular)
farwōmaz (dative plural)
farwō (instrumental singular)
farwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *faru
Old Frisian: ferwe, verwa
Saterland Frisian: Faawe
West Frisian: farve, ferve
Old Saxon: farwi, farawi, farw
Middle Low German: varwe, verwe
Low German: Faarf, Farf, Farv, Farve, Farw, Farwe
→ Danish: farve
→ Estonian: värv
→ Norwegian Bokmål: farge
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: farge
→ Old Swedish: færgha
Swedish: färg
→ Finnish: väri
Old Dutch: *farwa
Middle Dutch: varwe
Dutch: verf
Afrikaans: verf
Negerhollands: verw
→ Papiamentu: fèrfdó
→ Sranan Tongo: ferfi
→ Aukan: felifi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: verfi
→ Saramaccan: féifi
Limburgish: varf
Old High German: farawa, farawī
Middle High German: varwe, farwe, verwe, var, far
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Fàrb
Swabian: Farb
Bavarian: Foam
Cimbrian: bèrbe
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Forreb
Ripuarian: Färv
German: Farbe (see there for further descendants)
Luxembourgish: Faarf
Vilamovian: förf
Yiddish: פֿאַרב (farb)
→ Czech: barva (see there for further descendants)
→ Lower Sorbian: barwa
→ Slovene: barva
→ Upper Sorbian: barba
→ Old Polish: barwa
Polish: barwa
→ Belarusian: ба́рва (bárva)
→ Ukrainian: ба́рва (bárva)

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌰 (farwa, dative singular) (a-stem of uncertain gender)

From earlier *fargwō, from *fargwaz (“colorful”) + *-ō.


butmaz

butmaz (nominative singular)
butmōz (nominative plural)
butmōs (nominative plural)
butm (singular vocative)
butmōz (plural vocative)
butmōs (plural vocative)
butmą (accusative singular)
butmanz (accusative plural)
butmas (genitive singular)
butmis (genitive singular)
butmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
butmai (dative singular)
butmamaz (dative plural)
butmō (instrumental singular)
butmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *botm, *bodm

Old English: bodan, botm
Middle English: botme, botom, botome, bothom, bothum, botham, bothme, botym, bottum, butme, boþem
English: bottom, botton (dialectal)
→ French: bottom
Scots: boddem, boddum, boddam, boddom, bottome
Yola: bothom
⇒ Middle English: bum (syncopated)
English: bum
Scots: bum

Old Frisian: bodem, boden

North Frisian: bom

Saterland Frisian: Boudem

West Frisian: beame (archaic), boaiem, boom

Old Saxon: bodom
Middle Low German: bōdeme, bodem, boddeme, boddem, bodden
German Low German: Bodden, Borrn, Baam
Münsterländisch: Buodden
Plautdietsch: Boddem

Old Dutch: *bodom

Middle Dutch: bodem

Dutch: bodem, (obsolete) boom, (obsolete) boôm
Afrikaans: bodem
→ Papiamentu: bòm, boom

Limburgish: boeadem, baom

Old High German: bodam, podam

Middle High German: bodem, boden

German: Boden

Hunsrik: Boddem

Luxembourgish: Buedem

Old Norse: botn

Icelandic: botn

Faroese: botnur

Norwegian Nynorsk: botn

→ Norwegian Bokmål: botn

Norwegian Bokmål: bånn

Old Swedish: butn, botn

Swedish: botten

Old Danish: botn, bon

Danish: bund

Norwegian Bokmål: bunn

Elfdalian: buottn

Gutnish: buttn

Scanian: bónð

→ Proto-Samic: *ponnē:

Western Samic:

Southern Sami: bädnie

Ume Sami: bådˈnee

Pite Sami: påtnie

Northern Sami: bodni

Eastern Samic:

Inari Sami: ponne

Skolt Sami: påʹnn

Akkala Sami: поннҍ (ponn’)

Kildin Sami: поаннҍ (pånn’)

Ter Sami: ponne

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn, gen. *bʰudʰmnós. According to Kroonen, the -m- had been dissimilated in the genitive already in Proto-Indo-European, giving Sanskrit बुध्न (budhna) and Latin fundus, resulting in a Germanic paradigm of *budm-, *butt-, which then gave rise to other variants.


