sīką

sīką (nominative singular)
sīkō (nominative plural)
sīką (singular vocative)
sīkō (plural vocative)
sīką (accusative singular)
sīkō (accusative plural)
sīkas (genitive singular)
sīkis (genitive singular)
sīkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sīkai (dative singular)
sīkamaz (dative plural)
sīkō (instrumental singular)
sīkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sīk
Old English: sīċ
Middle English: sych, syk, syke
English: sitch, sike
Scots: sike, syke
Old Saxon: *sīk
Middle Low German: sīk
German Low German: Sieker
⇒ Old High German: gisīch

Old Norse: sík

Icelandic: sík; síki

Norwegian: sik; sike

Swedish: sik

→ Middle English: sike, syke

Scots: syke

English: sike

Unknown. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *seygʷ-, variant of *seykʷ- (“to pour out; gush; stream; flow; trickle”) (whence *sīhwaną (“to percolate, filter”) and *saiwiz (“sea”)), from *sey- (“to be wet; dribble; run”), but the delabialization would be unexpected.


hwōpaną

hwōpō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwōpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwōpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwōpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwōpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwōp (active imperative second-person singular)
hwōpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwōpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwōpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwōpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwōpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwōpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwōpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwōpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hwōpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwōpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwōpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwōpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwōpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwōpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwōpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwōpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwōpid (active indicative plural second-person)
hwōpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwōpid (active imperative plural second-person)
hwōpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwōpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwōpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwōpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwōpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwōpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwōpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwehwōp (active first-person indicative singular)
hwehwōpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwehwōft (active indicative second-person singular)
hwehwōpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwehwōp (active indicative singular third-person)
hwehwōpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwehwōpū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwehwōpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwehwōpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwehwōpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwehwōpum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwehwōpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwehwōpud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwehwōpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwehwōpun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwehwōpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwōpandz (active participle present)
hwōpanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: hwōpan

Middle English: whopen

English: whoop

Gothic: 𐍈𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌽 (ƕōpan)

/ˈxʷɔː.pɑ.nɑ̃/


unwerþaz

*unwerþaz (a-stem)

unwerþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
unwerþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
unwerþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
unwerþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
unwerþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
unwerþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
unwerþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
unwerþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
unwerþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
unwerþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
unwerþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
unwerþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
unwerþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
unwerþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
unwerþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
unwerþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
unwerþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
unwerþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
unwerþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
unwerþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
unwerþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
unwerþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
unwerþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
unwerþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
unwerþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
unwerþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
unwerþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
unwerþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
unwerþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
unwerþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
unwerþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
unwerþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
unwerþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
unwerþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
unwerþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
unwerþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
unwerþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
unwerþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
unwerþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
unwerþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
unwerþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
unwerþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
unwerþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
unwerþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
unwerþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
unwerþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
unwerþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
unwerþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
unwerþini (dative masculine singular weak)
unwerþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
unwerþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
unwerþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
unwerþini (dative neuter singular weak)
unwerþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
unwerþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
unwerþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
unwerþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
unwerþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
unwerþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
unwerþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *unwerþ

Old English: unweorþ; unwierþe, unwyrþe

Middle English: unwurth, unworth; unwurthe

English: unworth; (unworthy)

Old Saxon: *unwerth

Middle Low German: unwert, unwērt

German Low German: unweert

Old Dutch: *unwerth

Middle Dutch: onwert, onweert, onwaert

Dutch: onwaard

Old High German: unwerd

Middle High German: unwërt

German: unwert

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃 (unwairþs)


hnukāną

hnukō (active first-person indicative singular)
hnukaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hnukai (active imperative second-person singular)
hnukāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hnukaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hnukāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hnukāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hnukōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hnukāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnukāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hnukāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hnukānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hnukaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hnukaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hnukānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hnukānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hnukānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hnukānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hnukadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hnukadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnukadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hnukadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnukadē (active indicative singular third-person)
hnukadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnukadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnukadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnukadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnukadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnukadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnukadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnukadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnukadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnukadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnukadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnukāndz (active participle present)
hnukadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hnukēn

Old English: ġehnycned; ġenycled (for *ġehnycled)

Old Frisian: *nukja, *nukkia

Saterland Frisian: Nukke

West Frisian: neuke

Old Saxon: *hnukian; *hnukōn

Middle Low German: *nuken, *noken

German Low German: nucken, nöken

Old Dutch: *nuken; *nukon

Middle Dutch: *noken, *neuken

desctree

Dutch: neuken, n**ken, n*uken, n...ken, ne*ken (censored)
Afrikaans: neuk
→ English: nookie (possibly)

Old Norse: hnykkja

Icelandic: hnykkja

Faroese: nykkja

Old Swedish: nykkia

Swedish: nycka (dialectal)

Danish: nykke

From Proto-Indo-European *knewg- (“to press; push; bend”), from *ken- (“to press; pinch”).

der

to be bent, flex, curve, draw up, shrink, wrinkle, become pinched


dreuzagaz

*dreuzagaz (a-stem)

dreuzagaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
dreuzagai (masculine nominative plural strong)
dreuzagō (feminine nominative singular strong)
dreuzagôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
dreuzagą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
dreuzagō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dreuzaganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dreuzaganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
dreuzagǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
dreuzagōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
dreuzagą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
dreuzagō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dreuzagas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
dreuzagaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dreuzagaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dreuzagaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dreuzagas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
dreuzagaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
dreuzagammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dreuzagaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dreuzagaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dreuzagaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
dreuzagammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dreuzagaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dreuzaganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dreuzagaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dreuzagaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dreuzagaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dreuzaganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dreuzagaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
dreuzagô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dreuzaganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
dreuzagǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
dreuzagōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
dreuzagô (neuter nominative singular weak)
dreuzagōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dreuzaganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dreuzaganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
dreuzagōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
dreuzagōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
dreuzagô (accusative neuter singular weak)
dreuzagōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
dreuzaginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dreuzaganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
dreuzagōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
dreuzagōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
dreuzaginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dreuzaganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
dreuzagini (dative masculine singular weak)
dreuzagammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
dreuzagōni (dative feminine singular weak)
dreuzagōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
dreuzagini (dative neuter singular weak)
dreuzagammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
dreuzaginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
dreuzagammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
dreuzagōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
dreuzagōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
dreuzaginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
dreuzagammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Old English: drēoriġ, drēoreġ, drēorġ, drīoriġ
Middle English: dreorig, drerig, drerg, dreri, druri, drury
Scots: drear
English: dreary

>? Old Saxon: drōrag

Old High German: trūrag, trūreg; (*trourig?)

Middle High German: trūrec; (trōric?)

German: traurig

Yiddish: טרויעריק (troyerik)

→ Middle Dutch: truerich

Dutch: treurig

→ Middle Low German: trūrich

German Low German: trürig

→ Saterland Frisian: truurich

Old Norse: dreyrigr, dreyrugr

Icelandic: dreyrugur

From *dreuzaz (“liquid; blood”) + *-gaz.


aikijaną

aikijō (active first-person indicative singular)
aikijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aikijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
aikīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
aikijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aikī (active imperative second-person singular)
aikijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
aikijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
aikīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
aikijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aikijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
aikijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
aikijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
aikijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
aikijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aikijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aikijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aikijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
aikijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
aikijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aikijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
aikijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
aikīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
aikijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aikīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
aikijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
aikijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
aikijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
aikijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aikijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
aikijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
aikijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
aikidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
aikidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aikidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
aikidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aikidē (active indicative singular third-person)
aikidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aikidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
aikidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aikidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aikidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aikidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
aikidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aikidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
aikidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aikidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
aikidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aikijandz (active participle present)
aikidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Norwegian: eikja

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂oygéyeti, causative of *h₂eyg- (“to stir, set in motion”). Equivalent to *aikaną + *-janą.


dreuzaz

dreuzaz (nominative singular)
dreuzōz (nominative plural)
dreuzōs (nominative plural)
dreuz (singular vocative)
dreuzōz (plural vocative)
dreuzōs (plural vocative)
dreuzą (accusative singular)
dreuzanz (accusative plural)
dreuzas (genitive singular)
driuzis (genitive singular)
dreuzǫ̂ (genitive plural)
driuzai (dative singular)
dreuzamaz (dative plural)
dreuzō (instrumental singular)
dreuzamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: drēor m

Old Saxon: drōr m (< *drauzaz)

Old High German: trōr m (< *drauzaz)

Middle High German: trōr m or n

Old Norse: dreyri (< *drauzijô m)

Icelandic: dreyri

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrews- (“to break apart”), from *dʰrew- (“to break off”).


