medumōną

medumō (active first-person indicative singular)
medumǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
medumōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
medumōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
medumōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
medumō (active imperative second-person singular)
medumōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
medumōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
medumōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
medumō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
medumōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
medumōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
medumōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
medumōs (active dual first-person indicative)
medumōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
medumōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
medumōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
medumōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
medumōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
medumōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
medumōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
medumōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
medumōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
medumōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
medumōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
medumōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
medumōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
medumōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
medumōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
medumōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
medumōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
medumōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
medumōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
medumōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
medumōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
medumōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
medumōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
medumōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
medumōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
medumōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
medumōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
medumōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
medumōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
medumōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
medumōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
medumōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
medumōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
medumōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
medumōndz (active participle present)
medumōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *medumōn
Old English: medumian
Middle English: medemen
Old High German: metamēn (<with a shift from class II to class III)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽 (midumōn)

From *medumô (“middle, midmost”) + *-ōną.


trēgiz

trēgiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
trēgijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
trēgī (feminine nominative singular strong)
trēgijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
trēgį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
trēgijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
trēgijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
trēgijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
trēgijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
trēgijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
trēgį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
trēgijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
trēgijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
trēgīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
trēgijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
trēgijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
trēgijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
trēgijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
trēgīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
trēgijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
trēgijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
trēgijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
trēgijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
trēgijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
trēgijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
trēgijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
trēgijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
trēgijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
trēgijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
trēgijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
trēgijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
trēgijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
trēgijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
trēgijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
trēgijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
trēgijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
trēgijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
trēgijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
trēgijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
trēgijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
trēgijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
trēgijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
trēgijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
trēgijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
trēgīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
trēgijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
trēgijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
trēgijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
trēgīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
trēgijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
trēgīni (dative masculine singular weak)
trēgijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
trēgijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
trēgijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
trēgīni (dative neuter singular weak)
trēgijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
trēgīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
trēgijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
trēgijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
trēgijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
trēgīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
trēgijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *trāgī
Old English: trāg
Old Saxon: trāg, trāgi
Old Dutch: *trāgi
Middle Dutch: trâge
Dutch: traag
Limburgish: traog
Old High German: trāgi
Middle High German: træge
German: träg, träge

Vṛddhi gerundive of *treganą (“to suffer”).


fijandiskapiz

fijandiskapiz (nominative singular)
fijandiskapīz (nominative plural)
fijandiskapi (singular vocative)
fijandiskapīz (plural vocative)
fijandiskapį (accusative singular)
fijandiskapinz (accusative plural)
fijandiskapīz (genitive singular)
fijandiskapjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fijandiskapī (dative singular)
fijandiskapimaz (dative plural)
fijandiskapī (instrumental singular)
fijandiskapimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fijandiskapi
Old English: fīondsċipe
>? English: fiendship
Old Frisian: *fīandskip
Saterland Frisian: Fäindskup
Old Saxon: fiundskepi
Middle Low German: viantschap, viantschop
Old High German: fījantskaf
Middle High German: vīentschaft
German: Feindschaft

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: fjándskapr


lēþą

lēþą (nominative singular)
lēþō (nominative plural)
lēþą (singular vocative)
lēþō (plural vocative)
lēþą (accusative singular)
lēþō (accusative plural)
lēþas (genitive singular)
lēþis (genitive singular)
lēþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lēþai (dative singular)
lēþamaz (dative plural)
lēþō (instrumental singular)
lēþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lāþ
Old English: lǣþ
Middle English: leð, ledh, *lath, leth
English: lathe

Old Norse: láð

Icelandic: láð

Disputed. Suggested as cognate with Ancient Greek λάτρον (látron, “payment”) and Latin latrō (“mercenary”), from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂t- (“to grant; to possess”), but the vowel correspondences are irregular. Perhaps alternatively from *leh₁-t-, extended from *leh₁- (“to let”) (whence also Proto-Germanic *lētaną, from a different extension *leh₁-d-).
Beekes rejects an Indo-European etymology entirely and considers the purported Greek cognate to be from Pre-Greek, whereas the Latin is borrowed from Greek.


kerzaną

kerzō (active first-person indicative singular)
kerzaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kerzai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kirzizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kerzaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kerz (active imperative second-person singular)
kerzazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kerzaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kirzidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kerzai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kerzadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kerzadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kerzaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kerzōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kerzaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kerzadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kerzaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kerzadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kerzamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kerzaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kerzandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kerzaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kirzid (active indicative plural second-person)
kerzaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kirzid (active imperative plural second-person)
kerzandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kerzaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kerzandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kerzain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kerzandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kerzandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kerzaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
karz (active first-person indicative singular)
kurzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
karzt (active indicative second-person singular)
kurzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
karz (active indicative singular third-person)
kurzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kurzū (active dual first-person indicative)
kurzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kurzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kurzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kurzum (active first-person indicative plural)
kurzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kurzud (active indicative plural second-person)
kurzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kurzun (active indicative plural third-person)
kurzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kerzandz (active participle present)
kurzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kerʀan
Old English: ċeorran
Old Dutch: *kerran
Middle Dutch: kerren, karren
Old High German: kerran, cherran
Middle High German: kerren
Cimbrian: khèrran

From Proto-Indo-European *gers-. Cognate with Latin garrio (“to chatter”) and Lithuanian gar̃sas (“sound”).
The expected form *kersaną is unattested, the current form with -z- arose by influence of the iterative *kurzōną.


daigijaną

daigijō (active first-person indicative singular)
daigijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
daigijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
daigīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
daigijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
daigī (active imperative second-person singular)
daigijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
daigijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
daigīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
daigijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
daigijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
daigijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
daigijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
daigijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
daigijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
daigijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
daigijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
daigijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
daigijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
daigijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
daigijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
daigijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
daigīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
daigijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
daigīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
daigijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
daigijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
daigijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
daigijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
daigijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
daigijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
daigijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
daigidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
daigidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
daigidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
daigidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
daigidē (active indicative singular third-person)
daigidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
daigidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
daigidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
daigidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
daigidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
daigidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
daigidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
daigidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
daigidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
daigidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
daigidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
daigijandz (active participle present)
daigidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: deigja

