finþaną

finþō (active first-person indicative singular)
finþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
finþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
finþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
finþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
finþ (active imperative second-person singular)
finþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
finþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
finþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
finþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
finþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
finþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
finþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
finþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
finþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
finþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
finþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
finþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
finþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
finþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
finþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
finþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
finþid (active indicative plural second-person)
finþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
finþid (active imperative plural second-person)
finþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
finþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
finþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
finþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
finþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
finþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
finþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fanþ (active first-person indicative singular)
fundį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fanst (active indicative second-person singular)
fundīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fanþ (active indicative singular third-person)
fundī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fundū (active dual first-person indicative)
fundīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fundudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fundīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fundum (active first-person indicative plural)
fundīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fundud (active indicative plural second-person)
fundīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fundun (active indicative plural third-person)
fundīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
finþandz (active participle present)
fundanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *finþan
Old English: findan
Middle English: finden
Scots: find, fynd
English: find
→ Welsh: ffeindio
Old Frisian: finda
Saterland Frisian: fiende
West Frisian: fine
Old Saxon: findan, fīthan
Middle Low German: vinden
Low German: finden, finnen
Plautdietsch: finje
Old Dutch: findan
Middle Dutch: vinden
Dutch: vinden
Limburgish: vinje
Old High German: findan
Middle High German: vinden
Alemannic German: fianda (Vorarlberg)
Bavarian: findn
Cimbrian: vènnan, bènnan, vennen, vintan
Mòcheno: vinnen
Central Franconian: fenge
German: finden
Luxembourgish: fannen
Yiddish: געפֿינען (gefinen)

Old Norse: finna
Icelandic: finna
Faroese: finna
Norn: finna
Norwegian Nynorsk: finna, finne
Old Swedish: finna
Swedish: finna
Old Danish: finnæ
Danish: finde
Norwegian Bokmål: finne
Gutnish: finne, finn', finna

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌽 (finþan)

From Proto-Indo-European *pent- (“to go, pass; path, bridge”).


bindaną

bindō (active first-person indicative singular)
bindaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bindai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bindizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bindaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bind (active imperative second-person singular)
bindazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bindaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bindidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bindai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bindadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bindadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bindaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bindōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bindaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bindadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bindaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bindadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bindamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bindaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bindandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bindaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bindid (active indicative plural second-person)
bindaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bindid (active imperative plural second-person)
bindandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bindaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bindandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bindain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bindandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bindandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bindaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
band (active first-person indicative singular)
bundį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
banst (active indicative second-person singular)
bundīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
band (active indicative singular third-person)
bundī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bundū (active dual first-person indicative)
bundīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bundudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bundīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bundum (active first-person indicative plural)
bundīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bundud (active indicative plural second-person)
bundīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bundun (active indicative plural third-person)
bundīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bindandz (active participle present)
bundanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bindan
Old English: bindan
Middle English: binden, bynden
English: bind
Scots: bind
Old Frisian: binda
North Frisian:
Helgoland: bin
Föhr-Amrum and Sylt: binj
Mooring: bine
Saterland Frisian: biende
West Frisian: bine
Old Saxon: bindan
Middle Low German: binden
Low German: binnen
Plautdietsch: binjen
Old Dutch: *bindan
Middle Dutch: binden
Dutch: binden
Afrikaans: bind
Berbice Creole Dutch: bendi
Negerhollands: bind, bint, bin
Limburgish: binje
Old High German: bintan
Middle High German: binden
Bavarian: bindn
German: binden
Luxembourgish: bannen

Old Norse: binda
Icelandic: binda
Faroese: binda
Norn: binda
Norwegian Nynorsk: binda, binde
Norwegian Bokmål: binde
Old Swedish: binda
Swedish: binda
Danish: binde
Gutnish: binde, bind', binda

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (bindan)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰéndʰ-e-ti, from *bʰendʰ- (“to tie”).


þunraz

þunraz (nominative singular)
þunr (singular vocative)
þunrą (accusative singular)
þunras (genitive singular)
þunris (genitive singular)
þunrai (dative singular)
þunrō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *þunr, *þunar, *þonar
Old English: þunor, þunar, þunur, þuner, þonor
Middle English: thonder
English: thunder
Scots: thuner, thunder, thundir
Yola: dhunder, dunder
Old Frisian: thuner, thonger
West Frisian: tonger
Old Saxon: thunar, thuner
Middle Low German: dunner, donner, donre, donder, dōner
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Dunner
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Donner
Sauerländisch: Duener, Dūner, Dunner, Dōener
Westmünsterländisch: Dunder, Dunner
Plautdietsch: Donna
Old Dutch: *thonar
Middle Dutch: donre
Dutch: donder
Afrikaans: donder
Negerhollands: donner, dondu
→ Virgin Islands Creole: dondu (dated)
→ Papiamentu: dònder, donder
→ Sranan Tongo: dondru
Aukan: dondoo, donduu
Limburgish: dónder, dónjer
West Flemish: dunder
Old High German: donar, thonar
Middle High German: toner, doner
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Dunner
Luxembourgish: Donner
German: Donner
Rhine Franconian: Dunner
Frankfurterisch: IPA [d̥onæ̆], (possible pre-1825 pronunciation) [d̥unæ̆]
Vilamovian: dunyn (likely a plural form of *duner)
Yiddish: דונער (duner)

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚦᛟᚾᚨᚱᚨᛉ (*þonaraʀ), *ᚦᛟᚱᚨᛉ (*þoraʀ /þǭraʀ/)

Old Norse: þórr

⇒ Old Norse: *þórdynr

Swedish: tordön

Danish: torden

Norwegian Bokmål: torden

Faroese: tora

Norwegian Nynorsk: tor m, tore, tora f; (dialectal) torde (influenced by Þórðr)

Swedish: tor

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tenh₂- (“to thunder”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *toranos (“thunder”), Latin tonō (“to thunder”), Persian تندر (tondar, “thunder”), Sanskrit स्तनति (stánati, “to resound; to thunder; to roar”) and Proto-Germanic *stenaną.


mūs

mūs (nominative singular)
mūsiz (nominative plural)
mūs (singular vocative)
mūsiz (plural vocative)
mūsų (accusative singular)
mūsunz (accusative plural)
mūsiz (genitive singular)
mūsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mūsi (dative singular)
mūsumaz (dative plural)
mūsē (instrumental singular)
mūsumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mūs
Old English: mūs
Middle English: mous, mouse, mowse, mows, mus, mowce, muse
English: mouse (see there for further descendants), moose (Northumbrian); muss
Scots: moose
Old Frisian: mūs
North Frisian: müs
Saterland Frisian: Múus
West Frisian: mûs
Old Saxon: mūs
Middle Low German: mûs
Low German: Muus
Plautdietsch: Mus
Old Dutch: *mūs
Middle Dutch: muus
Dutch: muis
Afrikaans: muis
Jersey Dutch: mäus
Negerhollands: mischi, miśi, muśi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: mus
→ Sranan Tongo: moismoisi
Limburgish: moes
Old High German: mūs
Middle High German: mūs
Alemannic German: Muus, Müss (Uri)
Central Franconian: Muus, Mus (variant spelling); Maus, Mous (Moselle Franconian)
Cimbrian: maus
German: Maus
Luxembourgish: Maus
Vilamovian: maojs
Yiddish: מויז (moyz)

Old Norse: mús

Icelandic: mús

Faroese: mús

Norn: mus

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: mus

Norwegian Nynorsk: mus

Old Swedish: mūs

Swedish: mus

Old Danish: mūs

Danish: mus

Elfdalian: maus

Gutnish: mäus

From Proto-Indo-European *múh₂s. Cognates include Proto-Slavic *myšь (“mouse”). More cognates: see there.


segaz

segaz (nominative singular)
sigizō (nominative plural)
segaz (singular vocative)
sigizō (plural vocative)
segaz (accusative singular)
sigizō (accusative plural)
sigiziz (genitive singular)
sigizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sigizi (dative singular)
sigizumaz (dative plural)
sigizē (instrumental singular)
sigizumiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *sigʀ, *sigu, *sigi

Old English: sigor, siġe

Middle English: siȝe, sige

Old Frisian: sige, sī

Saterland Frisian: Siech

West Frisian: sege

Old Saxon: sigi

Middle Low German: sēge

German Low German: Sieg

Old Dutch: sigi (in compounds)

