Gudagebō

Gudagebō (nominative singular)
Gudagebō (singular vocative)
Gudagebǭ (accusative singular)
Gudagebōz (genitive singular)
Gudagebōi (dative singular)
Gudagebō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Godagebu

Old English: Godġifu

English: Godiva

Gothic or Suevic:

→ Medieval Latin: Gudigeba

Galician: Guxeva

/ˈɣu.ðɑ.ɣe.βɔː/


marþraz

marþraz (nominative singular)
marþrōz (nominative plural)
marþrōs (nominative plural)
marþr (singular vocative)
marþrōz (plural vocative)
marþrōs (plural vocative)
marþrą (accusative singular)
marþranz (accusative plural)
marþras (genitive singular)
marþris (genitive singular)
marþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
marþrai (dative singular)
marþramaz (dative plural)
marþrō (instrumental singular)
marþramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *marþr
Old Frisian: *marther
Saterland Frisian: Modder
West Frisian: motter
Old Saxon: *mardar (found in the derived adjective mardrīn)
Middle Low German: marder
German Low German: Marder
Old High German: marther, mardar
Middle High German: marder, merder, mader
German: Marder
→ Old French: martre
→ Middle Dutch: marter, māerter
Dutch: marter

Unknown. Kroonen has reconstructed the variants Proto-Germanic *marþu-, Proto-Germanic *marþra- und Proto-Germanic *marþa- and derived the primal form Proto-Germanic *marþru from those. Has been compared to Proto-Finnic *mäkrä but problematic due to phonetic reasons.
Torp has compared it morphosemantically to Lithuanian martì (“bride, daughter-in-law”), due to Albanian nuselalë (“weasel, racoon”, literally “friendly bride”) and nusebukur (literally “beautiful bride”), Greek νυφίτσα (nyfítsa, “least weasel”, literally “little bride”), Italian donnola (“weasel, least weasel”, literally “little woman”) (likewise Portuguese doninha, slightly different is the metaphor in Spanish comadreja (literally “little godmother”)), Old Church Slavonic невѣста (nevěsta, “bride; weasel”). For the last compare Romanian nevăstuică (“weasel, ferret”), Bulgarian невестулка (nevestulka, “least weasel”). If connected to Lithuanian martì, the entry would be derived from Proto-Indo-European *meryo (“young man, woman”).


snawwiz

snawwiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
snawwijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
snawwī (feminine nominative singular strong)
snawwijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
snawwį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
snawwijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
snawwijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
snawwijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
snawwijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
snawwijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
snawwį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
snawwijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
snawwijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
snawwīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
snawwijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
snawwijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
snawwijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
snawwijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
snawwīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
snawwijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
snawwijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
snawwijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
snawwijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
snawwijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
snawwijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
snawwijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
snawwijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
snawwijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
snawwijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
snawwijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
snawwijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
snawwijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
snawwijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
snawwijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
snawwijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
snawwijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
snawwijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
snawwijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
snawwijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
snawwijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
snawwijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
snawwijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
snawwijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
snawwijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
snawwīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
snawwijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
snawwijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
snawwijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
snawwīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
snawwijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
snawwīni (dative masculine singular weak)
snawwijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
snawwijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
snawwijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
snawwīni (dative neuter singular weak)
snawwijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
snawwīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
snawwijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
snawwijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
snawwijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
snawwīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
snawwijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: snøggr

Icelandic: snöggur

Faroese: snøggur

Norwegian: snøgg

Swedish: snygg

Danish: snøg, snyg

→ Proto-Samic: *snāvēs

Lule Sami: snáves


agjōną

agjō (active first-person indicative singular)
agjǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
agjōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
agjōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
agjōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
agjō (active imperative second-person singular)
agjōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
agjōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
agjōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
agjō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
agjōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
agjōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
agjōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
agjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
agjōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
agjōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
agjōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
agjōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
agjōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
agjōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
agjōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
agjōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
agjōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
agjōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
agjōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
agjōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
agjōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
agjōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
agjōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
agjōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
agjōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
agjōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
agjōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
agjōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
agjōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
agjōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
agjōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
agjōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
agjōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
agjōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
agjōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
agjōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
agjōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
agjōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
agjōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
agjōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
agjōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
agjōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
agjōndz (active participle present)
agjōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aggjōn
Old English: eggian
Middle English: eggen (Likely merged with the descendant of *aggjan)
English: edge
Old Frisian: eggia
Old Dutch: *eggon (and / or from *aggjan)
Middle Dutch: eggen
Dutch: eggen

Old Norse: eggja

Icelandic: eggja

Faroese: eggja


girnijaną

girnijō (active first-person indicative singular)
girnijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
girnijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
girnīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
girnijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
girnī (active imperative second-person singular)
girnijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
girnijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
girnīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
girnijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
girnijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
girnijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
girnijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
girnijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
girnijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
girnijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
girnijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
girnijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
girnijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
girnijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
girnijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
girnijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
girnīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
girnijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
girnīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
girnijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
girnijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
girnijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
girnijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
girnijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
girnijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
girnijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
girnidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
girnidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
girnidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
girnidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
girnidē (active indicative singular third-person)
girnidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
girnidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
girnidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
girnidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
girnidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
girnidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
girnidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
girnidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
girnidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
girnidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
girnidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
girnijandz (active participle present)
girnidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *girnijan
Old English: giernan
Middle English: yernen
English: yearn
Old Saxon: girnian

Old Norse: girna

Icelandic: girna

Faroese: girnast

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gairnjan)

From *gernaz (“eager, willing”) + *-janą.


hwargin

Old English: hwerġen

Old Saxon: hwergin

Old High German: hwergin, wergin

Old Norse: hvargi, hvergi

Icelandic: hvargi, hvergi


hwandê

desc

Old Frisian: hwanda, hwenda, hwante, hwente, hwant, hwent

West Frisian: hwant, want

Old Saxon: hwanda

Middle Low German: wande, wante, want, went, wan, wen

Old Dutch: wanda

Middle Dutch: want

Dutch: want

Old High German: wanta

Middle High German: wande, wante, want, wanne, wenne


birhtį̄

birhtį̄ (nominative singular)
birhtīniz (nominative plural)
birhtį̄ (singular vocative)
birhtīniz (plural vocative)
birhtīnų (accusative singular)
birhtīnunz (accusative plural)
birhtīniz (genitive singular)
birhtīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
birhtīni (dative singular)
birhtīmaz (dative plural)
birhtīnē (instrumental singular)
birhtīmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *birhtī
Old English: bierhtu
Middle English: bright
English: bright (archaic or obsolete)
Old High German: berahtī

Old Norse: birti

Icelandic: birti

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹 (bairhtei)


fermōną

fermō (active first-person indicative singular)
fermǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fermōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
fermōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fermōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fermō (active imperative second-person singular)
fermōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fermōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fermōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fermō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fermōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fermōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fermōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fermōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fermōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fermōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fermōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fermōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fermōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fermōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fermōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fermōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fermōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fermōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fermōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fermōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fermōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fermōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fermōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fermōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fermōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fermōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fermōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fermōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fermōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fermōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fermōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
fermōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fermōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fermōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fermōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fermōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fermōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fermōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fermōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fermōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fermōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fermōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fermōndz (active participle present)
fermōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fermōn

Old English: feormian

Old Frisian: fermia

Old Saxon: formon

Old High German: firmōn

Old Norse: ferma

Icelandic: ferma

From *fermō (“means of living, subsistence”) + *-ōną.


biþankijaną

biþankijō (active first-person indicative singular)
biþankijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
biþankijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
biþankīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
biþankijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
biþankī (active imperative second-person singular)
biþankijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
biþankijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
biþankīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
biþankijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
biþankijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
biþankijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
biþankijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
biþankijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
biþankijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
biþankijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
biþankijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
biþankijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
biþankijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
biþankijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
biþankijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
biþankijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
biþankīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
biþankijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
biþankīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
biþankijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
biþankijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
biþankijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
biþankijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
biþankijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
biþankijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
biþankijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
biþanhtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
biþanhtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
biþanhtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
biþanhtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
biþanhtē (active indicative singular third-person)
biþanhtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
biþanhtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
biþanhtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
biþanhtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
biþanhtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
biþanhtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
biþanhtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
biþanhtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
biþanhtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
biþanhtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
biþanhtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
biþankijandz (active participle present)
biþankidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: beþenċan, biþenċan