Icelandic: deigja


dankwijaną

dankwijō (active first-person indicative singular)
dankwijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dankwijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dankwīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
dankwijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dankwī (active imperative second-person singular)
dankwijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dankwijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dankwīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dankwijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dankwijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dankwijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dankwijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dankwijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dankwijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dankwijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dankwijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dankwijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dankwijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dankwijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dankwijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dankwijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dankwīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dankwijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dankwīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dankwijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dankwijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dankwijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dankwijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dankwijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dankwijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dankwijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dankwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dankwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dankwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dankwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dankwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
dankwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dankwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dankwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dankwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dankwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dankwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dankwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dankwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dankwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dankwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dankwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dankwijandz (active participle present)
dankwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: døkkva

Icelandic: dökkva


pranganą

prangō (active first-person indicative singular)
prangaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
prangai (first-person indicative passive singular)
prangizi (active indicative second-person singular)
prangaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
prang (active imperative second-person singular)
prangazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
prangaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
prangidi (active indicative singular third-person)
prangai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
prangadau (active imperative singular third-person)
prangadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
prangaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
prangōz (active dual first-person indicative)
prangaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
prangadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
prangaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
prangadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
prangamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
prangaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
prangandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
prangaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
prangid (active indicative plural second-person)
prangaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
prangid (active imperative plural second-person)
prangandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
prangaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
prangandi (active indicative plural third-person)
prangain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
prangandau (active imperative plural third-person)
prangandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
prangaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
preprang (active first-person indicative singular)
preprangį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
prepranht (active indicative second-person singular)
preprangīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
preprang (active indicative singular third-person)
preprangī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
preprangū (active dual first-person indicative)
preprangīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
preprangudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
preprangīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
preprangum (active first-person indicative plural)
preprangīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
preprangud (active indicative plural second-person)
preprangīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
preprangun (active indicative plural third-person)
preprangīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
prangandz (active participle present)
pranganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *prangan
Old Saxon: *prangan
Middle Low German: prangen
Old Dutch: *prangan
Middle Dutch: prangen
Dutch: prangen
⇒ Dutch: prangend
Old High German: *phrangan
Middle High German: phrengen, phrangen
German: pfrengen (obsolete)
⇒ Middle High German: pranger (with West Central German consonantism)
German: Pranger

Gothic: *𐍀𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (*praggan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍀𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (anapraggan)

/ˈprɑŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃/

Unknown. Further etymological connections are unclear. Pokorny and Kroonen suggest a connection with Lithuanian branktas (“swingletree”) and Latvian brankti (“adjacent”).


īdiz

īdiz (nominative singular)
īdīz (nominative plural)
īdi (singular vocative)
īdīz (plural vocative)
īdį (accusative singular)
īdinz (accusative plural)
īdīz (genitive singular)
īdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
īdī (dative singular)
īdimaz (dative plural)
īdī (instrumental singular)
īdimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *īdi
Old English: *īd
⇒ Old English: īdig

Old Norse: íð


wītą

wītą (nominative singular)
wītō (nominative plural)
wītą (singular vocative)
wītō (plural vocative)
wītą (accusative singular)
wītō (accusative plural)
wītas (genitive singular)
wītis (genitive singular)
wītǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wītai (dative singular)
wītamaz (dative plural)
wītō (instrumental singular)
wītamiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: *𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍄 (*weit)

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍄 (fraweit)

A possible variant of *wītiją (“punishment”).


idiwītą

idiwītą (nominative singular)
idiwītō (nominative plural)
idiwītą (singular vocative)
idiwītō (plural vocative)
idiwītą (accusative singular)
idiwītō (accusative plural)
idiwītas (genitive singular)
idiwītis (genitive singular)
idiwītǫ̂ (genitive plural)
idiwītai (dative singular)
idiwītamaz (dative plural)
idiwītō (instrumental singular)
idiwītamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *idiwīt
Old English: edwīt
Old Dutch: edwīt
Old High German: itwīz, itawīz
Middle High German: itwīz, itewīz, itewīze

Gothic: 𐌹𐌳𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍄 (idweit)


hleuþą

hleuþą (nominative singular)
hleuþō (nominative plural)
hleuþą (singular vocative)
hleuþō (plural vocative)
hleuþą (accusative singular)
hleuþō (accusative plural)
hleuþas (genitive singular)
hliuþis (genitive singular)
hleuþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hliuþai (dative singular)
hleuþamaz (dative plural)
hleuþō (instrumental singular)
hleuþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hleuþ

Old English: hleoð

Old Dutch: lūt, luut; geluut
Middle Dutch: geluut, geluet; geluyt
Dutch: geluid
Afrikaans: geluid
Petjo: heluit

Old Norse: hljóð
Icelandic: hljóð n
Faroese: ljóð n
Norwegian Nynorsk: ljod m or n, (dialectal) ljø, ly
Old Swedish: liūþ
Swedish: ljud c
Old Danish: liud
Danish: lyd c
Norwegian Bokmål: lyd m
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: lyd m
→ Scots: luid

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸 (hliuþ)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew- (“to hear”).


hīwô

hīwô (nominative singular)
hīwōnō (nominative plural)
hīwô (singular vocative)
hīwōnō (plural vocative)
hīwô (accusative singular)
hīwōnō (accusative plural)
hīwiniz (genitive singular)
hīwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hīwini (dative singular)
hīwammaz (dative plural)
hīwinē (instrumental singular)
hīwammiz (instrumental plural)

⇒ Old Norse: hjá
Icelandic: hjá
Faroese: hjá
Norwegian Nynorsk: hjå
Old Swedish: hiā

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: hīwa

English: hewe

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱey- (“to be lying down”).


lawwō

lawwō (nominative singular)
lawwôz (nominative plural)
lawwō (singular vocative)
lawwôz (plural vocative)
lawwǭ (accusative singular)
lawwōz (accusative plural)
lawwōz (genitive singular)
lawwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lawwōi (dative singular)
lawwōmaz (dative plural)
lawwō (instrumental singular)
lawwōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lauwu
Old English: *lǣw
⇒ Old English: limlǣw (“limb injury”) (+ lim (“limb”))
Old High German: *lauwa
⇒ Old High German: līhlaoa, līhla (“scar”) (+ līh (“body”), ō-stem)
⇒ Old High German: lihloi, lihlauui, līhloi, lilewe, lilewi (“scar”) (+ līh (“body”), īn-stem)
⇒? Old High German: hilouwa, hilouga (“scar”) (+ gi-)

