hūsą

hūsą (nominative singular)
hūsō (nominative plural)
hūsą (singular vocative)
hūsō (plural vocative)
hūsą (accusative singular)
hūsō (accusative plural)
hūsas (genitive singular)
hūsis (genitive singular)
hūsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hūsai (dative singular)
hūsamaz (dative plural)
hūsō (instrumental singular)
hūsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hūs
Old English: hūs
Middle English: hous, hus, hows, house
English: house (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: hoose
Scots: hoose
Yola: heouse, houze, howze
Old Frisian: hūs
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum, Mooring: hüs
Saterland Frisian: Húus, Huus
West Frisian: hûs
Old Saxon: hūs
Middle Low German: hûs
German Low German: Huus, Hus, Hûs; Hius
Dutch Low Saxon: huus, hoes (Achterhoeks, Drents, Gronings, Sallands, Twents)
Plautdietsch: Hus
Old Dutch: hūs
Middle Dutch: huus
Dutch: huis
Afrikaans: huis
Javindo: guis, huis, geis, heis
Jersey Dutch: häus
Negerhollands: hoes, hus, huus
→ Virgin Islands Creole: hus (dated)
Petjo: heis
Skepi Creole Dutch: huis, hoose
Limburgish: hoes
Old High German: hūs
Middle High German: hūs, hous
Alemannic German: Hus, Huus
Alsatian: Hüs
Walser: hus, hüs, husch, hüüsch, hous
Bavarian: Haus
Cimbrian: haus
Mòcheno: haus
Udinese: haus
Central Franconian:
Moselle Franconian: Hous
Britten: [haʊ̯s]
Hunsrückisch:
Hunsrik: Haus
Ripuarian: Huus
Kölsch: Huus [huːs]
German: Haus
Luxembourgish: Haus
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Haus
Vilamovian: haojs
Yiddish: הויז (hoyz)

Old Norse: hús
Icelandic: hús
Faroese: hús
Norn: hus
Norwegian Nynorsk: hus
Norwegian Bokmål: hus
Elfdalian: aus
Old Swedish: hūs
Swedish: hus
Old Danish: hūs
Danish: hus
Gutnish: heus

Crimean Gothic: hus

→ Proto-Slavic: *xyža (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kuH-s-o-m, from *(s)kewH- (“cover, hide”).


fuglaz

fuglaz (nominative singular)
fuglōz (nominative plural)
fuglōs (nominative plural)
fugl (singular vocative)
fuglōz (plural vocative)
fuglōs (plural vocative)
fuglą (accusative singular)
fuglanz (accusative plural)
fuglas (genitive singular)
fuglis (genitive singular)
fuglǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fuglai (dative singular)
fuglamaz (dative plural)
fuglō (instrumental singular)
fuglamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fugl
Old English: fugol, fugel, fugul; *flugol — attested as fluglas (pl)
Middle English: fowel, fowele, foul, foghel, fuȝel, foȝel, foughel, fouel, fowl
English: fowl
Scots: foul, fule
Yola: fowlès (plural)
Old Frisian: fugel
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: fögel
Hallig: fugel
Goesharde and Mooring: föögel
Saterland Frisian: Fúgel
West Frisian: fûgel
Old Saxon: fugal
Middle Low German: vōgel
German Low German: Vogel, Vögel
Low German: Vagel, Vögel
Plautdietsch: Voagel
Old Dutch: fogal, vogal
Middle Dutch: vōgel
Dutch: vogel
Afrikaans: voël
→ English: voël
Jersey Dutch: fœüxel
Negerhollands: vogel
Skepi Creole Dutch: fogul
→? Sranan Tongo: fowru, vol, vool
→ Saramaccan: fóu
Limburgish: vogel, voeagel
West Flemish: veugel
Zealandic: veugel
Old High German: fogal, fugal
Middle High German: vogel
Alemannic German: Fogel, Vogel
Central Franconian: Vuggel, Vugel (Colognian Academy spelling); Vuul (scattered variant in Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Foghel
Kölsch: Furrel
Cimbrian: vóoghel, bóoghel, vogl
German: Vogel
Luxembourgish: Vugel, Vull
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Voggel
Vilamovian: föguł
Yiddish: פֿויגל (foygl)

Old Norse: fogl, fugl
Icelandic: fugl
Faroese: fuglur
Norn: fugl, ful
Norwegian Nynorsk: fugl; (dialectal) fogl, føgl, faugl
Jamtish: fugł
Elfdalian: fugel
Old Swedish: fughl, foghl, ᚠᚢᚵᚼᛚ
Swedish: fågel, fogel
→ Finnish: fogeli (Helsinki)
Old Danish: fughl
Danish: fugl
Norwegian Bokmål: fugl
Scanian: fuğl
Gutnish: fäugel

Gothic: 𐍆𐌿𐌲𐌻𐍃 (fugls)

Possibly a dissimilated variant of *fluglaz, from *fleuganą (“to fly”).


jungaz

junhizô (comparative)
junhistaz (superlative)
jungaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
jungai (masculine nominative plural strong)
jungō (feminine nominative singular strong)
jungôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
jungą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
jungō (neuter nominative plural strong)
junganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
junganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
jungǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
jungōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
jungą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
jungō (accusative neuter plural strong)
jungas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
jungaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
jungaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
jungaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
jungas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
jungaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
jungammai (dative masculine singular strong)
jungaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
jungaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
jungaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
jungammai (dative neuter singular strong)
jungaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
junganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
jungaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
jungaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
jungaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
junganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
jungaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
jungô (masculine nominative singular weak)
junganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
jungǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
jungōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
jungô (neuter nominative singular weak)
jungōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
junganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
junganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
jungōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
jungōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
jungô (accusative neuter singular weak)
jungōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
junginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
junganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
jungōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
jungōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
junginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
junganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
jungini (dative masculine singular weak)
jungammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
jungōni (dative feminine singular weak)
jungōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
jungini (dative neuter singular weak)
jungammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
junginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
jungammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
jungōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
jungōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
junginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
jungammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*jungaz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *jung
Old English: ġeong, ġing, ġiong, ġiung, ġung, iong, iung, ġeng
Middle English: yong
English: young
Scots: young
Old Frisian: jung
Saterland Frisian: jung, junk
West Frisian: jong
Old Saxon: jung
Middle Low German: jung
Low German: jung
→ Polabian: jungĕ
Old Dutch: jung
Middle Dutch: jonc
Dutch: jong
Limburgish: jong
Old High German: jung
Middle High German: junc
Alemannic German: jung, jungu, jungà, junhs, jòng
Bavarian: junk
Cimbrian: jung, djung, junk
Mòcheno: jung
Central Franconian: jonk
Hunsrik: jung
Luxembourgish: jonk
German: jung
Pennsylvania German: jung
Vilamovian: jung
Yiddish: יונג (yung)

Old Norse: ungr
Icelandic: ungur
Faroese: ungur
Norwegian Nynorsk: ung; (dialectal) ong
Elfdalian: ungg
Old Swedish: unger
Swedish: ung
Old Danish: ungær, ung
Danish: ung
Norwegian Bokmål: ung
Gutnish: unggar
Scanian: onger

Gothic: 𐌾𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍃 (juggs)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂yuHn̥ḱós, from *h₂yuh₁en-. The shortening of the vowel from earlier *-uHun- is due to Osthoff's law.


tamaz

*tamaz (a-stem)

tamaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
tamai (masculine nominative plural strong)
tamō (feminine nominative singular strong)
tamôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
tamą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
tamō (neuter nominative plural strong)
tamanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
tamanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
tamǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
tamōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
tamą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
tamō (accusative neuter plural strong)
tamas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
tamaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
tamaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
tamaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
tamas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
tamaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
tamammai (dative masculine singular strong)
tamaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
tamaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
tamaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
tamammai (dative neuter singular strong)
tamaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
tamanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
tamaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
tamaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
tamaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
tamanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
tamaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
tamô (masculine nominative singular weak)
tamaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
tamǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
tamōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
tamô (neuter nominative singular weak)
tamōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
tamanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
tamanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
tamōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
tamōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
tamô (accusative neuter singular weak)
tamōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
taminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
tamanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
tamōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
tamōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
taminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
tamanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
tamini (dative masculine singular weak)
tamammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
tamōni (dative feminine singular weak)
tamōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
tamini (dative neuter singular weak)
tamammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
taminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
tamammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
tamōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
tamōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
taminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
tamammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *tam
Old English: tam, tom
Middle English: tame, tam; tom, tome (early Southwest and Southwest Midlands)
English: tame
Scots: tame
Old Frisian: tam, tom (in compounds)
Saterland Frisian: tom
West Frisian: tam
Old Saxon: tam
Middle Low German: tam
Low German: tamm, tahm
Old Dutch: *tam
Middle Dutch: tam
Dutch: tam
Afrikaans: tam
Negerhollands: teem
Old High German: zam
Middle High German: zam
Alemannic German: zam
German: zahm
Hunsrik: zaam
Luxembourgish: zam

