slinkaną

slinkō (active first-person indicative singular)
slinkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slinkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
slinkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
slinkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slink (active imperative second-person singular)
slinkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
slinkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
slinkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
slinkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slinkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
slinkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
slinkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
slinkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
slinkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slinkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slinkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slinkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
slinkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
slinkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slinkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
slinkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
slinkid (active indicative plural second-person)
slinkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slinkid (active imperative plural second-person)
slinkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
slinkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
slinkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
slinkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slinkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
slinkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
slinkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
slank (active first-person indicative singular)
slunkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slanht (active indicative second-person singular)
slunkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slank (active indicative singular third-person)
slunkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slunkū (active dual first-person indicative)
slunkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slunkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slunkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slunkum (active first-person indicative plural)
slunkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slunkud (active indicative plural second-person)
slunkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slunkun (active indicative plural third-person)
slunkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slinkandz (active participle present)
slunkanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: slincan

Middle English: slynken

Scots: slink

English: slink

Old Frisian: *slinka

Saterland Frisian: slinke

West Frisian: slinke

Old Saxon: *slinkan

Middle Low German: slinken

Low German: slinken

Old Dutch: *slinkan

Middle Dutch: slinken

Dutch: slinken

Old Norse: *slinka

Old Swedish: slinka

Swedish: slinka

Gutnish: slinke, slink', slinka

Close to the synonym *slingwaną, though with some formal diffulty. Presumably degeminated from earlier *slenkk-, from pre-Germanic *sln̥k-né(h₂)- or similar with a return to the full grade, from Proto-Indo-European *slenk- (or perhaps *slenkʷ-); this could explain the different coda stop reflexes without needing to assume two separate PIE roots. Related to Lithuanian slinkti and slenkù (“to creep, sneak”). Perhaps partly sound-symbolic or onomatopoeic.

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


dwalōną

dwalō (active first-person indicative singular)
dwalǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dwalōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
dwalōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
dwalōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dwalō (active imperative second-person singular)
dwalōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dwalōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dwalōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dwalō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dwalōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dwalōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dwalōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dwalōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dwalōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dwalōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dwalōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dwalōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dwalōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dwalōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dwalōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dwalōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dwalōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dwalōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dwalōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dwalōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dwalōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dwalōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dwalōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dwalōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dwalōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dwalōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dwalōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dwalōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dwalōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dwalōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dwalōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
dwalōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dwalōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dwalōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dwalōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dwalōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dwalōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dwalōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dwalōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dwalōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dwalōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dwalōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dwalōndz (active participle present)
dwalōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dwalōn
Old English: dwalian, dwolian
Middle English: dwalen, duale, dwalien
>? English: dwale, dwall
>? Scots: dwall
Old Frisian: dwalia
North Frisian: dwaale
West Frisian: dwale
Old Saxon: dwalōn
Middle Low German: dwālen
German Low German: dwalen
Old Dutch: *dwalon
Middle Dutch: dualen, dwalen
Dutch: dwalen
Old High German: twalōn
Middle High German: twalen

Old Norse: dvala

Icelandic: dvala

From *dwalaz (“confused, stunned”) + *-ōną.


wanōną

wanō (active first-person indicative singular)
wanǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wanōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
wanōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wanōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wanō (active imperative second-person singular)
wanōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wanōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wanōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wanō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wanōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wanōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wanōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wanōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wanōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wanōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wanōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wanōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wanōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wanōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wanōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wanōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wanōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wanōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wanōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wanōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wanōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wanōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wanōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wanōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wanōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wanōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wanōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wanōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wanōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wanōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wanōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
wanōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wanōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wanōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wanōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wanōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wanōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wanōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wanōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wanōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wanōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wanōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wanōndz (active participle present)
wanōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wanōn
Old English: wanian, wonian
Middle English: wanien, wonien, wanen
Scots: wan, wane
English: wane
Old Frisian: wania, wonia
Old Saxon: wanōn
Middle Low German: wanen, wānen
Old Dutch: *wanon
Middle Dutch: wanen, waenen
Old High German: wanōn

Old Norse: vana

Icelandic: vana


brestuz

brestuz (nominative singular)
bristiwiz (nominative plural)
brestu (singular vocative)
bristiwiz (plural vocative)
brestų (accusative singular)
brestunz (accusative plural)
brestauz (genitive singular)
bristiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bristiwi (dative singular)
brestumaz (dative plural)
brestū (instrumental singular)
brestumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: berst, byrst

Middle English: brest, berst, barst

Old Saxon: *bresti

desc

Middle Low German: breste, berste, berst, barst

(German Low German: Brast ?)

Old Dutch: *bresti

Middle Dutch: berste

Old High German: bresto

Middle High German: breste

German: Breste

Old Norse: brestr

Icelandic: brestur

Faroese: brestur

Danish: brøst, brist

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰres‑ (“to burst; break; crack; crackle”).


brōdijaną

brōdijō (active first-person indicative singular)
brōdijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brōdijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
brōdīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
brōdijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brōdī (active imperative second-person singular)
brōdijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brōdijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brōdīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
brōdijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brōdijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
brōdijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brōdijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brōdijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
brōdijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brōdijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brōdijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brōdijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brōdijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brōdijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brōdijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brōdijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brōdīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
brōdijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brōdīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
brōdijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brōdijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brōdijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
brōdijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brōdijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
brōdijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brōdijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brōdidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
brōdidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brōdidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
brōdidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brōdidē (active indicative singular third-person)
brōdidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brōdidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
brōdidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brōdidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brōdidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brōdidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
brōdidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brōdidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
brōdidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brōdidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
brōdidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brōdijandz (active participle present)
brōdidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: brēdan

Middle English: breden

Scots: brede, breid

English: breed

Old Frisian: *brēda

Saterland Frisian: briede

West Frisian: briede

Old Saxon: *brōdian

Middle Low German: brôden, bröden

German Low German: bröden

Old Dutch: *bruoden

Middle Dutch: broeden, bruden

Dutch: broeden

Old High German: bruoten

Middle High German: brüeten

German: brüten

Hunsrik: briede

Luxembourgish: bréien

From *brōduz (“warmth, breed”) + *-janą.


