Hrōþirīks

Hrōþirīks (nominative singular)
Hrōþirīk (singular vocative)
Hrōþirīkų (accusative singular)
Hrōþirīkiz (genitive singular)
Hrōþirīki (dative singular)
Hrōþirīkē (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Hrōþirīk

Old English: Hrēþrīċ

→ English: Hrethric (learned)

desc

Old High German: Hrōderich, Rōderich, Ruoderich, Ruodrich

→ Middle Low German: Roderich

→ German: Roderich

→ Swedish: Rodrik

→ English: Roderick

Old Norse:

Old West Norse: Hrórekr, Hrœrekr

Icelandic: Hrærekur

Norwegian: Rørek

Old East Norse: Hrø̄rīkʀ, Rǫrekr

Old Swedish: Rø̄rik

→ Old East Slavic: Рюрикъ (Rjurikŭ)

desctree

Russian: Рю́рик (Rjúrik)
→ Danish: Rurik
→ Icelandic: Rúrik (partially from English)
→ English: Ruric, Rurik
→ Swedish: Rurik

Gothic: *𐌷𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌹𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (*hrōþireiks)

→ Galician: Rodrigo, Roi

→ Italian: Roderico

→ Portuguese: Rodrigo, Rui

→ Spanish: Rodrigo, Ruy

→ Italian: Rodrigo

From *hrōþiz (“fame”) + *rīks (“king, ruler”).


pīkaz

pīkaz (nominative singular)
pīkōz (nominative plural)
pīkōs (nominative plural)
pīk (singular vocative)
pīkōz (plural vocative)
pīkōs (plural vocative)
pīką (accusative singular)
pīkanz (accusative plural)
pīkas (genitive singular)
pīkis (genitive singular)
pīkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pīkai (dative singular)
pīkamaz (dative plural)
pīkō (instrumental singular)
pīkamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *pīk
Old English: pīc
Middle English: pyke, pike, pyk (partially from Old French pike)
English: pike
Old Dutch: *pīk
>? Middle Dutch: pike m or f
Dutch: piek
Afrikaans: piek
Old High German: *pīk
German: Peik (dialectal)

Old Norse: pík

Norwegian: pik

Danish: pig

Old Swedish: pīker

Swedish: pik

Gothic: *𐍀𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (*peiks)

desc

⇒ Gothic: 𐍀𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃 (peikabagms, “palm tree”)

Similar to the verb *pikkōną (“to pick, peck”) (or a secondary form of it), probably ultimately of imitative origin. Compare Vulgar Latin *picco (“I sting, strike”), which could be a borrowing or parallel formation.

onomatopoeic

imitative


handubanô

handubanô (nominative singular)
handubananiz (nominative plural)
handubanô (singular vocative)
handubananiz (plural vocative)
handubananų (accusative singular)
handubananunz (accusative plural)
handubaniniz (genitive singular)
handubananǫ̂ (genitive plural)
handubanini (dative singular)
handubanammaz (dative plural)
handubaninē (instrumental singular)
handubanammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: handbana, handbona

Old Saxon: handbano

Old Norse: handbani

Icelandic: handbani

One who slays or murders another by hand; a murderer


ehwaraidō

ehwaraidō (nominative singular)
ehwaraidôz (nominative plural)
ehwaraidō (singular vocative)
ehwaraidôz (plural vocative)
ehwaraidǭ (accusative singular)
ehwaraidōz (accusative plural)
ehwaraidōz (genitive singular)
ehwaraidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ehwaraidōi (dative singular)
ehwaraidōmaz (dative plural)
ehwaraidō (instrumental singular)
ehwaraidōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ēored

Old Saxon: *ehurid (in ehuridfolk, ehuskalk)

Old Norse: jóreið

Icelandic: jóreið


flahsą

flahsą (nominative singular)
flahsō (nominative plural)
flahsą (singular vocative)
flahsō (plural vocative)
flahsą (accusative singular)
flahsō (accusative plural)
flahsas (genitive singular)
flahsis (genitive singular)
flahsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flahsai (dative singular)
flahsamaz (dative plural)
flahsō (instrumental singular)
flahsamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *flahs
Old English: fleax, flæx, flex
Middle English: flax, fflex, flaxe, flex, flexe, vlex
English: flax
Old Frisian: flax
Saterland Frisian: Floaks
West Frisian: flaaks
Old Saxon: flahs
Middle Low German: flas, vlas
German Low German: Flass
Low German: Flass
Plautdietsch: Flauss
Old Dutch: flahs, flas
Middle Dutch: vlas
Dutch: vlas
Old High German: flahs
Middle High German: vlahs
German: Flachs
Luxembourgish: Fluess
Rhine Franconian: Flaas, Flas, Flachs
Vilamovian: fłaoks

From Proto-Indo-European *pleḱ- (“to fold, plait, weave”).


hazwaz

hazwaz (nominative singular)
hazwōz (nominative plural)
hazwōs (nominative plural)
hazw (singular vocative)
hazwōz (plural vocative)
hazwōs (plural vocative)
hazwą (accusative singular)
hazwanz (accusative plural)
hazwas (genitive singular)
hazwis (genitive singular)
hazwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hazwai (dative singular)
hazwamaz (dative plural)
hazwō (instrumental singular)
hazwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haʀu
Old Frisian: har, her
Saterland Frisian: Harrel
Old Saxon: *har (in harluf)
⇒ Middle Low German: harle, herle
Low German: harle
→ English: harl
→ Scots: harle, harl
Old High German: har; haro
Middle High German: har
German: Haar

Old Norse: hǫrr
Icelandic: hör
Faroese: hørur
Norwegian Nynorsk: horr; (dialectal) hørr
Old Swedish: hør
Swedish: hör
Danish: hør
Norwegian Bokmål: hør

Unknown, but could have been from Pre-Germanic *koswós or *korwós.


līną

līną (nominative singular)
līnō (nominative plural)
līną (singular vocative)
līnō (plural vocative)
līną (accusative singular)
līnō (accusative plural)
līnas (genitive singular)
līnis (genitive singular)
līnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
līnai (dative singular)
līnamaz (dative plural)
līnō (instrumental singular)
līnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *līn
Old English: līn
Middle English: lin, line
English: line
Scots: line, lyne
Old Frisian: līn
Saterland Frisian: Lien
West Frisian: lyn
Old Saxon: līn
Middle Low German: lîn
German Low German: Lien
Old Dutch: *līn
Middle Dutch: lijn
Dutch: lijn
Old High German: līn
Middle High German: līn
German: Lein
Vilamovian: łȧjn

Proto-Norse: ᛚᛁᚾᚨ (lina)
Old Norse: lín
Icelandic: lín
Faroese: lín
Norwegian: lin
Old Swedish: līn
Swedish: lin

Gothic: 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽 (lein)

→ Proto-Finnic: *liina (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *lijnē

Kildin Sami: лыййн (lyjjn)

Northern Sami: liidni

Southern Sami: lijnie

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *līno-.
Cognates include Latin līnum and all its derivatives.
Although Greek λίνον (línon), Latin linas, Russian лён (ljon) are sometimes listed as cognates, they actually derive from *lino- with a short /i/.
Considering also the existence of a Latin root with a short /i/ and a /t/ (linteum), reconstruction of a common PIE protoform is impossible, and no similarly sounding terms are attested outside of Europe.
If such roots were borrowed from one or several non-IE languages, locating the source is impossible because cultivation of linen was ubiquitous in the region since the Neolithic.


plōgaz

plōgaz (nominative singular)
plōgōz (nominative plural)
plōgōs (nominative plural)
plōg (singular vocative)
plōgōz (plural vocative)
plōgōs (plural vocative)
plōgą (accusative singular)
plōganz (accusative plural)
plōgas (genitive singular)
plōgis (genitive singular)
plōgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
plōgai (dative singular)
plōgamaz (dative plural)
plōgō (instrumental singular)
plōgamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *plōg
Old English: plōg, plōh
Middle English: plough, ploug, plouh, plogh, plog, ploh, ploch; plugh, pleugh, plue, pleu (northern)
English: plough, plow (US) (see there for further descendants)
Scots: pleuch, plou
Yola: pleough, plowe, plou
Old Frisian: plōch
North Frisian: plog
Saterland Frisian: Plouch
West Frisian: ploech
Old Saxon: *plōg
Middle Low German: plôg
Low German: Ploog
Plautdietsch: Pluach, Plüach
Old Dutch: *pluog
Middle Dutch: ploech
Dutch: ploeg
Afrikaans: ploeg
Limburgish: plógk
Old High German: phluog, pfluog
Middle High German: pfluoc
Central Franconian: Plooch, Pluuch (southern Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Plugh
Luxembourgish: Plou
East Central German:
Vilamovian: fłüg
East Franconian:
German: Pflug
Rhine Franconian: Plug
→ Medieval Latin: plōvum, ploum
→ Proto-Slavic: *plùgъ (see there for further descendants)
→ Lithuanian: plū̃gas

Old Norse: plógr
Icelandic: plógur m
Faroese: plógv f or n
Norn: plu
Norwegian Bokmål: plog m
Norwegian Nynorsk: plog m
Old Swedish: plōgher
Swedish: plog c
Old Danish: plogh
Danish: plov c
Elfdalian: pluog
Gutnish: plog
→ Middle English: plouh, plugh, plough, plouw, plow (partially)
English: plough

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Celtic *ɸlowyos, *ɸlowī (“rudder”), from Proto-Indo-European *plów-yo-s (“ship”), from the root *plew- (“to fly, flow, run”). Compare Albanian plor (“prow of a boat; ploughshare”).
Alinei also mentions the Latin plaumoratum (Pliny the Elder, Naturalis historia 18.69), with the second element possibly relating to the family of Latin rota, Proto-Celtic *rotos and Proto-Germanic *raþą (“wheel”). Guus Kroonen has suggested a connection of the Germanic and the Latin words to *plehan (“to take responsibility, care”) (“to care for one’s life” > “to plow”); compare Old High German pfluog (“livelihood”) and Icelandic plógur, plóg (“profit”), which could nevertheless point as well to the opposite morpho-semantic evolution. Otherwise he proposes a connection with Proto-Germanic *plag/kkōn- (“rag, sod”), which seems a bit far-fetched.