Old Norse: tamr
Icelandic: tamur
Faroese: tamur
Norwegian: tam
Old Swedish: tamber
Swedish: tam
Old Danish: tam
Danish: tam


gebaną

gebō (active first-person indicative singular)
gebaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gebai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gibizi (active indicative second-person singular)
gebaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
geb (active imperative second-person singular)
gebazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gebaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gibidi (active indicative singular third-person)
gebai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gebadau (active imperative singular third-person)
gebadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gebaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gebōz (active dual first-person indicative)
gebaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gebadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gebaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gebadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gebamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gebaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gebandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gebaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gibid (active indicative plural second-person)
gebaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gibid (active imperative plural second-person)
gebandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gebaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gebandi (active indicative plural third-person)
gebain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gebandau (active imperative plural third-person)
gebandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gebaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gab (active first-person indicative singular)
gēbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaft (active indicative second-person singular)
gēbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gab (active indicative singular third-person)
gēbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gēbū (active dual first-person indicative)
gēbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gēbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gēbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gēbum (active first-person indicative plural)
gēbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gēbud (active indicative plural second-person)
gēbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gēbun (active indicative plural third-person)
gēbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gebandz (active participle present)
gebanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *geban
Old English: ġiefan, ġifan — West Saxon; ġyfan — Late West Saxon; ġefan, ġeofan, ġiofan — Non-West Saxon
Middle English: yiven, ȝeven, ȝiven, yeven
English: yive
Yola: yie, ye, yive
⇒ Middle English: given, gifen, geven
English: give
Scots: gie, geve, gewe, gif, gyf, gefe
Yola: gee
 (influenced by Old Norse gefa)
Old Frisian: jeva
North Frisian: jiw
Föhr-Amrum: jiiw
Mooring: jeewe
West Frisian: jaan
Old Saxon: gevan, geƀan
Middle Low German: geven
Low German: geven, gewen, giäwen, giewen
Old Dutch: gevan
Middle Dutch: gēven
Dutch: geven
Afrikaans: gee
Javindo: heef
Jersey Dutch: xêve
Negerhollands: gie, gi, giev, gief
Skepi Creole Dutch: gef
Limburgish: gaeve
Old High German: geban
Middle High German: geben
Alemannic German: gë, gua, gää, gea
Bavarian: gebn
Cimbrian: gem, ghèban (Sette Comuni)
Central Franconian: jevve, jenn; gewe, gewwe, genn
Hunsrik: gewe
Luxembourgish: ginn
East Franconian: geb, gebe, gewe
German: geben
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: gewwe
Vilamovian: gaon, gann
Yiddish: געבן (gebn)

desc

Proto-Norse: ᚷᛁᛒᚢ (gibu, 1sg.pres.ind.), ᚷᛡᚠ (gᴀf, 1/3sg.past.ind.)

desctree

Old Norse: gefa, ᚴᛅᚠ (kaf) — first/third singular past indicative, Runic form; ᚴᛅᚠᚢ (kafu) — third plural past indicative, Runic form
Icelandic: gefa
Faroese: geva
Norwegian Nynorsk: gjeva, gje, giva; (dialectal) gjåvå
Elfdalian: djävå
Old Swedish: giva, gæva, giffua, giffwa
Swedish: giva
Danish: give
Norwegian Bokmål: give, gi
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: gi
Scanian: gi
Hallandian: ge
Gutnish: giva, gi
→ Middle English: given (influenced by native Old English ġiefan)
Scots: gie, geve, gewe, gif, gyf, gefe
English: give

Gothic: 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (giban)

/ˈɣe.βɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰebʰ-e-ti, from *gʰebʰ- (“to give, move”) (traditionally *gʰabʰ-). Cognate with Latvian gãbtiês (“to snatch, grab, seize”), Lithuanian góbti (id.), Proto-Slavic *gabati (“to seize, take”) and Sanskrit गभस्ति (gábhasti, “arm, hand”).
Some Leiden scholars reject the existence of *gʰebʰ- without a laryngeal, reconstructing it as *gʰeHbʰ-, and therefore reject the appurtenance of Germanic *geb-. Kortlandt proposes to connect Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep- (“to seize”) and assumes it was prefixed in Proto-Germanic with *ga-.

cog

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


þunnuz

þunnizô (comparative)
þunnistaz (superlative)
þunnuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
þunnijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
þunnī (feminine nominative singular strong)
þunnijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
þunnų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
þunnijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
þunnijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
þunnijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
þunnijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
þunnijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
þunnų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
þunnijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
þunnijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
þunnīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
þunnijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
þunnijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
þunnijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
þunnijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
þunnīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
þunnijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
þunnijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
þunnijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
þunnijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
þunnijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
þunnijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
þunnijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
þunnijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
þunnijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
þunnijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
þunnijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
þunnijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
þunnijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
þunnijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
þunnijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
þunnijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
þunnijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
þunnijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
þunnijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
þunnijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
þunnijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
þunnijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
þunnijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
þunnijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
þunnijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
þunnīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
þunnijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
þunnijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
þunnijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
þunnīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
þunnijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
þunnīni (dative masculine singular weak)
þunnijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
þunnijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
þunnijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
þunnīni (dative neuter singular weak)
þunnijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
þunnīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
þunnijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
þunnijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
þunnijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
þunnīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
þunnijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þunnī
Old English: þynne, þinne
Middle English: thinne, thin, thunne, thenne, þinne, þynne, thynne, thyn
English: thin
Scots: thin
Old Frisian: thenne
Saterland Frisian: tään
West Frisian: tin
Old Saxon: thunni
Middle Low German: dünne
German Low German: dünn
Plautdietsch: denn
Old Dutch: *thunni
Middle Dutch: dunne
Dutch: dun
Afrikaans: dun
Berbice Creole Dutch: doni
Negerhollands: dun, din
→ Aukan: deni, doin
Limburgish: dön
West Flemish: thinne
Old High German: dunni
Middle High German: dünne
Alemannic German: tünn, dünn
Swabian:
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: dünne
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: dinn
Luxembourgish: dënn
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: dynn
East Franconian:
German: dünn
Rhine Franconian: denn, dinn
Frankfurterisch: [d̥in]
Pennsylvania German:
Yiddish: דין (din)

Old Norse: þunnr
Icelandic: þunnur
Faroese: tunnur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: tynn
Norwegian Nynorsk: tynn
Elfdalian: tunn
Old Swedish: þunder
Swedish: tunn
Old Danish: thun
Danish: tynd
Gutnish: tunnar
Scanian: tynðer

From earlier *þunwuz, from Proto-Indo-European *tn̥h₂wús, variant of *ténh₂us (“thin”). Cognate with Sanskrit तनु (tanú), Latin tenuis.


dumbaz

*dumbaz (a-stem)

dumbaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
dumbai (masculine nominative plural strong)
dumbō (feminine nominative singular strong)
dumbôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
dumbą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
dumbō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dumbanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dumbanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
dumbǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
dumbōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
dumbą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
dumbō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dumbas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
dumbaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dumbaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dumbaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dumbas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
dumbaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
dumbammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dumbaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dumbaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dumbaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
dumbammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dumbaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dumbanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dumbaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dumbaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dumbaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dumbanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dumbaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
dumbô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dumbaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
dumbǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
dumbōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
dumbô (neuter nominative singular weak)
dumbōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dumbanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dumbanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
dumbōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
dumbōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
dumbô (accusative neuter singular weak)
dumbōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
dumbiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dumbanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
dumbōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
dumbōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
dumbiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dumbanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
dumbini (dative masculine singular weak)
dumbammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
dumbōni (dative feminine singular weak)
dumbōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
dumbini (dative neuter singular weak)
dumbammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
dumbinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
dumbammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
dumbōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
dumbōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
dumbinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
dumbammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *dʰm̥bʰ-o-s, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- (“to whisk, smoke, darken, obscure; to confuse, stupefy”).

der

Proto-West Germanic: *dumbOld English: dumbMiddle English: dumbScots: dumbEnglish: dumbOld Frisian: dumbNorth Frisian: dom

dommeSaterland Frisian: dumWest Frisian: domOld Saxon: dumbMiddle Low German: dumLow German: dummOld Dutch: dumbMiddle Dutch: dom

dumDutch: domAfrikaans: domBerbice Creole Dutch: dumNegerhollands: dom

dum→ Sranan Tongo: donLimburgish: dómbOld High German: tumbMiddle High German: tumpGerman: dumm


snīwaną

snīwō (active first-person indicative singular)
snīwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snīwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
snīwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
snīwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snīw (active imperative second-person singular)
snīwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
snīwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
snīwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
snīwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snīwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
snīwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
snīwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
snīwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
snīwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snīwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snīwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snīwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
snīwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
snīwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snīwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
snīwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
snīwid (active indicative plural second-person)
snīwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snīwid (active imperative plural second-person)
snīwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
snīwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
snīwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
snīwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snīwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
snīwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
snīwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
snaiw (active first-person indicative singular)
sniwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snaiwt (active indicative second-person singular)
sniwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snaiw (active indicative singular third-person)
sniwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sniwū (active dual first-person indicative)
sniwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sniwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sniwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sniwum (active first-person indicative plural)
sniwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sniwud (active indicative plural second-person)
sniwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sniwun (active indicative plural third-person)
sniwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snīwandz (active participle present)
sniwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *snīwan
Old English: snīwan
Middle English: snewen, sneuwen, snew, snewe, sniwe
English: snew
Old Frisian: *snīa
West Frisian: snije
Old Saxon: *snīwan
Middle Low German: snîen
Low German: snien
Plautdietsch: schnieen
Old Dutch: *snīwan
Middle Dutch: snuwen
Dutch: snuwen
Limburgish: snieë, snieëje
Old High German: snīwan
Middle High German: snīen, snīwen
Bavarian: schneibn
Cimbrian: snaiban, snaim (Luserna)
German: schneien
Luxembourgish: schneien
Yiddish: שנייען (shneyen)