tugilaz

tugilaz (nominative singular)
tugilōz (nominative plural)
tugilōs (nominative plural)
tugil (singular vocative)
tugilōz (plural vocative)
tugilōs (plural vocative)
tugilą (accusative singular)
tugilanz (accusative plural)
tugilas (genitive singular)
tugilis (genitive singular)
tugilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tugilai (dative singular)
tugilamaz (dative plural)
tugilō (instrumental singular)
tugilamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: tyġel

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German:

Low German: Tögel

Old Dutch: *tugil

Middle Dutch: toghel, teugel

Dutch: teugel

Old High German: zugil

Middle High German: zugel, zügel

German: Zügel

→ Polish: cugiel

Luxembourgish: Zigel

Old Norse: tygill

Icelandic: tygill

Danish: tøjle

Norwegian Bokmål: tøyle

Norwegian Nynorsk: tygel

Swedish: tygel

From the root *tug- as in *tugōną and *taugijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *dewk-, + *-ilaz.


walkōną

walkō (active first-person indicative singular)
walkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
walkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
walkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
walkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
walkō (active imperative second-person singular)
walkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
walkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
walkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
walkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
walkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
walkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
walkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
walkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
walkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
walkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
walkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
walkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
walkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
walkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
walkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
walkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
walkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
walkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
walkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
walkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
walkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
walkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
walkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
walkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
walkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
walkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
walkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
walkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
walkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
walkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
walkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
walkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
walkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
walkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
walkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
walkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
walkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
walkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
walkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
walkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
walkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
walkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
walkōndz (active participle present)
walkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *walkōn
Old English: wealcian
Middle English: walken, walk, walke, walkyn, wolken (conflated with wealcan)
English: walk, waulk
Scots: walk
Old Frisian: *walkia
Saterland Frisian: walkje
West Frisian: walkje
Old Saxon: *walkōn, *walkōjan
Middle Low German: walken
Low German: walken
Old Dutch: *walkōn
Middle Dutch: walken
Dutch: walken
Old High German: *walkōn
Middle High German: walken
German: walken

Old Norse: valka, válka

Icelandic: valka, volka

Faroese: válka

Norwegian Bokmål: valke

Swedish: valka

Danish: valke

From Proto-Indo-European *wolg- (“to twist; turn; move”).


lahtrą

lahtrą (nominative singular)
lahtrō (nominative plural)
lahtrą (singular vocative)
lahtrō (plural vocative)
lahtrą (accusative singular)
lahtrō (accusative plural)
lahtras (genitive singular)
lahtris (genitive singular)
lahtrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lahtrai (dative singular)
lahtramaz (dative plural)
lahtrō (instrumental singular)
lahtramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: látr

Icelandic: látur

Faroese: látur

Possibly an o-grade variant of *lehtrą, but more likely, together with the formation *lōgą, it implies an unattested *laganą + *-þrą.


laubą

laubą (nominative singular)
laubō (nominative plural)
laubą (singular vocative)
laubō (plural vocative)
laubą (accusative singular)
laubō (accusative plural)
laubas (genitive singular)
laubis (genitive singular)
laubǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laubai (dative singular)
laubamaz (dative plural)
laubō (instrumental singular)
laubamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *laub
Old English: lēaf
Middle English: leef, lefe, leve, lewe
English: leaf
Tok Pisin: lip
Scots: leaf, lefe, leif
Yola: laafe
Old Frisian: lāf
North Frisian: lof, luf
Saterland Frisian: Loof, Loouw, Looch
West Frisian: leaf
Old Saxon: lōf
Middle Low German: lôf
German Low German: Loov
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Läuf
Westmünsterländisch: Loof
Plautdietsch: Loof
Old Dutch: lōf
Middle Dutch: lôof
Dutch: loof
Limburgish: louf
Old High German: loub
German: Laub

Old Norse: lauf
Icelandic: lauf
Faroese: leyv
Norwegian Nynorsk: lauv
→ Norwegian Bokmål: lauv
Elfdalian: lov
Old Swedish: lø̄f
Swedish: löv
Danish: løv
Norwegian Bokmål: løv
Gutnish: lau, laug, lavv

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍆𐍃 m (laufs)

Differing explanations:
* From Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“to break, flake or peel off, shed; rind, leaf”).
* From pre-Germanic *lowpóm, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *lewp- (“to bend, peel, tear, damage”).
The connection, if any, between these two roots is unknown.


nazō

nazō (nominative singular)
nazôz (nominative plural)
nazō (singular vocative)
nazôz (plural vocative)
nazǭ (accusative singular)
nazōz (accusative plural)
nazōz (genitive singular)
nazǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nazōi (dative singular)
nazōmaz (dative plural)
nazō (instrumental singular)
nazōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: nearu, neru (in ealdorneru)

Old Saxon: nara (in līfnara)

Middle Low German: nar; lîfnāre

Old Dutch: nara (in līfnara)

Old High German: nara; lībnara

Middle High German: nare

From Proto-Indo-European *nes- (“to return; recover; make whole”).


nōzijaną

nōzijō (active first-person indicative singular)
nōzijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nōzijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
nōzīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
nōzijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nōzī (active imperative second-person singular)
nōzijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
nōzijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
nōzīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
nōzijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nōzijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
nōzijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
nōzijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
nōzijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
nōzijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nōzijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nōzijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nōzijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
nōzijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
nōzijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nōzijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
nōzijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
nōzīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
nōzijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nōzīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
nōzijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
nōzijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
nōzijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
nōzijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nōzijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
nōzijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
nōzijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
nōzidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
nōzidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nōzidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
nōzidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nōzidē (active indicative singular third-person)
nōzidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nōzidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
nōzidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nōzidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nōzidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nōzidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
nōzidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nōzidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
nōzidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nōzidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
nōzidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nōzijandz (active participle present)
nōzidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: nœra

Icelandic: næra

Faroese: nøra

Norwegian: nøre

Old Swedish: *nø̄ra

Swedish: nöra (dialectal)

Secondary causative of a lost strong verb *nasaną, from the same root as *nesaną and *nazjaną.