lataz

latizô (comparative)
latistaz (superlative)
lataz (masculine nominative singular strong)
latai (masculine nominative plural strong)
latō (feminine nominative singular strong)
latôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
latą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
latō (neuter nominative plural strong)
latanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
latanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
latǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
latōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
latą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
latō (accusative neuter plural strong)
latas (genitive masculine singular strong)
latis (genitive masculine singular strong)
lataizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
lataizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
lataizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
latas (genitive neuter singular strong)
latis (genitive neuter singular strong)
lataizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
latammai (dative masculine singular strong)
lataimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
lataizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
lataimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
latammai (dative neuter singular strong)
lataimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
latanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
lataimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
lataizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
lataimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
latanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
lataimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

Proto-West Germanic: *lat
Old English: læt
Middle English: lat, late
Scots: lat
English: late
Yola: laate
Old Frisian: let
Saterland Frisian: leet
West Frisian: let
Old Saxon: lat
Middle Low German: lat
Low German: laat
Plautdietsch: lot
Old Dutch: *lat
Middle Dutch: lat, lāat
Dutch: laat
Afrikaans: laat
Limburgish: laat
Old High German: laz
Middle High German: laz
German: lass, lasch

Old Norse: latr
Icelandic: latur
Faroese: latur
Norwegian: lat (Bokmål), lat (Nynorsk)
Old Swedish: later
Swedish: lat
Danish: lad
Elfdalian: lat
Gutnish: latar, latur, lattur
Scanian: lader

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐍄𐍃 (lats)

From Proto-Indo-European *lh₁d-o-, verbal adjective from the root *leh₁d- (“to be tired”). Cognate with Latin lassus (“weary, faint”).


sūkaną

sūkō (active first-person indicative singular)
sūkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sūkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sūkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sūkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sūk (active imperative second-person singular)
sūkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sūkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sūkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sūkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sūkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sūkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sūkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sūkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sūkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sūkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sūkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sūkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sūkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sūkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sūkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sūkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sūkid (active indicative plural second-person)
sūkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sūkid (active imperative plural second-person)
sūkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sūkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sūkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sūkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sūkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sūkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sūkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sauk (active first-person indicative singular)
sukį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sauht (active indicative second-person singular)
sukīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sauk (active indicative singular third-person)
sukī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sukū (active dual first-person indicative)
sukīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sukudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sukīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sukum (active first-person indicative plural)
sukīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sukud (active indicative plural second-person)
sukīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sukun (active indicative plural third-person)
sukīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sūkandz (active participle present)
sukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sūkan
Old English: sūcan
Middle English: souken, suken
Scots: souke, souk
English: suck
Old Dutch: *sūcan
Middle Dutch: suken
Dutch: zuiken (dialectal or obsolete)
Limburgish: zuken, zoeken

From Proto-Indo-European *sug-, *suk- (“to suck”), from Proto-Indo-European *su-, *sew- (“juice, sap”). Cognate with Latin sūgō (“suck”).


sūganą

sūgō (active first-person indicative singular)
sūgaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sūgai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sūgizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sūgaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sūg (active imperative second-person singular)
sūgazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sūgaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sūgidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sūgai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sūgadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sūgadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sūgaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sūgōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sūgaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sūgadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sūgaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sūgadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sūgamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sūgaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sūgandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sūgaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sūgid (active indicative plural second-person)
sūgaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sūgid (active imperative plural second-person)
sūgandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sūgaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sūgandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sūgain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sūgandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sūgandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sūgaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
saug (active first-person indicative singular)
sugį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sauht (active indicative second-person singular)
sugīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
saug (active indicative singular third-person)
sugī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sugū (active dual first-person indicative)
sugīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sugudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sugīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sugum (active first-person indicative plural)
sugīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sugud (active indicative plural second-person)
sugīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sugun (active indicative plural third-person)
sugīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sūgandz (active participle present)
suganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sūgan
Old English: sūgan
Middle English: sugen (partially)
Old Frisian: *sūga
Saterland Frisian: suge
West Frisian: sûge
Old Saxon: sūgan
Middle Low German: sugen, sȫgen
Low German: sugen
Old Dutch: sūgan
Middle Dutch: sugen
Dutch: zuigen
Afrikaans: suig
Negerhollands: sug
→ Sranan Tongo: soygi
Limburgish: zuge
Old High German: sūgan
Middle High German: sūgen
Alemannic German: suuge
German: saugen
Luxembourgish: saugen
Yiddish: זויגן (zoygn)