Middle Dutch: sēge

Dutch: zege

Old High German: sigi, sigu

Middle High German: sige

German: Sieg

Hunsrik: Siegh

desctree

Old Norse: sigr m
Icelandic: sigur
Faroese: sigur
Norwegian Nynorsk: siger
Old Swedish: sigher
Swedish: seger
Old Danish: sighær
Danish: sejr
Norwegian Bokmål: seier

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃 (sigis)

Vandalic: *sigis

From Proto-Indo-European *séǵʰos (“control, power”), from root *seǵʰ- (“to hold, overpower”). Cognate with Sanskrit सहस् (sáhas, “force, power, victory”), and the Ancient Greek verb ἔχω (ékhō, “I have, I own”).


fehu

fehu (nominative singular)
fehu (singular vocative)
fehu (accusative singular)
fehauz (genitive singular)
fihiwi (dative singular)
fehū (instrumental singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fehu
Old English: feoh, fioh, feh
Middle English: feh, fe, fee (with Old French)
English: fee
Scots: fe, fee, fiel
Old Frisian: fia
Saterland Frisian: Fäi
West Frisian: fee
Old Saxon: fehu, feho, feu
Middle Low German: vehe, veh, vê, vie
German Low German: Veeh, Veh, Veih n (Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch)
Plautdietsch: Fee
Old Dutch: fē, fio, fiu
Middle Dutch: vêe
Dutch: vee
Afrikaans: vee
Negerhollands: vee
Limburgish: vieë, vieëch
Old High German: fihu
Middle High German: vihe, vëhe, vich, viech, vech, vie, vē
Alemannic German: Vëh
Swabian: Viech
Bavarian: Viech
Cimbrian: viighe, biighe (Mezzaselva)
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Viech
German: Vieh; Viech (with distinction)
Luxembourgish: Véi
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Veh, Veih, Vieh
Palatine: Veh, Vieh, Viech
Yiddish: פֿיך (fikh)
→ Vulgar Latin: *feus
Old French: fieu (dated 11th-century) (see there for further descendants)
Old Occitan: feu
Catalan: feu
Occitan: fèu
Medieval Latin: fevum (dated 899, La Garde-Freinet, France)
Old French: fief m (dated 13th-century)
Middle French: fief
French: fief
→ Romanian: fief
→ English: fief
Old French: feffe, feoffe f
Middle French: fieffe
→ Middle English: feffe, feoffe
English: feoff
⇒ Medieval Latin: feudum, feodum (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚠᛖᚺᚢ (*fehu /fehu, fēhu/), *ᚠᛖᚺ (*feh /fēh/)

desctree

Old Norse: fé
Icelandic: fé
Faroese: fæ
Norwegian Nynorsk: fe; (dialectal) fi
Norwegian Bokmål: fe
Old Swedish: fǣ
Swedish: fä
Danish: fæ

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 (faihu), 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍉 (faihō)

From early *péku, from Proto-Indo-European *péḱu.


friþuz

friþuz (nominative singular)
friþiwiz (nominative plural)
friþu (singular vocative)
friþiwiz (plural vocative)
friþų (accusative singular)
friþunz (accusative plural)
friþauz (genitive singular)
friþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
friþiwi (dative singular)
friþumaz (dative plural)
friþū (instrumental singular)
friþumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *friþu
Old English: friþ, friþu
Middle English: frith, ffryth, firth, freth, freþ, frið, friþ, friþþ, fryth, fryþ
English: frith
⇒ English: Chilvers (from a contraction of Ċēolfriþ + es or 's)
Old Frisian: fretho
Saterland Frisian: Free
West Frisian: frede
Old Saxon: frithu
Middle Low German: vrēde
Low German:
German Low German: Freed
Westphalian:
Münsterländer: Frää, Frääden, Frääde, Frääne, Freeden (Westmünsterländisch)
Münsterländisch: Friäde, Friäden; tefriäden
East Westphalian: Friae (Ravensbergisch)
Plautdietsch: Fräd
Old Dutch: frithu
Middle Dutch: vrēde
Dutch: vrede, vree, vreed
Afrikaans: vrede
Negerhollands: vreed, vrede, vreede
Sranan Tongo: vrede, freide
Limburgish: vrieëd
Old High German: fridu
Middle High German: vride, vrit
Cimbrian: friide
German: Friede, Frieden
Luxembourgish: Fridden
Yiddish: פֿרידן (fridn)
→⇒ Vulgar Latin: *exfridō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: friðr
Icelandic: friður
Faroese: friður
Norwegian Bokmål: fred
Norwegian Nynorsk: fred
Old Swedish: friþer
Swedish: fred, frid
Danish: fred

Gothic: *𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 (*friþus)

Vandalic: *friðV-


wēaną

wēō (active first-person indicative singular)
wēaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wēai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wēizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wēaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wē (active imperative second-person singular)
wēazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wēaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wēidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wēai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wēadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wēadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wēaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wēōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wēaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wēadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wēaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wēadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wēamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wēaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wēandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wēaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wēid (active indicative plural second-person)
wēaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wēid (active imperative plural second-person)
wēandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wēaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wēandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wēain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wēandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wēandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wēaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wewō (active first-person indicative singular)
wewōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wewōt (active indicative second-person singular)
wewōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wewō (active indicative singular third-person)
wewōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wewōū (active dual first-person indicative)
wewōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wewōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wewōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wewōum (active first-person indicative plural)
wewōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wewōud (active indicative plural second-person)
wewōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wewōun (active indicative plural third-person)
wewōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wēandz (active participle present)
wēanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wāan
Old English: wāwan
Old Frisian: wēia, wāia
West Frisian: waaie
Old Saxon: wāian
Middle Low German: weien
Low German: weihn
Old Dutch: wāien
Middle Dutch: wâyen
Dutch: waaien
Limburgish: wèjje
Old High German: wāen, wāhen
Middle High German: wæjen
German: wehen

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌽 (waian)

/ˈwɛː.ɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wḗh₁ti, from *h₂weh₁-.


grētaną

grētō (active first-person indicative singular)
grētaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grētai (first-person indicative passive singular)
grētizi (active indicative second-person singular)
grētaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grēt (active imperative second-person singular)
grētazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grētaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grētidi (active indicative singular third-person)
grētai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grētadau (active imperative singular third-person)
grētadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grētaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grētōz (active dual first-person indicative)
grētaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grētadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grētaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grētadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grētamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grētaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grētandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grētaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grētid (active indicative plural second-person)
grētaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grētid (active imperative plural second-person)
grētandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grētaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grētandi (active indicative plural third-person)
grētain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grētandau (active imperative plural third-person)
grētandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grētaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gegrōt (active first-person indicative singular)
gegrōtį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gegrōst (active indicative second-person singular)
gegrōtīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gegrōt (active indicative singular third-person)
gegrōtī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gegrōtū (active dual first-person indicative)
gegrōtīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gegrōtudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gegrōtīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gegrōtum (active first-person indicative plural)
gegrōtīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gegrōtud (active indicative plural second-person)
gegrōtīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gegrōtun (active indicative plural third-person)
gegrōtīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grētandz (active participle present)
grētanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *grātan
Old English: grǣtan
Middle English: greten
Scots: grete, greit
English: greet
Old Saxon: grātan
Middle Low German: gretten, grötten
Low German: graten
Old High German: grāzzan
Middle High German: grāzen; grazieren
Alemannic German: graasse
→ Old French: regrater, regreter
Middle French: regreter, regretter
French: regretter
→ Middle English: regretten
English: regret

Old Norse: gráta
Icelandic: gráta
Faroese: gráta
Norwegian: gråta
→ Norwegian Bokmål: gråte
Elfdalian: gråta
Old Swedish: grāta
Swedish: gråta
Old Danish: grǣtæ
Danish: græde
Scanian: grǽda
Gutnish: grate

Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐌴𐍄𐌰𐌽 (grētan)

/ˈɣrɛː.tɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₁d- (“to sound”).


sēaną

sēō (active first-person indicative singular)
sēaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sēai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sēizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sēaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sē (active imperative second-person singular)
sēazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sēaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sēidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sēai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sēadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sēadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sēaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sēōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sēaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sēadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sēaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sēadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sēamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sēaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sēandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sēaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sēid (active indicative plural second-person)
sēaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sēid (active imperative plural second-person)
sēandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sēaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sēandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sēain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sēandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sēandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sēaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sezō (active first-person indicative singular)
sezōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sezōt (active indicative second-person singular)
sezōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sezō (active indicative singular third-person)
sezōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sezōū (active dual first-person indicative)
sezōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sezōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sezōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sezōum (active first-person indicative plural)
sezōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sezōud (active indicative plural second-person)
sezōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sezōun (active indicative plural third-person)
sezōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sēandz (active participle present)
sēanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sāan
Old English: sāwan
Middle English: sawen, sowȝen, sewȝen, soghen, sowen
English: sow
Scots: saw
Old Frisian: seā, siā
>? West Frisian: saaie (possibly borrowed from Dutch)
Old Saxon: sāian
Middle Low German: seien, seyen, seygen, seigen, sêgen, seigen, seighen, seigen, segen, seghen, seegen, zeygen, zeyghen, zegen, saien, sajen, seien, zeien, seihen, seggen
German Low German: saien
Old Dutch: *sāien
Middle Dutch: sâyen
Dutch: zaaien
Afrikaans: saai
Old High German: sāwen, sāen
Middle High German: sāwen, sæwen, sæhen, sææen, sēgen, sēwen, sēn, sein, sān, sæn, sæen, sæjen
German: säen
Luxembourgish: séien

