hratōną

hratō (active first-person indicative singular)
hratǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hratōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hratōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hratōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hratō (active imperative second-person singular)
hratōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hratōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hratōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hratō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hratōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hratōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hratōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hratōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hratōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hratōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hratōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hratōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hratōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hratōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hratōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hratōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hratōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hratōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hratōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hratōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hratōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hratōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hratōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hratōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hratōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hratōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hratōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hratōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hratōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hratōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hratōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hratōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hratōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hratōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hratōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hratōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hratōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hratōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hratōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hratōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hratōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hratōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hratōndz (active participle present)
hratōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hratōn

Old English: hratian; (*hrætelian, *hrætlian)

(Middle English: ratelen)

(English: rattle)

(Old Saxon: *hratlōn)

(Middle Low German: rettelen, *retelen, *ratelen, *rateren)

(Low German: rateln, ratern)

(→ German: rattern)

(Old Dutch: *ratelon)

(Middle Dutch: ratelen)

(Dutch: ratelen)

Old High German: *razzōn

Middle High German: razzen; (razzeln)

(German: rasseln)

Old Norse: hrata

Icelandic: hrata

Norwegian Nynorsk: rate

Swedish: rata

→ Middle English: raten

English: rate; berate

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)krad-, *(s)kerd- (“to move, swing, spring”).


geraz

*geraz (a-stem)

geraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gerai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gerō (feminine nominative singular strong)
gerôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gerą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gerō (neuter nominative plural strong)
geranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
geranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gerǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gerōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gerą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gerō (accusative neuter plural strong)
geras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
geraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
geraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
geraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
geras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
geraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gerammai (dative masculine singular strong)
geraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
geraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
geraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gerammai (dative neuter singular strong)
geraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
geranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
geraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
geraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
geraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
geranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
geraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gerô (masculine nominative singular weak)
geraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gerǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gerōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gerô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gerōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
geranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
geranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gerōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gerōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gerô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gerōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
geriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
geranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gerōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gerōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
geriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
geranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gerini (dative masculine singular weak)
gerammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gerōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gerōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gerini (dative neuter singular weak)
gerammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gerinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gerammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gerōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gerōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gerinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gerammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *ger

Old High German: ger, giri

Old Norse: gerr

Icelandic: ger

Norwegian Nynorsk: gjer

⇒ Old Norse: Geri

→ Icelandic: Geri

→ Faroese: Geri

→ Norwegian: Gjere

→ Swedish: Gere

→ Danish: Gere


bausuz

bausuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
bausijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
bausī (feminine nominative singular strong)
bausijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
bausų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
bausijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
bausijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
bausijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
bausijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
bausijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
bausų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
bausijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
bausijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
bausīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
bausijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
bausijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
bausijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
bausijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
bausīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
bausijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
bausijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
bausijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
bausijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
bausijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
bausijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
bausijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
bausijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
bausijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
bausijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
bausijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
bausijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
bausijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
bausijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
bausijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
bausijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
bausijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
bausijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
bausijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
bausijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
bausijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
bausijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
bausijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
bausijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
bausijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
bausīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
bausijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
bausijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
bausijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
bausīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
bausijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
bausīni (dative masculine singular weak)
bausijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
bausijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
bausijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
bausīni (dative neuter singular weak)
bausijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
bausīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
bausijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
bausijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
bausijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
bausīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
bausijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bausī
Old Saxon: bōsi
Middle Low German: bōse
German Low German: böös
→ Old Frisian: bose
West Frisian: boas, boase
Old Dutch: bōsi
Middle Dutch: bôse
Dutch: boos
Old High German: bōsi, pōsi
Middle High German: bōse
Alemannic German: bös
Swabian: béés, béas
Bavarian: bees
Cimbrian: pöoze
German: böse
Luxembourgish: béis
Yiddish: בייז (beyz)
→ Vulgar Latin: *bausia, *bosius, *bōsia
Old French: boise, boisie
→ Middle High German: posse
German: Posse
→ Middle Low German: bosse, bōtze
Old Occitan: bauzia
Occitan: bauze; bauzia; bauzar
→ Italian: bugia; bugiare; bugiardo
→ English: bugiard

>? Old Norse: *bauss, *beyss

Norwegian: baus; bos, bys

→ Middle English: bosten

English: boast

Scots: bost, boist

→ Old French: bost

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰew-, *bew- (“to blow, inflate, swell”).


faihaz

*faihaz (a-stem)

faihaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
faihai (masculine nominative plural strong)
faihō (feminine nominative singular strong)
faihôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
faihą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
faihō (neuter nominative plural strong)
faihanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
faihanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
faihǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
faihōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
faihą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
faihō (accusative neuter plural strong)
faihas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
faihaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
faihaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
faihaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
faihas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
faihaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
faihammai (dative masculine singular strong)
faihaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
faihaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
faihaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
faihammai (dative neuter singular strong)
faihaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
faihanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
faihaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
faihaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
faihaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
faihanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
faihaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
faihô (masculine nominative singular weak)
faihaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
faihǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
faihōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
faihô (neuter nominative singular weak)
faihōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
faihanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
faihanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
faihōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
faihōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
faihô (accusative neuter singular weak)
faihōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
faihiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
faihanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
faihōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
faihōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
faihiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
faihanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
faihini (dative masculine singular weak)
faihammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
faihōni (dative feminine singular weak)
faihōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
faihini (dative neuter singular weak)
faihammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
faihinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
faihammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
faihōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
faihōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
faihinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
faihammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *faih
Old English: fāh, fāg
Middle English: fou, fāh, fow, foȝ, fawe
Scots: faw
Old Saxon: fēh
Middle Low German: *vê (in compound vêwerk, veewerk)
Old High German: fēh
Middle High German: vēch, vēhe, vē
German: Feh; (obsolete) fech, feh

Gothic: *𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃 (*faihs) (in 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃 (filufaihs))

From Proto-Indo-European *póyḱos, from *peyḱ- (“to mark, color, decorate, embroider”).


faihaz

*faihaz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *faih
Old English: fāh
Middle English: fo
English: foe
Old Frisian: fāch
Old Dutch: *fēh, *gifēh
Middle Dutch: vêe, gevêe
Old High German: gifēh
Middle High German: gevēch, gevē

From Proto-Indo-European *peyḱ- (“to be angry, hostile, evil; enemy”).


spurą

spurą (nominative singular)
spurō (nominative plural)
spurą (singular vocative)
spurō (plural vocative)
spurą (accusative singular)
spurō (accusative plural)
spuras (genitive singular)
spuris (genitive singular)
spurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spurai (dative singular)
spuramaz (dative plural)
spurō (instrumental singular)
spuramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: spor
Middle English: spore, spurre

Old Frisian: *spor

Saterland Frisian: Spour, Spuur

West Frisian: spoar

Old Saxon: spor

Middle Low German: spōr

German Low German: Spoor

Plautdietsch: Spoor

Old Dutch: spor

Middle Dutch: spor, spoor

Dutch: spoor
Afrikaans: spoor
→ English: spoor
→ Fanagalo: spor
→ Zulu: sipolo
Jersey Dutch: spôr
Negerhollands: spoor
Petjo: sepoor
→ Caribbean Javanese: sepur
→ Indonesian: sepur (“railway track”)
→ Javanese: ꦱꦼꦥꦸꦂ (sepur)
→ Indonesian: sepur (“train”) (semantic loan)
→ Papiamentu: spor

Old High German: spor

Middle High German: spor, spur

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Spoer

German: Spur

Luxembourgish: Spuer

⇒ Alemannic German: Gespur

Old Norse: spor

Icelandic: spor

Norwegian: spor

Old Swedish: spor

Swedish: spår

Danish: spor

From Pre-Germanic *spr̥Hom, derived from or related to *spurnaną (“to kick”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sperH- (“to trample”).