Old Norse: súga, sjúga
Icelandic: súga, sjúga
Faroese: súgva
Norwegian Bokmål: suge
Norwegian Nynorsk: suga
Old Swedish: sūgha
Swedish: suga
Old Danish: sūghæ
Danish: suge
Elfdalian: sauga
Gutnish: säuge
Scanian: súğa


hanhilaz

hanhilaz (nominative singular)
hanhilōz (nominative plural)
hanhilōs (nominative plural)
hanhil (singular vocative)
hanhilōz (plural vocative)
hanhilōs (plural vocative)
hanhilą (accusative singular)
hanhilanz (accusative plural)
hanhilas (genitive singular)
hanhilis (genitive singular)
hanhilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hanhilai (dative singular)
hanhilamaz (dative plural)
hanhilō (instrumental singular)
hanhilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hą̄hilō
Old English: hēla, hǣla
Middle English: hele, heele, heyle, heyll, hiele, hile
English: heel
Scots: heel
Yola: heel
Old Frisian: hēla
North Frisian: (Föhr-Amrum) haiel, hael, häile, hajel, hägel
West Frisian: hyl
Old Saxon: *hāhilo, *hēhilo, *hēlo
Middle Low German: *hêle, *hiele
German Low German: Hiel (possibly borrowed from Dutch)
Old Dutch: *hālo, *hēlo m, *hēla f
Middle Dutch: hiele, hiel m or f (perhaps a borrowing from Frisian)
Dutch: hiel m

Old Norse: hæll

Icelandic: hæll

Faroese: hælur

Norwegian: hel, hæl

Old Swedish: hǣl

Swedish: häl

Danish: hæl

Gutnish: hel, heil


wrangaz

*wrangaz (a-stem)

wrangaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wrangai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wrangō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wrangôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wrangą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wrangō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wranganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wranganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wrangǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wrangōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wrangą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wrangō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wrangas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wrangaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wrangaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wrangaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wrangas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wrangaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wrangammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wrangaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wrangaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wrangaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wrangammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wrangaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wranganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wrangaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wrangaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wrangaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wranganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wrangaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wrangô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wranganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wrangǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wrangōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wrangô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wrangōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wranganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wranganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wrangōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wrangōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wrangô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wrangōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wranginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wranganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wrangōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wrangōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wranginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wranganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wrangini (dative masculine singular weak)
wrangammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wrangōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wrangōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wrangini (dative neuter singular weak)
wrangammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wranginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wrangammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wrangōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wrangōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wranginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wrangammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *wrang

Old Frisian: *wrang

West Frisian: wrang

Old Saxon: *wrang, *wrank

Middle Low German: wrank, wrange

Old Dutch: *wrang, *wrank

Middle Dutch: wranc

Dutch: wrang
Afrikaans: vrank, wrang

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᚱᚨᛜᚨᛉ (*wraŋaʀ)

Old Norse: vrangr

Norwegian: vrang; (dialectal) vrang’e, vrång’e

Old Danish: wrangær

Danish: vrang

Norwegian Bokmål: vrang

Old Swedish: wranger

Swedish: vrång

Scanian: vránger

→ Old English: wrang (see there for further descendants)

Later Old West Norse: rangr
Icelandic: rangur
Faroese: rangur
Norn: rang
Norwegian: rang; (dialectal) rang’u, rång’e
Jamtish: ráng

From *wringaną (“to wring, twist”), from Proto-Indo-European *wrenǵʰ- (“to twist, wry, constrict, choke, thring”), from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to twist, bend”).