Old Norse: sá

Icelandic: sá

Faroese: sáa

Old Swedish: sā

Swedish: så

Danish: så

Norwegian: så

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌽 (saian)

→⇒? Proto-Finnic: *heittädäk (< earlier *sēja-/*sēje-)

→? Proto-Finnic: *haja- (< *sāja-, later borrowing)

/ˈsɛː.ɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (“to sow”).


sprekaną

sprekō (active first-person indicative singular)
sprekaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sprekai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sprikizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sprekaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprek (active imperative second-person singular)
sprekazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sprekaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sprikidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sprekai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprekadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sprekadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sprekaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sprekōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sprekaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprekadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprekaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprekadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sprekamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sprekaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprekandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sprekaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sprikid (active indicative plural second-person)
sprekaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprikid (active imperative plural second-person)
sprekandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sprekaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sprekandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sprekain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprekandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sprekandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sprekaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sprak (active first-person indicative singular)
sprēkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spraht (active indicative second-person singular)
sprēkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprak (active indicative singular third-person)
sprēkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprēkū (active dual first-person indicative)
sprēkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprēkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprēkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprēkum (active first-person indicative plural)
sprēkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprēkud (active indicative plural second-person)
sprēkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprēkun (active indicative plural third-person)
sprēkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprekandz (active participle present)
sprekanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sprekan
Old English: sprecan, spreocan, spræcan, specan
Middle English: speken
English: speak
Scots: speke, speik
Old Frisian: spreka
Saterland Frisian: spreke
West Frisian: sprekke
Old Saxon: sprekan
Middle Low German: sprēken
Low German: spreken
Plautdietsch: spräakjen
Old Dutch: sprecan
Middle Dutch: sprēken
Dutch: spreken
Limburgish: spraeke
Old High German: sprehhan, sprechan
Middle High German: sprëchen
Central Franconian: sjprèche
German: sprechen
→ Czech: šprechtit
→ Polish: szprechać
→ Serbo-Croatian: šprȅhati／шпре̏хати
→ Ukrainian: шпрехати (šprexaty)
Hunsrik: spreche
Luxembourgish: spriechen

Unknown; suggested to be from Proto-Indo-European *spreg- on the basis of Albanian shpreh (“to express, voice”). Alternatively cognate with Old Norse spraka (“to crackle, patter”), Lithuanian spragù (“to crackle, patter”).

cog

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


rēdaną

rēdō (active first-person indicative singular)
rēdaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rēdai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rēdizi (active indicative second-person singular)
rēdaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rēd (active imperative second-person singular)
rēdazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rēdaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rēdidi (active indicative singular third-person)
rēdai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rēdadau (active imperative singular third-person)
rēdadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rēdaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rēdōz (active dual first-person indicative)
rēdaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rēdadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rēdaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rēdadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rēdamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rēdaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rēdandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rēdaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rēdid (active indicative plural second-person)
rēdaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rēdid (active imperative plural second-person)
rēdandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rēdaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rēdandi (active indicative plural third-person)
rēdain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rēdandau (active imperative plural third-person)
rēdandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rēdaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rerōd (active first-person indicative singular)
rerdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rerōst (active indicative second-person singular)
rerdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rerōd (active indicative singular third-person)
rerdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rerdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rerdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rerdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rerdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rerdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rerdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rerdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rerdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rerdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rerdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rēdandz (active participle present)
rēdanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rādan
Old English: rǣdan
Middle English: reden
English: read, rede
Scots: rede
Old Frisian: rēda
Saterland Frisian: räide
West Frisian: riede
Old Saxon: rādan
Middle Low German: râden
German Low German: raden
Low German: raden
Old Dutch: rādan
Middle Dutch: râden
Dutch: raden
Limburgish: raoje
Old High German: rātan
Middle High German: raten
German: raten
Luxembourgish: roden
Yiddish: ראָטן (rotn)

Old Norse: ráða, ᚱᛅᚦᛅ (raþa) — infinitive, Runic form; ᚱᛅᚦᚱ (raþr) — second/third singular present indicative, Runic form; ᚱᛁᚦ (riþ), ᚱᛆᛁᚦ (raiþ) — first/third singular past indicative, Runic form; ᚱᛅᚦᛁ (raþi), ᚱᚮᚦᛁ (roþi) — third singular present subjunctive, Runic form; ᚱᛅᚦ (raþ) — second singular imperative, Runic form
Icelandic: ráða
Faroese: ráða
Norwegian Nynorsk: rå, råda
Old Swedish: rāþa
Swedish: råda
Danish: råde
Norwegian Bokmål: råde, rå

Gothic: *𐍂𐌴𐌳𐌰𐌽 (*rēdan)

/ˈrɛː.ðɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *Hréh₁dʰeti, from *Hreh₁dʰ- (“to think, arrange”).


skaiþaną

skaiþō (active first-person indicative singular)
skaiþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skaiþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skaiþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skaiþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skaiþ (active imperative second-person singular)
skaiþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skaiþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skaiþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skaiþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skaiþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skaiþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skaiþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skaiþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skaiþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skaiþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skaiþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skaiþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skaiþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skaiþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skaiþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skaiþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skaiþid (active indicative plural second-person)
skaiþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skaiþid (active imperative plural second-person)
skaiþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skaiþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skaiþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skaiþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skaiþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skaiþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skaiþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skeskaiþ (active first-person indicative singular)
skeskaidį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skeskaist (active indicative second-person singular)
skeskaidīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skeskaiþ (active indicative singular third-person)
skeskaidī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skeskaidū (active dual first-person indicative)
skeskaidīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skeskaidudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skeskaidīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skeskaidum (active first-person indicative plural)
skeskaidīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skeskaidud (active indicative plural second-person)
skeskaidīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skeskaidun (active indicative plural third-person)
skeskaidīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skaiþandz (active participle present)
skaidanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skaiþan
Old English: sċēadan, sċādan
Middle English: sheden, scheden, schoden
English: shed
Scots: sched, scheid, schade
Old Frisian: skētha
Saterland Frisian: skeede
West Frisian: skiede
Old Saxon: skēthan
Middle Low German: schêden, scheiden
German Low German: scheden
→ Swedish: skeda
Old Dutch: skeithan
Middle Dutch: scheiden
Dutch: scheiden
Afrikaans: skei
Negerhollands: skeid, skei, skee, skej
Petjo: scheien, schejen
Limburgish: sjeie
Old High German: skeidan
Middle High German: scheiden
Alemannic German: scheide
German: scheiden
Luxembourgish: scheeden

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽 (skaidan)

From Proto-Indo-European *skeyt- (“to cut, part, divide, separate”), from *skey-.


tēkaną

tēkō (active first-person indicative singular)
tēkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tēkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tēkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
tēkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tēk (active imperative second-person singular)
tēkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tēkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tēkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
tēkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tēkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
tēkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tēkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tēkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
tēkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tēkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tēkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tēkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tēkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tēkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tēkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tēkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tēkid (active indicative plural second-person)
tēkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tēkid (active imperative plural second-person)
tēkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tēkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tēkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
tēkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tēkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
tēkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tēkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tetōk (active first-person indicative singular)
tetōkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tetōht (active indicative second-person singular)
tetōkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tetōk (active indicative singular third-person)
tetōkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tetōkū (active dual first-person indicative)
tetōkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tetōkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tetōkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tetōkum (active first-person indicative plural)
tetōkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tetōkud (active indicative plural second-person)
tetōkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tetōkun (active indicative plural third-person)
tetōkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tēkandz (active participle present)
tēkanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *takan

Old Saxon: *takan

Middle Low German: tacken (= tācken?, otherwise secondarily geminated)