Middle English: bithenchen, bethenken

English: bethink

Old Frisian: bithanka

Old Dutch: *bithenkon, *bithenkan

Middle Dutch: bedenken

Dutch: bedenken

Old High German: pidenchan

Middle High German: bedenken

German: bedenken

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (biþagkjan)


bisitjaną

bisitjō (active first-person indicative singular)
bisitjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bisitjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bisitisi (active indicative second-person singular)
bisitjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bisiti (active imperative second-person singular)
bisitjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bisitjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bisitiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bisitjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bisitjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bisitjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bisitjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bisitjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bisitjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bisitjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bisitjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bisitjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bisitjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bisitjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bisitjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bisitjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bisitiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bisitjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bisitiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bisitjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bisitjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bisitjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bisitjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bisitjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bisitjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bisitjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bisat (active first-person indicative singular)
bisētį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bisast (active indicative second-person singular)
bisētīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bisat (active indicative singular third-person)
bisētī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bisētū (active dual first-person indicative)
bisētīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bisētudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bisētīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bisētum (active first-person indicative plural)
bisētīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bisētud (active indicative plural second-person)
bisētīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bisētun (active indicative plural third-person)
bisētīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bisitjandz (active participle present)
bisetanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bisittjan
Old English: besittan
Middle English: besitten
English: besit
Old Saxon: besittian
Middle Low German: besitten
→ Danish: besidde
→ Norwegian Bokmål: besitte
→ Swedish: besitta
Old Dutch: *besitten
Middle Dutch: besitten
Dutch: bezitten
Old High German: bisizzen
Middle High German: besitzen
German: besitzen

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (bisitan)


glaidijaną

glaidijō (active first-person indicative singular)
glaidijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glaidijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
glaidīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
glaidijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glaidī (active imperative second-person singular)
glaidijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
glaidijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
glaidīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
glaidijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glaidijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
glaidijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
glaidijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
glaidijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
glaidijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glaidijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glaidijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glaidijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
glaidijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
glaidijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glaidijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
glaidijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
glaidīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
glaidijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glaidīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
glaidijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
glaidijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
glaidijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
glaidijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glaidijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
glaidijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
glaidijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
glaididǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
glaididēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glaididēz (active indicative second-person singular)
glaididēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glaididē (active indicative singular third-person)
glaididēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glaididēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
glaididēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glaididēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glaididēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glaididēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
glaididēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glaididēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
glaididēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glaididēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
glaididēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glaidijandz (active participle present)
glaididaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: glǣdan

Old Saxon: glēdian


markōną

markō (active first-person indicative singular)
markǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
markōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
markōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
markōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
markō (active imperative second-person singular)
markōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
markōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
markōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
markō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
markōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
markōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
markōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
markōs (active dual first-person indicative)
markōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
markōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
markōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
markōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
markōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
markōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
markōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
markōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
markōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
markōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
markōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
markōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
markōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
markōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
markōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
markōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
markōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
markōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
markōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
markōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
markōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
markōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
markōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
markōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
markōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
markōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
markōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
markōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
markōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
markōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
markōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
markōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
markōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
markōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
markōndz (active participle present)
markōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *markōn
Old English: mearcian
Middle English: marken
English: mark
Old Frisian: merkia
Old Saxon: markon
Middle Low German: marken
Old High German: markōn
Middle High German: marken
→ Old French: marchier
Middle French: marcher
French: marcher
→ Middle English: marchen
English: march
Norman: marchi (Jersey, continental Normandy), marchier (Guernsey)

Old Norse: marka

Icelandic: marka

From *marką (“mark, sign, stamp”) + *-ōną:


frumjaną

frumjō (active first-person indicative singular)
frumjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frumjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
frumisi (active indicative second-person singular)
frumjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frumi (active imperative second-person singular)
frumjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
frumjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
frumiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
frumjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frumjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
frumjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
frumjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
frumjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
frumjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frumjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frumjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frumjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
frumjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
frumjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frumjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
frumjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
frumiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
frumjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frumiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
frumjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
frumjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
frumjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
frumjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frumjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
frumjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
frumjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frumidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
frumidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frumidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
frumidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frumidē (active indicative singular third-person)
frumidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frumidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
frumidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frumidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frumidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frumidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
frumidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frumidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
frumidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frumidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
frumidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frumjandz (active participle present)
frumidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *frummjan

Old Saxon: frummian

Middle Low German: vromen

Old High German: frummen

Middle High German: vrümen, vrumen, vromen

German: frommen

→ Catalan: fornir

→ Old French: fornir, furnir; /parfornir, parfurnir

French: fournir
→ German: furnieren

→ Middle English: furnysshen; performen, parfournen

English: furnish; perform

→ Italian: fornire

→ Piedmontese: fornì

Gothic: *𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*frumjan)

→ Vulgar Latin: frummiare

From *fram (“from”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr-, *pro-, *perəm-, *prom- (“forth, forward”), from *por- (“forward, through”), *per-, with suffix *-janą. More at English furnish, from.


Auziwandilaz

Auziwandilaz (nominative singular)
Auziwandil (singular vocative)
Auziwandilą (accusative singular)
Auziwandilai (dative singular)
Auziwandilō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Auʀiwandil

Old English: Ēarendel, ēarendel

desc

Old High German: Erentil, Orentil, Auriwandalo (Lombardic)

→ Medieval Latin: Horuuendillus, Horvandillus

Old Norse: Aurvandill

Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐌶𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌻 (auzandil)

From *auzi (“dawn”) + *wandilaz (“fluctuating, variable, wandering”). The first element from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews-, cognate with Latin Aurora, Ancient Greek Ἠώς (Ēṓs) (compare *austraz, *Austrǭ). For the semantics of the second element, compare Ancient Greek πλάνης (plánēs, “wanderer; planet”).


runiz

runiz (nominative singular)
runīz (nominative plural)
runi (singular vocative)
runīz (plural vocative)
runį (accusative singular)
runinz (accusative plural)
runīz (genitive singular)
runjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
runī (dative singular)
runimaz (dative plural)
runī (instrumental singular)
runimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ryne m

Middle English: rüne, rine, rene

English: rine

Scots: rin, run

Old Frisian: rene m

Old High German: run m

Old Norse: run n; runi m

Icelandic: runi

Gothic: 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍃 m (runs)

From Proto-Indo-European *(H)r̥-nw (“to flow, move, run”).


hrīdrǭ

hrīdrǭ (nominative singular)
hrīdrōniz (nominative plural)
hrīdrǭ (singular vocative)
hrīdrōniz (plural vocative)
hrīdrōnų (accusative singular)
hrīdrōnunz (accusative plural)
hrīdrōniz (genitive singular)
hrīdrōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrīdrōni (dative singular)
hrīdrōmaz (dative plural)
hrīdrōnē (instrumental singular)
hrīdrōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrīdrā
Old English: hridder, hriddel n
Middle English: ridder; riddel
English: ridder; riddle
Scots: riddil
Old Saxon: hrīdra
Old High German: rītra, rītera
Middle High German: rītere, rīter
German: Reiter

From Proto-Indo-European *kréydʰrom, from the root *krey- (“to divide; part; separate; sift”). Cognate with Latin crībrum.


spīrǭ

spīrǭ (nominative singular)
spīrōniz (nominative plural)
spīrǭ (singular vocative)
spīrōniz (plural vocative)
spīrōnų (accusative singular)
spīrōnunz (accusative plural)
spīrōniz (genitive singular)
spīrōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spīrōni (dative singular)
spīrōmaz (dative plural)
spīrōnē (instrumental singular)
spīrōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *spīrā; *spīri f; *spīru f; *spīr m or n

gl

Old English: spīr ? (Gender unknown. Perhaps from *spīr, *spīri, or *spīru)

desc

Middle English: spir, spyre, spier, spire

English: spire

Scots: spyre, spire

Old Frisian: *spīr

Saterland Frisian: Spier, Spíer n

West Frisian: spier c or n

Old Saxon: spīr f (i-stem)

Middle Low German: spîr m or n

German Low German: Spier m or n

→ German: Spier

Old Dutch: *spīr

Middle Dutch: spier n

Dutch: spier f

Old High German: spīr (in spīrboum)

Middle High German: spīre f; spir (in spirboum); spier n (in grasspier)

German: Speier m or f (dialectal)

Old Norse: spíra

Icelandic: spíra

Faroese: spíra

Norwegian Bokmål: spire, spir

Swedish: spira

Danish: spir

From Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“peak; summit; sharp point; stick”).