Old Norse: lǫgg
Danish: lugge
Faroese: løgg
Icelandic: lögg
Norwegian Bokmål: logg m, lagg m
Swedish: lagg

From Proto-Indo-European *lowH-éh₂, from *lewH- (“to cut”) + *-éh₂. Direct cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *lā́ˀwāˀ (“bench, bed”).


laiþijaną

laiþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
laiþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laiþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
laiþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
laiþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laiþī (active imperative second-person singular)
laiþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
laiþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
laiþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
laiþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laiþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
laiþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
laiþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
laiþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
laiþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laiþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laiþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laiþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
laiþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
laiþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laiþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
laiþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
laiþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
laiþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laiþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
laiþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
laiþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
laiþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
laiþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laiþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
laiþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
laiþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laiþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
laiþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laiþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
laiþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laiþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
laiþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laiþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
laiþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laiþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laiþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laiþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
laiþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laiþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
laiþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laiþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
laiþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laiþijandz (active participle present)
laiþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *laiþijan
Old Saxon: lēthian
Middle Low German: lêden, leiden
Old Dutch: *lēthen
Middle Dutch: leden, leeden, leiden
Old High German: leiden
Middle High German: leiden
German: leiden

Old Norse: leiða

Icelandic: leiða

Faroese: leiða

From *laiþaz (“loathsome; disgusting”) + *-janą.


idiwītijaną

idiwītijō (active first-person indicative singular)
idiwītijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
idiwītijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
idiwītīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
idiwītijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
idiwītī (active imperative second-person singular)
idiwītijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
idiwītijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
idiwītīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
idiwītijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
idiwītijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
idiwītijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
idiwītijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
idiwītijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
idiwītijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
idiwītijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
idiwītijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
idiwītijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
idiwītijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
idiwītijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
idiwītijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
idiwītijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
idiwītīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
idiwītijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
idiwītīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
idiwītijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
idiwītijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
idiwītijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
idiwītijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
idiwītijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
idiwītijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
idiwītijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
idiwītidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
idiwītidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
idiwītidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
idiwītidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
idiwītidē (active indicative singular third-person)
idiwītidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
idiwītidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
idiwītidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
idiwītidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
idiwītidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
idiwītidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
idiwītidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
idiwītidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
idiwītidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
idiwītidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
idiwītidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
idiwītijandz (active participle present)
idiwītidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *idiwītijan
Old English: edwītan
Old High German: itawīzen
Middle High German: itewīzen, itwīzen

Gothic: 𐌹𐌳𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (idweitjan)

From *idiwītą (“shame, disgrace, insult”) + *-janą.


lustiz

lustiz (nominative singular)
lustīz (nominative plural)
lusti (singular vocative)
lustīz (plural vocative)
lustį (accusative singular)
lustinz (accusative plural)
lustīz (genitive singular)
lustijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lustī (dative singular)
lustimaz (dative plural)
lustī (instrumental singular)
lustimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lusti
Old Frisian: lest

From Proto-Indo-European *lews- (“to cut, sunder, divide, separate, loose, lose”).


fralustiz

fralustiz (nominative singular)
fralustīz (nominative plural)
fralusti (singular vocative)
fralustīz (plural vocative)
fralustį (accusative singular)
fralustinz (accusative plural)
fralustīz (genitive singular)
fralustijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fralustī (dative singular)
fralustimaz (dative plural)
fralustī (instrumental singular)
fralustimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fralusti
Old Saxon: farlust
Middle Low German: vorlust
Old High German: firlust
Middle High German: verlust
German: Verlust
Yiddish: פֿאַרלוסט (farlust)

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍃 (fralusts)


hwēsaną

hwēsō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwēsaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwēsai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwēsizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwēsaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwēs (active imperative second-person singular)
hwēsazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwēsaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwēsidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwēsai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwēsadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwēsadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwēsaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwēsōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hwēsaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwēsadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwēsaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwēsadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwēsamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwēsaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwēsandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwēsaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwēsid (active indicative plural second-person)
hwēsaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwēsid (active imperative plural second-person)
hwēsandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwēsaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwēsandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwēsain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwēsandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwēsandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwēsaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwehwōs (active first-person indicative singular)
hwehwōzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwehwōst (active indicative second-person singular)
hwehwōzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwehwōs (active indicative singular third-person)
hwehwōzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwehwōzū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwehwōzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwehwōzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwehwōzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwehwōzum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwehwōzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwehwōzud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwehwōzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwehwōzun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwehwōzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwēsandz (active participle present)
hwēsanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwāsan

Old English: hwǣsan

Middle English: whesen

English: wheeze

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱwes- (“to pant”). Cognate with Latin queror.


hwēsijaną

hwēsijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwēsijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwēsijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwēsīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwēsijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwēsī (active imperative second-person singular)
hwēsijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwēsijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwēsīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwēsijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwēsijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwēsijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwēsijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwēsijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hwēsijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwēsijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwēsijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwēsijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwēsijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwēsijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwēsijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwēsijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwēsīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hwēsijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwēsīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hwēsijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwēsijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwēsijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwēsijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwēsijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwēsijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwēsijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwēsidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hwēsidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwēsidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hwēsidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwēsidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hwēsidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwēsidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwēsidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwēsidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwēsidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwēsidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwēsidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwēsidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwēsidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwēsidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwēsidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwēsijandz (active participle present)
hwēsidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: hvæsa