Old Dutch: *takan

desctree

Middle Dutch: tāken
Dutch: taken
Limburgish: take

Old Norse: taka
Icelandic: taka
Faroese: taka
Norn: taka
Norwegian Nynorsk: taka, ta; (dialectal) tåkå, tå
Jamtish: ta
Elfdalian: tågå
Old Swedish: taka, tagha
Swedish: taga, ta
Old Danish: taka, taghæ
Danish: tage
Norwegian Bokmål: ta
Scanian: tâga
Old Gutnish: taka
→ Old English: tacan
Middle English: taken
English: take
Geordie English: tyek
Scots: tak, ta
Yola: taake

Gothic: 𐍄𐌴𐌺𐌰𐌽 (tēkan)

From an apparent Proto-Indo-European *deh₁g- (“to touch”), with the only formal cognate being Tocharian B täk- (“to touch, feel (with the hand); to fetch”), ceśäṃ (“touches; takes”, 3sg.pres.). Ringe suggests that either pre-Germanic or pre-Tocharian borrowed the word from the other.
Several authors have noted the similarity of this root to Proto-Indo-European *teh₂g- (“to touch, take (by the hand)”) (whence *þakkōną (“to touch lightly, tap”), Latin tangō (“I touch”), Ancient Greek τεταγών (tetagṓn, “having seized”, ptcp.)), but the two cannot be reconciled by traditional means, as the "unshifted" Germanic *t is not expected to come from PIE *t in this phonetic environment, nor should Germanic *ē (as in the Gothic descendant only) have developed from PIE *eh₂, and Tocharian short *ä cannot continue PIE *eh₂ under normal conditions. However, the stop consonant in Germanic can be explained if it developed from a cluster *dg with voicing assimilation from earlier *tg. According to the hypothesis by Mottausch, the reduplicated form *te-th₂g- (as in Latin tetigī (“have touched”), Ancient Greek τεταγών (tetagṓn)) regularly lost its laryngeal in pre-Germanic, and so the resulting *te-tg- would have required voicing assimilation to *te-dg-, which was subsequently back-formed to *de-dg- to restore the normal pattern of reduplication, resulting in the unshifted Germanic /t/. Additionally, the pre-form *deh₁g- that resulted in the long vowel in Germanic can be maintained, if it is assumed that the second stop in this pre-Germanic *dedg- underwent dissimilation to glottalic *h₁ = [ʔ]. Kroonen upholds this derivation, though he notes its great difficulties. For a partial alternative, he suggests a back-formation of *tēkaną from iterative *þakkōną (cf. his similar derivation of *slēpaną from *slapp/bōną).


falþaną

falþō (active first-person indicative singular)
falþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
falþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
falþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
falþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
falþ (active imperative second-person singular)
falþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
falþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
falþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
falþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
falþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
falþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
falþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
falþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
falþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
falþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
falþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
falþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
falþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
falþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
falþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
falþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
falþid (active indicative plural second-person)
falþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
falþid (active imperative plural second-person)
falþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
falþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
falþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
falþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
falþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
falþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
falþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fefalþ (active first-person indicative singular)
fefaldį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fefalst (active indicative second-person singular)
fefaldīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fefalþ (active indicative singular third-person)
fefaldī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fefaldū (active dual first-person indicative)
fefaldīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fefaldudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fefaldīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fefaldum (active first-person indicative plural)
fefaldīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fefaldud (active indicative plural second-person)
fefaldīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fefaldun (active indicative plural third-person)
fefaldīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
falþandz (active participle present)
faldanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *falþan
Old English: faldan, fealdan
Middle English: falden, folden
Scots: fald, fauld
English: fold
Old Frisian: *falda
(Saterland Frisian: fooldje, foolgje < *faldōną)
(West Frisian: fâldzje < *faldōną)
Old Saxon: faldan
Middle Low German: volden
German Low German: folden, folgen, follen
Plautdietsch: foljen
Old Dutch: *faldan
Middle Dutch: vouden
Dutch: vouwen
Afrikaans: vou
Old High German: faldan, faltan — less common
Middle High German: valden, valten
German: falten
Luxembourgish: falen

Old Norse: falda

Old Swedish: falda

Swedish: fålla

Danish: folde

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌰𐌽 (falþan)

→ Galician: faldra

→ Portuguese: fralda, falda

→ Spanish: falda

/ˈɸɑl.θɑ.nɑ̃/

From Pre-Germanic *polt-, with suffixal -t-, from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“to fold”).


hauzijaną

hauzijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hauzijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hauzijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hauzīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hauzijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hauzī (active imperative second-person singular)
hauzijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hauzijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hauzīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hauzijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hauzijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hauzijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hauzijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hauzijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hauzijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hauzijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hauzijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hauzijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hauzijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hauzijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hauzijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hauzijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hauzīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hauzijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hauzīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hauzijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hauzijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hauzijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hauzijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hauzijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hauzijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hauzijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hauzidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hauzidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hauzidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hauzidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hauzidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hauzidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hauzidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hauzidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hauzidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hauzidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hauzidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hauzidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hauzidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hauzidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hauzidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hauzidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hauzijandz (active participle present)
hauzidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hauʀijan
Old English: hīeran, hȳran, hēran
Middle English: heren
English: hear
Scots: her, hear
Yola: hert (preterite)
Old Frisian: hēra, heera
Saterland Frisian: here
West Frisian: hearre
Old Saxon: hōrian
Middle Low German: hōren
Low German: hören, höörn
Plautdietsch: hieren
Old Dutch: *hōren
Middle Dutch: hôren
Dutch: horen
Afrikaans: hoor
Berbice Creole Dutch: horo
Jersey Dutch: hôre
Negerhollands: hoor
→ Virgin Islands Creole: hoor (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: hoar
Limburgish: huuere, heure
Old High German: hōren
Middle High German: hœren
Bavarian: hearn
Cimbrian: hòrran, höarn (Luserna)
Central Franconian: hüre, hiere (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: heere
Luxembourgish: héieren
German: hören
Vilamovian: hüchia
Yiddish: הערן (hern)

Old Norse: heyra
Icelandic: heyra
Faroese: hoyra
Norn: høra
Norwegian Nynorsk: høyra; (dialectal) haura
Elfdalian: ära
Old Swedish: hø̄ra
Swedish: höra
Scanian: høra
Old Danish: hø̄ræ
Danish: høre
Norwegian Bokmål: høre
Old Gutnish: hoyra
Gutnish: håire

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hausjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ḱh₂owsyéti (“to be sharp-eared”), from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) + *h₂ows- (“ear”) + *-yéti (denominative suffix).


aukaną

aukō (active first-person indicative singular)
aukaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aukai (first-person indicative passive singular)
aukizi (active indicative second-person singular)
aukaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
auk (active imperative second-person singular)
aukazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
aukaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
aukidi (active indicative singular third-person)
aukai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aukadau (active imperative singular third-person)
aukadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
aukaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
aukōz (active dual first-person indicative)
aukaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aukadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aukaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aukadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
aukamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
aukaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aukandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
aukaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
aukid (active indicative plural second-person)
aukaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aukid (active imperative plural second-person)
aukandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
aukaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
aukandi (active indicative plural third-person)
aukain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aukandau (active imperative plural third-person)
aukandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
aukaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
eauk (active first-person indicative singular)
eaukį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
eauht (active indicative second-person singular)
eaukīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
eauk (active indicative singular third-person)
eaukī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
eaukū (active dual first-person indicative)
eaukīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
eaukudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
eaukīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
eaukum (active first-person indicative plural)
eaukīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
eaukud (active indicative plural second-person)
eaukīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
eaukun (active indicative plural third-person)
eaukīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aukandz (active participle present)
aukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aukan
Old English: ēacan
Middle English: eken
Scots: eik
English: eke
Old Frisian: āka
Old Saxon: ōkan
Old Saxon: ôken
Old Dutch: *ōkan
Middle Dutch: ôken
Dutch: oken
Old High German: ouhhan, ouchan (in derivatives)

Old Norse: auka
Icelandic: auka
Faroese: eyka
Norwegian Nynorsk: auka
→ Norwegian Bokmål: auke
Old Swedish: ø̄ka
Swedish: öka
Old Danish: økæ
Danish: øge
Norwegian Bokmål: øke
→ Faroese: økja
Scanian: øga
Old Gutnish: auka
Gutnish: aukä

Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (aukan)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwg-e-ti, from *h₂ewg- (“to increase”). Cognate with Latin augeō (“I augment”).