alamahtīgaz

*alamahtīgaz (a-stem)

alamahtīgaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
alamahtīgai (masculine nominative plural strong)
alamahtīgō (feminine nominative singular strong)
alamahtīgôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
alamahtīgą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
alamahtīgō (neuter nominative plural strong)
alamahtīganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
alamahtīganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
alamahtīgǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
alamahtīgōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
alamahtīgą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
alamahtīgō (accusative neuter plural strong)
alamahtīgas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
alamahtīgaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
alamahtīgaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
alamahtīgaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
alamahtīgas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
alamahtīgaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
alamahtīgammai (dative masculine singular strong)
alamahtīgaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
alamahtīgaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
alamahtīgaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
alamahtīgammai (dative neuter singular strong)
alamahtīgaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
alamahtīganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
alamahtīgaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
alamahtīgaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
alamahtīgaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
alamahtīganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
alamahtīgaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
alamahtīgô (masculine nominative singular weak)
alamahtīganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
alamahtīgǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
alamahtīgōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
alamahtīgô (neuter nominative singular weak)
alamahtīgōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
alamahtīganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
alamahtīganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
alamahtīgōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
alamahtīgōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
alamahtīgô (accusative neuter singular weak)
alamahtīgōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
alamahtīginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
alamahtīganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
alamahtīgōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
alamahtīgōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
alamahtīginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
alamahtīganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
alamahtīgini (dative masculine singular weak)
alamahtīgammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
alamahtīgōni (dative feminine singular weak)
alamahtīgōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
alamahtīgini (dative neuter singular weak)
alamahtīgammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
alamahtīginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
alamahtīgammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
alamahtīgōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
alamahtīgōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
alamahtīginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
alamahtīgammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *alamahtīg

desc

Old English: ælmeahtiġ, ælmehtiġ, ælmihteġ, ælmihtiġ, ealmihtiġ

desctree

Middle English: almyghty, almihti, almihtiȝ
English: almighty
Scots: awmichtie

desc

Old Frisian: ellemachtich, ellemechtich, elmachtich, elmechtich

Saterland Frisian: almachtich

West Frisian: almachtich

desctree

Old Saxon: alomahtig, alamahtīg, alamehtig, almahtig
Middle Low German: alemachtich
German Low German: allmachtig
Plautdietsch: aulmajchtich
→ Danish: almægtig
→ Norwegian: allmektig
→ Old Swedish: alzmæktogher
Swedish: allsmäktig

Old Dutch: *alamahtīg, alamehtig

Middle Dutch: almachtig, almechtich

Dutch: almachtig

Old High German: alamahtīg

Middle High German: almachtich

Cimbrian: almachtig

German: allmächtig

Luxembourgish: allmächteg

Old Norse: almáttigr

Icelandic: almáttugur

Faroese: almáttugur

From *ala- + *mahtīgaz, perhaps a calque of Latin omnipotēns.


aimuzjǭ

aimuzjǭ (nominative singular)
aimuzjōniz (nominative plural)
aimuzjǭ (singular vocative)
aimuzjōniz (plural vocative)
aimuzjōnų (accusative singular)
aimuzjōnunz (accusative plural)
aimuzjōniz (genitive singular)
aimuzjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aimuzjōni (dative singular)
aimuzjōmaz (dative plural)
aimuzjōnē (instrumental singular)
aimuzjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aimuʀjā
Old English: ǣmyrġe
Middle English: eymere
Scots: emmer, amer, aumer
English: ember
Old Saxon: *ēmuria
Middle Low German: ēmere
→? Danish: emmer
Old High German: eimuria
Middle High German: eimere, eimer
German: Eimer, Ammer (dialectal)

Old Norse: eimyrja
Icelandic: eimyrja
Faroese: eimyrja
Norwegian Nynorsk: eimyrja, eimyrje
Swedish: mörja


awjōlandą

awjōlandą (nominative singular)
awjōlandō (nominative plural)
awjōlandą (singular vocative)
awjōlandō (plural vocative)
awjōlandą (accusative singular)
awjōlandō (accusative plural)
awjōlandas (genitive singular)
awjōlandis (genitive singular)
awjōlandǫ̂ (genitive plural)
awjōlandai (dative singular)
awjōlandamaz (dative plural)
awjōlandō (instrumental singular)
awjōlandamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *auwjuland

Old English: ēaland, īeġland, īġland

Middle English: ylond, yland, iland

Scots: iland, yland

q

spelling altered after unrelated <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">isle</i>

English: iland, island (spelling altered after unrelated isle)

Old Frisian: alond, āland, eiland

desc

North Frisian: eilun, Ailun, Eelun, ailönj

Saterland Frisian: Ailound, Oailound

West Frisian: eilân

→ Old Saxon: eiland, eilant

Middle Low German: eilant, eiglant, eylant

Low German: Eiland

→ Middle High German: eilant, einlant

German: Eiland

→ Old Dutch: eilant

Middle Dutch: eilant

desctree

Dutch: eiland, eylant, eyland, eylandt, eijlandt, eilandt, eijlant, eijland (archaic)
Afrikaans: eiland
Negerhollands: eiland, eyland
→ Sranan Tongo: eilanti

Old Norse: eyland

Icelandic: eyland

Danish: øland

Swedish: Öland


andijalausaz

*andijalausaz (a-stem)

andijalausaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
andijalausai (masculine nominative plural strong)
andijalausō (feminine nominative singular strong)
andijalausôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
andijalausą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
andijalausō (neuter nominative plural strong)
andijalausanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
andijalausanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
andijalausǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
andijalausōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
andijalausą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
andijalausō (accusative neuter plural strong)
andijalausas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
andijalausaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
andijalausaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
andijalausaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
andijalausas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
andijalausaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
andijalausammai (dative masculine singular strong)
andijalausaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
andijalausaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
andijalausaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
andijalausammai (dative neuter singular strong)
andijalausaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
andijalausanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
andijalausaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
andijalausaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
andijalausaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
andijalausanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
andijalausaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
andijalausô (masculine nominative singular weak)
andijalausaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
andijalausǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
andijalausōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
andijalausô (neuter nominative singular weak)
andijalausōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
andijalausanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
andijalausanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
andijalausōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
andijalausōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
andijalausô (accusative neuter singular weak)
andijalausōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
andijalausiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
andijalausanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
andijalausōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
andijalausōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
andijalausiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
andijalausanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
andijalausini (dative masculine singular weak)
andijalausammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
andijalausōni (dative feminine singular weak)
andijalausōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
andijalausini (dative neuter singular weak)
andijalausammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
andijalausinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
andijalausammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
andijalausōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
andijalausōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
andijalausinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
andijalausammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *andijalaus
Old English: endelēas
Middle English: endeles
Scots: endles, endless
English: endless
Old Frisian: *endelās
Saterland Frisian: eendloos
West Frisian: einleas
Old Saxon: endilōs
Middle Low German: endelôs, ēndelôs
German Low German: endlos
Old Dutch: *endilōs
Middle Dutch: endelôos
Dutch: eindeloos
Afrikaans: eindeloos
Old High German: endilōs
Middle High German: endelos
German: endlos

Old Norse: endalauss

Icelandic: endalaus

Faroese: endaleysur

Norwegian: endeløs

Old Swedish: ændalø̄s

Swedish: ändlös

Danish: endeløs

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃 (andilaus)


frīdaz

*frīdaz (a-stem)

frīdaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
frīdai (masculine nominative plural strong)
frīdō (feminine nominative singular strong)
frīdôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
frīdą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
frīdō (neuter nominative plural strong)
frīdanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
frīdanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
frīdǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
frīdōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
frīdą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
frīdō (accusative neuter plural strong)
frīdas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
frīdaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
frīdaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
frīdaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
frīdas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
frīdaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
frīdammai (dative masculine singular strong)
frīdaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
frīdaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
frīdaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
frīdammai (dative neuter singular strong)
frīdaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
frīdanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
frīdaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
frīdaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
frīdaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
frīdanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
frīdaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
frīdô (masculine nominative singular weak)
frīdaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
frīdǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
frīdōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
frīdô (neuter nominative singular weak)
frīdōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
frīdanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
frīdanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
frīdōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
frīdōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
frīdô (accusative neuter singular weak)
frīdōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
frīdiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
frīdanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
frīdōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
frīdōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
frīdiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
frīdanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
frīdini (dative masculine singular weak)
frīdammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
frīdōni (dative feminine singular weak)
frīdōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
frīdini (dative neuter singular weak)
frīdammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
frīdinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
frīdammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
frīdōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
frīdōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
frīdinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
frīdammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: frīþ, *frīd, frīdhengest

Old Norse: fríðr

Icelandic: fríður

Faroese: fríður

Norwegian Nynorsk: frid

Old Swedish: frīþer

Swedish: frid

From Pre-Germanic *priHtós, a to-stem adjective to Proto-Indo-European *preyH- (“to love”). Cognate with Sanskrit प्रीत (prīta, “pleased, delighted; beloved”).


sauþaz

sauþaz (nominative singular)
sauþōz (nominative plural)
sauþōs (nominative plural)
sauþ (singular vocative)
sauþōz (plural vocative)
sauþōs (plural vocative)
sauþą (accusative singular)
sauþanz (accusative plural)
sauþas (genitive singular)
sauþis (genitive singular)
sauþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sauþai (dative singular)
sauþamaz (dative plural)
sauþō (instrumental singular)
sauþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sauþ

desctree

Old English: sēaþ
Middle English: seath, sæth, seth
English: seath, seth

Old Frisian: sāth

Saterland Frisian: Sood

West Frisian: saad

Old Saxon: *sōth

Middle Low German: sôt

German Low German: Sood

Old High German: *soud, *sōd

Middle High German: sōt

Alemannic German: Sood

Proto-Norse: *ᛊᚨᚢᛞᛉ (*saudʀ /*sauðʀ/)

Old Norse: sauðr, seyðr (< *sauþiz)
Icelandic: sauður
Faroese: seyður
Norwegian Nynorsk: sau, saud; (dialectal) saud’e
→ Norwegian Bokmål: sau
Jamtish: souð
Elfdalian: suð
Old Swedish: sø̄þer
Swedish: söd, sö (dialectal)
Old Gutnish: sauþr, soyþr
→ Greenlandic: sava

→ Proto-Samic: *sāvcë (see there for further descendants)

Old Gutnish: sauþr, soyþr

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (sauþs) (< *sauþiz)

→ Proto-Finnic: *hauta (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂sewt- (“to roil”).