Faroese: hvæsa

Elfdalian: węsa


hwassijaną

hwassijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwassijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwassijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwassīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwassijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwassī (active imperative second-person singular)
hwassijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwassijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwassīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwassijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwassijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwassijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwassijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwassijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hwassijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwassijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwassijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwassijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwassijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwassijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwassijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwassijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwassīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hwassijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwassīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hwassijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwassijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwassijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwassijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwassijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwassijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwassijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwassidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hwassidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwassidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hwassidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwassidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hwassidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwassidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwassidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwassidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwassidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwassidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwassidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwassidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwassidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwassidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwassidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwassijandz (active participle present)
hwassidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: hvessa
Icelandic: hvessa
Norwegian Nynorsk: kvesse
Norwegian Bokmål: hvesse, kvesse
Swedish: vässa
Danish: hvæsse
Faroese: hvøssa


laiwaz

laiwaz (nominative singular)
laiwizō (nominative plural)
laiwaz (singular vocative)
laiwizō (plural vocative)
laiwaz (accusative singular)
laiwizō (accusative plural)
laiwiziz (genitive singular)
laiwizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laiwizi (dative singular)
laiwizumaz (dative plural)
laiwizē (instrumental singular)
laiwizumiz (instrumental plural)

→ Proto-Finnic: *lëivo (see there for further descendants)

According to Kuiper, from a European substratum (substrate) word, possibly a Celto-Germanic root shared with Gaulish *alawda (“skylark”); compare Latin alauda (“lark”).


laiwą

laiwą (nominative singular)
laiwō (nominative plural)
laiwą (singular vocative)
laiwō (plural vocative)
laiwą (accusative singular)
laiwō (accusative plural)
laiwas (genitive singular)
laiwis (genitive singular)
laiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laiwai (dative singular)
laiwamaz (dative plural)
laiwō (instrumental singular)
laiwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *laiw

Old English: *lǣw

⇒ Old English: *bedlǣwere

Middle English: bedlawere, bedlaure

⇒ Old English: limlǣw

⇒ Old English: synlǣw

Old Saxon: lēs (interjection)

Old High German: lēwes, lē

Middle High German: lēwes, lē

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *laiwī

Old English: *lǣwe

desc

Middle English: lew, lewe (“weak, frail”)

Old Norse: læ

From Proto-Indo-European *leyh₂- (“to die, disapear”).


wallijaną

wallijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wallijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wallijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wallīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wallijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wallī (active imperative second-person singular)
wallijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wallijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wallīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wallijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wallijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wallijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wallijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wallijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wallijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wallijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wallijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wallijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wallijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wallijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wallijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wallijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wallīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wallijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wallīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wallijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wallijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wallijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wallijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wallijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wallijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wallijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wallidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wallidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wallidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wallidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wallidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wallidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wallidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wallidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wallidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wallidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wallidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wallidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wallidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wallidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wallidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wallidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wallijandz (active participle present)
wallidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wallijan
Old English: wiellan, willan
Middle English: wellen
English: well
Scots: well, wall
Old Saxon: *wellian
Middle Low German: wellen
Old Dutch: *wellen
Middle Dutch: wellen
Dutch: wellen
Old High German: wellen
Middle High German: wellen
German: wellen

From Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn; wind; roll”). A causative or intensive formation from either *wellaną (“to well up”) + *-janą or *wallaną + *-janą.


wallijaną

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wallijan
Old Saxon: wellian
Old High German: *wellen
⇒ Old High German: umbiwellen


wellaną

wellō (active first-person indicative singular)
wellaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wellai (first-person indicative passive singular)
willizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wellaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
well (active imperative second-person singular)
wellazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wellaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
willidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wellai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
welladau (active imperative singular third-person)
welladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wellaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wellōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wellaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
welladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wellaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
welladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wellamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wellaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wellandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wellaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
willid (active indicative plural second-person)
wellaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
willid (active imperative plural second-person)
wellandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wellaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wellandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wellain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wellandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wellandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wellaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wall (active first-person indicative singular)
wullį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wallt (active indicative second-person singular)
wullīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wall (active indicative singular third-person)
wullī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wullū (active dual first-person indicative)
wullīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wulludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wullīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wullum (active first-person indicative plural)
wullīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wullud (active indicative plural second-person)
wullīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wullun (active indicative plural third-person)
wullīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wellandz (active participle present)
wullanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wellan

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *biwellan
Old Frisian: biwella
Old Saxon: biwellan
Middle Low German: bewellen
Old Dutch: biwellan
Old High German: biwellan
Middle High German: bewëllen

Old Norse: vella

Icelandic: vella

Norwegian: velde

Old Swedish: vælla

Swedish: välla

Danish: vælde

From Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn; wind; roll”). Both *wellaną and o-grade *wallaną were probably created to the archaic zero-grade present *wulaną.


wellaną

Proto-West Germanic: *wellan
Old High German: wellan

Old Norse: *vella

Old Swedish: vælla

From Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn; wind; roll”).


weltaną

weltō (active first-person indicative singular)
weltaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
weltai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wiltizi (active indicative second-person singular)
weltaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
welt (active imperative second-person singular)
weltazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
weltaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wiltidi (active indicative singular third-person)
weltai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
weltadau (active imperative singular third-person)
weltadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
weltaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
weltōz (active dual first-person indicative)
weltaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
weltadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
weltaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
weltadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
weltamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
weltaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
weltandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
weltaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wiltid (active indicative plural second-person)
weltaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wiltid (active imperative plural second-person)
weltandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
weltaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
weltandi (active indicative plural third-person)
weltain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
weltandau (active imperative plural third-person)
weltandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
weltaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
walt (active first-person indicative singular)
wultį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
walst (active indicative second-person singular)
wultīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
walt (active indicative singular third-person)
wultī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wultū (active dual first-person indicative)
wultīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wultudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wultīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wultum (active first-person indicative plural)
wultīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wultud (active indicative plural second-person)
wultīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wultun (active indicative plural third-person)
wultīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
weltandz (active participle present)
wultanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: velta

Icelandic: velta

Norwegian Nynorsk: velta, velte

Norwegian Bokmål: velte

From Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn, to wind”).