Old Norse: snjóva, snæva, snjáva
Icelandic: snjóa
Norwegian Nynorsk: snø, snøa, snjova
Norwegian: snya, snjóge (dialectal)
Norwegian Bokmål: snø
Swedish: snö
Danish: sne


snaiwaz

snaiwaz (nominative singular)
snaiwōz (nominative plural)
snaiwōs (nominative plural)
snaiw (singular vocative)
snaiwōz (plural vocative)
snaiwōs (plural vocative)
snaiwą (accusative singular)
snaiwanz (accusative plural)
snaiwas (genitive singular)
snaiwis (genitive singular)
snaiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snaiwai (dative singular)
snaiwamaz (dative plural)
snaiwō (instrumental singular)
snaiwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *snaiw
Old English: snāw
Middle English: snow, snaw, snowe, snawe, snowȝ, snoȝ, snogh, snou
English: snow
Scots: snaw
Yola: sneow, sneew, snowe, snow
Old Frisian: snē
North Frisian: snä
Saterland Frisian: Snee
West Frisian: snie
Old Saxon: snēo, snēu
Middle Low German: snê
German Low German: Snei, Snee, Sneei
Plautdietsch: Schnee
Old Dutch: snēo
Middle Dutch: snêe
Dutch: sneeuw, snee (now dialectal, otherwise obsolete)
Afrikaans: sneeu
Negerhollands: sneew
→ Papiamentu: sneu, sneeuw
→ Sranan Tongo: snew
Limburgish: snieë
Old High German: snēo
Middle High German: snē
Alemannic German: Schnee
Swabian: Schnéa, Schnéé
Italian Walser: schnee, schnei, schnia, schné, schnìj
Bavarian: Schnää, Schnèj, schnea, sghneab
Cimbrian: snea, snèa
Mòcheno: schnea
Central Franconian: Schnie
Hunsrik: Schnee
German: Schnee
Luxembourgish: Schnéi
Rhine Franconian: Schnäi, Schnee, Schnei, Schnie
Pennsylvania German: Schnee
Vilamovian: śnej
Yiddish: שניי (shney)

Old Norse: snjór, snjár, snær
Icelandic: snjór, snjár, snær
Faroese: snjógvur
Norn: snju, snaa
Norwegian Nynorsk: snjo, snø; (dialectal) snjór'e, sny
Norwegian Bokmål: snø
Jamtish: snǿ
Elfdalian: sniųo
Old Swedish: sniōr
Swedish: snö
Old Danish: sniō, snø̄, snē
Danish: sne
Norwegian Bokmål: sne
Scanian: sný
Gutnish: snåi

Gothic: 𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃 (snaiws)


dailiz

dailiz (nominative singular)
dailīz (nominative plural)
daili (singular vocative)
dailīz (plural vocative)
dailį (accusative singular)
dailinz (accusative plural)
dailīz (genitive singular)
dailijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dailī (dative singular)
dailimaz (dative plural)
dailī (instrumental singular)
dailimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *daili m
Old English: dǣl
Middle English: dele
Scots: dele
English: deal
→ German: Deal
Old Frisian: dēl
North Frisian: deel
Saterland Frisian: Deel
West Frisian: diel
Old Saxon: dēl
Middle Low German: dēl, deil
German Low German: Deel
→ Norwegian: del
→ Old Swedish: del
Swedish: del
→ Danish: del
Old Dutch: deil
Old High German: teil
Middle High German: teil
Central Franconian: Dääl
German: Teil
Luxembourgish: Deel
Yiddish: טייל (teyl)

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 f (dails)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰayl- (“part, watershed”), itself tentatively derived from *dʰeh₁- (“to put, do”), though this is highly uncertain due to lack of morphological parallels in other Indo-European languages. Cognate with *dailą, *dailǭ; outside of Germanic, cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *dail- (whence Lithuanian dalýti (“to divide”)), Proto-Slavic *dělъ (Old Church Slavonic дѣлити (děliti), Russian дели́ть (delítʹ)).


allaz

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language

allaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
allai (masculine nominative plural strong)
allō (feminine nominative singular strong)
allôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
allą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
allō (neuter nominative plural strong)
allanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
allanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
allǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
allōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
allą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
allō (accusative neuter plural strong)
allas (genitive masculine singular strong)
allis (genitive masculine singular strong)
allaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
allaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
allaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
allas (genitive neuter singular strong)
allis (genitive neuter singular strong)
allaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
allammai (dative masculine singular strong)
allaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
allaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
allaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
allammai (dative neuter singular strong)
allaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
allanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
allaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
allaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
allaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
allanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
allaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *all
Old English: eall, æal, all — Anglian; æall, eal, eæll; ᚪᛚ (al) — Ruthwell Cross
Middle English: all, al
English: all
Geordie English: a'
Scots: a', a, aw; aa, aal (Shetland)
Yola: aul, aal, all, al
Old Frisian: all
Saterland Frisian: al, aal
West Frisian: al
Old Saxon: al, all
Middle Low German: al, alle
German Low German: all, alle (Münsterländisch; Sauerländisch), olle (Paderbornisch)
Old Dutch: al, ol
Middle Dutch: al
Dutch: al
Afrikaans: al
Limburgish: al
Old High German: al
Middle High German: al
Alemannic German: älli
German: all
Luxembourgish: all
Yiddish: אַלע (ale)

Old Norse: allr
Icelandic: allur
Faroese: allur
Norwegian Nynorsk: all
Old Swedish: alder, ᛆᛚᚦᚽᚱ (Runic)
Swedish: all
Danish: al
Norwegian Bokmål: all

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐍃 (alls)

From pre-Germanic *h₂elnós, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“beyond, other”).


hrainiz

hrainizô (comparative)
hrainistaz (superlative)
hrainiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hrainijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hrainī (feminine nominative singular strong)
hrainijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hrainį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hrainijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hrainijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hrainijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hrainijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hrainijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hrainį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hrainijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hrainijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
hrainīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
hrainijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hrainijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hrainijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hrainijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
hrainīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
hrainijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hrainijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hrainijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hrainijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hrainijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hrainijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hrainijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hrainijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hrainijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hrainijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hrainijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hrainijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hrainijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hrainijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hrainijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hrainijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hrainijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hrainijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hrainijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hrainijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hrainijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hrainijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hrainijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hrainijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hrainijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hrainīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hrainijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hrainijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hrainijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hrainīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hrainijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hrainīni (dative masculine singular weak)
hrainijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hrainijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hrainijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hrainīni (dative neuter singular weak)
hrainijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hrainīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hrainijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hrainijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hrainijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hrainīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hrainijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrainī
Old Saxon: hrēni
Middle Low German: rein
Low German: rein, ren
Old Dutch: reini
Middle Dutch: reine
Dutch: rein
Negerhollands: rein
Limburgish: rein
Old High German: reini
Middle High German: reine
German: rein
Yiddish: ריין (reyn)

Old Norse: hreinn
Icelandic: hreinn
Faroese: reinur
Norwegian Nynorsk: rein
→ Norwegian Bokmål: rein
Elfdalian: rien
Old Swedish: rēn
Swedish: ren
Danish: ren
Norwegian Bokmål: ren
Gutnish: rainar, rain

Gothic: 𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (hrains)

→ Proto-Finnic: *rainis (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: ráinnas

Southern Sami: raajnes

From Proto-Indo-European *krey- (“to strip, touch”).


dailǭ

dailǭ (nominative singular)
dailōniz (nominative plural)
dailǭ (singular vocative)
dailōniz (plural vocative)
dailōnų (accusative singular)
dailōnunz (accusative plural)
dailōniz (genitive singular)
dailōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dailōni (dative singular)
dailōmaz (dative plural)
dailōnē (instrumental singular)
dailōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: deila

Old Gutnish: deila

Old Swedish: dēla

Swedish: dela, delo

Norwegian: del

Danish: del

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰 (daila)

/ˈdɑi̯.lɔ̃ː/

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰayleh₂, *dʰayl- (“part, watershed”). Cognate with *dailiz, *dailą.


langaz

langizô (comparative)
langistaz (superlative)
langaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
langai (masculine nominative plural strong)
langō (feminine nominative singular strong)
langôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
langą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
langō (neuter nominative plural strong)
langanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
langanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
langǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
langōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
langą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
langō (accusative neuter plural strong)
langas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
langaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
langaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
langaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
langas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
langaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
langammai (dative masculine singular strong)
langaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
langaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
langaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
langammai (dative neuter singular strong)
langaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
langanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
langaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
langaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
langaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
langanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
langaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
langô (masculine nominative singular weak)
langaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
langǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
langōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
langô (neuter nominative singular weak)
langōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
langanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
langanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
langōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
langōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
langô (accusative neuter singular weak)
langōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
langiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
langanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
langōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
langōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
langiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
langanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
langini (dative masculine singular weak)
langammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
langōni (dative feminine singular weak)
langōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
langini (dative neuter singular weak)
langammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
langinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
langammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
langōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
langōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
langinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
langammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*langaz (a-stem)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lang
Old English: lang, long
Middle English: long, longe, longue, lang, lange, langhe
English: long
Geordie English: lang
Scots: lang
Yola: lhaung, long
Old Frisian: long, lang
North Frisian: long, lung
Saterland Frisian: loang
West Frisian: lang
Old Saxon: lang, long
Middle Low German: lanc, lang, lanch
Low German: lang
Plautdietsch: lang, lank
Old Dutch: *lang
Middle Dutch: lanc
Dutch: lang
Afrikaans: lank
Berbice Creole Dutch: langgi
Jersey Dutch: lānk
Negerhollands: lang, laṅ
→ Sranan Tongo: langa
→ Aukan: langa
→ Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin: langame
→ Saramaccan: lánga, djanga
Limburgish: lank
Zealandic: lank
Old High German: lang
Middle High German: lanc
Alemannic German: lang
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: lång
Mòcheno: lònk
German: lang
Hunsrik: lang
Luxembourgish: laang
Pennsylvania German: lang
Vilamovian: łaong
Yiddish: לאַנג (lang)

