magraz

*magraz (a-stem)

magraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
magrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
magrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
magrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
magrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
magrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
magranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
magranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
magrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
magrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
magrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
magrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
magras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
magraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
magraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
magraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
magras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
magraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
magrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
magraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
magraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
magraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
magrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
magraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
magranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
magraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
magraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
magraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
magranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
magraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
magrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
magraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
magrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
magrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
magrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
magrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
magranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
magranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
magrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
magrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
magrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
magrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
magriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
magranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
magrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
magrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
magriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
magranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
magrini (dative masculine singular weak)
magrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
magrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
magrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
magrini (dative neuter singular weak)
magrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
magrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
magrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
magrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
magrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
magrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
magrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *magr
Old English: mæġer
Old Frisian: *meger, *māger
Saterland Frisian: meger, meeger
West Frisian: meager
Old Saxon: *magar
Middle Low German: māger
German Low German: mager
Old Dutch: *magar
Middle Dutch: māger
Dutch: mager
Limburgish: mager
Old High German: magar
Middle High German: mager, meger
German: mager
Luxembourgish: moer
Yiddish: מאָגער (moger)

Old Norse: magr

Icelandic: magur

Faroese: magur

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: mager; (dialectal) magur

Old Swedish: magher

Swedish: mager

Old Danish: maghær

Danish: mager

Norwegian Bokmål: mager

→ Scots: mager, maager

From Proto-Indo-European *mh₂ḱrós (“tall, thin, lean, meager”).


huppijaną

huppijō (active first-person indicative singular)
huppijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
huppijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
huppīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
huppijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
huppī (active imperative second-person singular)
huppijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
huppijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
huppīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
huppijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
huppijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
huppijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
huppijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
huppijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
huppijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
huppijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
huppijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
huppijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
huppijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
huppijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
huppijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
huppijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
huppīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
huppijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
huppīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
huppijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
huppijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
huppijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
huppijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
huppijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
huppijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
huppijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
huppidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
huppidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
huppidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
huppidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
huppidē (active indicative singular third-person)
huppidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
huppidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
huppidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
huppidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
huppidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
huppidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
huppidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
huppidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
huppidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
huppidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
huppidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
huppijandz (active participle present)
huppidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *huppijan

Old English: *hyppan

Middle English: hüppen, hyppen, hippen

Scots: hip

English: hip (dialectal)

Old Saxon: *huppian

Middle Low German: huppen

German Low German: hüppen

Old Dutch: *huppen

Middle Dutch: huppen

Dutch: huppen, hippen

Old High German: *hupfēn

Middle High German: hüpfen, hupfen

German: hüpfen

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: *hyppa

→? Proto-Finnic: *hüp'äit'äk (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kewb- (“to bend; a bend, joint”); see *hupiz (“hip”). Or, derived from the iterative *huppōną ~ *hubbōną, from
a Proto-Indo-European *kup-.

der

(West Germanic) to move up and down; hop


kōniz

kōniz (masculine nominative singular strong)
kōnijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
kōnī (feminine nominative singular strong)
kōnijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
kōnį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
kōnijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
kōnijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
kōnijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
kōnijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
kōnijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
kōnį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
kōnijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
kōnijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
kōnīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
kōnijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
kōnijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
kōnijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
kōnijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
kōnīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
kōnijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
kōnijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
kōnijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
kōnijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
kōnijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
kōnijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
kōnijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
kōnijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
kōnijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
kōnijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
kōnijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
kōnijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
kōnijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
kōnijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
kōnijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
kōnijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
kōnijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
kōnijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
kōnijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
kōnijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
kōnijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
kōnijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
kōnijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
kōnijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
kōnijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
kōnīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
kōnijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
kōnijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
kōnijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
kōnīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
kōnijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
kōnīni (dative masculine singular weak)
kōnijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
kōnijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
kōnijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
kōnīni (dative neuter singular weak)
kōnijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
kōnīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
kōnijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
kōnijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
kōnijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
kōnīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
kōnijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kōnī
Old English: cēne
Middle English: kene
Scots: keen
English: keen
Old Frisian: *kēne
Saterland Frisian: köin
West Frisian: kein
Old Saxon: *kōni
Middle Low German: kōne, köne, cōne
Old Dutch: *kuoni
Middle Dutch: coene
Dutch: koen
Old High German: kuoni, chuoni, kuani
Middle High German: küen, küene, küne
Alemannic German: chüe, chüen
German: kühn
Luxembourgish: kéng

Old Norse: kǿnn

Icelandic: kænn

Faroese: kønur

Old Swedish: kø̄n

Swedish: kön (archaic)

Danish: køn

Vṛddhi gerundive of *kunnaną (“to know”).


murþrijaną

murþrijō (active first-person indicative singular)
murþrijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
murþrijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
murþrīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
murþrijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
murþrī (active imperative second-person singular)
murþrijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
murþrijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
murþrīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
murþrijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
murþrijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
murþrijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
murþrijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
murþrijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
murþrijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
murþrijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
murþrijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
murþrijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
murþrijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
murþrijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
murþrijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
murþrijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
murþrīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
murþrijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
murþrīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
murþrijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
murþrijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
murþrijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
murþrijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
murþrijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
murþrijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
murþrijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
murþridǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
murþridēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
murþridēz (active indicative second-person singular)
murþridēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
murþridē (active indicative singular third-person)
murþridēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
murþridēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
murþridēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
murþridēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
murþridēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
murþridēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
murþridēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
murþridēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
murþridēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
murþridēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
murþridēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
murþrijandz (active participle present)
murþridaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *murþrijan
Old English: myrþran
Middle English: murtheren, morthren, murdren, mordren
Scots: murther, murder
English: murder
Old High German: murdiren, murdren
Middle High German: mürdern, murderen, murderōn, morderen, morderōn, murdern, murderen
German: mördern
→ Old French: mordrir, mourdrir, meurdrir, meurtrir
Middle French: meurtrir
French: meurtrir
→ Medieval Latin: mordrire

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (maurþrjan)


murþą

murþą (nominative singular)
murþō (nominative plural)
murþą (singular vocative)
murþō (plural vocative)
murþą (accusative singular)
murþō (accusative plural)
murþas (genitive singular)
murþis (genitive singular)
murþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
murþai (dative singular)
murþamaz (dative plural)
murþō (instrumental singular)
murþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *morþ

Old English: morþ

Middle English: morth, murth

Scots: murth

English: murth, murther, murder

Old Frisian: morth, mord

Saterland Frisian: Morde, Moort

West Frisian: moard

Old Saxon: morth

Middle Low German: mōrt

German Low German: Moord

Low German: mort

Old Dutch: morth
Middle Dutch: mord, mort, moort
Dutch: moord

Old High German: mord

Middle High German: mort

German: Mord

→ Polish: mord, morderstwo

Luxembourgish: Muerd

Proto-Norse: *ᛗᛟᚱᚦᚨ (*morþa)

Old Norse: morð

Icelandic: morð

Faroese: morð

Norwegian Nynorsk: mord

Norwegian Bokmål: mord

Old Swedish: morþ

Swedish: mord

Danish: mord

→? Finnish: murha

From Proto-Indo-European *mr̥tós (“dead”), from *mer- (“to die”).