gagulaz

gagulaz (nominative singular)
gagulōz (nominative plural)
gagulōs (nominative plural)
gagul (singular vocative)
gagulōz (plural vocative)
gagulōs (plural vocative)
gagulą (accusative singular)
gagulanz (accusative plural)
gagulas (genitive singular)
gagulis (genitive singular)
gagulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gagulai (dative singular)
gagulamaz (dative plural)
gagulō (instrumental singular)
gagulamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: gagel m; gagelle, gagolle f

desc

Middle English: gagel, gaȝel, gawyl, gawl, gail

Scots: gale, gaal, gaul

English: gale

Old Frisian: *gal

West Frisian: galjes (plural)

Old Saxon: *gagal

Middle Low German: gāgel

Old Dutch: *gagal

Middle Dutch: gagel

Dutch: gagel

Old High German: gagel (in gagelrīs)

Middle High German: gagel

German: Gagel

Old Norse: gagl (in gaglviðr)

Icelandic: gaglviður


skīmô

skīmô (nominative singular)
skīmaniz (nominative plural)
skīmô (singular vocative)
skīmaniz (plural vocative)
skīmanų (accusative singular)
skīmanunz (accusative plural)
skīminiz (genitive singular)
skīmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skīmini (dative singular)
skīmammaz (dative plural)
skīminē (instrumental singular)
skīmammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċīma; (sċima)

⇒ Middle English: schym (adj)

Old Frisian: *skīma

Saterland Frisian: Skieme

West Frisian: skim, skym

Old Saxon: skīmo, scīmo

Old Dutch: *skīmo

(Middle Dutch: schim, schem)

(Dutch: schim)

Old High German: skīmo

Middle High German: schīme; (schëme)

Old Norse: skími; (skimi); (skim)

Norwegian: skime

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 (skeima)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeyh₁- (“to shimmer; shadow”) with a suffix *-mô, from Proto-Indo-European *-mō.


skraudō

skraudō (nominative singular)
skraudôz (nominative plural)
skraudō (singular vocative)
skraudôz (plural vocative)
skraudǭ (accusative singular)
skraudōz (accusative plural)
skraudōz (genitive singular)
skraudǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skraudōi (dative singular)
skraudōmaz (dative plural)
skraudō (instrumental singular)
skraudōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skraudu
Old English: sċrēad
Middle English: shrede, shred
Scots: screid, skreid, schred, schreid
English: shred
Old Frisian: skrēd
Old Dutch: *scrōda
Middle Dutch: schrôde
Dutch: schroot
Old High German: scrōt
Middle High German: schrōt, schrāt
German: Schrot
Luxembourgish: Schrout
→ Old French: escroe, escrowe, escrouwe
Middle French: escroe
→ Middle English: escrowe, ascrowe
English: escrow
→ Middle English: scrowe, scrouwe
⇒ Middle English: scrowle, scrolle (influenced by rolle)
English: scroll

Old Norse: skrjóðr


grindō

grindō (nominative singular)
grindôz (nominative plural)
grindō (singular vocative)
grindôz (plural vocative)
grindǭ (accusative singular)
grindōz (accusative plural)
grindōz (genitive singular)
grindǫ̂ (genitive plural)
grindōi (dative singular)
grindōmaz (dative plural)
grindō (instrumental singular)
grindōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: grinde f

Old Frisian: *grind, *grint

West Frisian: grint

Old Saxon: *grind

Middle Low German: grint m

German Low German: Grind

Old Dutch: *grinda

Middle Dutch: grinde, grint f

Dutch: grind

Old High German: grint, grient m

Middle High German: grint

German: Grind

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰrendʰ- (“to crush”).


hiurijaz

*hiurijaz (ja-stem)

hiurijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hiurijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hiurijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hiurijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hiuriją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hiurijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hiurijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hiurijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hiurijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hiurijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hiuriją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hiurijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hiurijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
hiurijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hiurijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hiurijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hiurijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
hiurijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hiurijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hiurijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hiurijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hiurijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hiurijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hiurijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hiurijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hiurijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hiurijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hiurijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hiurijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hiurijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hiurijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hiurijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hiurijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hiurijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hiurijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hiurijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hiurijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hiurijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hiurijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hiurijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hiurijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hiurijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hiurīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hiurijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hiurijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hiurijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hiurīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hiurijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hiurīni (dative masculine singular weak)
hiurijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hiurijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hiurijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hiurīni (dative neuter singular weak)
hiurijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hiurīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hiurijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hiurijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hiurijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hiurīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hiurijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hiurī
Old English: hēore, hīere, hȳre, hīore, hīre, hēre
Middle English: here, her, hær, harey
English: here
Old Saxon: *hiuri
Middle Low German: hü̂re
Old High German: hiuri

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *gahiurī
Old Saxon: *gihiuri
Middle Low German: gehü̂re
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: gehü̂re
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch, Sauerländisch: gehuier
Sauerländisch: gehöier (Brilon), gehūer (Niedersfeld), gehǖer (Attendorn, Drolshagen, Olpe), jehoier (Wenden)
Old Dutch: *gihiuri
Middle Dutch: gehiere, gehure
Dutch: guur
Old High German: *gihiuri
Middle High German: gehiure
German: geheuer

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *unhiurī
Old English: unhīere, unhȳre, unhēore
Middle English: unhere, unhire
Old Frisian: *unjiūre
West Frisian: ûnhuer, njoer
Old Saxon: unhiuri
Middle Low German: unhûre
Old High German: unhiuri
Middle High German: unhiure

Old Norse: hýrr
Icelandic: hýr
Faroese: hýrur

⇒ Old Norse: úhýrr, óhýrr

Icelandic: óhýr

Norwegian: uhyre

Old Swedish: ohyris

Swedish: ohyra

Danish: uhyre

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱeywo- (“trusted; familiar”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey- (“to recline; settle”).