Old Norse: langr
Icelandic: langur
Faroese: langur
Norn: lang
Norwegian Nynorsk: lang
Norwegian Bokmål: lang
Old Swedish: langer
Swedish: lång
Danish: lang
Gutnish: langgar, langgår, langgur

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 (laggs)

→ Proto-Finnic: *lanka (“thread, yarn”)

→ Proto-Samic: *luoŋkē (“rectum”)


weganą

wegō (active first-person indicative singular)
wegaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wegai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wigizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wegaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
weg (active imperative second-person singular)
wegazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wegaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wigidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wegai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wegadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wegadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wegaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wegōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wegaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wegadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wegaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wegadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wegamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wegaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wegandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wegaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wigid (active indicative plural second-person)
wegaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wigid (active imperative plural second-person)
wegandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wegaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wegandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wegain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wegandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wegandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wegaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wag (active first-person indicative singular)
wēgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waht (active indicative second-person singular)
wēgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wag (active indicative singular third-person)
wēgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wēgū (active dual first-person indicative)
wēgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wēgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wēgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wēgum (active first-person indicative plural)
wēgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wēgud (active indicative plural second-person)
wēgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wēgun (active indicative plural third-person)
wēgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wegandz (active participle present)
weganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wegan
Old English: wegan
Middle English: weien, weȝen, weghen
English: weigh
Scots: wey, wee
Old Frisian: wega, waga
Saterland Frisian: weege
West Frisian: weage, wage
Old Saxon: wegan
Middle Low German: wegen, wēgen, weigen
German Low German: wegen
Old Dutch: *wegan
Middle Dutch: wēgen
Dutch: wegen (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: waege
Old High German: wegan
Middle High German: wegen; wigen (north-western, from present singular)
Alemannic German: weigge
Cimbrian: béegan
German: wiegen, wägen
Luxembourgish: weien

Old Norse: vega
Icelandic: vega
Faroese: viga
Norwegian Nynorsk: vega; (dialectal) vågå, vaga
>? Russenorsk: vegom
Old Swedish: vægha
Swedish: väga
Old Danish: wæghæ
Danish: veje
Norwegian Bokmål: veie

Gothic: *𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (*wigan) (attested in prefixed variant 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (gawigan))

From Proto-Indo-European *wéǵʰeti, from *weǵʰ-.


dailą

dailą (nominative singular)
dailō (nominative plural)
dailą (singular vocative)
dailō (plural vocative)
dailą (accusative singular)
dailō (accusative plural)
dailas (genitive singular)
dailis (genitive singular)
dailǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dailai (dative singular)
dailamaz (dative plural)
dailō (instrumental singular)
dailamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: dāl

Middle English: dal, dol

Scots: dale, dail

English: dole, deal

Old Frisian: dēl

Saterland Frisian: Deel

West Frisian: diel

Old Saxon: dēl

Middle Low German: dēl, deil

German Low German: Deel n

Low German: Deel

Old Dutch: *dēl, deil

Middle Dutch: dele, deel

Dutch: deel

Old High German: teil

Middle High German: teil

German: Teil

Luxembourgish: Deel

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰaylom, *dʰayl- (“part, watershed”). Cognate with *dailiz, *dailǭ.


munþaz

munþaz (nominative singular)
munþōz (nominative plural)
munþōs (nominative plural)
munþ (singular vocative)
munþōz (plural vocative)
munþōs (plural vocative)
munþą (accusative singular)
munþanz (accusative plural)
munþas (genitive singular)
munþis (genitive singular)
munþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
munþai (dative singular)
munþamaz (dative plural)
munþō (instrumental singular)
munþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *munþ
Old English: mūþ
Middle English: mouth
English: mouth
Scots: mooth
Old Frisian: mūth; mund, mond
North Frisian: müd, müth, müss
Saterland Frisian: *Mund (in derivatives and compounds)
⇒ Saterland Frisian: mundpaas (“bite-sized”)
⇒ Saterland Frisian: mundelk (“oral”)
West Frisian: mûn
→⇒ Middle Dutch: mûde, mûye f (“mouth (of a river)”)
Dutch: muide, mui
Old Saxon: mūth, mund
Middle Low German: munt, mont
German Low German: Mund
→ Scots: mund, mun
Old Dutch: munt
Middle Dutch: mont
Dutch: mond, mont (obsolete)
Afrikaans: mond
Javindo: mon
Negerhollands: mond, mon, mun, mont
→ Virgin Islands Creole: mon, mout (dated)
Petjo: mon
Skepi Creole Dutch: mont
Limburgish: móndj
Old High German: mund
Middle High German: munt
German: Mund
Luxembourgish: Mond

Old Norse: muðr, munnr

Icelandic: munnur

Faroese: munnur, muður

Norn: moinnj

Norwegian: munn

Old Swedish: munder

Swedish: mun

Old Danish: mun

Danish: mund

Elfdalian: muð (acc. munn)

Gutnish: mun

→ English: mun (obsolete)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 (munþs)

From Proto-Indo-European *men-to- (“mouth, jaw”), from *men-. Cognate with Latin mentum (“chin”). See Latin mandō for an alternative theory.


harduz

hardizô (comparative)
hardistaz (superlative)
harduz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hardijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hardī (feminine nominative singular strong)
hardijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hardų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hardijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hardijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hardijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hardijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hardijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hardų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hardijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hardijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
hardīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
hardijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hardijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hardijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hardijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
hardīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
hardijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hardijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hardijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hardijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hardijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hardijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hardijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hardijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hardijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hardijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hardijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hardijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hardijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hardijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hardijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hardijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hardijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hardijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hardijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hardijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hardijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hardijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hardijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hardijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hardijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hardīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hardijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hardijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hardijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hardīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hardijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hardīni (dative masculine singular weak)
hardijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hardijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hardijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hardīni (dative neuter singular weak)
hardijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hardīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hardijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hardijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hardijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hardīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hardijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hard(ī)
Old English: heard
Middle English: hard
English: hard
→ Finnish: haarti
→ Spanish: hard
Scots: hard, haird
Old Frisian: herde, herd
Saterland Frisian: hart
West Frisian: hurd
Old Saxon: hard
Middle Low German: hart, hārde
Low German: hard, hart
Old Dutch: hart
Middle Dutch: hart, hert
Dutch: hard
Jersey Dutch: hārd
Negerhollands: hart
Skepi Creole Dutch: hardt
Old High German: hart
Middle High German: hart, herte
Alemannic German: hert
Swabian: hirrt
Bavarian: hoat
Central Franconian: haat
German: hart
Luxembourgish: haart
Yiddish: האַרט (hart)

Old Norse: harðr
Icelandic: harður
Faroese: harður
Norwegian: hard; (dialectal) hard’u, hard’e
→ Norwegian Bokmål: hard
Old Swedish: harþer
Swedish: hård
Danish: hård
Norwegian Bokmål: hård

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 (hardus)

→ Proto-Finnic: *hardas (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kort-ús, from *kert-, *kret- (“strong, powerful”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κρατύς (kratús, “strong”), Ancient Greek κράτος (krátos, “strength, power, dominion”).


harjaz

harjaz (nominative singular)
harjōz (nominative plural)
harjōs (nominative plural)
hari (singular vocative)
harjōz (plural vocative)
harjōs (plural vocative)
harją (accusative singular)
harjanz (accusative plural)
harjas (genitive singular)
haris (genitive singular)
harjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harjai (dative singular)
harjamaz (dative plural)
harjō (instrumental singular)
harjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hari
Old English: here
Middle English: here
Scots: here, heir, heyr
Old Frisian: here, hire
Saterland Frisian: Heer
West Frisian: hear
Old Saxon: heri
Middle Low German: hēre, hēr
Old Dutch: heri (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: here
Dutch: heer, heir
Afrikaans: heer
Old High German: heri
Middle High German: here, her
German: Heer

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (*harjaʀ) (attested in ᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨ (harja) and ᛊᚹᚨᛒᚨᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (swabaharjaʀ /Swābaharjaz/))

Old Norse: herr, -arr (in names)
Icelandic: her
Faroese: herur
Norwegian Nynorsk: her
Old Swedish: hær
Swedish: här
Danish: hær
Norwegian Bokmål: hær
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: hær

East Germanic:

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 (harjis)

Vandalic: *haris

→? Proto-Finnic: *karja (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kóryos (“war, troops”), from *ker- (“army”). Cognate with Old Irish cuire (“troop, host, company; muster”), Lithuanian kãras, kãrias (“war”), Ancient Greek κοίρανος (koíranos, “ruler, commander, military leader”), Old Persian 𐎣𐎠𐎼 (k-a-r /kāra/, “people of war, army”).
Possibly attested as a vocative or combining form hari on Negau B, a helmet dated to 450–350 BCE (although the inscription may have been added much later with a terminus ante quem of 50 BCE, when the hoard was buried). First attested with certainty as runic harja (2nd century, Vimose), although the latter inscription may be considered to postdate Proto-Germanic.