(especially) a killing in secret where the body was hidden (which was considered particularly shameful)


huppōną

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language

huppō (active first-person indicative singular)
huppǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
huppōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
huppōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
huppōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
huppō (active imperative second-person singular)
huppōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
huppōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
huppōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
huppō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
huppōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
huppōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
huppōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
huppōs (active dual first-person indicative)
huppōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
huppōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
huppōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
huppōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
huppōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
huppōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
huppōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
huppōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
huppōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
huppōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
huppōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
huppōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
huppōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
huppōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
huppōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
huppōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
huppōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
huppōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
huppōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
huppōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
huppōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
huppōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
huppōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
huppōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
huppōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
huppōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
huppōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
huppōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
huppōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
huppōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
huppōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
huppōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
huppōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
huppōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
huppōndz (active participle present)
huppōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *huppōn, *hoppōn

Old English: hoppian

Middle English: hoppen; hobelen

Scots: hop

English: hop; hobble

Old Frisian: *huppia, *hoppia

Saterland Frisian: hupje, hopje

⇒ Saterland Frisian: huppelje

Old Saxon: *huppōn, *hoppōn

Middle Low German: huppen; huppelen

German Low German: huppeln

Old Dutch: *hoppon, *hobbon

Middle Dutch: hoppen, hobben; hoppelen, hobbelen, hobelen; huppelen

Dutch: hoppen, hobben; hobbelen; huppelen

Old High German: *hopfōn, *hoppōn (pp Central German and/or < bb)

Middle High German: hopfen, hoppen

German: hoppen (rare)

⇒ Middle High German: hoppeln

German: hoppeln

⇒ Old High German: hoppazzen

Middle High German: hoppezen, hopfzen

German: hopsen

→ Old French: hober, ober

⇒ Old French: hobin, hobi, obin

Middle French: hobin, haubby, aubin

French: aubin

→ Middle English: hobin, hobyn, hoby

English: hobby, hobbyhorse

Old Norse: hoppa

Icelandic: hoppa

Faroese: hoppa

Norwegian: hoppe

Old Swedish: hoppa, huppa

Swedish: hoppa, (dialectal) hôpp

Danish: hoppe

From a pre-Germanic iterative *kuP-néh₂-(ye-)ti, usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *kewb-, *ḱewb- (“to bend; a bend, joint”) (compare Latin cubō (“I recline”), Ancient Greek κύβος (kúbos, “hollow in the hips”), Albanian sup (“shoulder”), Sanskrit शुप्ति (śúpti, “shoulder”)); however, according to Kroonen the root must be *kup- with final *p, in view of Middle Dutch hobben. Tentatively compare Ancient Greek κύπτω (kúptō, “to stoop, hunch”), Lithuanian kuprà (“hump”) and Old High German hofar, hofir (“hump”).


huppōną

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *andihupōn

Old English: onhupian

Old Norse: hopa

Icelandic: hopa

Faroese: hopa

Norwegian Nynorsk: hoppa, hopa, hobba (dialectal)

Danish: hoppe (dialectal)

A secondary zero grade iterative. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kemp- (“to turn, bend”), assuming the -m- is a nasal infix.


sīdaz

*sīdaz (a-stem)

sīdaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sīdai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sīdō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sīdôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sīdą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sīdō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sīdanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sīdanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sīdǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sīdōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sīdą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sīdō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sīdas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sīdaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sīdaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sīdaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sīdas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sīdaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sīdammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sīdaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sīdaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sīdaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sīdammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sīdaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sīdanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sīdaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sīdaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sīdaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sīdanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sīdaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sīdô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sīdaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sīdǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sīdōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sīdô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sīdōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sīdanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sīdanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sīdōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sīdōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sīdô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sīdōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sīdiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sīdanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sīdōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sīdōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sīdiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sīdanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sīdini (dative masculine singular weak)
sīdammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sīdōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sīdōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sīdini (dative neuter singular weak)
sīdammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sīdinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sīdammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sīdōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sīdōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sīdinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sīdammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: sīd (“wide”)

Middle English: syd, syde, side

Scots: sid, side

English: side (“wide”)

Old Frisian: *sīd; sīde (adverb)

North Frisian: sid (adverb)

West Frisian: syd (“wide”, adverb)

Old Saxon: *sīd

Middle Low German: sīt (“low”); sîde (adverb)

Low German: sied

Old Dutch: *sīd

Middle Dutch: sijt (“broad, wide”); sīde (adverb)

Dutch: zijd (“wide”)

Old High German: *sīt; sīto (adverb)

Old Norse: síðr (“long, low-hanging”)

Icelandic: síður

Faroese: síður

Norwegian: sid

Old Swedish: sīþer

Swedish: sid

Danish: sid

Scanian: siðer

From Proto-Indo-European *seh₁(i)- (“to send, throw, drop, sow, deposit”). But possibly from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (“long, lasting”).

drooping, hanging down, pendulous, long, trailing


manją

manją (nominative singular)
manjō (nominative plural)
manją (singular vocative)
manjō (plural vocative)
manją (accusative singular)
manjō (accusative plural)
manjas (genitive singular)
manis (genitive singular)
manjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
manjai (dative singular)
manjamaz (dative plural)
manjō (instrumental singular)
manjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *manni, *manī

Old English: mene, myne

Middle English: myne, mune

Old Saxon: *meni

⇒ Old Saxon: halsmeni

Old High German: menni

(Middle High German: mene, menī)

Old Norse: men

Icelandic: men (in hálsmen)

From Proto-Indo-European *mony- (“crest, mane”).


waldą

waldą (nominative singular)
waldō (nominative plural)
waldą (singular vocative)
waldō (plural vocative)
waldą (accusative singular)
waldō (accusative plural)
waldas (genitive singular)
waldis (genitive singular)
waldǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waldai (dative singular)
waldamaz (dative plural)
waldō (instrumental singular)
waldamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wald
Old English: weald
Middle English: wald
English: wald
Old Dutch: *wald
Old High German: walt

Old Norse: vald

Icelandic: vald

Faroese: vald

Norwegian Nynorsk: vald

Old Swedish: vald

Swedish: våld

Danish: vold

Norwegian Bokmål: vold

⇒ Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 (waldufni)

→ Proto-Finnic: *valta (see there for further descendants)


spinnaną

spinnō (active first-person indicative singular)
spinnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spinnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
spinnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
spinnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spinn (active imperative second-person singular)
spinnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
spinnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
spinnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
spinnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spinnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
spinnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
spinnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
spinnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
spinnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spinnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spinnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spinnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
spinnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
spinnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spinnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
spinnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
spinnid (active indicative plural second-person)
spinnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spinnid (active imperative plural second-person)
spinnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
spinnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
spinnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
spinnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spinnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
spinnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
spinnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
spann (active first-person indicative singular)
spunnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spannt (active indicative second-person singular)
spunnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spann (active indicative singular third-person)
spunnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spunnū (active dual first-person indicative)
spunnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spunnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spunnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spunnum (active first-person indicative plural)
spunnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spunnud (active indicative plural second-person)
spunnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spunnun (active indicative plural third-person)
spunnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spinnandz (active participle present)
spunnanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *spinnan
Old English: spinnan
Middle English: spinnen, spynnen, spynne, spinne, spynen, spenen, spynnyn, spyn
English: spin
Scots: spin
Old Frisian: spinna
Saterland Frisian: spinne
West Frisian: spinne
Old Saxon: *spinnan
Middle Low German: spinnen
German Low German: spinnen
Old Dutch: *spinnan
Middle Dutch: spinnen
Dutch: spinnen
Limburgish: spinne
Old High German: spinnan
Middle High German: spinnen
German: spinnen
Luxembourgish: spannen
Yiddish: שפּינען (shpinen)

Old Norse: spinna

Icelandic: spinna

Faroese: spinna

Norwegian: spinne

Old Swedish: spinna

Swedish: spinna

Danish: spinde

Gothic: 𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (spinnan)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)pénh₁-ne-, from *(s)penh₁- (“to spin thread, plait, weave, sew; to stretch”). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *pínˀtei (“to stretch”), and Old Armenian հենում (henum, “to weave, sew together”). Potentially a doublet of *spannaną (“to stretch, tighten, fasten”) and/or *fanô (“cloth”).


wanisōną

wanisō (active first-person indicative singular)
wanisǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wanisōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
wanisōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wanisōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wanisō (active imperative second-person singular)
wanisōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wanisōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wanisōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wanisō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wanisōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wanisōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wanisōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wanisōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wanisōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wanisōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wanisōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wanisōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wanisōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wanisōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wanisōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wanisōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wanisōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wanisōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wanisōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wanisōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wanisōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wanisōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wanisōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wanisōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wanisōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wanisōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wanisōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wanisōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wanisōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wanisōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wanisōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
wanisōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wanisōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wanisōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wanisōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wanisōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wanisōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wanisōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wanisōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wanisōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wanisōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wanisōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wanisōndz (active participle present)
wanisōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wanisōn, *wansōn

gl

Old English: wansian (< *wansōn; alternatively borrowed from Old Norse)