westrōnijaz

*westrōnijaz (ja-stem)

westrōnijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
westrōnijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
westrōnijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
westrōnijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
westrōniją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
westrōnijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
westrōnijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
westrōnijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
westrōnijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
westrōnijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
westrōniją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
westrōnijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
westrōnijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
westrōnijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
westrōnijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
westrōnijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
westrōnijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
westrōnijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
westrōnijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
westrōnijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
westrōnijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
westrōnijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
westrōnijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
westrōnijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
westrōnijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
westrōnijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
westrōnijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
westrōnijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
westrōnijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
westrōnijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
westrōnijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
westrōnijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
westrōnijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
westrōnijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
westrōnijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
westrōnijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
westrōnijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
westrōnijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
westrōnijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
westrōnijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
westrōnijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
westrōnijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
westrōnīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
westrōnijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
westrōnijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
westrōnijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
westrōnīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
westrōnijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
westrōnīni (dative masculine singular weak)
westrōnijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
westrōnijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
westrōnijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
westrōnīni (dative neuter singular weak)
westrōnijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
westrōnīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
westrōnijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
westrōnijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
westrōnijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
westrōnīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
westrōnijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *westrōnī
Old English: westerne
Middle English: westerne, western, westeren, westrene, westryn, westeryn
English: western
Scots: wastren
Old Saxon: westrōni
Old High German: westrōni

Old Norse: vestrǿnn, vestrœnn
Icelandic: vestrænn
Norwegian Nynorsk: vestrøn
Icelandic: vestrænn
Norwegian Nynorsk: vestrøn


sunþrōnijaz

*sunþrōnijaz (ja-stem)

sunþrōnijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sunþrōnijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sunþrōnijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sunþrōnijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sunþrōniją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sunþrōnijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sunþrōnijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sunþrōnijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sunþrōnijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sunþrōnijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sunþrōniją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sunþrōnijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sunþrōnijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
sunþrōnijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sunþrōnijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sunþrōnijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sunþrōnijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
sunþrōnijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sunþrōnijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sunþrōnijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sunþrōnijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sunþrōnijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sunþrōnijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sunþrōnijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sunþrōnijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sunþrōnijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sunþrōnijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sunþrōnijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sunþrōnijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sunþrōnijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sunþrōnijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sunþrōnijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sunþrōnijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sunþrōnijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sunþrōnijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sunþrōnijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sunþrōnijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sunþrōnijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sunþrōnijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sunþrōnijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sunþrōnijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sunþrōnijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sunþrōnīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sunþrōnijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sunþrōnijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sunþrōnijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sunþrōnīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sunþrōnijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sunþrōnīni (dative masculine singular weak)
sunþrōnijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sunþrōnijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sunþrōnijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sunþrōnīni (dative neuter singular weak)
sunþrōnijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sunþrōnīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sunþrōnijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sunþrōnijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sunþrōnijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sunþrōnīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sunþrōnijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *sunþrōnī
Old English: sūþerne
Middle English: southerne, southern, southorn, souþerne, souþþerne, suðerne, souþrene, sotheren, southren, sotherin, sowþirne
English: southern, southron
Scots: soothren
Old Frisian: sūthern
Old Saxon: sūthrōni
Old High German: sundrōni

Old Norse: suðrǿnn, suðrœnn
Icelandic: suðrænn
Norwegian Nynorsk: sudrøn, sørrøn
Icelandic: suðrænn
Norwegian Nynorsk: sudrøn, sørrøn


rēdaz

rēdaz (nominative singular)
rēdōz (nominative plural)
rēdōs (nominative plural)
rēd (singular vocative)
rēdōz (plural vocative)
rēdōs (plural vocative)
rēdą (accusative singular)
rēdanz (accusative plural)
rēdas (genitive singular)
rēdis (genitive singular)
rēdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rēdai (dative singular)
rēdamaz (dative plural)
rēdō (instrumental singular)
rēdamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rād m
Old English: rǣd, rēd — Anglian
Middle English: red, ræd, rede, reed
English: rede
Scots: rede
Old Frisian: rēd
Saterland Frisian: Räid
West Frisian: ried, rie
Old Saxon: rād
Middle Low German: rât
German Low German: Raad
Old Dutch: rāt
Middle Dutch: raet
Dutch: raad
Old High German: rāt
Middle High German: rāt
German: Rat
Luxembourgish: Rot
Yiddish: ראָט (rot)
→ Old Czech: rada
Czech: rada
→ Old Polish: rada, reda
Masurian: reda
Polish: rada
→ English: rada
→ Kashubian: rada
→ Slovincian: rada
Silesian: rada
→ Old East Slavic: ра́да (ráda)
Old Ruthenian: ра́да (ráda)
Belarusian: ра́да (ráda)
Ukrainian: ра́да (ráda)
Carpathian Rusyn: ра́да (ráda)
Russian: ра́да (ráda)

Proto-Norse: *ᚱᚨᛞᚨᛉ m (*radaʀ /*rādaʀ/)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚠᚱᚨᚹᚨᚱᚨᛞᚨᛉ m (frawaradaʀ /Frawarādaʀ/, personal name)

⇒ Proto-Norse: *ᚱᚨᛞᚨ n (*rada /*rāda/)

desctree

Old Norse: ráð n
Icelandic: ráð
Faroese: ráð
Norwegian Bokmål: råd
Jamtish: raoð
Old Swedish: rāþ
Swedish: råd
→ Finnish: raati
Old Danish: rath
Danish: råd
Old Gutnish: raþ

East Germanic:

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌳𐌰𐌱𐌰 (garēdaba)

Vandalic: *rith
→⇒? Galician: adrede
→⇒? Portuguese: adrede
→⇒? Spanish: adrede
→⇒? Vulgar Latin: *arredō
Portuguese: arrear
Spanish: arrear

From Proto-Indo-European *Hréh₁dʰos, from *Hreh₁dʰ- (“to think, arrange”).


aikīnaz

*aikīnaz (a-stem)

aikīnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
aikīnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
aikīnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
aikīnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
aikīną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
aikīnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
aikīnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
aikīnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
aikīnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
aikīnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
aikīną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
aikīnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
aikīnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
aikīnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
aikīnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
aikīnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
aikīnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
aikīnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
aikīnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
aikīnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
aikīnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
aikīnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
aikīnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
aikīnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
aikīnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
aikīnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
aikīnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
aikīnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
aikīnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
aikīnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
aikīnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
aikīnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
aikīnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
aikīnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
aikīnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
aikīnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
aikīnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
aikīnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
aikīnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
aikīnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
aikīnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
aikīnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
aikīniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
aikīnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
aikīnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
aikīnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
aikīniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
aikīnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
aikīnini (dative masculine singular weak)
aikīnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
aikīnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
aikīnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
aikīnini (dative neuter singular weak)
aikīnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
aikīninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
aikīnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
aikīnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
aikīnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
aikīninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
aikīnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *aikīn
Old English: ǣċen, ācen
Middle English: oken, okene, okyn, aken, eken
English: oaken
Scots: aiken
Old Frisian: ēzen, ētzen
Old High German: eihhīn
German: eichen
Luxembourgish: eechen