raikijaną

raikijō (active first-person indicative singular)
raikijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raikijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
raikīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
raikijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raikī (active imperative second-person singular)
raikijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
raikijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
raikīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
raikijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raikijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
raikijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
raikijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
raikijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
raikijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raikijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raikijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raikijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
raikijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
raikijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raikijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
raikijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
raikīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
raikijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raikīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
raikijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
raikijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
raikijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
raikijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raikijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
raikijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
raikijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raikidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
raikidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raikidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
raikidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raikidē (active indicative singular third-person)
raikidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raikidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
raikidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raikidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raikidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raikidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
raikidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raikidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
raikidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raikidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
raikidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raikijandz (active participle present)
raikidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *raikijan
Old English: rǣċan
Middle English: rechen
Scots: reche, reich
English: reach
Old Frisian: rēka, rētza
North Frisian: reke
Saterland Frisian: räkke
West Frisian: reke, rikke
Old Saxon: *rēkian
Middle Low German: rêken, rêiken
German Low German: recken
Old Dutch: *reiken
Middle Dutch: reiken
Dutch: reiken
Old High German: reichen, reihhen
Middle High German: reichen
Bavarian: reicha, reichn
Cimbrian: rékhan
German: reichen
Yiddish: גרייכן (greykhn)

From Proto-Indo-European *Hreyǵ- (“to stretch out, reach”). Cognate with Old Irish rigid (“to stretch”).


kuþō

kuþō (nominative singular)
kuþôz (nominative plural)
kuþō (singular vocative)
kuþôz (plural vocative)
kuþǭ (accusative singular)
kuþōz (accusative plural)
kuþōz (genitive singular)
kuþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kuþōi (dative singular)
kuþōmaz (dative plural)
kuþō (instrumental singular)
kuþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: coþu, cōþu, coþe

Middle English: cothe

English: cothe, coath, coathe

Of obscure origin. Compare Low German koghe (“cow disease”), Middle Scots cowdothe (“kind of epidemic”), though this could have been borrowed.


ilhilaz

*ilhilaz (a-stem)

ilhilaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
ilhilai (masculine nominative plural strong)
ilhilō (feminine nominative singular strong)
ilhilôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ilhilą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
ilhilō (neuter nominative plural strong)
ilhilanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
ilhilanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
ilhilǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
ilhilōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ilhilą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
ilhilō (accusative neuter plural strong)
ilhilas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
ilhilaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
ilhilaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
ilhilaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
ilhilas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
ilhilaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
ilhilammai (dative masculine singular strong)
ilhilaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
ilhilaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
ilhilaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
ilhilammai (dative neuter singular strong)
ilhilaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
ilhilanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
ilhilaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
ilhilaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
ilhilaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
ilhilanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
ilhilaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ilhilô (masculine nominative singular weak)
ilhilaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
ilhilǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
ilhilōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
ilhilô (neuter nominative singular weak)
ilhilōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
ilhilanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
ilhilanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
ilhilōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
ilhilōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
ilhilô (accusative neuter singular weak)
ilhilōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ilhiliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
ilhilanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
ilhilōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
ilhilōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ilhiliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
ilhilanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
ilhilini (dative masculine singular weak)
ilhilammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
ilhilōni (dative feminine singular weak)
ilhilōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
ilhilini (dative neuter singular weak)
ilhilammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
ilhilinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
ilhilammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
ilhilōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
ilhilōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
ilhilinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
ilhilammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Old Norse: illr
Icelandic: illur
Faroese: illur
Old Swedish: ilder, īller
Swedish: illa
Danish: ilde
Norwegian Bokmål: ille
Norwegian Nynorsk: ille
→ Middle English: ille, ill, il
English: ill
Scots: ill
Yola: ill

→ Proto-Finnic: *ilkëda
Estonian: ilge
Finnish: ilkeä
→ Votic: hilkiä
Ingrian: ilkiä
Karelian: (Northern) ilkie, (Southern) ilgie
Livvi: ilgei
Votic: ilka
→ Northern Sami: ilgat
→ Inari Sami: ilgâd

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁elḱ-, compare Proto-Indo-European *h₁élḱos (“sore, ulcer”). Possibly cognate with Proto-Celtic *ulkos (“bad, evil”).


edaraz

edaraz (nominative singular)
edarōz (nominative plural)
edarōs (nominative plural)
edar (singular vocative)
edarōz (plural vocative)
edarōs (plural vocative)
edarą (accusative singular)
edaranz (accusative plural)
edaras (genitive singular)
edaris (genitive singular)
edarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
edarai (dative singular)
edaramaz (dative plural)
edarō (instrumental singular)
edaramiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: edor, eodor

Middle English: *eder, ȝeddyr, yedder

English: edder

Scots: edder, yether

Old High German: etar

desctree

Old Norse: jaðarr
Icelandic: jaðar m
Faroese: jaðar m, jaðari m
Norwegian Nynorsk: jadar m, jar (jâr) m, jare m, Jæren m
Norwegian Bokmål: jare m
Old Swedish: iæþur, iadher
Swedish: jäder c (dialectal)
Old Danish: jæder
Danish: jæder

Cognate with Proto-Slavic *odrъ (“bed”). Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁odʰ-.


klukkwōną

klukkwō (active first-person indicative singular)
klukkwǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klukkwōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
klukkwōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
klukkwōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klukkwō (active imperative second-person singular)
klukkwōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
klukkwōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
klukkwōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
klukkwō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klukkwōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
klukkwōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
klukkwōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
klukkwōs (active dual first-person indicative)
klukkwōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klukkwōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klukkwōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klukkwōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
klukkwōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
klukkwōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klukkwōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
klukkwōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
klukkwōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
klukkwōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klukkwōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
klukkwōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
klukkwōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
klukkwōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
klukkwōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klukkwōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
klukkwōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
klukkwōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
klukkwōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
klukkwōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klukkwōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
klukkwōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klukkwōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
klukkwōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klukkwōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
klukkwōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klukkwōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klukkwōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klukkwōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
klukkwōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klukkwōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
klukkwōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klukkwōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
klukkwōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klukkwōndz (active participle present)
klukkwōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *klukkwōn
Old English: cloccian, cluccian
Middle English: clokken, cloken, clocken, clokkyn
English: cluck, clock
Scots: clok, clock, cleck
Old Saxon: *klukkōn
Middle Low German: klucken
Low German: klucken
Old Dutch: *klukkōn
Middle Dutch: clocken
Dutch: klokken
Old High German: klokkōn, klokkēn
Middle High German: klucken
Cimbrian: khlukhan
German: klucken
⇒ Middle High German: glucken (by dissimilation)
German: glucken

Old Norse: kløkkva, kløkka

Icelandic: klökkva

Swedish: klucka

Danish: klukke

onomatopoeic

imitative


mundraz

*mundraz (a-stem)

mundraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
mundrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
mundrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
mundrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
mundrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
mundrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
mundranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
mundranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
mundrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
mundrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
mundrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
mundrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
mundras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
mundraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
mundraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
mundraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
mundras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
mundraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
mundrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
mundraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
mundraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
mundraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
mundrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
mundraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
mundranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
mundraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
mundraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
mundraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
mundranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
mundraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
mundrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
mundraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
mundrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
mundrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
mundrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
mundrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
mundranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
mundranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
mundrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
mundrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
mundrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
mundrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
mundriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
mundranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
mundrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
mundrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
mundriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
mundranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
mundrini (dative masculine singular weak)
mundrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
mundrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
mundrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
mundrini (dative neuter singular weak)
mundrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
mundrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
mundrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
mundrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
mundrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
mundrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
mundrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *mundr

Old High German: muntar

Middle High German: munter, munder

German: munter

→ German Low German: munter

→ Dutch: monter

→ West Frisian: monter

→ Saterland Frisian: munter

→ Luxembourgish: monter

→ Danish: munter

→ Swedish: munter

→ Norwegian: munter

From Pre-Germanic *mn̥dʰrós, from Proto-Indo-European *meHndʰ- (“to see; strive; long for; be zealous for; be lively”), from *men- (“to think”).