Middle English: wansen

English: wanse

Scots: wanze

Old Norse: vansa

Icelandic: vansa

Faroese: vansa


bullǭ

bullǭ (nominative singular)
bullōniz (nominative plural)
bullǭ (singular vocative)
bullōniz (plural vocative)
bullōnų (accusative singular)
bullōnunz (accusative plural)
bullōniz (genitive singular)
bullōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bullōni (dative singular)
bullōmaz (dative plural)
bullōnē (instrumental singular)
bullōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bollā
Old English: bolle
Middle English: bolle
Scots: boll, bol, bow
English: bowl
→ Middle French: bolle
French: bol
→ Greek: μπολ (bol)
Old Frisian: bolla
Saterland Frisian: Boolje, Bol
West Frisian: bol
Old Saxon: *bolla, bollo
Middle Low German: bolle, bole
German Low German: Boll, Bolle
⇒ Low German: Bolltje
→ Danish: bolsje
→ German: Bollchen
Old Dutch: *bollo
Middle Dutch: bolle m
Dutch: bol
Afrikaans: bol
Limburgish: ból
Old High German: bolla
Middle High German: bolle
Alemannic German: Bölle, Belle, Böle
German: Bolle
Luxembourgish: Boll; Bull (latter uncertain)
→ Vulgar Latin: *bolla (merger with Latin bulla)
Italo-Dalmatian
Italian: bolla
Oïl
Old French: bolle, bole
Middle French: boule
French: boule
→ English: boule
Norman: bolle, boule
→ Middle English: bowle, boule
English: bowl (“lawn bowl, ball”)
Picard Old French: *boule
⇒ Picard Old French: boulenc
→ Old French: bolengier, boulanger
Gallo: boulangier
Middle French: boulanger
French: boulanger
Norman: boulandgi (Jèrriais)
Walloon: boledjî
Old Occitan: bolla, bola
Occitan: bòla
Catalan: bolla, bola
Portuguese: bola
→ Spanish: bola
Old Spanish:
Spanish: bolla

Old Norse: bolli

Icelandic: bolli

Faroese: bolli

Norwegian: bolle

Old Swedish: bolle, bulle

Swedish: bulle
→ Finnish: pulla
→ English: pulla
→ Finnish: pullo

Old Danish: bollæ, bullæ

Danish: bolle

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰln-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to blow, inflate, swell, bubble”).


ganeutaną

ganeutō (active first-person indicative singular)
ganeutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ganeutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
ganiutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
ganeutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ganeut (active imperative second-person singular)
ganeutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ganeutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ganiutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
ganeutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ganeutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
ganeutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ganeutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ganeutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
ganeutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ganeutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ganeutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ganeutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ganeutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ganeutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ganeutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ganeutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ganiutid (active indicative plural second-person)
ganeutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ganiutid (active imperative plural second-person)
ganeutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ganeutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ganeutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
ganeutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ganeutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
ganeutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ganeutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ganaut (active first-person indicative singular)
ganutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ganaust (active indicative second-person singular)
ganutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ganaut (active indicative singular third-person)
ganutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ganutū (active dual first-person indicative)
ganutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ganutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ganutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ganutum (active first-person indicative plural)
ganutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ganutud (active indicative plural second-person)
ganutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ganutun (active indicative plural third-person)
ganutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ganeutandz (active participle present)
ganutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ganeutan
Old Saxon: giniotan
Middle Low German: genêten, gnêten, genîten
German Low German: geneten
→ Saterland Frisian: genäite
Old Dutch: ginietan
Middle Dutch: genieten
Dutch: genieten
Limburgish: genete
Old High German: giniozan
Middle High German: geniezen
German: genießen
Luxembourgish: genéissen
Yiddish: געניסן (genisn)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (ganiutan)


binemaną

binemō (active first-person indicative singular)
binemaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
binemai (first-person indicative passive singular)
binimizi (active indicative second-person singular)
binemaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
binem (active imperative second-person singular)
binemazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
binemaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
binimidi (active indicative singular third-person)
binemai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
binemadau (active imperative singular third-person)
binemadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
binemaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
binemōz (active dual first-person indicative)
binemaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
binemadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
binemaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
binemadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
binemamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
binemaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
binemandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
binemaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
binimid (active indicative plural second-person)
binemaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
binimid (active imperative plural second-person)
binemandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
binemaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
binemandi (active indicative plural third-person)
binemain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
binemandau (active imperative plural third-person)
binemandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
binemaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
binam (active first-person indicative singular)
binēmį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
binamt (active indicative second-person singular)
binēmīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
binam (active indicative singular third-person)
binēmī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
binēmū (active dual first-person indicative)
binēmīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
binēmudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
binēmīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
binēmum (active first-person indicative plural)
binēmīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
binēmud (active indicative plural second-person)
binēmīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
binēmun (active indicative plural third-person)
binēmīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
binemandz (active participle present)
binumanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bineman
Old English: beniman
Middle English: benimen
English: benim
Old Frisian: binima
Saterland Frisian: benieme
West Frisian: benimme
Old Saxon: biniman, bineman
Middle Low German: benēmen
Low German: benehmen
German Low German: benehmen
Old Dutch: *bineman
Middle Dutch: benēmen
Dutch: benemen
Afrikaans: beneem
Limburgish: benumme
Old High German: bineman
Middle High German: benëmen
German: benehmen

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (biniman)


funsaz

*funsaz (a-stem)

funsaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
funsai (masculine nominative plural strong)
funsō (feminine nominative singular strong)
funsôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
funsą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
funsō (neuter nominative plural strong)
funsanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
funsanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
funsǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
funsōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
funsą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
funsō (accusative neuter plural strong)
funsas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
funsaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
funsaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
funsaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
funsas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
funsaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
funsammai (dative masculine singular strong)
funsaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
funsaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
funsaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
funsammai (dative neuter singular strong)
funsaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
funsanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
funsaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
funsaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
funsaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
funsanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
funsaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
funsô (masculine nominative singular weak)
funsaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
funsǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
funsōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
funsô (neuter nominative singular weak)
funsōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
funsanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
funsanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
funsōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
funsōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
funsô (accusative neuter singular weak)
funsōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
funsiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
funsanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
funsōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
funsōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
funsiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
funsanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
funsini (dative masculine singular weak)
funsammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
funsōni (dative feminine singular weak)
funsōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
funsini (dative neuter singular weak)
funsammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
funsinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
funsammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
funsōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
funsōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
funsinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
funsammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *funs
Old English: fūs
Middle English: fous, fus, fuus, vous, wous
Old Saxon: fūs
Old High German: funs
Middle High German: ?
Central Franconian: Fonz (perhaps in part)

Old Norse: fúss

Icelandic: fús

Faroese: fúsur

Norwegian: fus

Old Swedish: fūs

Swedish: fus (archaic)

Danish: fus

From earlier *fundsaz, from Proto-Indo-European *pn̥tstós, from *pent- (“to tread, go”) + *-tós, with epenthetic -s- between dentals.


hatjaną

hatjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hatjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hatjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hatisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hatjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hati (active imperative second-person singular)
hatjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hatjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hatiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hatjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hatjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hatjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hatjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hatjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hatjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hatjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hatjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hatjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hatjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hatjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hatjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hatjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hatiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hatjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hatiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hatjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hatjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hatjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hatjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hatjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hatjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hatjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hatidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hatidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hatidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hatidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hatidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hatidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hatidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hatidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hatidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hatidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hatidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hatidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hatidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hatidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hatidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hatidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hatjandz (active participle present)
hatidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hattjan
Old English: hettan
Old Saxon: hettian
Old High German: hezzen
Middle High German: hetzen
German: hetzen
Luxembourgish: hetzen
Vilamovian: heca
→ Old French: hair, hadir, haḍir, haïr
Middle French: haïr
French: haïr
Norman: haï

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hatjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₂d- (“strong emotion”). Equivalent to *hataz (“hate”) + *-janą.


strinô

strinô (nominative singular)
strinaniz (nominative plural)
strinô (singular vocative)
strinaniz (plural vocative)
strinanų (accusative singular)
strinanunz (accusative plural)
strininiz (genitive singular)
strinanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
strinini (dative singular)
strinammaz (dative plural)
strininē (instrumental singular)
strinammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *strenō
Old Dutch: *streno
Middle Dutch: strēne
Dutch: streen
Old High German: streno
Middle High German: strëne, strën
German: Strähne
→ Old French: *estren, estran
→ Middle English: *stran
Scots: stran, strawn
English: strand

Old Norse: *strena

Swedish: strena (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *strēy-, *ster- (“strip, line, streak, ray, stripe, row”).