Stainawarjaz

Stainawarjaz (nominative singular)
Stainawarją (accusative singular)
Stainawarjai (dative singular)
Stainawarjō (instrumental singular)

Old High German: Steinheri

German: Steiner

desc

ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ

Proto-Norse: ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (stainawārijaʀ)

Old Norse: Steinarr

Icelandic: Steinar, Steinarr

Faroese: Steinar

Norwegian: Steinar

Danish: Stener

Swedish: Stenar

From *stainaz (“stone”) + *warjaz (“inhabitant”).


pannǭ

pannǭ (nominative singular)
pannōniz (nominative plural)
pannǭ (singular vocative)
pannōniz (plural vocative)
pannōnų (accusative singular)
pannōnunz (accusative plural)
pannōniz (genitive singular)
pannōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pannōni (dative singular)
pannōmaz (dative plural)
pannōnē (instrumental singular)
pannōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *pannā
Old English: panne
Middle English: panne, ponne, pane, pan
English: pan
→? Irish: panna
→ Japanese: パン
Scots: pan
Old Frisian: panne
Saterland Frisian: Ponne
West Frisian: pân
Old Saxon: panna
Middle Low German: panne
German Low German: Panne, Pann
Plautdietsch: Paun
Old Dutch: *panna
Middle Dutch: panne
Dutch: pan
Afrikaans: pan
Jersey Dutch: pān
Negerhollands: pan
→ Caribbean Javanese: pan
→ Indonesian: panci (from the diminutive)
→ Munsee: pán
→ Papiamentu: panchi, pannetsji, pannetsje (from the diminutive)
→ Sranan Tongo: pan
→ Saramaccan: pánu
Limburgish: pan
Old High German: phanna, pfanna
Middle High German: pfanne
Alemannic German: Pfane
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: fanna, fånn (Luserna)
Mòcheno: pfònn
German: Pfanne
Yiddish: פֿאַן (fan)

Old Norse: panna

Icelandic: panna

Faroese: panna

Norn: pannja

Norwegian: panna, panne

Old Swedish: panna

Swedish: panna

Danish: pande

Elfdalian: panna

Gutnish: panne

Borrowed from Late Latin panna, from Latin patina (“bowl, platter”).


midjagardaz

midjagardaz (nominative singular)
midjagardōz (nominative plural)
midjagardōs (nominative plural)
midjagard (singular vocative)
midjagardōz (plural vocative)
midjagardōs (plural vocative)
midjagardą (accusative singular)
midjagardanz (accusative plural)
midjagardas (genitive singular)
midjagardis (genitive singular)
midjagardǫ̂ (genitive plural)
midjagardai (dative singular)
midjagardamaz (dative plural)
midjagardō (instrumental singular)
midjagardamiz (instrumental plural)

⇒ Old English: middanġeard, middaneard, myddanġeard
Middle English: middenerd, middæneard, middeneard, middenerde, middenard
Middle English: myddyl erthe, middel-erde (in part)
English: Middle Earth

⇒ Old Saxon: middilgard

desc

⇒ Old High German: mittilgart, mittigart, mittilagart, mittangart, mittingart, mittingard, mittilicart

desctree

Old Norse: Miðgarðr
Icelandic: Miðgarður
Faroese: Miðgarður
Norwegian Nynorsk: Midgard
Norwegian Bokmål: Midgard
Swedish: Midgård
Danish: Midgård
Norwegian Bokmål: Midgård
→ English: Midgard

⇒ Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌿𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (midjungards)

From *midjaz (“middle”) + *gardaz (“yard, enclosure”).


hrēką

hrēką (nominative singular)
hrēkō (nominative plural)
hrēką (singular vocative)
hrēkō (plural vocative)
hrēką (accusative singular)
hrēkō (accusative plural)
hrēkas (genitive singular)
hrēkis (genitive singular)
hrēkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrēkai (dative singular)
hrēkamaz (dative plural)
hrēkō (instrumental singular)
hrēkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrāk

desc

Old English: hrāca, hrǣċa (“retching, spittle”)

Old Norse: hráki

Icelandic: hráki

Faroese: ráki

Old Swedish: rāke

→ Proto-Finnic: *räkä (see there for further descendants)


slīmą

slīmą (nominative singular)
slīmō (nominative plural)
slīmą (singular vocative)
slīmō (plural vocative)
slīmą (accusative singular)
slīmō (accusative plural)
slīmas (genitive singular)
slīmis (genitive singular)
slīmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
slīmai (dative singular)
slīmamaz (dative plural)
slīmō (instrumental singular)
slīmamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: slīm

Middle English: slim, slym, slyme, slime

Scots: slyme, slime

English: slime

Old Frisian: *slīm

Saterland Frisian: Sliem

West Frisian: slym; slime

Old Saxon: slīm

Middle Low German: slîm

German Low German: Sliem

Plautdietsch: Schliem

Old Dutch: *slīm

Middle Dutch: slijm

Dutch: slijm

Afrikaans: slym

Old High German: slīm

Middle High German: slīm

German: Schleim

Luxembourgish: Schläim

Old Norse: slím

Icelandic: slím

Faroese: slím

Norwegian: slim

Old Swedish: slīm n, slēmber m (from *slaimaz?)

Swedish: slem

Danish: slim

Gutnish: sleim, slém

→ Proto-Finnic: *lima (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *sley- (“smooth; slick; sticky; slimy”). Related to Sanskrit आलय (ālaya), whence the second part of Himalaya.


spituz

spituz (nominative singular)
spitiwiz (nominative plural)
spitu (singular vocative)
spitiwiz (plural vocative)
spitų (accusative singular)
spitunz (accusative plural)
spitauz (genitive singular)
spitiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spitiwi (dative singular)
spitumaz (dative plural)
spitū (instrumental singular)
spitumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: spitu f

Middle English: spite, spytte

English: spit

Old Saxon: *spit

Middle Low German: spit n

German Low German: Spitt

→ Norwegian: spidd (possibly)

→ Swedish: spett (possibly)

→ Danish: spid (possibly)

Frankish: *spita; *spit

Old Dutch: *spit

Middle Dutch: spit, spet

Dutch: spit

→ Old French: espeiz

Middle French: espois

French: épois

→ Late Latin: spidus

Old Italian: spito, spedo

Spanish: espeto

Portuguese: espeto

Old High German: spiz n or m

Middle High German: spiz

Old Norse: spýta

Icelandic: spýta

Faroese: spýta

From Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“sharp, sharp stick”).


justijaną

justijō (active first-person indicative singular)
justijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
justijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
justīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
justijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
justī (active imperative second-person singular)
justijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
justijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
justīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
justijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
justijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
justijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
justijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
justijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
justijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
justijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
justijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
justijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
justijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
justijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
justijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
justijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
justīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
justijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
justīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
justijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
justijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
justijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
justijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
justijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
justijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
justijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
justidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
justidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
justidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
justidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
justidē (active indicative singular third-person)
justidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
justidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
justidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
justidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
justidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
justidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
justidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
justidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
justidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
justidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
justidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
justijandz (active participle present)
justidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: ysta

Faroese: ysta

Icelandic: ysta

Norwegian: yste

Swedish: ysta

→ Scots: ost

(North Germanic) to curdle; to make cheese


rugiz

rugiz (nominative singular)
rugīz (nominative plural)
rugi (singular vocative)
rugīz (plural vocative)
rugį (accusative singular)
ruginz (accusative plural)
rugīz (genitive singular)
rugjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rugī (dative singular)
rugimaz (dative plural)
rugī (instrumental singular)
rugimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rugi
Old English: ryġe, ryġi — early
Middle English: rye, rie, reye, reyghe, reyhe, ruye
English: rye
Scots: ry
Yola: ree
→? Old Welsh: ryc
Welsh: rhyg

Old Norse: rugr
Icelandic: rúgur
Faroese: rugur
Norwegian Nynorsk: rug
Old Swedish: rogher
Swedish: råg; rôg (dialectal)
Old Danish: rugh
Danish: rug
Norwegian Bokmål: rug
Elfdalian: rug
Scanian: ruğ
Gutnish: ryg

→ Proto-Finnic: *rugis (see there for further descendants)


wīgą

wīgą (nominative singular)
wīgō (nominative plural)
wīgą (singular vocative)
wīgō (plural vocative)
wīgą (accusative singular)
wīgō (accusative plural)
wīgas (genitive singular)
wīgis (genitive singular)
wīgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīgai (dative singular)
wīgamaz (dative plural)
wīgō (instrumental singular)
wīgamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wīg m
Old English: wīġ
Middle English: wiȝe, wi
Old Frisian: wīg, wīch
North Frisian: wigh, wych
Old Saxon: wīg
Middle Low German: wīch
Old Dutch: wīg
Middle Dutch: wijch
Dutch: wijg (obsolete)
Old High German: wīg
→ Middle Low German: wīc

Old Norse: víg

Icelandic: víg

Faroese: víggj, víg

Old Swedish: vīgh

desc

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (wigan), *𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 (*weigs), *𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃 (*wigs) (in proper nouns)


fergunją

fergunją (nominative singular)
fergunjō (nominative plural)
fergunją (singular vocative)
fergunjō (plural vocative)
fergunją (accusative singular)
fergunjō (accusative plural)
fergunjas (genitive singular)
fergunis (genitive singular)
fergunjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fergunjai (dative singular)
fergunjamaz (dative plural)
fergunjō (instrumental singular)
fergunjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fergunī

Old English: fiergen, firgen, fyrgen, firing, firgin

desctree

⇒ Old English: fiergengāt, firgengāt, fyrgengāt
Middle English: firegat

desc

Old High German: Firgunnea, Fergunna, Virgunnia, Virgundia

Old Norse: fjǫrgyn f

Icelandic: fjörgyn f

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌹 (fairguni)

From Proto-Indo-European *pérwn̥-yo-m, from *pérwr̥ (“rock, mountain”), or from Proto-Indo-European *perkʷ- (“oak tree”). The former possibility would have an unexplained irregular development of w > g in Germanic, while the latter matches in form but poses difficulties in the meaning.
The existence in Old Norse of a masculine noun Fjǫrgyn (“Frigg's father”) (ostensibly from Proto-Germanic *fergunjaz (“masculine divine personification of mountainland”)) alongside the feminine noun Fjǫrgyn (“Thor's mother; earth, land, mountain”) (from Proto-Germanic *fergunjō (“feminine divine personification of mountainland”)) and the neuter, whose original meaning in Proto-Germanic can be reconstructed as “(forested) mountain(land)”, suggests that the underlying term was a Proto-Germanic adjective *fergunjaz, probably cognate with Proto-Celtic *Φerkunyos (“Hercynian Forest”) (presumably originally an appellative meaning “forested (mountain)land”), also apparently originally an adjective (compare the Gallo-Latin adjective found in Hercynia silva alongside Hercynius saltus), which in both cases can be reconstructed as meaning “forested”. The suggested derivation from Proto-Indo-European *perkʷ- fits this well and suggests an original meaning “covered in oaks” for Proto-Indo-European *perk(ʷ)unyos, rather than a noun meaning “forest”.


sakkuz

sakkuz (nominative singular)
sakkiwiz (nominative plural)
sakku (singular vocative)
sakkiwiz (plural vocative)
sakkų (accusative singular)
sakkunz (accusative plural)
sakkauz (genitive singular)
sakkiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sakkiwi (dative singular)
sakkumaz (dative plural)
sakkū (instrumental singular)
sakkumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sakku, *sakk
Old English: sæcc, sacc
Middle English: sak, sek
English: sack (see there for further descendants)
Scots: seck
Old Frisian: sekk, sekke
Saterland Frisian: Säk
West Frisian: sek
Old Saxon: sak
Middle Low German: sak, sack
German Low German: Sack
Plautdietsch: Sak
Old Dutch: sac
Middle Dutch: sac
Dutch: zak
Afrikaans: sak
→ Fwe: mà-sákà (via Lozi)
→ Zulu: saka
Fanagalo: saka
Berbice Creole Dutch: saka
Negerhollands: sak, saku, sakko
Skepi Creole Dutch: sak
→ Lokono: sâka
→ Caribbean Javanese: sak
→ Kari'na: saki
→ Indonesian: sak, saku
→ Munsee: shàkiinótay
→ Saramaccan: sáku
→ Sranan Tongo: saka
→ Caribbean Hindustani: sáká
→ Caribbean Javanese: sakah
Limburgish: zak
Old High German: sakk, sack, sak, sac
Middle High German: sac
German: Sack
Luxembourgish: Sak
Yiddish: זאַק (zak)
→ Hungarian: zsák

Old Norse: sekkr
Icelandic: sekkur
Faroese: sekkur
Norn: sekk
Norwegian: sekk
Old Swedish: sækker
Swedish: säck
→ Finnish: säkki
→ Ingrian: säkki
→ Proto-Samic:
Kildin Sami: са̄һк (sāhk)
Danish: sæk
Gutnish: säkk

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌺𐌿𐍃 (sakkus)

From Latin saccus (“sack”), from Ancient Greek σάκκος (sákkos, “sack, bag; sackcloth”), from Semitic.


furhō

furhō (nominative singular)
furhôz (nominative plural)
furhō (singular vocative)
furhôz (plural vocative)
furhǭ (accusative singular)
furhōz (accusative plural)
furhōz (genitive singular)
furhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
furhōi (dative singular)
furhōmaz (dative plural)
furhō (instrumental singular)
furhōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *furhu
Old English: fyrh, furh
Middle English: firre (perhaps partially or wholly derived from Old Norse)
English: fir
Scots: fir
Old Frisian: *fēre, *fiūre
Saterland Frisian: Fjúre
Old Saxon: furia
Middle Low German: vūre
Low German: Fuhr
Old Dutch: *fura
⇒ Dutch: Forolta
⇒ Dutch: Fornhese
Old High German: furh, furuh
Middle High German: vorhe
German: Föhre

Proto-Norse: *ᚠᚢᚱᚺᛟ (*furho) (< *furhǭ)

⇒ Proto-Norse: *ᚠᚢᚱᚺᛁᛃᚨ (*furhija)

Old Norse: fýri

Old Norse: fura
Icelandic: fura f
Faroese: fura f
Norwegian Nynorsk: fura f, fure f, furu f
Norwegian: (dialectal) furu, furo, foro (East Norway); føru, fårå, fåra, faro (Trøndelag); før, får (Northern Norway)
Norwegian Bokmål: furu f or m
Old Swedish: fora
Swedish: fura c, furu c
Danish: fyr c
Norwegian Bokmål: fyrr m
>? Middle English: firre
English: fir

From Proto-Indo-European *pérk-u-s ~ *pr̥kʷ-éw-s (“oak”).


hagustaldaz

hagustaldaz (nominative singular)
hagustaldōz (nominative plural)
hagustaldōs (nominative plural)
hagustald (singular vocative)
hagustaldōz (plural vocative)
hagustaldōs (plural vocative)
hagustaldą (accusative singular)
hagustaldanz (accusative plural)
hagustaldas (genitive singular)
hagustaldis (genitive singular)
hagustaldǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hagustaldai (dative singular)
hagustaldamaz (dative plural)
hagustaldō (instrumental singular)
hagustaldamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hagustald
Old English: hagosteald, hagusteald, hæġsteald, hehsteald
Middle English: hassel, haselle
→? Old Norse: haukstaldar, haukstallar
Old Saxon: hagastald, hagustald
Middle Low German: hāgestolte, hāgestolt, hāgenstolt
Old High German: hagastalt, hagustalt
Middle High German: hagestalt, hagestolt
German: Hagestolz

Proto-Norse: ᚺᚨᚷᚢᛊᛏᚨᛚᛞᚨᛉ (hagustaldaʀ)

>? Old Norse: haukstaldr, haukstallr

Icelandic: haukstaldur

desc

>? Old Norse: ᛅᛋ[ᚴᚢ]ᛚᛏᛦ (as[ku]ltʀ /*Hǫskuldr/)

Icelandic: Höskuldur

From *haguz (“fence, enclosure, hedge”) + *staldaz, from Proto-Indo-European *steld-.


hagatusjō

hagatusjō (nominative singular)
hagatusjôz (nominative plural)
hagatusjō (singular vocative)
hagatusjôz (plural vocative)
hagatusjǭ (accusative singular)
hagatusjōz (accusative plural)
hagatusjōz (genitive singular)
hagatusjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hagatusjōi (dative singular)
hagatusjōmaz (dative plural)
hagatusjō (instrumental singular)
hagatusjōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hagatussjā, *hagatusi
Old English: hægtesse, hægtes, hægtess, hegtes
Middle English: hagge, hegge
English: hag
Old Frisian: *hegtesse, *hexe
Saterland Frisian: Häkse
West Frisian: hekse
Old Saxon: *hagatusia
Middle Low German: hexe
German Low German: Häxe, Hexe
Plautdietsch: Hakjs
→ Danish: heks
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: heks
→ Swedish: häxa
Old Dutch: *hagatissa
Middle Dutch: hagetisse
Dutch: hagedis (dialectal)
Old High German: hagzissa, hagazussa, hagzussa, hāzissa, hāzussa, hāzessa, hāzus
Middle High German: hecse, hesse, hexse, hegxse, hexe
German: Hexe
→ Dutch: heks
Afrikaans: heks
→ Papiamentu: hèks
→ Polish: heks
Luxembourgish: Hex

Uncertain; possibly from *hagaz (“skilled, crafty”) + *tusjō (“witch, demon”) (whence Norwegian tysja (“witch, demon”)), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dʰus-yéh₂, from *dʰews- (“breath; spirit”) (whence *deuzą (“animal, beast”)). However, this devoicing is phonetically irregular. The second part is more likely from Proto-Indo-European *dus- (“bad, evil”).

af

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


spiltaz

spiltaz (nominative singular)
spiltōz (nominative plural)
spiltōs (nominative plural)
spilt (singular vocative)
spiltōz (plural vocative)
spiltōs (plural vocative)
spiltą (accusative singular)
spiltanz (accusative plural)
spiltas (genitive singular)
spiltis (genitive singular)
spiltǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spiltai (dative singular)
spiltamaz (dative plural)
spiltō (instrumental singular)
spiltamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: spelta

Middle Low German: spelte

Low German: Spelt

→ Norwegian: spelt

→ Swedish: spelt

→ Danish: spelt

→? West Frisian: spjelt

→ Old English: spelt

Middle English: spelt

desctree

English: spelt
→ Irish: speilt
→ Welsh: sbelt

Frankish: *spelta

Old Dutch: *spelta

Middle Dutch: spelte

Dutch: spelt

→ Latin: spelta (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: spelz

Middle High German: spelz

German: Spelz

Luxembourgish: Spelz

Old Norse: spelti, speldi (< *spiltō)

Icelandic: speldi

Unknown. It may or may not be cognate with Russian по́лба (pólba, “spelt”) and Latin puls (“porridge (usually of spelt)”) and Ancient Greek πόλτος (póltos, “porridge (usually of spelt)”). Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pelH- (“to split off, separate”), or borrowed from an unknown substrate by Germanic and Latin.


amliz

amliz (nominative singular)
amlīz (nominative plural)
amli (singular vocative)
amlīz (plural vocative)
amlį (accusative singular)
amlinz (accusative plural)
amlīz (genitive singular)
amlijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
amlī (dative singular)
amlimaz (dative plural)
amlī (instrumental singular)
amlimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: amar, amarkorn, amer, amur

Old High German: *amal, amar, amari

desc

Middle High German: amel, amelkorn, amer, amerkorn, emer, emerkorn

German: Amelkorn, Amelmehl, Ammer, Emmer, Merkorn

→ English: emmer

Possibly from Ancient Greek—Latin amylum (“starch”) since the presumably more conservative -l- variant is found in South West Germanic (Alemannic) languages, which border Latin. Ultimately cognate with *melwą.
The stem-final r—l interchangeability as well as the similar word *amazǭ are also to be considered.


amliz

Old English: amor, omer

Middle English: emer, emere

English: ammer

Old Saxon: amar, amor, amur

Old High German: amar, amarling, amaring, amarzo, amerzo, amirzo

Middle High German: amer, amerlinc, amerinc, emer, emerlinc, emberiz

German: Ammer, Emmer, Emmerling, Emmering, Emmeritz, Emmeritze

→ Medieval Latin: amera, amarellus, ameringa, merlus, emberiza


hagaz

hagōzô (comparative)
hagōstaz (superlative)
hagaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hagai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hagō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hagôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hagą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hagō (neuter nominative plural strong)
haganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
haganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hagǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hagōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hagą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hagō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hagas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hagaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hagaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hagaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hagas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hagaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hagammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hagaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hagaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hagaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hagammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hagaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
haganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hagaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hagaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hagaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
haganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hagaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hagô (masculine nominative singular weak)
haganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hagǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hagōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hagô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hagōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
haganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
haganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hagōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hagōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hagô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hagōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
haginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
haganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hagōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hagōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
haginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
haganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hagini (dative masculine singular weak)
hagammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hagōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hagōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hagini (dative neuter singular weak)
hagammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
haginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hagammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hagōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hagōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
haginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hagammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*hagaz (a-stem)

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᚷᚨᛉ (*hagaʀ)

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚺᚨᚷᛁᚱᚨᛞᚨᛉ (hagiradaʀ)

Old Norse: hagr

Icelandic: hagur

Norwegian: hag

Old Swedish: hagher

Jutish: hav

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱok-ó-s, from *ḱek- (“to be able, capable”). Compare Sanskrit शक् (śak, “to be able”).