fanhaną

fanhō (active first-person indicative singular)
fanhaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fanhai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fanhizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fanhaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fanh (active imperative second-person singular)
fanhazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fanhaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fanhidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fanhai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fanhadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fanhadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fanhaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fanhōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fanhaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fanhadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fanhaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fanhadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fanhamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fanhaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fanhandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fanhaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fanhid (active indicative plural second-person)
fanhaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fanhid (active imperative plural second-person)
fanhandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fanhaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fanhandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fanhain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fanhandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fanhandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fanhaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fefanh (active first-person indicative singular)
fefangį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fefanht (active indicative second-person singular)
fefangīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fefanh (active indicative singular third-person)
fefangī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fefangū (active dual first-person indicative)
fefangīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fefangudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fefangīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fefangum (active first-person indicative plural)
fefangīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fefangud (active indicative plural second-person)
fefangīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fefangun (active indicative plural third-person)
fefangīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fanhandz (active participle present)
fanganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fą̄han
Old English: fōn
Middle English: fon, fangen
Scots: fang
English: fang
Old Frisian: fā
Saterland Frisian: fange
West Frisian: fange
Old Saxon: fāhan
Low German: fangen
Old Dutch: fān
Middle Dutch: vâen
Dutch: vangen
Afrikaans: vang
Berbice Creole Dutch: fanggi
Negerhollands: vang, faṅ
Skepi Creole Dutch: fank
→ Aukan: fanga
→ Sranan Tongo: fanga
→ Caribbean Javanese: fangah, mangah
Limburgish: vange
Old High German: fāhan
Middle High German: vāhen
Alemannic German: faa, faahe
Cimbrian: vangan, bangan (Mezzaselva)
German: fahen, fangen
Luxembourgish: fänken

Old Norse: fá, ᚠᛅᚦᛁ (faþi), ᚠᛆᚦᛁ (faþi) — third singular past indicative
Icelandic: fá
Faroese: fáa, fá
Norwegian: få
Elfdalian: fą̊
Old Swedish: fā
Swedish: få
Old Danish: fā
Danish: få

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽 (fahan)

/ˈɸɑ̃ː.xɑ.nɑ̃/

Different origins have been proposed:
* From Proto-Indo-European *ph₂-né-ḱ- ~ *ph₂-n̥-ḱ-, nasal-infix present of the root *peh₂ḱ- (“secure, attach, strengthen”). Related to *fōgijaną.
* From Pre-Germanic *ponḱ-, apparently a univerbation of Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó + *h₂n(e)ḱ- (“to reach, attain”).


hiz

gem-decl-adj-table

*hiz (irregular)

hiz (masculine nominative singular)
hīz (masculine nominative plural)
hijō? (feminine nominative singular)
hijōz (feminine nominative plural)
hit (neuter nominative singular)
hijō (neuter nominative plural)
hinǭ (accusative masculine singular)
hinz (accusative masculine plural)
hijǭ (accusative feminine singular)
hijōz (accusative feminine plural)
hit (accusative neuter singular)
hijō (accusative neuter plural)
hes (genitive masculine singular)
hezǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
hezōz (feminine genitive singular)
hezǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
hes (genitive neuter singular)
hezǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
himmai (dative masculine singular)
himaz (dative masculine plural)
hezōi (dative feminine singular)
himaz (dative feminine plural)
himmai (dative neuter singular)
himaz (dative neuter plural)
hinō (instrumental masculine singular)
himiz (instrumental masculine plural)
hezō (feminine instrumental singular)
himiz (feminine instrumental plural)
hinō (instrumental neuter singular)
himiz (instrumental neuter plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hiʀ

desctree

Old English: hē
Middle English: he, hee, ȝe, e, hey, hi, hie, hye, heo, ho, hæ, ha, a
English: he
Scots: he
Yola: hea, he, hey, hay

Old Frisian: hī
North Frisian:
Most dialects: hi, he
Halligen: hii
Saterland Frisian: hie
West Frisian: hy

Old Saxon: hē, hī

Middle Low German: hê, hî

German Low German: he

Low German: he

Old Dutch: hie
Middle Dutch: hi
Dutch: hij, ie
Limburgish: hae

Old High German: her (northern dialects)

Middle High German: her, *he

Central Franconian: hä

Luxembourgish: hien (from the accusative)

Vilamovian: hār

desc

Proto-Norse: ᚺᛁᚾᛟ (hino) (masculine accusative singular)

Gothic: *𐌷𐌹𐍃 (*his)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱís, compound of *ḱe + *ís.


þrīz

þrīz (nominative plural)
þrijō (neuter nominative plural)
þrinz (accusative plural)
þrijō (accusative neuter plural)
þrijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þrijǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
þrimaz (dative plural)
þrimaz (dative neuter plural)
þrimiz (instrumental plural)
þrimiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þrīʀ
Old English: þrī, þrīe, þrȳ, þrēo
Middle English: thre, threo, thri, thrie, þre, þreo
English: three
Scots: three, threi, shrei, hrei
Yola: dhree, dhrie, dree
Old Frisian: thrē, thriā
North Frisian: tri
Saterland Frisian: träi
West Frisian: trije
Old Saxon: thrīe
Middle Low German: drê
German Low German: dree
Low German: drei, dree
Plautdietsch: dree
Old Dutch: thri, *thrie
Middle Dutch: dri m, drie f
Dutch: drie, drij (dialectal)
Afrikaans: drie
Old High German: drī
Middle High German: drî
Alemannic German: drüü, drü
Bavarian: drei
Cimbrian: drai
Mòcheno: drai
Central Franconian: drei, dreij
Hunsrik: drei
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: dreie
German: drei
Luxembourgish: dräi
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: drei
Vilamovian: draj
Yiddish: דרײַ (dray)

desc

Proto-Norse: ᚦᚱᛁᛃᛟᛉ (þrijoʀ) (feminine nominative), ᚦᚱᛁᚨ (þrīą) (masculine accusative)

desctree

Old Norse: þrír
Icelandic: þrír
Faroese: tríggir
Norn: trir
Norwegian Nynorsk: tri; (dialectal) trí, trir, try, (possibly influenced by Danish) tre
Jamtish: trí
Elfdalian: trair
Old Swedish: þrīr, þrī
Swedish: tre, try
Old Danish: thrē
Danish: tre
Norwegian Bokmål: tre
Scanian: tré
Gutnish: trei

Gothic: 𐌸𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (þreis)

From earlier *þrijiz, from Proto-Indo-European *tréyes.


unkeraz

unkeraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
unkirai (masculine nominative plural strong)
unkerō (feminine nominative singular strong)
unkerôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
unkerą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
unkerō (neuter nominative plural strong)
unkeranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
unkeranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
unkerǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
unkerōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
unkerą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
unkerō (accusative neuter plural strong)
unkeras (genitive masculine singular strong)
unkiris (genitive masculine singular strong)
unkiraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
unkiraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
unkiraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
unkeras (genitive neuter singular strong)
unkiris (genitive neuter singular strong)
unkiraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
unkerammai (dative masculine singular strong)
unkiraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
unkiraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
unkiraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
unkerammai (dative neuter singular strong)
unkiraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
unkeranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
unkiraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
unkiraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
unkiraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
unkeranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
unkiraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ek (unstr. *ik) (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
*se- (nominative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mek (unstr. *mik) (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þek (unstr. *þik) (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miz (dative first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
þiz (dative instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
siz (dative instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīnaz (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīnaz (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīnaz (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wet (unstr. *wit) (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jut (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
*se- (dual nominative personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkiz (dative dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
inkwiz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
siz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
unkeraz (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkweraz (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wīz (unstr. *wiz) (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jūz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jīz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
*se- (nominative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsiz (dative first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
siz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unseraz (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
izweraz (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Proto-West Germanic: *unkar
Old English: uncer
Middle English: unker
Old Saxon: unker
>? Old High German:
Sette Comuni Cimbrian: ögnar

Old Norse: okkarr

Icelandic: okkar

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: okka, okkons, kons, kans

Old Swedish: okar, ukar

Gothic: *𐌿𐌲𐌺𐌰𐍂 (*ugkar)

our, of us two; 1st person dual possessive


fedwōr

fedwōr (nominative plural)
fedwōr (accusative plural)
fedurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fedurmaz (dative plural)
fedurmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *feuwar
Old English: fēower, fēowor, fēowur — West Saxon
Middle English: four, fore, feour, fower, fowwre, foure, fowr, vour
English: four
Geordie English: fower
Scots: fower
Yola: vour, voure, vowre
Old Frisian: fiūwer
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: fjauer
Goesharde: fjauer
Helgoland: schtjuur
Mooring: fjouer
Sylt: fjuur
Wiedingharde: fjauer
Saterland Frisian: fjauer
West Frisian: fjouwer
Old Saxon: fiuwar, fiwar, fior
Middle Low German: vêr
Low German:
Dutch Low Saxon: vier, veer
German Low German: veer (Hamburgisch)
Westphalian:
Münsterländisch: veer
East Westphalian: veier (Paderbornisch), fåir' (Ravensbergisch)
Plautdietsch: vea
Old Dutch: *fiuwar (found in toponym Viuwarflet now called Viervliet), *fior, fier
Middle Dutch: vier
Dutch: vier
Afrikaans: vier
Old High German: fior
Middle High German: vier
Alemannic German: vier
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: viare
Mòcheno: viar
Central Franconian: vier
Hunsrik: fier
German: vier
Luxembourgish: véier
Pennsylvania German: vier
Vilamovian: fiyr
Yiddish: פֿיר (fir)