wanaz

*wanaz (a-stem)

wanaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wanai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wanō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wanôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
waną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wanō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wananǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wananz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wanǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wanōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
waną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wanō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wanas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wanaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wanaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wanaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wanas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wanaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wanammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wanaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wanaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wanaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wanammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wanaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wananō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wanaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wanaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wanaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wananō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wanaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wanô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wananiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wanǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wanōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wanô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wanōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wananų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wananunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wanōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wanōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wanô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wanōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
waniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wananǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wanōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wanōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
waniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wananǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wanini (dative masculine singular weak)
wanammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wanōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wanōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wanini (dative neuter singular weak)
wanammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
waninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wanammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wanōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wanōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
waninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wanammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: wan, won; wan-

Middle English: wan; wan-

Scots: wan-

English: wan-

Old Frisian: wan, won; wan-, won-

West Frisian: wan-

Old Saxon: wan; wan-

Middle Low German: wan; wan-

Old Dutch: *wan; *wan-

Middle Dutch: wan; wan-

Dutch: wan-

Old High German: wan; wana-, wan-

Middle High German: wan; wan-

German: wahn; wahn-

Old Norse: vanr; van-

Icelandic: vanur; van-

Faroese: vanur

Norwegian: van

Swedish: van; van-

Old Danish: van; van-

Danish: van-

→ Kildin Sami: ва̄нас (vānas)

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐍃 (wans)

→ Proto-Samic: *vānē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂-. Cognate with Latin vānus, Sanskrit ऊन (ūná).


wanaz

*wanaz (a-stem)

Old Norse: vanr

Icelandic: vanur

Faroese: vanur

Norwegian: van

Swedish: van

Old Danish: van

From *wonh₁-os, from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁-.


wurgijaną

wurgijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wurgijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wurgijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wurgīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wurgijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wurgī (active imperative second-person singular)
wurgijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wurgijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wurgīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wurgijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wurgijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wurgijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wurgijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wurgijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wurgijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wurgijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wurgijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wurgijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wurgijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wurgijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wurgijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wurgijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wurgīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wurgijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wurgīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wurgijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wurgijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wurgijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wurgijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wurgijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wurgijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wurgijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wurgidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wurgidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wurgidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wurgidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wurgidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wurgidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wurgidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wurgidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wurgidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wurgidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wurgidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wurgidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wurgidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wurgidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wurgidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wurgidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wurgijandz (active participle present)
wurgidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: wyrġan

Middle English: werien, worien, wirwen

Scots: wirry, werry, worry

English: worry

Old Frisian: wergia, wirgia

West Frisian: wjirgje, wurgje

Old Saxon: *wurgian

Middle Low German: wörgen, worgen

Low German: wörgen

Old Dutch: *wurgen

Middle Dutch: worgen, wurgen

Dutch: wurgen

Old High German: wurgen

Middle High German: würgen, worgen

German: würgen

Luxembourgish: wiergen

From Proto-Indo-European *werǵʰ- (“bind, squeeze”).


blīkaną

blīkō (active first-person indicative singular)
blīkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blīkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blīkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
blīkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blīk (active imperative second-person singular)
blīkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blīkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blīkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
blīkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blīkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
blīkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blīkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blīkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
blīkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blīkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blīkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blīkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blīkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blīkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blīkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blīkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blīkid (active indicative plural second-person)
blīkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blīkid (active imperative plural second-person)
blīkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blīkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blīkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
blīkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blīkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
blīkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blīkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
blaik (active first-person indicative singular)
blikį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blaiht (active indicative second-person singular)
blikīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blaik (active indicative singular third-person)
blikī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blikū (active dual first-person indicative)
blikīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blikudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blikīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blikum (active first-person indicative plural)
blikīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blikud (active indicative plural second-person)
blikīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blikun (active indicative plural third-person)
blikīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blīkandz (active participle present)
blikanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blīkan
Old English: blīcan
Middle English: blīken
English: blike (obsolete)
Old Frisian: blīka
West Frisian: blyckjen, blike
Old Saxon: blīkan
Middle Low German: blīken, blicken
Low German: bleken
Old Dutch: *blīcan
Middle Dutch: bliken
Dutch: blijken
Limburgish: blieke
Old High German: blīhhan, blīchan
Middle High German: blīchen
German: bleichen (merged with *blaikijaną)

Old Norse: blíkja, blika

Icelandic: blíkja

Swedish: blika

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ- (“to shine”).


haugaz

haugaz (nominative singular)
haugōz (nominative plural)
haugōs (nominative plural)
haug (singular vocative)
haugōz (plural vocative)
haugōs (plural vocative)
haugą (accusative singular)
hauganz (accusative plural)
haugas (genitive singular)
haugis (genitive singular)
haugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haugai (dative singular)
haugamaz (dative plural)
haugō (instrumental singular)
haugamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haug
Old Saxon: *hōg
Middle Low German: hôch, hö̂
⇒ Middle Low German: hö̂chil
⇒ Middle Low German: hö̂chillîn, hö̂chilîn
Old High German: houg (in compounds: steinenhoug, marchoug, etc.)
Middle High German: houc
⇒ Middle High German: hogil
⇒ German: Hügel
→ Old French: hoge (also possibly via Old Norse haugr)
⇒ Old French: ahoge, ahuge
→ Middle English: huge
Scots: huge, hudge
English: huge

Old Norse: haugr

Icelandic: haugur

Faroese: heygur, heyggjur

Norwegian Nynorsk: haug

Norwegian Bokmål: haug

Old Swedish: hø̄gher

Swedish: hög

Old Danish: høgh

Middle Danish: høg, høw

Danish: høj

→ Middle English: houȝ, hogh, hoo

Scots: hog, howe, how

English: hough, hoe, how, howe

From Proto-Indo-European *kewk- (“hill, elevation”).


skup-

Old English: sċoppa, sċeoppa; sċypen

Middle English: schoppe; schüpene, schipne, schepne

Scots: schop, schap, chop, chope

English: shoppe, shop; shippen, shippon

→ Welsh: siop

→ Cornish: shoppa

→ Anglo-Norman: shope

→ Medieval Latin: shopa, sopa

Old Saxon: *skoppa

Middle Low German: schoppe m or f

German Low German: Schuppen

Plautdietsch: Schaup

Old Dutch: *skoppa

Middle Dutch: scoppe, schoppe, scop

Dutch: schop

→ Old French: escope, eschope, choppe

Middle French: échoppe

French: échoppe

→ Galician: chopa, chupeta

→ Medieval Latin: scupa, choppa

Old High German: scupfa, scupha; skopf, scoph; (scobar)

Middle High German: schupfe; schopf; (schober)

Bavarian: Schupfa, Schupfn

German: Schupfen, Schuppen; Schopf; (Schober)

From Proto-Indo-European *skub-, *skup-, *skupn- (“to curve, bow, vault”).

A stem found in various derivatives meaning: barn, shed


skalkaz

skalkaz (nominative singular)
skalkōz (nominative plural)
skalkōs (nominative plural)
skalk (singular vocative)
skalkōz (plural vocative)
skalkōs (plural vocative)
skalką (accusative singular)
skalkanz (accusative plural)
skalkas (genitive singular)
skalkis (genitive singular)
skalkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skalkai (dative singular)
skalkamaz (dative plural)
skalkō (instrumental singular)
skalkamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skalk
Old English: sċealc
Middle English: schalk, scalk, schalke, schalkke, shalk
English: shalk
Middle Scots: schalk, schak, schaik
Old Frisian: skalk
(West Frisian: ontschalken)
Old Saxon: skalk
Middle Low German: schalk (in compounds: erseschalk, marschalk, etc.)
Old Dutch: scalc
Middle Dutch: scalc
Dutch: schalk (also in maarschalk)
Old High German: skalk, scalc, scalk
Middle High German: schalc
German: Schalk
Luxembourgish: Schallek
→ Italian: scalco (from Lombardic)
→ Vulgar Latin: scalcus (in compounds)
Medieval Latin: scalcius, scalciatus
Old French: escalque
→ Italian: scalco

Old Norse: skalkr, skálkr

Icelandic: skálkur

Faroese: skálkur

Norwegian: skalk

Old Swedish: skalker

Swedish: skalk

Danish: skalk

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌺𐍃 (skalks)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to cleave, split, separate, part, divide”).