Bernuharduz

Bernuharduz (nominative singular)
Bernuhardu (singular vocative)
Bernuhardų (accusative singular)
Bernuhardauz (genitive singular)
Bernuhardū (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Bernuhardu

Old English: Beornheard (calqued/adapted from Old French or Old High German)

desc

Old Dutch: *Bernhard (attested in placenames)

Middle Dutch: Bernaerd

Dutch: Bernaart

→ English: Bernard

Old High German: Bernhart

Middle High German: Bernhart

German: Bernhard

→ Latin: Bernardus

Old French: Bernart

French: Bernard

→ English: Bernard

Old Norse: Bjarnharðr, Bjarnarður (calqued/adapted from Old English)

Icelandic: Bjarnharður; Bernharður (from German or Danish), Bernarður (perhaps from French, Dutch or Latin)

From *berô (“bear”) + *harduz (“hard, brave”).


wīhsilō

wīhsilō (nominative singular)
wīhsilôz (nominative plural)
wīhsilō (singular vocative)
wīhsilôz (plural vocative)
wīhsilǭ (accusative singular)
wīhsilōz (accusative plural)
wīhsilōz (genitive singular)
wīhsilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīhsilōi (dative singular)
wīhsilōmaz (dative plural)
wīhsilō (instrumental singular)
wīhsilōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *wihsila, *wisla; wehsal, wesl

Middle Low German: wissel, wessel

Old Dutch: *wissila, *wessila

⇒ Middle Dutch: wesselkerse

Old High German: wīhsila

Middle High German: wīhsel

German: Weichsel

i

through merger with Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">viscum</i>

→ Old French: guy (through merger with Latin viscum)

Middle French: guy

French: gui

From Proto-Indo-European *weyḱs- (“mistletoe”). Cognate with Russian ви́шня (víšnja, “sour cherry”), Ancient Greek ἰξός (ixós, “mistletoe; birdlime”), Latin viscum (“birdlime”).


twīhnaz

*twīhnaz (a-stem)

twīhnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
twīhnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
twīhnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
twīhnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
twīhną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
twīhnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
twīhnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
twīhnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
twīhnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
twīhnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
twīhną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
twīhnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
twīhnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
twīhnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
twīhnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
twīhnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
twīhnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
twīhnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
twīhnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
twīhnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
twīhnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
twīhnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
twīhnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
twīhnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
twīhnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
twīhnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
twīhnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
twīhnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
twīhnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
twīhnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
twīhnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
twīhnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
twīhnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
twīhnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
twīhnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
twīhnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
twīhnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
twīhnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
twīhnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
twīhnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
twīhnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
twīhnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
twīhniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
twīhnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
twīhnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
twīhnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
twīhniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
twīhnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
twīhnini (dative masculine singular weak)
twīhnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
twīhnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
twīhnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
twīhnini (dative neuter singular weak)
twīhnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
twīhninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
twīhnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
twīhnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
twīhnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
twīhninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
twīhnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: twinn, twin; betwēonum

Middle English: *twyn, *twin; betwene

English: twin; between

Old Frisian: twīne

Old Norse: tvinnr, tvennr

Icelandic: tvennur

Faroese: tvinnur

Gothic: 𐍄𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌽𐌰𐌹 (tweihnai)

From *twīhaz (“consisting of two”), from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ (“two”).


urtiz

urtiz (nominative singular)
urtīz (nominative plural)
urti (singular vocative)
urtīz (plural vocative)
urtį (accusative singular)
urtinz (accusative plural)
urtīz (genitive singular)
urtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
urtī (dative singular)
urtimaz (dative plural)
urtī (instrumental singular)
urtimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *ort (in ortġeard (previously mis-associated with Latin hortus))

Middle English: orcherd, orchard

English: orchard

Old High German: *orz (in orzōn (“to tend or cultivate a field”) < *urtōną)

Old Norse: urt (alternatively from *wurt-)

Icelandic: urt, jurt

Faroese: urt

Norwegian: urt

Old Swedish: yrt

Swedish: ört

→ Finnish: yrtti

Danish: urt

Gothic: *𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐍃 (*aurts) (in 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (aurtigards))

desc

→? Old Church Slavonic: врътоградъ (vrŭtogradŭ)

A dissimilated form of *wurtiz, *wurt-, itself derived from *wrōts.


spōk

Old Frisian: spōk

North Frisian: Spook

Old Saxon: *spōk

Middle Low German: spôk

German Low German: spok

→ German: Spuk, Spökes

→ Danish: spøge

Old Dutch: *spōk

Middle Dutch: spoke, spooce

Dutch: spook

→ English: spook

Norwegian: spjok (< Middle Low German?)

Swedish: spöke

Unknown. According to Klein, from a Proto-Indo-European source shared with Latvian spīgana (“dragon, witch”), Lithuanian spingėti (“to shine”), Old Prussian spanxti (“spark”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pāuǵ-, *(s)pāug- (“to shine, spark; brilliance, spectre”), though the vowels make this less plausible. It could otherwise have been borrowed from a substrate language in the area where Low German/Dutch was spoken. Compare *pūkô.


wirtiz

wirtiz (nominative singular)
wirtīz (nominative plural)
wirti (singular vocative)
wirtīz (plural vocative)
wirtį (accusative singular)
wirtinz (accusative plural)
wirtīz (genitive singular)
wirtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wirtī (dative singular)
wirtimaz (dative plural)
wirtī (instrumental singular)
wirtimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: wirt

Middle Low German: wert, werte

Old Dutch: *wirt

Middle Dutch: wert; werte

Old High German: wirz

Middle High German: wirz

desctree

Old Norse: virtr
Icelandic: virtur, virt
Faroese: virtur
Norwegian Nynorsk: vørter, vyrter; (dialectal) vyrt, vørt, vurt, vytter
Norwegian Bokmål: vørter
Swedish: vört
Scanian: vert

→ Proto-Finnic: *verdek (see there for further descendants)

Possibly related to *wurt-, the oblique stem of *wrōts (“root”), despite uncertain development of the root vowel. May reflect a back-formed full-grade *werd- from pre-Germanic *wr̥d-, or less likely may reflect an old PIE full-grade *wer(h₂)d- without parallels. Note a similar problem with the Ancient Greek cognate ῥίζα (rhíza).


Balþawiniz

Balþawiniz (nominative singular)
Balþawini (singular vocative)
Balþawinį (accusative singular)
Balþawinīz (genitive singular)
Balþawinī (dative singular)
Balþawinī (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Balþawini

Old English: Bealdwine

Middle English: Balduin, Baldwin

English: Baldwin

Old Dutch: *Baldawin

Middle Dutch: Baltwin, Boudewijn

Dutch: Boudewijn

Old High German: Baltwin, Baldavin

Middle High German: Balduin

German: Balduin

→ Serbo-Croatian: Балдовин, Baldovin

→ Romanian: Baldovin

→ Latin: Balduīnus

Catalan: Balduí

Old French: Baudouin

French: Baudouin, Beaudoin

Italian: Baldovino

Portuguese: Balduíno

Spanish: Balduino

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: Baldvin

Icelandic: Baldvin

Faroese: Baldvin

Norwegian Bokmål: Baldvin

Norwegian Nynorsk: Baldvin

Old Swedish: *Baldvin

Swedish: Baldvin

Danish: Baldvin

From *balþaz (“bold”) + *winiz (“friend”).


duttaz

duttaz (nominative singular)
duttōz (nominative plural)
duttōs (nominative plural)
dutt (singular vocative)
duttōz (plural vocative)
duttōs (plural vocative)
duttą (accusative singular)
duttanz (accusative plural)
duttas (genitive singular)
duttis (genitive singular)
duttǫ̂ (genitive plural)
duttai (dative singular)
duttamaz (dative plural)
duttō (instrumental singular)
duttamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: dott

Middle English: *dott, *dot

English: dot

West Frisian: dot

>? Middle Low German: dutt

German Low German: Dotte, Dott, Dutt

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: dodde, dot

Old High German: tutto; tutta

Middle High German: tutte, tute

→? Swedish: tutte

Old Norse: dottr

Faroese: doddur, dottur

Norwegian: dott, dodd

→ Scots: dodd, dode

Swedish: dott, dutt (both vernacular/dialectal ?)