Wiljahelmaz

Wiljahelmaz (nominative singular)
Wiljahelm (singular vocative)
Wiljahelmą (accusative singular)
Wiljahilmai (dative singular)
Wiljahelmō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Willjahelm, *Willahelm

desctree

Middle Dutch: willem
Dutch: Willem
Afrikaans: Willem
Japanese: ウィレム (Wiremu)
Korean: 빌럼 (Billeom)
Toba Batak: ᯅᯪᯞ᯲ᯞᯩᯔ᯲ (Billem)

Old High German: Willahelm, *Willihelm

German: Wilhelm
→ Faroese: Vilhelmur
→ Norwegian: Vilhelm
→ Swedish: Vilhelm
→ Finnish: Vilhelmi
→ Danish: Vilhelm
→ Finnish: Wilhelm
→ Lithuanian: Vilhelmas
→ Latvian: Vilhelms
→ Romanian: Vilhelm

desc

→ Latin: Guilhelmus, Guilielmus, Gulielmus, Guillermus, Vilhelmus, Wilhelmus, Wilielmus, Willelmus

Italian: Guglielmo

Catalan: Guillem

Galician: Guillerme

Occitan: Guilhem

Spanish: Guillermo

Portuguese: Guilherme

desctree

Old French: Willame, Guillaume, Williame
French: Guillaume
Norman: Gllâome
→ Middle English: William, Willame
English: William
→ Finnish: Viljami, Wiljami
Scots: Weelum, Willum
Yola: Wyllhaume, Willyaam, Wilyame
→ Middle Irish: Uilliam
Irish: Uilliam
Scottish Gaelic: Uilleam
→ Welsh: Gwilym

→ Old English: Willelm

Old Norse: Vilhjálmr
Danish: Vilhjælm
Faroese: Vilhjálmur, Viljormur
Icelandic: Vilhjálmur
Norwegian: Vilhjelm, Vilhjalm
Old Swedish: Vilhiælm

From *wiljô (“will”) + *helmaz (“helmet”).


luftijaną

luftijō (active first-person indicative singular)
luftijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
luftijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
luftīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
luftijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
luftī (active imperative second-person singular)
luftijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
luftijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
luftīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
luftijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
luftijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
luftijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
luftijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
luftijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
luftijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
luftijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
luftijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
luftijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
luftijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
luftijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
luftijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
luftijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
luftīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
luftijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
luftīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
luftijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
luftijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
luftijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
luftijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
luftijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
luftijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
luftijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
luftidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
luftidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
luftidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
luftidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
luftidē (active indicative singular third-person)
luftidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
luftidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
luftidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
luftidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
luftidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
luftidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
luftidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
luftidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
luftidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
luftidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
luftidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
luftijandz (active participle present)
luftidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *luftijan
Old Saxon: *luftian
Middle Low German: lüchten
German Low German: luchten, lüchten, (lichten)
(→ German: lichten) (merger with a derivative of *linhtaz)
Old Dutch: *luften
Middle Dutch: luchten
Dutch: luchten
→ West Frisian: luchte, luchtsje
Old High German: *luften
Middle High German: lüften
German: lüften
→ Saterland Frisian: lüftje
Luxembourgish: lëften

Old Norse: lypta, lyfta
Icelandic: lyfta
Faroese: lyfta
Norwegian Nynorsk: lyfta, lyfte, løfta, løfte
Norwegian Bokmål: løfte
Old Swedish: lypta
Swedish: lyfta
Danish: løfte
→ Middle English: lyften, liften
English: lift
Scots: lyft, lift

→ Proto-Samic: *loptëjëtēk

From Proto-Indo-European *lewp- (“to flake off, peel, damage”). Equivalent to *luftuz (“air”) + *-janą.

der

to air; put or raise into the air; raise aloft; elevate; lift


blinkaną

Proto-West Germanic: *blinkan

Old English: *blincan

Middle English: blenken, blynken

English: blink

→ Norman: blyîntchi

Scots: blink, blenk

Old Frisian: *blinka

desc

⇒ Saterland Frisian: blinkje (weak verb) (possibly from Low German)

West Frisian: blinke (strong verb) (possibly from Dutch)

Old Saxon: *blinkan

Middle Low German: blinken (weak verb)

German Low German: blinken

→ German: blinken

→ Norwegian: blinke

→ Swedish: blinka; (possibly also blänka)

→ Danish: blinke

⇒ Middle Low German: blinkeren

German Low German: blinkern

Old Dutch: *blinkan

Middle Dutch: blinken (weak verb)

Dutch: blinken (strong verb)

From Pre-Germanic *bʰli-n-ǵ-, a nasal-infix present formed from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ- (“to shine”) (whence also Proto-Germanic *blīkaną (“to gleam, shine”)).


abjǭ

abjǭ (nominative singular)
abjōniz (nominative plural)
abjǭ (singular vocative)
abjōniz (plural vocative)
abjōnų (accusative singular)
abjōnunz (accusative plural)
abjōniz (genitive singular)
abjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
abjōni (dative singular)
abjōmaz (dative plural)
abjōnē (instrumental singular)
abjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *abbjā

Old English: ebba m

Middle English: ebbe

English: ebb

Scots: ebb, eb

Old Frisian: *ebbe f; ebba m

North Frisian: ebe

Saterland Frisian: Äbbe f

West Frisian: ebbe

Old Saxon: *ebbia; (ebbiunga)

Middle Low German: ebbe f

German Low German: Ebbe

→ German: Ebbe

→ Danish: ebbe

→ Swedish: ebb

Old Dutch: *ebba

Middle Dutch: ebbe

Dutch: eb

Old High German: *ebba (suggested by derivatives: ebbunga; firebbēn)

desctree

Old Norse: efja f
Icelandic: efja
Faroese: evja
Norwegian Nynorsk: evje
Norwegian: ave m (dialectal)
Old Swedish: æfia
Swedish: ävja

→ Proto-Samic: *vuopējē (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *apaja (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *abjō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂épyeh₂, from *h₂epó (“from, off, away”).


knawaz

*knawaz (a-stem)

knawaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
knawai (masculine nominative plural strong)
knawō (feminine nominative singular strong)
knawôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
knawą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
knawō (neuter nominative plural strong)
knawanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
knawanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
knawǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
knawōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
knawą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
knawō (accusative neuter plural strong)
knawas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
knawaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
knawaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
knawaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
knawas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
knawaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
knawammai (dative masculine singular strong)
knawaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
knawaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
knawaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
knawammai (dative neuter singular strong)
knawaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
knawanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
knawaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
knawaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
knawaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
knawanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
knawaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
knawô (masculine nominative singular weak)
knawaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
knawǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
knawōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
knawô (neuter nominative singular weak)
knawōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
knawanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
knawanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
knawōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
knawōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
knawô (accusative neuter singular weak)
knawōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
knawiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
knawanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
knawōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
knawōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
knawiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
knawanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
knawini (dative masculine singular weak)
knawammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
knawōni (dative feminine singular weak)
knawōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
knawini (dative neuter singular weak)
knawammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
knawinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
knawammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
knawōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
knawōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
knawinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
knawammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: knár

Icelandic: knár

Faroese: knáur

Crimean Gothic: knauen

Unclear. May be related to *knēaną, which is problematic itself. Alternatively, it could be related to *knūjaną.

unk

Unclear


mēkijaz

mēkijaz (nominative singular)
mēkijōz (nominative plural)
mēkijōs (nominative plural)
mēkī (singular vocative)
mēkijōz (plural vocative)
mēkijōs (plural vocative)
mēkiją (accusative singular)
mēkijanz (accusative plural)
mēkijas (genitive singular)
mēkīs (genitive singular)
mēkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mēkijai (dative singular)
mēkijamaz (dative plural)
mēkijō (instrumental singular)
mēkijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mākī
Old English: mǣċe, mēċe
Middle English: meche, mache, mæche
Old Saxon: māki

desc

Proto-Norse: ᛗᚨᚲᛁᛃᚨ (makija /mākija/, accusative singular) [210–260 AD]

desctree

Old Norse: mækir
Icelandic: mækir
Faroese: mæki
Norwegian Nynorsk: mækje; (dialectal) mækjer
→ Middle English: meeke
English: meak

Gothic: 𐌼𐌴𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃 (mēkeis)

Crimean Gothic: mycha

→ Proto-Finnic: *mëëkka (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *mьčь, *mečь

From Proto-Indo-European *meh₂giyos (“cutter”), from *(s)meh₂- (“to cut”). Cognates: Proto-Germanic *mītǭ (“biting insect”, literally “cutter”), *mittōną (“to cut”), *maitaną (“to cut”), Proto-Slavic *māxàti (“to wave”) etc.