regnabugô

regnabugô (nominative singular)
regnabuganiz (nominative plural)
regnabugô (singular vocative)
regnabuganiz (plural vocative)
regnabuganų (accusative singular)
regnabuganunz (accusative plural)
regnabuginiz (genitive singular)
regnabuganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
regnabugini (dative singular)
regnabugammaz (dative plural)
regnabuginē (instrumental singular)
regnabugammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *regnabogō
Old English: reġnboga, rēnboga
Middle English: reynbowe, raynbowe, raynebowe, rayne-bowe, reinbow, reinbowe, rein-bowe, reynebawe, reynebow, reynebowe; rainbou, rainbow, rayn-boghe (Northern)
English: rainbow
Scots: rainbow
Old Frisian: reinboga
Saterland Frisian: Rienbooge
West Frisian: reinbôge
Old Saxon: *reganbogo
Middle Low German: regenboge, regensboge
German Low German: Regenboog
Low German: Regenbaag, Regenbagen
Plautdietsch: Räajenboagen
Old Dutch: *reganbogo
Middle Dutch: rēgenbōge
Dutch: regenboog
Afrikaans: reënboog
Old High German: reginbogo, reganbogo
Middle High German: regenboge, rëgenboge
German: Regenbogen
Hunsrik: Rehnbohe
Luxembourgish: Reebou
Vilamovian: ranaböga, rȧnaböga, rȧnböga, raenaböga, rǡnabȫga
Yiddish: רעגנבויגן (regnboygn)

Old Norse: regnbogi

Icelandic: regnbogi

Faroese: regnbogi

Norwegian: regnboge, regnbue

Old Swedish: ræghnbughi, ræghnboghi

Swedish: regnbåge

Danish: regnbue

Elfdalian: raingenbugi

Gutnish: regnbuge, regnbugi


regną

regną (nominative singular)
regnō (nominative plural)
regną (singular vocative)
regnō (plural vocative)
regną (accusative singular)
regnō (accusative plural)
regnas (genitive singular)
rignis (genitive singular)
regnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rignai (dative singular)
regnamaz (dative plural)
regnō (instrumental singular)
regnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *regn m
Old English: reġn, rēn, reġen
Middle English: reyn, rain, rayn, rayne, rein, reine, reigne, ren; ræin, reȝȝn (Early Middle English)
English: rain
Scots: rain
Yola: rhyne, ryne
Old Frisian: rein
Saterland Frisian: Rien
West Frisian: rein
Old Saxon: regan, regin
Middle Low German: rēgen
German Low German: Regen
Plautdietsch: Räajen
→ Transylvanian Saxon: Reen
Old Dutch: regan
Middle Dutch: rēgen
Dutch: regen
Afrikaans: reën
Negerhollands: regen, regn, rign, regon
Skepi Creole Dutch: regen, ragin
Limburgish: raenger
West Flemish: rin, rein
Old High German: regan, regin
Middle High German: rëgen
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Raga
Italian Walser: regu, räge, rägä
Swabian: Räaga
Bavarian: Regn
Cimbrian: réego, regan, reng
Mòcheno: reng
Udinese: regn, rein
Central Franconian: Rään
Hunsrik: Rehn
Luxembourgish: Reen
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: reeng [ˈɣeːŋ]
Vilamovian: raan
German: Regen
Rhine Franconian: Raje, Raane, Räje, Rääche, Rään, Rääne, Rääsche, Reche, Ree, Reen, Reesche, Reje, Resche, Riin
Frankfurterisch: Rääsche [ʀɛːʒ̥ə]
Pennsylvania German: Regge
Yiddish: רעגן (regn)

Old Norse: regn
Icelandic: regn
Faroese: regn
Norn: regen
Norwegian Bokmål: regn
Norwegian Nynorsk: regn
Russenorsk: regel
Old Swedish: ræghn
Swedish: regn
Danish: regn c
Gutnish: regn

East Germanic

Gothic: 𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌽 (rign)

Crimean Gothic: reghen

Unknown, possibly from earlier *Hréģʰ-no-. May be cognate with Latin rigō and Albanian rrjedh, but this is uncertain.


rūskōną

rūskō (active first-person indicative singular)
rūskǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rūskōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
rūskōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
rūskōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rūskō (active imperative second-person singular)
rūskōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rūskōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rūskōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rūskō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rūskōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rūskōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rūskōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rūskōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rūskōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rūskōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rūskōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rūskōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rūskōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rūskōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rūskōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rūskōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rūskōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rūskōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rūskōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rūskōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rūskōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rūskōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rūskōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rūskōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rūskōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rūskōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rūskōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rūskōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rūskōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rūskōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rūskōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
rūskōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rūskōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rūskōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rūskōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rūskōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rūskōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rūskōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rūskōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rūskōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rūskōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rūskōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rūskōndz (active participle present)
rūskōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *rūsċian

Middle English: rouschen, ruschen

English: rush

Scots: rousch, rusch, rush

Old Frisian: *rūskia

Saterland Frisian: ruuskje

Old Saxon: *rūskōn

desc

Middle Low German: rūschen, rūsken, rusken

Low German: rusken

Old Dutch: *rūskōn

Middle Dutch: ruuschen

Dutch: ruisen

Old High German: *rūskōn

Middle High German: rūschen, riuschen

German: rauschen

Hunsrik: rausche

⇒ Middle High German: geriusche

Alemannic German: Grüüsch

German: Geräusch

Variant (with formative k) of *rūsōną (“to storm, whiz, roar, make a noise, be fierce”), from Proto-Indo-European *rews-, *rewH- (“to move, drive, agitate”).


masuraz

masuraz (nominative singular)
masurōz (nominative plural)
masurōs (nominative plural)
masur (singular vocative)
masurōz (plural vocative)
masurōs (plural vocative)
masurą (accusative singular)
masuranz (accusative plural)
masuras (genitive singular)
masuris (genitive singular)
masurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
masurai (dative singular)
masuramaz (dative plural)
masurō (instrumental singular)
masuramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *masur
Old English: *mæser, *maser, *masor
Middle English: maser, mazer
English: mazer
Old Saxon: masur
Middle Low German: maser
Old Dutch: *masur, *masar
Middle Dutch: maser, maeser
Dutch: maser
⇒ Middle Dutch: maserijn (adj.)
Old High German: masar, masor
Middle High German: maser
Alemannic German: Mäser
German: Maser
→ Old French: mazer, maser, mazar, madre (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: mǫsurr
Icelandic: mösurr
Old Swedish: masur (attested as a nickname)
Swedish: masur
Danish: masur, maser

From *mas-, *mēs- (“spot, sore, scar”), from Proto-Indo-European *mos- (“skin sore”).

a type of veined or spotted wood, such as maple or walnut


rustaz

rustaz (nominative singular)
rustōz (nominative plural)
rustōs (nominative plural)
rust (singular vocative)
rustōz (plural vocative)
rustōs (plural vocative)
rustą (accusative singular)
rustanz (accusative plural)
rustas (genitive singular)
rustis (genitive singular)
rustǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rustai (dative singular)
rustamaz (dative plural)
rustō (instrumental singular)
rustamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rust

Old English: rust, rūst

Middle English: rust, rost, roste, roust, rouste, ruste
English: rust
Scots: roost, roust

Old Frisian: *rust, *rost

Saterland Frisian: rust

West Frisian: roast

Old Saxon: rost

Middle Low German: rost

German Low German: Rost

Old Dutch: *rost, *rōst

Middle Dutch: rost, roest

Dutch: roest

Old High German: rost

Middle High German: rost

German: Rost

Luxembourgish: Rascht (etymology 1)

Old Norse: *rustr (possibly borrowed)

Norwegian: rust, ryst (dialectal)

Swedish: rost

Danish: rust

q

Gothic: *𐍂𐌿𐍃- (*rus-) (suggested Gothic form of the element Ros- found in some Latinized Gothic names)

→ Proto-Finnic: *roostëk (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *rudʰ-s-tos-, derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”). Compare Lithuanian rùstas (“brown-red”). Also compare Latin russus (“red, reddish-brown”), Proto-Slavic *rusъ (“fair, blonde (of hair), yellow, red, light-colored”) (whence Russian ру́сый (rúsyj, “fair(-haired), blond(e), light brown (of hair), dirty blond”)).


