sauzaz

*sauzaz (a-stem)

sauzaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sauzai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sauzō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sauzôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sauzą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sauzō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sauzanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sauzanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sauzǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sauzōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sauzą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sauzō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sauzas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sauzaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sauzaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sauzaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sauzas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sauzaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sauzammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sauzaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sauzaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sauzaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sauzammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sauzaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sauzanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sauzaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sauzaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sauzaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sauzanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sauzaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sauzô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sauzaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sauzǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sauzōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sauzô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sauzōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sauzanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sauzanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sauzōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sauzōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sauzô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sauzōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sauziniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sauzanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sauzōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sauzōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sauziniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sauzanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sauzini (dative masculine singular weak)
sauzammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sauzōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sauzōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sauzini (dative neuter singular weak)
sauzammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sauzinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sauzammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sauzōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sauzōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sauzinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sauzammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sauʀ(ī)
Old English: sēar, sīere
Middle English: sere
English: sear, sere, sare
Old Saxon: *sōr
Middle Low German: sôr
German Low German: soor
Low German: soor
Old Dutch: *sōr
Middle Dutch: sôor
Dutch: zoor
Old High German: *sōr
Middle High German: sōr
German: sohr
→ Medieval Latin: saurus, sōrius
Old French: sor; sorrel, surrel
Middle French: saur; sorel
French: saur
→ Middle English: sorel
English: sorrel
Occitan: sor, saur
Italian: sauro
→⇒? Old Galician-Portuguese: souriço (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: *saurr

>? Swedish: skör (with unexplained -k-; possibly an unrelated borrowing from Low German)

⇒ Old Norse: *sauri m; seyra f

Icelandic: seyra f

Norwegian: søyr m

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂sows- (“dry”). Cognate with Lithuanian sausas (“dry”), Russian сухо́й (suxój, “dry”).


brigdilaz

brigdilaz (nominative singular)
brigdilōz (nominative plural)
brigdilōs (nominative plural)
brigdil (singular vocative)
brigdilōz (plural vocative)
brigdilōs (plural vocative)
brigdilą (accusative singular)
brigdilanz (accusative plural)
brigdilas (genitive singular)
brigdilis (genitive singular)
brigdilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brigdilai (dative singular)
brigdilamaz (dative plural)
brigdilō (instrumental singular)
brigdilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *brigdil, *brīdil
Old English: brīdel, briġdel
Middle English: bridel, bridell, bridil, bridill, bridle, brydel, brydul, brydyl, brydyll, brydylle
English: bridle
Scots: bridle
Old Frisian: brīdel
Old Saxon: briddil, *brīdil, *brigdil
Middle Low German: breidel
Low German: Breidel
Old Dutch: *brīdil
Middle Dutch: breydel, breidel
Dutch: breidel
Old High German: brittil, priddil, prittil, *brīdil
Middle High German: brîdel, brittel, britel
Cimbrian: brittel
German: Breidel; Britel, Brittel
→ Old French: bride; bretel
Middle French: bride; bretelle
French: bride; bretelle
→ Dutch: bretel
→ Occitan: brida
→ Portuguese: brida
→ Spanish: brida
→ Italian: predella
→ Italian: briglia
→ Old French: bridel

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌳𐌹𐌻 (brigdil)

From *bregdaną (“to tug, move, swing”) + *-ilaz.


hrappijaną

hrappijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrappijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrappijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrappīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrappijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrappī (active imperative second-person singular)
hrappijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrappijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrappīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrappijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrappijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrappijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrappijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrappijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hrappijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrappijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrappijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrappijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrappijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrappijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrappijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrappijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrappīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hrappijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrappīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hrappijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrappijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrappijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrappijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrappijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrappijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrappijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hrappidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hrappidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrappidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hrappidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrappidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hrappidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrappidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hrappidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrappidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrappidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrappidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hrappidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrappidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hrappidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrappidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hrappidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrappijandz (active participle present)
hrappidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrappijan, *hrappjan
Old English: hreppan, (hrepian)
Middle English: repen
English: repe; rap, rape (to scratch)
Old Frisian: hreppa, reppa
North Frisian: rippe
Saterland Frisian: räppe
West Frisian: reppe
⇒ Old Frisian: bihreppa
Old Saxon: *hreppian
Middle Low German: reppen
Low German: reppen
Old Dutch: *reppen
Middle Dutch: reppen
Dutch: reppen
Old High German: *hrapfen, *hraffen
Middle High German: raffen, reffen
German: raffen

Old Norse: hreppa

Icelandic: hreppa

Swedish: repa

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreb- (“to turn, bend, shrink, rotate, touch, attack”). Cognate with Lithuanian krapštyti (“to pick, peck, scratch, claw”).


tuppaz

tuppaz (nominative singular)
tuppōz (nominative plural)
tuppōs (nominative plural)
tupp (singular vocative)
tuppōz (plural vocative)
tuppōs (plural vocative)
tuppą (accusative singular)
tuppanz (accusative plural)
tuppas (genitive singular)
tuppis (genitive singular)
tuppǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tuppai (dative singular)
tuppamaz (dative plural)
tuppō (instrumental singular)
tuppamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *topp
Old English: top, topp; toppa
Middle English: top, toppe, topp, tope, toop
English: top
→ French: top
→ German: Top
→ Vietnamese: tốp
Scots: tap
Old Frisian: topp, top
North Frisian: top, tap, tup
Saterland Frisian: Top
West Frisian: top; toppe
Old Saxon: *top
Middle Low German: top
Low German: Topp
→ German: Topp
Old Dutch: *topp, *top
Middle Dutch: top, topp
Dutch: top
Old High German: zoph
Middle Low German: zopf
Cimbrian: sòpf
German: Zopf
Hunsrik: Zopp
Luxembourgish: Zapp
Vilamovian: cöp
Yiddish: צאָפּ (tsop)
→ Italian: zuffa
→ Vulgar Latin: *toppus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: toppr

Icelandic: toppur

Faroese: toppur

Norwegian: topp

Old Swedish: topper, tupper

Swedish: topp
→ Finnish: toppa (“pile, heap; cylindrical container”)

Old Danish:

Danish: top

Secondary formation from *tebō, *tappaz (“tuft, knot, peg”), whence Old High German zepfo, zapfo (“plug, peg, broom”), Old English tæpan (“strip of cloth”), Norwegian tave (“piece of cloth”), of unknown origin.
Sometimes reconstructed from earlier *tumpaz with irregular development *mp > *pp, from Proto-Indo-European *dewmb- (“penis, tail, rod”), whence Old High German zumpfo (“penis”), Dutch tamp (“rope end, penis”), Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬨𐬀 (duma, “penis”), Persian دم (dom, “tail”).


hrapōną

hrapō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrapǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrapōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrapōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrapōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrapō (active imperative second-person singular)
hrapōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrapōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrapōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrapō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrapōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrapōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrapōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrapōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hrapōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrapōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrapōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrapōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrapōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrapōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrapōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrapōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrapōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hrapōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrapōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hrapōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrapōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrapōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrapōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrapōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrapōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrapōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hrapōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hrapōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrapōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hrapōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrapōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hrapōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrapōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hrapōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrapōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrapōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrapōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hrapōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrapōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hrapōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrapōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hrapōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrapōndz (active participle present)
hrapōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrapōn
Old English: *hrapian, hrepian
Middle English: rapen, rappen, repen
English: rape, rap, repe
Old Frisian: *hrapia
Saterland Frisian: rappe
West Frisian: raepje
Old Saxon: *hrapon, hrappōn
Middle Low German: rapen, *rappen
Low German: rapen, rappen
Old Dutch: *rapon
Middle Dutch: rāpen
Dutch: rapen
Old High German: *hraffōn, *raffōn
Middle High German: raffen
German: raffen
Luxembourgish: rafen
→ Vulgar Latin: *raffō
Galician: rafar
Italian: arraffare
→ Old French: raffer, rafer
Middle English: *raffen
→ English: raff
→ Vulgar Latin: *frappō (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hrapa

Swedish: rappa

Danish: rappe

Gothic: *𐌷𐍂𐌰𐍀𐍉𐌽 (*hrapōn)

→ Vulgar Latin: *rappō

Asturian: rapar

Old Galician-Portuguese: rapar

Galician: rapar

Portuguese: rapar

Spanish: rapar

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreb- (“to turn, bend, shrink, rotate, touch, attack”), from *(s)ker- (“to turn; bend”). Cognate with Lithuanian krapštyti (“to pick, peck, scratch, claw”).


badwō

badwō (nominative singular)
badwôz (nominative plural)
badwō (singular vocative)
badwôz (plural vocative)
badwǭ (accusative singular)
badwōz (accusative plural)
badwōz (genitive singular)
badwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
badwōi (dative singular)
badwōmaz (dative plural)
badwō (instrumental singular)
badwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *badu
Old English: badu, beado, beadu
⇒ Old English: *beaduhōc
⇒ Middle English: *bedhok, bedocke
English: beadhook, beedhook, bidhook
Old Saxon: badu (in compounds and personal names)
Old High German: badu, batu, pato (in personal names)

Old Norse: bǫð

Icelandic: böð (poetic)

Norwegian Nynorsk: bad

Swedish: böd; bad; (dialectal) ba, badd

Old Danish: bad

Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌳𐌿𐍃 (*badus)
→ Latin: Badwila, Baduarius

gl

→⇒? Latin: battuō (alternatively, possibly from a Celtic source)

From Pre-Germanic *bʰodʰweh₂ (“battle”), from *bʰedʰh₂- (“to stab, dig”). Cognate with Old Irish Bodb (name of a battle goddess in the form of a crow).