grīsaz

*grīsaz (a-stem)

grīsaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
grīsai (masculine nominative plural strong)
grīsō (feminine nominative singular strong)
grīsôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
grīsą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
grīsō (neuter nominative plural strong)
grīsanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
grīsanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
grīsǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
grīsōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
grīsą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
grīsō (accusative neuter plural strong)
grīsas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
grīsaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
grīsaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
grīsaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
grīsas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
grīsaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
grīsammai (dative masculine singular strong)
grīsaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
grīsaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
grīsaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
grīsammai (dative neuter singular strong)
grīsaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
grīsanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
grīsaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
grīsaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
grīsaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
grīsanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
grīsaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
grīsô (masculine nominative singular weak)
grīsaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
grīsǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
grīsōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
grīsô (neuter nominative singular weak)
grīsōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
grīsanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
grīsanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
grīsōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
grīsōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
grīsô (accusative neuter singular weak)
grīsōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
grīsiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
grīsanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
grīsōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
grīsōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
grīsiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
grīsanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
grīsini (dative masculine singular weak)
grīsammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
grīsōni (dative feminine singular weak)
grīsōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
grīsini (dative neuter singular weak)
grīsammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
grīsinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
grīsammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
grīsōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
grīsōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
grīsinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
grīsammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *grīs
Old Frisian: grīs
Saterland Frisian: gries
West Frisian: griis
Old Saxon: grīs
Middle Low German: grîs
German Low German: gries
→ German: gries
Plautdietsch: jriess
Old Dutch: *grīs
Middle Dutch: grise, grijs
Dutch: grijs
Afrikaans: grys
Old High German: grīs
Middle High German: grīs
Central Franconian: greis, jries
German: greis
Gallo-Romance:
→ Catalan: gris
→ Ligurian: grîxo
→? Corsican: grisgiu
→? Italian: grigio
→ Lombard: gris
→ Old Occitan: gris
Occitan: gris
→ Galician: gris
→ Spanish: gris
→ Old French: gris, grise
Middle French: gris
French: gris
Norman: gris
Walloon: gris, grise
→ Middle English: gris, grys (“gray; gray fur”)
→ Medieval Latin: grīseus
Old French: grisel
→ Middle English: grisel, griselle, gresel (“gray; gray hair”)
English: grizzle
→ Piedmontese: gris
→ Venetian: grixo
→ Greek: γκρίζος (gkrízos)

Unknown. Often related to *grēwaz, which would require a pre-form *greh₁-is-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰreh₁- (“to grow; to become green”). This is highly speculative, however.


wardāną

wardō (active first-person indicative singular)
wardaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
wardai (active imperative second-person singular)
wardāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wardaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wardāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wardāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wardōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wardāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wardāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wardāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wardānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wardaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wardaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wardānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wardānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wardānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wardānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wardadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wardadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wardadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wardadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wardadē (active indicative singular third-person)
wardadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wardadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wardadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wardadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wardadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wardadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wardadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wardadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wardadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wardadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wardadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wardāndz (active participle present)
wardadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wardēn
Old English: weardian
Middle English: warden
English: ward
Old Saxon: wardon
Middle Low German: warden, wārden
Old Dutch: wardon
Middle Dutch: warden
Dutch: warden
Old High German: wartēn
Middle High German: warten
Central Franconian: waade, waarde
German: warten
Hunsrik: waarte
Luxembourgish: waarden
Yiddish: וואַרטן (vartn)
→ Early Medieval Latin: wardō (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: varða

Icelandic: varða

Old Swedish: varþa, vārdha

Swedish: vårda

→ Proto-Finnic: *vartodak (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *vuortētēk (see there for further descendants)

From *warduz (“a guard”) + *-āną or *wardō (“protection”) + *-āną.


snīkaną

snīkō (active first-person indicative singular)
snīkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snīkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
snīkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
snīkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snīk (active imperative second-person singular)
snīkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
snīkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
snīkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
snīkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snīkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
snīkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
snīkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
snīkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
snīkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snīkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snīkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snīkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
snīkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
snīkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snīkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
snīkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
snīkid (active indicative plural second-person)
snīkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snīkid (active imperative plural second-person)
snīkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
snīkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
snīkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
snīkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snīkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
snīkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
snīkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
snaik (active first-person indicative singular)
snikį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snaiht (active indicative second-person singular)
snikīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snaik (active indicative singular third-person)
snikī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snikū (active dual first-person indicative)
snikīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snikudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snikīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snikum (active first-person indicative plural)
snikīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snikud (active indicative plural second-person)
snikīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snikun (active indicative plural third-person)
snikīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snīkandz (active participle present)
snikanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *snīkan
Old English: snīcan
Middle English: sniken
>? English: sneak, snitch
>? Scots: sneke, sneak

Old Norse: sníkja (weak verb) (< *snīkijaną)

Danish: snige

Faroese: sníkja

Icelandic: sníkja

Norwegian Bokmål: snike

Norwegian Nynorsk: snike, snika

Swedish: snika

From Proto-Indo-European *sneyg- (“to crawl”).


Brunjōhildiz

Brunjōhildiz (nominative singular)
Brunjōhildi (singular vocative)
Brunjōhildį (accusative singular)
Brunjōhildīz (genitive singular)
Brunjōhildī (dative singular)
Brunjōhildī (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Brunnjuhildi

desc

Old High German: Brunichildis, *Brunnīhilta

Middle High German: Briunhilde, Priunhilde

German: Brunhilde, Brünhild, Brünnhilde, Brunhild

→ English: Brunhild

→ French: Brunehilde

→ Italian: Brunilde

→ Spanish: Brunilda

→ Portuguese: Brunilda

→ Catalan: Brunilda

Old Norse: Brynhildr

Icelandic: Brynhildur

Faroese: Brynhild

Norwegian: Brynhild

Swedish: Brynhild

→ Finnish: Brynhild

Danish: Brynhild

From *brunjǭ (“breastplate”) + *hildiz (“battle, fight”).