Unknown. Perhaps of onomatopoeic origin, also compare Dutch doetje (“silly person, softie”).


mistilaz

mistilaz (nominative singular)
mistilōz (nominative plural)
mistilōs (nominative plural)
mistil (singular vocative)
mistilōz (plural vocative)
mistilōs (plural vocative)
mistilą (accusative singular)
mistilanz (accusative plural)
mistilas (genitive singular)
mistilis (genitive singular)
mistilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mistilai (dative singular)
mistilamaz (dative plural)
mistilō (instrumental singular)
mistilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mistil
Old English: mistel
Middle English: mistel, mistell, mystil, mystill, mystyl
English: mistle
Scots: misle
Old Frisian: *mistel
West Frisian: mistel
Old Saxon: mistil
Middle Low German: mistel
German Low German: Mistel
⇒ Plautdietsch: Mistelplaunt
Old Dutch: *mistil
Middle Dutch: mistel
Dutch: mistel
Old High German: mistil
Middle High German: mistel
German: Mistel

Old Norse: *mistil; mistilteinn
Danish: mistelten
Icelandic: mistilteinn
Faroese: mistilteinur
Norwegian Bokmål: misteltein
Norwegian Nynorsk: misteltein
Swedish: mistel
→? Old English: misteltān (calque)
Middle English: mistelto, mistilte, mistilto, mysleto, mystyldene
English: mistletoe

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *me (“with, mid”) and a zero-grade of *sed- (“to sit”) due to the fact that the plant parasitizes “sitting” on other plants, with the diminutive suffix + *-ilaz or + *-ilǭ known from Proto-Germanic *þistilaz (“thistle”) and Proto-West Germanic *natilā (“nettle”), compare for this derivation type Proto-Indo-European *nisdós (“nest”) and Proto-Indo-European *písdeh₂ (“pudendum”).


mōtōną

mōtō (active first-person indicative singular)
mōtǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mōtōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
mōtōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
mōtōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mōtō (active imperative second-person singular)
mōtōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mōtōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mōtōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
mōtō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mōtōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
mōtōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mōtōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mōtōs (active dual first-person indicative)
mōtōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mōtōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mōtōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mōtōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mōtōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mōtōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mōtōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mōtōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mōtōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
mōtōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mōtōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
mōtōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mōtōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mōtōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
mōtōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mōtōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
mōtōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mōtōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mōtōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
mōtōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mōtōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
mōtōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mōtōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
mōtōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mōtōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
mōtōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mōtōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mōtōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mōtōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
mōtōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mōtōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
mōtōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mōtōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
mōtōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mōtōndz (active participle present)
mōtōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *mōtōn
Old Frisian:
West Frisian: moezje
Old High German: muozōn
Middle High German: muozen
→ Vulgar Latin: *musō, *amusō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to measure”). Equivalent to *mōtǭ (“leisure, idleness, opportunity”) + *-ōną, (compare German Muße (“leisure”)).


andawlitją

andawlitją (nominative singular)
andawlitjō (nominative plural)
andawlitją (singular vocative)
andawlitjō (plural vocative)
andawlitją (accusative singular)
andawlitjō (accusative plural)
andawlitjas (genitive singular)
andawlitis (genitive singular)
andawlitjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
andawlitjai (dative singular)
andawlitjamaz (dative plural)
andawlitjō (instrumental singular)
andawlitjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *andawliti
Old English: andwlita, andwlite (< *andawlitô)
Middle English: anlet, onlete
Old Saxon: *andwlitti, *andlitti
Middle Low German: antlitte (possibly borrowed from High German)
>? Low German: Antlaat
Old Dutch: antlito
Old High German: antlizzi
Middle High German: antlitze, antlütte, antlütze
German: Antlitz

Old Norse: andlit

Icelandic: andlit

Faroese: andlit

Norwegian Bokmål: andlet

Norwegian Nynorsk: andlit (obsolete), andlet

Swedish: anlete

Old Danish: andlæt

Danish: anled (obsolete)


frestą

frestą (nominative singular)
frestō (nominative plural)
frestą (singular vocative)
frestō (plural vocative)
frestą (accusative singular)
frestō (accusative plural)
frestas (genitive singular)
fristis (genitive singular)
frestǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fristai (dative singular)
frestamaz (dative plural)
frestō (instrumental singular)
frestamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: frist, first, fyrst n

Old Frisian: ferst, first n

North Frisian: frest, ferst

Old High German: *frist

Middle High German: vrist n

Old Norse: frest n

Icelandic: frestur m

Norwegian Nynorsk: frest m

Swedish: frist

Danish: frist

Norwegian Bokmål: frist

From *fres (“forward”), from Proto-Indo-European *pres-, *per- (“forward, forth, over, beyond”).


fristiz

fristiz (nominative singular)
fristīz (nominative plural)
fristi (singular vocative)
fristīz (plural vocative)
fristį (accusative singular)
fristinz (accusative plural)
fristīz (genitive singular)
fristijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fristī (dative singular)
fristimaz (dative plural)
fristī (instrumental singular)
fristimiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: frist, first, fierst, fyrst m; fierst f

Middle English: first, furst, feorst, forst, ferst, frest, vrist

English: frist, first

Scots: frist, frest, first, fyrst

Old Saxon: *frist

Middle Low German: frist, ferst, verst, vorst, vrüst f

Old High German: frist m; frist f

Middle High German: vrist m; vrist f

German: Frist f

Old Norse: *frestr; *fresta (likely a back-formation of the neuter plural of *frestą)

From *fres (“forward”), from Proto-Indo-European *pres-, *per- (“forward, forth, over, beyond”), equivalent to *fres + *-þiz.


kweduz

kweduz (nominative singular)
kwidiwiz (nominative plural)
kwedu (singular vocative)
kwidiwiz (plural vocative)
kwedų (accusative singular)
kwedunz (accusative plural)
kwedauz (genitive singular)
kwidiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwidiwi (dative singular)
kwedumaz (dative plural)
kwedū (instrumental singular)
kwedumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kwidu
Old English: cwidu, cweodu, cudu
Middle English: code, quide, quede, coude, cudde
English: cud, quid
Scots: cude, cuid
Old High German: quiti, kuti
Middle High German: küte, küt
German: Kitt (“cement, putty”)


ulbanduz

ulbanduz (nominative singular)
ulbandiwiz (nominative plural)
ulbandu (singular vocative)
ulbandiwiz (plural vocative)
ulbandų (accusative singular)
ulbandunz (accusative plural)
ulbandauz (genitive singular)
ulbandiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ulbandiwi (dative singular)
ulbandumaz (dative plural)
ulbandū (instrumental singular)
ulbandumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *olbandu
Old English: olfend, olfenda
Middle English: olfent, olfend, olvont, olvende, olvente
Old Saxon: olbundeo
Old High German: olbenta, olbenda, olpenta, olvenda, olvinda, ulvinda f, olbendo, olbento m
Middle High German: olbende

Old Norse: ulfaldi

Icelandic: úlfaldi

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: Ulvalde

Gothic: 𐌿𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (ulbandus)

→ Proto-Slavic: *velьb(l)ǫdъ (see there for further descendants)


leusaną

leusō (active first-person indicative singular)
leusaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
leusai (first-person indicative passive singular)
liusizi (active indicative second-person singular)
leusaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
leus (active imperative second-person singular)
leusazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
leusaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
liusidi (active indicative singular third-person)
leusai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
leusadau (active imperative singular third-person)
leusadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
leusaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
leusōz (active dual first-person indicative)
leusaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
leusadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
leusaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
leusadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
leusamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
leusaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
leusandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
leusaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
liusid (active indicative plural second-person)
leusaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
liusid (active imperative plural second-person)
leusandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
leusaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
leusandi (active indicative plural third-person)
leusain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
leusandau (active imperative plural third-person)
leusandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
leusaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laus (active first-person indicative singular)
luzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laust (active indicative second-person singular)
luzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laus (active indicative singular third-person)
luzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
luzū (active dual first-person indicative)
luzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
luzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
luzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
luzum (active first-person indicative plural)
luzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
luzud (active indicative plural second-person)
luzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
luzun (active indicative plural third-person)
luzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
leusandz (active participle present)
luzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *leusan
Old English: *lēosan
Middle English: lesen
English: leese
Scots: lese, leis
Old Frisian: liāsa
Old Saxon: *liosan
Middle Low German: lêsen
Old High German: *liosan
Middle High German: liesen