taljaną

taljō (active first-person indicative singular)
taljaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
taljai (first-person indicative passive singular)
talisi (active indicative second-person singular)
taljais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tali (active imperative second-person singular)
taljasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
taljaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
taliþi (active indicative singular third-person)
taljai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
taljaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
taljaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
taljaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
taljōs (active dual first-person indicative)
taljaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
taljaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
taljaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
taljaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
taljamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
taljaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
taljanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
taljainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
taliþ (active indicative plural second-person)
taljaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
taliþ (active imperative plural second-person)
taljanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
taljainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
taljanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
taljain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
taljanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
taljanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
taljainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
talidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
talidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
talidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
talidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
talidē (active indicative singular third-person)
talidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
talidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
talidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
talidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
talidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
talidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
talidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
talidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
talidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
talidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
talidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
taljandz (active participle present)
talidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *talljan
Old English: tellan
Middle English: tellen
English: tell
Scots: tell
Yola: tolth, told (preterite)
Old Frisian: tella
Saterland Frisian: tälle
West Frisian: telle
Old Saxon: tellian
Middle Low German: tellen
Low German: tellen
Old Dutch: tellen
Middle Dutch: tellen
Dutch: tellen
Limburgish: tèlle
Old High German: zellen, zellan
Middle High German: zellen, zeln
Bavarian: zäihn, zöhln, zöhn
Central Franconian: zälle, zähle, zeahle
Luxembourgish: zielen
Cimbrian: zelan
German: zählen
Yiddish: ציילן (tseyln)

Old Norse: telja
Icelandic: telja
Faroese: telja
Norwegian Nynorsk: telja
Old Swedish: tælia
Swedish: tälja
Danish: tælle
Norwegian Bokmål: telle

From Proto-Indo-European *del-, *dol- (“to aim, calculate, adjust”). Equivalent to *talō (“narration, calculation”) + *-janą. Cognate with Latin dolus (“guile, deception”).


furkaz

furkaz (nominative singular)
furkōz (nominative plural)
furkōs (nominative plural)
furk (singular vocative)
furkōz (plural vocative)
furkōs (plural vocative)
furką (accusative singular)
furkanz (accusative plural)
furkas (genitive singular)
furkis (genitive singular)
furkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
furkai (dative singular)
furkamaz (dative plural)
furkō (instrumental singular)
furkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *furk, *fork

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *furkul, *forkul

Old English: forclas (plural)

Old Saxon: ferkal, fercal

Old Norse: forkr

Icelandic: forkur

Faroese: forkutur (with adjectival suffix)

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: fork; (dialectal) førk

Swedish: fork (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *perg- (“board, beam, post”). Cognate with Lithuanian pérgas (“boat made from a tree-hollow, dugout, canoe”), Russian поро́г (poróg, “threshold, doorstep, sill”), Latin pergula (“veranda, balcony, projection”).


flainaz

flainaz (nominative singular)
flainōz (nominative plural)
flainōs (nominative plural)
flain (singular vocative)
flainōz (plural vocative)
flainōs (plural vocative)
flainą (accusative singular)
flainanz (accusative plural)
flainas (genitive singular)
flainis (genitive singular)
flainǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flainai (dative singular)
flainamaz (dative plural)
flainō (instrumental singular)
flainamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *flain

Old English: flān; flā

Middle English: flan, flon, floon; fla, flo

English: flone; flo

Scots: flane, flain

Old Norse: fleinn

Icelandic: fleinn

Norwegian Bokmål: flein

From Proto-Indo-European *pleyn- (“metal arrow, spear-head, hook”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pel- (“to split, divide”). Cognate with Lithuanian pliẽnas (“steel”).


fifaldǭ

fifaldǭ (nominative singular)
fifaldōniz (nominative plural)
fifaldǭ (singular vocative)
fifaldōniz (plural vocative)
fifaldōnų (accusative singular)
fifaldōnunz (accusative plural)
fifaldōniz (genitive singular)
fifaldōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fifaldōni (dative singular)
fifaldōmaz (dative plural)
fifaldōnē (instrumental singular)
fifaldōmiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *fifaldā, *fifaldrā

Old English: fifalde, fifealde

Old Saxon: fīfoldara, fivildra, vivildra

Old Dutch: *fifaltra, *fīfaltra

Middle Dutch: vivaltere, vivalter, viveltere, vyvalter

Dutch: vijfwouter, wiewouter

Old High German: fifaltra, pifoltra, fīfaltra; zwifaltra

Middle High German: vīvalter, vīveltre; *zwīvalter

German: Feifalter, Pfeiffalter; Zweifalter; Falter

⇒ Yiddish: פֿלאַטערל (flaterl)

Old Norse: fífrildi

Icelandic: fiðrildi

Faroese: fiðrildi, firvaldur

Norwegian Bokmål: fivreld, fryvil

Norwegian Nynorsk: fivreld, fivrelde, fevældre, fivel, fyrveld, fivrild, fibrelde, forelde

Old Swedish: fiädhal

Swedish: fjäril

Gutnish: fjädavall, fjädurhalldi, fjädaralld

Dalian: fjörald, fjäråld

Western: fjöril

Elfdalian: fyörolder

Eastern: fjärålder, fjäråll, fjöråll, fyrålld

Gutnish: fjödarvald, fjädarvall, fjedurhaldi

Helsingian: fel, fyller, fjöder, flöijel

/ˈɸi.ɸɑl.dɔ̃ː/

From Proto-Indo-European *pa(l)-pal- (“fluttering; butterfly”), a reduplication of Proto-Indo-European *pal- (“to touch, tap, pat”). Cognate with Latin pāpiliō (“butterfly”), Lithuanian papelučkà (“moth, owlling”), Old Mazanderani پاپلی (pāp(e)lē, “butterfly”).


hildiz

hildiz (nominative singular)
hildīz (nominative plural)
hildi (singular vocative)
hildīz (plural vocative)
hildį (accusative singular)
hildinz (accusative plural)
hildīz (genitive singular)
hildijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hildī (dative singular)
hildimaz (dative plural)
hildī (instrumental singular)
hildimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hildi
Old English: hild
Old Saxon: hild, hildi
Old High German: hilt, hild, hilta, hiltia
→⇒ Latin: Baudihillia, Boudihillia (theonym) (a mix of Celtic and Germanic elements; this word compounded with Proto-Celtic *boudi (“victory”))

Old Norse: hildr, Hildr

Icelandic: hildur, Hildur

→ Norwegian: Hildur

→ Swedish: Hildur

Faroese: Hildur

desc

Gothic: *𐌷𐌹𐌻𐌳𐍃 (*hilds), *𐌷𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌹- (*hildi-) (in personal names)

Vandalic: *hildi- (in personal names)

Likely from Pre-Germanic *kelh₂tís, from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂- (“to hit, strike”). Cognate with Latin clādēs (“destruction”), Ancient Greek κόλος (kólos, “hornless”), Lithuanian kálti (“to strike, forge”), Russian колоть (kolotʹ, “to prick”).


haltaz

*haltaz (a-stem)

haltaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
haltai (masculine nominative plural strong)
haltō (feminine nominative singular strong)
haltôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
haltą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
haltō (neuter nominative plural strong)
haltanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
haltanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
haltǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
haltōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
haltą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
haltō (accusative neuter plural strong)
haltas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
haltaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
haltaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
haltaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
haltas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
haltaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
haltammai (dative masculine singular strong)
haltaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
haltaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
haltaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
haltammai (dative neuter singular strong)
haltaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
haltanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
haltaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
haltaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
haltaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
haltanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
haltaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
haltô (masculine nominative singular weak)
haltaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
haltǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
haltōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
haltô (neuter nominative singular weak)
haltōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
haltanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
haltanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
haltōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
haltōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
haltô (accusative neuter singular weak)
haltōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
haltiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
haltanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
haltōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
haltōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
haltiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
haltanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
haltini (dative masculine singular weak)
haltammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
haltōni (dative feminine singular weak)
haltōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
haltini (dative neuter singular weak)
haltammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
haltinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
haltammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
haltōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
haltōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
haltinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
haltammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *halt
Old English: halt, healt
Middle English: halt
Scots: halt
English: halt
Old Frisian: halt
North Frisian: halt
Old Saxon: halt
Middle Low German: halt
Low German: halt
Old Dutch: *halt
Middle Dutch: hout, halt
Old High German: halz
Middle High German: halz

Old Norse: haltr

Icelandic: haltur

Faroese: haltur

Norwegian: halt

Old Swedish: halter

Swedish: halt

Danish: halt

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐍄𐍃 (halts)

→ Proto-Finnic: *haltta (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *koldos, from Proto-Indo-European *kold-, extension of *kelh₂-. Related to Old Irish coll (“destruction”).


frōdijaną

frōdijō (active first-person indicative singular)
frōdijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frōdijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
frōdīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
frōdijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frōdī (active imperative second-person singular)
frōdijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
frōdijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
frōdīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
frōdijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frōdijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
frōdijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
frōdijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
frōdijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
frōdijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frōdijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frōdijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frōdijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
frōdijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
frōdijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frōdijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
frōdijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
frōdīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
frōdijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frōdīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
frōdijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
frōdijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
frōdijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
frōdijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frōdijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
frōdijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
frōdijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frōdidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
frōdidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frōdidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
frōdidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frōdidē (active indicative singular third-person)
frōdidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frōdidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
frōdidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frōdidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frōdidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frōdidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
frōdidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frōdidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
frōdidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frōdidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
frōdidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frōdijandz (active participle present)
frōdidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *frōdijan
Old English: frēdan
Middle English: freden, frede
Old Dutch: *fruoden
Middle Dutch: vroeden; (bevroeden)
Dutch: vroeden; (bevroeden)
Old High German: fruotēn
Middle High German: vrüeten