niwjaz

niwizô (comparative)
niwistaz (superlative)
niwjaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
niwjai (masculine nominative plural strong)
niwjō (feminine nominative singular strong)
niwjôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
niwją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
niwjō (neuter nominative plural strong)
niwjanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
niwjanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
niwjǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
niwjōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
niwją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
niwjō (accusative neuter plural strong)
niwjas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
niwjaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
niwjaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
niwjaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
niwjas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
niwjaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
niwjammai (dative masculine singular strong)
niwjaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
niwjaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
niwjaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
niwjammai (dative neuter singular strong)
niwjaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
niwjanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
niwjaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
niwjaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
niwjaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
niwjanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
niwjaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
niwjô (masculine nominative singular weak)
niwjaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
niwjǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
niwjōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
niwjô (neuter nominative singular weak)
niwjōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
niwjanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
niwjanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
niwjōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
niwjōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
niwjô (accusative neuter singular weak)
niwjōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
niwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
niwjanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
niwjōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
niwjōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
niwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
niwjanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
niwini (dative masculine singular weak)
niwjammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
niwjōni (dative feminine singular weak)
niwjōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
niwini (dative neuter singular weak)
niwjammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
niwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
niwjammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
niwjōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
niwjōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
niwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
niwjammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*niwjaz (ja-stem)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *niwi
Old English: nīewe, nīwe, nēowe, nīowe
Middle English: newe, new, neue
English: new
Scots: new
Old Frisian: nīe
North Frisian: nei
Saterland Frisian: näi
West Frisian: nij
Old Saxon: niuwi
Middle Low German: nîe, nîge, nü̂we
Dutch Low Saxon: nij
German Low German: nü, nüe, nii, nee, neei
Plautdietsch: nie
Old Dutch: niuwi
Middle Dutch: niewe, neuwe, newe, niwe, nuwe, niew
Dutch: nieuw
Afrikaans: nuwe, nuut
Javindo: nuwe
Jersey Dutch: njuew
Negerhollands: nieuw, niw
Limburgish: nuuj
Old High German: niuwi, niuwe, niwe, niwi, nuwi
Middle High German: niuwe, neu, new, newe, niu, niwe, nue, nuge, nuwe, nüewe, núwe, nůw, nůwe
Alemannic German: nüüw, nöi, nüü
Alsatian: nèi
Swabian: nei
Italian Walser: niw, niww, nu
Bavarian: nei, neich
Cimbrian: nòjar, nauk, naüge
Gottscheerish: nai
Hianzisch: neich
Mòcheno: nai
Udinese: naie, naje, noi
Central Franconian: nei, neu
Hunsrik: nei
Kölsch: neu
Transylvanian Saxon: na
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: neu
Upper Saxon German: nei
Erzgebirgisch: nei
East Franconian: nei, neu
German: neu
Luxembourgish: nei
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: nei, neu
Palatine German: nau, nei, neu
Pennsylvania German: nei
Vilamovian: noj
Yiddish: נײַ (nay)
Zipser German: nai, neu

Proto-Norse: *ᚾᛁᚢᛃᚨᛉ (*niujaʀ)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚾᛁᚢᛃᛁᛚᚨ (niujila), ᚾᛁᚢᚹᛁᛚᚨ (niuwila)

desctree

Old Norse: nýr
Icelandic: nýr
Faroese: nýggjur
Norwegian Nynorsk: ny, (dialectal) nyr
Old Swedish: nȳr
Swedish: ny
Old Danish: ny
Danish: ny
Norwegian Bokmål: ny

Gothic: 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃 (niujis)


hauhaz

hauhizô (comparative)
hauhistaz (superlative)
hauhaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hauhai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hauhō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hauhôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hauhą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hauhō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hauhanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hauhanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hauhǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hauhōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hauhą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hauhō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hauhas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hauhaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hauhaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hauhaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hauhas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hauhaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hauhammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hauhaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hauhaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hauhaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hauhammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hauhaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hauhanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hauhaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hauhaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hauhaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hauhanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hauhaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hauhô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hauhaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hauhǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hauhōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hauhô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hauhōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hauhanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hauhanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hauhōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hauhōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hauhô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hauhōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hauhiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hauhanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hauhōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hauhōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hauhiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hauhanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hauhini (dative masculine singular weak)
hauhammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hauhōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hauhōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hauhini (dative neuter singular weak)
hauhammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hauhinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hauhammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hauhōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hauhōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hauhinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hauhammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*hauhaz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *hauh
Old English: hēah, hēh; hēa — adverb
Middle English: heigh
English: high
Sranan Tongo: hei
→ German: high
Scots: heich
Yola: heigh, heighe, heegh, hia, hie
Scots: he-, hey-
Old Frisian: hāch, hāg
North Frisian: huuch (Föhr-Amrum)
Saterland Frisian: hoog
West Frisian: heech
Old Saxon: hōh
Middle Low German: hôch, hô
German Low German: hooch, hoog
Plautdietsch: hüag, huag
Old Dutch: hō, hōg
Middle Dutch: hôoch
Dutch: hoog
Afrikaans: hoog
Berbice Creole Dutch: hogo
Jersey Dutch: hôx
Negerhollands: hoog, hok
Skepi Creole Dutch: hug, oag
Old High German: hōh
Middle High German: hōch, hō
Alemannic German: hooch
Walser: hoch, hòch
Swabian: hauch
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: hoach, hòach (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: heach
Northern Bavarian: [hɔːu̯ɣ̊], (comparative) [ˈhɛi̯xɐ], (superlative) [ˈhɛi̯kst]
Central Franconian: huh, hiech, hieh (western Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: hogh
Luxembourgish: héich, héi
German: hoch
Rhine Franconian: houch, hauch, hoch, hok, houk, huch, huk
Frankfurterisch: [hoːx], (comparative) [heːʒ̥æ̆], (superlative) [he(ː)kst]
Pennsylvania German: hooch
Vilamovian: huch
Yiddish: הויך (hoykh)
→ Old French: haut (conflated with Latin altus) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hár, hór; *haugʀ — Old East Norse; hæri
Icelandic: hár
Faroese: háur
Norn: hjog, høg
→ Scots: hoe
Norwegian Nynorsk: håg (< pl. hávir); (dialectal) hå
Old Swedish: hø̄gher
Swedish: hög
→ Middle Norwegian: høg (from ca. 1400)
Norwegian Nynorsk: høg
→ Norwegian Bokmål: høg
Danish: høj
Norwegian Bokmål: høy
→ Faroese: høgur
Old Gutnish: haur
Gutnish: haugar, haug, hau

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃 (hauhs)

Vandalic: *oas

→? Proto-Finnic: *kauka- (see there for further descendants)

, *lēgaz


deupaz

*deupaz (a-stem)

deupaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
deupai (masculine nominative plural strong)
deupō (feminine nominative singular strong)
deupôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
deupą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
deupō (neuter nominative plural strong)
deupanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
deupanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
deupǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
deupōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
deupą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
deupō (accusative neuter plural strong)
deupas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
deupaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
deupaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
deupaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
deupas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
deupaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
deupammai (dative masculine singular strong)
deupaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
deupaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
deupaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
deupammai (dative neuter singular strong)
deupaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
deupanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
deupaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
deupaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
deupaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
deupanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
deupaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
deupô (masculine nominative singular weak)
deupaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
deupǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
deupōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
deupô (neuter nominative singular weak)
deupōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
deupanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
deupanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
deupōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
deupōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
deupô (accusative neuter singular weak)
deupōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
deupiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
deupanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
deupōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
deupōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
deupiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
deupanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
deupini (dative masculine singular weak)
deupammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
deupōni (dative feminine singular weak)
deupōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
deupini (dative neuter singular weak)
deupammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
deupinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
deupammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
deupōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
deupōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
deupinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
deupammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *deup
Old English: dēop
Middle English: depe, deep, deepe, deop, dep, deope
English: deep
Scots: depe, deep, deip
Old Frisian: diāp
Saterland Frisian: djoop
West Frisian: djip
Old Saxon: diop
Middle Low German: dêp
Low German: deep
German Low German: deep
Plautdietsch: deep
Old Dutch: *diop, deop, diep
Middle Dutch: diep
Dutch: diep
Afrikaans: diep
Berbice Creole Dutch: dipu
Negerhollands: diep, dip
→? Sranan Tongo: dipi
→ Caribbean Javanese: dipi
Limburgish: deep
Old High German: tiof, tiuf
Middle High German: tiuf, tief
Alemannic German: tüüf
German: tief
Mòcheno: tiaf
Yiddish: טיף (tif)

Old Norse: djúpr
Icelandic: djúpur
Faroese: djúpur
Norwegian Nynorsk: djup
→ Norwegian Bokmål: djup
Old Swedish: diūper
Swedish: djup
Danish: dyb
Norwegian Bokmål: dyp
Scanian: djyber

Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍀𐍃 (diups)

From pre-Germanic *deuppaz < *dʰewbʰnós, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-. The devoicing of what came from the root-final *-bʰ- is due to Kluge's law.
Cognate to Old Church Slavonic дъбрь (dŭbrĭ, “valley”), Lithuanian dubùs (“deep, hollow”), Albanian det (“sea”), Welsh dwfn (“deep”).