hwaitijaz

hwaitijaz (nominative singular)
hwaitijōz (nominative plural)
hwaitijōs (nominative plural)
hwaitī (singular vocative)
hwaitijōz (plural vocative)
hwaitijōs (plural vocative)
hwaitiją (accusative singular)
hwaitijanz (accusative plural)
hwaitijas (genitive singular)
hwaitīs (genitive singular)
hwaitijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwaitijai (dative singular)
hwaitijamaz (dative plural)
hwaitijō (instrumental singular)
hwaitijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hwaitī
Old English: hwǣte
Middle English: whete, ȝwete, huete, weete, wete, wheete, whet, whette, wheyte, wheytt, whiett, whyte; quete, quheyt, qwet, qwhete (Northern); hwæte, hweate, hwete, whæte (Early Middle English)
English: wheat
Middle Scots: quhete
Scots: white, wheat, wheyt
Yola: whet
Old Frisian: hwēte, wēt
Saterland Frisian: Weete
West Frisian: weet
Old Saxon: hwēti
Middle Low German: wête, weite
German Low German: Weet, Weite, Weit, Weten
Old Dutch: *wēt, *weit
Middle Dutch: weet, weit
Dutch: weit
Limburgish: weit
Old High German: weizi, hwaizi
Middle High German: weize
Alemannic German: Weisse
Cimbrian: bòotze
German: Weizen
Hunsrik: Weize
Luxembourgish: Weess
Pennsylvania German: Weeze
Vilamovian: waas
Yiddish: ווייץ (veyts)

Old Norse: hveiti
Icelandic: hveiti
Faroese: hveiti
Norwegian Nynorsk: kveite; (dialectal) kveiti, gveite, veite
Old Swedish: hvēte
Swedish: vete, vät
Old Danish: hwetæ
Danish: hvede
Norwegian Bokmål: hvete

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍃 (ƕaiteis)

q

→ Lithuanian: kvietys, kvieši (“wheat”) (likely borrowed from Old Norse or Gothic)


snabulaz

snabulaz (nominative singular)
snabulōz (nominative plural)
snabulōs (nominative plural)
snabul (singular vocative)
snabulōz (plural vocative)
snabulōs (plural vocative)
snabulą (accusative singular)
snabulanz (accusative plural)
snabulas (genitive singular)
snabulis (genitive singular)
snabulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snabulai (dative singular)
snabulamaz (dative plural)
snabulō (instrumental singular)
snabulamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: snavel, snawel, snaul

Saterland Frisian: Snoabel

West Frisian: snabel, snaffel

Old Saxon: *snabul, *snavul

desc

Middle Low German: snābel, snāvel, snēvel

German Low German: Snabel

Plautdietsch: Schnowel

Old Dutch: *snavul

Middle Dutch: snavel

Dutch: snavel

Old High German: snabul

Middle High German: snabel

German: Schnabel

→ Norwegian: snabel

→ Swedish: snabel

→ Danish: snabel

Hunsrik: Schnawel, Schnauel

Luxembourgish: Schniewel

Yiddish: שנאָבל (shnobl)

From *snabjaz + *-ulaz (diminutive suffix). Probably from the same ultimate source as *snūtaz (“snout”).


hirzniją

hirzniją (nominative singular)
hirznijō (nominative plural)
hirzniją (singular vocative)
hirznijō (plural vocative)
hirzniją (accusative singular)
hirznijō (accusative plural)
hirznijas (genitive singular)
hirznīs (genitive singular)
hirznijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hirznijai (dative singular)
hirznijamaz (dative plural)
hirznijō (instrumental singular)
hirznijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hirʀnī

Old English: hærn
Scots: harn

desctree

< hærnes <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr>

⇒ Middle English: hernes pl (< hærnes pl)
English: harns
Scots: harns

Old Frisian: *harsen

West Frisian: harsen

Old Saxon: hirni

Middle Low German: hërne, harne

Old Saxon: *hirni, *hirsina

→ Middle Dutch: hersene pl

desc

Dutch: hersens pl, hersenen pl, hersen pl

desctree

Old High German: hirni
Middle High German: hirne, herne
Bavarian: Hirn
Cimbrian: hiarn
German: Hirn, ⇒ Gehirn
Luxembourgish: Hier, ⇒ Gehier

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂s- (“head”).


hakkōną

hakkō (active first-person indicative singular)
hakkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hakkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hakkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hakkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hakkō (active imperative second-person singular)
hakkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hakkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hakkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hakkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hakkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hakkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hakkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hakkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hakkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hakkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hakkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hakkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hakkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hakkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hakkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hakkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hakkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hakkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hakkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hakkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hakkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hakkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hakkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hakkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hakkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hakkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hakkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hakkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hakkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hakkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hakkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hakkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hakkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hakkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hakkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hakkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hakkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hakkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hakkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hakkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hakkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hakkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hakkōndz (active participle present)
hakkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hakkōn
Old English: *haccian
Middle English: hakken
English: hack
Scots: hak, hack
Old Frisian: *hakkia, *hakia
Saterland Frisian: häkje
West Frisian: hakje
⇒ Old Frisian: tohakia, *tohakkia
Old Saxon: *hakkōn
Middle Low German: hacken
German Low German: hacken
Plautdietsch: haken
→ Danish: hakke
→ Swedish: hacka
→ Norn: hakka
→ Norwegian: hakke
→ Faroese: hakka
→ Icelandic: hakka
→ Gutnish: hakke
Old Dutch: *hakkon, *hakon
Middle Dutch: hacken
Dutch: hakken
Limburgish: hakke
Old High German: hacchōn, *hakkōn
Middle High German: hacken
Bavarian: håckn
Cimbrian: hàkhan
German: hacken
→ Estonian: hakkima
→ Old French: hacher (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finnic:

Estonian: hakkama

Finnish: hakata
→ Votic: hakatõ

Karelian: hakata

Livonian: akkõ

From Proto-Indo-European *keg-, *keng- (“to be sharp; peg; hook; handle”).


hakjaną

hakjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hakjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hakjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hakisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hakjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haki (active imperative second-person singular)
hakjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hakjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hakiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hakjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hakjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hakjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hakjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hakjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hakjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hakjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hakjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hakjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hakjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hakjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hakjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hakjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hakiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hakjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hakiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hakjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hakjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hakjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hakjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hakjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hakjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hakjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hakidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hakidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hakidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hakidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hakidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hakidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hakidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hakidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hakidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hakidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hakidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hakidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hakidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hakidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hakidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hakidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hakjandz (active participle present)
hakidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: hæċċan; (ofhæċċan)

Middle English: hacchen

English: hatch

desc

Old High German: hecchen, hekken, hecken

Middle High German: hechen, hecken

German: hecken

→ Danish: hække

→ Swedish: häcka


þweraną

þwerō (active first-person indicative singular)
þweraų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þwerai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þwirizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þweraiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þwer (active imperative second-person singular)
þwerazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þweraizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þwiridi (active indicative singular third-person)
þwerai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þweradau (active imperative singular third-person)
þweradai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þweraidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þwerōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þweraiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þweradiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þweraidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þweradiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þweramaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þweraim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þwerandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þweraindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þwirid (active indicative plural second-person)
þweraid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þwirid (active imperative plural second-person)
þwerandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þweraindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þwerandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þwerain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þwerandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þwerandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þweraindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þwar (active first-person indicative singular)
þwērį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þwart (active indicative second-person singular)
þwērīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þwar (active indicative singular third-person)
þwērī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þwērū (active dual first-person indicative)
þwērīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þwērudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þwērīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þwērum (active first-person indicative plural)
þwērīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þwērud (active indicative plural second-person)
þwērīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þwērun (active indicative plural third-person)
þwērīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þwerandz (active participle present)
þuranaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þweran
Old English: þweran
Old Saxon: *thweran
Middle Low German: dwēren
Old High German: *dweran, *tweran
Middle High German: dweren, dwërn, tweren, twërn
German: zweren (obsolete)
Bavarian: zweren

Old Norse: *þwera

Norwegian: tvære

Swedish: tvära (dialectal)

Danish: tvære

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)twérH-e-ti, from *(s)twerH- (“to stir; to propel”).


halluz

halluz (nominative singular)
halliwiz (nominative plural)
hallu (singular vocative)
halliwiz (plural vocative)
hallų (accusative singular)
hallunz (accusative plural)
hallauz (genitive singular)
halliwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
halliwi (dative singular)
hallumaz (dative plural)
hallū (instrumental singular)
hallumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: heall

Proto-Norse: ᚺᚨᛚᚨᛉ (halaʀ), ᚺᚨᛚᛁ (hali)

Old Norse: hallr
Icelandic: hallur
(Faroese: halli)
Norn: hallj
Norwegian Nynorsk: hall
Old Swedish: hal
Swedish: hall (dialectal), häll
Danish: hald
Norwegian Bokmål: hall
→ Scots: hall (Shetlandish)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌿𐍃 (hallus)

Crimean Gothic: ael (or from Turkic)

→ Proto-Finnic: *hallus

Finnish: Hallu, Hallusvuori (only in place-names)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kel- (“to cut; hew”). Compare Old Armenian սալ (sal).