melwą

melwą (nominative singular)
melwō (nominative plural)
melwą (singular vocative)
melwō (plural vocative)
melwą (accusative singular)
melwō (accusative plural)
melwas (genitive singular)
milwis (genitive singular)
melwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
milwai (dative singular)
melwamaz (dative plural)
melwō (instrumental singular)
melwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *melu
Old English: melu, melo, meolo
Middle English: mele, meale, meele, melow
English: meal
Scots: meil, mele
Yola: mele, mell
Old Frisian: mele
North Frisian: meel, mal
Saterland Frisian: Meel
West Frisian: moal
Old Saxon: melo
Middle Low German: mēle, mel
Dutch Low Saxon: mael
German Low German: Mehl
Old Dutch: *melo
Middle Dutch: mēle, meel
Dutch: meel
Afrikaans: meel
Berbice Creole Dutch: meli
Negerhollands: meel, mil
→ Lokono: meli
Limburgish: mael
Old High German: melo
Middle High German: mël
Alemannic German: Mël, Mèhl
Bavarian: Mej, Möö
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Meel
Luxembourgish: Miel
German: Mehl
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Mehl
Vilamovian: maoł
Yiddish: מעל (mel)

Old Norse: mjǫl
Icelandic: mjöl
Faroese: mjøl
Norwegian Nynorsk: mjøl
→ Norwegian Bokmål: mjøl
Old Swedish: miol, miøl, møl
Swedish: mjöl
Old Danish: miel, miøl, miæl, mial, mel
Danish: mel
→ Norwegian Bokmål: mel

From Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“to beat; crush; grind”). Cognate with Latin molō (“mill; grist; grind”, verb).


fulgijaną

fulgijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fulgijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fulgijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fulgīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fulgijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fulgī (active imperative second-person singular)
fulgijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fulgijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fulgīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fulgijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fulgijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fulgijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fulgijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fulgijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fulgijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fulgijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fulgijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fulgijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fulgijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fulgijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fulgijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fulgijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fulgīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fulgijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fulgīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fulgijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fulgijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fulgijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fulgijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fulgijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fulgijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fulgijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fulgidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fulgidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fulgidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fulgidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fulgidē (active indicative singular third-person)
fulgidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fulgidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fulgidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fulgidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fulgidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fulgidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fulgidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fulgidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fulgidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fulgidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fulgidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fulgijandz (active participle present)
fulgidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fulgijan
Old English: fylgan, fylġian, fylġean, fylian, fyliġean, filian, feliġean, fyliġan
Middle English: filȝen, filiȝen, filghen, filighen, fileghen, fulwen, fulien, filowen, felowen

Old Norse: fylgja
Icelandic: fylgja
Faroese: fylgja
Norwegian Nynorsk: fylgja, følgja; (dialectal) fýgje, fòlgje, fylla, -e, følle, følgj, følgji, føll
Jamtish: fołi
Elfdalian: fya, fyå
Old Swedish: fylghia
Swedish: följa
Old Danish: fylghæ
Danish: følge
Norwegian Bokmål: følge
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: følga, -e
Scanian: føğla
Old Gutnish: fylgia
Gutnish: fylge

A zero-grade present ye-stem, presumably pre-Germanic *(s)pl̥kyéti.


husǭ

husǭ (nominative singular)
husōniz (nominative plural)
husǭ (singular vocative)
husōniz (plural vocative)
husōnų (accusative singular)
husōnunz (accusative plural)
husōniz (genitive singular)
husōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
husōni (dative singular)
husōmaz (dative plural)
husōnē (instrumental singular)
husōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hosā
Old English: hose, hosa, hosu
Middle English: hose, hoyse, hosa, hoose (all rare)
English: hose
Scots: hose, hoe
Old Frisian: *hose
Saterland Frisian: Hoose
West Frisian: hoas
Old Saxon: hosa
Middle Low German: hōse, hāse
German Low German: Hose, Hoos
Old Dutch: *hosa
Middle Dutch: hōse
Dutch: hoos
Old High German: hosa
Middle High German: hose
Cimbrian: hóoza
German: Hose
Luxembourgish: Hues
Yiddish: הויזן (hoyzn)
→ Late Latin: hosae (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hosa

Icelandic: hosa

Faroese: hosa

Norwegian Bokmål: hose

Old Swedish: hosa, husa
→ Finnish: housut
Swedish: hosa

Danish: hose

Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐍃𐌰 (husa)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew(H)- (“to cover, bewrap”).

der

an outer covering; hull; shell; husk; case

covering for the legs; leggings, trousers


kwankijaną

kwankijō (active first-person indicative singular)
kwankijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwankijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kwankīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kwankijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwankī (active imperative second-person singular)
kwankijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kwankijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kwankīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kwankijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kwankijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kwankijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kwankijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kwankijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kwankijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kwankijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kwankijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kwankijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kwankijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kwankijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kwankijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kwankijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kwankīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kwankijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kwankīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kwankijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kwankijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kwankijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kwankijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kwankijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kwankijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kwankijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kwankidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kwankidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwankidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kwankidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwankidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kwankidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kwankidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kwankidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kwankidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kwankidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kwankidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kwankidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kwankidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kwankidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kwankidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kwankidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kwankijandz (active participle present)
kwankidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwankijan

Old English: *cwenċan

Middle English: quenchen

English: quench

Scots: quench

⇒ Old English: ācwenċan


wlapp-

Old English: *wlappan, *wlappian; *wrappan, *wrappian

Middle English: wlappen; wrappen

Scots: lap; wrap, vrap, wraple

English: lap; wrap

Frankish: *wlappan, *wlappōn

Old Dutch: *wlappon

Middle Dutch: lappen

→ Vulgar Latin: *vuloppare, *guoluppare

Old French: vloper, voloper, veloper; envoluper, anveloper; desveloper

Middle French: envelopper; desveloper

French: envelopper; développer

→ English: develop

→ Middle English: envolupen

English: envelop

desc

Italian: avviluppare, inviluppare, sviluppare

Old Norse: *vrappa; *vrappla

Norwegian: vravla (dialectal)

Danish: vravle (dialectal)


kwinkaną

kwinkō (active first-person indicative singular)
kwinkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwinkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kwinkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kwinkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwink (active imperative second-person singular)
kwinkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kwinkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kwinkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kwinkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kwinkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kwinkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kwinkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kwinkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kwinkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kwinkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kwinkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kwinkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kwinkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kwinkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kwinkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kwinkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kwinkid (active indicative plural second-person)
kwinkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kwinkid (active imperative plural second-person)
kwinkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kwinkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kwinkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kwinkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kwinkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kwinkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kwinkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kwank (active first-person indicative singular)
kunkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwanht (active indicative second-person singular)
kunkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwank (active indicative singular third-person)
kunkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kunkū (active dual first-person indicative)
kunkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kunkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kunkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kunkum (active first-person indicative plural)
kunkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kunkud (active indicative plural second-person)
kunkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kunkun (active indicative plural third-person)
kunkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kwinkandz (active participle present)
kunkanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwinkan

Old English: cwincan

Old Frisian: quinka

⇒ Old Frisian: ūtquinka

Old Dutch: *kwinkan

>? Middle Dutch: kwinken, kwincken

Dutch: kwinken

⇒ Dutch: kwinkelen (dialectal)

⇒? German Low German: quinken

→? Saterland Frisian: kwinkje

→? English: quinch

Uncertain. According to Vladimir Orel, possibly a derived term formed from the root of Ancient Greek σβέννῡμι (sbénnūmi, “I extinguish, quench”), Proto-Slavic *gasìti (“to extinguish”), Lithuanian gèsti (“to extinguish”), Sanskrit जासयति (jāsáyati, “to exhaust, weaken”).


hnappaz

hnappaz (nominative singular)
hnappōz (nominative plural)
hnappōs (nominative plural)
hnapp (singular vocative)
hnappōz (plural vocative)
hnappōs (plural vocative)
hnappą (accusative singular)
hnappanz (accusative plural)
hnappas (genitive singular)
hnappis (genitive singular)
hnappǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hnappai (dative singular)
hnappamaz (dative plural)
hnappō (instrumental singular)
hnappamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hnapp
Old English: hnæpp, hnæpf, hnæp
Middle English: nappe, neppe, nap, nep
English: nap
Scots: napp, nap
Old Frisian: *nepp, *nep
Saterland Frisian: Näp
West Frisian: nappe
Old Saxon: *hnapp, hnap
Middle Low German: nap
German Low German: Napp
Old Dutch: *napp, *nap
Middle Dutch: nappe, nap
Dutch: nap
Old High German: napf, naph
Middle High German: napf, naph
German: Napf
→ Medieval Latin: hanappus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hnappr