stōlaz

stōlaz (nominative singular)
stōlōz (nominative plural)
stōlōs (nominative plural)
stōl (singular vocative)
stōlōz (plural vocative)
stōlōs (plural vocative)
stōlą (accusative singular)
stōlanz (accusative plural)
stōlas (genitive singular)
stōlis (genitive singular)
stōlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stōlai (dative singular)
stōlamaz (dative plural)
stōlō (instrumental singular)
stōlamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stōl
Old English: stōl
Middle English: stool
English: stool
Scots: stuil, stul, stule
Old Frisian: stōl
North Frisian: stuul, stölj, Stuul
Saterland Frisian: Stoul
West Frisian: stoel
Old Saxon: stōl
Middle Low German: stôl
German Low German: Stohl (also Münsterländisch), Stauhl (Paderbornisch), Staul (Sauerländisch)
→ Lower Sorbian: stoł
Plautdietsch: Stool
→ Estonian: tool
→ Votic: stooli
Old Dutch: stuol
Middle Dutch: stoel
Dutch: stoel
Afrikaans: stoel
→ Southern Ndebele: isitulo
→ Sotho: setulo
→ Tsonga: xitulu
→ Xhosa: isitulo
→ Zulu: isitulo
Jersey Dutch: stûl
Negerhollands: stoel, stul, stuel
Skepi Creole Dutch: stool
→ Aukan: sutuu
→ Fanagalo: stul (possibly via Zulu or from English)
→ Papiamentu: stul, stoeltsje, stoeltji
→ Sranan Tongo: sturu
Limburgish: stool
Old High German: stuol
Middle High German: stuol
German: Stuhl
Hunsrik: Stuhl
Luxembourgish: Stull
Vilamovian: śtül
Yiddish: שטול (shtul)

Old Norse: stóll
Icelandic: stóll
Faroese: stólur
Norn: stol, stul, støl
Norwegian Bokmål: stol
Norwegian Nynorsk: stol
Old Swedish: stōl
Swedish: stol
→ Finnish: tuoli
→ Ingrian: stooli
Danish: stol
Gutnish: stol, stul

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌻𐍃 (stōls)

Crimean Gothic: stul

→ Old East Slavic: стулъ (stulŭ) (via Old Norse or Middle Low German)

Russian: стул (stul), стулъ (stul) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Azerbaijani: stul
→ Even: стул (stul)
→ Kildin Sami: стӯла (stūla)
→ Uzbek: stul

From Proto-Indo-European *stoh₂los (“frame, rack, stand”), from *steh₂- (“to stand”). Cognate with Lithuanian stalas (“table”), Russian стол (stol, “table”), Ancient Greek στήλη (stḗlē, “sile, pillar”), Lithuanian pastoliai (“scaffolding”).


rōō

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

rōō (nominative singular)
rōôz (nominative plural)
rōō (singular vocative)
rōôz (plural vocative)
rōǭ (accusative singular)
rōōz (accusative plural)
rōōz (genitive singular)
rōǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rōōi (dative singular)
rōōmaz (dative plural)
rōō (instrumental singular)
rōōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rōu
Old English: rōw, rō
Middle English: ro, rou, rowe, roo
English: roo
Scots: ro, ruve
Old Saxon: *rōwa
Middle Low German: rôwe
German Low German:
Altmärkisch, Westphalian (Bentheimisch): Raue
Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: Rugge, Riu (Sundern), Rūre (Wenden)
Westmünsterländisch: Ruhe
East Westphalian: Riuhe (Lippisch), Rue (Wedemarkisch)
→? Saterland Frisian: Raue
Old Dutch: *ruowa
Middle Dutch: rowe, rouwe
Old High German: ruowa
Middle High German: ruowe, rouwe, ruo
German: Ruhe
Alemannic German: Ruew
Hunsrik: Ruh
Luxembourgish: Rou
Yiddish: רו (ru)

Old Norse: ró
Icelandic: ró
Faroese: ró, rógv
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: ro
Norwegian Bokmål: ro
Elfdalian: ruo
Old Swedish: rō
Swedish: ro
Danish: ro

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁roh₁-weh₂, from *h₁reh₁- (“quiet, calm”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬭𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬥 (rāman, “peace, tranquility”) and Sanskrit रात्रि (rātri, “night”), whence Hindi रात (rāt, “night”).


bedą

bedą (nominative singular)
bedō (nominative plural)
bedą (singular vocative)
bedō (plural vocative)
bedą (accusative singular)
bedō (accusative plural)
bedas (genitive singular)
bidis (genitive singular)
bedǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bidai (dative singular)
bedamaz (dative plural)
bedō (instrumental singular)
bedamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bed
Old English: bed
Middle English: bed, bede (through confluence with descendants of Old English ġebed)
English: bead
Scots: bede, beid
Old High German: *bet
Middle High German: bët, bëte
German: Bet