Gothic: *𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 (*liusan) (in derivatives)

From Proto-Indo-European *lewHs-, from *lewH- (“to cut; sever; separate; loosen; lose”).


gudawabją

gudawabją (nominative singular)
gudawabjō (nominative plural)
gudawabją (singular vocative)
gudawabjō (plural vocative)
gudawabją (accusative singular)
gudawabjō (accusative plural)
gudawabjas (genitive singular)
gudawabis (genitive singular)
gudawabjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gudawabjai (dative singular)
gudawabjamaz (dative plural)
gudawabjō (instrumental singular)
gudawabjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *godawabi
Old English: godwebb, godeweb, godweb
Old Frisian: godwebb
Old Saxon: godowebbi, godoweb
Old High German: gotawebbi, cotiweppi

Old Norse: guðvefr m

Icelandic: guðvefur

/ˈɣu.ðɑˌwɑβ.jɑ̃/


lutōną

lutō (active first-person indicative singular)
lutǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lutōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
lutōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
lutōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lutō (active imperative second-person singular)
lutōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lutōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lutōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
lutō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lutōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
lutōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lutōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lutōs (active dual first-person indicative)
lutōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lutōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lutōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lutōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lutōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lutōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lutōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lutōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lutōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
lutōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lutōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
lutōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lutōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lutōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
lutōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lutōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
lutōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lutōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lutōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
lutōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lutōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
lutōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lutōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
lutōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lutōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
lutōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lutōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lutōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lutōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
lutōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lutōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
lutōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lutōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
lutōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lutōndz (active participle present)
lutōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *lutōn
Old English: lutian, *lotian
Middle English: lotien, loten
English: lote

Gothic: 𐌻𐌿𐍄𐍉𐌽 (lutōn)

From Proto-Indo-European *lewd- (“to duck; feign; be low; be small”).


wīkō

wīkō (nominative singular)
wīkôz (nominative plural)
wīkō (singular vocative)
wīkôz (plural vocative)
wīkǭ (accusative singular)
wīkōz (accusative plural)
wīkōz (genitive singular)
wīkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīkōi (dative singular)
wīkōmaz (dative plural)
wīkō (instrumental singular)
wīkōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wīku, *wīk
Old English: wīc
Old Frisian: wīk
Saterland Frisian: Wieke
West Frisian: wyk
Old Saxon: *wīka, *wīk
Middle Low German: wîk, wike
German Low German: Wieke, Wiek
Old Dutch: *wīk
Middle Dutch: wijc, wijk
Dutch: wijk

Old Norse: vík (“inlet, fjord”)

Icelandic: vík

Faroese: vík

Norn: vik

Norwegian Bokmål: vik

Norwegian Nynorsk: vik

Swedish: vik

Danish: vig

Gutnish: vike, vika

→ Middle English: *wik

Early Scots: weike

Scots: wick (“bay”)

English: wick (“bay”)

From Proto-Indo-European *weyg-, *weyk- (“to bend, curve”), perhaps from earlier *wīks.


lētaz

lētaz (nominative singular)
lētōz (nominative plural)
lētōs (nominative plural)
lēt (singular vocative)
lētōz (plural vocative)
lētōs (plural vocative)
lētą (accusative singular)
lētanz (accusative plural)
lētas (genitive singular)
lētis (genitive singular)
lētǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lētai (dative singular)
lētamaz (dative plural)
lētō (instrumental singular)
lētamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: lǣt

Old Frisian: lēt

Old Saxon: lāt

Middle Low German: lât

Old Dutch: *lāt

Middle Dutch: lâet

Dutch: laat

Old High German: lāz; lāza f

Middle High German: lazze m

Old Norse: *látr

Gothic: *𐌻𐌴𐍄𐍃 (*lēts) (in derivatives: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍄𐍃 (fralēts))

→ Medieval Latin: laetus, litus

→ Old Saxon: lido, liddo

→ Old Dutch: lito

→ Old High German: litus

Middle High German: *lite

German: Lite


wangaz

wangaz (nominative singular)
wangōz (nominative plural)
wangōs (nominative plural)
wang (singular vocative)
wangōz (plural vocative)
wangōs (plural vocative)
wangą (accusative singular)
wanganz (accusative plural)
wangas (genitive singular)
wangis (genitive singular)
wangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wangai (dative singular)
wangamaz (dative plural)
wangō (instrumental singular)
wangamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wang, wong

Middle English: wong

English: wong (in placenames)

Old Saxon: wang

Old High German: wang

Old Norse: vangr

Icelandic: vangur

Norn: vång

Norwegian: vang

Old Swedish: vanger

Swedish: vång

Old Danish: vang

Danish: vang

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 (waggs, “paradise; *meadow”)
→? Albanian: fëng／fang (“infertile land”)

From Proto-Indo-European *wenk-, *wek- (“to be bent or bowed”), the same source as *wangô (“cheek”).


fruþǭ

fruþǭ (nominative singular)
fruþōniz (nominative plural)
fruþǭ (singular vocative)
fruþōniz (plural vocative)
fruþōnų (accusative singular)
fruþōnunz (accusative plural)
fruþōniz (genitive singular)
fruþōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fruþōni (dative singular)
fruþōmaz (dative plural)
fruþōnē (instrumental singular)
fruþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: froða

Icelandic: froða

Faroese: froða

Norn: frod

→ Middle English: froth

English: froth

From Proto-Indo-European *prutH-eh₂, from *prewtH- (“to splash”). Cognate with Sanskrit प्रोथति (próthati).


durą

durą (nominative singular)
durō (nominative plural)
durą (singular vocative)
durō (plural vocative)
durą (accusative singular)
durō (accusative plural)
duras (genitive singular)
duris (genitive singular)
durǫ̂ (genitive plural)
durai (dative singular)
duramaz (dative plural)
durō (instrumental singular)
duramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dor
Old English: dor
Middle English: dor
English: door
Old Saxon: dor
Old High German: tor
Middle High German: tor
Cimbrian: tor
German: Tor

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂 (daur)

From Pre-Germanic *dʰur-o-m, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer-.


dūnaz

dūnaz (nominative singular)
dūnōz (nominative plural)
dūnōs (nominative plural)
dūn (singular vocative)
dūnōz (plural vocative)
dūnōs (plural vocative)
dūną (accusative singular)
dūnanz (accusative plural)
dūnas (genitive singular)
dūnis (genitive singular)
dūnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dūnai (dative singular)
dūnamaz (dative plural)
dūnō (instrumental singular)
dūnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dūnā, *dūn m, *dūnu f, *dūnō m
Old English: dūn f or m
Middle English: dune, doun
English: dune, down
Scots: doun, down
Old Saxon: *dūna f, *dūn m
Middle Low German: dûne, dunne f, don, done, donne m
German Low German: Düne, Düün
→ German: Düne
→ Swedish: dyn, dyne
→ Norwegian: dyne
Old Dutch: dūn, dūno ?
Middle Dutch: dûne f or n
Dutch: duin f
Afrikaans: duin
→ Old Frisian: dūne f, *dūn n (also possibly borrowed from Low German)
Saterland Frisian: Dúune, Duune f
West Frisian: dún n
→ Old French: dune
Middle French: dune
French: dune
Old High German: *tūna, dūna f

>? Old Norse: dúnn, dýnn, dunn, dynn

⇒ Old Norse: sauðadunn, sauðadynn

From *dū- (“to whisk, whip up, agitate, storm”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, dust, haze”).


dūnaz

Old Norse: dúnn

Icelandic: dúnn

Faroese: dún

Norwegian: dun

Old Swedish: dūn

Swedish: dun

Elfdalian: daungen

Danish: dun

Gutnish: däun

→ Middle English: doun, downe

English: down

→ Middle Low German: dûne

German Low German: Duun

→ Dutch: dons

→ German: Daune

→ Saterland Frisian: Duune

→ Old French: dum, dun (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, fume, raise dust”).


durīz

Old Saxon: duri

Old Dutch: duri

Middle Dutch: dore, duere, dure

Dutch: deur

Old High German: turi

Middle High German: türe

German: Tür, Türe

Cimbrian: tüar

Luxembourgish: Dier

Mòcheno: tir

Pennsylvania German: Dier

Yiddish: טיר (tir)