waltaną

waltō (active first-person indicative singular)
waltaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waltai (first-person indicative passive singular)
waltizi (active indicative second-person singular)
waltaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
walt (active imperative second-person singular)
waltazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
waltaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
waltidi (active indicative singular third-person)
waltai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waltadau (active imperative singular third-person)
waltadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
waltaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
waltōz (active dual first-person indicative)
waltaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waltadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waltaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waltadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
waltamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
waltaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waltandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
waltaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
waltid (active indicative plural second-person)
waltaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waltid (active imperative plural second-person)
waltandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
waltaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
waltandi (active indicative plural third-person)
waltain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waltandau (active imperative plural third-person)
waltandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
waltaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wewalt (active first-person indicative singular)
wewaltį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wewalst (active indicative second-person singular)
wewaltīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wewalt (active indicative singular third-person)
wewaltī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wewaltū (active dual first-person indicative)
wewaltīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wewaltudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wewaltīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wewaltum (active first-person indicative plural)
wewaltīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wewaltud (active indicative plural second-person)
wewaltīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wewaltun (active indicative plural third-person)
wewaltīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waltandz (active participle present)
waltanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *waltan
Old Dutch: *waltan
Middle Dutch: wouten
Dutch: wouten, woiten, walten (attested only in dialects)
Old High German: walzan
Middle High German: walzen
German: walzen
→ Dutch: walsen
→ English: waltz
→ French: valser

From Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn, to wind”), most likely an o-grade intensive formation to the verb *weltaną.


skēwijaną

skēwijō (active first-person indicative singular)
skēwijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skēwijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skēwīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skēwijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skēwī (active imperative second-person singular)
skēwijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skēwijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skēwīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skēwijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skēwijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skēwijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skēwijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skēwijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skēwijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skēwijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skēwijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skēwijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skēwijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skēwijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skēwijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skēwijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skēwīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skēwijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skēwīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skēwijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skēwijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skēwijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skēwijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skēwijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skēwijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skēwijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skēwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skēwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skēwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skēwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skēwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
skēwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skēwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skēwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skēwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skēwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skēwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skēwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skēwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skēwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skēwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skēwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skēwijandz (active participle present)
skēwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: skæva

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌴𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (skēwjan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *käüdäk (see there for further descendants)

Probably related to *skehaną (“to spring up, emerge”).


kangą

kangą (nominative singular)
kangō (nominative plural)
kangą (singular vocative)
kangō (plural vocative)
kangą (accusative singular)
kangō (accusative plural)
kangas (genitive singular)
kangis (genitive singular)
kangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kangai (dative singular)
kangamaz (dative plural)
kangō (instrumental singular)
kangamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: *kangi

Icelandic: kangi

Swedish: kång

desc

⇒ Old Norse: kanginyrði pl (“jeering words”)

⇒ Icelandic: kanginyrði pl (“jeering words”)

→ Middle English: cang

From Proto-Indo-European *genk- (“to gladen, rejoice”).


driugijaną

driugijō (active first-person indicative singular)
driugijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
driugijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
driugīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
driugijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
driugī (active imperative second-person singular)
driugijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
driugijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
driugīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
driugijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
driugijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
driugijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
driugijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
driugijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
driugijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
driugijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
driugijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
driugijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
driugijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
driugijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
driugijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
driugijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
driugīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
driugijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
driugīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
driugijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
driugijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
driugijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
driugijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
driugijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
driugijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
driugijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
driugidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
driugidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
driugidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
driugidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
driugidē (active indicative singular third-person)
driugidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
driugidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
driugidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
driugidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
driugidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
driugidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
driugidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
driugidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
driugidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
driugidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
driugidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
driugijandz (active participle present)
driugidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: drýgja

Icelandic: drýgja

Norwegian Nynorsk: drygja

Norwegian Bokmål: drøye

Swedish: dröja

From *dreugaz (“enduring, lasting”) + *-janą.


snaidijaną

snaidijō (active first-person indicative singular)
snaidijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snaidijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
snaidīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
snaidijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snaidī (active imperative second-person singular)
snaidijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
snaidijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
snaidīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
snaidijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snaidijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
snaidijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
snaidijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
snaidijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
snaidijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snaidijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snaidijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snaidijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
snaidijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
snaidijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snaidijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
snaidijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
snaidīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
snaidijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snaidīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
snaidijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
snaidijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
snaidijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
snaidijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snaidijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
snaidijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
snaidijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
snaididǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
snaididēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snaididēz (active indicative second-person singular)
snaididēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snaididē (active indicative singular third-person)
snaididēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snaididēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
snaididēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snaididēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snaididēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snaididēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
snaididēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snaididēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
snaididēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snaididēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
snaididēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snaidijandz (active participle present)
snaididaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *snaidijan
Old English: snædan
⇒ Middle English: tosneden
Old Saxon: *snēdian
Middle Low German: snêden
Old High German: sneiten
Middle High German: sneiten

Old Norse: sneiða, snæða

Icelandic: sneiða, snæða

Norwegian Nynorsk: sneia, sneie

From *snīþaną (“to cut”) + *-janą or *snaidō (“a cut”) + *-janą.


kanhtijaną

kanhtijō (active first-person indicative singular)
kanhtijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kanhtijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kanhtīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kanhtijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kanhtī (active imperative second-person singular)
kanhtijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kanhtijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kanhtīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kanhtijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kanhtijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kanhtijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kanhtijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kanhtijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kanhtijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kanhtijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kanhtijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kanhtijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kanhtijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kanhtijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kanhtijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kanhtijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kanhtīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kanhtijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kanhtīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kanhtijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kanhtijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kanhtijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kanhtijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kanhtijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kanhtijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kanhtijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kanhtidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kanhtidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kanhtidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kanhtidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kanhtidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kanhtidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kanhtidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kanhtidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kanhtidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kanhtidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kanhtidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kanhtidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kanhtidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kanhtidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kanhtidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kanhtidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kanhtijandz (active participle present)
kanhtidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: kæta

Icelandic: kæta

Elfdalian: kęta


kablaz

kablaz (nominative singular)
kablōz (nominative plural)
kablōs (nominative plural)
kabl (singular vocative)
kablōz (plural vocative)
kablōs (plural vocative)
kablą (accusative singular)
kablanz (accusative plural)
kablas (genitive singular)
kablis (genitive singular)
kablǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kablai (dative singular)
kablamaz (dative plural)
kablō (instrumental singular)
kablamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kabl
Old Saxon: *kaval; *kavala f
Middle Low German: kāvele, kāvel
→ German: Kabel (dialectal)
Old Dutch: *cavela
Middle Dutch: cāvele, cāvel
Dutch: kavel