Old Norse: frǿða

Icelandic: fræða


skirmiz

skirmiz (nominative singular)
skirmīz (nominative plural)
skirmi (singular vocative)
skirmīz (plural vocative)
skirmį (accusative singular)
skirminz (accusative plural)
skirmīz (genitive singular)
skirmijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skirmī (dative singular)
skirmimaz (dative plural)
skirmī (instrumental singular)
skirmimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skirmi
Old Saxon: *skirm, *skerm
Middle Low German: scherm, scharm
German Low German: Schirm
→ Danish: skærm
→ Icelandic: skermur
→ Norwegian Bokmål: skjerm
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skjerm
→ Swedish: skärm
Old Dutch: skirm
Middle Dutch: scherm
Dutch: scherm
Old High German: scirm, skirm, scerm, skerm
Middle High German: schirm, scherm
German: Schirm
→? Finnish: sermi
→ Russian: ширма (širma)
Hunsrik: Scherrem
Yiddish: שירעם (shirem)
→ Old French: escran, escren, escrein (see there for further descendants)
→⇒ Italian: schermo

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut, divide”).


heruz

heruz (nominative singular)
hiriwiz (nominative plural)
heru (singular vocative)
hiriwiz (plural vocative)
herų (accusative singular)
herunz (accusative plural)
herauz (genitive singular)
hiriwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hiriwi (dative singular)
herumaz (dative plural)
herū (instrumental singular)
herumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *heru
Old English: heoru
Old Saxon: *heru (in compounds)
⇒ Old Saxon: heruband
⇒ Old Saxon: herudrōrag (adjective)
⇒ Old Saxon: herugrimm, herugrim (adjective)
⇒ Old Saxon: herusēl
⇒ Old Saxon: heruthrumm, heruthrum

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᛖᚱᚢᛉ (*heruʀ)

desc

ᚺᛋᛖᚱᚢᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᛁᛉ

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚺᛋᛖᚱᚢᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᛁᛉ (hAeruwulafiz /Hearuwulᵃfīʀ/)

Old Norse: hjǫrr

Icelandic: hjör

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃 (hairus)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱérus or *ḱérh₂us (“pointed stick, arrow, spear, sword”) from the root *ḱerh₂- (“head; horn”), cognate with Sanskrit शरु (śáru, “missile, dart, arrow”), or from *(s)ker- (“to cut”).


nōtō

nōtō (nominative singular)
nōtôz (nominative plural)
nōtō (singular vocative)
nōtôz (plural vocative)
nōtǭ (accusative singular)
nōtōz (accusative plural)
nōtōz (genitive singular)
nōtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nōtōi (dative singular)
nōtōmaz (dative plural)
nōtō (instrumental singular)
nōtōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: nót
Icelandic: nót
Faroese: nót
Norwegian Nynorsk: nót, nót (alternative spelling of etymology 1 and 2)
Norwegian Bokmål: not
Old Swedish: nōt
Swedish: not
Danish: not

→ Proto-Finnic: *nootta (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *nōttē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *nōd- (“knot, net”). Cognate with Latin nōdus (“node, knot, tie, band”).


ōsaz

ōsaz (nominative singular)
ōsōz (nominative plural)
ōsōs (nominative plural)
ōs (singular vocative)
ōsōz (plural vocative)
ōsōs (plural vocative)
ōsą (accusative singular)
ōsanz (accusative plural)
ōsas (genitive singular)
ōsis (genitive singular)
ōsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ōsai (dative singular)
ōsamaz (dative plural)
ōsō (instrumental singular)
ōsamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ōr, ōra
Middle English: or (early, hapax)

Old Norse: óss

Icelandic: ós

Faroese: ósi (changed to weak declension)

Norwegian: os

Old Swedish: ōs

Swedish: os

Danish: os

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃éh₁os (“mouth”) (apparently reformed as a thematic noun *h₃eh₁ésos). Cognate with Latin ōs (“mouth”), Lithuanian úostas (“port, harbour, haven”), Russian уста́ (ustá, “mouth, lips”), Sanskrit आस् (ā́s, “mouth”).


naustą

naustą (nominative singular)
naustō (nominative plural)
naustą (singular vocative)
naustō (plural vocative)
naustą (accusative singular)
naustō (accusative plural)
naustas (genitive singular)
naustis (genitive singular)
naustǫ̂ (genitive plural)
naustai (dative singular)
naustamaz (dative plural)
naustō (instrumental singular)
naustamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *naust(r)
Old English: næster
Old Frisian: nōst
North Frisian: nost
Old Saxon: *nōst, *nōsto
Middle Low German: nôste
>? Old High German: nuosk
Middle High German: nuosch

Old Norse: naust
Icelandic: naust
Faroese: neyst
Norwegian: naust; (dialectal) naustr, nøst
→ Danish: naust, nøst
Norwegian Bokmål: naust, nøst
→ Scots: noust, nowst, newst, noost, noast

From Proto-Indo-European *neh₂u- (“sea-boat, ship”) + *sth₂om, from *steh₂- (“to stand”). More at *nōaz.


lagą

lagą (nominative singular)
lagō (nominative plural)
lagą (singular vocative)
lagō (plural vocative)
lagą (accusative singular)
lagō (accusative plural)
lagas (genitive singular)
lagis (genitive singular)
lagǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lagai (dative singular)
lagamaz (dative plural)
lagō (instrumental singular)
lagamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lag
Old English: *læġ
Middle English: lai, lay, lagh
English: lay
Scots: lay
⇒ Old English: ġelæġ
⇒ Old English: oferlæġ
⇒ Old Frisian: laga
North Frisian: lag, log
Old Saxon: *lag
Middle Low German: lag, lach, lōch, lov
Old Dutch: lag
Middle Dutch: lach
Dutch: lag

Old Norse: lag n; lǫg n pl
Icelandic: lag n; lög n pl
Faroese: lag
Norwegian Nynorsk: lag n; log f
Old Swedish: lagh
Swedish: lag n, lag c or f
→ Finnish: laki
Old Danish: lagh, logh
Danish: lag n, lav c, lov
Norwegian Bokmål: lag n, lov m
→ Faroese: lóg f
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: lov f or m
→ Old English: lagu
→ Middle English: lawe, laȝe, lagh
English: law (“score, share of expense, legal charge”)
Scots: lauch, lawch
Old West Norse:
Icelandic: lög n pl
Faroese: løg-
Norwegian Nynorsk: log f; (dialectal) løg f
Old East Norse:
Old Swedish: lagh f
Swedish: lag c
→ Finnish: laki
Old Danish: lagh, logh, ᛚᚮᚼ n pl or f
Danish: lov c
Norwegian Bokmål: lov
→ Faroese: lóg f
→ Norwegian: lov f or m (partially through Bokmål)
→ Old English: lagu f
Middle English: lawe, laȝe, laugh, laue
English: law
Scots: law

→ Proto-Finnic: *lako (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie”).

a settled amount (cost, price, payment, etc.)


bargijaną

bargijō (active first-person indicative singular)
bargijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bargijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bargīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
bargijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bargī (active imperative second-person singular)
bargijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bargijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bargīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bargijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bargijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bargijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bargijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bargijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bargijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bargijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bargijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bargijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bargijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bargijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bargijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bargijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bargīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bargijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bargīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bargijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bargijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bargijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bargijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bargijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bargijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bargijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bargidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bargidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bargidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bargidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bargidē (active indicative singular third-person)
bargidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bargidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bargidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bargidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bargidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bargidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bargidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bargidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bargidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bargidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bargidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bargijandz (active participle present)
bargidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bargijan
Old English: biergan, berġan — Anglian; birġan, byrġan — Late West Saxon; beorġan, berian, byriġan
Middle English: büriȝen
Old High German: *bergen
⇒ Old High German: bergita (“cake”)

Old Norse: bergja

Icelandic: bergja

Norwegian: bergja

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰergʷ-, *bʰergʷʰ- (“to feed”). Cognate with Ancient Greek φέρβω (phérbō, “to feed, nourish, graze”), Sanskrit भर्वति (bhárvati, “he chews, eats, devours”).


nōaz

nōaz (nominative singular)
nōōz (nominative plural)
nōōs (nominative plural)
nō (singular vocative)
nōōz (plural vocative)
nōōs (plural vocative)
nōą (accusative singular)
nōanz (accusative plural)
nōas (genitive singular)
nōis (genitive singular)
nōǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nōai (dative singular)
nōamaz (dative plural)
nōō (instrumental singular)
nōamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *nō
Old English: *nō, *nōw
⇒ Old English: nōwend

Old Norse: nór, nói

Icelandic: nór

Norwegian: nu, no (dialectal)

Swedish: no (dialectal)

⇒ Old Norse: Nóatún

Icelandic: Nóatún

From Proto-Indo-European *néh₂us (“sea-boat, ship”). Cognate with Latin nāvis (“ship”), Old Irish nau (“ship”).


barwaz

barwaz (nominative singular)
barwōz (nominative plural)
barwōs (nominative plural)
barw (singular vocative)
barwōz (plural vocative)
barwōs (plural vocative)
barwą (accusative singular)
barwanz (accusative plural)
barwas (genitive singular)
barwis (genitive singular)
barwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
barwai (dative singular)
barwamaz (dative plural)
barwō (instrumental singular)
barwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *baru

desctree

Old English: bearu, bearo
Middle English: berwe, barwe, berewe, barewe, barou
Middle English: ber, bere, beare, byar, biare, byare, bir (in placenames only) (merged with descendant of Old English bǣr (“pasture”))

Old Saxon: *baro; bere (< *baruz?)