Old Norse: dyrr f pl

Icelandic: dyr f pl

Faroese: dyr f pl

Norn: dør f pl

Norwegian: dør f sg, m sg

Old Swedish: dyr f pl or n pl, later f sg

Swedish: dörr c sg

Danish: dør c sg

Gutnish: dur, duri

Scanian: dør m sg

Elfdalian: dörer f pl (dat. dörum)

Reformed as a feminine i-stem from earlier *durī, from Pre-Germanic *dʰúrih₁ (“double doors”), dual of *dʰúrom (see *durą), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer-. Compare Old Armenian դուրք (durkʻ).


pāwô

pāwô (nominative singular)
pāwaniz (nominative plural)
pāwô (singular vocative)
pāwaniz (plural vocative)
pāwanų (accusative singular)
pāwanunz (accusative plural)
pāwiniz (genitive singular)
pāwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pāwini (dative singular)
pāwammaz (dative plural)
pāwinē (instrumental singular)
pāwammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *pāwō m, *pāwā f
Old English: pāwa, pēa m, pāwe f
Middle English: po, pa, paa, paue, pe, poo, poue
English: pea, po (archaic)
⇒ Middle English: pecok, pocok, pacok
English: peacock
→ Hawaiian: pīkake
→ English: pikake
→ Maori: pīkake
Scots: pacok, pecok
Old Frisian: *pāwa, *pāu
Saterland Frisian: Pau
West Frisian: pau
Old Saxon: pāo, *pāwo
Middle Low German: pâwe, pauwe, pâw
German Low German: Pau
Old Dutch: *pāwo, *pāo
Middle Dutch: pau, pawe, pauwe
Dutch: pauw
Afrikaans: pou
Negerhollands: powwis
→ Munsee: páaw
→ Papiamentu: pòwis
Old High German: pfāwo, pfāwa
Middle High German: pfāwe, pfā
German: Pfau m, (chiefly Austria) Pfaue f
⇒ German: Pfauhahn f
⇒ Middle High German: *pfāwelīn, *pfāuwelīn (diminutive)
German: Pfäulein (archaic)
→ Estonian: paabulind
→ Old East Slavic:
Belarusian: паўлі́н (paŭlín)
Russian: павли́н (pavlín)
Rhine Franconian: Fau, Pau
Frankfurterisch: IPA [fau]
Yiddish: פּאַווע (pave)

Old Norse: pái
⇒ Old Norse: páfugl
Icelandic: páfugl
Faroese: páfuglur
Norwegian: påfugl
Swedish: påfågel
Danish: påfugl
Gutnish: påfågel, pafäugl


frisaz

*frisaz (a-stem)

frisaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
frisai (masculine nominative plural strong)
frisō (feminine nominative singular strong)
frisôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
frisą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
frisō (neuter nominative plural strong)
frisanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
frisanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
frisǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
frisōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
frisą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
frisō (accusative neuter plural strong)
frisas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
frisaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
frisaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
frisaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
frisas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
frisaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
frisammai (dative masculine singular strong)
frisaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
frisaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
frisaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
frisammai (dative neuter singular strong)
frisaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
frisanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
frisaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
frisaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
frisaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
frisanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
frisaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
frisô (masculine nominative singular weak)
frisaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
frisǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
frisōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
frisô (neuter nominative singular weak)
frisōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
frisanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
frisanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
frisōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
frisōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
frisô (accusative neuter singular weak)
frisōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
frisiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
frisanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
frisōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
frisōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
frisiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
frisanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
frisini (dative masculine singular weak)
frisammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
frisōni (dative feminine singular weak)
frisōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
frisini (dative neuter singular weak)
frisammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
frisinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
frisammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
frisōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
frisōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
frisinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
frisammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: frīs

Middle English: frise, frese (noun)

English: frizz (noun)

⇒ English: frizzy

⇒ Middle English: frisen (verb)

English: frizz (verb)

⇒ English: frizzle

Scots: frizz

Old Frisian: *frīs

⇒ Old Frisian: frīsle, frēsle f (noun)

→ Old French: frise (noun)

Middle French: frise

French: frise

⇒ Middle French: friser

French: friser

→ Dutch: friseren

⇒ French: frisure

→ English: frisure


rakkô

rakkô (nominative singular)
rakkaniz (nominative plural)
rakkô (singular vocative)
rakkaniz (plural vocative)
rakkanų (accusative singular)
rakkanunz (accusative plural)
rakkiniz (genitive singular)
rakkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rakkini (dative singular)
rakkammaz (dative plural)
rakkinē (instrumental singular)
rakkammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rakkō (“parrel”); *rak(k)u (“hound”) (?)

Old English: racca; ræċċ (< *rakkuz ?)

desc

Middle English: rakke (“parrel; parrel-rope”); racche (“hunting dog”)

⇒ English: rackie (“parrel”); ratch, rach (“hunting dog”)

⇒ Scots: rakie, rackie, rakki (“parrel”)

>? Old Saxon: *rak(k), *rek(k)

Middle Low German: rēke (“large farm dog”)

⇒ Middle Low German: rēkel, reckel

German Low German: Rekel

→ Middle Dutch: rekel

Dutch: rekel (“watchdog, hunting dog, male dog”)

Old High German: *rahh, *rach

Middle High German: *rache

German: Rache (“scent-hound”) (attested once in early NHG)

Alemannic German: Rache

Old Norse: rakki

Icelandic: rakki

Faroese: rakki (“parrel", also "[young] dog”)

Norwegian: rakke (dialectal)

Elfdalian: rakke

(Gutnish: hundrakkrar)

→ Finnish: rakki

From Proto-Indo-European *reǵ- (“to tie, bind”). The "dog" sense may be a separate word, as the Old English shows a differing declension to the Old Norse, and appears to be derived from a u-stem. Compare also Old High German brakko (“beagle, hunting dog”), brekka (“bitch, setter”).


jedaną

jedō (active first-person indicative singular)
jedaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
jedai (first-person indicative passive singular)
jidizi (active indicative second-person singular)
jedaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
jed (active imperative second-person singular)
jedazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
jedaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
jididi (active indicative singular third-person)
jedai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
jedadau (active imperative singular third-person)
jedadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
jedaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
jedōz (active dual first-person indicative)
jedaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
jedadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
jedaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
jedadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
jedamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
jedaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
jedandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
jedaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
jidid (active indicative plural second-person)
jedaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
jidid (active imperative plural second-person)
jedandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
jedaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
jedandi (active indicative plural third-person)
jedain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
jedandau (active imperative plural third-person)
jedandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
jedaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
jad (active first-person indicative singular)
jēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
jast (active indicative second-person singular)
jēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
jad (active indicative singular third-person)
jēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
jēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
jēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
jēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
jēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
jēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
jēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
jēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
jēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
jēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
jēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
jedandz (active participle present)
jedanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Saxon: gedan

Middle Low German: jēden

desctree

Old Dutch: gedan
Middle Dutch: gēden
Limburgish: gaeje

Old High German: getan, jetan

Middle High German: geten, jëten

German: jäten


waiþijô

gem-decl-noun-table

*waiþijô (an-stem)

waiþijô (nominative singular)
waiþijaniz (nominative plural)
waiþijô (singular vocative)
waiþijaniz (plural vocative)
waiþijanų (accusative singular)
waiþijanunz (accusative plural)
waiþīniz (genitive singular)
waiþijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waiþīni (dative singular)
waiþijammaz (dative plural)
waiþīnē (instrumental singular)
waiþijammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *waiþijō

Old English: *wǣþa

⇒ Old English: herewǣþa

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌾𐌰 (waiþja)


waiþō

waiþō (nominative singular)
waiþôz (nominative plural)
waiþō (singular vocative)
waiþôz (plural vocative)
waiþǭ (accusative singular)
waiþōz (accusative plural)
waiþōz (genitive singular)
waiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waiþōi (dative singular)
waiþōmaz (dative plural)
waiþō (instrumental singular)
waiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *waiþu
Old English: wāþ
Middle English: wathe, waith, wayth
English: wathe
Scots: waith
Old Frisian: *wāth, *wēth
Saterland Frisian: Weede
West Frisian: weide
Old Saxon: *weitha
Middle Low German: weide
German Low German: Weide, Weid
Old Dutch: weitha
Middle Dutch: weide
Dutch: weide, wei
West Flemish: wede, wee
Old High German: weida
Middle High German: weide
Alemannic German: weidu
German: Weide

From Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁- (“to chase, pursue, suppress”).


waiþijaną

waiþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
waiþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waiþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
waiþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
waiþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waiþī (active imperative second-person singular)
waiþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
waiþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
waiþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
waiþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waiþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
waiþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
waiþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
waiþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
waiþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waiþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waiþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waiþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
waiþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
waiþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waiþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
waiþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
waiþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
waiþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waiþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
waiþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
waiþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
waiþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
waiþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waiþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
waiþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
waiþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
waiþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
waiþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waiþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
waiþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waiþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
waiþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waiþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
waiþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waiþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waiþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waiþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
waiþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waiþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
waiþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waiþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
waiþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waiþijandz (active participle present)
waiþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *waiþijan

Old English: wǣþan

Old Norse: veiða

Icelandic: veiða

Faroese: veiða

Norwegian Nynorsk: veida

Old Swedish: vēþa, vedha

Swedish: (obsolete) veda

Old Danish: vede

From *waiþiz, *waiþō, from Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁- (“to chase, pursue”).


wunāną

wunō (active first-person indicative singular)
wunaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
wunai (active imperative second-person singular)
wunāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wunaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wunāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wunāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wunōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wunāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wunāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wunāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wunānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wunaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wunaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wunānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wunānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wunānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wunānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wunadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wunadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wunadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wunadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wunadē (active indicative singular third-person)
wunadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wunadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wunadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wunadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wunadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wunadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wunadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wunadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wunadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wunadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wunadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wunāndz (active participle present)
wunadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wunēn
Old English: wunian
Middle English: wunien, wunen, wonen
English: won, wone
Scots: won, wone
Old Frisian: wunia, wonia, wenja
Saterland Frisian: woonje
West Frisian: wenje
Old Saxon: wunōn, wonōn, wonon
Middle Low German: wōnen
German Low German: wohnen
Low German: wanen
Old Dutch: wonon
Middle Dutch: wōnen
Dutch: wonen
Limburgish: woeane, wónne
Old High German: wonēn
Middle High German: wonen
German: wohnen
Hunsrik: wohne

Old Norse: una

Icelandic: una

Norwegian Nynorsk: una

Gothic: *𐍅𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*wunān)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐍅𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (unwunānds)

From Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to wish; desire; love”).


wīwô

wīwô (nominative singular)
wīwaniz (nominative plural)
wīwô (singular vocative)
wīwaniz (plural vocative)
wīwanų (accusative singular)
wīwanunz (accusative plural)
wīwiniz (genitive singular)
wīwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīwini (dative singular)
wīwammaz (dative plural)
wīwinē (instrumental singular)
wīwammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *wīwo

Middle Low German: wîe, wîhe

Low German: Wieh

Old Dutch: *wīwo, *wiuwo, weio

Middle Dutch: wouwe, wīwe, wīe, wūwe

Dutch: wouw

→ West Frisian: wou

Old High German: wīwo, wīgo, wīo

Middle High German: wīwe, wīe, wewe

German: Weihe, Weih

→? Pennsylvania German: Woi

→? Saterland Frisian: Wäie

Old Norse: *vé (possibly unrelated)

⇒ Old Norse: langvé

Icelandic: langvía

>? Icelandic: langvígi

>? Faroese: lomvigi

→ Danish: lomvi

→? Norwegian Nynorsk: lomvi

desc

>? Norwegian Nynorsk: langve, lomvie, langvie

→ Danish: lomvibe, lomvie

Swedish: lomvia

→ Irish: lamhaidh

→ English: lavy

From Proto-Indo-European *wéyh₁-ow-, from *weyh₁- (“to chase, pursue”). Possibly cognate with Ancient Greek ἱέρᾱξ (hiérāx, “hawk, eagle”) and αἰετός (aietós, “eagle”).


kōlnaną

kōlnō (active first-person indicative singular)
kōlnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kōlnōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kōlnais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kōlnō (active imperative second-person singular)
kōlnōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kōlnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kōlnōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kōlnōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kōlnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kōlnaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kōlnaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kōlnaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kōlnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kōlnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kōlnaþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kōlnaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kōlnaþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kōlnanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kōlnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kōlnanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kōlnōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kōlnōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kōlnōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kōlnōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kōlnōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
kōlnōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kōlnōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kōlnōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kōlnōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kōlnōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kōlnōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kōlnōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kōlnōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kōlnōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kōlnōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kōlnōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kōlnandz (active participle present)

Old Norse: kólna

Icelandic: kólna

Faroese: kólna

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: kolne, kolna

Old Swedish: kōlna, kūlna

Old Danish: kōlnæ

Gutnish: kålne

Scanian: kulna


snutrį̄

snutrį̄ (nominative singular)
snutrīniz (nominative plural)
snutrį̄ (singular vocative)
snutrīniz (plural vocative)
snutrīnų (accusative singular)
snutrīnunz (accusative plural)
snutrīniz (genitive singular)
snutrīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snutrīni (dative singular)
snutrīmaz (dative plural)
snutrīnē (instrumental singular)
snutrīmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *snuttrī
Old English: snytro, snyttro, snytero, snyteru
Middle English: snytere

Gothic: 𐍃𐌽𐌿𐍄𐍂𐌴𐌹 (snutrei)


harmijaną

harmijō (active first-person indicative singular)
harmijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
harmijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
harmīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
harmijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
harmī (active imperative second-person singular)
harmijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
harmijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
harmīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
harmijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
harmijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
harmijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
harmijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
harmijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
harmijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
harmijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
harmijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
harmijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
harmijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
harmijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
harmijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
harmijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
harmīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
harmijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
harmīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
harmijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
harmijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
harmijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
harmijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
harmijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
harmijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
harmijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
harmidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
harmidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
harmidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
harmidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
harmidē (active indicative singular third-person)
harmidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
harmidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
harmidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
harmidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
harmidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
harmidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
harmidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
harmidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
harmidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
harmidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
harmidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
harmijandz (active participle present)
harmidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *harmijan
Old Saxon: hermian
Old Dutch: hermen
→ Old French: *harnir, *hernir, *hergner
Middle French: hergner
⇒ Old French: hergnos (“evil, harmful”)
Old High German: hermen
Middle High German: hermen
German: härmen

Old Norse: hermask

Icelandic: hermast

Swedish: härmas

From *harmaz (“to harm, pain”) + *-janą or *harmaz (“to harmful, painful”) + *-janą.


harmijaną

Old Norse: herma

Icelandic: herma

Norwegian Nynorsk: herma

Swedish: härma

Danish: herme

From Proto-Indo-European *kerh₂-, *kerh₃- (“to praise (loudly)”).


wulkną

wulkną (nominative singular)
wulknō (nominative plural)
wulkną (singular vocative)
wulknō (plural vocative)
wulkną (accusative singular)
wulknō (accusative plural)
wulknas (genitive singular)
wulknis (genitive singular)
wulknǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wulknai (dative singular)
wulknamaz (dative plural)
wulknō (instrumental singular)
wulknamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wolkn
Old English: wolcn, weolcen, wolc, wolcen
Middle English: welken (from plural wolcnu)
English: welkin
Scots: walk, wak (from wolc)
Old Frisian: wolken, wulken, ulken
North Frisian: wolk
West Frisian: wolken, wolke, wolk
Old Saxon: wolkan, wolcan
Middle Low German: wolken, wulken
Old Dutch: uulcun, wulkon
Middle Dutch: wolken
Old High German: wolkan, wolcan
Middle High German: wolken, wulken n or f or m
Bavarian: Woikn, Wolkn
Yiddish: וואָלקן (volkn)

Nominalized from Proto-Indo-European *wl̥g-nó-s, from *welg- (“wet, damp”) + *-nós.


waiwô

waiwô (nominative singular)
waiwaniz (nominative plural)
waiwô (singular vocative)
waiwaniz (plural vocative)
waiwanų (accusative singular)
waiwanunz (accusative plural)
waiwiniz (genitive singular)
waiwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waiwini (dative singular)
waiwammaz (dative plural)
waiwinē (instrumental singular)
waiwammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wēa, wāwa
Middle English: we, wee, wea, wæ; wowe