Sigifriþuz

Sigifriþuz (nominative singular)
Sigifriþu (singular vocative)
Sigifriþų (accusative singular)
Sigifriþauz (genitive singular)
Sigifriþū (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Sigifriþu

desctree

Old High German: Sigifrith, Sigifrid
Middle High German: Sîfrit
German: Siegfried (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: Sigfriðr, Sigfrøðr

Icelandic: Sigfreður

Faroese: Sigfríður

Norwegian: Sigfred, Sigfrid

Swedish: Sigfrid
→ Finnish: Sigfrid

Danish: Sigfred, Sigfrid

From *sigiz (“victory, triumph”) + *friþuz (“peace, tranquility, sanctuary, refuge”).


bulgijō

bulgijō (nominative singular)
bulgijôz (nominative plural)
bulgijō (singular vocative)
bulgijôz (plural vocative)
bulgijǭ (accusative singular)
bulgijōz (accusative plural)
bulgijōz (genitive singular)
bulgijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bulgijōi (dative singular)
bulgijōmaz (dative plural)
bulgijō (instrumental singular)
bulgijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Middle Low German: bulge

Low German: bülge

Middle High German: bulga

desctree

Old Norse: bylgja
Icelandic: bylgja
Faroese: bylgja
Norwegian Nynorsk: bylgja, bylgju, bylgje, bølgje; (dialectal) bulgje
Swedish: bölja
Danish: bølge
Norwegian Bokmål: bølge
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bølge
→ Middle English: *bilowe, *bilewe, *bilwe, *bilȝe
English: billow

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵʰ- (“to swell”).


Ermunahildiz

Ermunahildiz (nominative singular)
Ermunahildi (singular vocative)
Ermunahildį (accusative singular)
Ermunahildīz (genitive singular)
Ermunahildī (dative singular)
Ermunahildī (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Ermunahildi

Old High German: *Ermenhilta

Middle High German: Ermhilde, Irmhilde

German: Irmhild

→ Italian: Imelda

→ Catalan: Imelda

→ Irish: Imelda

→ Spanish: Imelda

Gothic or Suevic:

→ Late Latin: Ermildi, Ermilli

Galician: Esmelle, Ermilda

From *ermunaz (“strong, whole”) + *hildiz (“battle, fight”).


hraspōną

hraspō (active first-person indicative singular)
hraspǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hraspōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hraspōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hraspōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hraspō (active imperative second-person singular)
hraspōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hraspōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hraspōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hraspō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hraspōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hraspōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hraspōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hraspōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hraspōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hraspōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hraspōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hraspōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hraspōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hraspōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hraspōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hraspōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hraspōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hraspōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hraspōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hraspōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hraspōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hraspōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hraspōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hraspōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hraspōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hraspōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hraspōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hraspōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hraspōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hraspōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hraspōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hraspōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hraspōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hraspōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hraspōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hraspōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hraspōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hraspōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hraspōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hraspōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hraspōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hraspōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hraspōndz (active participle present)
hraspōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hraspōn
Old Saxon: *hraspōn
⇒ Middle Low German: raspelen
German Low German: raspeln
Old High German: raspōn
Middle High German: raspen
German: raspen (obsolete)
⇒ German: raspeln
→ Vulgar Latin: *raspāre (see there for further descendants)


swaipaną

swaipō (active first-person indicative singular)
swaipaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swaipai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swaipizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swaipaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swaip (active imperative second-person singular)
swaipazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swaipaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swaipidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swaipai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swaipadau (active imperative singular third-person)
swaipadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swaipaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swaipōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swaipaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swaipadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swaipaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swaipadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swaipamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swaipaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swaipandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swaipaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swaipid (active indicative plural second-person)
swaipaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swaipid (active imperative plural second-person)
swaipandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swaipaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swaipandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swaipain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swaipandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swaipandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swaipaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sezwaip (active first-person indicative singular)
sezwaipį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sezwaift (active indicative second-person singular)
sezwaipīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sezwaip (active indicative singular third-person)
sezwaipī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sezwaipū (active dual first-person indicative)
sezwaipīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sezwaipudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sezwaipīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sezwaipum (active first-person indicative plural)
sezwaipīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sezwaipud (active indicative plural second-person)
sezwaipīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sezwaipun (active indicative plural third-person)
sezwaipīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swaipandz (active participle present)
swaipanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *swaipan
Old English: swāpan
Middle English: swapen, swopen
English: swoop
Scots: swap, swape, swaip
Old Frisian: swēpa
West Frisian: swiepe (obsolete)
Old Saxon: swēpan
Middle Low German: swêpen
German Low German: swepen
Old High German: sweifan
Middle High German: sweifen
German: schweifen

Old Norse: sveipa (“to swaddle, wrap; to cast”)
Icelandic: sveipa
Faroese: sveipa
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: sveipa
Norwegian Bokmål: sveipe
Ostrobothnian: sveip
Nilandian: svipa
Old Swedish: svēpa, swǣpa
Swedish: svepa
Scanian: svøba, svepa, sveva
Older Danish: svebe
Danish: svøbe, svippe
→ Middle English: swaipen
English: swaip
Scots: swape, swaip

From Proto-Indo-European *kswoybʰ-e-ti, thematic o-grade present of *ksweybʰ- (“to move swiftly, swing, whip”).


gimrį̄

gimrį̄ (nominative singular)
gimrīniz (nominative plural)
gimrį̄ (singular vocative)
gimrīniz (plural vocative)
gimrīnų (accusative singular)
gimrīnunz (accusative plural)
gimrīniz (genitive singular)
gimrīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gimrīni (dative singular)
gimrīmaz (dative plural)
gimrīnē (instrumental singular)
gimrīmiz (instrumental plural)

Frankish: *ingimus, *inzimus, *inzismus (attested in the Salic Laws; < *ainagim-)

Old Norse: gimbr, gymbr

Icelandic: gimbur

Faroese: gimbur

Norwegian: gimbur, gimbur (dialectal)

Swedish: gimber, gimmer

→ Middle English: gymbyre, gymbure

English: gimmer

Scots: gimmer

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰyem- (“winter”) (in o-grade *ǵʰyom- with loss of -y-). Cognate with Latin hiems (“winter”).