Old Norse: kafli, kefli (<*kablô)

Icelandic: kefli

Norwegian: kjevle

Norwegian Bokmål: kjevle

Norwegian Nynorsk: kjevle

Old Swedish: kafli

Swedish: kavel, kavle

→ Middle English: cavel, kavell, kevell

English: cavel

Scots: kavil, kavel, cavill, cavell

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵebʰ- (“branch”). Cognate with Lithuanian žãbas (“branch, cane”).


kaibaz

kaibaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
kaibai (masculine nominative plural strong)
kaibō (feminine nominative singular strong)
kaibôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
kaibą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
kaibō (neuter nominative plural strong)
kaibanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
kaibanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
kaibǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
kaibōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
kaibą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
kaibō (accusative neuter plural strong)
kaibas (genitive masculine singular strong)
kaibis (genitive masculine singular strong)
kaibaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
kaibaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
kaibaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
kaibas (genitive neuter singular strong)
kaibis (genitive neuter singular strong)
kaibaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
kaibammai (dative masculine singular strong)
kaibaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
kaibaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
kaibaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
kaibammai (dative neuter singular strong)
kaibaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
kaibanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
kaibaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
kaibaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
kaibaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
kaibanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
kaibaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
kaibô (masculine nominative singular weak)
kaibaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
kaibǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
kaibōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
kaibô (neuter nominative singular weak)
kaibōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
kaibanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
kaibanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
kaibōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
kaibōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
kaibô (accusative neuter singular weak)
kaibōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
kaibiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
kaibanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
kaibōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
kaibōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
kaibiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
kaibanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
kaibini (dative masculine singular weak)
kaibammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
kaibōni (dative feminine singular weak)
kaibōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
kaibini (dative neuter singular weak)
kaibammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
kaibinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
kaibammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
kaibōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
kaibōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
kaibinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
kaibammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *kaib

Old English: cāf
Middle English: kafe, cave, cof, cove
Scots: caif, kaif

Old Norse:

Norwegian: keiv

Danish: ked

From Proto-Indo-European *geybʰ- (“to quarrel, dispute”).


kanhtaz

kanhtaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
kanhtai (masculine nominative plural strong)
kanhtō (feminine nominative singular strong)
kanhtôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
kanhtą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
kanhtō (neuter nominative plural strong)
kanhtanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
kanhtanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
kanhtǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
kanhtōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
kanhtą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
kanhtō (accusative neuter plural strong)
kanhtas (genitive masculine singular strong)
kanhtis (genitive masculine singular strong)
kanhtaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
kanhtaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
kanhtaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
kanhtas (genitive neuter singular strong)
kanhtis (genitive neuter singular strong)
kanhtaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
kanhtammai (dative masculine singular strong)
kanhtaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
kanhtaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
kanhtaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
kanhtammai (dative neuter singular strong)
kanhtaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
kanhtanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
kanhtaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
kanhtaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
kanhtaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
kanhtanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
kanhtaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
kanhtô (masculine nominative singular weak)
kanhtaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
kanhtǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
kanhtōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
kanhtô (neuter nominative singular weak)
kanhtōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
kanhtanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
kanhtanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
kanhtōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
kanhtōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
kanhtô (accusative neuter singular weak)
kanhtōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
kanhtiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
kanhtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
kanhtōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
kanhtōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
kanhtiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
kanhtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
kanhtini (dative masculine singular weak)
kanhtammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
kanhtōni (dative feminine singular weak)
kanhtōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
kanhtini (dative neuter singular weak)
kanhtammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
kanhtinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
kanhtammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
kanhtōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
kanhtōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
kanhtinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
kanhtammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: kátr

Icelandic: kátur

Faroese: kátur

Norwegian Nynorsk: kåt

Elfdalian: kåt

Swedish: kåt

Danish: kåd

Norwegian Bokmål: kåt


karskaz

karskaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
karskai (masculine nominative plural strong)
karskō (feminine nominative singular strong)
karskôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
karską (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
karskō (neuter nominative plural strong)
karskanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
karskanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
karskǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
karskōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
karską (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
karskō (accusative neuter plural strong)
karskas (genitive masculine singular strong)
karskis (genitive masculine singular strong)
karskaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
karskaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
karskaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
karskas (genitive neuter singular strong)
karskis (genitive neuter singular strong)
karskaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
karskammai (dative masculine singular strong)
karskaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
karskaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
karskaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
karskammai (dative neuter singular strong)
karskaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
karskanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
karskaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
karskaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
karskaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
karskanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
karskaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
karskô (masculine nominative singular weak)
karskaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
karskǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
karskōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
karskô (neuter nominative singular weak)
karskōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
karskanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
karskanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
karskōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
karskōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
karskô (accusative neuter singular weak)
karskōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
karskiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
karskanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
karskōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
karskōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
karskiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
karskanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
karskini (dative masculine singular weak)
karskammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
karskōni (dative feminine singular weak)
karskōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
karskini (dative neuter singular weak)
karskammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
karskinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
karskammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
karskōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
karskōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
karskinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
karskammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *karsk

Old Saxon: *karsk

Middle Low German: karsch

Old Dutch: *karsk

Middle Dutch: *karsch

⇒ Dutch: kersver

Old High German: *karsk

Middle High German: karsch

German: karsch (obsolete)

Old Norse: karskr, kerskr

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ǵer- (“to gladen, rejoice”). If so, then cognate with Ancient Greek ἐγείρω (egeírō, “to awaken, rouse, raise”) and Sanskrit जरते (járate, “to wake up”).


wahstiz

wahstiz (nominative singular)
wahstīz (nominative plural)
wahsti (singular vocative)
wahstīz (plural vocative)
wahstį (accusative singular)
wahstinz (accusative plural)
wahstīz (genitive singular)
wahstijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wahstī (dative singular)
wahstimaz (dative plural)
wahstī (instrumental singular)
wahstimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wahsti
Old Frisian: wehst
Old High German: wahst
Middle High German: wahst