Old High German: baro

Old Norse: bǫrr (“a kind of tree”)

Icelandic: bör

This word only has cognates in Slavic. Kroonen states that the reconstructed proto-form would reflect *bʰorwos, and states that it is a Germanic-Slavic isogloss. See Proto-Slavic *borъ (“pine tree”). Orr considers the possibility that it is a loan, in particular the ŭ-declension being copied. In this case the Germanic meaning would be more derived, with a shift from the Slavic sense “pine grove” to “forest (in general)" for which compare Proto-Slavic *dǫbrava (“oak grove; forest in general”).


biliz

biliz (masculine nominative singular strong)
biljai (masculine nominative plural strong)
bilī (feminine nominative singular strong)
biljôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
bilį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
biljō (neuter nominative plural strong)
biljanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
biljanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
biljǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
biljōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
bilį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
biljō (accusative neuter plural strong)
biljas (genitive masculine singular strong)
bilis (genitive masculine singular strong)
biljaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
biljaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
biljaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
biljas (genitive neuter singular strong)
bilis (genitive neuter singular strong)
biljaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
biljammai (dative masculine singular strong)
biljaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
biljaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
biljaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
biljammai (dative neuter singular strong)
biljaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
biljanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
biljaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
biljaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
biljaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
biljanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
biljaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
biljô (masculine nominative singular weak)
biljaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
biljǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
biljōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
biljô (neuter nominative singular weak)
biljōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
biljanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
biljanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
biljōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
biljōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
biljô (accusative neuter singular weak)
biljōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
biliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
biljanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
biljōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
biljōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
biliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
biljanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
bilini (dative masculine singular weak)
biljammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
biljōni (dative feminine singular weak)
biljōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
bilini (dative neuter singular weak)
biljammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
bilinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
biljammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
biljōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
biljōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
bilinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
biljammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: bile-, bele (in compounds: bilewit, belewit; bilehwīt)

Middle English: bilewit, bilewhit

Old Frisian: *billīk

desc

Saterland Frisian: billich (“fair, equitable, just”)

West Frisian: billik, binlik

Old Saxon: bili (in compound: biliwit; unbilithunga); *billīk

Middle Low German: billik, billich, bilk

German Low German: billig

→ Saterland Frisian: billich (“at fair/decent price, inexpensive, cheap”)

→ Danish: billig

→ Swedish: billig

Old Dutch: *biliwit; *bili; *billīk

Middle Dutch: beelwitte, belewitte, beluwitte; billic, bilc, billijc

Dutch: beeldwit; billijk, billig

Afrikaans: billik

Old High German: bili (in compounds: *biliwiz); billūh, billīh

Middle High German: bilewiz, bilwiz, bilwīz; billich

Bavarian: büllich, büllig

German: billig

Yiddish: ביליק (bilik)

German: Bilwiz, Bilwis, Bilwiß, Bilweis (“a kind of demon; also a family name”)

Luxembourgish: bëlleg

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰil-i-s, from *bʰil- (“good, decent”). Cognate with Ancient Greek φίλος (phílos, “dear, beloved, lief”), Old Irish bil (“good, mild”).


balþaz

*balþaz (a-stem)

balþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
balþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
balþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
balþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
balþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
balþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
balþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
balþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
balþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
balþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
balþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
balþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
balþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
balþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
balþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
balþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
balþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
balþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
balþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
balþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
balþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
balþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
balþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
balþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
balþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
balþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
balþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
balþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
balþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
balþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
balþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
balþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
balþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
balþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
balþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
balþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
balþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
balþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
balþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
balþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
balþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
balþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
balþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
balþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
balþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
balþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
balþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
balþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
balþini (dative masculine singular weak)
balþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
balþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
balþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
balþini (dative neuter singular weak)
balþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
balþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
balþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
balþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
balþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
balþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
balþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *balþ
Old English: beald, bald
Middle English: bolde, bold, boold, bald, beald
English: bold, bawd
Scots: bald, bauld, baul, bawl, beld
Old Frisian: bald
⇒ Old Frisian: balde (adverb)
Saterland Frisian: boalde
Old Saxon: bald
Middle Low German: bald, bold, balt, bolt
German Low German: bold, boll
Old Dutch: bald
Middle Dutch: bout
Dutch: boud
Old High German: bald, pald
Middle High German: balt
German: (obsolete) bald
Bavarian: bald
⇒ Old High German: baldo (adverb)
Middle High German: balde, palde
Bavarian: båld, boid
German: bald
→ Old French: baud (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: ballr, baldr
Icelandic: ballur, baldur
Faroese: baldur
Old Swedish: balder
Swedish: båld
Old Danish: bold

Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃 (*balþs)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌰𐌱𐌰 (balþaba)

From pre-Germanic *bʰóltos (“inflated, strong”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to blow, swell, inflate”) + *-tos, the suffix equivalent to Proto-Germanic *-þaz.


fetaną

fetō (active first-person indicative singular)
fetaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fetai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fitizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fetaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fet (active imperative second-person singular)
fetazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fetaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fitidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fetai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fetadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fetadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fetaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fetōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fetaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fetadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fetaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fetadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fetamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fetaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fetandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fetaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fitid (active indicative plural second-person)
fetaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fitid (active imperative plural second-person)
fetandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fetaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fetandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fetain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fetandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fetandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fetaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fat (active first-person indicative singular)
fētį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fast (active indicative second-person singular)
fētīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fat (active indicative singular third-person)
fētī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fētū (active dual first-person indicative)
fētīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fētudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fētīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fētum (active first-person indicative plural)
fētīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fētud (active indicative plural second-person)
fētīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fētun (active indicative plural third-person)
fētīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fetandz (active participle present)
fetanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: fetan

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (fitan)

From Proto-Indo-European *pid- (“to give birth”). Cognate with Old Irish idu (“labour pains”).


fetaną

Old English: *fetan, ġefetan

Old High German: fezzan

Old Norse: feta

Icelandic: feta

Swedish: fjäta (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *ped- (“to walk, stumble, fall”). Cognate with Russian па́дать (pádatʹ, “to fall, drop, decrease, decline”).


finkiz

finkiz (nominative singular)
finkīz (nominative plural)
finki (singular vocative)
finkīz (plural vocative)
finkį (accusative singular)
finkinz (accusative plural)
finkīz (genitive singular)
finkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
finkī (dative singular)
finkimaz (dative plural)
finkī (instrumental singular)
finkimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: finc, finċ

Middle English: fink; fynche, fynch, finch

English: finch

Scots: phink, finch

Old Frisian: *fink

Saterland Frisian: Fink

West Frisian: fink

Old Saxon: *fink

Middle Low German: vink

Low German: Fink

→ Danish: finke

→ Norwegian Bokmål: finke

→ Swedish: fink

Old Dutch: *fink

Middle Dutch: vink

Dutch: vink

Old High German: finc, fink

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ping- (“small bird, sparrow”).


firstiz

firstiz (nominative singular)
firstīz (nominative plural)
firsti (singular vocative)
firstīz (plural vocative)
firstį (accusative singular)
firstinz (accusative plural)
firstīz (genitive singular)
firstijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
firstī (dative singular)
firstimaz (dative plural)
firstī (instrumental singular)
firstimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *firsti
Old English: first, fierst, fyrst
Middle English: first, virst
Scots: first
Old Saxon: first
Middle Low German: verst
Low German: verst
Old Dutch: *first
Middle Dutch: verste
Dutch: verste (obsolete)
Old High German: first
Middle High German: virst, vierst, vërst, virste
Cimbrian: biarst
German: First
Luxembourgish: Fiischt
→ Old French: feste
French: faîte

From Proto-Indo-European *perst-, *porst- (“post, finger, peak”). Cognate with Latin postis (“post, doorpost”), Lithuanian pirštas (“finger, toe, pin, cam”), Russian перст (perst, “finger, digit”), Ancient Greek παρστάς (parstás), παστάς (pastás, “portico, porch, inner chamber, bower”).


finkô

finkô (nominative singular)
finkaniz (nominative plural)
finkô (singular vocative)
finkaniz (plural vocative)
finkanų (accusative singular)
finkanunz (accusative plural)
finkiniz (genitive singular)
finkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
finkini (dative singular)
finkammaz (dative plural)
finkinē (instrumental singular)
finkammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: finko

Middle Low German: vinke, (vink)

German Low German: Fink

→ Danish: finke

→ Icelandic: finka

→ Swedish: fink

Old Dutch: finko

Middle Dutch: vinke, (vink)

Dutch: vink
Afrikaans: vink

Limburgish: vink

desctree

Old High German: finco
Middle High German: vinke
Bavarian: Pienke
Cimbrian: finko
→ Gheg Albanian: benk
→ Tosk Albanian: beng
German: Fink
→ Estonian: vint
Pennsylvania German: Fink


geldą

geldą (nominative singular)
geldō (nominative plural)
geldą (singular vocative)
geldō (plural vocative)
geldą (accusative singular)
geldō (accusative plural)
geldas (genitive singular)
gildis (genitive singular)
geldǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gildai (dative singular)
geldamaz (dative plural)
geldō (instrumental singular)
geldamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *geld
Old English: ġield, ġild, ġyld, ġeld
Middle English: ȝeld
English: yield
Scots: ȝeld, ȝeild
→ Medieval Latin: geldum, gildum
Old Frisian: ield, geld, jeld
North Frisian: jild
Saterland Frisian: Jield, Jäild
West Frisian: jild
Old Saxon: geld
Middle Low German: gelt
German Low German: Geld
Plautdietsch: Jelt
Old Dutch: geld
Middle Dutch: gelt, ghelt, gheld
Dutch: geld
Afrikaans: geld
→ Sotho: tjhelete
→ Venda: tshelede
Jersey Dutch: xjäält, xält
Negerhollands: geld, gelt
Skepi Creole Dutch: galti
Limburgish: gèldj
Old High German: kelt, gelt
Middle High German: gelt
German: Geld
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Geld
Central Franconian: Jeld
Hunsrik: Geld
Bavarian: Goid
Cimbrian: gèlt
Alemannic German: Gäld
Luxembourgish: Geld
Vilamovian: giełd
Yiddish: געלט (gelt)
→ English: gelt