pikkōną

pikkō (active first-person indicative singular)
pikkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
pikkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
pikkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
pikkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
pikkō (active imperative second-person singular)
pikkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
pikkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
pikkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
pikkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
pikkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
pikkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
pikkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
pikkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
pikkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
pikkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
pikkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
pikkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
pikkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
pikkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
pikkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
pikkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
pikkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
pikkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
pikkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
pikkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
pikkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
pikkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
pikkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
pikkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
pikkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
pikkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
pikkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
pikkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
pikkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
pikkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
pikkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
pikkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
pikkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
pikkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
pikkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
pikkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
pikkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
pikkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
pikkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
pikkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
pikkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
pikkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
pikkōndz (active participle present)
pikkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *pikkōn
Old English: *piccian, *pīcian, pȳcan
Middle English: piken, picken, pikken
English: pick
Scots: pik
Middle English: pecken, pekken (possible borrowing from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German forms)
English: peck
Scots: peck
Old Saxon: *pikkōn
Middle Low German: picken, pecken
German Low German: picken
→ German: picken
Old Dutch: *pikken
Middle Dutch: picken, pecken, peken
Dutch: pikken
Old High German: picchen
→ Vulgar Latin: *piccō (“to strike, sting”) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: pikka

Icelandic: pikka

Norwegian: pikka

Swedish: picka

Danish: pikke

Unknown; from a stem *pikk-, of apparently imitative origin, + *-ōną. Compare Proto-Germanic *bikjaną, but also Latin beccus and Latin bucca.

onomatopoeic

imitative


bikjaną

bikjō (active first-person indicative singular)
bikjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bikjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bikisi (active indicative second-person singular)
bikjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
biki (active imperative second-person singular)
bikjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bikjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bikiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bikjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bikjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bikjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bikjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bikjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bikjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bikjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bikjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bikjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bikjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bikjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bikjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bikjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bikiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bikjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bikiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bikjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bikjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bikjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bikjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bikjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bikjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bikjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bikidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bikidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bikidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bikidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bikidē (active indicative singular third-person)
bikidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bikidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bikidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bikidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bikidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bikidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bikidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bikidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bikidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bikidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bikidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bikjandz (active participle present)
bikidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bikkjan
Old Frisian: *bitsia, *bikja, *bikka
Saterland Frisian: bikje
West Frisian: bikje, bikke
Old Saxon: *bikkian (suggested by derivative bikkil)
Middle Low German: bicken
German Low German: bickern (frequentative)
Old Dutch: *bikken
Middle Dutch: bicken
Dutch: bikken
→ Middle English: bickeren, beckeren (frequentative)
English: bicker
Old High German: bikken, bicken; anabikken
Middle High German: bicken, becken
German: bicken

Old Norse: bikkja

Icelandic: bikkja

Norwegian Bokmål: bikke

Norwegian Nynorsk: bikke

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“to smash, break”).


knuttô

knuttô (nominative singular)
knuttaniz (nominative plural)
knuttô (singular vocative)
knuttaniz (plural vocative)
knuttanų (accusative singular)
knuttanunz (accusative plural)
knuttiniz (genitive singular)
knuttanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
knuttini (dative singular)
knuttammaz (dative plural)
knuttinē (instrumental singular)
knuttammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *knottō

desctree

Old English: cnotta
Middle English: knotte, cnot, cnotte, knot, knote, knott, notte
English: knot
Scots: knot

Old Frisian: knotta

Saterland Frisian: Knöt, Knät

West Frisian: knotte

Old Saxon: knotto

Middle Low German: knotte, knutte

German Low German: Knütt, Knütte

Old Dutch: *knotto

Middle Dutch: cnote, cnotte, cnudde

Dutch: knot

Old High German: *knozzo; *knozza f

Middle High German: knotze f

German: Knotze f (“gnarl, knot”) (obsolete)

Old Norse: knútr
Icelandic: knútur, hnútur
Faroese: knútur
Norwegian Nynorsk: knut
Old Swedish: knūter
Swedish: knut
→ Finnish: nuttura
Danish: knude
Norwegian Bokmål: knute
→? Norwegian Nynorsk: knute
⇒ Old Norse: Knútr
Icelandic: Knútur
Faroese: Knútur
Norwegian: Knut
Swedish: Knut
Danish: Knud
→ Greenlandic: Kunuuti
→ Anglo-Norman: *Canut, Kenut
→ Middle English: Canut
English: Canute
→ Medieval Latin: Canūtus
→ Italian: Canuto
→ Portuguese: Canuto
→ Spanish: Canuto
→ Old East Slavic: кнутъ (knutŭ)
Russian: кнут (knut), кнутъ (knut) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ French: knout
→ English: knout
→ German: Knute
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: кну̏т
Latin script: knȕt
→ Greek: κνούτο (knoúto)
→ Plautdietsch: Knutt
→ Polish: knut
→ Romanian: cnut
→ Slovak: knuta

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gnod- (“to bind”). Cognate with Latin nōdus.


heltą

heltą (nominative singular)
heltō (nominative plural)
heltą (singular vocative)
heltō (plural vocative)
heltą (accusative singular)
heltō (accusative plural)
heltas (genitive singular)
hiltis (genitive singular)
heltǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hiltai (dative singular)
heltamaz (dative plural)
heltō (instrumental singular)
heltamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hilt m

Middle English: hilte, hilt, hylt, hylte, hilta, hult, hulte, helte, heolte
English: hilt
Scots: hilt

Old High German: hilza, helza

Old Norse: hjalt n

Old West Norse:

Icelandic: hjalt

Faroese: hjalt

Norwegian: hjalt

→ Swedish: hjalt

Old East Norse:

Old Swedish: hiælt, hælt

Danish: hjalte

→ Italian: elsa f (< *heltō)

From Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“to hit; beat”).


wrōtaną

wrōtō (active first-person indicative singular)
wrōtaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wrōtai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wrōtizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wrōtaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wrōt (active imperative second-person singular)
wrōtazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wrōtaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wrōtidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wrōtai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wrōtadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wrōtadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wrōtaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wrōtōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wrōtaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wrōtadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wrōtaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wrōtadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wrōtamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wrōtaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wrōtandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wrōtaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wrōtid (active indicative plural second-person)
wrōtaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wrōtid (active imperative plural second-person)
wrōtandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wrōtaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wrōtandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wrōtain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrōtandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wrōtandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wrōtaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wewrōt (active first-person indicative singular)
wewrōtį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wewrōst (active indicative second-person singular)
wewrōtīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wewrōt (active indicative singular third-person)
wewrōtī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wewrōtū (active dual first-person indicative)
wewrōtīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wewrōtudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wewrōtīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wewrōtum (active first-person indicative plural)
wewrōtīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wewrōtud (active indicative plural second-person)
wewrōtīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wewrōtun (active indicative plural third-person)
wewrōtīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrōtandz (active participle present)
wrōtanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wrōtan
Old English: wrōtan
Middle English: wroten, wrooten
English: root
Scots: wrutt, wort, rute, wirt, ruit
Old Saxon: *wrōtan
Middle Low German: wrôten
German Low German: wröten
Old Dutch: *wruotan
Middle Dutch: wroeten
Dutch: wroeten
Old High German: ruozzen