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰedʰ- (“to ask for, beseech, implore”); more at *bedō.


bastaz

bastaz (nominative singular)
bastōz (nominative plural)
bastōs (nominative plural)
bast (singular vocative)
bastōz (plural vocative)
bastōs (plural vocative)
bastą (accusative singular)
bastanz (accusative plural)
bastas (genitive singular)
bastis (genitive singular)
bastǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bastai (dative singular)
bastamaz (dative plural)
bastō (instrumental singular)
bastamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bast
Old English: bæst
Middle English: bast, baste
English: bast, bass
Scots: bass
Old Saxon: bast
Middle Low German: bast
→ Old Norse: bast
Faroese: bast
Old Swedish: bast
Swedish: bast
Old Danish: bast
Danish: bast
Old Dutch: *bast
Middle Dutch: bast
Dutch: bast
Old High German: bast
German: Bast

Uncertain; suggested to be an alteration of Proto-Indo-European *bʰask- ~ *bʰasḱ- (“bundle, heap, load”), but this is disputed.


wrakjô

gem-decl-noun-table

*wrakjô (an-stem)

wrakjô (nominative singular)
wrakjaniz (nominative plural)
wrakjô (singular vocative)
wrakjaniz (plural vocative)
wrakjanų (accusative singular)
wrakjanunz (accusative plural)
wrakiniz (genitive singular)
wrakjanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wrakini (dative singular)
wrakjammaz (dative plural)
wrakinē (instrumental singular)
wrakjammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wrakkjō
Old English: wræċċa, wreċċa
Middle English: wrecche
English: wretch
Scots: wratch, wretch, werch, warch
Old Saxon: wrekkio
Old Dutch: *recko
Middle Dutch: recke
Old High German: *wreccheo, wreccho, hrechjo, reccho, wrecko, recko
Middle High German: reche, recke
→ Middle Low German: recke
German: Recke
→ Medieval Latin: garciō (see there for further descendants)

an exile, one who is persecuted or displaced, fugitive


fersnō

fersnō (nominative singular)
fersnôz (nominative plural)
fersnō (singular vocative)
fersnôz (plural vocative)
fersnǭ (accusative singular)
fersnōz (accusative plural)
fersnōz (genitive singular)
fersnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fersnōi (dative singular)
fersnōmaz (dative plural)
fersnō (instrumental singular)
fersnōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: fiersn

Old Saxon: fersna

Middle Low German: vērsene, vērse

Old Dutch: *fersana

Middle Dutch: versene

Dutch: verzen, vaars (dialectal)

Old High German: fersana, fersna

desc

Middle High German: vërsene, vërsen, vërse

Bavarian: Ferschn

German: Ferse

Luxembourgish: Feescht

Vilamovian: faoś

⇒ Cimbrian: vèerzinga, bèerzinga (Mezzaselva)

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌶𐌽𐌰 (fairzna)


skagją

skagją (nominative singular)
skagjō (nominative plural)
skagją (singular vocative)
skagjō (plural vocative)
skagją (accusative singular)
skagjō (accusative plural)
skagjas (genitive singular)
skagis (genitive singular)
skagjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skagjai (dative singular)
skagjamaz (dative plural)
skagjō (instrumental singular)
skagjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skaggī

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *skaggijā

desctree

Old English: sċeacga
Middle English: *schagge
English: shag
Middle Scots: schagg, schage, schaig

Old Norse: skegg
Icelandic: skegg
Faroese: skegg
Norwegian: skjegg
Old Swedish: skæg
Swedish: skägg
Danish: skæg

→ Proto-Samic: *skāvčā (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly from *skōgô (“brush, thicket”) + *-ją.


uzristiz

uzristiz (nominative singular)
uzristīz (nominative plural)
uzristi (singular vocative)
uzristīz (plural vocative)
uzristį (accusative singular)
uzristinz (accusative plural)
uzristīz (genitive singular)
uzristijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
uzristī (dative singular)
uzristimaz (dative plural)
uzristī (instrumental singular)
uzristimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ǣrist

Middle English: arist

English: arist

Old High German: urrist

Gothic: 𐌿𐍂𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (urrists)