Old Norse: eikinn

Icelandic: eikinn

Faroese: eikin

Swedish: eken


birkīnaz

*birkīnaz (a-stem)

birkīnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
birkīnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
birkīnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
birkīnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
birkīną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
birkīnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
birkīnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
birkīnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
birkīnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
birkīnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
birkīną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
birkīnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
birkīnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
birkīnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
birkīnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
birkīnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
birkīnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
birkīnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
birkīnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
birkīnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
birkīnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
birkīnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
birkīnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
birkīnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
birkīnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
birkīnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
birkīnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
birkīnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
birkīnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
birkīnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
birkīnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
birkīnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
birkīnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
birkīnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
birkīnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
birkīnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
birkīnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
birkīnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
birkīnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
birkīnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
birkīnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
birkīnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
birkīniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
birkīnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
birkīnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
birkīnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
birkīniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
birkīnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
birkīnini (dative masculine singular weak)
birkīnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
birkīnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
birkīnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
birkīnini (dative neuter singular weak)
birkīnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
birkīninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
birkīnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
birkīnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
birkīnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
birkīninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
birkīnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *birkīn
Old English: bierċen, beorcen
Middle English: birken, birchen
Scots: birkin
English: birchen
Old Saxon: *birkīn
Low German: berken
Old Dutch: *birkin
Dutch: berken
Old High German: birkīn
German: birken
Luxembourgish: biirken

Old Norse: birkinn

Icelandic: birkinn


swelganą

swelgō (active first-person indicative singular)
swelgaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swelgai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swilgizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swelgaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swelg (active imperative second-person singular)
swelgazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swelgaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swilgidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swelgai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swelgadau (active imperative singular third-person)
swelgadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swelgaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swelgōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swelgaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swelgadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swelgaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swelgadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swelgamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swelgaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swelgandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swelgaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swilgid (active indicative plural second-person)
swelgaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swilgid (active imperative plural second-person)
swelgandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swelgaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swelgandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swelgain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swelgandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swelgandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swelgaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swalg (active first-person indicative singular)
swulgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swalht (active indicative second-person singular)
swulgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swalg (active indicative singular third-person)
swulgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swulgū (active dual first-person indicative)
swulgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swulgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swulgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swulgum (active first-person indicative plural)
swulgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swulgud (active indicative plural second-person)
swulgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swulgun (active indicative plural third-person)
swulgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swelgandz (active participle present)
swulganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *swelgan

Old English: swelgan

desc

Middle English: swelgen, swelȝen, swelghen, swelwen, swolȝen, swolwen, swalwen

English: swallow

Scots: swellie, swelly, swallow

Old Saxon: *swelgan (in combinations: farswelgan)

Middle Low German: swelgen, swölgen, swolgen

German Low German: swögen

desctree

Old Dutch: *swelgan
Middle Dutch: swelgen
Dutch: zwelgen

desc

Old High German: swelgan, swelhan, swelahan

Middle High German: swëlgen

German: schwelgen

desctree

Old Norse: svelga, svelgja
Icelandic: svelga, svelgja
Faroese: svølgja
Norwegian Nynorsk: svelgja; (dialectal) svølgje, svægje, svæl, svøl
Elfdalian: swega
Old Swedish: svælghia, svælgha, svælia
Swedish: svälja
Old Danish: swælghæ, swæliæ, swælwæ
Danish: svælge, svælle
Norwegian Bokmål: svelge
Scanian: svælla
Gutnish: svälge, svölge

From Proto-Indo-European *swelk- (“to gulp”), from Proto-Indo-European *swel- (“to drink, swallow”).


nurþrōnijaz

*nurþrōnijaz (ja-stem)

nurþrōnijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
nurþrōnijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
nurþrōnijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
nurþrōnijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
nurþrōniją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
nurþrōnijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
nurþrōnijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
nurþrōnijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
nurþrōnijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
nurþrōnijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
nurþrōniją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
nurþrōnijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
nurþrōnijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
nurþrōnijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
nurþrōnijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
nurþrōnijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
nurþrōnijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
nurþrōnijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
nurþrōnijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
nurþrōnijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
nurþrōnijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
nurþrōnijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
nurþrōnijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
nurþrōnijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
nurþrōnijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
nurþrōnijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
nurþrōnijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
nurþrōnijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
nurþrōnijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
nurþrōnijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
nurþrōnijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
nurþrōnijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
nurþrōnijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
nurþrōnijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
nurþrōnijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
nurþrōnijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
nurþrōnijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
nurþrōnijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
nurþrōnijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
nurþrōnijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
nurþrōnijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
nurþrōnijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
nurþrōnīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
nurþrōnijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
nurþrōnijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
nurþrōnijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
nurþrōnīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
nurþrōnijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
nurþrōnīni (dative masculine singular weak)
nurþrōnijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
nurþrōnijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
nurþrōnijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
nurþrōnīni (dative neuter singular weak)
nurþrōnijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
nurþrōnīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
nurþrōnijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
nurþrōnijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
nurþrōnijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
nurþrōnīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
nurþrōnijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *norþrōnī
Old English: norþerne
Middle English: northerne, northern, northren, norþern, norþrene, northeren, northrene
English: northern
Scots: northern, nordern, northren
Old High German: nordarōni, nordrōni

Old Norse: norrǿnn, norrœnn
Icelandic: norrænn
Faroese: norrønur
Norwegian Nynorsk: norrøn
Old Swedish: noren, noræn
Swedish: norrön
⇒ Old Swedish: nornisker, norsker
Swedish: norsk, norska
Old Danish: noræn
⇒ Old Danish: nornst; norskæ pl
Danish: norsk, no. (abbreviation)
Norwegian Bokmål: norsk
→ Danish: norrøn (learned)
Norwegian Bokmål: norrøn
⇒ Middle Norwegian: nornskr m, nornst n (= nornskt)
Norwegian Nynorsk: norsk
Icelandic: norrænn
Faroese: norrønur
Norwegian Nynorsk: norrøn
Old Swedish: noren, noræn
Swedish: norrön
⇒ Old Swedish: nornisker, norsker
Swedish: norsk, norska
Old Danish: noræn
⇒ Old Danish: nornst; norskæ pl
Danish: norsk, no. (abbreviation)
Norwegian Bokmål: norsk
→ Danish: norrøn (learned)
Norwegian Bokmål: norrøn
⇒ Middle Norwegian: nornskr m, nornst n (= nornskt)
Norwegian Nynorsk: norsk


kaipaz

kaipaz (nominative singular)
kaipōz (nominative plural)
kaipōs (nominative plural)
kaip (singular vocative)
kaipōz (plural vocative)
kaipōs (plural vocative)
kaipą (accusative singular)
kaipanz (accusative plural)
kaipas (genitive singular)
kaipis (genitive singular)
kaipǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kaipai (dative singular)
kaipamaz (dative plural)
kaipō (instrumental singular)
kaipamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kaip

Old Saxon: *kēp

Middle Low German: kêp

German Low German: Keep

→ Saterland Frisian: Keep

Old Dutch: *keip, *kēp

Middle Dutch: *keep, *kip

Dutch: keep, kip

→ West Frisian: keep

→ Middle English: *kippe

⇒ Middle English: kippehok

Old Norse: keipr
Icelandic: keipur
Faroese: keipur
Norwegian Bokmål: keip
Norwegian Nynorsk: keip, keipe

From *kip-, *kipp-, *kīp-, from Proto-Indo-European *gipn-, *gibʰn- (“to split”), from Proto-Indo-European *gey- (“to split; dodge sideways”); or from Proto-Indo-European *(s)keypn-, *(s)keyp- (“to chip off, slice; a split piece, billet, stick”); or a conflation of both.