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐍄𐍃 (*wahsts)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐍄𐍃 (uswahsts)


haitijaną

haitijō (active first-person indicative singular)
haitijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haitijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
haitīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
haitijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haitī (active imperative second-person singular)
haitijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
haitijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
haitīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
haitijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haitijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
haitijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
haitijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
haitijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
haitijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haitijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haitijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haitijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
haitijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
haitijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haitijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
haitijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
haitīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
haitijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haitīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
haitijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
haitijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
haitijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
haitijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haitijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
haitijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
haitijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
haitidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
haitidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haitidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
haitidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haitidē (active indicative singular third-person)
haitidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haitidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
haitidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haitidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haitidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haitidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
haitidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haitidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
haitidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haitidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
haitidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haitijandz (active participle present)
haitidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *haitijan
Old English: hǣtan
Middle English: hēten
English: heat
Old Saxon: hētian
Middle Low German: hêten, heiten (conflated with the descendant of *haitēn)
Old Dutch: *hēten
Middle Dutch: hêten (conflated with the descendant of *haitēn)
Dutch: heten
Old High German: heizen
Middle High German: heizen
German: heizen
Yiddish: הייצן (heytsn)
Polish: hajcować

Old Norse: heita

Faroese: heita

Icelandic: heita


andawardaz

andawardaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
andawardai (masculine nominative plural strong)
andawardō (feminine nominative singular strong)
andawardôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
andawardą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
andawardō (neuter nominative plural strong)
andawardanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
andawardanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
andawardǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
andawardōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
andawardą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
andawardō (accusative neuter plural strong)
andawardas (genitive masculine singular strong)
andawardis (genitive masculine singular strong)
andawardaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
andawardaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
andawardaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
andawardas (genitive neuter singular strong)
andawardis (genitive neuter singular strong)
andawardaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
andawardammai (dative masculine singular strong)
andawardaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
andawardaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
andawardaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
andawardammai (dative neuter singular strong)
andawardaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
andawardanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
andawardaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
andawardaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
andawardaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
andawardanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
andawardaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
andawardô (masculine nominative singular weak)
andawardaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
andawardǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
andawardōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
andawardô (neuter nominative singular weak)
andawardōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
andawardanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
andawardanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
andawardōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
andawardōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
andawardô (accusative neuter singular weak)
andawardōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
andawardiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
andawardanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
andawardōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
andawardōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
andawardiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
andawardanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
andawardini (dative masculine singular weak)
andawardammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
andawardōni (dative feminine singular weak)
andawardōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
andawardini (dative neuter singular weak)
andawardammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
andawardinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
andawardammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
andawardōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
andawardōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
andawardinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
andawardammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *andaward
Old English: andweard, andward, andwerd, andwurd, andwyrd
Middle English: andweard, aundward, anwerd
Old Saxon: andward
Old High German: antwart

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃 (andwairþs)


haitijô

haitijô (nominative singular)
haitijaniz (nominative plural)
haitijô (singular vocative)
haitijaniz (plural vocative)
haitijanų (accusative singular)
haitijanunz (accusative plural)
haitijiniz (genitive singular)
haitijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haitijini (dative singular)
haitijammaz (dative plural)
haitijinē (instrumental singular)
haitijammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haitijō
Old High German: -heizo
⇒ Old High German: antheizo
⇒ Old High German: heimaheizo
⇒ Old High German: heriheizo
⇒ Old High German: urheizo

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *skuldihaitijō

Gothic: *𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌾𐌰 (*haitja)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌾𐌰 (bihaitja)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌳𐌿𐌻𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌾𐌰 (dulgahaitja)


-ud-

gem-decl-noun-table

*-ud- (irregular)

-ud- (nominative singular)
-ud- (nominative plural)
-ud- (singular vocative)
-ud- (plural vocative)
-ud- (accusative singular)
-ud- (accusative plural)
-iþ- (genitive singular)
-iþ- (genitive plural)
-iþ- (dative singular)
-iþ- (dative plural)
-iþ- (instrumental singular)
-iþ- (instrumental plural)

From pre-Germanic *-ut, oblique *-ít-. The suffix is also found in Latin caput, oblique capit-, and Celtic *karuts (Old Irish caur), which is additionally cognate to the Germanic ethnonym *Harudiz, attested as Latin Harudes.


werudą

*werudą (irregular)

werudą (nominative singular)
werudō (nominative plural)
werudą (singular vocative)
werudō (plural vocative)
werudą (accusative singular)
werudō (accusative plural)
wiriþas (genitive singular)
wiriþis (genitive singular)
wiriþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiriþai (dative singular)
wiriþamaz (dative plural)
wiriþō (instrumental singular)
wiriþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *werud
Old English: werod, weorod
* Middle English: wered, werd, wird
Old Saxon: werud

Old Norse: virðar

Icelandic: virðar

Uncertain, but probably an extension of *weraz with the suffix + *-ud-, also seen in *hafudą, *haliþaz (oblique stem), *hakudaz.


halþōną

halþō (active first-person indicative singular)
halþǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
halþōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
halþōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
halþōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
halþō (active imperative second-person singular)
halþōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
halþōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
halþōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
halþō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
halþōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
halþōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
halþōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
halþōs (active dual first-person indicative)
halþōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
halþōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
halþōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
halþōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
halþōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
halþōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
halþōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
halþōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
halþōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
halþōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
halþōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
halþōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
halþōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
halþōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
halþōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
halþōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
halþōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
halþōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
halþōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
halþōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
halþōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
halþōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
halþōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
halþōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
halþōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
halþōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
halþōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
halþōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
halþōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
halþōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
halþōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
halþōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
halþōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
halþōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
halþōndz (active participle present)
halþōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *halþōn
Old High German: haldōn
Middle High German: halden

Old Norse: halla

Icelandic: halla

/ˈxɑl.θɔː.nɑ̃/

From *halþaz (“sloping, inclined”) + *-ōną.