hamô

hamô (nominative singular)
hamaniz (nominative plural)
hamô (singular vocative)
hamaniz (plural vocative)
hamanų (accusative singular)
hamanunz (accusative plural)
haminiz (genitive singular)
hamanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hamini (dative singular)
hamammaz (dative plural)
haminē (instrumental singular)
hamammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hamō
Old English: hama, homa
Middle English: hame, haum
English: hame, heam
Old Frisian: *hama, *homa
North Frisian: hame
Saterland Frisian: Hoom
West Frisian: haam
Old Saxon: *hamo
Middle Low German: hame, ham
Old Dutch: *hamo
Middle Dutch: hame
Dutch: haam, ham
→ Middle English: hame
English: hame
Scots: hame
Old High German: *hamo
Middle High German: hame, ham
German: Hame, Hamen, Ham (dialectal)
→ Hungarian: hám (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: *hami, hamr

Icelandic: hamur

Faroese: hamur

Danish: ham

Norwegian Bokmål: ham

Norwegian Nynorsk: ham

Swedish: hamn

Uncertain; possibly from unattested strong verb *hamaną + *-ô, perhaps cognate with Sanskrit शामूल (śāmūla, “woolen shirt”), seemingly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱem- (“to cover?”).


jekulaz

jekulaz (nominative singular)
jekulōz (nominative plural)
jekulōs (nominative plural)
jekul (singular vocative)
jekulōz (plural vocative)
jekulōs (plural vocative)
jekulą (accusative singular)
jekulanz (accusative plural)
jekulas (genitive singular)
jekulis (genitive singular)
jekulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jekulai (dative singular)
jekulamaz (dative plural)
jekulō (instrumental singular)
jekulamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *jikil, *jekul
Old English: ġiċel, ġieċel, *ġyċel, *ġecol, *ġeocol, *ġicol
Middle English: ikil, ykel, ykle, ychele, ikyl
English: ickle, eckle
Old Frisian: itsil, itzil, etzil
Old Saxon: *jukil
Middle Low German: jȫkel, jekel, jokel, jöckel, jockel, jȫkele, jokele, jöckele, jockele, jukel, guckel m or f (merged with descendant of Old Saxon gikilla f)
Low German: (Dithmarscher) Jäkel
North Frisian: jöckel, jögel
→ West Frisian: jûkel, (Schiermonnikoog) jokel
→ Dutch: jeukel (dialectal)

Old Norse: jǫkull
Icelandic: jökull
→ Danish: jøkel
Norwegian Bokmål: jøkel
→ English: jokul
→ Swedish: jökel
Faroese: jøkul, jøkil
Norwegian Nynorsk: jøkul, jøkle; (dialectal) jukul
Old Swedish: īkil
Swedish: ickel (dialectal)
Old Danish: egle


jekô

jekô (nominative singular)
jekaniz (nominative plural)
jekô (singular vocative)
jekaniz (plural vocative)
jekanų (accusative singular)
jekanunz (accusative plural)
jikiniz (genitive singular)
jekanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jikini (dative singular)
jekammaz (dative plural)
jikinē (instrumental singular)
jekammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *jekō
Old High German: *jehho, *jecho
Middle High German: *jech
German: Jäch (dialectal)

Old Norse: jaki
Icelandic: jaki
Norwegian Nynorsk: jake; (dialectal) jaki, jaka


glēzô

glēzô (nominative singular)
glēzaniz (nominative plural)
glēzô (singular vocative)
glēzaniz (plural vocative)
glēzanų (accusative singular)
glēzanunz (accusative plural)
glēziniz (genitive singular)
glēzanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glēzini (dative singular)
glēzammaz (dative plural)
glēzinē (instrumental singular)
glēzammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *glǣr, glær m (glæsas (plural))

Old Saxon: glēr, *glār

Middle Low German: glâr

Frankish: *glēzō

→ Medieval Latin: glēsum, glessum; glessarius (perhaps from Gothic?)

(Old High German: clases)


kaupijaną

kaupijō (active first-person indicative singular)
kaupijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kaupijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kaupīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kaupijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kaupī (active imperative second-person singular)
kaupijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kaupijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kaupīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kaupijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kaupijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kaupijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kaupijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kaupijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kaupijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kaupijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kaupijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kaupijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kaupijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kaupijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kaupijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kaupijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kaupīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kaupijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kaupīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kaupijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kaupijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kaupijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kaupijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kaupijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kaupijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kaupijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kaupidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kaupidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kaupidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kaupidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kaupidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kaupidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kaupidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kaupidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kaupidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kaupidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kaupidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kaupidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kaupidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kaupidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kaupidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kaupidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kaupijandz (active participle present)
kaupidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kaupijan
Old English: ċīepan, ċȳpan
Middle English: chepen (merged with descendant of *kaupōn)
Scots: chepe, cheip
English: cheap
Old Saxon: kōpian
Middle Low German: kö̂pen
Low German: köpen
Old Dutch: *kōpen
Middle Dutch: côpen (merged with descendant of *kaupōn)
Dutch: kopen
Afrikaans: koop
Berbice Creole Dutch: kopu
Negerhollands: koop, kop
Skepi Creole Dutch: kop
Old High German: koufen
Old High German: koufen, keufen
German: käufen

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: keypa

Icelandic: keypa

Faroese: keypa

Norwegian Bokmål: kjøpe

Old Swedish: kø̄pa

Swedish: köpa

Old Danish: køpæ (merged with descendant of *kaupōną)

Danish: købe

Elfdalian: tjyöpa (merged with descendant of *kaupōną)

Scanian: køba

→ Finnish: kaupita

i

→ Proto-Slavic: *kupiti (possibly via unattested Gothic *kaupjan)


sūpaną

sūpō (active first-person indicative singular)
sūpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sūpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sūpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sūpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sūp (active imperative second-person singular)
sūpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sūpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sūpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sūpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sūpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sūpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sūpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sūpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sūpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sūpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sūpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sūpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sūpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sūpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sūpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sūpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sūpid (active indicative plural second-person)
sūpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sūpid (active imperative plural second-person)
sūpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sūpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sūpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sūpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sūpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sūpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sūpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
saup (active first-person indicative singular)
supį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sauft (active indicative second-person singular)
supīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
saup (active indicative singular third-person)
supī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
supū (active dual first-person indicative)
supīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
supudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
supīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
supum (active first-person indicative plural)
supīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
supud (active indicative plural second-person)
supīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
supun (active indicative plural third-person)
supīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sūpandz (active participle present)
supanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sūpan
Old English: sūpan
Middle English: soupen
Scots: soup, sowp, sup
English: sup, soup
Old Frisian: *sūpa
Saterland Frisian: suupe
West Frisian: sûpe
Old Saxon: sūpan
Middle Low German: sūpen
German Low German: supen
Old Dutch: *sūpan
Middle Dutch: supen
Dutch: zuipen
Afrikaans: suip
→ Saramaccan: zoin
Limburgish: zoepe
Old High German: sūfan
Middle High German: sūfen
Alemannic German: suufe, süfä (Formazza)
Central Franconian: suffe
Bavarian: saufn
German: saufen, süffeln
Hunsrik: saufe
Luxembourgish: saufen
Yiddish: זויפֿן (zoyfn)

Old Norse: súpa
Icelandic: súpa
Faroese: súpa
Norwegian Nynorsk: supa, supe
Old Swedish: sūpa
Swedish: supa

Danish: supe, suppe, søbe
Norwegian Bokmål: supe
Scanian: suva, syppa, suppa, syba
Elfdalian: saupa
Gutnish: säupa

From Proto-Indo-European *sewb- (“to pour out”).


wastmaz

wastmaz (nominative singular)
wastmōz (nominative plural)
wastmōs (nominative plural)
wastm (singular vocative)
wastmōz (plural vocative)
wastmōs (plural vocative)
wastmą (accusative singular)
wastmanz (accusative plural)
wastmas (genitive singular)
wastmis (genitive singular)
wastmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wastmai (dative singular)
wastmamaz (dative plural)
wastmō (instrumental singular)
wastmamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wæstm, westm

Middle English: wæstm, wastme, wastom

desctree

Old Norse: ávǫxtr
Icelandic: ávöxtur
Faroese: ávøkstur
Norwegian Bokmål: åvekst

Old Saxon: wastum

From earlier *wahsmaz, from *wahsijaną (“to grow”).


angijō

angijō (nominative singular)
angijôz (nominative plural)
angijō (singular vocative)
angijôz (plural vocative)
angijǭ (accusative singular)
angijōz (accusative plural)
angijōz (genitive singular)
angijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
angijōi (dative singular)
angijōmaz (dative plural)
angijō (instrumental singular)
angijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *eng, ing

Middle English: eng, enge, ynge, ing

Scots: eng

English: ing

Old Dutch: *eng

Middle Dutch: eng, enc

Dutch: eng, enk

Old Norse: eng f, engi
Icelandic: eng f, engi n
Faroese: ong f
Norwegian Nynorsk: eng f, enge n
Norwegian Bokmål: eng f
Old Swedish: æng, ænge
Swedish: äng c
Danish: eng c
Norwegian Bokmål: eng m