halbaz

*halbaz (a-stem)

halbaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
halbai (masculine nominative plural strong)
halbō (feminine nominative singular strong)
halbôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
halbą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
halbō (neuter nominative plural strong)
halbanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
halbanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
halbǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
halbōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
halbą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
halbō (accusative neuter plural strong)
halbas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
halbaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
halbaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
halbaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
halbas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
halbaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
halbammai (dative masculine singular strong)
halbaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
halbaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
halbaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
halbammai (dative neuter singular strong)
halbaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
halbanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
halbaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
halbaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
halbaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
halbanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
halbaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
halbô (masculine nominative singular weak)
halbaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
halbǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
halbōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
halbô (neuter nominative singular weak)
halbōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
halbanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
halbanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
halbōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
halbōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
halbô (accusative neuter singular weak)
halbōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
halbiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
halbanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
halbōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
halbōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
halbiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
halbanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
halbini (dative masculine singular weak)
halbammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
halbōni (dative feminine singular weak)
halbōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
halbini (dative neuter singular weak)
halbammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
halbinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
halbammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
halbōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
halbōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
halbinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
halbammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *halb
Old English: healf, half, halb
Middle English: half
English: half (see there for further descendants)
Scots: hauf
Yola: halleef, halef, halluf
Old Frisian: half
Saterland Frisian: hoolf
West Frisian: heal
Old Saxon: half
Middle Low German: half
Low German: half, halv
Plautdietsch: haulf
Old Dutch: *half
Middle Dutch: half
Dutch: half
Afrikaans: half
Old High German: halb, halp; half (Central German)
Middle High German: halp; half
Bavarian: hoib
Central Franconian: hallev
Hunsrik: halleb
Luxembourgish: hallef
Cimbrian: halp
German: halb
Yiddish: האַלב (halb)

Old Norse: halfr, hálfr — western dialects
Icelandic: hálfur
Faroese: hálvur
Norwegian Nynorsk: halv, (dialectal) halv’u, hålv’e, håv’e, alv’e
Elfdalian: åv
Old Swedish: halve
Swedish: halv
Old Danish: half
Danish: halv
Norwegian Bokmål: halv
Scanian: halver
Gutnish: halvar

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍃 (halbs)

Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to cut”) (through a sense ‘divided’), and cognate with Sanskrit कॢप् (kḷp, “to manage, succeed, be fit”) (though Kroonen is skeptical due to the wide semantic gap), or from a stem *ḱol-bʰo-, and cognate with Lithuanian šalìs (“side, strip of land”). Alternatively, a recent theory suggests borrowing from Proto-Finnic *halpa, *halba- (“cheap, reduced”) (compare Finnish halpa (“cheap”), Estonian halb (“bad”)), itself possibly from Proto-Germanic *salwaz (“sallow, dirty”).


slūm-

Old English: sluma; *slumian

Middle English: slume, sloumbe; slumen; slumeren, slomren, slombren

Scots: sloum, sloom, sluim; slummer

English: sloom; slumber

Old Frisian: slūmerja

Saterland Frisian: slummerje

West Frisian: slûmerje, slommerje

Old Saxon: *slumōn

Middle Low German: slomen, slommen; slummeren, slȫmeren

Frankish: *slūmijan

Old Dutch: *slumen

Middle Dutch: slūmen; slūmeren

Dutch: sluimeren; sloom

→ Old French: esclumir (Old Picard)

Old High German: *slūmēn

Middle High German: slummen; slumern, slummern

German: schlummen; schlummern

Old Norse: *slumr

Norwegian: slum; slumen; sluma (dialectal)

Danish: slum

From base *slū-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)lew- (“slack, loose, limp, flabby”).

der

A stem meaning: slack, loose, limp, flabby


slībaną

slībō (active first-person indicative singular)
slībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
slībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
slībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slīb (active imperative second-person singular)
slībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
slībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
slībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
slībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
slībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
slībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
slībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
slībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
slībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
slībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
slībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
slībid (active indicative plural second-person)
slībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slībid (active imperative plural second-person)
slībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
slībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
slībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
slībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
slībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
slībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
slaib (active first-person indicative singular)
slibį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slaift (active indicative second-person singular)
slibīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slaib (active indicative singular third-person)
slibī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slibū (active dual first-person indicative)
slibīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slibudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slibīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slibum (active first-person indicative plural)
slibīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slibud (active indicative plural second-person)
slibīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slibun (active indicative plural third-person)
slibīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slībandz (active participle present)
slibanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *slīban
Old English: slīfan
Middle English: sliven; slivere, sliver
Scots: slive; scleeberie, slaiver, sliver
English: slive (obsolete); sliver
Old Saxon: *slīvan
>? Middle Low German: slîven (“to ladle out, spoon in, ingest”)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ley- (“smooth; slick; sticky; slimy”), the same source as *slīmą (“slime”) and *līmaz (“glue, clay, lime”). For the semantics, compare Proto-Germanic *slīpaną (“to whet, sharpen”), Old High German slīman (“to make smooth”), Proto-Celtic *limāti (“to polish, sharpen”) and Latin līma (“carpenter's file”), from extensions of the same root.


weþruz

weþruz (nominative singular)
wiþriwiz (nominative plural)
weþru (singular vocative)
wiþriwiz (plural vocative)
weþrų (accusative singular)
weþrunz (accusative plural)
weþrauz (genitive singular)
wiþriwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiþriwi (dative singular)
weþrumaz (dative plural)
weþrū (instrumental singular)
weþrumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *weþru
Old English: weþer
Middle English: wether, wethir, wedyr
English: wether, wedder (dialectal)
Scots: weddir, woddir, wadder
Old Frisian: *wether
Saterland Frisian: Weeder, Weer
West Frisian: wear
Old Saxon: wethar, withar
Middle Low German: weder, wedder
German Low German: Weer
Old Dutch: wither
Middle Dutch: wēder, weer
Dutch: weder, weer
Old High German: widar
Middle High German: wider
German: Widder
Luxembourgish: Widder
Yiddish: ווידער (vider)

Old Norse: veðr

Icelandic: veður

Faroese: veðrur, veður (rare)

Norwegian Bokmål: vær

Norwegian Nynorsk: vêr

Old Swedish: væþur

Swedish: vädur

Danish: væder, vædder

Gutnish: vädrä

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌿𐍃 (wiþrus)

→ Proto-Samic: *vierccë (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *wet- (“year”). Cognate with Latin vitulus (“calf”).


wihslōną

wihslō (active first-person indicative singular)
wihslǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wihslōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
wihslōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wihslōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wihslō (active imperative second-person singular)
wihslōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wihslōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wihslōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wihslō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wihslōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wihslōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wihslōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wihslōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wihslōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wihslōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wihslōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wihslōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wihslōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wihslōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wihslōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wihslōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wihslōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wihslōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wihslōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wihslōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wihslōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wihslōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wihslōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wihslōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wihslōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wihslōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wihslōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wihslōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wihslōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wihslōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wihslōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
wihslōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wihslōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wihslōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wihslōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wihslōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wihslōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wihslōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wihslōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wihslōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wihslōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wihslōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wihslōndz (active participle present)
wihslōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wihslōn

Old English: *wixlian, wrixlian

⇒ Old English: ġewrixlian
Middle English: wrixlen
English: wrixle

Old Frisian: wixlia

Saterland Frisian: wicselja, wikselje

West Frisian: wikselje

Old Saxon: wehslōn

Middle Low German: wesselen, weslen

German Low German: wesseln

Old Dutch: *wihslon

Middle Dutch: wisselen
Dutch: wisselen
Limburgish: wessele, wissele, wisjele
→ Middle English: wissilen
Scots: quhissel, wissel
English: whystyll, whystel, wissle

Old High German: wehsalōn

Middle High German: wëhseln

Cimbrian: bèksalan

German: wechseln

Luxembourgish: wiesselen

Old Norse: víxla

Icelandic: víxla

Faroese: veksla

Norwegian: veksle

Swedish: växla

Danish: veksle

From Proto-Indo-European *weyk-, *weyḱ- (“to change”). Equivalent to *wihslaz (“change”) + *-ōną.