cog

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language
Kluge's law


lēgaz

lēgizô (comparative)
lēgistaz (superlative)
lēgaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
lēgai (masculine nominative plural strong)
lēgō (feminine nominative singular strong)
lēgôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
lēgą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
lēgō (neuter nominative plural strong)
lēganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
lēganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
lēgǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
lēgōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
lēgą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
lēgō (accusative neuter plural strong)
lēgas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
lēgaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
lēgaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
lēgaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
lēgas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
lēgaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
lēgammai (dative masculine singular strong)
lēgaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
lēgaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
lēgaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
lēgammai (dative neuter singular strong)
lēgaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
lēganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
lēgaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
lēgaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
lēgaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
lēganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
lēgaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
lēgô (masculine nominative singular weak)
lēganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
lēgǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
lēgōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
lēgô (neuter nominative singular weak)
lēgōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
lēganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
lēganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
lēgōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
lēgōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
lēgô (accusative neuter singular weak)
lēgōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
lēginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
lēganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
lēgōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
lēgōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
lēginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
lēganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
lēgini (dative masculine singular weak)
lēgammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
lēgōni (dative feminine singular weak)
lēgōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
lēgini (dative neuter singular weak)
lēgammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
lēginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
lēgammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
lēgōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
lēgōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
lēginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
lēgammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*lēgaz (a-stem)

desctree

Old Norse: lágr
Icelandic: lágur
Faroese: lágur
Norwegian Nynorsk: låg
→ Norwegian Bokmål: låg
Old Swedish: lāgher
Swedish: låg
Old Danish: lagh
Danish: lav
Norwegian Bokmål: lav
→ Middle English: lowe, lohe, lāh
→ Middle English: lah, lagh, lawe, lowe
English: low
Geordie English: law
Scots: laich

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *lēgijaz

Old Frisian: lēch

North Frisian: leeg, liig

Saterland Frisian: läich

West Frisian: leech

Old Saxon: *lāg, *lāgi

desc

Middle Low German: lāch, lāge, lēch, lēge

Low German: laag, leeg

Old Dutch: *lāg (or *lāgi)

Middle Dutch: laech

desctree

Dutch: laag
Afrikaans: laag
Jersey Dutch: lêx
→ Sranan Tongo: lagi
→ Aukan: lagi

Old High German: *lāgi (attested in compounds)

Middle High German: læge

German: läg, leg (obsolete)

→ Proto-Finnic: *laaka (see there for further descendants)

Vṛddhi gerundive of *ligjaną via earlier *legjaną.


kōz

kōz (nominative singular)
kōiz (nominative plural)
kō (singular vocative)
kōiz (plural vocative)
kōǭ (accusative singular)
kōnz (accusative plural)
kūiz (genitive singular)
kūǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kūī (dative singular)
kūmaz (dative plural)
kūē (instrumental singular)
kūmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kō
Old English: cū
Middle English: cou, cow, cowe, cu, kow, kowe, ku
English: cow (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: coo
Scots: coo, coe, cou
Yola: keow
Old Frisian: kū
North Frisian: ko, kø, kü
Sylt: Kü
Saterland Frisian: Ku
West Frisian: ko
Old Saxon: kō
Middle Low German: kô, ko, koo, kou, koe, koh, koy, ku
German Low German: Koh, Kauh, Ko, Koo, Kuh
Plautdietsch: Koo
Old Dutch: cuo
Middle Dutch: coe
Dutch: koe (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: ków
West Flemish: koe
Old High German: kuo
Middle High German: kuo
Alemannic German: Chue
Alsatian: Küeh
Walser: Chua
Bavarian: Kuah
Cimbrian: khua
Mòcheno: kua
Central Franconian: Koh, Kuh
Hunsrik: Kuh
Luxembourgish: Kou
East Franconian: Kou, Kua, Kuu
German: Kuh
Pennsylvania German: Kuh
Vilamovian: kü
Yiddish: קו (ku)

Proto-Norse:

Old West Norse: kýr
Icelandic: kýr
Faroese: kúgv, kú
Norwegian Nynorsk: ku
Norwegian Bokmål: ku
Jamtish: kú
Elfdalian: tjyr

Old East Norse: *kōʀ

Old Swedish: kō

Swedish: ko

Old Danish: kō

Danish: ko

From earlier *kwōz ~ *kwūiz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷéh₃u-s ~ *gʷuh₃-és.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


saltą

saltą (nominative singular)
saltō (nominative plural)
saltą (singular vocative)
saltō (plural vocative)
saltą (accusative singular)
saltō (accusative plural)
saltas (genitive singular)
saltis (genitive singular)
saltǫ̂ (genitive plural)
saltai (dative singular)
saltamaz (dative plural)
saltō (instrumental singular)
saltamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *salt
Old English: sealt
Middle English: salt
English: salt
Scots: sawt, salt, saut
Yola: zall
Old Frisian: salt
North Frisian: saalt
Saterland Frisian: Soalt, Saalt (Skäddel, Strukelje)
West Frisian: sâlt
Old Saxon: salt
Middle Low German: salt, solt
German Low German: Solt
Plautdietsch: Solt
Old Dutch: *salt
Middle Dutch: sout
Dutch: zout (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: zaat
Old High German: salz
Middle High German: salz
Alemannic German: Sàlz (Alsatian)
Bavarian: Sålz, Soiz
Cimbrian: saltz
Mòcheno: sòlz
German: Salz
Luxembourgish: Salz
Vilamovian: zaołc
Yiddish: זאַלץ (zalts)

Old Norse: salt

Icelandic: salt

Faroese: salt

Norn: salt

Norwegian: salt

Old Swedish: salt

Swedish: salt

Danish: salt

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌻𐍄 (salt)

Crimean Gothic: salt

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: sálti

Southern Sami: saelhtie

From Pre-Germanic *sh₂eldóm, ultimately from *séh₂ls. The closest cognate is Old Armenian աղտ (ałt) (cf. also Proto-Slavic *soldъ, Lithuanian saldus). Other cognates include Latin sāl, Latvian sāls, Proto-Slavic *solь, Ancient Greek ἅλς (háls) and Welsh halen.


raudaz

raudōzô (comparative)
raudōstaz (superlative)
raudaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
raudai (masculine nominative plural strong)
raudō (feminine nominative singular strong)
raudôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
raudą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
raudō (neuter nominative plural strong)
raudanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
raudanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
raudǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
raudōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
raudą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
raudō (accusative neuter plural strong)
raudas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
raudaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
raudaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
raudaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
raudas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
raudaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
raudammai (dative masculine singular strong)
raudaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
raudaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
raudaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
raudammai (dative neuter singular strong)
raudaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
raudanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
raudaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
raudaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
raudaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
raudanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
raudaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
raudô (masculine nominative singular weak)
raudaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
raudǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
raudōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
raudô (neuter nominative singular weak)
raudōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
raudanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
raudanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
raudōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
raudōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
raudô (accusative neuter singular weak)
raudōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
raudiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
raudanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
raudōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
raudōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
raudiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
raudanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
raudini (dative masculine singular weak)
raudammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
raudōni (dative feminine singular weak)
raudōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
raudini (dative neuter singular weak)
raudammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
raudinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
raudammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
raudōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
raudōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
raudinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
raudammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*raudaz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *raud
Old English: rēad
Middle English: red, redde, reed, read, ræd
English: red
Scots: rede, reid
Yola: reed
Old Frisian: rād
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: ruad
Goesharde: ruud
Halligen: ruad
Heligoland: rooad
Mooring: rüüdj
Sylt: ruar
Wiedingharde: ruuid
Saterland Frisian: rood
West Frisian: read
Old Saxon: rōd
Middle Low German: rōt
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: rod
Westphalian
Sauerländisch: räod, raud, reyet, rout, rōet
Westmünsterländisch: root
Plautdietsch: root
Old Dutch: rōt
Middle Dutch: rôot
Dutch: rood
Afrikaans: rooi
Jersey Dutch: rôi
Negerhollands: rooi, ro, roo, rood
Skepi Creole Dutch: aro
Limburgish: roead
Old High German: rōt
Middle High German: rōt
Alemannic German: rot, rout, ruat, ròt, röts (Italian Walser)
Central Franconian: rut, rot
Kirchröadsj Ripuarian: roeëd
German: rot
Hunsrik: rod
Luxembourgish: rout
Mòcheno: roat
Pennsylvania German: rot
Vilamovian: rut
Yiddish: רויט (royt)

Old Norse: rauðr
Icelandic: rauður
Faroese: reyður
Norn: rø
Norwegian Nynorsk: raud; (dialectal) raud’u, raud’e
→ Norwegian Bokmål: raud-
Norwegian: (dialectal) raug, rauv, rå
Elfdalian: roð, roðå
Old Swedish: rø̄þer
Swedish: röd

Danish: rød
Norwegian Bokmål: rød
Gutnish: raudar, raudår, raudur

Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (rauþs)

→ Galician: ruán

→ Portuguese: ruão

→ Spanish: roano

→? Proto-Finnic: *rauta (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Samic: *ruovtē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁rowdʰós < *h₁rewdʰ-.