Icelandic: hnappur

Old Swedish: napper

Swedish: napp

Gothic: *𐌷𐌽𐌰𐍀𐍀𐍃 (*hnapps)

→ Medieval Latin: nappus, nappa, napus

Italian: nappo

Unknown. Perhaps related to *knuttô. See also *hnappōną.


frustaz

frustaz (nominative singular)
frustōz (nominative plural)
frustōs (nominative plural)
frust (singular vocative)
frustōz (plural vocative)
frustōs (plural vocative)
frustą (accusative singular)
frustanz (accusative plural)
frustas (genitive singular)
frustis (genitive singular)
frustǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frustai (dative singular)
frustamaz (dative plural)
frustō (instrumental singular)
frustamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *frost

Old English: forst, frost
Middle English: frost, forst, froste, vrost, frosst, freost
English: frost
Scots: frost
Yola: vrosth, vroste, vrast

Old Frisian: frost, forst

desc

Saterland Frisian: Froast, Fröäst (Skäddel)

West Frisian: froast

Old Saxon: frost

Middle Low German: vrost

German Low German: Fröst

Old Dutch: *frost, forst

desctree

Middle Dutch: vorst
Dutch: vorst
Limburgish: vrós

Old High German: frost
Middle High German: vrost
Cimbrian: vròst, bròst, vrost
German: Frost
Luxembourgish: Frascht
Vilamovian: fröst

Old Norse: frost
Icelandic: frost
Faroese: frost, frostur m (masculine is archaic)
Norwegian: frost
Old Swedish: frost
Swedish: frost
Danish: frost

From Proto-Indo-European *prustós (“frost”). Cognate with Latin pruīna (“hoarfrost, frost”).

(possibly) frost; rime (minute ice crystals)


hnuppô

hnuppô (nominative singular)
hnuppaniz (nominative plural)
hnuppô (singular vocative)
hnuppaniz (plural vocative)
hnuppanų (accusative singular)
hnuppanunz (accusative plural)
hnuppiniz (genitive singular)
hnuppanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hnuppini (dative singular)
hnuppammaz (dative plural)
hnuppinē (instrumental singular)
hnuppammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hnoppa

Middle English: noppe

Scots: nop, nap

English: nap

Old Saxon: *hnoppo

Middle Low German: noppe, nopp

→ Middle High German: noppe, nop

German: Noppe

Old Dutch: *noppo

Middle Dutch: noppe

Dutch: nop

→ French: noppe, nope

desc

Old High German: *hnopfo, *nopho, *noppo

Old Norse: *hnoppi

Norwegian: napp

Old Swedish: noppa

Swedish: noppa

Danish: noppe, nopp

From Proto-Indo-European *knew-, *kenw- (“to scratch, scrape, rub”).


hneupaną

hneupō (active first-person indicative singular)
hneupaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hneupai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hniupizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hneupaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hneup (active imperative second-person singular)
hneupazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hneupaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hniupidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hneupai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hneupadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hneupadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hneupaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hneupōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hneupaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hneupadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hneupaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hneupadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hneupamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hneupaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hneupandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hneupaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hniupid (active indicative plural second-person)
hneupaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hniupid (active imperative plural second-person)
hneupandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hneupaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hneupandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hneupain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hneupandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hneupandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hneupaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hnaup (active first-person indicative singular)
hnupį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnauft (active indicative second-person singular)
hnupīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnaup (active indicative singular third-person)
hnupī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnupū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnupīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnupudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnupīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnupum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnupīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnupud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnupīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnupun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnupīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hneupandz (active participle present)
hnupanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *hnēopan (in combination: āhnēopan)

Old Norse: *hnjúpa

Old Swedish: niupa

Swedish: nypa

Gothic: *𐌷𐌽𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌽 (*hniupan) (in combination: 𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌷𐌽𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌽 (dishniupan))


skakulaz

skakulaz (nominative singular)
skakulōz (nominative plural)
skakulōs (nominative plural)
skakul (singular vocative)
skakulōz (plural vocative)
skakulōs (plural vocative)
skakulą (accusative singular)
skakulanz (accusative plural)
skakulas (genitive singular)
skakulis (genitive singular)
skakulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skakulai (dative singular)
skakulamaz (dative plural)
skakulō (instrumental singular)
skakulamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skakul, *skakil

Old English: sċacul, sċeacul, sċeacel; sċecel (< *skakilaz)

Middle English: scheakel, schakle, schakylle, schakkyl

Scots: schakill, schaikill, scheckell

English: shackle

→ Danish: sjækkel

→ Norwegian: sjakkel

→ Swedish: schackel

→ Marshallese: jakōļ

Old Frisian: *skakel

Saterland Frisian: Schakel

West Frisian: skeakel (possibly from Middle Dutch)

Old Saxon: *skakul

Middle Low German: schākel

German Low German: Schakel

→ German: Schäckel, Schäkel

Old Dutch: *skakul

Middle Dutch: scākel, schakel, schaeckel

Dutch: schakel

Old Norse: skǫkull; skekill (< *skakilaz)

Icelandic: skökull, skekill, skekkill

Norwegian: skakel

Swedish: skakel

Danish: skagle


bruþą

bruþą (nominative singular)
bruþō (nominative plural)
bruþą (singular vocative)
bruþō (plural vocative)
bruþą (accusative singular)
bruþō (accusative plural)
bruþas (genitive singular)
bruþis (genitive singular)
bruþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bruþai (dative singular)
bruþamaz (dative plural)
bruþō (instrumental singular)
bruþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *broþ
Old English: broþ
Middle English: broth
English: broth
→ Scottish Gaelic: brot
Scots: broth
Old Saxon: broth
Middle Low German: brot
Old High German: brod, prod
Middle High German: brod
Cimbrian: bröode
German: Brod
Luxembourgish: Britt
→ Late Latin: brodium (see there for further descendants)
→ Vulgar Latin: *brodum (“broth, stew”)
⇒ Vulgar Latin: *brodiculāre (“to jumble together”)
Anglo-Norman: broiller
→ Middle English: broilen
English: broil
Scots: brulyie

Old Norse: broð

Icelandic: broð

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰru(h₁)-to-m, from *bʰrewh₁- (“to seethe; roil; brew”).


breuþaną

breuþō (active first-person indicative singular)
breuþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
breuþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
briuþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
breuþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
breuþ (active imperative second-person singular)
breuþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
breuþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
briuþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
breuþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
breuþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
breuþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
breuþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
breuþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
breuþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
breuþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
breuþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
breuþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
breuþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
breuþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
breuþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
breuþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
briuþid (active indicative plural second-person)
breuþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
briuþid (active imperative plural second-person)
breuþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
breuþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
breuþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
breuþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
breuþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
breuþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
breuþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brauþ (active first-person indicative singular)
bruþį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
braust (active indicative second-person singular)
bruþīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brauþ (active indicative singular third-person)
bruþī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bruþū (active dual first-person indicative)
bruþīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bruþudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bruþīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bruþum (active first-person indicative plural)
bruþīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bruþud (active indicative plural second-person)
bruþīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bruþun (active indicative plural third-person)
bruþīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
breuþandz (active participle present)
bruþanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *breuþan
Old English: brēoþan
Middle English: breothen
Old High German: briodan

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to pierce; to strike”).


hūbǭ

hūbǭ (nominative singular)
hūbōniz (nominative plural)
hūbǭ (singular vocative)
hūbōniz (plural vocative)
hūbōnų (accusative singular)
hūbōnunz (accusative plural)
hūbōniz (genitive singular)
hūbōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hūbōni (dative singular)
hūbōmaz (dative plural)
hūbōnē (instrumental singular)
hūbōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hūbā

desctree

Old English: hūfe
Middle English: houve, houe, houfe, houffe, houwe, howe, howfe, howve; huve (Early Middle English)
Scots: how, hou

Old Frisian: hūve, houwe

North Frisian: huw, höw

Old Saxon: hūva

Middle Low German: hûve

German Low German: Huve, Huuv

Old Dutch: *hūva

Middle Dutch: hūve

Dutch: huif

Old High German: hūba

Middle High German: hūbe, hoube

German: Haube

Luxembourgish: Hauf

Rhine Franconian: Haub

→ Old French: huve

q

Middle French: huve, hobe (latter also considered a new borrowing from MHG)