Old Saxon: *wēwo

Middle Low German: wēwe

Frankish: *waiwo

Old Dutch: *wēwo

Middle Dutch: weewe

Dutch: wee

→ Vulgar Latin: *waius, *guaius

Italian: guaio

Portuguese: guaya

Old Spanish: guaya

Spanish: guaya

Ladino: guaya

Old High German: wēwo
Middle High German: wēwe
German: Weh

Old Norse: vá, vó, vo (< *waiwō)

Icelandic: vá, vó

→ Proto-Finnic: *vaiva (see there for further descendants) (< *waiwō)


swarô

swarô (nominative singular)
swaraniz (nominative plural)
swarô (singular vocative)
swaraniz (plural vocative)
swaranų (accusative singular)
swaranunz (accusative plural)
swariniz (genitive singular)
swaranǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swarini (dative singular)
swarammaz (dative plural)
swarinē (instrumental singular)
swarammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *swara, mānswara

Old Norse: *svari, meinsvari, eiðsvari

Icelandic: svari

desc

Gothic: *𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰 (*swara), 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰 (ufarswara)


skulô

skulô (nominative singular)
skulaniz (nominative plural)
skulô (singular vocative)
skulaniz (plural vocative)
skulanų (accusative singular)
skulanunz (accusative plural)
skuliniz (genitive singular)
skulanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skulini (dative singular)
skulammaz (dative plural)
skulinē (instrumental singular)
skulammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skolō

Old English: *sċola

⇒ Old English: mānsċola

Old Saxon: skolo

Old High German: skolo, scolo

Middle High German: schol

⇒ Middle High German: selpschol

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *gaskolō

Old English: ġesċola

Old High German: *giskolo

Middle High German: geschol

⇒ Middle High German: selpgeschol

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰 (skula)

Zero-grade agentive n-stem derived from *skulaną.


stuntaz

*stuntaz (a-stem)

stuntaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
stuntai (masculine nominative plural strong)
stuntō (feminine nominative singular strong)
stuntôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
stuntą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
stuntō (neuter nominative plural strong)
stuntanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
stuntanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
stuntǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
stuntōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
stuntą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
stuntō (accusative neuter plural strong)
stuntas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
stuntaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
stuntaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
stuntaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
stuntas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
stuntaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
stuntammai (dative masculine singular strong)
stuntaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
stuntaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
stuntaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
stuntammai (dative neuter singular strong)
stuntaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
stuntanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
stuntaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
stuntaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
stuntaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
stuntanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
stuntaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
stuntô (masculine nominative singular weak)
stuntaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
stuntǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
stuntōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
stuntô (neuter nominative singular weak)
stuntōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
stuntanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
stuntanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
stuntōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
stuntōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
stuntô (accusative neuter singular weak)
stuntōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
stuntiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
stuntanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
stuntōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
stuntōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
stuntiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
stuntanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
stuntini (dative masculine singular weak)
stuntammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
stuntōni (dative feminine singular weak)
stuntōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
stuntini (dative neuter singular weak)
stuntammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
stuntinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
stuntammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
stuntōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
stuntōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
stuntinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
stuntammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: stunt

Middle English: stunt, stont

English: stunt

Old High German: *stunz

Middle High German: stunz

Old Norse: stuttr

Icelandic: stuttur

Faroese: stuttur

Norwegian: stutt

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewd- (“to beat; push; pound”).


kanjaną

kanjō (active first-person indicative singular)
kanjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kanjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kanisi (active indicative second-person singular)
kanjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kani (active imperative second-person singular)
kanjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kanjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kaniþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kanjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kanjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kanjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kanjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kanjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kanjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kanjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kanjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kanjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kanjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kanjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kanjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kanjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kaniþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kanjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kaniþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kanjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kanjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kanjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kanjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kanjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kanjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kanjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kanidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kanidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kanidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kanidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kanidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kanidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kanidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kanidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kanidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kanidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kanidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kanidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kanidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kanidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kanidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kanidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kanjandz (active participle present)
kanidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kannjan
Old English: cænnan, cennan, cynnan
Middle English: kennen
⇒ Old English: oncennan
→ Old Norse: kenna
Old Saxon: kennian
Old Dutch: *kennen

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵonh₁éyeti, causative formation to the root *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, to beget, to give birth”). Cognate with Sanskrit जनयति (janayati, “to beget, produce”).


turdą

turdą (nominative singular)
turdō (nominative plural)
turdą (singular vocative)
turdō (plural vocative)
turdą (accusative singular)
turdō (accusative plural)
turdas (genitive singular)
turdis (genitive singular)
turdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
turdai (dative singular)
turdamaz (dative plural)
turdō (instrumental singular)
turdamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tord
Old English: tord
Middle English: tord, toord, torde
English: turd
Scots: tuird
Old Dutch: *tord, *tort
Middle Dutch: torde, torte, tort, toort
Dutch: tort
Old High German: zort
Middle High German: *zort, zurch, zürch
German: (dialectal) Zort, (archaic) Zürch

desc

Old Norse: torð- (“dung-”, in compounds)

From Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to split, flay”), related to *teraną.


natǭ

natǭ (nominative singular)
natōniz (nominative plural)
natǭ (singular vocative)
natōniz (plural vocative)
natōnų (accusative singular)
natōnunz (accusative plural)
natōniz (genitive singular)
natōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
natōni (dative singular)
natōmaz (dative plural)
natōnē (instrumental singular)
natōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *natā

desctree

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *natilā
Old English: netele, netle
Middle English: netele, netle, nettle
English: nettle
Scots: nettill
Old Frisian: *netele
Saterland Frisian: Neetele, Neetel
West Frisian: nettel
Old Saxon: netila
Middle Low German: nêtele, nettele, nettel
German Low German:
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: Nettel, Nöttel
East Westphalian: Niedel (Ravensberg), Nettel (Lippe)
South Westphalian: Niëdel (Dortmund)
Sauerländisch: Nietel, Nettel (Wenden)
Dutch Low Saxon:
Twents: nettel
→ Danish: nelde, nælde
→ Norwegian: nesle, netla, nesla, natla
→ Old Swedish: nætla
Swedish: nässla, nättla, nälla
→ Scanian: nælla
Old Dutch: *netila
Middle Dutch: nētele, nettel
Dutch: netel
Old High German: nezzila
Middle High German: nezzel
Cimbrian: éssala (reanalyzed)
German: Nessel
→ Yiddish: ברעננעסל (brennesl)
Yiddish: ניסול (nisul) (Middle Yiddish, attested in Shemot Devarim)

Old Norse: nata
Faroese: nota
Gutnish: nata
Norwegian Nynorsk: brennuttu, nata, nesle, netle

Unknown; perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *neh₂d- (“to twist, knot, tie”). Possibly cognate with Old Irish nenaid (“nettle”).


raih-

From Proto-Indo-European *reyk- (“to tear, scratch; streak”).

raw

Middle English: raw, rawe, rewe, rowe; Scots

reoue

Middle English: raw, rawe, rewe, rowe; Yola


gazdaz

gazdaz (nominative singular)
gazdōz (nominative plural)
gazdōs (nominative plural)
gazd (singular vocative)
gazdōz (plural vocative)
gazdōs (plural vocative)
gazdą (accusative singular)
gazdanz (accusative plural)
gazdas (genitive singular)
gazdis (genitive singular)
gazdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gazdai (dative singular)
gazdamaz (dative plural)
gazdō (instrumental singular)
gazdamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gaʀd
Old English: ġeard f
Middle English: ȝearde, ȝard (merged with descendant of Old English ġierd)
English: yard
Scots: yaird
Old Saxon: gard m or f
Middle Low German: gart f
Old Dutch: *gard
Middle Dutch: gart, gāert m
Dutch: gard
Old High German: gart m
Middle High German: gart
German: Gart

Old Norse: gaddr

Icelandic: gaddur

Old Swedish: gadder

Swedish: gadd

→ Middle English: gadde, gad

English: gad

⇒ English: gadfly

Scots: gaud

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍃 (gazds)

Compare Latin hasta (“shaft; spear”). Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰast- (“rod, pole, bar, switch”), but, given the irregular phonetic variation and limited distribution, these are probably of non-Indo-European substrate origin.