þewāną

þewō (active first-person indicative singular)
þewaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
þewai (active imperative second-person singular)
þewāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þewaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þewāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þewāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þewōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þewāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þewāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þewāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þewānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þewaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þewaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þewānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þewānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þewānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þewānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þewadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þewadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þewadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þewadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þewadē (active indicative singular third-person)
þewadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þewadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þewadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þewadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þewadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þewadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þewadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þewadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þewadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þewadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þewadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þewāndz (active participle present)
þewadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þewēn
Old English: þeowian
Old High German: dewēn

Old Norse: þéa, þjá

Icelandic: þjá

Norwegian Nynorsk: tjå

Gothic: *𐌸𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽 (*þiwan) (𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌸𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽 (anaþiwan), 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽 (gaþiwan))

From *þewaz (“servile, slavish”) + *-āną or *þewaz (“slave”) + *-āną.


mimzą

mimzą (nominative singular)
mimzō (nominative plural)
mimzą (singular vocative)
mimzō (plural vocative)
mimzą (accusative singular)
mimzō (accusative plural)
mimzas (genitive singular)
mimzis (genitive singular)
mimzǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mimzai (dative singular)
mimzamaz (dative plural)
mimzō (instrumental singular)
mimzamiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌼𐌶 (mimz)

Crimean Gothic: menus

Thematicized variant of Proto-Indo-European *mḗms (“meat, flesh”). Cognate with Latin membrum (“member, limb”), Sanskrit मांस (māṃsa, “meat, flesh”), Old Armenian միս (mis, “meat”). More at member.


wīdaz

*wīdaz (a-stem)

wīdaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wīdai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wīdō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wīdôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wīdą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wīdō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wīdanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wīdanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wīdǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wīdōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wīdą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wīdō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wīdas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wīdaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wīdaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wīdaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wīdas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wīdaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wīdammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wīdaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wīdaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wīdaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wīdammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wīdaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wīdanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wīdaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wīdaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wīdaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wīdanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wīdaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wīdô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wīdaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wīdǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wīdōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wīdô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wīdōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wīdanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wīdanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wīdōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wīdōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wīdô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wīdōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wīdiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wīdanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wīdōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wīdōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wīdiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wīdanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wīdini (dative masculine singular weak)
wīdammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wīdōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wīdōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wīdini (dative neuter singular weak)
wīdammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wīdinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wīdammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wīdōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wīdōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wīdinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wīdammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: wīd

Middle English: wid, wyd

Scots: wyd, wid

English: wide

Old Frisian: wīd

Saterland Frisian: wied

North Frisian: widj

West Frisian: wiid

Old Saxon: wīd

Middle Low German: wīt

Low German: wied

Westphalian:

Münsterländisch: wyt

Paderbornisch: weyt, wyt

Sauerländisch: weyt

Old Dutch: *wīd

Middle Dutch: wijt

Dutch: wijd

Afrikaans: wyd

desctree

Old High German: wīt
Middle High German: wīt
Central Franconian: weck, wick, wiet, weit
Luxembourgish: wäit (“far”), weit (“wide”)
German: weit
Yiddish: ווײַט (vayt)

Old Norse: víðr
Icelandic: víður
Faroese: víður
Norwegian Nynorsk: vid
Old Swedish: vīþer, widher
Swedish: vid
Danish: vid
Norwegian Bokmål: vid

→ Proto-Samic: *vijδēs (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *h₁weydʰh₁os (“set apart, asunder, in two”), from Proto-Indo-European *dwi- (“two”) (see *dwóh₁) + *dʰeh₁- (“to put”), apparently with dissimilation of the first d-. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *widuwǭ (“widow”), *widuz (“wood”), Proto-Celtic *wēdus (“wild”) and Latin dīvidō (“separate, sunder”), vītō (“avoid, shun”).


hlaibaz

hlaibaz (nominative singular)
hlaibōz (nominative plural)
hlaibōs (nominative plural)
hlaib (singular vocative)
hlaibōz (plural vocative)
hlaibōs (plural vocative)
hlaibą (accusative singular)
hlaibanz (accusative plural)
hlaibas (genitive singular)
hlaibis (genitive singular)
hlaibǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlaibai (dative singular)
hlaibamaz (dative plural)
hlaibō (instrumental singular)
hlaibamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hlaib
Old English: hlāf
Middle English: lof, lofe, loff, loof, looffe, love; hlaf, laf (Early Middle English)
English: loaf
→ Bengali: লোফ (lōph)
→ Marshallese: ļoob
→ Norwegian Bokmål: loff
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: loff
→ Scottish Gaelic: lofa
Scots: laif
Old Frisian: hlēf
Saterland Frisian: luffe
North Frisian: liaf
Old Saxon: *hlēf; *hlēfa
(Middle Low German: klepe?)
Old High German: hleib, leib, leip; hlaiba, laiba
Middle High German: leip
Bavarian: Loab
Central Franconian: Laif (only Siegerland)
German: Laib
Rhine Franconian: Lääb, Laab

Old Norse: hleifr
Icelandic: hleifur
Faroese: leivur
Norwegian: leiv
Old Swedish: lēver
Swedish: lev
Old Danish: lev
Danish: lev

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃 (hlaifs), 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐍃 (hlaibs)
→ Proto-Slavic: *xlěbъ (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *lājpē (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *laipa (see there for further descendants)

Of unclear origin; the word was either borrowed from an unknown language or constructed from native material in late Proto-Germanic. The word has been connected by Walde 1910 to the Ancient Greek words κλίβανος (klíbanos), κρίβανος (kríbanos, “baker's oven; pan with a lid for baking bread”) and κλιβανίτης (klibanítēs, “bread baked in a κλίβανος”), which according to Beekes is probably a borrowing from an unknown substrate language. The Germanic word could well have been borrowed from the same source. If so, it would be an early borrowing, since the word then apparently displays the effects of Grimm's Law.
Compare Latvian klàips (“loaf”), Lithuanian kliẽpas (“loaf”) (Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- is suggested as their origin, owing to the fact that the earliest flatbreads were disk-shaped.)


fullaz

*fullaz (a-stem)

fullaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
fullai (masculine nominative plural strong)
fullō (feminine nominative singular strong)
fullôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
fullą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
fullō (neuter nominative plural strong)
fullanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
fullanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
fullǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
fullōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
fullą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
fullō (accusative neuter plural strong)
fullas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
fullaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
fullaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
fullaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
fullas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
fullaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
fullammai (dative masculine singular strong)
fullaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
fullaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
fullaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
fullammai (dative neuter singular strong)
fullaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
fullanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
fullaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
fullaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
fullaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
fullanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
fullaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
fullô (masculine nominative singular weak)
fullaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
fullǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
fullōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
fullô (neuter nominative singular weak)
fullōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
fullanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
fullanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
fullōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
fullōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
fullô (accusative neuter singular weak)
fullōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
fulliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
fullanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
fullōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
fullōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
fulliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
fullanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
fullini (dative masculine singular weak)
fullammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
fullōni (dative feminine singular weak)
fullōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
fullini (dative neuter singular weak)
fullammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
fullinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
fullammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
fullōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
fullōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
fullinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
fullammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *full
Old English: full, ful
Middle English: ful, fol, full, vol, vul
English: full
Scots: fou, full
Yola: vull
Old Frisian: full
Saterland Frisian: ful
West Frisian: fol
Old Saxon: ful, full
Middle Low German: vul
Low German: vull
Old Dutch: *full
Middle Dutch: vol
Dutch: vol
Afrikaans: vol
Old High German: foll
Middle High German: vol, voll
Alemannic German: vole, voll
Bavarian: voi, vui
Cimbrian: vòll, bòll (Mezzaselva)
Hunsrik: foll
Luxembourgish: voll
German: voll
Vilamovian: fułł
Yiddish: פֿול (ful)

Old Norse: fullr
Icelandic: fullur
Faroese: fullur
Norwegian Nynorsk: full; (dialectal) fudl’u, fudl’e, fudd’e, foill
Russenorsk: fol
Old Swedish: fulder, folder
Swedish: full
Danish: fuld
Norwegian Bokmål: full

Gothic: 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐍃 (fulls)

desc

→ Proto-Finnic: *pullas (“round, thick”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *polnē (“hillock, mound”)

Southern Sami: belnie

Northern Sami: boldni

From Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁nós, from *pleh₁- (“to fill”).


braudą

braudą (nominative singular)
braudō (nominative plural)
braudą (singular vocative)
braudō (plural vocative)
braudą (accusative singular)
braudō (accusative plural)
braudas (genitive singular)
braudis (genitive singular)
braudǫ̂ (genitive plural)
braudai (dative singular)
braudamaz (dative plural)
braudō (instrumental singular)
braudamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *braud
Old English: brēad, brēod
Middle English: bred, bredd, brede, breed, breede, breid, brid; bread, bræd; bryad, bryead
English: bread
Bislama: bred
Sranan Tongo: brede
Aukan: beele
Saramaccan: bëë́ë
→ Kari'na: perere
Tok Pisin: bret
→ Fiji Hindi: bareed
→ Hausa: burodi
→ Malayalam: ബ്രെഡ് (breḍŭ), ബ്രെഡ്ഡ് (breḍḍŭ)
→ Marshallese: būreej
→ Nupe: bureedi (possibly via Hausa)
→ Yoruba: búrẹ́dì
Geordie English: breed
Scots: breid
Yola: breed
Old Frisian: brād
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: braud
Karrharder: brüdj
Helgoland: Brooad
Mooring: brüüdj
Nordergoesharder: bruud
Sylt: Bruar
Wiedingharder: bruuid
Saterland Frisian: Brood
West Frisian: brea
Old Saxon: brōd
Middle Low German: brôt
German Low German: Broot
Plautdietsch: Broot
Old Dutch: *brōd
Middle Dutch: brôot
Dutch: brood
Afrikaans: brood
Berbice Creole Dutch: broto
Jersey Dutch: brôt
Negerhollands: brood, brot
Skepi Creole Dutch: brot
Limburgish: broead
Old High German: brōt, prot, prooth, *brōd — northern variant
Middle High German: brōt, brōd
Alemannic German: Brot
Italian Walser: brot, broud, bruat, bròt, bröt
Bavarian: Brout, proat
Cimbrian: proat, pròat (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: proat
Central Franconian: Brot, Brut
Hunsrik: Brod, proot
Luxembourgish: Brout
German: Brot
Pennsylvania German: Brot
Vilamovian: brūt
Yiddish: ברויט (broyt)

Old Norse: brauð
Icelandic: brauð
Faroese: breyð
Norn: brow, brau
Norwegian Nynorsk: braud
Elfdalian: broð
Old Swedish: brø̄þ
Swedish: bröd
Elfdalian: bröð
Old Danish: brøth
Danish: brød
Norwegian Bokmål: brød
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: brød (also through Bokmål)