wadō

wadō (nominative singular)
wadôz (nominative plural)
wadō (singular vocative)
wadôz (plural vocative)
wadǭ (accusative singular)
wadōz (accusative plural)
wadōz (genitive singular)
wadǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wadōi (dative singular)
wadōmaz (dative plural)
wadō (instrumental singular)
wadōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wadu

Old High German: wata

Middle High German: wate

German: Wate

From Proto-Indo-European *awAdʰ-, *audʰ- (“band, weave, plait”). Cognate with Latvian vads (“dragnet”).


wadaz

wadaz (nominative singular)
wadōz (nominative plural)
wadōs (nominative plural)
wad (singular vocative)
wadōz (plural vocative)
wadōs (plural vocative)
wadą (accusative singular)
wadanz (accusative plural)
wadas (genitive singular)
wadis (genitive singular)
wadǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wadai (dative singular)
wadamaz (dative plural)
wadō (instrumental singular)
wadamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: vaðr

Icelandic: vaður

Norwegian: vad

Swedish: vad

Danish: vod

→ Proto-Finnic: *vata (see there for further descendants)


wadǭ

wadǭ (nominative singular)
wadōniz (nominative plural)
wadǭ (singular vocative)
wadōniz (plural vocative)
wadōnų (accusative singular)
wadōnunz (accusative plural)
wadōniz (genitive singular)
wadōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wadōni (dative singular)
wadōmaz (dative plural)
wadōnē (instrumental singular)
wadōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *wade

Saterland Frisian: Woade

Old Saxon: *wada

Middle Low German: wāde

Old Dutch: *wada

Middle Dutch: wāde

Dutch: wade

Old High German: wata

Middle High German: wate

German: Wate


mōhô

mōhô (nominative singular)
mōhaniz (nominative plural)
mōhô (singular vocative)
mōhaniz (plural vocative)
mōhanų (accusative singular)
mahanunz (accusative plural)
mahanaz (genitive singular)
mahanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
magini (dative singular)
magummaz (dative plural)
mahanē (instrumental singular)
magummiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mahō, *magō
Old Saxon: māho
Middle Low German: mân
German Low German: Mahn, Maon
Old Dutch: *māho
Middle Dutch: maen, mane
Old High German: maho, mago
Middle High German: mahe, mahen, mān, magen, mage
Cimbrian: mago
German: Mohn
→ Estonian: moon
Swabian: mage
→ Estonian: magun
→ Latvian: magone
→ Lithuanian: aguona

Old Norse: *mogi

⇒ Old Norse: *valmogi

>? Norwegian Nynorsk: valmoe

Old Swedish: valmoghe

Swedish: vallmo

Old Danish: valmughæ

Danish: valmue

Norwegian Bokmål: valmue

→ Icelandic: valmúi

→ Faroese: valmúi

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: valmue

→ Norman: vamoque

From Proto-Indo-European *méh₂k-ō ~ *m̥h₂k-né-s, from *meh₂k- + *-ō. Close cognate with Ancient Greek μήκων (mḗkōn, “poppy”). Also related to Proto-Slavic *makъ (“poppy”), Albanian mokth (“pheasant's eye”).


midlą

midlą (nominative singular)
midlō (nominative plural)
midlą (singular vocative)
midlō (plural vocative)
midlą (accusative singular)
midlō (accusative plural)
midlas (genitive singular)
midlis (genitive singular)
midlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
midlai (dative singular)
midlamaz (dative plural)
midlō (instrumental singular)
midlamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: middel

Middle English: middel, medil

Scots: middil, midle

English: middle

Old Frisian: middel

Saterland Frisian: Middel

West Frisian: middel, mil, mul

Old Saxon: middil

Middle Low German: middel

Low German: Middel

qualifier

→ Old Swedish: midhel (Also under influence from its inherited form)

Swedish: medel

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: middel

Norwegian Nynorsk: middel

→ Old Danish: middel

Danish: middel

Old Dutch: middil

Middle Dutch: middel

Dutch: middel

Old High German: mittil; metal (in compounds)

Middle High German: mittel

German: Mittel

Luxembourgish: Mëttel

Vilamovian: mytuł

Yiddish: מיטל (mitl)

Old Norse: meðal

Icelandic: meðal

Norwegian: middel (possibly from Low German)

Old Swedish: medhel-, midhal-

Swedish: medel- (Also under influence from Middle Low German)

Danish: middel- (possibly from Low German)

From *midjō + *-ilą; see *midjaz (“middle”).


kelǭ

kelǭ (nominative singular)
kelōniz (nominative plural)
kelǭ (singular vocative)
kelōniz (plural vocative)
kelōnų (accusative singular)
kelōnunz (accusative plural)
kelōniz (genitive singular)
kelōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kelōni (dative singular)
kelōmaz (dative plural)
kelōnē (instrumental singular)
kelōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kelā
Old English: ċeole, ċiole
Middle English: chel, cholle, joll
English: jowl
Scots: chowl, choul
Old Frisian: *kele
Saterland Frisian: Kääle
West Frisian: kiel
⇒ Old Frisian: kolk
Saterland Frisian: Kolk
West Frisian: kolcke
Old Saxon: kela
Middle Low German: kēle, keele
German Low German: Kehl
Old Dutch: kela
Middle Dutch: kēle
Dutch: keel
Afrikaans: keel
Negerhollands: keel
Limburgish: kael
Old High German: kela, chela
Middle High German: kële, kël
Cimbrian: khéela
German: Kehle

Old Norse: *kjala

⇒ Elfdalian: grą̊-tjyölu

→ Southern Sami: gealoe

→ Proto-Finnic: *këlo (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gel-, *gʷel- (“to swallow; throat”).
Cognate with Latin gula (“throat”), Russian глота́ть (glotátʹ, “to swallow, gulp”), Old Armenian կլանեմ (klanem, “to swallow”), Persian گلو (galu, “throat”), Hindi गला (galā, “neck, throat”).


būlǭ

būlǭ (nominative singular)
būlōniz (nominative plural)
būlǭ (singular vocative)
būlōniz (plural vocative)
būlōnų (accusative singular)
būlōnunz (accusative plural)
būlōniz (genitive singular)
būlōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
būlōni (dative singular)
būlōmaz (dative plural)
būlōnē (instrumental singular)
būlōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *būle

Saterland Frisian: Buule

Old Dutch: būla

Middle Dutch: bule

Dutch: buil

From Proto-Indo-European *bū-, *bew- (“to blow; swell”).


rūhaz

*rūhaz (a-stem)

rūhaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
rūhai (masculine nominative plural strong)
rūhō (feminine nominative singular strong)
rūhôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
rūhą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
rūhō (neuter nominative plural strong)
rūhanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
rūhanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
rūhǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
rūhōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
rūhą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
rūhō (accusative neuter plural strong)
rūhas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
rūhaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
rūhaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
rūhaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
rūhas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
rūhaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
rūhammai (dative masculine singular strong)
rūhaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
rūhaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
rūhaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
rūhammai (dative neuter singular strong)
rūhaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
rūhanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
rūhaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
rūhaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
rūhaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
rūhanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
rūhaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
rūhô (masculine nominative singular weak)
rūhaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
rūhǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
rūhōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
rūhô (neuter nominative singular weak)
rūhōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
rūhanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
rūhanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
rūhōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
rūhōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
rūhô (accusative neuter singular weak)
rūhōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
rūhiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
rūhanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
rūhōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
rūhōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
rūhiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
rūhanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
rūhini (dative masculine singular weak)
rūhammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
rūhōni (dative feminine singular weak)
rūhōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
rūhini (dative neuter singular weak)
rūhammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
rūhinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
rūhammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
rūhōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
rūhōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
rūhinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
rūhammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: rūh, rūg

desc

Middle English: ruh, ruȝ, roȝe, row, rogh, rough

Scots: roch, ruch, rouch, rooch

English: rough

Old Frisian: *rūch

Saterland Frisian: ruuch, rouch

West Frisian: rûch

Old Saxon: *rūh, *rūg, *rūw (found in derivatives)

Middle Low German: rûh, rû, rûw

German Low German: ruug

Low German: ruuch, rug

Plautdietsch: ruff, ruch

→ Danish: ru

Old Dutch: *rūh, *rū

Middle Dutch: ruuch, ru, rou

Dutch: ruig, ruw

Old High German: rūh

Middle High German: rūh, rūhe, rūch, rouch

rau; rauch (obsolete)

German: rau

→ German Low German: rau

Yiddish: רוי (roy)

From Proto-Indo-European *Hrewk- (“to pluck”).


krabitaz

krabitaz (nominative singular)
krabitōz (nominative plural)
krabitōs (nominative plural)
krabit (singular vocative)
krabitōz (plural vocative)
krabitōs (plural vocative)
krabitą (accusative singular)
krabitanz (accusative plural)
krabitas (genitive singular)
krabitis (genitive singular)
krabitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krabitai (dative singular)
krabitamaz (dative plural)
krabitō (instrumental singular)
krabitamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *krabit
Old Saxon: krevit
Middle Low German: krēvet
German Low German: Kreeft, Krefft
Plautdietsch: Kjräft
→ Danish: kræft
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kreft
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kreft
→ Old Swedish: krævet, kræveta
Swedish: kräfta
Old Dutch: *crevet
Middle Dutch: creft, crēvet, crēeft
Dutch: kreeft
Afrikaans: kreef
Negerhollands: kreeft, greef
→ Papiamentu: kref, kreeft
Limburgish: kreef
→ Norman: crabette, cravette, crevette (possibly)
→ French: crevette
Old High German: krebiz, krebazzo
Old High German: crebiz, krëbez, krebz
Alemannic German: Chräps
German: Krebs
→ Danish: krebs
→ German Low German: Krebs
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kreps
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kreps
→ Saterland Frisian: Krääps
→ Scanian: krævs
→ Yiddish: קרעבס (krebs)
Luxembourgish: Kriibs
→ Old French: crevice, crevez, crevis, crevesce, creveche, creveis, escrevise, escreveice, escreviche (either from a diminutive *krabitjō or from Old High German krebiz)
Middle French: escrevice, escrevisse, escrevisce, crevis, creviche, crevice
French: écrevisse
→ Middle Dutch: crevetse
→ Middle English: crevis, crevyse, creuez, crevez, crevise, creveys, crevesse, krevys
English: crevis; crayfish, crawfish (influenced by fish)

From Pre-Germanic *grobʰidos, from the zero-grade form of *gerbʰ- (“to carve, scratch”) + *-itaz, *-utaz (animal suffix) (compare *hurznutō (“hornet”), *herutaz (“deer”), *ganutô (“gander”)).