to change; exchange; swap; trade; reciprocate.


turnaz

*turnaz (a-stem)

turnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
turnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
turnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
turnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
turną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
turnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
turnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
turnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
turnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
turnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
turną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
turnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
turnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
turnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
turnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
turnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
turnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
turnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
turnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
turnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
turnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
turnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
turnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
turnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
turnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
turnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
turnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
turnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
turnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
turnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
turnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
turnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
turnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
turnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
turnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
turnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
turnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
turnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
turnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
turnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
turnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
turnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
turniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
turnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
turnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
turnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
turniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
turnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
turnini (dative masculine singular weak)
turnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
turnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
turnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
turnini (dative neuter singular weak)
turnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
turninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
turnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
turnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
turnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
turninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
turnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *torn

Old English: torn

Old Saxon: torn

Middle Low German: torn, torne

Old High German: zorn

From Proto-Indo-European *dr̥-nós, from Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to flay, split”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *dьrnъ.


turnaz

turnaz (nominative singular)
turnōz (nominative plural)
turnōs (nominative plural)
turn (singular vocative)
turnōz (plural vocative)
turnōs (plural vocative)
turną (accusative singular)
turnanz (accusative plural)
turnas (genitive singular)
turnis (genitive singular)
turnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
turnai (dative singular)
turnamaz (dative plural)
turnō (instrumental singular)
turnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *torn

Old English: torn

Old Frisian: torn

Saterland Frisian: Touden, Tudden

West Frisian: toarne

Old Saxon: torn

Middle Low German: torn, torne, tarn

Old Dutch: *torn

Middle Dutch: torn, toren, toorn

Dutch: toorn

Old High German: zorn

desctree

Middle High German: zorn
Bavarian: Zorn, Zurn
German: Zorn
Luxembourgish: Zar
Yiddish: צאָרן (tsorn)


hlūtraz

*hlūtraz (a-stem)

hlūtraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hlūtrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hlūtrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hlūtrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hlūtrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hlūtrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hlūtranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hlūtranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hlūtrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hlūtrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hlūtrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hlūtrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hlūtras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hlūtraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hlūtraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hlūtraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hlūtras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hlūtraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hlūtrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hlūtraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hlūtraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hlūtraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hlūtrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hlūtraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hlūtranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hlūtraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hlūtraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hlūtraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hlūtranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hlūtraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hlūtrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hlūtraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hlūtrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hlūtrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hlūtrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hlūtrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hlūtranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hlūtranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hlūtrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hlūtrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hlūtrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hlūtrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hlūtriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hlūtranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hlūtrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hlūtrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hlūtriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hlūtranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hlūtrini (dative masculine singular weak)
hlūtrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hlūtrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hlūtrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hlūtrini (dative neuter singular weak)
hlūtrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hlūtrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hlūtrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hlūtrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hlūtrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hlūtrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hlūtrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *hlūtr
Old English: hlūtor
Middle English: lutter
Old Frisian: hlutter
Old Saxon: hluttar
Old Dutch: luttira (plural)
Middle Dutch: luter (Middle and Modern Dutch louter is via High German)
Dutch: luyter (early modern)
Old High German: hlūtar
Middle High German: lūter
German: lauter
→ Dutch: louter

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌿𐍄𐍂𐍃 (hlūtrs)

From pre-Germanic *ḱluHdrós, equivalent to an unattested *hleutaną (“to clean”) + *-raz, the former being an extension in *-d- from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlewH- (“to clean”).


stōō

stōō (nominative singular)
stōôz (nominative plural)
stōō (singular vocative)
stōôz (plural vocative)
stōǭ (accusative singular)
stōōz (accusative plural)
stōōz (genitive singular)
stōǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stōōi (dative singular)
stōōmaz (dative plural)
stōō (instrumental singular)
stōōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stōu
Old English: stōw
Middle English: stowe, stow
Scots: stow
English: stow
Old Frisian: stō
Old Saxon: *stōa, *stōwa
Middle Low German: stouw, stouwe
German Low German: Stau
→ German: Stau
Old Dutch: *stōa, *stuoa
Middle Dutch: stouwe, *stoe, *stouw
Dutch: stuw, stouw
Old High German: *stuoa
⇒ Old High German: stuotago

Old Norse: stó

Icelandic: stó

Norwegian: sto

Old Swedish: stō (in compounds)

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 (staua)

From Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand, place, put”).


haupaz

haupaz (nominative singular)
haupōz (nominative plural)
haupōs (nominative plural)
haup (singular vocative)
haupōz (plural vocative)
haupōs (plural vocative)
haupą (accusative singular)
haupanz (accusative plural)
haupas (genitive singular)
haupis (genitive singular)
haupǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haupai (dative singular)
haupamaz (dative plural)
haupō (instrumental singular)
haupamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haup
Old English: hēap
Middle English: hepe, heep
English: heap
Scots: hepe, heip
Old Frisian: hāp
Saterland Frisian: Hoop
West Frisian: heap
Old Saxon: hōp
Middle Low German: hôp
German Low German: Hoop
→ Old Norse: hópr
Icelandic: hópur
Faroese: hópur
Norwegian: hop
Danish: hob
Swedish: hop
Old Dutch: *hōp
Middle Dutch: hôop
Dutch: hoop
Afrikaans: hoop
Limburgish: houp
Old High German: houf
Middle High German: houf
German: Haufen (merged with *hūpô)
→ Old French: houpe
Middle French: houppe
French: houppe

From earlier *hauppaz, reflecting pre-Germanic *kouHp-nó- or *keh₂up-nó-, probably part of an ablauting n-stem paradigm *haufô ~ *huppaz, from which *hūpô also split off; ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂wp- (“heap, pile”), a stem of unusual formation. Related to Proto-Slavic *kupъ (“heap”), Lithuanian kaũpas (“heap”).


hunhruz

hunhruz (nominative singular)
hunhriwiz (nominative plural)
hunhru (singular vocative)
hunhriwiz (plural vocative)
hunhrų (accusative singular)
hunhrunz (accusative plural)
hunhrauz (genitive singular)
hunhriwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hunhriwi (dative singular)
hunhrumaz (dative plural)
hunhrū (instrumental singular)
hunhrumiz (instrumental plural)

(East Germanic) Alternative form of *hungruz


melkaną

melkō (active first-person indicative singular)
melkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
melkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
milkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
melkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
melk (active imperative second-person singular)
melkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
melkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
milkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
melkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
melkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
melkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
melkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
melkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
melkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
melkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
melkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
melkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
melkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
melkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
melkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
melkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
milkid (active indicative plural second-person)
melkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
milkid (active imperative plural second-person)
melkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
melkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
melkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
melkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
melkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
melkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
melkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
malk (active first-person indicative singular)
mulkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
malht (active indicative second-person singular)
mulkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
malk (active indicative singular third-person)
mulkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mulkū (active dual first-person indicative)
mulkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mulkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mulkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mulkum (active first-person indicative plural)
mulkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mulkud (active indicative plural second-person)
mulkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mulkun (active indicative plural third-person)
mulkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
melkandz (active participle present)
mulkanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *melkan

desctree

Old English: melcan, meolcan
Middle English: mylken, milke, melke, mulke
English: milk
Yola: mulke

Old Frisian: melka

North Frisian: molke

Saterland Frisian: meelke

West Frisian: melke, meltse

Old Saxon: *melkan

Middle Low German: melken (weak verb)

(Low German: melken)

Old Dutch: *melkan

Middle Dutch: melken

Dutch: melken

Old High German: melkan, melchan

Middle High German: mëlken, mëlchen

German: melken (regular; see lemma)