/ˈɑŋ.ɡi.jɔː/

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énkos (“a bend; curve; bowl-shape; valley”), from *h₂enk- (“to bend; bow; curve”). Cognate with Latin ancrae (“a gorge; ravine”), Ancient Greek ἄγκος (ánkos, “a bend; hollow; mountain glen; dell; valley”), Sanskrit अङ्कस् (aṅkas, “a bend or curve”).

cog

A low lying meadow in a valley or near a river


snarhǭ

snarhǭ (nominative singular)
snarhōniz (nominative plural)
snarhǭ (singular vocative)
snarhōniz (plural vocative)
snarhōnų (accusative singular)
snarhōnunz (accusative plural)
snarhōniz (genitive singular)
snarhōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snarhōni (dative singular)
snarhōmaz (dative plural)
snarhōnē (instrumental singular)
snarhōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *snarhā

Old English: sneare; snearu

desctree

Middle English: snare, snaare, snarr, snarre
English: snare
Scots: snare

Old Frisian: *snare

Saterland Frisian: Snoare

West Frisian: snaar

Old Saxon: *snarha, *snara; (snari, *sneri < (*snarhijǭ))

Middle Low German: snar, snare; (snere)

German Low German: Snaar

→ Polabian: snör

Old Dutch: snara

Middle Dutch: snare, snaer

Dutch: snaar
Afrikaans: snaar
→ Caribbean Javanese: senar
→ Indonesian: senar

desc

Old High German: snarha, snaraha, snarahha, snaracha

Middle High German: snare

German: Schnarre

Old Norse: snara

Icelandic: snara

Faroese: snara

Norwegian: snare

Old Swedish: snara, snæra

Swedish: snara

Danish: snare

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)nerk-, from *(s)ner- (“to wrap; wind; lace; shrink; shrivel”).


mōjaną

mōjō (active first-person indicative singular)
mōjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mōjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
mōisi (active indicative second-person singular)
mōjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mōi (active imperative second-person singular)
mōjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mōjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mōiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
mōjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mōjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
mōjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mōjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mōjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
mōjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mōjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mōjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mōjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mōjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mōjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mōjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mōjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mōiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
mōjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mōiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
mōjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mōjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mōjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
mōjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mōjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
mōjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mōjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mōidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
mōidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mōidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
mōidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mōidē (active indicative singular third-person)
mōidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mōidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
mōidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mōidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mōidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mōidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
mōidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mōidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
mōidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mōidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
mōidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mōjandz (active participle present)
mōidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mōjan
Old Frisian: mōia
Saterland Frisian: möie
West Frisian: muoie
Old Saxon: *mōian
Middle Low German: mōien, möien
German Low German: möjen
Old Dutch: *muojan
Middle Dutch: moeyen
Dutch: moeien
Limburgish: möjje
Old High German: muojan, muoen
Middle High German: muon, müen, müewen, müejen
German: mühen

Gothic: *𐌼𐍉𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*mōjan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐍆𐌼𐍉𐌾𐌰𐌽 (afmōjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *meh₃- (“to cause toil, be a burden”).


mēriþō

mēriþō (nominative singular)
mēriþôz (nominative plural)
mēriþō (singular vocative)
mēriþôz (plural vocative)
mēriþǭ (accusative singular)
mēriþōz (accusative plural)
mēriþōz (genitive singular)
mēriþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mēriþōi (dative singular)
mēriþōmaz (dative plural)
mēriþō (instrumental singular)
mēriþōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *māriþu
Old English: mǣrþo, mǣrþu, mǣrþ
Middle English: merthe
Old Saxon: māritha, mārtha
Old Dutch: māritha
Old High German: mārida

Old Norse: mærð

Icelandic: mærð

Gothic: 𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌰 (mēriþa)

fame; popularity; celebrity; renown; reputation


mēraz

mēraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
mērai (masculine nominative plural strong)
mērō (feminine nominative singular strong)
mērôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
mērą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
mērō (neuter nominative plural strong)
mēranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
mēranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
mērǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
mērōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
mērą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
mērō (accusative neuter plural strong)
mēras (genitive masculine singular strong)
mēris (genitive masculine singular strong)
mēraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
mēraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
mēraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
mēras (genitive neuter singular strong)
mēris (genitive neuter singular strong)
mēraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
mērammai (dative masculine singular strong)
mēraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
mēraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
mēraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
mērammai (dative neuter singular strong)
mēraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
mēranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
mēraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
mēraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
mēraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
mēranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
mēraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
mērô (masculine nominative singular weak)
mēraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
mērǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
mērōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
mērô (neuter nominative singular weak)
mērōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
mēranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
mēranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
mērōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
mērōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
mērô (accusative neuter singular weak)
mērōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
mēriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
mēranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
mērōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
mērōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
mēriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
mēranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
mērini (dative masculine singular weak)
mērammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
mērōni (dative feminine singular weak)
mērōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
mērini (dative neuter singular weak)
mērammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
mērinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
mērammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
mērōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
mērōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
mērinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
mērammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *mār
Not directly attested in any daughter languages. Instead, see *mārī.

desc

Proto-Norse: -ᛗᚨᚱᚨᛉ (-maraʀ) (in given names)

Old Norse: -marr

Icelandic: -mar

Faroese: -mar

Gothic: *𐌼𐌴𐍂𐍃 (*mērs)

From Proto-Indo-European *meh₁-ró-s (“measurable, great”), from *meh₁- (“to measure”) + *-rós. Cognate with Proto-Celtic *māros (“big, great”)


jugunþiz

jugunþiz (nominative singular)
jugunþīz (nominative plural)
jugunþi (singular vocative)
jugunþīz (plural vocative)
jugunþį (accusative singular)
jugunþinz (accusative plural)
jugunþīz (genitive singular)
jugunþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jugunþī (dative singular)
jugunþimaz (dative plural)
jugunþī (instrumental singular)
jugunþimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *jugunþi
Old English: ġeoguþ
Middle English: youthe
English: youth (obsolete yought)
Middle Scots: ȝouthe, ȝouth, ȝowth, ȝewth, youth
Scots: youth
Old Frisian: jogethe
Saterland Frisian: Juugd
West Frisian: jeugd
Old Saxon: juguth, jugud
Middle Low German: jōged
German Low German: Jöögd
Old Dutch: *juguth, iuginde
Middle Dutch: jōghet, jōgede
Dutch: jeugd
Old High German: jugund
Middle High German: jugent
German: Jugend
Luxembourgish: Jugend
Yiddish: יוגנט (yugnt)

From earlier *juwundiz (possibly influenced in form by *dugunþō), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yú-Hn̥-ti-s, from *h₂yéwHō (“young”).

(West Germanic) The state of being young; youth


kanką

kanką (nominative singular)
kankō (nominative plural)
kanką (singular vocative)
kankō (plural vocative)
kanką (accusative singular)
kankō (accusative plural)
kankas (genitive singular)
kankis (genitive singular)
kankǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kankai (dative singular)
kankamaz (dative plural)
kankō (instrumental singular)
kankamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kank

Old English: canc

Middle English: cang, chang

From Proto-Indo-European *gong- (“mockery, derision”).


glīsōną

glīsō (active first-person indicative singular)
glīsǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glīsōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
glīsōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
glīsōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glīsō (active imperative second-person singular)
glīsōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
glīsōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
glīsōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
glīsō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glīsōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
glīsōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
glīsōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
glīsōs (active dual first-person indicative)
glīsōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glīsōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glīsōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glīsōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
glīsōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
glīsōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glīsōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
glīsōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
glīsōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
glīsōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glīsōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
glīsōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
glīsōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
glīsōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
glīsōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glīsōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
glīsōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
glīsōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
glīsōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
glīsōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glīsōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
glīsōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glīsōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
glīsōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glīsōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
glīsōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glīsōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glīsōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glīsōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
glīsōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glīsōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
glīsōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glīsōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
glīsōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glīsōndz (active participle present)
glīsōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *glīsōn

Old English: glīsian

Old Frisian: glisia

Old Saxon: *glīsōn

Middle Low German: glîsen, glîssen

German Low German:

Low Prussian: glissen

Old Dutch: *glīsōn

Middle Dutch: *glîsen, *glîssen

Dutch: glijssen (dialectal)

Old Norse: *glísa

Norwegian: glisa

Swedish: glisa (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰleys-, from *ǵʰley- (“to shine”).


hagô

hagô (nominative singular)
haganiz (nominative plural)
hagô (singular vocative)
haganiz (plural vocative)
haganų (accusative singular)
haganunz (accusative plural)
haginiz (genitive singular)
haganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hagini (dative singular)
hagammaz (dative plural)
haginē (instrumental singular)
hagammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hagō, *hag
Old English: haga
Middle English: hawe, haȝe, haue, hahe, haw, hawghe
English: haw
Scots: haw
Yola: haeve
Old Frisian: *haga; *hach
Saterland Frisian: Hoage
West Frisian: haach
Old Saxon: hago
Middle Low German: hāge
Old Dutch: *hago
Middle Dutch: hāge, haghe
Dutch: haag
Old High German: hag (< *hag), *hago (perhaps attested as hage)
Middle High German: hac
Alemannic German: Hag, Haag
German: Hag
⇒ Middle High German: hage (merged with hagan)
Luxembourgish: Ho

Old Norse: hagi
Icelandic: hagi
Faroese: hagi
Norwegian: hage, (dialectal) hagi, haga, hågå
→ Danish: hage, hauge
Norwegian Bokmål: hage
Old Swedish: haghi
Swedish: hage
Danish: have
Norwegian Bokmål: have
→ Norman: hague
Jersey Norman: hague

From Proto-Indo-European *kágʰō, perhaps earlier *kágʰn̥ ~ *kagʰéns whence also Proto-West Germanic *hagn.