Old Norse: gjald

Icelandic: gjald

Faroese: gjald

Norwegian: gjeld

Old Swedish: giæld, giald, giæl, gæld
Swedish: gäld c

Old Danish: giald

Danish: gæld

Old Gutnish: gield

Gothic: 𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌳 (gild)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰeldʰ- (“to repay, reward”).

der

That which is paid out; reward, gift, money


balluz

balluz (nominative singular)
balliwiz (nominative plural)
ballu (singular vocative)
balliwiz (plural vocative)
ballų (accusative singular)
ballunz (accusative plural)
ballauz (genitive singular)
balliwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
balliwi (dative singular)
ballumaz (dative plural)
ballū (instrumental singular)
ballumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ballu

desctree

Old English: *beall
Middle English: bal, ball, balle
English: ball
Scots: baw, ba, baa, ball
Yola: ball, balbeedhel

Old Frisian: *bal

Saterland Frisian: Baal

West Frisian: bal

Old Saxon: ball, bal

Middle Low German: bal

German Low German: Ball

Plautdietsch: Baul

Frankish: *ball, *bal

Old Dutch: *bal

Middle Dutch: bal
Dutch: bal
Afrikaans: bal
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bál
→ Caribbean Javanese: bal
→ Indonesian: bal
→ Papiamentu: bala, balchi
→ Saramaccan: balí
→ Sranan Tongo: bal
→ Sundanese: bal
Limburgish: bal
West Flemish: bol

→? Medieval Latin: balla, palla, bala f

>? Italian: palla

>? Lombard: balla

Old French: balle

Middle French: balle
French: balle
→ Portuguese: bala
→ Shona: bala

→? Italian: balla

Old French: bale

→ Middle Dutch: bale

Dutch: baal

→ Middle English: bale
English: bale

Occitan: bala

⇒ Italian: pallone, balone, ballone (northern)
→ Middle French: ballon (via northern variants)
French: ballon (see there for further descendants)
→ English: balloon (see there for further descendants)
→ Hijazi Arabic: بَلّونة (ballōna)

Portuguese: bala

Sicilian: baḍḍa

Spanish: bala

Venetian: bala

⇒ Venetian: balin

→ Cimbrian: baliin

Old High German: bal

Middle High German: bal, ball

Central Franconian: Bal, Ball

German: Ball

Luxembourgish: Ball

Old Norse: bǫllr
Icelandic: böllur
Faroese: bøllur (“lump, clump; something rolled up”)
Norwegian Bokmål: ball
Norwegian Nynorsk: ball
Old Swedish: balder, baller
Swedish: boll
Old Danish: ball, boll, bold
Danish: bold; balde, balle (“ball of hand or foot, buttock”)

→ Proto-Finnic:

Finnish: pallo

Ingrian: pallo

→ Proto-Samic: *pāllō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰol-n- (“round thing, bubble”), from *bʰel- (“to blow, inflate, swell”). Cognate with Latin follis (“windbag, balloon”).
According to Kroonen, this was originally an n-stem (as preserved in Old High German ballo, German Ballen), and the North Germanic *balluz is an early back-formation from the old accusative plural **balluns.


hrugnaz

hrugnaz (nominative singular)
hrugnōz (nominative plural)
hrugnōs (nominative plural)
hrugn (singular vocative)
hrugnōz (plural vocative)
hrugnōs (plural vocative)
hrugną (accusative singular)
hrugnanz (accusative plural)
hrugnas (genitive singular)
hrugnis (genitive singular)
hrugnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrugnai (dative singular)
hrugnamaz (dative plural)
hrugnō (instrumental singular)
hrugnamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *hrogn

Middle English: rowne, rawne, rowe

Scots: rawn, raun

English: roan, roe

Old Saxon: *hrogan

Middle Low German: rōgen, rōgel

German Low German: Rögen

Old Dutch: *rogan

Middle Dutch: rōge, roch, roghe

Dutch: roge

Old High German: *hrogan, rogan, rogin

Middle High German: rogen

German: Rogen

Old Norse: hrogn

Icelandic: hrogn

Faroese: rogn

Norwegian: rogn

Old Swedish: rughn, romn

Swedish: rom

Danish: rogn, ravn

→? Middle French: *rogue

French: rogue (alternatively from Dutch)

From Proto-Indo-European *krek- (“frogspawn”). Cognate with Lithuanian kurkulaĩ (“frogspawn”), Proto-Slavic *krękъ (“spawn”).


aflą

aflą (nominative singular)
aflō (nominative plural)
aflą (singular vocative)
aflō (plural vocative)
aflą (accusative singular)
aflō (accusative plural)
aflas (genitive singular)
aflis (genitive singular)
aflǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aflai (dative singular)
aflamaz (dative plural)
aflō (instrumental singular)
aflamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *afl
Old English: afol, abal
Middle English: afel
Old Frisian: evel
Old Saxon: aval
Old High German: *abal, *afal (in derivatives)
Middle High German: afel

Old Norse: afl; afli; (efla)

Icelandic: afl; afli; (efla)

Faroese: alv

Norwegian: avl (dialectal)

Old Swedish: afl

Swedish: avel

Danish: avl

From Pre-Germanic *h₃éplom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ep- (“to work”).


mūk-

mūk- (canonical)
muk- (canonical)
mug- (canonical)

Proto-West Germanic: *mūkōn, *mukkjan

Old English: *myċċan

Middle English: müchen, michen; müchere

Scots: mich, myche

English: miche, mitch; micher

>? Dutch: mokkelen (“to flatter”)

Old High German: mūhhōn

Middle High German: mūchen

Alemannic German: mauchen

⇒ Old High German: *mūhhilōn (attested in mūhhilāri, mūhhilswert)

desc

>? Middle High German: *miucheln, *mūcheln

q

German: meucheln, maucheln (could also be a backformation from derivatives)

>? German: mogeln (relation uncertain)

→ Low German: mogeln

→ Saterland Frisian: mogelje

→ Old French: mucer; mucier, muchier

Middle French: musser

French: musser

Norman: muchi (Jèrriais), muchier (Guernésiais)

→ Middle English: mouchen, moochen

English: mooch

→ Walloon: muchi

Old Norse: *muggr

Norwegian: mugg (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)mūg-, *(s)mugn-, *(s)mewgʰ- (“swindler, thief”). Cognate with Latin muger (“cheater”), Old Irish formúighte, formúchthae (“hidden”).


tamjaną

tamjō (active first-person indicative singular)
tamjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tamjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tamisi (active indicative second-person singular)
tamjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tami (active imperative second-person singular)
tamjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tamjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tamiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tamjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tamjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tamjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tamjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tamjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tamjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tamjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tamjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tamjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tamjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tamjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tamjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tamjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tamiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tamjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tamiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tamjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tamjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tamjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tamjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tamjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tamjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tamjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tamidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tamidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tamidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tamidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tamidē (active indicative singular third-person)
tamidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tamidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tamidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tamidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tamidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tamidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tamidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tamidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tamidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tamidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tamidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tamjandz (active participle present)
tamidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tammjan
Old English: temian, *temman
Middle English: temien, temen; tamen
English: tame
Scots: team, tame
Old Frisian: temia, tema
Saterland Frisian: tieme
West Frisian: teme
Old Saxon: *temian, *temmian
Middle Low German: temen, temmen
German Low German: tähmen
Low German: temmen
Old Dutch: *temmen
Middle Dutch: temmen
Dutch: temmen
Old High German: zemen, zemmen
Middle High German: zemen
German: zähmen (with a long vowel by analogy with zahm)
Hunsrik: zaame
Luxembourgish: zeemen

Old Norse: temja

Icelandic: temja

Faroese: temja

Old Swedish: tæmia

Swedish: tämja

Danish: tæmme

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gatamjan)

>? Proto-Albanian: *dalma

Albanian: delme

Latin: Dalmatae

→ Proto-Samic: *tāmëtēk (see there for further descendants)


hrōkaz

hrōkaz (nominative singular)
hrōkōz (nominative plural)
hrōkōs (nominative plural)
hrōk (singular vocative)
hrōkōz (plural vocative)
hrōkōs (plural vocative)
hrōką (accusative singular)
hrōkanz (accusative plural)
hrōkas (genitive singular)
hrōkis (genitive singular)
hrōkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrōkai (dative singular)
hrōkamaz (dative plural)
hrōkō (instrumental singular)
hrōkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrōk
Old English: hrōc
Middle English: roc, roke, rook
Scots: ruke, ruik
English: rook
Old Frisian:
Saterland Frisian: Rouk
West Frisian: roek
Old Saxon: hrōk
Middle Low German: rôk, rôke
German Low German: Rook
Low German: rok
Old Dutch: *ruok
Middle Dutch: roec
Dutch: roek
Old High German: hruoh, ruoh; hruoho, ruoho
Middle High German: ruoch
German: Ruch
→ Vulgar Latin: *frocum (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hrókr