→ Esperanto: melki


gōmô

gōmô (nominative singular)
gōmaniz (nominative plural)
gōmô (singular vocative)
gōmaniz (plural vocative)
gōmanų (accusative singular)
gōmanunz (accusative plural)
gōminiz (genitive singular)
gōmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gōmini (dative singular)
gōmammaz (dative plural)
gōminē (instrumental singular)
gōmammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gōmō

Old English: gōma
Middle English: gome, goome, gomme, gumme
English: gum, goom (dialectal)
Scots: goom, geem, gum

Old Saxon: *gōmo

Middle Low German: gume

Low German: gume

Old High German: guomo

Middle High German: guome, guom

Luxembourgish: Gumm

Yiddish: גומען (gumen)

Old Norse: gómr, gómi

Icelandic: gómur

Faroese: gómur, gómi

Norwegian: gom, gomme

Old Swedish: gōme m, gōma f

Swedish: gom m, gomme m, goma f

Old Danish: gomæn (attested in definite form only)

Middle Danish: gomæ

Danish: gum, gumme

→ Proto-Samic: *kuomē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₂- (“to yawn, gape”) via a -w- extension. Early Germanic -ōw- developed into -ō- only in open syllables, being shortened to -au- in closed syllables, resulting in the oblique form *gaumn-, whence the Old High German variant. Related to Lithuanian gomurỹs (“palate”).


kinþą

kinþą (nominative singular)
kinþō (nominative plural)
kinþą (singular vocative)
kinþō (plural vocative)
kinþą (accusative singular)
kinþō (accusative plural)
kinþas (genitive singular)
kinþis (genitive singular)
kinþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kinþai (dative singular)
kinþamaz (dative plural)
kinþō (instrumental singular)
kinþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kind
Old Frisian: kind
Old Saxon: kind
Middle Low German: kind, kint, kynd
Dutch Low Saxon: kind, kiend, keend
German Low German: Kind
→ Old Frisian: kind
West Frisian: kyn
Old Dutch: kint
Middle Dutch: kint
Dutch: kind
Afrikaans: kind
Jersey Dutch: känt
Negerhollands: kind, kint, kin, ken
Skepi Creole Dutch: kente, kinte
Limburgish: kindj
Old High German: kind, kint, chind
Middle High German: kind, kint
Alemannic German: Chind
Swabian: Kend
Vorarlbergerisch: Kiand
Walser: Chend
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: khinn
Viennese: Kind
Central Franconian: Kend, Kenk
Eifelisch: King, Kond, Könd
Hunsrik: Kind
Kölsch: Kind
Luxembourgish: Kand
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: [kʰɪnt]
Vilamovian: kynd
German: Kind
→? Italian: citto
Rhine Franconian: Kind, Kend, Keend, Kenn, Kinn
Frankfurterisch: [kʰint]
Pennsylvania German: Kind
Yiddish: קינד (kind)

Gothic: *𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌳 (*kind) (adduced from personal names)

⇒ Old High German: Cendamirus

⇒ Old High German: Censindus

⇒ Old High German: Cindaswinth

⇒ Old High German: Cintila

From Pre-Germanic *ǵénh₁tom, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to bear, give birth”).


grunnatjaną

grunnatjō (active first-person indicative singular)
grunnatjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grunnatjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
grunnatisi (active indicative second-person singular)
grunnatjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grunnati (active imperative second-person singular)
grunnatjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grunnatjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grunnatiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
grunnatjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grunnatjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
grunnatjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grunnatjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grunnatjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
grunnatjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grunnatjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grunnatjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grunnatjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grunnatjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grunnatjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grunnatjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grunnatjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grunnatiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
grunnatjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grunnatiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
grunnatjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grunnatjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grunnatjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
grunnatjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grunnatjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
grunnatjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grunnatjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
grunnastǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
grunnastēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grunnastēz (active indicative second-person singular)
grunnastēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grunnastē (active indicative singular third-person)
grunnastēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grunnastēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
grunnastēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grunnastēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grunnastēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grunnastēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
grunnastēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grunnastēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
grunnastēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grunnastēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
grunnastēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grunnatjandz (active participle present)
grunnatidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *grunnattjan
Old English: grunnettan
Middle English: grunten, gronte, gronten, grunt, grunte, grunton
English: grunt
Scots: grunt
Old High German: grunnezzen, grunzen
Middle High German: grunzen
German: grunzen
Luxembourgish: grunzen
→ Middle Low German: grunsen, grünsen

From *grunnōną + *-atjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem- (“to thunder”) or *gʰrun- (“to shout”), both likely imitative.

onomatopoeic

imitative


funhtijaz

*funhtijaz (ja-stem)

funhtijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
funhtijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
funhtijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
funhtijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
funhtiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
funhtijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
funhtijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
funhtijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
funhtijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
funhtijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
funhtiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
funhtijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
funhtijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
funhtijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
funhtijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
funhtijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
funhtijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
funhtijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
funhtijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
funhtijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
funhtijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
funhtijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
funhtijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
funhtijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
funhtijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
funhtijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
funhtijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
funhtijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
funhtijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
funhtijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
funhtijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
funhtijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
funhtijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
funhtijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
funhtijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
funhtijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
funhtijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
funhtijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
funhtijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
funhtijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
funhtijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
funhtijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
funhtīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
funhtijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
funhtijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
funhtijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
funhtīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
funhtijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
funhtīni (dative masculine singular weak)
funhtijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
funhtijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
funhtijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
funhtīni (dative neuter singular weak)
funhtijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
funhtīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
funhtijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
funhtijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
funhtijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
funhtīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
funhtijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fų̄ht
Old English: fūht
Old Frisian: *fūht, *fūhte
Saterland Frisian: fuchtich
West Frisian: fochte; fochtich
Old Saxon: *fūht
Middle Low German: vucht
German Low German: fucht; fuchtig
Low German: fucht
→ Danish: fugt (noun); fugtig
→ Swedish: fukt (noun); fuktig
→ Norwegian: fuktig
Old Dutch: fughte (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: vucht, vocht
Dutch: vocht (noun); vochtig
Old High German: fūht, fūhti; fiuhti
Middle High German: viuchte
German: feucht

From Proto-Indo-European *pnktu-, from *pen-k-. Cognate with Sanskrit पङ्क (paṅka, “mud, bog”). If *pen-k- is a k-extension of Proto-Indo-European *pen- (“moist; mud, swamp”) (which is uncertain), then compare also Proto-Germanic *fanją (“fen, marsh”), as well as Proto-Germanic *fangō (“wetness, moisture”) (whence Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰 (fanga, “mud, addle, mire”), Italian fango (“mud”)).


stapjaną

stapjō (active first-person indicative singular)
stapjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stapjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stapisi (active indicative second-person singular)
stapjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stapi (active imperative second-person singular)
stapjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stapjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stapiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
stapjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stapjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
stapjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stapjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stapjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
stapjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stapjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stapjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stapjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stapjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stapjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stapjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stapjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stapiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
stapjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stapiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
stapjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stapjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stapjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
stapjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stapjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
stapjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stapjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stōp (active first-person indicative singular)
stōpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stōft (active indicative second-person singular)
stōpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stōp (active indicative singular third-person)
stōpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stōpū (active dual first-person indicative)
stōpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stōpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stōpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stōpum (active first-person indicative plural)
stōpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stōpud (active indicative plural second-person)
stōpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stōpun (active indicative plural third-person)
stōpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stapjandz (active participle present)
stapanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stappjan
Old English: stæppan, steppan
Middle English: steppen, stappen
English: step
→ Dutch: steppen
Scots: stap, stop, step
Old Frisian: steppa, stapa
North Frisian: stape
Saterland Frisian: stappe
West Frisian: stappe
Old Saxon: steppian
Middle Low German: stappen, stippen
German Low German: stappen
Old Dutch: *stappen, *steppen
Middle Dutch: stappen
Dutch: stappen
Old High German: stepfen, stephen
Middle High German: stepfen
German: stepfen (obsolete)


þragilaz

þragilaz (nominative singular)
þragilōz (nominative plural)
þragilōs (nominative plural)
þragil (singular vocative)
þragilōz (plural vocative)
þragilōs (plural vocative)
þragilą (accusative singular)
þragilanz (accusative plural)
þragilas (genitive singular)
þragilis (genitive singular)
þragilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þragilai (dative singular)
þragilamaz (dative plural)
þragilō (instrumental singular)
þragilamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: thragil, *thregil

Middle Low German: dravel, drevel; drelle (< Old Norse?)