⇒ French: aubette

Old Norse: húfa

Icelandic: húfa

Faroese: húgva

Norwegian: hue, huve

Old Swedish: hūva

Swedish: huva

Danish: hue

From Proto-Indo-European *kewp- (“to arch, bend, curve, vault”).


falhuz

falhuz (nominative singular)
falhiwiz (nominative plural)
falhu (singular vocative)
falhiwiz (plural vocative)
falhų (accusative singular)
falhunz (accusative plural)
falhauz (genitive singular)
falhiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
falhiwi (dative singular)
falhumaz (dative plural)
falhū (instrumental singular)
falhumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: fealh

Old Norse: falr

Icelandic: falur

Faroese: falur

Norwegian: fal

Old Swedish: fal (in compounds)

Swedish: fal


krupilaz

krupilaz (nominative singular)
krupilōz (nominative plural)
krupilōs (nominative plural)
krupil (singular vocative)
krupilōz (plural vocative)
krupilōs (plural vocative)
krupilą (accusative singular)
krupilanz (accusative plural)
krupilas (genitive singular)
krupilis (genitive singular)
krupilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krupilai (dative singular)
krupilamaz (dative plural)
krupilō (instrumental singular)
krupilamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: kryppill

Danish: krøbbel; krøbling

Icelandic: kryppill

Faroese: krypil; kryplingur

Norwegian: krøpling

Swedish: krympling


mastaz

mastaz (nominative singular)
mastōz (nominative plural)
mastōs (nominative plural)
mast (singular vocative)
mastōz (plural vocative)
mastōs (plural vocative)
mastą (accusative singular)
mastanz (accusative plural)
mastas (genitive singular)
mastis (genitive singular)
mastǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mastai (dative singular)
mastamaz (dative plural)
mastō (instrumental singular)
mastamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mast
Old English: mæst
Middle English: mast
English: mast
Scots: mast
Old Frisian: *mast, *mest
Saterland Frisian: Mäst
West Frisian: mêst
Old Saxon: *mast
Middle Low German: mast
German Low German: Mast
Old Dutch: *mast
Middle Dutch: mast
Dutch: mast
Old High German: mast
Middle High German: mast
German: Mast
→ Esperanto: masto
→ Ido: masto
→ Medieval Latin: mastus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: mastr

Icelandic: mastur

Faroese: mastur

Norwegian Bokmål: mast

Norwegian Nynorsk: mast

Old Swedish: mast

Swedish: mast

→ Finnish: masto

Danish: mast

From Proto-Indo-European *mostos, *mozdos (“plank, board, flooring; perch, pole, mast”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *mostъ (“bridge, bridgework”), Latin mālus (“pole, mast”).


wrēkō

wrēkō (nominative singular)
wrēkôz (nominative plural)
wrēkō (singular vocative)
wrēkôz (plural vocative)
wrēkǭ (accusative singular)
wrēkōz (accusative plural)
wrēkōz (genitive singular)
wrēkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wrēkōi (dative singular)
wrēkōmaz (dative plural)
wrēkō (instrumental singular)
wrēkōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wrāku
Old English: wrǣc, wrǣċ
Middle English: wrake, wreke, wræche, wrache, wreche
Scots: wrak, wraik, wrek
English: wrack, wreak
Old Frisian: wrēke, wrēze, wrētze
West Frisian: wrake, wraak (possibly borrowed from Dutch)
Old Saxon: wrāka
Middle Low German: wrāke
Low German: Wraak
Old Dutch: wrāca
Middle Dutch: wrâke
Dutch: wraak
Old High German: rāhha, rācha
Middle High German: rāche
German: Rache
→ Luxembourgish: Rach
→ Saterland Frisian: Rache

From Proto-Indo-European *wreg- (“to drive”). Cognate with Latin urgeō (“urge”).


faluz

faluz (masculine nominative singular strong)
faljai (masculine nominative plural strong)
falī (feminine nominative singular strong)
faljôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
falų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
faljō (neuter nominative plural strong)
faljanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
faljanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
faljǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
faljōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
falų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
faljō (accusative neuter plural strong)
faljas (genitive masculine singular strong)
falis (genitive masculine singular strong)
faljaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
faljaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
faljaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
faljas (genitive neuter singular strong)
falis (genitive neuter singular strong)
faljaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
faljammai (dative masculine singular strong)
faljaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
faljaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
faljaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
faljammai (dative neuter singular strong)
faljaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
faljanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
faljaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
faljaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
faljaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
faljanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
faljaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
faljô (masculine nominative singular weak)
faljaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
faljǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
faljōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
faljô (neuter nominative singular weak)
faljōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
faljanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
faljanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
faljōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
faljōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
faljô (accusative neuter singular weak)
faljōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
faliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
faljanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
faljōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
faljōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
faliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
faljanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
falini (dative masculine singular weak)
faljammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
faljōni (dative feminine singular weak)
faljōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
falini (dative neuter singular weak)
faljammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
falinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
faljammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
faljōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
faljōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
falinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
faljammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *fali, *falu
Old English: *fæle, *felo, *fel
Middle English: fel, fell (“wicked, treacherous”) (reinforced or possibly reborrowed from Old French fel)
English: fell
Scots: fell
⇒ Old English: ælfæle, ealfelo (“very cruel”, literally “all-cruel”)
⇒ Old English: wælfel (“bloodthirsty”, literally “slaughter-cruel”)
Old Frisian: fal, fale, *fel, *fele (“terrible”) ([1404], hapax, presumed inherited, if not borrowed from Middle Dutch)
Saterland Frisian: fäl (< *fele, or borrowed from Dutch)
West Frisian: fel (< *fele, or borrowed from Dutch)
Old Saxon: *feli, *fel
Middle Low German: fel, vil (“godless, evil”) (or from Middle Dutch?)
German Low German: fell
⇒ Middle Low German: velike (“fiercely”) (or from Middle Dutch?)
Old Dutch: *feli, *fel, *felli
Middle Dutch: fel, felle (“cruel, wicked, embittered”) (reinforced or possibly reborrowed from Old French)
Dutch: fel
Old High German: *feli, *fel
Middle High German: vel (“cruel, heartless, evil”) ([± 1340, Minnereden], reinforced or possibly reborrowed from Old French)
⇒ Middle High German: velheit, felheit (“wickedness”) ([± 1340, Minnereden], or from Middle Dutch?)
→ Vulgar Latin: [Term?] (“cruel, evil”)
Old French: felon, feloun (obl.), fel, fels (nom.) (see there for further descendants)
Old Occitan: felon, felhon, fellon (obl.), fel, felh (nom.)
Occitan: fèl


uwwalǭ

uwwalǭ (nominative singular)
uwwalōniz (nominative plural)
uwwalǭ (singular vocative)
uwwalōniz (plural vocative)
uwwalōnų (accusative singular)
uwwalōnunz (accusative plural)
uwwalōniz (genitive singular)
uwwalōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
uwwalōni (dative singular)
uwwalōmaz (dative plural)
uwwalōnē (instrumental singular)
uwwalōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *uwwilā, *uwwulā, *uwwalā
Old English: ūle
Middle English: oule, oul, owle, ule, howle, owlle
English: owl
Scots: oul, ool
Old Frisian: *ūle
Saterland Frisian: Ule
West Frisian: ûle
Old Saxon: ūwila, ūla
Middle Low German: ûle, uhle
German Low German: Uul
Plautdietsch: Ul
Old Dutch: ūla
Middle Dutch: ūle
Dutch: uil
Afrikaans: uil
→ Caribbean Hindustani: ullu
Old High German: ūwila, ūla
Middle High German: iuwele, iuwel, iule, ūle
Alemannic German: Üle
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: aul
Central Franconian: Eil
Hunsrik: Eil
Luxembourgish: Eil
Ripuarian: Üül
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: aojł
East Franconian:
German: Eule
Rhine Franconian: Eil, Il
Frankfurterisch: [ail], (newer) [oil]
Pennsylvania German: Eil

Old Norse: ugla

Icelandic: ugla

Faroese: ugla, ugli, úla

Norwegian: ugle, ule

Old Swedish: uggla

Swedish: uggla

Danish: ugle

→ Scots: yuggle

→ Catalan: òliba

From *uwwô (“eagle-owl”) + *-ilǭ (diminutive suffix). Probably ultimately of imitative origin, like Proto-West Germanic *hūō (“owl”).

onomatopoeic

imitative