>? Proto-West Germanic: *hakki

*hakkją (possibly from the original genitive *hakkaz)


angulō

angulō (nominative singular)
angulôz (nominative plural)
angulō (singular vocative)
angulôz (plural vocative)
angulǭ (accusative singular)
angulōz (accusative plural)
angulōz (genitive singular)
angulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
angulōi (dative singular)
angulōmaz (dative plural)
angulō (instrumental singular)
angulōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: angel, angul

Middle English: angel

English: angle

Old Saxon: angul

Middle Low German: angel

Old Dutch: *angul

Middle Dutch: anghel

Dutch: angel; hengel

Old High German: angul
Middle High German: angel
German: Angel
Luxembourgish: Aangel

Old Norse: ǫngull

Icelandic: öngull

Norwegian: angel, ongul, ongel

A diminutive of *angô (“hook, angle”), similar to *angulaz (“hook”).


angô

angô (nominative singular)
anganiz (nominative plural)
angô (singular vocative)
anganiz (plural vocative)
anganų (accusative singular)
anganunz (accusative plural)
anginiz (genitive singular)
anganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
angini (dative singular)
angammaz (dative plural)
anginē (instrumental singular)
angammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *angō

Old English: anga, onga
>? Middle English: ange (“pain, trouble, grief”) (perhaps merged with Old English ange (“narrow, tight, anxious, vexed”, adj))

Old Saxon: ango

Old Dutch: *ango

Middle Dutch: anghe

Old High German: ango
Middle High German: ange m or f
Alemannic German: Ange
German: (dialectal) Ange
⇒ Swabian: Halsanke

Old Norse: angi (“spine, prickle”)

Faroese: angi

Icelandic: angi

Gothic: *𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰 (*agga)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰 (halsagga)

→ Galician: anga (“handle”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énk-ō, from *h₂enk- (“curve, bend”).


angô

Old Norse: angi
Icelandic: angi
Danish: ange

Cognate with Old Armenian անձն (anjn, “soul, person”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂én(h₁)ǵʰō or *h₂en(h₁)ǵʰḗn (“breath”), from a suffixed/extended form of the root *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”) as in *ananą.

inh

*h₂én(h₁)ǵʰō


baitō

baitō (nominative singular)
baitôz (nominative plural)
baitō (singular vocative)
baitôz (plural vocative)
baitǭ (accusative singular)
baitōz (accusative plural)
baitōz (genitive singular)
baitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
baitōi (dative singular)
baitōmaz (dative plural)
baitō (instrumental singular)
baitōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bāt; (ġebǣte)

Middle English: bat

→ Old French: abeter

→ Galician: abeto

Old High German: beiza; *beiz

Middle High German: beize; beiz

q

influenced by <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">beizen</i>

German: Beiße (obsolete); Beize (influenced by beizen)

→ Dutch: beits

→ Danish: bejdse

Luxembourgish: Beez

Old Norse: beita; beit; beiti

Icelandic: beita; beit

(Faroese: beiti)

Norwegian: beita; (beite)

Old Swedish: bēt

Swedish: bet

Old Danish: bēd; bed

Danish: bed

→ Scots: betek; bet (Shetlandic)

desc

→ Middle English: bayte, beite, baite, beit

Scots: bait

English: bait

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyd- (“to split; separate; sunder; cleave”).

der

That which is or can be bitten; food; bait


snuttaz

snuttaz (nominative singular)
snuttōz (nominative plural)
snuttōs (nominative plural)
snutt (singular vocative)
snuttōz (plural vocative)
snuttōs (plural vocative)
snuttą (accusative singular)
snuttanz (accusative plural)
snuttas (genitive singular)
snuttis (genitive singular)
snuttǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snuttai (dative singular)
snuttamaz (dative plural)
snuttō (instrumental singular)
snuttamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġesnot, ġesnott

Middle English: snotte, snot

English: snot

Old Frisian: snotta

West Frisian: snotte

Old Saxon: snut

Middle Low German: snute, snotte

Old Dutch: *snut

Middle Dutch: snotte

Dutch: snot

Old High German: snuz, snuzza

Alternative form of *snuttuz: snot, mucus


snuttuz

snuttuz (nominative singular)
snuttiwiz (nominative plural)
snuttu (singular vocative)
snuttiwiz (plural vocative)
snuttų (accusative singular)
snuttunz (accusative plural)
snuttauz (genitive singular)
snuttiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snuttiwi (dative singular)
snuttumaz (dative plural)
snuttū (instrumental singular)
snuttumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *snutt, *snott

Old English: *snott; ġesnott, ġesnot

Middle English: snotte, snot

Scots: snot; (snotter, snoter)

English: snot; (snotter)

Old Frisian: snotta

North Frisian: snot

Saterland Frisian: Snotte

West Frisian: snotte

Old Saxon: *snotto; *snotta

Middle Low German: snotte; (snotter)

German Low German: Snött, Snodder

→ Danish: snot

→ Norwegian: snott

q

→ German: Schnodder (standard colloquial word in Northern Germany)

Old Dutch: *snotto

Middle Dutch: snotte

Dutch: snot

Old High German: *snuz; snuzza

Middle High German: snuz

desc

German: Schnutz, Schnütz, Schnütt, Schnuter, Schnotter (dialectal)

Reflecting pre-Germanic *snutnús, likely back-formed from the accusative plural of an old n-stem *snéuþô (or similar), whence also the form *snuttaz, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *snew- (“to flow, run; moisture”).


wurþiz

wurþiz (nominative singular)
wurþīz (nominative plural)
wurþi (singular vocative)
wurþīz (plural vocative)
wurþį (accusative singular)
wurþinz (accusative plural)
wurþīz (genitive singular)
wurþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wurþī (dative singular)
wurþimaz (dative plural)
wurþī (instrumental singular)
wurþimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: wurth

Old Dutch: *wurth, *wuorth (?)

Middle Dutch: woert (or from Frisian?)

Dutch: woerd

Old Saxon: wurth

Middle Low German: wurt

→ German: Wurt

Old Norse: urð

Icelandic: urð

Faroese: urð

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: ur, urd

→ Danish: ur

Norwegian Bokmål: ur

From pre-Germanic *h₂wŕ̥tis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wer- (“to raise”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄρσις (ársis, “raising”).


grēdagaz

*grēdagaz (a-stem)

grēdagaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
grēdagai (masculine nominative plural strong)
grēdagō (feminine nominative singular strong)
grēdagôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
grēdagą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
grēdagō (neuter nominative plural strong)
grēdaganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
grēdaganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
grēdagǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
grēdagōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
grēdagą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
grēdagō (accusative neuter plural strong)
grēdagas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
grēdagaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
grēdagaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
grēdagaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
grēdagas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
grēdagaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
grēdagammai (dative masculine singular strong)
grēdagaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
grēdagaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
grēdagaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
grēdagammai (dative neuter singular strong)
grēdagaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
grēdaganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
grēdagaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
grēdagaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
grēdagaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
grēdaganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
grēdagaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
grēdagô (masculine nominative singular weak)
grēdaganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
grēdagǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
grēdagōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
grēdagô (neuter nominative singular weak)
grēdagōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
grēdaganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
grēdaganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
grēdagōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
grēdagōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
grēdagô (accusative neuter singular weak)
grēdagōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
grēdaginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
grēdaganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
grēdagōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
grēdagōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
grēdaginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
grēdaganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
grēdagini (dative masculine singular weak)
grēdagammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
grēdagōni (dative feminine singular weak)
grēdagōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
grēdagini (dative neuter singular weak)
grēdagammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
grēdaginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
grēdagammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
grēdagōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
grēdagōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
grēdaginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
grēdagammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *grādag
Old English: grǣdiġ
Middle English: gredy
English: greedy
Scots: gredy, gredie
Old Saxon: grādag
Old Dutch: *grādag
Middle Dutch: gradig
Dutch: graag
Old High German: grātag