Icelandic: hrókur

Faroese: rókur

Norwegian: rok

Old Swedish: roker, roka

Swedish: råka

Danish: råge

Burgundian: hrōks (in personal names)

From Proto-Indo-European *kreg-, *krek-, *kerk- (“to crow, croak”), from Proto-Indo-European *ker-, *kor- (“to crow”).


mūlô

mūlô (nominative singular)
mūlaniz (nominative plural)
mūlô (singular vocative)
mūlaniz (plural vocative)
mūlanų (accusative singular)
mūlanunz (accusative plural)
mūliniz (genitive singular)
mūlanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mūlini (dative singular)
mūlammaz (dative plural)
mūlinē (instrumental singular)
mūlammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: mūla

West Frisian: mûle

Old Norse: múli

Icelandic: múli

Faroese: múli

Norwegian: mule

Old Swedish: mūle

Swedish: mule

Danish: mule

From Proto-Indo-European *mū- (“lips, muzzle”).


mūlō

mūlō (nominative singular)
mūlôz (nominative plural)
mūlō (singular vocative)
mūlôz (plural vocative)
mūlǭ (accusative singular)
mūlōz (accusative plural)
mūlōz (genitive singular)
mūlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mūlōi (dative singular)
mūlōmaz (dative plural)
mūlō (instrumental singular)
mūlōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *mūle

Saterland Frisian: Muule

Old Saxon: *mūla

Middle Low German: mûle

Old Dutch: *mūla

Middle Dutch: mule

Dutch: muil

Old High German: mūla

Middle High German: mūle

Central Franconian: Muul f (etymology 1)

Gothic: *𐌼𐌿𐌻𐌰 (*mula) (in 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌼𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (faurmuljan, “to muzzle”))


mūlą

mūlą (nominative singular)
mūlō (nominative plural)
mūlą (singular vocative)
mūlō (plural vocative)
mūlą (accusative singular)
mūlō (accusative plural)
mūlas (genitive singular)
mūlis (genitive singular)
mūlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mūlai (dative singular)
mūlamaz (dative plural)
mūlō (instrumental singular)
mūlamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *mūl

Middle Low German: mûl

German Low German: Muul

Old Dutch: *mūl

Middle Dutch: muul

Dutch: muil

Afrikaans: muil

Old High German: *mūl

Middle High German: mūl

Alemannic German: Muul

German: Maul

Central Franconian: Muul n (etymology 2)

Luxembourgish: Maul

Yiddish: מויל (moyl)

Possibly form Proto-Indo-European *muHlo- (“lips, muzzle”), from Proto-Indo-European *mew- (“to chew”).


kōkô

kōkô (nominative singular)
kōkaniz (nominative plural)
kōkô (singular vocative)
kōkaniz (plural vocative)
kōkanų (accusative singular)
kōkanunz (accusative plural)
kōkiniz (genitive singular)
kōkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kōkini (dative singular)
kōkammaz (dative plural)
kōkinē (instrumental singular)
kōkammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *cōca

Old Frisian: *kōka

Saterland Frisian: Kouke

West Frisian: koeke

Old Saxon: *kōko, *koko

desctree

Middle Low German: kôke, kûke
German Low German: Kook, Kauken
⇒ German Low German: Kookje (diminutive)
→ Estonian: kook
→ Latvian: kūka

Old Dutch: *kuoko

Middle Dutch: coeke
Dutch: koek
Afrikaans: koek
→ Sotho: kuku
Berbice Creole Dutch: kuku
Jersey Dutch: kuk
→ Sranan Tongo: kuku
→ Lokono: kuku
→ Aukan: kuku
→ Caribbean Hindustani: kuku
→ Caribbean Javanese: kuku
→ Kwinti: kúku
→ Saramaccan: kúku
⇒ Dutch: koekje, koekie (colloquial) (diminutive)
→ English: cookie (see there for further descendants)
Negerhollands: koeki, kuki, kukkie
Limburgish: kook
→ Bourguignon: couque
→ French: couque
French: cocagne
→? English: Cockaigne
→ Picard: couque

Old High German: kuohho, kuocho, chuohho
Middle High German: kuoche
Alemannic German: Chueche
Bavarian: Kuacha, Kuachn
Central Franconian:
Eiflerisch: Kooche
Hunsrik: Kughe
Luxembourgish: Kuch
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: Kugn
Meißnisch: Kuchn
Osterländisch: Guchn
Vilamovian: kücha
East Franconian:
Lower East Franconian: Kuache, Kuachn
Southern East Franconian: Kuacha
Upper East Franconian: Kuchn, Kougn
German: Kuchen
→ English: kuchen
→ Esperanto: kuko
Ido: kuko
→ Japanese: クーヘン (kūhen)
→ Kashubian: kùch
→ Portuguese: cuca, cuque
→ Spanish: kuchen
Rhine Franconian: Kuche
Frankfurterisch: [kʰuxə]
Lorraine Franconian: Küeche
→ French: quiche
→ Danish: quiche
→ Dutch: quiche
→ English: quiche
→ Japanese: キッシュ (kisshu)
→ Korean: 키슈 (kisyu), 키쉬 (kiswi)
→ Esperanto: kiŝo
→ German: Quiche
→ Greek: κις (kis)
→ Polish: quiche, kisz
→ Portuguese: quiche
→ Russian: киш (kiš)
→ Spanish: quiche
→ Swedish: quiche
→ Thai: กิช (gìch)
Pennsylvania German: Kuche
Yiddish: קוכן (kukhn)

Old Norse: *kóki

Norwegian: kok (dialectal)

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *gag- ~ *gōg- (“round, ball-shaped object; lump; clump”), but this reconstruction is obsolete in view of modern laryngeal theory as well as semantically gratuitous. Proto-Indo-European *geh₂g- or similar is possible, with the zero grade seen in the synonym *kakǭ, but external cognates are unknown. Possibly a sound-symbolic invention.


writiz

writiz (nominative singular)
writīz (nominative plural)
writi (singular vocative)
writīz (plural vocative)
writį (accusative singular)
writinz (accusative plural)
writīz (genitive singular)
writjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
writī (dative singular)
writimaz (dative plural)
writī (instrumental singular)
writimiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: riz

Middle High German: riʒ

German: Riss

Hunsrik: Riss

Luxembourgish: Rass

Yiddish: ריס (ris)

Gothic: 𐍅𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍃 (writs)


writą

writą (nominative singular)
writō (nominative plural)
writą (singular vocative)
writō (plural vocative)
writą (accusative singular)
writō (accusative plural)
writas (genitive singular)
writis (genitive singular)
writǫ̂ (genitive plural)
writai (dative singular)
writamaz (dative plural)
writō (instrumental singular)
writamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: writ, ġewrit

Middle English: writ, ȝewrit, iwrit

Scots: writ

English: writ

Old Norse: vrit, rit

Icelandic: rit


faką

faką (nominative singular)
fakō (nominative plural)
faką (singular vocative)
fakō (plural vocative)
faką (accusative singular)
fakō (accusative plural)
fakas (genitive singular)
fakis (genitive singular)
fakǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fakai (dative singular)
fakamaz (dative plural)
fakō (instrumental singular)
fakamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fak
Old English: fæc, fec
Middle English: fæc, fec
English: fack
Scots: faik, feck, fauk
Old Frisian: fak, fek
Saterland Frisian: Fäk
West Frisian: fek
Old Saxon: fac, fak
Middle Low German: vak
German Low German: Fack
→ Danish: fag
→ Icelandic: fag
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: fag
Norwegian Nynorsk: fag
→ Swedish: fack
Old Dutch: *fak
Middle Dutch: vac
Dutch: vak
Afrikaans: vak
→ Indonesian: vak
Old High German: fah
Middle High German: vach
German: Fach
→ English: Fach
→ Esperanto: fako
→ Kashubian: fach
→ Luxembourgish: Fach
→ Polish: fach
Yiddish: פֿאַך (fakh)

Via pre-Germanic *ph₂ǵóm, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ǵ- (“to fit, fasten, fix”). Cognate with Sanskrit पाजस् (pā́jas, “surface, side”), Latin pāgus (“division, district”) and pangō (“fasten, fix”, verb). The root is otherwise absent from Germanic, but see *fastuz.

cog

An enclosed or defined space; division; compartment; department


bad-

Old English: bædan; >? bæddel, >? bædling

>? Middle English: badde

Scots: bad, baud

English: bad

Old High German: pad

Unknown. Compare Proto-Indo-European *bʰodʰ- (“to dig; plot of ground”), relating to "ground, dirt", ablaut form of Proto-Indo-European *bʰedʰ-


hriwwijaz

*hriwwijaz (ja-stem)

hriwwijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hriwwijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hriwwijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hriwwijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hriwwiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hriwwijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hriwwijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hriwwijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hriwwijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hriwwijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hriwwiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hriwwijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hriwwijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
hriwwijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hriwwijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hriwwijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hriwwijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
hriwwijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hriwwijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hriwwijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hriwwijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hriwwijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hriwwijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hriwwijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hriwwijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hriwwijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hriwwijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hriwwijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hriwwijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hriwwijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hriwwijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hriwwijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hriwwijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hriwwijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hriwwijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hriwwijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hriwwijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hriwwijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hriwwijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hriwwijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hriwwijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hriwwijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hriwwīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hriwwijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hriwwijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hriwwijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hriwwīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hriwwijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hriwwīni (dative masculine singular weak)
hriwwijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hriwwijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hriwwijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hriwwīni (dative neuter singular weak)
hriwwijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hriwwīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hriwwijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hriwwijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hriwwijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hriwwīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hriwwijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *hriuwī