halþijaną

halþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
halþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
halþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
halþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
halþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
halþī (active imperative second-person singular)
halþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
halþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
halþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
halþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
halþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
halþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
halþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
halþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
halþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
halþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
halþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
halþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
halþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
halþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
halþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
halþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
halþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
halþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
halþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
halþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
halþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
halþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
halþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
halþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
halþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
halþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
halþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
halþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
halþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
halþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
halþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
halþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
halþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
halþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
halþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
halþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
halþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
halþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
halþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
halþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
halþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
halþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
halþijandz (active participle present)
halþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *halþijan
Old English: hieldan
Middle English: helden
English: hield
English: heel
Yola: hyle
Old Saxon: *heldian
Middle Low German: helden, hellen
Old Dutch: *helden
Middle Dutch: helden
Dutch: hellen (d reinterpreted as an ending)
Old High German: helden
Middle High German: helden

Old Norse: hella

Icelandic: hella

Faroese: hella

Norwegian Nynorsk: helle

Norwegian Bokmål: helle

Swedish: hälla

→ Middle English: hellen

English: hell

From *halþaz (“sloping, inclined”) + *-janą.


halþaz

halþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
halþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
halþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
halþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
halþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
halþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
halþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
halþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
halþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
halþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
halþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
halþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
halþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
halþis (genitive masculine singular strong)
halþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
halþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
halþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
halþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
halþis (genitive neuter singular strong)
halþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
halþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
halþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
halþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
halþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
halþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
halþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
halþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
halþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
halþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
halþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
halþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
halþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
halþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
halþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
halþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
halþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
halþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
halþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
halþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
halþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
halþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
halþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
halþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
halþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
halþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
halþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
halþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
halþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
halþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
halþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
halþini (dative masculine singular weak)
halþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
halþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
halþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
halþini (dative neuter singular weak)
halþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
halþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
halþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
halþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
halþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
halþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
halþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *halþ

Old English: heald

Old Frisian: hald

Old High German: hald

Old Norse: hallr

Faroese: hallur

Icelandic: hallur

Gothic: *𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃 (*halþs)

⇒ Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌴𐌹 (wiljahalþei)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kaldas (see there for further descendants)

The past participle of an unattested verb *halaną (“to slope; be inclined”). From Proto-Indo-European *kelH-, *ḱel- (“to tend, lean, incline, bend, tip”).


dawāną

dawō (active first-person indicative singular)
dawaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
dawai (active imperative second-person singular)
dawāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dawaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dawāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dawāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dawōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dawāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dawāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dawāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dawānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dawaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dawaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dawānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dawānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dawānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dawānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dawadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dawadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dawadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dawadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dawadē (active indicative singular third-person)
dawadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dawadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dawadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dawadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dawadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dawadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dawadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dawadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dawadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dawadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dawadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dawāndz (active participle present)
dawadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: dá

Icelandic: dá

Kroonen Considers the word a Germanic-Greek isogloss. From Proto-Indo-European *dʰh̥₂w-eh₁-.


fastāną

fastō (active first-person indicative singular)
fastaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
fastai (active imperative second-person singular)
fastāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fastaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fastāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fastāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fastōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fastāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fastāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fastāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fastānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fastaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fastaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fastānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fastānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fastānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fastānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fastadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fastadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fastadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fastadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fastadē (active indicative singular third-person)
fastadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fastadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fastadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fastadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fastadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fastadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fastadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fastadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fastadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fastadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fastadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fastāndz (active participle present)
fastadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fastēn
Old English: festia
Old Saxon: *fastōn
Middle Low German: fasten, vasten
German Low German: fasten
Old Dutch: *faston
Middle Dutch: vasten
Dutch: vasten
Old High German: fastēn
Middle High German: vasten
Cimbrian: bastan
German: fasten
Luxembourgish: faaschten
Yiddish: פֿאַסטן (fastn)

Old Norse: fasta

Icelandic: fasta

Faroese: fasta

Norwegian Nynorsk: fasta

Old Swedish: fasta

Swedish: fasta

Danish: faste

Norwegian Bokmål: faste

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 (fastān)

to fast, to abstain from food and/or drink


fulgāną

fulgō (active first-person indicative singular)
fulgaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
fulgai (active imperative second-person singular)
fulgāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fulgaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fulgāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fulgāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fulgōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fulgāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fulgāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fulgāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fulgānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fulgaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fulgaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fulgānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fulgānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fulgānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fulgānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fulgadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fulgadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fulgadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fulgadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fulgadē (active indicative singular third-person)
fulgadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fulgadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fulgadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fulgadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fulgadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fulgadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fulgadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fulgadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fulgadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fulgadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fulgadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fulgāndz (active participle present)
fulgadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *folgēn
Old English: folgian
Middle English: folwen
English: follow
Scots: follae, folȝe, folow, falow
Old Frisian: folgia, fulgia, folia
Saterland Frisian: foulgje
West Frisian: folgje
Old Saxon: folgon, fulgon
Middle Low German: volgen
German Low German: folgen
Old Dutch: folgon
Middle Dutch: volgen
Dutch: volgen
Afrikaans: volg
Negerhollands: volg, folok, folk
→ Saramaccan: flakka, faáka
Limburgish: vólge
Old High German: folgēn, folkēn
Middle High German: volgen
Alemannic German: folge
Bavarian: foign
Cimbrian: vòlgan, bòlgan (Mezzaselva)
Mòcheno: volng
German: folgen
Luxembourgish: follegen
Yiddish: פֿאָלגן (folgn)

Old Norse: fulger (attested once)

Old Swedish: folger

Uncertain. Possibly originated as a compound of the roots of *fullaz (“full”) and *gāną (“to go”), with a sense of "full-going". This could have shifted to a meaning of "to serve, go with as an attendant" (compare also fulfill).
Alternatively, may be derived from Proto-Indo-European *pelḱ-, *polḱ- (“to turn, twist, wind”), which itself might have merged with another verb to form Proto-Germanic *felhaną (“to conceal”), but also ("to go, proceed").