Old Norse: gráðigr, gráðugr

Icelandic: gráðugur

Norwegian: grådig, grådug

Old Swedish: grādhugher

Swedish: grådig (archaic)

Danish: grådig

Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐌴𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 (grēdags)

/ˈɣrɛː.ðɑ.ɣɑz/

Alteration of earlier *grēdugaz, equivalent to *grēduz (“hunger”) + *-gaz.


hagastaldaz

hagastaldaz (nominative singular)
hagastaldōz (nominative plural)
hagastaldōs (nominative plural)
hagastald (singular vocative)
hagastaldōz (plural vocative)
hagastaldōs (plural vocative)
hagastaldą (accusative singular)
hagastaldanz (accusative plural)
hagastaldas (genitive singular)
hagastaldis (genitive singular)
hagastaldǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hagastaldai (dative singular)
hagastaldamaz (dative plural)
hagastaldō (instrumental singular)
hagastaldamiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: hæġsteald, hagulstead, hagosteald

⇒ Old English: Hagustealdesēa

⇒ Old English: Hagustealdeshām

English: Hexham

Middle English: hassel, haselle

Old Saxon: hagalstad

Old High German: hagalstalt, hagastolt

Old Norse: haukstalda


þurisaz

þurisaz (nominative singular)
þurisōz (nominative plural)
þurisōs (nominative plural)
þuris (singular vocative)
þurisōz (plural vocative)
þurisōs (plural vocative)
þurisą (accusative singular)
þurisanz (accusative plural)
þurisas (genitive singular)
þurisis (genitive singular)
þurisǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þurisai (dative singular)
þurisamaz (dative plural)
þurisō (instrumental singular)
þurisamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þuris
Old English: þyrs, ðyrs — edh spelling
Middle English: thurs, thirs, thrisse, thrusse, thurse, thursse, thyrce, þurs
English: thurse
Old Saxon: thuris
Old High German: duris, turs
Middle High German: turse, türse, torse
German: Turse

Old Norse: þurs, þuss
Icelandic: þurs
Faroese: tussur
Norwegian Nynorsk: tuss, tusse
Norwegian Bokmål: tuss, tusse
Swedish: tuss, tusse (dialectal)
Old Danish: tusse, tosse
Danish: tosse
→ Scottish Gaelic: tursa

→ Proto-Finnic: *tursas (see there for further descendants)

Derived from *þurēnan, which is etymologically connected to Vedic Sanskrit तुर (tura, “speedy, quick, strong, powerful, rich”) (from Proto-Indo-European *twerH- (“to hasten, be quick”)).


nutjō

nutjō (nominative singular)
nutjôz (nominative plural)
nutjō (singular vocative)
nutjôz (plural vocative)
nutjǭ (accusative singular)
nutjōz (accusative plural)
nutjōz (genitive singular)
nutjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nutjōi (dative singular)
nutjōmaz (dative plural)
nutjō (instrumental singular)
nutjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: nytt, nyt

Middle English: nutte

Old Frisian: nette, nett

Old Saxon: *nuttia, *nuttea

Middle Low German: nutte, nut

German Low German: Nütt

Old High German: nuzzi

Old Norse: nyt

Old Swedish: nyt

From Proto-Indo-European *newd- (“to seize; grasp; use”).


snutraz

snutraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
snutrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
snutrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
snutrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
snutrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
snutrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
snutranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
snutranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
snutrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
snutrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
snutrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
snutrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
snutras (genitive masculine singular strong)
snutris (genitive masculine singular strong)
snutraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
snutraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
snutraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
snutras (genitive neuter singular strong)
snutris (genitive neuter singular strong)
snutraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
snutrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
snutraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
snutraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
snutraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
snutrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
snutraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
snutranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
snutraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
snutraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
snutraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
snutranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
snutraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
snutrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
snutraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
snutrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
snutrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
snutrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
snutrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
snutranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
snutranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
snutrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
snutrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
snutrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
snutrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
snutriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
snutranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
snutrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
snutrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
snutriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
snutranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
snutrini (dative masculine singular weak)
snutrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
snutrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
snutrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
snutrini (dative neuter singular weak)
snutrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
snutrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
snutrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
snutrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
snutrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
snutrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
snutrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *snotr
Old English: snotor, snottor, snoter
Middle English: snoter
⇒? Saterland Frisian: snotterch (“brilliant, super-smart”)
Old High German: snottar, snotar

Old Norse: snotr

Icelandic: snotur

Faroese: snotur-

Swedish: snotter

Gothic: 𐍃𐌽𐌿𐍄𐍂𐍃 (snutrs)

Unclear. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *snew- (“to be fleet; flow; run; trickle”); or from Proto-Indo-European *snu- (“mind; understanding”).

unk

Unclear


sultijō

sultijō (nominative singular)
sultijôz (nominative plural)
sultijō (singular vocative)
sultijôz (plural vocative)
sultijǭ (accusative singular)
sultijōz (accusative plural)
sultijōz (genitive singular)
sultijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sultijōi (dative singular)
sultijōmaz (dative plural)
sultijō (instrumental singular)
sultijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sultiju

Old Saxon: *sultia, *sultea

Middle Low German: sulte

German Low German: Sülte, Sült

→ Saterland Frisian: Sülte

→ Swedish: sylta

i

attested in dative singular <i class="Latn mention" lang="odt">sulton</i>

Old Dutch: sulta (attested in dative singular sulton)

Middle Dutch: sulte, sult

Dutch: zult

Old High German: sulza

Middle High German: sülze, sulze

German: Sülze, (southern) Sulz

Old Norse: *sylt

Norwegian: sylt

Swedish: sylt (possibly from Low German)

Danish: sylt

→ Middle English: silte, cilte, cylte

English: silt

→ Portuguese: silte

A zero-grade derivation from *seh₂l- (“salt”).


stukkaz

stukkaz (nominative singular)
stukkōz (nominative plural)
stukkōs (nominative plural)
stukk (singular vocative)
stukkōz (plural vocative)
stukkōs (plural vocative)
stukką (accusative singular)
stukkanz (accusative plural)
stukkas (genitive singular)
stukkis (genitive singular)
stukkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stukkai (dative singular)
stukkamaz (dative plural)
stukkō (instrumental singular)
stukkamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stokk
Old English: stocc
Middle English: stokke, stocke, stok
Scots: stok
English: stock
Old Frisian: stokk, stok
Saterland Frisian: Stok
West Frisian: stoak
Old Saxon: stokk
Middle Low German: stok
German Low German: Stock
Old Dutch: *stoc
Middle Dutch: stoc
Dutch: stok
Old High German: stoc
Middle High German: stoc
Central Franconian: Stock
German: Stock
Luxembourgish: Stack
→ Old French: estoc
Middle French: estoc, estot
French: étau; estoc
→ Italian: stocco
→ Portuguese: estoco, estocar
→ Sicilian: stoccu, stuccari

Old Norse: stokkr

Icelandic: stokkur

Faroese: stokkur

Norwegian: stokk

Old Swedish: stokker

Swedish: stock

→ Finnish: tukki (“log”)

→ Inari Sami: tukki (“log”)

→ Karelian: tukki (“log”)

→ Southern Sami: stuehkie

→ Northern Sami: stohkka

Danish: stok

→ Proto-Celtic: *tsŭkk- (via metathesis)

Gaulish: *tsukka

→ Vulgar Latin: *tsucca (see there for further descendants)

Breton: soc’h

Old Irish: tócht

Derived from *stikaną (“to stick, stab”). An alternative theory derives the word from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewg- (“to push; hit”).