→ Dutch: drel, trel (?)

desc

Old High German: dregil, drigil, trigil, trikil

desctree

Old Norse: þræll
Icelandic: þræll m
Faroese: trælur m, trællur m
Norwegian Nynorsk: træl m; (dialectal) trædl m, trel m
Old Swedish: þræl
Swedish: träl c or m
Old Danish: thræl
Danish: træl c
Norwegian Bokmål: trell m
Old Gutnish: þrel
→ Irish: tráill
→ Middle Low German: drelle
→ Old English: þrǣl m
Middle English: thral, tharll, therll, thrall, thralle, threll, þral, þrall, þralle, þrel; ðral, þreal, þreall (Early Middle English)
English: thrall
Scots: thirl
→ Scottish Gaelic: tràill

From *þrēg-, *þrag- (“to run”), from Proto-Indo-European *trāgʰ- (“to pull, drag, race, run”) or Proto-Indo-European *tregʰ-, *tragʰ- (“to run”).


tilōną

tilō (active first-person indicative singular)
tilǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tilōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
tilōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
tilōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tilō (active imperative second-person singular)
tilōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tilōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tilōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tilō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tilōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tilōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tilōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tilōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tilōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tilōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tilōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tilōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tilōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tilōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tilōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tilōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tilōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tilōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tilōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tilōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tilōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tilōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tilōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tilōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tilōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tilōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tilōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tilōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tilōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tilōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tilōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
tilōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tilōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tilōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tilōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tilōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tilōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tilōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tilōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tilōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tilōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tilōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tilōndz (active participle present)
tilōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tilōn
Old English: tilian, teolian
Middle English: tilyen, teolien, tolien, tulien, telien, tilien, tilen, tillen
Scots: tele, teel, teil; tulȝe, tulyie, toil (through confluence with Old French verb)
English: till; toil (through confluence with Old French verb)
Old Frisian: tilia; teula
Saterland Frisian: tilja, tila
West Frisian: tylje
Old Saxon: tilōn
Middle Low German: telen, teilen, tellen
German Low German: telen
Old Dutch: tilon
Middle Dutch: tēlen
Dutch: telen
Old High German: zilōn
Middle High German: zilen, ziln
German: zielen
→ Luxembourgish: zilen
Luxembourgish: zillen

Gothic: *𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍉𐌽 (*tilōn)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍉𐌽 (andtilōn)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍉𐌽 (gatilōn)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍉𐌽 (gagatilōn)

From *tilą (“goal”) + *-ōną. Also compare *tilaz (“fitting”).


rastō

rastō (nominative singular)
rastôz (nominative plural)
rastō (singular vocative)
rastôz (plural vocative)
rastǭ (accusative singular)
rastōz (accusative plural)
rastōz (genitive singular)
rastǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rastōi (dative singular)
rastōmaz (dative plural)
rastō (instrumental singular)
rastōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rastu
Old English: ræst, rest
Middle English: reste, rest
Scots: rest
English: rest
Old Frisian: *raste, *reste
Saterland Frisian: Rääst, Räst
West Frisian: rêst
⇒ Old Frisian: rastelik, restelik
⇒ Old Frisian: restene
Old Saxon: rasta, resta
Middle Low German: raste, reste
Old Dutch: *rasta, *resta
Middle Dutch: raste, reste, (with metathesis) erste
Dutch: rast, ras (dialectal)
Old High German: rasta
Middle High German: raste, reste
German: Rast
Luxembourgish: Rascht

Old Norse: rǫst

Icelandic: röst

Norwegian Nynorsk: rost, rast

Old Swedish: rast, rost

Swedish: rast

Danish: rast

Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰 (rasta)

According to Kroonen, from the same root as *rēsōną (“to rush”) and *rēsō (“running, course, rush”). From Proto-Indo-European *Hre(h₁)s- + *-teh₂. Alternatively compared to the root *h₁er(h₁)- (“to rest”).


hrīmô

hrīmô (nominative singular)
hrīmaniz (nominative plural)
hrīmô (singular vocative)
hrīmaniz (plural vocative)
hrīmanų (accusative singular)
hrīpunz (accusative plural)
hrīpaz (genitive singular)
hrīpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrīmini (dative singular)
hrīmummaz (dative plural)
hrīpē (instrumental singular)
hrīmummiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrīm
Old English: hrīm
Middle English: rime, ryme
Scots: ryme, rime
English: rime
Old Frisian: *hrīm (in derivatives: hrīmich, hrīmech)
Old Dutch: *rīm
Middle Dutch: rijm
Dutch: rijm
Old High German: *hrīm, *rīm
Middle High German: rīm
Bavarian: Reim, Rein (Tyrol)
⇒ Middle High German: rīmelen, rīmeln (“to be covered with rime”)
→ Old French: frime; frimas
Middle French: frimas
French: frimas

Old Norse: hrím n

Danish: rim

Icelandic: hrím

Faroese: rím

Norwegian: rim

Swedish: rim

Proto-West Germanic: *hrīpō
Old Frisian: *hrīpa
Saterland Frisian: Riep
Old Saxon: *hrīpo
Middle Low German: rîpe, rîp, rîfe
Old Dutch: *rīpo
Middle Dutch: ripe
Dutch: rijp
Old High German: rīfo
Middle High German: rīfe, rīf
German: Reif

→? Proto-Finnic: *riip-

⇒ Proto-Finnic: *riittädäk (< *riip-tä-?)

Finnish: riittää

According to Kroonen, the nominative stem originally had a root-final -f, which was lost before the m of the mn-stem endings. This in turn stems from an older root-final -p. In the oblique stems, however, the m was lost instead, making the resulting -pn- cluster vulnerable to Kluge's law, which transformed it into a geminate -pp-. This geminate was then shortened due to a heavy long-vowel syllable preceding it.
Pokorny derived this from Proto-Indo-European *krey- (“to streak; graze; touch”). Kroonen instead reconstructs a root *kreyp-.


raskuz

raskuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
raskijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
raskī (feminine nominative singular strong)
raskijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
raskų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
raskijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
raskijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
raskijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
raskijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
raskijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
raskų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
raskijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
raskijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
raskīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
raskijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
raskijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
raskijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
raskijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
raskīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
raskijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
raskijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
raskijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
raskijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
raskijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
raskijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
raskijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
raskijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
raskijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
raskijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
raskijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
raskijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
raskijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
raskijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
raskijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
raskijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
raskijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
raskijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
raskijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
raskijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
raskijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
raskijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
raskijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
raskijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
raskijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
raskīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
raskijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
raskijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
raskijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
raskīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
raskijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
raskīni (dative masculine singular weak)
raskijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
raskijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
raskijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
raskīni (dative neuter singular weak)
raskijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
raskīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
raskijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
raskijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
raskijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
raskīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
raskijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *rasku, *rask, *raskī

Old English: *ræsċ (found in derivatives: ræsċan, ræsċettan, etc.)