(West Germanic) A crustacean (crab, lobster, crayfish).


airuz

airuz (nominative singular)
airiwiz (nominative plural)
airu (singular vocative)
airiwiz (plural vocative)
airų (accusative singular)
airunz (accusative plural)
airauz (genitive singular)
airiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
airiwi (dative singular)
airumaz (dative plural)
airū (instrumental singular)
airumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *airu
Old English: ār
Middle English: ore, hore, oore; are, aurre (Northern)
English: oar
Scots: air

Old Norse: árr

Icelandic: ár

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃 (airus)

→ Proto-Finnic: *airut (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ey- (“to go”).


skīrīniz

skīrīniz (nominative singular)
skīrīnīz (nominative plural)
skīrīni (singular vocative)
skīrīnīz (plural vocative)
skīrīnį (accusative singular)
skīrīninz (accusative plural)
skīrīnīz (genitive singular)
skīrīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skīrīnī (dative singular)
skīrīnimaz (dative plural)
skīrīnī (instrumental singular)
skīrīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: skírn

Icelandic: skírn

Faroese: skírn

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (skeireins)

From *skīrijaną (“to make clear, make pure”) + *-īniz.

af

making clear, pure; clarification, purification


hauzīniz

hauzīniz (nominative singular)
hauzīnīz (nominative plural)
hauzīni (singular vocative)
hauzīnīz (plural vocative)
hauzīnį (accusative singular)
hauzīninz (accusative plural)
hauzīnīz (genitive singular)
hauzīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hauzīnī (dative singular)
hauzīnimaz (dative plural)
hauzīnī (instrumental singular)
hauzīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: heyrn

Icelandic: heyrn

Faroese: hoyrn

Norwegian Nynorsk: høyrn (arcaic, Høgnorsk)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (hauseins)


warīniz

warīniz (nominative singular)
warīnīz (nominative plural)
warīni (singular vocative)
warīnīz (plural vocative)
warīnį (accusative singular)
warīninz (accusative plural)
warīnīz (genitive singular)
warīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
warīnī (dative singular)
warīnimaz (dative plural)
warīnī (instrumental singular)
warīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *werī

Middle Low German: wēre

Old Dutch: were, *werī

Middle Dutch: were

Dutch: weer

Old High German: werī

Middle High German: were

German: Wehr

Old Norse: vǫrn

Icelandic: vörn

Faroese: vørn

Norwegian Bokmål: vern

Norwegian Nynorsk: vern

Old Swedish: værn, varn

Swedish: värn

Danish: værn


auþijaną

auþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
auþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
auþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
auþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
auþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
auþī (active imperative second-person singular)
auþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
auþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
auþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
auþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
auþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
auþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
auþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
auþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
auþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
auþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
auþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
auþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
auþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
auþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
auþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
auþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
auþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
auþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
auþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
auþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
auþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
auþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
auþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
auþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
auþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
auþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
auþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
auþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
auþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
auþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
auþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
auþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
auþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
auþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
auþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
auþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
auþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
auþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
auþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
auþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
auþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
auþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
auþijandz (active participle present)
auþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *auþijan
Old English: īeþan, ȳþan
Old High German: *ōden
Middle High German: öden
German: öden (chiefly in compounds)

Old Norse: eyða

Icelandic: eyða

Faroese: oyða

Norwegian Nynorsk: øyda

Old Swedish: ø̄þa

Swedish: öda


skīrijaną

skīrijō (active first-person indicative singular)
skīrijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skīrijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skīrīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skīrijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skīrī (active imperative second-person singular)
skīrijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skīrijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skīrīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skīrijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skīrijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skīrijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skīrijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skīrijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skīrijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skīrijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skīrijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skīrijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skīrijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skīrijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skīrijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skīrijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skīrīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skīrijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skīrīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skīrijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skīrijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skīrijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skīrijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skīrijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skīrijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skīrijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skīridǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skīridēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skīridēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skīridēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skīridē (active indicative singular third-person)
skīridēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skīridēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skīridēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skīridēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skīridēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skīridēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skīridēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skīridēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skīridēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skīridēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skīridēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skīrijandz (active participle present)
skīridaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skīrijan
Old English: sċīran
Middle English: schiren
Old Frisian: *skīra, skīria (the latter from *skīrōn)
⇒ Old Frisian: biskīra
Old Saxon: *skīrian
Middle Low German: schīren
Old Dutch: *scīren
Middle Dutch: schiren
Dutch: schieren
Old High German: *skieren
Middle High German: schīren
⇒ Old High German: giskieren
⇒ Old High German: inskieren

Old Norse: skíra

Icelandic: skíra

Faroese: skíra

Old Swedish: skīra

Swedish: skira

desc

Gothic: *𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*skeirjan), 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaskeirjan)

From *skīriz (“pure, clear, sheer”) + *-janą.


luką

luką (nominative singular)
lukō (nominative plural)
luką (singular vocative)
lukō (plural vocative)
luką (accusative singular)
lukō (accusative plural)
lukas (genitive singular)
lukis (genitive singular)
lukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lukai (dative singular)
lukamaz (dative plural)
lukō (instrumental singular)
lukamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lok
Old English: loc
Middle English: lok, loc, lock, loke
English: lock
Scots: lock
Yola: lauckès (plural)
→ Anglo-Norman: loc
⇒ Anglo-Norman: loquet
Middle French: loquet
French: loquet
→ English: locket
→ Italian: lucchetto
→ Lombard: lochet
→ Portuguese: aloquete, loquete
→ Middle English: locket
English: locket
Old Frisian: lok
Old Saxon: *lok
Middle Low German: lok
German Low German: Lock
Old Dutch: *lok
Middle Dutch: loc
Dutch: lok
Old High German: loh
Middle High German: loch
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: loch, lòch (Sette Comuni)
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Loch
Luxembourgish: Lach
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: łöch
East Franconian:
German: Loch
→ Czech: loch
→ Dutch: loch
→ Polish: loch
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: Loch
Pennsylvania German: Loch
Yiddish: לאָך (lokh)

Old Norse: lok

Icelandic: lok

Faroese: lok

Norwegian Nynorsk: lok, lokk

Norwegian Bokmål: lokk

Old Swedish: lok, luk

Swedish: lock

Danish: låg

Gothic: *𐌻𐌿𐌺 (*luk) (in 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌿𐌺 (usluk))

From Proto-Indo-European *lewg- (“to bend; turn”).


staupaz

*staupaz (a-stem)

staupaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
staupai (masculine nominative plural strong)
staupō (feminine nominative singular strong)
staupôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
staupą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
staupō (neuter nominative plural strong)
staupanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
staupanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
staupǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
staupōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
staupą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
staupō (accusative neuter plural strong)
staupas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
staupaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
staupaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
staupaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
staupas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
staupaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
staupammai (dative masculine singular strong)
staupaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
staupaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
staupaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
staupammai (dative neuter singular strong)
staupaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
staupanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
staupaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
staupaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
staupaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
staupanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
staupaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
staupô (masculine nominative singular weak)
staupaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
staupǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
staupōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
staupô (neuter nominative singular weak)
staupōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
staupanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
staupanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
staupōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
staupōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
staupô (accusative neuter singular weak)
staupōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
staupiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
staupanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
staupōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
staupōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
staupiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
staupanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
staupini (dative masculine singular weak)
staupammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
staupōni (dative feminine singular weak)
staupōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
staupini (dative neuter singular weak)
staupammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
staupinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
staupammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
staupōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
staupōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
staupinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
staupammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *staup

Old English: stēap

desc

Middle English: stæp, steap, stepe, steep

Scots: stepe, steip

English: steep

Old Frisian: stāp

Old Dutch: *stoup, *stōp

Middle Dutch: stoop

Old High German: *stouf; stoufi

Middle High German: stief

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewb- (“to thrust; to hit, butt; stump”), but see more at *stūpaną.


blīþijaną

blīþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
blīþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blīþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blīþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
blīþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blīþī (active imperative second-person singular)
blīþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blīþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blīþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
blīþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blīþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
blīþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blīþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blīþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
blīþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blīþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blīþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blīþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blīþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blīþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blīþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blīþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blīþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
blīþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blīþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
blīþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blīþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blīþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
blīþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blīþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
blīþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blīþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
blīþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
blīþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blīþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
blīþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blīþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
blīþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blīþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
blīþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blīþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blīþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blīþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
blīþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blīþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
blīþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blīþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
blīþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blīþijandz (active participle present)
blīþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blīþijan
Old Frisian: *blīda
⇒ Old Frisian: forblīda
West Frisian: ferblide, ferblije
Old Dutch: blīthen
Middle Dutch: bliden
Dutch: blijden (obsolete)
⇒ Middle Dutch: verbliden
Dutch: verblijden
Old High German: blīden
Middle High German: blīden

Old Norse: blíða

Icelandic: blíða

Gothic: 𐌱𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bleiþjan)


swambaz

swambaz (nominative singular)
swambōz (nominative plural)
swambōs (nominative plural)
swamb (singular vocative)
swambōz (plural vocative)
swambōs (plural vocative)
swambą (accusative singular)
swambanz (accusative plural)
swambas (genitive singular)
swambis (genitive singular)
swambǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swambai (dative singular)
swambamaz (dative plural)
swambō (instrumental singular)
swambamiz (instrumental plural)

Frequently compared to Ancient Greek σομφός (somphós), but this cannot be of inherited Indo-European origin given the lack of the expected shift *sw > *hw in Greek.


hriþiz

hriþiz (nominative singular)
hriþīz (nominative plural)
hriþi (singular vocative)
hriþīz (plural vocative)
hriþį (accusative singular)
hriþinz (accusative plural)
hriþīz (genitive singular)
hriþjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hriþī (dative singular)
hriþimaz (dative plural)
hriþī (instrumental singular)
hriþimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hriþ; hriþing