Haimarīks

Haimarīks (nominative singular)
Haimarīk (singular vocative)
Haimarīkų (accusative singular)
Haimarīkiz (genitive singular)
Haimarīki (dative singular)
Haimarīkē (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Haimarīk

Old Dutch: *Hēmrīk, *Heimrīk

Middle Dutch: Henric, Hendric

Dutch: Hendrik

Old High German: Heimrih

German: Heinrich, Heinz

→ Czech: Jindřich

→ Italian: Enzo

→ English: Enzo

→ French: Enzo

→ Spanish: Enzo

→ Latin: Henrīcus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: Heimríkr


speutą

speutą (nominative singular)
speutō (nominative plural)
speutą (singular vocative)
speutō (plural vocative)
speutą (accusative singular)
speutō (accusative plural)
speutas (genitive singular)
spiutis (genitive singular)
speutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spiutai (dative singular)
speutamaz (dative plural)
speutō (instrumental singular)
speutamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-Norse: *ᛊᛈᛖᚢᛏᚨ (*speuta)

Old West Norse: spjót n; spýta f

Icelandic: spjót; spýta f

Faroese: spjót; spýta f

Norwegian Nynorsk: spjot

Old East Norse: *spiūt

Old Swedish: spiūt

Swedish: spjut

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: spjut

Old Danish: spiūt

Danish: spyd

Norwegian Bokmål: spyd

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: spyd

→ Finnish: peitsi

(North Germanic) Alternative form of *speutaz


ainakjǭ

ainakjǭ (nominative singular)
ainakjōniz (nominative plural)
ainakjǭ (singular vocative)
ainakjōniz (plural vocative)
ainakjōnų (accusative singular)
ainakjōnunz (accusative plural)
ainakjōniz (genitive singular)
ainakjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ainakjōni (dative singular)
ainakjōmaz (dative plural)
ainakjōnē (instrumental singular)
ainakjōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: ekkja, ęnkja — Old East Norse
Faroese: ekkja
Icelandic: ekkja

Old Danish: ænkia
Danish: enke
Faroese: einkja
Norwegian Bokmål: enke
Norwegian Nynorsk: enke, enkje

Old Swedish: ænkia
Elfdalian: aintja
Swedish: änka

From *ainagaz + *-kjǭ. Compare Old Norse einka (“separate; special; peculiar”), Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌺𐌻𐍃 (ainakls, “individual; single; lonesome”).


aurijaz

aurijaz (nominative singular)
aurijōz (nominative plural)
aurijōs (nominative plural)
aurī (singular vocative)
aurijōz (plural vocative)
aurijōs (plural vocative)
auriją (accusative singular)
aurijanz (accusative plural)
aurijas (genitive singular)
aurīs (genitive singular)
aurijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aurijai (dative singular)
aurijamaz (dative plural)
aurijō (instrumental singular)
aurijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: eyrir
Icelandic: eyrir
Faroese: oyra
Norwegian Nynorsk: øyre m
Old Swedish: ø̄ri, ø̄re
Swedish: öre
Old Danish: øræ
Danish: øre
Norwegian Bokmål: øre
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: øre
Gutnish: öre
→ Finnish: äyri


firhwijaz

firhwijaz (nominative singular)
firhwijōz (nominative plural)
firhwijōs (nominative plural)
firhwī (singular vocative)
firhwijōz (plural vocative)
firhwijōs (plural vocative)
firhwiją (accusative singular)
firhwijanz (accusative plural)
firhwijas (genitive singular)
firhwīs (genitive singular)
firhwijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
firhwijai (dative singular)
firhwijamaz (dative plural)
firhwijō (instrumental singular)
firhwijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *firhwijō
Old English: fīras
Old Saxon: fīrihos
Old High German: firaha
→⇒? Latin: Alaferhviae (< *alafirhwijō)

Old Norse: fírar, firar
Icelandic: fírar, firar

Crimean Gothic: fers


feturaz

feturaz (nominative singular)
feturōz (nominative plural)
feturōs (nominative plural)
fetur (singular vocative)
feturōz (plural vocative)
feturōs (plural vocative)
feturą (accusative singular)
feturanz (accusative plural)
feturas (genitive singular)
feturis (genitive singular)
feturǫ̂ (genitive plural)
feturai (dative singular)
feturamaz (dative plural)
feturō (instrumental singular)
feturamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fetur
Old English: feter f
Middle English: feter
English: fetter
Old Dutch: *feter m, *fetura f
Middle Dutch: vēter m, vētere f
Dutch: veter m
Old High German: fezzera f
Middle High German: fezzer
German: Fesser (obsolete)

Old Norse: fjǫturr

Icelandic: fjötur

Faroese: fjøtur

Old Swedish: fiætur

Swedish: fjätter

Old Danish: fiætær, fiatur

Danish: fjeder

From Proto-Indo-European *ped- (“foot”). Derived under the same logic as Proto-Slavic *pǫto (“fetter”) from Proto-Slavic *pęta (“heel”).


frekaz

*frekaz (a-stem)

frekaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
frekai (masculine nominative plural strong)
frekō (feminine nominative singular strong)
frekôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
freką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
frekō (neuter nominative plural strong)
frekanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
frekanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
frekǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
frekōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
freką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
frekō (accusative neuter plural strong)
frekas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
frekaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
frekaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
frekaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
frekas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
frekaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
frekammai (dative masculine singular strong)
frekaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
frekaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
frekaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
frekammai (dative neuter singular strong)
frekaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
frekanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
frekaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
frekaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
frekaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
frekanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
frekaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
frekô (masculine nominative singular weak)
frekaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
frekǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
frekōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
frekô (neuter nominative singular weak)
frekōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
frekanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
frekanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
frekōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
frekōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
frekô (accusative neuter singular weak)
frekōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
frekiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
frekanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
frekōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
frekōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
frekiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
frekanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
frekini (dative masculine singular weak)
frekammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
frekōni (dative feminine singular weak)
frekōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
frekini (dative neuter singular weak)
frekammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
frekinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
frekammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
frekōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
frekōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
frekinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
frekammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *frek
Old English: frec
Middle English: frec, frek (merging with other synonymous words from *frakjaz, *frakaz, *frakuz)
Old Dutch: *frec
Middle Dutch: vrec
Dutch: vrek (adjective & derived noun)
Afrikaans: vrek (noun)
Old High German: freh
Middle High German: frech, vrech
German: frech

Old Norse: frekr

Danish: fræk

Faroese: frekur

Icelandic: frekur

Norwegian: frek, fræk (frøkjen)

Swedish: fräck

Elfdalian: fräk, frek

Jamtish: frøkjen

Gothic: *𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌺𐍃 (*friks) (attested in 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌺𐍃 (faihufriks))

→ Old French: frique, fricque

Middle French: frique (merged with Middle French frisque)


kīkaną

kīkō (active first-person indicative singular)
kīkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kīkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kīkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kīkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kīk (active imperative second-person singular)
kīkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kīkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kīkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kīkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kīkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kīkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kīkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kīkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kīkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kīkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kīkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kīkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kīkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kīkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kīkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kīkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kīkid (active indicative plural second-person)
kīkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kīkid (active imperative plural second-person)
kīkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kīkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kīkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kīkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kīkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kīkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kīkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kaik (active first-person indicative singular)
kikį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kaiht (active indicative second-person singular)
kikīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kaik (active indicative singular third-person)
kikī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kikū (active dual first-person indicative)
kikīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kikudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kikīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kikum (active first-person indicative plural)
kikīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kikud (active indicative plural second-person)
kikīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kikun (active indicative plural third-person)
kikīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kīkandz (active participle present)
kikanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kīkan
⇒ Old Frisian: *kīkia
West Frisian: kytse
Saterland Frisian: kiekje
Old Saxon: kīkan
Middle Low German: kîken
Low German: kieken
→ Dutch: kieken
Plautdietsch: kjikjen
→ Middle English: kiken, keken, kyken
Scots: keek
English: keek
→ German: kieken
→ Icelandic: kíkja
→ Faroese: kika
→ Norn: kika
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kikke
→ Swedish: kika
→ Finnish: tsiigata
→ Danish: kigge, kikke, kige (dialect)
→ Gutnish: keike, keik', keika
Old Dutch: *kīcan
Middle Dutch: kiken
Dutch: kijken
Afrikaans: kyk

→ Estonian: kiikama

Unknown. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ikos, related to Proto-Italic *kaikos, in which case it would be a doublet of *haihaz (“one-eyed”).
Perhaps related to German gucken (“to watch, look”), but this word is itself of obscure origin.


bangilaz

bangilaz (nominative singular)
bangilōz (nominative plural)
bangilōs (nominative plural)
bangil (singular vocative)
bangilōz (plural vocative)
bangilōs (plural vocative)
bangilą (accusative singular)
bangilanz (accusative plural)
bangilas (genitive singular)
bangilis (genitive singular)
bangilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bangilai (dative singular)
bangilamaz (dative plural)
bangilō (instrumental singular)
bangilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bangil

gl

>? English: (dialectal) bangle (possibly borrowed or formed anew from bang + -le)

Old Frisian: *bangel, *bengel

Saterland Frisian: Bungel

West Frisian: bongel, bingel

Old Saxon: *bengil

Middle Low German: bengel

Low German: Bengel

→ Danish: bengel

→ Swedish: bängel

Old Dutch: *bengil

Middle Dutch: bengel

Dutch: bengel

Old High German: *bengil

Middle High German: bengel

German: Bengel

Old Norse: bǫngull (< *bangulaz)

From *bangōną (“to bang, pound, beat”) + *-ilaz.