Middle English: rasch

English: rash

Scots: rasch, rash

Old Saxon: *rasc

Middle Low German: rasch

Low German: rasch

→ Faroese: raskur

→ Norwegian: rask

→ Old Swedish: rasker

Swedish: rask

→ Danish: rask

Old Dutch: *rasc

Middle Dutch: rasch

Dutch: ras

Old High German: resci, reski (adjective); rasco, rasko (adverb)

Middle High German: resche; rasch

German: rasch

Proto-Norse: ᚱᚨᛊᚲᚨᛉ (raskaʀ)

From earlier *raþskuz, from Proto-Indo-European *Hroth₂skus (“rapid”), from Proto-Indo-European *Hreth₂- (“to run, roll”).


hrīmą

hrīmą (nominative singular)
hrīmō (nominative plural)
hrīmą (singular vocative)
hrīmō (plural vocative)
hrīmą (accusative singular)
hrīmō (accusative plural)
hrīmas (genitive singular)
hrīmis (genitive singular)
hrīmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrīmai (dative singular)
hrīmamaz (dative plural)
hrīmō (instrumental singular)
hrīmamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: hrím

Icelandic: hrím

Faroese: rím

Norwegian: rim

Swedish: rim

Danish: rim

From Proto-Indo-European *krey- (“to streak, graze, touch”).

(North Germanic form of *hrīmô): frost, hoarfrost


gaidō

gaidō (nominative singular)
gaidôz (nominative plural)
gaidō (singular vocative)
gaidôz (plural vocative)
gaidǭ (accusative singular)
gaidōz (accusative plural)
gaidōz (genitive singular)
gaidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaidōi (dative singular)
gaidōmaz (dative plural)
gaidō (instrumental singular)
gaidōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: gād

desctree

Middle English: gode, goode, goude, gwode (all late)
English: goad
Scots: gad, gade, gaid

Langobardic: *gaida

Gothic: *𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 (*gaida) (possibly in personal names)

q

→ Finnish: kaita (possibly, or loaned from a related term)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey- (“to drive, move, hurl, fling; missile, projectile”). Cognate with Sanskrit हेति (heti, “missile, projectile”).


hawjaną

hawjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hawjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hawjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hawisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hawjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hawi (active imperative second-person singular)
hawjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hawjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hawiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hawjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hawjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hawjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hawjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hawjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hawjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hawjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hawjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hawjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hawjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hawjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hawjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hawjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hawiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hawjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hawiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hawjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hawjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hawjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hawjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hawjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hawjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hawjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hawidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hawidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hawidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hawidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hawidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hawidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hawidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hawidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hawidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hawidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hawidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hawidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hawidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hawidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hawidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hawidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hawjandz (active participle present)
hawidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hauwjan
Old English: hīeġan, hēġan, hīġan
Old Frisian: hēia

Old Norse: heyja
Icelandic: heyja

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kowh₁-éye-ti, a causative o-grade formation from *(s)kewh₁- (“to observe, perceive”). Older theories derived the word from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew- (“to cut, hew, equip”), comparing Ancient Greek σκεῦος (skeûos, “vessel, device”), or from Proto-Indo-European *kewh₂- (“to cut, hew”).


gaburjaną

gaburjō (active first-person indicative singular)
gaburjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaburjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gaburisi (active indicative second-person singular)
gaburjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaburi (active imperative second-person singular)
gaburjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gaburjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gaburiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gaburjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gaburjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gaburjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gaburjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gaburjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gaburjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gaburjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gaburjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gaburjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gaburjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gaburjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gaburjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gaburjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gaburiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gaburjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gaburiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gaburjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gaburjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gaburjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gaburjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gaburjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gaburjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gaburjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gaburidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
gaburidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaburidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
gaburidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaburidē (active indicative singular third-person)
gaburidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gaburidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gaburidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gaburidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gaburidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gaburidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gaburidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gaburidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gaburidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gaburidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gaburidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gaburjandz (active participle present)
gaburidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gaburjan
Old English: ġebyrian, ġebyrġian, ġebyrede
Middle English: ȝebürien
⇒ Middle English: birrde, bürde
Scots: byrde, byrd, bird
Old Frisian: bera
West Frisian: barre
Old Saxon: giburian
Middle Low German: geboren, gebören
Low German: geböhren
→ Saterland Frisian: geböäre
Old Dutch: giburen
Middle Dutch: gebueren
Dutch: gebeuren
Limburgish: gebäöre
Old High German: gaburjan, giburien, giburren, geburen
Middle High German: gebürn
German: gebühren
Luxembourgish: gebiren

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂 (gabaur, “tribute”)

From *ga- + *burjaną (“to raise, levy”).


burþiz

burþiz (nominative singular)
burþīz (nominative plural)
burþi (singular vocative)
burþīz (plural vocative)
burþį (accusative singular)
burþīnz (accusative plural)
burdīz (genitive singular)
burdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
burdī (dative singular)
burdimaz (dative plural)
burdī (instrumental singular)
burdimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *burþi
Old English: beorþ, berþ, byrþ, byrd
Middle English: birth, byrth, birthe, byrthe
English: birth
Scots: birth
Old Frisian: berde, berd, berthe (“birth, fruit”)
Saterland Frisian: Bäide
West Frisian: berte
Old Saxon: *burd
Middle Low German: bord, bōrt
German Low German: Boort
Old Dutch: *burt
Middle Dutch: boort, boorte
Dutch: boorte
Old High German: burt (“shape, being, birth”)
Middle High German: burt
German: Burt

Old Norse: *byrðr, burðr
Icelandic: burður
Faroese: burður
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: byrd
Norwegian Nynorsk: burd
Old Swedish: byrþ, byrþe, biurdh, børdh, ᛒᛦᚱᚦ
Swedish: börda
Danish: byrd
Old Gutnish: byrþ

From the oblique stem of Proto-Indo-European *bʰértis, from *bʰer- (“to bear”). Equivalent to *beraną + *-þiz. Compare Sanskrit भृति (bhṛti, “bearing”).


brunnô

brunnô (nominative singular)
brunnaniz (nominative plural)
brunnô (singular vocative)
brunnaniz (plural vocative)
brunnanų (accusative singular)
brunnanunz (accusative plural)
brunniniz (genitive singular)
brunnanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brunnini (dative singular)
brunnammaz (dative plural)
brunninē (instrumental singular)
brunnammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *brunnō
Old English: burna
Middle English: burne, bourne
English: bourn, burn
Scots: burn
Old Frisian: burna
West Frisian: bearne, boarne
Old Saxon: brunno, borno
Middle Low German: borne, born
Low German: Born
→ German: Born
Old Dutch: brunno
Middle Dutch: borne
Dutch: bron
Old High German: brunno
Middle High German: brunne
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: prunn
Mòcheno: prunn
Central Franconian:
Luxembourgish: Buer, Bur
Hunsrik: Brunne
German: Brunnen (Bronnen, Brunne, Bronne, Brunn)
Rhine Franconian: Brunne
Yiddish: ברונעם (brunem), ברונע (brune), ברונען (brunen)

Old Norse: brunnr, bruðr
Icelandic: brunnur
Faroese: brunnur, bruður
Norwegian Nynorsk: brunn
Old Swedish: brunder, brynder
Swedish: brunn
Danish: brønd
Norwegian Bokmål: brønn
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: brønn
Scanian: brønn
→ Scots: broonie; brin

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰 (brunna)

Crimean Gothic: brunna

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₁wr̥ (“a bubbling forth; a fountain, wellspring, source”), from the root *bʰrew- (“to well up, bubble, seethe”), perhaps from *bʰer- (“to well up”).