Old Norse: róta


erbô

erbô (nominative singular)
erbaniz (nominative plural)
erbô (singular vocative)
erbaniz (plural vocative)
erbanų (accusative singular)
erbanunz (accusative plural)
irbiniz (genitive singular)
erbanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
irbini (dative singular)
erbammaz (dative plural)
irbinē (instrumental singular)
erbammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-Norse: ᛖᚱᚨᚠᚨᛉ (erafaʀ)

Old Norse: jarfr, jerfr

Icelandic: jarfi, jerfur

Faroese: jarvur

Norwegian: jerv, jarv, erv

→ Danish: jærv

Old Swedish: iärver

Swedish: järv

Perhaps connected to Proto-Germanic *erpaz (“light brown”) or to Ancient Greek ἔριφος (ériphos, “young goat”), or perhaps connected to Norwegian jarva (“gnaw, chew”).


frakwemaną

frakwemō (active first-person indicative singular)
frakwemaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frakwemai (first-person indicative passive singular)
frakwimizi (active indicative second-person singular)
frakwemaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frakwem (active imperative second-person singular)
frakwemazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
frakwemaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
frakwimidi (active indicative singular third-person)
frakwemai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frakwemadau (active imperative singular third-person)
frakwemadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
frakwemaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
frakwemōz (active dual first-person indicative)
frakwemaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frakwemadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frakwemaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frakwemadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
frakwemamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
frakwemaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frakwemandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
frakwemaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
frakwimid (active indicative plural second-person)
frakwemaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frakwimid (active imperative plural second-person)
frakwemandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
frakwemaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
frakwemandi (active indicative plural third-person)
frakwemain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frakwemandau (active imperative plural third-person)
frakwemandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
frakwemaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frakwam (active first-person indicative singular)
frakwēmį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frakwamt (active indicative second-person singular)
frakwēmīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frakwam (active indicative singular third-person)
frakwēmī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frakwēmū (active dual first-person indicative)
frakwēmīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frakwēmudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frakwēmīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frakwēmum (active first-person indicative plural)
frakwēmīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frakwēmud (active indicative plural second-person)
frakwēmīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frakwēmun (active indicative plural third-person)
frakwēmīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frakwemandz (active participle present)
frakumanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: forcuman

Old Saxon: farkuman

Middle Low German: vorkomen

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (fraqiman)


frakweþaną

frakweþō (active first-person indicative singular)
frakweþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frakweþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
frakwiþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
frakweþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frakweþ (active imperative second-person singular)
frakweþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
frakweþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
frakwiþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
frakweþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frakweþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
frakweþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
frakweþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
frakweþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
frakweþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frakweþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frakweþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frakweþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
frakweþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
frakweþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frakweþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
frakweþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
frakwiþid (active indicative plural second-person)
frakweþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frakwiþid (active imperative plural second-person)
frakweþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
frakweþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
frakweþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
frakweþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frakweþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
frakweþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
frakweþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frakwaþ (active first-person indicative singular)
frakwēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frakwast (active indicative second-person singular)
frakwēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frakwaþ (active indicative singular third-person)
frakwēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frakwēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
frakwēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frakwēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frakwēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frakwēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
frakwēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frakwēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
frakwēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frakwēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
frakwēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frakweþandz (active participle present)
frakwedanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: forcweþan

Middle English: forquethen

Old High German: firquedan

Old Norse: fyrkveða, fyrirkveða

Icelandic: fyrirkveða

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽 (fraqiþan)

/ˌɸrɑ.ˈkʷe.θɑ.nɑ̃/


frafaraną

frafarō (active first-person indicative singular)
frafaraų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frafarai (first-person indicative passive singular)
frafarizi (active indicative second-person singular)
frafaraiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frafar (active imperative second-person singular)
frafarazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
frafaraizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
frafaridi (active indicative singular third-person)
frafarai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frafaradau (active imperative singular third-person)
frafaradai (indicative passive singular third-person)
frafaraidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
frafarōz (active dual first-person indicative)
frafaraiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frafaradiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frafaraidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frafaradiz (active dual imperative second-person)
frafaramaz (active first-person indicative plural)
frafaraim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frafarandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
frafaraindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
frafarid (active indicative plural second-person)
frafaraid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frafarid (active imperative plural second-person)
frafarandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
frafaraindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
frafarandi (active indicative plural third-person)
frafarain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frafarandau (active imperative plural third-person)
frafarandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
frafaraindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frafōr (active first-person indicative singular)
frafōrį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frafōrt (active indicative second-person singular)
frafōrīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frafōr (active indicative singular third-person)
frafōrī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frafōrū (active dual first-person indicative)
frafōrīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frafōrudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frafōrīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frafōrum (active first-person indicative plural)
frafōrīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frafōrud (active indicative plural second-person)
frafōrīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frafōrun (active indicative plural third-person)
frafōrīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frafarandz (active participle present)
frafaranaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: forfaran

Middle English: forfaren

English: forfare (obsolete/archaic)

Old Frisian: forfara

Old Dutch: *farfaran

Middle Dutch: vervāren

Dutch: vervaren

Old High German: firfaran, farfaran

Middle High German: vervarn

German: verfahren

Old Norse: *forfara (cf.) fara (senses of "to perish" and "to destroy"), fyrirfara

Icelandic: fyrirfara

Old Danish: forfare

/ˌɸrɑ.ˈɸɑ.rɑ.nɑ̃/

(originally) to go away
(intransitive) to perish

(originally) to go away
(transitive) to destroy


laþô

laþô (nominative singular)
laþaniz (nominative plural)
laþô (singular vocative)
laþaniz (plural vocative)
laþanų (accusative singular)
laþanunz (accusative plural)
laþiniz (genitive singular)
laþanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laþini (dative singular)
laþammaz (dative plural)
laþinē (instrumental singular)
laþammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *laþa (possibly)

Middle English: lathe, laththe

English: lath (through confluence with descendant of Old English lætt < *lattō)

Scots: lath

Old High German: *lado

Middle High German: lade, laden m

German: Laden

Unknown, but apparently akin to Proto-Germanic *lattō.