Old Norse: fjórir, fjǫgurir
Icelandic: fjórir
Faroese: fýra
Norn: fyre
Norwegian Nynorsk: fjore (archaic, Høgnorsk)
Elfdalian: fyra
Old Swedish: fiūrir, fiūri, fȳrir, fȳri
Swedish: fyra
Old Danish: fiūræ, fiūghræ, fȳræ, firæ
Danish: fire
Norwegian Bokmål: fire
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: fire

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 (fidwōr)

Crimean Gothic: fyder

From pre-Grimm *petwṓr, with an irregular consonant change from *kʷetwṓr, the neuter form of Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwóres. The consonant change was probably caused by the influence of the *p- in the word for "five", *pénkʷe. The expected outcome would have been **hwedwōr.


inkweraz

inkweraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
inkwirai (masculine nominative plural strong)
inkwerō (feminine nominative singular strong)
inkwerôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
inkwerą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
inkwerō (neuter nominative plural strong)
inkweranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
inkweranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
inkwerǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
inkwerōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
inkwerą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
inkwerō (accusative neuter plural strong)
inkweras (genitive masculine singular strong)
inkwiris (genitive masculine singular strong)
inkwiraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
inkwiraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
inkwiraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
inkweras (genitive neuter singular strong)
inkwiris (genitive neuter singular strong)
inkwiraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
inkwerammai (dative masculine singular strong)
inkwiraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
inkwiraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
inkwiraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
inkwerammai (dative neuter singular strong)
inkwiraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
inkweranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
inkwiraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
inkwiraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
inkwiraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
inkweranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
inkwiraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ek (unstr. *ik) (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
*se- (nominative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mek (unstr. *mik) (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þek (unstr. *þik) (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miz (dative first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
þiz (dative instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
siz (dative instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīnaz (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīnaz (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīnaz (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wet (unstr. *wit) (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jut (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
*se- (dual nominative personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkiz (dative dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
inkwiz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
siz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
unkeraz (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkweraz (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wīz (unstr. *wiz) (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jūz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jīz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
*se- (nominative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsiz (dative first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
siz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unseraz (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
izweraz (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Proto-West Germanic: *inkwar
Old English: incer
Middle English: inker
Old Saxon: inker, inka
Old High German: enker
Middle High German: enker
Yiddish: ענקער (enker) (Poylish)

Proto-Norse: *ᛁᛜᚲᚹᚨᚱᚨᛉ (*iŋkwaraʀ)

Old West Norse: ykkarr, *þykkarr

Icelandic: ykkar

Faroese: tykkara

Norwegian Nynorsk: dykkar

Old East Norse: *ikkarʀ

Old Swedish: *ikkar

Dalian: ikken, ikko, ikka

Gothic: 𐌹𐌲𐌵𐌰𐍂 (igqar)

your, of you two; 2nd person dual possessive


sīnaz

sīnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sīnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sīnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sīnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sīną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sīnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sīnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sīnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sīnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sīnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sīną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sīnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sīnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
sīnis (genitive masculine singular strong)
sīnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sīnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sīnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sīnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
sīnis (genitive neuter singular strong)
sīnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sīnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sīnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sīnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sīnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sīnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sīnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sīnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sīnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sīnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sīnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sīnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sīnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ek (unstr. *ik) (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
*se- (nominative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mek (unstr. *mik) (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þek (unstr. *þik) (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miz (dative first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
þiz (dative instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
siz (dative instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīnaz (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīnaz (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīnaz (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wet (unstr. *wit) (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jut (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
*se- (dual nominative personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkiz (dative dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
inkwiz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
siz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
unkeraz (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkweraz (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wīz (unstr. *wiz) (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jūz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jīz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
*se- (nominative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsiz (dative first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
siz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unseraz (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
izweraz (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sīn
Old English: sīn
Old Frisian: sīn
Saterland Frisian: sin
West Frisian: syn
Old Saxon: sīn
Middle Low German: sîn
German Low German: sien
Low German: sin
Old Dutch: sīn
Middle Dutch: sijn
Dutch: zijn
Limburgish: zeen
Old High German: sīn
Middle High German: sīn
Alemannic German: siin
Bavarian: sei
Cimbrian: zain, soi (Luserna)
German: sein
Hunsrik: sein
Luxembourgish: säin
Yiddish: זײַן (zayn)

Old Norse: sínn, sinn
Icelandic: sinn
Faroese: sín
Old Swedish: sīn
Swedish: sin
Danish: sin
Norwegian Bokmål: sin
Norwegian Nynorsk: sin

Gothic: 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (seins)

From Proto-Indo-European *séynos, equivalent to the genitive form of Proto-Germanic *se-.

his/her/its/their own; reflexive possessive


gōdaz

wela (adverb)
batizô (comparative)
batistaz (superlative)
gōdaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gōdai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gōdō (feminine nominative singular strong)
gōdôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gōdą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gōdō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gōdanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gōdanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gōdǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gōdōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gōdą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gōdō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gōdas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
gōdaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gōdaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gōdaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gōdas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
gōdaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gōdammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gōdaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gōdaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gōdaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gōdammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gōdaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gōdanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gōdaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gōdaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gōdaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gōdanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gōdaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gōdô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gōdaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gōdǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gōdōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gōdô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gōdōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gōdanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gōdanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gōdōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gōdōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gōdô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gōdōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gōdiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gōdanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gōdōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gōdōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gōdiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gōdanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gōdini (dative masculine singular weak)
gōdammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gōdōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gōdōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gōdini (dative neuter singular weak)
gōdammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gōdinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gōdammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gōdōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gōdōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gōdinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gōdammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*gōdaz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *gōd
Old English: gōd
Middle English: good, god, gode, goed, gude
English: good, goode (obsolete)
Solombala English: гудъ (gud), гутъ (gut)
Scots: guid
Yola: gooude, gude, gayde
Old Frisian: gōd
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: gud
Sylt: gur
Saterland Frisian: goud
West Frisian: goed
Old Saxon: gōd
Middle Low German: gôt, gût
German Low German: good
Dutch Low Saxon: good
Old Dutch: guot
Middle Dutch: goet
Dutch: goed
Afrikaans: goed
Javindo: goet
Jersey Dutch: xût
Negerhollands: goed, goei, goeie, got, gu, gue, guet
Skepi Creole Dutch: gut
Limburgish: good
Zealandic: goed
Old High German: guot
Middle High German: guot
Alemannic German: guet
Alsatian: güet (north), güat (south)
Swabian: guat
Bavarian: guad, guat
Cimbrian: guut, guat (Luserna)
Mòcheno: guat
Central Franconian: jot, got, gut
Hunsrik: gud
Kölsch: joot
Luxembourgish: gutt
Transylvanian Saxon: geat, gäd
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: gutt (inflected gud-)
⇒ Silesian East Central German: Gudes (as in nischt Gudes, viel Gudes)
Upper Saxon German: gudd
Vilamovian: güt
German: gut
Yiddish: גוט (gut)

Old Norse: góðr
Icelandic: góður
Faroese: góður
Norwegian: god
Elfdalian: guoð
Old Swedish: gōþer
Swedish: god, goder (dialectal, in set phrases)
Old Danish: gōth, (Old Scanian) gōþær
Danish: god
Scanian: góðer
Old Gutnish: gōþr
Gutnish: godar

Gothic: 𐌲𐍉𐌸𐍃 (gōþs)

Vandalic: *guths

Vṛddhi gerundive of otherwise unattested strong verb *gadaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰedʰ- (“to unite, be associated, suit”).