Old English: hrēowe, hrēow

Middle English: reou, reu

Old Saxon: hriuwi

Old Norse: hryggr

Icelandic: hryggur

From *hrewwaną (“to grieve, to feel sorrow; to cause regret, to rue”) + *-jaz.


hanhaz

hanhaz (nominative singular)
hanhōz (nominative plural)
hanhōs (nominative plural)
hanh (singular vocative)
hanhōz (plural vocative)
hanhōs (plural vocative)
hanhą (accusative singular)
hanhanz (accusative plural)
hanhas (genitive singular)
hanhis (genitive singular)
hanhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hanhai (dative singular)
hanhamaz (dative plural)
hanhō (instrumental singular)
hanhamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hą̄h
Old English: hōh, hō, hōg
Middle English: hough, ho, hoche, hogh, hoȝ, hokke, hoo, houȝ, houe, howe, howghe, howh
English: hough, hoff, hock
Scots: hoch, houch
⇒ Yola: houghany

Old Norse: há

Icelandic: há

From Proto-Indo-European *kenk-, *kemǝk- (“joint, legbone”). Cognate with Lithuanian kìnka (“haunch”), Sanskrit कङ्काल (kaṅkāla, “skeleton”).


haiþī

haiþī (nominative singular)
haiþijôz (nominative plural)
haiþī (singular vocative)
haiþijôz (plural vocative)
haiþijǭ (accusative singular)
haiþijōz (accusative plural)
haiþijōz (genitive singular)
haiþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haiþijōi (dative singular)
haiþijōmaz (dative plural)
haiþijō (instrumental singular)
haiþijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haiþi
Old English: hǣþ, *hāþ
Middle English: heeth, heth, hethe, hath, hathe, hoth, hothe
English: heath, heather
Scots: haithe (in compounds)
Old Frisian: *hēthe
North Frisian: hiiđ
Saterland Frisian: Heede
West Frisian: heide
Old Saxon: hētha
Middle Low German: heide
German Low German: Heide, Heid
Westphalian:
Münsterländer: Häide m, Haide f (Westmünsterländisch)
East Westphalian: Håi'n (Ravensberger)
Old Dutch: *heitha
Middle Dutch: heide
Dutch: heide, hei
Old High German: heida
Middle High German: heide
German: Heide
Luxembourgish: Heed

Old Norse: heiðr f

Icelandic: heiður, heiði

Faroese: heiði

Norwegian Nynorsk: hei, heid

Norwegian Bokmål: hei

Old Swedish: hēþ

Swedish: hed

Danish: hede

Norwegian Bokmål: hede

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌹 (haiþi)

Cognate with Proto-Brythonic *koɨd (“forest”) (Old Welsh coit), Latin bū-cētum (“pastureland”, literally “cow-pasture”), Albanian kath (“type of wheat”), kasht (“straw”). Possibly further from Proto-Indo-European *kóy-t-os (“forest, wasteland, pasture”), from *keyt- (“to shine”).


rīmą

rīmą (nominative singular)
rīmō (nominative plural)
rīmą (singular vocative)
rīmō (plural vocative)
rīmą (accusative singular)
rīmō (accusative plural)
rīmas (genitive singular)
rīmis (genitive singular)
rīmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rīmai (dative singular)
rīmamaz (dative plural)
rīmō (instrumental singular)
rīmamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rīm
Old English: rīm n
Middle English: rime, ryme
Scots: rime, ryme
English: rime, (rhyme)
Old Frisian: rīm m
Saterland Frisian: Riem
West Frisian: rym
Old Saxon: rīm m
Middle Low German: rîm, rime m
German Low German: Riem
Frankish: *rīm
Old Dutch: *rīm
→ Old Occitan: rim m
→ Old French: rime f (alternatively, derived from the verb Old French rimer (“to recount, rhyme”) < Frankish *rīman (“to arrange in a series”))
Middle French: rime
French: rime
→ Old Occitan: rima
→ Italian: rima
→ Middle English: rime, ryme
English: rhyme
Scots: rime, rhyme
→ Middle Dutch: rime, rijm
Dutch: rijm
Old High German: rīm m
Middle High German: rīm
German: Reim
Luxembourgish: Reim

Old Norse: rím

Icelandic: rím

Faroese: rím

Norwegian: rim

Swedish: rim

Danish: rim

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂rey- (“to customise, regulate, order, count, add”).


abnijaną

abnijō (active first-person indicative singular)
abnijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
abnijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
abnīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
abnijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
abnī (active imperative second-person singular)
abnijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
abnijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
abnīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
abnijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
abnijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
abnijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
abnijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
abnijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
abnijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
abnijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
abnijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
abnijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
abnijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
abnijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
abnijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
abnijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
abnīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
abnijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
abnīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
abnijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
abnijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
abnijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
abnijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
abnijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
abnijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
abnijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
abnidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
abnidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
abnidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
abnidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
abnidē (active indicative singular third-person)
abnidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
abnidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
abnidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
abnidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
abnidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
abnidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
abnidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
abnidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
abnidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
abnidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
abnidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
abnijandz (active participle present)
abnidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *abnijan
Old English: æfnan, efnan

Old Norse: efna

Icelandic: efna

Faroese: evna

Norwegian: emna, evna

→ Norwegian Bokmål: emne

Old Swedish: æmna, æmpna

Swedish: ämna

Danish: evne

Norwegian Bokmål: evne

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃op-, *h₃ep- (“to work; the result of work, income, wealth”). Cognate with Latin ops (“help”), Lithuanian apstus (“rich, plentiful, abundant”).


wantuz

wantuz (nominative singular)
wantiwiz (nominative plural)
wantu (singular vocative)
wantiwiz (plural vocative)
wantų (accusative singular)
wantunz (accusative plural)
wantauz (genitive singular)
wantiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wantiwi (dative singular)
wantumaz (dative plural)
wantū (instrumental singular)
wantumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wantu
Old Frisian: *want, *wont
Saterland Frisian: Wonte
West Frisian: want
Old Saxon: *wantu
Middle Low German: wante
Low German: Want
Old Dutch: *want
Middle Dutch: want
Dutch: want
Old High German: wantus
→ Medieval Latin: wantus, gantus, guantus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: vǫttr, vǫntr
Icelandic: vöttur
Faroese: vøttur
Norwegian: vott; (dialectal) vott’e, vøtt
→ Danish: vott (used by Norwegian authors)
Norwegian Bokmål: vott
Jamtish: vott
Elfdalian: ųott
Old Swedish: wante, vanter, vatter
Swedish: vante
Danish: vante
Norwegian Bokmål: vante
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: vante

→ Proto-Finnic: *vant'us (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: fáhcca

Southern Sami: vaanhtse

From Proto-Indo-European *wondʰnú- (“glove”), from Proto-Indo-European *wendʰ- (“to wind, wrap”).


missijaną

missijō (active first-person indicative singular)
missijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
missijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
missīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
missijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
missī (active imperative second-person singular)
missijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
missijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
missīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
missijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
missijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
missijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
missijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
missijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
missijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
missijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
missijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
missijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
missijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
missijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
missijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
missijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
missīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
missijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
missīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
missijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
missijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
missijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
missijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
missijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
missijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
missijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
missidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
missidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
missidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
missidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
missidē (active indicative singular third-person)
missidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
missidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
missidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
missidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
missidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
missidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
missidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
missidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
missidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
missidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
missidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
missijandz (active participle present)
missidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *missijan
Old English: missan
Middle English: missen
Scots: mis, mys, miss
English: miss
→ Maltese: mmisja
→ Danish: misse
Old Frisian: missa
Saterland Frisian: misje, miste
West Frisian: misse
Old Saxon: *missian
Middle Low German: missen
German Low German: missen
Old Dutch: *missen
Middle Dutch: missen
Dutch: missen
Old High German: missen
Middle High German: missen
German: missen
Luxembourgish: mëssen

Old Norse: missa
Icelandic: missa
Faroese: missa
Norwegian Nynorsk: missa, mista; (dialectal) myssa
Elfdalian: mista
Old Swedish: mista
Swedish: mista, missa
Old Danish: mistæ
Danish: miste, misse
Norwegian Bokmål: miste, misse
Scanian: mysta
Gutnish: miste

From *missaz (“alternate, abberant, wrong”) + *-janą.


abniją

abniją (nominative singular)
abnijō (nominative plural)
abniją (singular vocative)
abnijō (plural vocative)
abniją (accusative singular)
abnijō (accusative plural)
abnijas (genitive singular)
abnīs (genitive singular)
abnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
abnijai (dative singular)
abnijamaz (dative plural)
abnijō (instrumental singular)
abnijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *efn

⇒ Old English: andefn (+ and-)

desctree

Old Norse: efni
Icelandic: efni
Faroese: evni
Norn: even
Norwegian: emne; (dialectal) evne, ebne
→ Danish: emne
Norwegian Bokmål: emne
Old Swedish: æfni
Swedish: ämne
Danish: evne
Norwegian Bokmål: evne
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: evne
Gutnish: ämne
→ Middle English: efne, efene, evene, even
Scots: evyne, evyn, evin