Crimean Gothic: broe

Gothic: *𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌸 (*brauþ)

→ Catalan: broa

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: borõa
Galician: broa, boroa
Portuguese: broa, boroa
→ English: broa

/ˈbrɑu̯.ðɑ̃/

Disputed. Probably a conflation of Proto-Indo-European *bʰerw-, *bʰrewh₁- (“to boil, seethe”) (compare brew, broth) and Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to pierce; to strike”). According to Kroonen, however, derived from *brewwaną (“to brew”) directly.


hirdijaz

hirdijaz (nominative singular)
hirdijōz (nominative plural)
hirdijōs (nominative plural)
hirdī (singular vocative)
hirdijōz (plural vocative)
hirdijōs (plural vocative)
hirdiją (accusative singular)
hirdijanz (accusative plural)
hirdijas (genitive singular)
hirdīs (genitive singular)
hirdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hirdijai (dative singular)
hirdijamaz (dative plural)
hirdijō (instrumental singular)
hirdijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hirdī
Old English: hierde, hyrde, hiorde, hirde, heorde
Middle English: herde
English: herd
Scots: herd, hird
Old Frisian: *herde, *hirde
East Frisian: höid
Old Saxon: hirdi, herdi
Middle Low German: herde, hirde
German Low German: Heier
Plautdietsch: Hoad
Old Dutch: *hirdi
Middle Dutch: herde
Old High German: hirti, hirt
Middle High German: hirte, hirt
Cimbrian: hiart
German: Hirte, Hirt (both are roughly equally common)
Luxembourgish: Hiert

Old Norse: hirðir
Icelandic: hirðir
Faroese: hirði
Old Swedish: hirþi
Swedish: herde
Old Danish: hierde, hirde, hiørde, hjurde
Danish: hyrde
Norwegian Bokmål: hyrde m
Norwegian Nynorsk: hyrdar m

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 (hairdeis)


īsą

īsą (nominative singular)
īsō (nominative plural)
īsą (singular vocative)
īsō (plural vocative)
īsą (accusative singular)
īsō (accusative plural)
īsas (genitive singular)
īsis (genitive singular)
īsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
īsai (dative singular)
īsamaz (dative plural)
īsō (instrumental singular)
īsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *īs
Old English: īs, ys; ᛁᛋ (is) — Near Fakenham plaque
Middle English: is, ise, yes, yce, yys, ys, ijs, yse, ysz, hyse, hyys, ice, isse, ysse, yis
English: ice (see there for further descendants)
Scots: ice
Old Frisian: īs
North Frisian: Iis, Is, is
Saterland Frisian: Ies
West Frisian: iis
Old Saxon: īs
Middle Low German: îs
Low German:
German Low German: Ies
Plautdietsch: Iess
Old Dutch: *īs
Middle Dutch: ijs
Dutch: ijs
Afrikaans: ys
Petjo: es
→ Caribbean Javanese: ès
→ Indonesian: es
→ Papiamentu: eis
→ Sranan Tongo: èisi, hèisi
→ Aukan: eisi
→ Saramaccan: eísí
Limburgish: ies
Old High German: īs
Middle High German: īs
Alemannic German: Iis, Is, Isch
Alsatian: Iis; Eis (northern)
Italian Walser: isch, éisch
Bavarian: ais
Cimbrian: ais
Mòcheno: ais
Central Franconian: Eis, Ies
Hunsrik: Eis
Luxembourgish: Äis
Transylvanian Saxon: Ais
German: Eis
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurt: [ais]
Pennsylvania German: Eis
Vilamovian: ajs
Yiddish: אײַז (ayz)

Old Norse: íss (< *īsaz)
Icelandic: ís
Faroese: ísur
Norwegian Bokmål: is
Elfdalian: ais
Old Swedish: īs
Swedish: is
Danish: is
Gutnish: eis, h'eis


watōr

watōr (nominative singular)
watnō (nominative plural)
watōr (singular vocative)
watnō (plural vocative)
watōr (accusative singular)
watnō (accusative plural)
watiniz (genitive singular)
watnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
watini (dative singular)
watnamaz (dative plural)
watinē (instrumental singular)
watnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *watar
Old English: wæter
Middle English: water, watere, watir, waterre
English: water (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: watter, wetter
Scots: watter
Yola: waudher, wadher
Old Frisian: weter, water, wetir
North Frisian: weeter, woar, waer, waar
Föhr-Amrum: weeder
Mooring: wååder
Saterland Frisian: Woater
West Frisian: wetter
Old Saxon: watar
Middle Low German: wāter
Dutch Low Saxon: water (Drents, Twents)
Low German: Water
Plautdietsch: Wota
Old Dutch: watar, watir, uuatar, uuatir
Middle Dutch: wāter
Dutch: water
Afrikaans: water
Javindo: water
Negerhollands: watu, water, water, waeter
Petjo: watter
Skepi Creole Dutch: water
→? Sranan Tongo: watra
→ Aukan: wataa
→ Saramaccan: wáta
Limburgish: water
West Flemish: woater
Old High German: wazzar, wazar, wazzer, waszer
Middle High German: waȥȥer
Alemannic German: Wasser, Wâser
Alsatian: Wasser, Wâsser, Wàser
Italian Walser: wasser, wàsser
Bavarian: Wåsser, Wossa
Cimbrian: bassar, bazzar (Luserna, Tredici Comuni)
Gottscheerish: boßər, bàsser
Mòcheno: bòsser
Udinese: bosser, bosar, bòsser
Central Franconian: Wasser, Waßer
Hunsrik: Wasser, waser
Transylvanian Saxon: Wåsser
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: Woasser, Wosser, Wasser
Upper Saxon German: Wassor
German: Wasser
Unserdeutsch: Wasser
Luxembourgish: Waasser
Rhine Franconian: Wasser
Hessian: Wassä
Pennsylvania German: Wasser
Vilamovian: wosser, woser
Yiddish: וואַסער (vaser)

Old Norse: vatn
Icelandic: vatn
Faroese: vatn
Norn: vatn
Norwegian Nynorsk: vatn, vats-, vass- (e.g. in vassbasert)
→ Norwegian Bokmål: vatn, vass-
Elfdalian: wattn
Old Swedish: vatn, vatu-
Swedish: vatten, vattu- (e.g. in Vattumannen)
Old Danish: watn, wan, wand
Danish: vand
Norwegian Bokmål: vann
Scanian: vann
Gutnish: vattn

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 (watō)

From Proto-Indo-European *wédōr ~ *wednés, leveled collective of *wódr̥ ~ *udéns (“water”).


metaną

metō (active first-person indicative singular)
metaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
metai (first-person indicative passive singular)
mitizi (active indicative second-person singular)
metaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
met (active imperative second-person singular)
metazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
metaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mitidi (active indicative singular third-person)
metai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
metadau (active imperative singular third-person)
metadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
metaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
metōz (active dual first-person indicative)
metaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
metadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
metaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
metadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
metamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
metaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
metandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
metaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mitid (active indicative plural second-person)
metaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mitid (active imperative plural second-person)
metandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
metaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
metandi (active indicative plural third-person)
metain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
metandau (active imperative plural third-person)
metandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
metaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mat (active first-person indicative singular)
mētį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mast (active indicative second-person singular)
mētīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mat (active indicative singular third-person)
mētī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mētū (active dual first-person indicative)
mētīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mētudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mētīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mētum (active first-person indicative plural)
mētīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mētud (active indicative plural second-person)
mētīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mētun (active indicative plural third-person)
mētīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
metandz (active participle present)
metanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *metan
Old English: metan
Middle English: meten
Scots: mete, meit
English: mete
Old Frisian: meta
Saterland Frisian: meete
West Frisian: mjitte (>ôfmjitte)
Old Saxon: metan
Middle Low German: meten
Low German: meten
Old Dutch: metan
Middle Dutch: mēten
Dutch: meten
Limburgish: maete
Old High German: mezzan
Middle High German: mezzen
German: messen
Luxembourgish: miessen
Yiddish: מעסטן (mestn)

Old Norse: meta

Icelandic: meta

Faroese: meta

Norwegian: meta

Old Swedish: mæta, miæta

Swedish: mäta

Scanian: meda, máda, máttas

Elfdalian: mät åv ?

→ Proto-Finnic: *mët'ëldak (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to measure”).


lakō

lakō (nominative singular)
lakôz (nominative plural)
lakō (singular vocative)
lakôz (plural vocative)
lakǭ (accusative singular)
lakōz (accusative plural)
lakōz (genitive singular)
lakǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lakōi (dative singular)
lakōmaz (dative plural)
lakō (instrumental singular)
lakōmiz (instrumental plural)

From *lekaną (“to leak, drain”), from Proto-Indo-European *leg- (“to leak”).

perhaps merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *lagu

Proto-West Germanic: *lakuOld English: lacuMiddle English: lakeScots: lakeEnglish: lake→? Old French: lacMiddle French: lacFrench: lacOld Frisian: *lake >? Saterland Frisian: LogeOld Saxon: lacaMiddle Low German: lākeGerman Low German: Lake

Laak→ German: LakeOld Dutch: *lakaMiddle Dutch: lākeDutch: laakOld High German: lacha

lahhaMiddle High German: lacheGerman: Lache

LackeLuxembourgish: Laach→ Vulgar Latin: *laccaItalian: lacca>? Old Occitan: lac

latz

pit, trench, pitfall; knot, noose, snare, trap; merged with descendant of Latin laqueus ()

seep; water aggregation, puddle, pool; lake