izweraz

izweraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
izwirai (masculine nominative plural strong)
izwerō (feminine nominative singular strong)
izwerôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
izwerą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
izwerō (neuter nominative plural strong)
izweranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
izweranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
izwerǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
izwerōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
izwerą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
izwerō (accusative neuter plural strong)
izweras (genitive masculine singular strong)
izwiris (genitive masculine singular strong)
izwiraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
izwiraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
izwiraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
izweras (genitive neuter singular strong)
izwiris (genitive neuter singular strong)
izwiraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
izwerammai (dative masculine singular strong)
izwiraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
izwiraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
izwiraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
izwerammai (dative neuter singular strong)
izwiraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
izweranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
izwiraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
izwiraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
izwiraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
izweranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
izwiraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ek (unstr. *ik) (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
*se- (nominative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mek (unstr. *mik) (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þek (unstr. *þik) (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miz (dative first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
þiz (dative instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
siz (dative instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīnaz (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīnaz (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīnaz (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wet (unstr. *wit) (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jut (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
*se- (dual nominative personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkiz (dative dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
inkwiz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
siz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
unkeraz (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkweraz (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wīz (unstr. *wiz) (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jūz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jīz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
*se- (nominative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsiz (dative first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
siz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unseraz (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
izweraz (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *iuwar
Old English: ēower, īower
Middle English: your, youre, yowr, yowre, ȝour, ȝoure; yowyr, yowur, yor, yur, yure, yeur, yhure, yhour, yhoure, ȝowyr, ȝowur, ȝor, ȝore, ȝur, ȝure, ȝiore, ȝhour, ȝhoure, ȝaure, ȝiure, ȝiwer, ȝeur, ȝeure, ȝeuer, ȝeuwer, ȝewer, ȝewere, gur, gure, giur, giure, giuor, giuer, giuwer, giwer, ihore, ihoire, iure, eour, eoure, eouer, eouwer, eouwere, eower, eowwer, eore, eur, eure, euwer, euwere, our, oure, or, ore, ouer, ouwer, ouwere, ower, owur, hour, æure
English: your (ya, yer, yo)
Scots: your (yer)
Yola: yer, ye
Old Frisian: jūwe
West Frisian: jim
Old Saxon: īuwar, gīuwar, euwar
Middle Low German: juwe
Old Dutch: iuwa, *juwa
Middle Dutch: uwe, juwe, jouwe
Dutch: uw, jouw
Afrikaans: jou
Old High German: iuwar
Middle High German: iuwer
Alemannic German: öie
Cimbrian: ôar
German: euer
Luxembourgish: är
Yiddish: אײַער (ayer)

Old Norse: yðvarr, yðarr
Icelandic: yðar, yðvar
Norwegian Bokmål: deres
Old Swedish: iþar, idhar
Swedish: edar, eder, er
Danish: jeres, eders

Gothic: 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌰𐍂 (izwar)


mīnaz

mīnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
mīnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
mīnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
mīnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
mīną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
mīnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
mīnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
mīnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
mīnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
mīnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
mīną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
mīnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
mīnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
mīnis (genitive masculine singular strong)
mīnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
mīnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
mīnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
mīnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
mīnis (genitive neuter singular strong)
mīnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
mīnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
mīnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
mīnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
mīnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
mīnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
mīnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
mīnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
mīnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
mīnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
mīnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
mīnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
mīnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ek (unstr. *ik) (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
*se- (nominative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mek (unstr. *mik) (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þek (unstr. *þik) (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miz (dative first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
þiz (dative instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
siz (dative instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīnaz (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīnaz (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīnaz (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wet (unstr. *wit) (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jut (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
*se- (dual nominative personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkiz (dative dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
inkwiz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
siz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
unkeraz (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkweraz (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wīz (unstr. *wiz) (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jūz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jīz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
*se- (nominative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsiz (dative first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
siz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unseraz (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
izweraz (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Proto-West Germanic: *mīn
Old English: mīn
Middle English: min
English: mine
Scots: mine
⇒ Middle English: mi, me, mie, my (apocopated)
English: my
Geordie English: my, maw
Scots: my, ma, me
Yola: mee
Old Frisian: mīn
North Frisian: man
Saterland Frisian: min, mien
West Frisian: myn
Old Saxon: mīn
Middle Low German: mīn
German Low German: mien
Old Dutch: mīn
Middle Dutch: mijn
Dutch: mijn
Limburgish: mien
Old High German: mīn
Middle High German: mīn
Alemannic German: miin, myn
Bavarian: mei
Cimbrian: main, moi (Luserna)
Hunsrik: mein
Luxembourgish: mäin
German: mein
Vilamovian: maj
Yiddish: מײַן (mayn)

Proto-Norse: *ᛗᛁᚾᚨᛉ (*minaʀ /mīnaʀ/) (attested forms: ᛗᛁᚾᛁᚾᛟ (minino /mīninō/, m. acc. sg.), ᛗᛁᚾᚨᛊ (minas /mīnas/, m. gen. sg.), ᛗᛁᚾᚢ (minu /mīnu/, f. nom. sg.))

Old Norse: mínn, minn
Icelandic: minn
Faroese: mín
Norwegian: min
Old Swedish: mīn
Swedish: min
Danish: min

Gothic: 𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (meins)

Crimean Gothic: mine

From pre-Proto-Germanic *mey-no-s, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂ ~ *h₁mey, whence also *miz (“me”), + *-nos (adjectival suffix).

my, mine; 1st person singular possessive


unseraz

unseraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
unsirai (masculine nominative plural strong)
unserō (feminine nominative singular strong)
unserôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
unserą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
unserō (neuter nominative plural strong)
unseranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
unseranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
unserǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
unserōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
unserą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
unserō (accusative neuter plural strong)
unseras (genitive masculine singular strong)
unsiris (genitive masculine singular strong)
unsiraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
unsiraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
unsiraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
unseras (genitive neuter singular strong)
unsiris (genitive neuter singular strong)
unsiraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
unserammai (dative masculine singular strong)
unsiraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
unsiraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
unsiraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
unserammai (dative neuter singular strong)
unsiraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
unseranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
unsiraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
unsiraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
unsiraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
unseranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
unsiraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ek (unstr. *ik) (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
*se- (nominative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mek (unstr. *mik) (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þek (unstr. *þik) (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miz (dative first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
þiz (dative instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
siz (dative instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīnaz (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīnaz (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīnaz (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wet (unstr. *wit) (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jut (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
*se- (dual nominative personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkiz (dative dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
inkwiz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
siz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
unkeraz (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkweraz (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wīz (unstr. *wiz) (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jūz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jīz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
*se- (nominative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsiz (dative first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
siz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unseraz (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
izweraz (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Proto-West Germanic: *unsar
Old English: ūser, ūre, ūr, usser
Middle English: oure
Scots: wir
English: our
Old Frisian: ūser, ūse
West Frisian: ús
Old Saxon: ūsa, ūse
Old Dutch: unsa
Middle Dutch: onse
Dutch: ons
Afrikaans: ons
Old High German: unsēr
Middle High German: unser
Alemannic German: öise, öisere, oisere
Cimbrian: ünsar
German: unser
Yiddish: אונדזער (undzer)

Old Norse: várr, órr — archaic, poetic
Icelandic: vor
Faroese: vár
Norwegian Nynorsk: vår
Norwegian Bokmål: vår
Elfdalian: ųor
Old Swedish: vār
Swedish: vår, våran
Old Danish: vor
Danish: vor, vores
→ Old English: *war (Northumbrian)
English: wor (dialectal, Northern England)
Scots: wir

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌰𐍂 (unsar)


þīnaz

þīnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
þīnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
þīnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
þīnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
þīną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
þīnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
þīnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
þīnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
þīnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
þīnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
þīną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
þīnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
þīnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
þīnis (genitive masculine singular strong)
þīnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
þīnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
þīnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
þīnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
þīnis (genitive neuter singular strong)
þīnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
þīnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
þīnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
þīnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
þīnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
þīnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
þīnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
þīnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
þīnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
þīnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
þīnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
þīnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
þīnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

Proto-West Germanic: *þīn
Old English: þīn
Middle English: þin, þine, þyn, þyne, thin, thine, thyn, thyne, þinne, thyen, theyn, tin, tine, yin
English: thine (determiner)
⇒ Middle English: þi, they, thi, thy, ti, ty, þei, þey, þhi, þy, yi, yhi (apocopated variant)
English: thy
Old Frisian: thīn
West Frisian: dyn
Old Saxon: thīn
Old Dutch: thīn
Middle Dutch: dijn
Dutch: dijn
Limburgish: dien
Old High German: dīn, thin
Middle High German: dīn
Alemannic German: diin, dyn
Bavarian: dei
Cimbrian: dain, doi (Luserna)
German: dein
Hunsrik: dein
Luxembourgish: däin
Yiddish: דײַן (dayn)

Old Norse: þínn, þinn
Icelandic: þinn, þín
Faroese: tín
Norwegian: din
Old Swedish: þīn
Swedish: din
Danish: din