Old Saxon: hrido

Middle Low German: rēde

Old Dutch: *rido

Middle Dutch: rēde

Dutch: rede

Old High German: rito, ritto

Middle High German: rite

German: Ritte (obsolete)

Old Norse: riða (< *hriþǭ)

Icelandic: riða

Old Swedish: rīdha

From Proto-Indo-European *kret- (“to shake; quiver; tremble”). Compare Welsh cryd (“fever”).


walgōną

walgō (active first-person indicative singular)
walgǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
walgōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
walgōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
walgōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
walgō (active imperative second-person singular)
walgōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
walgōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
walgōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
walgō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
walgōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
walgōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
walgōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
walgōs (active dual first-person indicative)
walgōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
walgōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
walgōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
walgōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
walgōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
walgōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
walgōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
walgōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
walgōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
walgōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
walgōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
walgōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
walgōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
walgōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
walgōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
walgōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
walgōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
walgōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
walgōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
walgōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
walgōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
walgōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
walgōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
walgōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
walgōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
walgōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
walgōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
walgōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
walgōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
walgōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
walgōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
walgōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
walgōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
walgōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
walgōndz (active participle present)
walgōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Frisian: *walgia

West Frisian: walgje

Old Saxon: *walgōn

Middle Low German: walgen

Low German: walgen

Old Dutch: *walgon

Middle Dutch: walgen, walghen

Dutch: walgen

Old High German: walgōn, walagōn

Middle High German: walgen

German: walgen

/ˈwɑl.ɣɔː.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *wolk- (“to roll”), from *wel- (“to turn; wind; roll”).


burjaną

burjō (active first-person indicative singular)
burjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
burjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
burisi (active indicative second-person singular)
burjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
buri (active imperative second-person singular)
burjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
burjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
buriþi (active indicative singular third-person)
burjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
burjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
burjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
burjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
burjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
burjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
burjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
burjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
burjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
burjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
burjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
burjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
burjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
buriþ (active indicative plural second-person)
burjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
buriþ (active imperative plural second-person)
burjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
burjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
burjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
burjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
burjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
burjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
burjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
buridǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
buridēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
buridēz (active indicative second-person singular)
buridēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
buridē (active indicative singular third-person)
buridēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
buridēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
buridēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
buridēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
buridēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
buridēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
buridēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
buridēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
buridēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
buridēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
buridēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
burjandz (active participle present)
buridaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *burjan
Old English: byrian
Middle English: birren, biren
Old Frisian: bera
Old Saxon: burian
Middle Low German: boren, bören
Low German: böhren
Old Dutch: *burien
Middle Dutch: bueren
Dutch: beuren
Afrikaans: beur
Limburgish: beure, bäöre
Old High German: burien, burren
Middle High German: bürn

Old Norse: byrja
Icelandic: byrja
Faroese: byrja
Norwegian Nynorsk: byrja
Old Swedish: byria
Swedish: börja
Old Danish: byriæ
Danish: børje, burde
Scanian: børja
Gutnish: byre

Zero-grade ye-present, pre-Germanic *bʰr̥ye/o-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”).


blauþijaną

blauþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
blauþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blauþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blauþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
blauþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blauþī (active imperative second-person singular)
blauþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blauþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blauþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
blauþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blauþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
blauþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blauþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blauþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
blauþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blauþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blauþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blauþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blauþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blauþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blauþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blauþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blauþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
blauþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blauþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
blauþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blauþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blauþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
blauþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blauþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
blauþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blauþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
blauþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
blauþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blauþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
blauþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blauþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
blauþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blauþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
blauþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blauþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blauþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blauþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
blauþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blauþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
blauþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blauþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
blauþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blauþijandz (active participle present)
blauþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blauþijan
Old Saxon: blōthian
Middle Low German: blôden, blöden
Old High German: blōden
Middle High German: blœ̄den
German: blöden (archaic)
→ Vulgar Latin: *blaudīre, *blōdīre; *exblaudīre, *exblōdīre
Old Occitan:
Old Catalan: esbalausir
Catalan: esbalair
Occitan: esblauzir
Old French: esbleuir
Middle French: esblouir
French: éblouir

Old Norse: bleyða

Icelandic: bleyðast

Gothic: 𐌱𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (blauþjan)


limuz

limuz (nominative singular)
limiwiz (nominative plural)
limu (singular vocative)
limiwiz (plural vocative)
limų (accusative singular)
limunz (accusative plural)
limauz (genitive singular)
limiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
limiwi (dative singular)
limumaz (dative plural)
limū (instrumental singular)
limumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *limu
Old English: lim, lym n
Middle English: lyme, lim
Scots: lim, lym
English: limb
Old Saxon: *limu, *lim
Middle Low German: lem n (“limb”) (possibly borrowed from Scandinavian)
Old Dutch: *limu
Middle Dutch: lēme (“fishbone, stubble of flax”)
Dutch: leem (“pine needle”)
⇒ Old Dutch: druhtlimig

Old Norse: limr m; lim f; lim n

Icelandic: limur

Faroese: limur

Norwegian Bokmål: lem

Norwegian Nynorsk: lem

Old Swedish: limber

Swedish: lem

Danish: lem

Probably from a Proto-Indo-European root meaning “to bend, skew”, but which root in particular is uncertain: possibilities include *h₂el- (extended as *h₂l-ey-), *Heh₃l- (extended as *(H)h₃l-ey-), and *leyH-. Perhaps cognate with Latin līmus (“askew”), but with a slightly different derivation, and/or Lithuanian liemuo (“log, torso”). Also compare *liþuz (“joint, bend, limb”).


-umnijō

-umnijō (nominative singular)
-umnijôz (nominative plural)
-umnijō (singular vocative)
-umnijôz (plural vocative)
-umnijǭ (accusative singular)
-umnijōz (accusative plural)
-umnijōz (genitive singular)
-umnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-umnijōi (dative singular)
-umnijōmaz (dative plural)
-umnijō (instrumental singular)
-umnijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *-unnia

Gothic: -𐌿𐌱𐌽𐌹 (-ubni)

Uncertain. Possibly representing a substantivization of the original middle participle *-m̥h₁nós > *-m̥h₁n-yo-, or an extension to what was originally an mn-stem formation.


angulaz

angulaz (nominative singular)
angulōz (nominative plural)
angulōs (nominative plural)
angul (singular vocative)
angulōz (plural vocative)
angulōs (plural vocative)
angulą (accusative singular)
angulanz (accusative plural)
angulas (genitive singular)
angulis (genitive singular)
angulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
angulai (dative singular)
angulamaz (dative plural)
angulō (instrumental singular)
angulamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *angul

desc

Old English: angol, angul, ongul, angel, ongel

Middle English: angel, angell

Scots: angell, angel

English: angle

desctree

Old Frisian: *angel, *ongel
Saterland Frisian: Ongel
West Frisian: angel

Old Saxon: angul

Middle Low German: angel

German Low German: Angel

Old Dutch: *angul

Middle Dutch: angel

Dutch: angel

Old High German: angul
Middle High German: angel
German: Angel
Luxembourgish: Aangel

Old Norse: ǫngull
Icelandic: öngull
Faroese: ongul
Norwegian Bokmål: angel
Norwegian Nynorsk: angel, ongel
Swedish: angel
Gutnish: anggel, anggul

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enk- (“to bend; crook”), equivalent to Proto-Germanic *angô + *-ulaz (diminutive suffix).


tundrą

tundrą (nominative singular)
tundrō (nominative plural)
tundrą (singular vocative)
tundrō (plural vocative)
tundrą (accusative singular)
tundrō (accusative plural)
tundras (genitive singular)
tundris (genitive singular)
tundrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tundrai (dative singular)
tundramaz (dative plural)
tundrō (instrumental singular)
tundramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tundr m; *tundrijā f

Old English: tyndre f, tynder

Middle English: tunder, tinder

English: tinder

Scots: tunder, tundir

Old Frisian: *tunder

Saterland Frisian: Tunder m

West Frisian: tonder

Old Saxon: *tundar

Middle Low German: tunder

German Low German: Tunder

Old Dutch: *tundar

Middle Dutch: tunder

Dutch: tonder

Old High German: *zuntar

Middle High German: zunder n or m

German: Zunder m

Old Norse: tundr n

Icelandic: tundur

Faroese: tundur

Old Swedish: tunder, tønder

Swedish: tunder

Old Danish: tunder

Danish: tønder

Elfdalian: tunder

Norwegian Nynorsk: tunder

→ Norman: tondre


þrakjaz

þrakjaz (nominative singular)
þrakjōz (nominative plural)
þrakjōs (nominative plural)
þraki (singular vocative)
þrakjōz (plural vocative)
þrakjōs (plural vocative)
þrakją (accusative singular)
þrakjanz (accusative plural)
þrakjas (genitive singular)
þrakis (genitive singular)
þrakjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þrakjai (dative singular)
þrakjamaz (dative plural)
þrakjō (instrumental singular)
þrakjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þraki
Old English: þreahs, þreax
Old Frisian: threkk
>? Saterland Frisian: Dräk (possibly borrowed from Low German)
(West Frisian: dridze ?)
Old Saxon: *threkk
Middle Low German: dreck
German Low German: Dreck
Old Dutch: *threc
Middle Dutch: drec
Dutch: drek
Afrikaans: drek
Old High German: threc (in compound mūsthrec)
Middle High German: drëc
Cimbrian: drèkh
German: Dreck, Drekk
→ Czech: drek
→ Kashubian: drëk
→ Serbo-Croatian: дре̏к (drȅk)
→ Slovene: drȅk
Luxembourgish: Dreck
Yiddish: דרעק (drek)
→ English: dreck, drek
→ Russian: дрек (drɛk)

Old Norse: þrekkr

Faroese: trekkur

Icelandic: þrekkur

Old Swedish: thrækker

Swedish: träck

Old Danish: træk

Danish: dræk

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)terǵ-, *(s)terḱ-, *(s)treḱ- (“manure, dung; to sully, soil, decay”). Cognate with Latin stercus (“dung, manure”).