From *uz- + *ristiz, from *rīsaną (“to rise”).


bewwą

bewwą (nominative singular)
bewwō (nominative plural)
bewwą (singular vocative)
bewwō (plural vocative)
bewwą (accusative singular)
bewwō (accusative plural)
bewwas (genitive singular)
biwwis (genitive singular)
bewwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
biwwai (dative singular)
bewwamaz (dative plural)
bewwō (instrumental singular)
bewwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *beuw
Old English: bēow
Old Frisian: bē
Old Saxon: beo, beu
⇒ Old Saxon: beuwod, bewod
Old High German: *beo
Middle High German: bū, bou (merger with *bū m or n)

Proto-Norse: *ᛒᛁᚷᚹᚨ (*bigwa /*biggwa/)

Old Norse: bygg, biugg — Old East Norse
Icelandic: bygg n
Faroese: bygg n
Norwegian: m
Norwegian Bokmål: bygg
Norwegian Nynorsk: bygg
Old Swedish: biug, biugh
Swedish: bjugg n, bju, bygg, byg, by, bägg
Old Danish: biug n
Danish: byg c
→ Middle English: big, byg, byge
English: bigg, big
Scots: bigg, big


nadraz

nadraz (nominative singular)
nadrōz (nominative plural)
nadrōs (nominative plural)
nadr (singular vocative)
nadrōz (plural vocative)
nadrōs (plural vocative)
nadrą (accusative singular)
nadranz (accusative plural)
nadras (genitive singular)
nadris (genitive singular)
nadrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nadrai (dative singular)
nadramaz (dative plural)
nadrō (instrumental singular)
nadramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: naðr

Icelandic: naður

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐌳𐍂𐍃 (nadrs)


kalwaz

*kalwaz (a-stem)

kalwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
kalwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
kalwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
kalwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
kalwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
kalwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
kalwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
kalwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
kalwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
kalwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
kalwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
kalwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
kalwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
kalwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
kalwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
kalwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
kalwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
kalwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
kalwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
kalwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
kalwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
kalwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
kalwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
kalwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
kalwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
kalwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
kalwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
kalwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
kalwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
kalwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
kalwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
kalwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
kalwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
kalwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
kalwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
kalwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
kalwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
kalwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
kalwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
kalwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
kalwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
kalwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
kalwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
kalwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
kalwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
kalwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
kalwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
kalwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
kalwini (dative masculine singular weak)
kalwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
kalwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
kalwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
kalwini (dative neuter singular weak)
kalwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
kalwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
kalwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
kalwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
kalwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
kalwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
kalwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *kalu

Old English: calu

Middle English: calwe

English: callow

Old Frisian: kale, kāle

Saterland Frisian: koal

West Frisian: keal

Old Saxon: kalo

Middle Low German: kāle, kāl

German Low German: kahl

→ Swedish: kal

Old Dutch: *kalo

Middle Dutch: cale, calu

Dutch: kaal

Old High German: kalo, chalo; kalwēr, chalwēr, chalawēr

Middle High German: kal

German: kahl

Luxembourgish: kuel

Old Norse: *kǫlr

Swedish: kal, kalka (dialectal)

From Pre-Germanic *golH-wo-s, from Proto-Indo-European *gelH-, a root found only in Germanic and Balto-Slavic.


bainaz

bainaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
bainai (masculine nominative plural strong)
bainō (feminine nominative singular strong)
bainôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
bainą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
bainō (neuter nominative plural strong)
bainanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
bainanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
bainǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
bainōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
bainą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
bainō (accusative neuter plural strong)
bainas (genitive masculine singular strong)
bainis (genitive masculine singular strong)
bainaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
bainaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
bainaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
bainas (genitive neuter singular strong)
bainis (genitive neuter singular strong)
bainaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
bainammai (dative masculine singular strong)
bainaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
bainaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
bainaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
bainammai (dative neuter singular strong)
bainaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
bainanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
bainaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
bainaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
bainaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
bainanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
bainaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

Old Norse: beinn
Icelandic: beinn
Faroese: beinur
Norwegian Nynorsk: bein
Norwegian Bokmål: ben, bein
Swedish: bena
Danish: ben
→ Middle English: beyn, bayn, bayne, bain
Scots: bein, bien
English: bain

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyh₂- (“to hit, strike, beat”).