Gothic: 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (þeins)

your, yours (thy, thine); 2nd person singular possessive


ainaz

ainaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
ainai (masculine nominative plural strong)
ainō (feminine nominative singular strong)
ainôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ainą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
ainō (neuter nominative plural strong)
ainanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
ainanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
ainǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
ainōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ainą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
ainō (accusative neuter plural strong)
ainas (genitive masculine singular strong)
ainis (genitive masculine singular strong)
ainaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
ainaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
ainaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
ainas (genitive neuter singular strong)
ainis (genitive neuter singular strong)
ainaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
ainammai (dative masculine singular strong)
ainaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
ainaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
ainaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
ainammai (dative neuter singular strong)
ainaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
ainanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
ainaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
ainaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
ainaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
ainanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
ainaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

Proto-West Germanic: *ain
Old English: ān
Middle English: oon, on, one, oen, oune, hon, none, an, anne, onne; an, ane, auen, aune (Northern); auen, aune (north Midland); enne, onen, onenen (Kent); en, an, ane (Early Middle English); won, von, wone (Late Middle English); on, one; an (Northern); an, ane (Early Middle English)
English: one, an, a, yan (dialectal)
Geordie English: yen
Scots: ane, wan, yin, ae
Yola: oan, own, ane
Old Frisian: ēn, ān; een
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum:
Föhr: een m, ian f or n
Amrum: ään m, ian f or n
Goesharde:
Hoolmer: åån m, iin f or n
Hoorninger: aan m, iin f or n
Halligen: aon m, ian f or n
Heligoland: iaan, jaan
Mooring: ån m, iinj f or n
Sylt: jen
Wiedingharde: oan m, iin f or n
Saterland Frisian: aan m, een f or n
West Frisian: ien
Old Saxon: ēn
Middle Low German: ên, ein
Low German:
German Low German: een (Hamburgisch)
Westphalian:
Lippisch: eun
Ravensbergisch: åine
Sauerländisch: ên
Westmünsterländisch: een, eene, ne
Plautdietsch: een
Old Dutch: ēn
Middle Dutch: êen
Dutch: een
Afrikaans: een, 'n
West Flemish: ien, jin
Limburgish: ein
Old High German: ein, ain
Middle High German: ein
Alemannic German: ain, äin, a, an, en
Bavarian: a
Cimbrian: a, an (“a, an”); òan, umm (“one”)
Mòcheno: a (“a, an”); oa' (“one”)
Central Franconian: ne (Ripuarian)
Ripuarian: ne
East Central German: ä, e
German: ein
Luxembourgish: een
Rhine Franconian: e (Hessian)
Yiddish: איין (eyn), אַ (a), אַן (an)

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛁᚾᚨᛉ (*ainaʀ)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛁᚾᚨᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*ainalaibaʀ)

desctree

Old Norse: einn
Icelandic: einn
Faroese: ein
Norn: en
Norwegian Nynorsk: ein
Dalecarlian: jenn
Elfdalian: ᛁᛆᚿ (ien)
Old Swedish: ēn
Swedish: en
Old Danish:
Danish: en
Norwegian Bokmål: en
Scanian: æn, én
Gutnish: en, ann, h'en

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (ains)


ahtōu

Proto-West Germanic: *ahtō
Old English: eahta, æhta — Anglian; ehta — West Saxon; ahta
Middle English: eighte, eight, eiȝt, eiȝte, eyȝt; ahte, eahte, ehhte, ehte (Early Middle English); aghte, aucht, aughte (Northern)
English: eight
Sranan Tongo: aiti
Scots: echt
Yola: ayght, aught
Old Frisian: achta, echta
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum, Sylt and Wiedingharde: aacht
Helgoland: ach
Mooring: oocht
Saterland Frisian: oachte, oacht; oage, oa (in expressions)
West Frisian: acht
Old Saxon: ahto
Middle Low German: achte, acht
German Low German: acht
Old Dutch: ahto
Middle Dutch: achte, acht
Dutch: acht
Afrikaans: agt, ag
Berbice Creole Dutch: akti
Jersey Dutch: āxt
Negerhollands: acht, agt, ak
Skepi Creole Dutch: akt
→ Sranan Tongo: acht
Limburgish: ach
Zealandic: acht
Old High German: ahto
Middle High German: ahte
Alemannic German: acht, ocht, àcht
Swabian: achd
Bavarian: achde
Cimbrian: achte
Mòcheno: òcht
Central Franconian: aach, aacht (Moselle Franconian); ach (Limburgan Ripuarian)
Hunsrik: acht
Luxembourgish: aacht
East Central German: achte
Vilamovian: aocht
East Franconian:
German: acht
Rhine Franconian: acht
Frankfurterisch: [ɑxt], [ɔxt], [axt]
Pennsylvania German: acht, achde
Yiddish: אַכט (akht)
Zipser German: åcht, acht

Old Norse: átta
Icelandic: átta
Faroese: átta
Norwegian: åtte
Old Swedish: ātta, ata, āta
Swedish: åtta
Danish: otte
Old Gutnish: ǣt

East Germanic

Gothic: 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿 (ahtau)

Crimean Gothic: athe


tehun

Proto-West Germanic: *tehun
Old English: tīen, tēn — Mercian; tȳn — West Saxon; tēne, tēa, tīn
Middle English: ten, tene, tenne, tien
English: ten
Scots: ten
Yola: dhen
Old Frisian: tiān, tēne, tīne
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: tjiin
Helgoland: tain
Mooring: tin
Wiedingharde: tiin
Saterland Frisian: tjoon
West Frisian: tsien
Old Saxon: tehan
Middle Low German: tein, tēn, tīgen, tīn, tīen
Low German:
German Low German: teihn, tiehn
Hamburgisch: tein
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: tåijjen
Sauerländisch: tian, tain
Westmünsterländisch: tehn
Plautdietsch: tieen
Old Dutch: *tian, tēn
Middle Dutch: tien
Dutch: tien
Afrikaans: tien
Berbice Creole Dutch: tin
Jersey Dutch: tîn
Negerhollands: tien, tin
→ Aukan: tin
Limburgish: teen, tieën
Zealandic: tien
Old High German: zehan
Middle High German: zehen
Central Franconian: zehn
Cimbrian: sègane, zene (Luserna)
German: zehn
Luxembourgish: zéng
Yiddish: צען (tsen)

Old Norse: tíu
Icelandic: tíu
Faroese: tíggju
Norn: ti
Norwegian: ti
Old Swedish: tīo, tīu
Swedish: tio
Danish: ti
Gutnish: tei, teiå, teiu

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 (taihun)

From earlier *tehunt, from Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥t.


sebun

Proto-West Germanic: *sebun
Old English: seofon, siofun, seofun — Mercian
Middle English: seven, ceven, seofen, seoven, sevene, sevyn, sewyn; zeven, zeve (Kent)
English: seven
Middle Scots: sevin, sewin
Scots: seiven, seeven
Yola: zeven
Old Frisian: sigun, siugun, sogen, soven, saven, savn
North Frisian: soowen
Saterland Frisian: sogen
West Frisian: sân
Old Saxon: sivun
Middle Low German: sēven
Low German: sæwen, sæben, seben, seven
German Low German: sëwe, sëwen, sæwen, sæben, söven
Dutch Low Saxon: söben, söven, seben, seven
Plautdietsch: säwen
Old Dutch: sivon
Middle Dutch: seven
Dutch: zeven
Afrikaans: sewe
Limburgish: zeve
West Flemish: zēvne
Old High German: sibun
Middle High German: siben, siven, seben, suben, söben
Alemannic German: sibe, sibä, siebë, siibe
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: zibane, sibane (Luserna)
Mòcheno: sim
Central Franconian: sibbe, sivve (Moselle Franconian, westernmost and easternmost Ripuarian)
Hunsrik: sieve
Luxembourgish: siwen
East Central German:
Vilamovian: zejwa
East Franconian:
German: sieben
Rhine Franconian: siewe, siwwe
Pennsylvania German: siwwe
Yiddish: זיבן (zibn)

Old Norse: sjau (< *seaβu < *seaβun)

Icelandic: sjö

Faroese: sjey

Norn: sju

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: sju

Norwegian Nynorsk: sju

Old Swedish: siū, syū

Swedish: sju

Old Danish: siu

Danish: syv

→ Norwegian Bokmål: syv

Elfdalian: sju

Gutnish: sjau, sjavv

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌽 (sibun)

From earlier *sebunt, from Pre-Germanic *sepḿ̥t, a metathetic alteration of Proto-Indo-European *septḿ̥, with -t positioned through influence of *newun (“nine”) and *tehun (“ten”).