→? Proto-Finnic: *ainëh

Finnish: aine

Karelian: aineh


leþrą

leþrą (nominative singular)
leþrō (nominative plural)
leþrą (singular vocative)
leþrō (plural vocative)
leþrą (accusative singular)
leþrō (accusative plural)
leþras (genitive singular)
liþris (genitive singular)
leþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
liþrai (dative singular)
leþramaz (dative plural)
leþrō (instrumental singular)
leþramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *leþr
Old English: leþer
Middle English: lether, lethere, lethir, lethyr, leþer, leþyr, leþir, leddyr, ledder, leddur, leddir, ledyr, leder
English: leather
Tok Pisin: let
→ Esperanto: ledo
→ Ido: ledro
Scots: lether, ledder, leither
Yola: luther (verb)
Old Frisian: lether, leither, leder, lider, leer
Saterland Frisian: Leeder
West Frisian: leare
Old Saxon: lethar
Middle Low German: leder
German Low German: Leer
Low German: Ledder, Lier
Old Dutch: *lether
Middle Dutch: leder
Dutch: leer
Afrikaans: leer
Negerhollands: leër, leer
→ Aukan: leli
→ Sranan Tongo: leri
Old High German: leder
Middle High German: leder
German: Leder
→ Esperanto: ledo
→ Ido: ledro

Hunsrik: Letter
Luxembourgish: Lieder
Vilamovian: łaoder
Yiddish: לעדער (leder)

Old Norse: leðr
Danish: læder n
Faroese: leður n
Icelandic: leður n
Norwegian Bokmål: lær n
Norwegian Nynorsk: lêr n
Swedish: läder n

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Celtic *(ɸ)letros (“leather, hide”).


jungilingaz

jungilingaz (nominative singular)
jungilingōz (nominative plural)
jungilingōs (nominative plural)
jungiling (singular vocative)
jungilingōz (plural vocative)
jungilingōs (plural vocative)
jungilingą (accusative singular)
jungilinganz (accusative plural)
jungilingas (genitive singular)
jungilingis (genitive singular)
jungilingǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jungilingai (dative singular)
jungilingamaz (dative plural)
jungilingō (instrumental singular)
jungilingamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *jungiling, *jungaling
Old English: ġeongling, iungling
Middle English: ȝongling, ȝongeling, ȝungling
English: youngling
Scots: younklin
Old Frisian: iungeling, jungeling
Old Saxon: jungling
Middle Low German: jüngelink
Old Dutch: *jungeling, iungelig
Middle Dutch: jongelinc, jonghelinc
Dutch: jongeling
Old High German: jungiling, jungaling, jungeling
Middle High German: jungelinc
German: Jüngling

Old Norse: ynglingr, unglingr

Icelandic: unglingur, ynglingur

Faroese: unglingur, unglingi

Norwegian: yngling

Swedish: yngling

Danish: yngling


utraz

utraz (nominative singular)
utrōz (nominative plural)
utrōs (nominative plural)
utr (singular vocative)
utrōz (plural vocative)
utrōs (plural vocative)
utrą (accusative singular)
utranz (accusative plural)
utras (genitive singular)
utris (genitive singular)
utrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
utrai (dative singular)
utramaz (dative plural)
utrō (instrumental singular)
utramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *otr
Old English: otr, oter, ottor, otor
Middle English: oter, otir, otur, otyre
Scots: otter
English: otter
Old Frisian: *otter
Saterland Frisian: Otter
West Frisian: otter
Old Saxon: *ottar
Middle Low German: otter
German Low German: Otter
Old Dutch: *ottar
Middle Dutch: otter
Dutch: otter
Berbice Creole Dutch: otro
Limburgish: ódder
Old High German: ottar
Middle High German: otter
German: Otter

Old Norse: otr

Icelandic: otur

Faroese: otur

Norwegian Bokmål: oter

Norwegian Nynorsk: oter

Old Swedish: uter, oter

Swedish: utter

Danish: odder

From Proto-Indo-European *udrós (“water-animal, otter”), from *wed- (“water”).


strangaz

*strangaz (a-stem)

strangaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
strangai (masculine nominative plural strong)
strangō (feminine nominative singular strong)
strangôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
strangą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
strangō (neuter nominative plural strong)
stranganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
stranganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
strangǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
strangōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
strangą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
strangō (accusative neuter plural strong)
strangas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
strangaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
strangaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
strangaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
strangas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
strangaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
strangammai (dative masculine singular strong)
strangaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
strangaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
strangaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
strangammai (dative neuter singular strong)
strangaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
stranganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
strangaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
strangaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
strangaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
stranganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
strangaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
strangô (masculine nominative singular weak)
stranganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
strangǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
strangōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
strangô (neuter nominative singular weak)
strangōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
stranganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
stranganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
strangōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
strangōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
strangô (accusative neuter singular weak)
strangōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
stranginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
stranganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
strangōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
strangōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
stranginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
stranganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
strangini (dative masculine singular weak)
strangammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
strangōni (dative feminine singular weak)
strangōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
strangini (dative neuter singular weak)
strangammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
stranginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
strangammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
strangōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
strangōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
stranginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
strangammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *strang, *strangī
Old English: strang, strong
Middle English: strong, stronge, stronke, stron, strange, straunge
English: strong
Scots: strang
Yola: straung
Old Frisian: *strang, streng
Saterland Frisian: strang
West Frisian: string
Old Saxon: strang
Middle Low German: stranc, strenge
Low German: strenge
Old Dutch: *strang, *strank
Middle Dutch: strange, stranc, strenge, streng
Dutch: streng
Limburgish: strang
Old High German: strangi, strengi, strang
Middle High German: strenge, strange
German: streng

Old Norse: strangr
Icelandic: strangur
Faroese: strangur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: streng
Norwegian Nynorsk: streng
Old Swedish: strænger, stranger
Swedish: sträng, strang (dialectal)
Danish: stræng, streng

→ Proto-Finnic: *rankka (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *strongʰos, an adjective formed from the strong verb *stringaną, from Proto-Indo-European *strengʰ- (“pulled tight, straight, constricted”), from Proto-Indo-European *ster- (“stiff, rigid”). Cognate with Latvian strangs (“brave, brisk, fresh”).


skandō

skandō (nominative singular)
skandôz (nominative plural)
skandō (singular vocative)
skandôz (plural vocative)
skandǭ (accusative singular)
skandōz (accusative plural)
skandōz (genitive singular)
skandǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skandōi (dative singular)
skandōmaz (dative plural)
skandō (instrumental singular)
skandōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skandu
Old English: sċand, sċeand, sċeond, sċond; sċendle
Middle English: schande, schonde; (schandle)
English: shand, shond
Old Frisian: skande, skonde
Saterland Frisian: Skounde
West Frisian: skande
Old Saxon: *skanda
Middle Low German: schande
German Low German: Schande, Schanne, Schann
→ Danish: skand (in compounds: e.g. skandskrift)
Old Dutch: *scanda
Middle Dutch: schande
Dutch: schande
Old High German: skanta, scanta, scanda
Middle High German: schande
German: Schande
→ Yiddish: שאַנדע (shande)
→ English: shanda, shonda
Luxembourgish: Schan
Yiddish: שאַנד (shand)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 (skanda)

From earlier *skamdō, pre-Germanic *skomtéh₂, from *sko-m- (root of *skamō (“shame”)) + *-téh₂.


hugjaną

hugjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hugjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hugaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hugjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hugai (active imperative second-person singular)
hugaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hugjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hugjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hugjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hugjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hugjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hugjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hugjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hugjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hugjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hugaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hugjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hugaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hugjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hugjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hugjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hugdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hugdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hugdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hugdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hugdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hugdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hugdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hugdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hugdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hugdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hugdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hugdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hugdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hugdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hugdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hugdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hugjandz (active participle present)
hugdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *huggjan
Old English: hyċġan
Middle English: huyen, hoyen
Scots: huik
Old Saxon: huggian
Middle Low German: hugen, hogen, hügen, hȫgen
Low German: högen
Old Dutch: *huggen
Middle Dutch: hōgen, huegen
Dutch: heugen
Old High German: bihuggen, gihuggen

Old Norse: hyggja

Icelandic: hyggja

Faroese: hyggja

Norwegian Nynorsk: hyggja, hygga

Old Swedish: hyggia

Swedish: hygga

Old Danish: hyggæ

Danish: hygge

Norwegian Bokmål: hygge

Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hugjan)


kustiz

kustiz (nominative singular)
kustīz (nominative plural)
kusti (singular vocative)
kustīz (plural vocative)
kustį (accusative singular)
kustinz (accusative plural)
kustīz (genitive singular)
kustijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kustī (dative singular)
kustimaz (dative plural)
kustī (instrumental singular)
kustimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: cyst

Middle English: cüste

Old Frisian: kest

North Frisian: kest

West Frisian: kêst

Old Saxon: cust

Middle Low German: kust, küst

Old Dutch: *kust

Middle Dutch: kust

Dutch: kust

Old High German: chust, kust

Middle High German: kust

Gothic: *𐌺𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍃 (*kusts) (in 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍃 (gakusts)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵéws-ti-s (“taste”), from *ǵews- (“to enjoy, taste”).


kustuz

kustuz (nominative singular)
kustiwiz (nominative plural)
kustu (singular vocative)
kustiwiz (plural vocative)
kustų (accusative singular)
kustunz (accusative plural)
kustauz (genitive singular)
kustiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kustiwi (dative singular)
kustumaz (dative plural)
kustū (instrumental singular)
kustumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: cost (possibly also from Old Norse); cyst m

Middle English: cost

Scots: cost, kost, coust

English: cost (“manner, way”)

Old Frisian: kest

Old Saxon: *cust , kust

Old Dutch: *kust

Middle Dutch: cust

Dutch: kust (archaic)

Old High German: *kust

Middle High German: kust

German: Kust m (dialectal)

Old Norse: kostr

Icelandic: kostur

Faroese: kostur

Old Swedish: koster, kuster

Swedish: -kost in farkost

Danish: kost

Gothic: 𐌺𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃 (kustus)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵéwstus (“taste”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵews- (“to enjoy, taste”).