(West Germanic) board; shelf; bar; shutter


lattō

lattō (nominative singular)
lattôz (nominative plural)
lattō (singular vocative)
lattôz (plural vocative)
lattǭ (accusative singular)
lattōz (accusative plural)
lattōz (genitive singular)
lattǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lattōi (dative singular)
lattōmaz (dative plural)
lattō (instrumental singular)
lattōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lattu

Old English: lætt; *læþþ, *læþ (< *laþþō)

desc

Middle English: latte, lat, lathe, latthe, laththe

English: lath

Scots: latt, lat, lath

Old Frisian: *latt; *latte

Saterland Frisian: Latte

West Frisian: latte

Old Saxon: latta

Middle Low German: latte

German Low German: Latte, Latt

Old Dutch: *latta

Middle Dutch: latte

Dutch: lat

→ Old French: late, latte

Middle French: latte

French: latte

→ Medieval Latin: latta

Catalan: llata

Italian: latta

Portuguese: lata

Spanish: lata

Old High German: latta (< *laþþō); latza (doubtful)

Middle High German: latte

Cimbrian: latta

German: Latte

Luxembourgish: Lat

From an n-stem *laþô ~ *lattaz, though the expected paradigm would be *laþô ~ *ulttaz, which presumably underwent leveling; compare the formation of *rattaz. Further origin uncertain. Perhaps the origin is shared with Proto-Celtic *slattā (“stalk, staff”), and both loaned from a pre-Indo-European substrate due to the limited geographical distribution and variation in the final consonant of the stem. Compare Spanish lata, said to be a borrowing from Iberian, and Basque lata (“roof batten”).

(West Germanic) board; plank; ledge; slat; bar; shelf


franemaną

franemō (active first-person indicative singular)
franemaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
franemai (first-person indicative passive singular)
franimizi (active indicative second-person singular)
franemaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
franem (active imperative second-person singular)
franemazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
franemaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
franimidi (active indicative singular third-person)
franemai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
franemadau (active imperative singular third-person)
franemadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
franemaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
franemōz (active dual first-person indicative)
franemaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
franemadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
franemaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
franemadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
franemamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
franemaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
franemandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
franemaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
franimid (active indicative plural second-person)
franemaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
franimid (active imperative plural second-person)
franemandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
franemaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
franemandi (active indicative plural third-person)
franemain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
franemandau (active imperative plural third-person)
franemandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
franemaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
franam (active first-person indicative singular)
franēmį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
franamt (active indicative second-person singular)
franēmīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
franam (active indicative singular third-person)
franēmī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
franēmū (active dual first-person indicative)
franēmīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
franēmudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
franēmīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
franēmum (active first-person indicative plural)
franēmīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
franēmud (active indicative plural second-person)
franēmīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
franēmun (active indicative plural third-person)
franēmīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
franemandz (active participle present)
franumanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *franeman
Old English: forniman
Middle English: fornimen
Old Saxon: farniman
Middle Low German: vornemen
→ Danish: fornemme
→ Norwegian: fornemme
Old Dutch: *farneman
Middle Dutch: vernēmen
Dutch: vernemen
Old High German: firneman
Middle High German: vernemen
German: vernehmen

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (franiman)


abanemaną

abanemō (active first-person indicative singular)
abanemaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
abanemai (first-person indicative passive singular)
abanimizi (active indicative second-person singular)
abanemaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
abanem (active imperative second-person singular)
abanemazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
abanemaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
abanimidi (active indicative singular third-person)
abanemai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
abanemadau (active imperative singular third-person)
abanemadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
abanemaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
abanemōz (active dual first-person indicative)
abanemaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
abanemadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
abanemaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
abanemadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
abanemamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
abanemaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
abanemandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
abanemaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
abanimid (active indicative plural second-person)
abanemaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
abanimid (active imperative plural second-person)
abanemandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
abanemaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
abanemandi (active indicative plural third-person)
abanemain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
abanemandau (active imperative plural third-person)
abanemandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
abanemaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
abanam (active first-person indicative singular)
abanēmį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
abanamt (active indicative second-person singular)
abanēmīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
abanam (active indicative singular third-person)
abanēmī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
abanēmū (active dual first-person indicative)
abanēmīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
abanēmudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
abanēmīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
abanēmum (active first-person indicative plural)
abanēmīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
abanēmud (active indicative plural second-person)
abanēmīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
abanēmun (active indicative plural third-person)
abanēmīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
abanemandz (active participle present)
abanumanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *abaneman
Old Dutch: *avaneman
Middle Dutch: avenemen, afnemen
Dutch: afnemen
Old High German: abaneman
Middle High German: abenemen, abnemen, abe nemen
German: abnehmen

Old Norse: afnema

Icelandic: afnema

Gothic: 𐌰𐍆𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (afniman)


ganemaną

ganemō (active first-person indicative singular)
ganemaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ganemai (first-person indicative passive singular)
ganimizi (active indicative second-person singular)
ganemaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ganem (active imperative second-person singular)
ganemazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ganemaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ganimidi (active indicative singular third-person)
ganemai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ganemadau (active imperative singular third-person)
ganemadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ganemaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ganemōz (active dual first-person indicative)
ganemaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ganemadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ganemaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ganemadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ganemamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ganemaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ganemandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ganemaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ganimid (active indicative plural second-person)
ganemaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ganimid (active imperative plural second-person)
ganemandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ganemaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ganemandi (active indicative plural third-person)
ganemain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ganemandau (active imperative plural third-person)
ganemandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ganemaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ganam (active first-person indicative singular)
ganēmį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ganamt (active indicative second-person singular)
ganēmīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ganam (active indicative singular third-person)
ganēmī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ganēmū (active dual first-person indicative)
ganēmīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ganēmudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ganēmīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ganēmum (active first-person indicative plural)
ganēmīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ganēmud (active indicative plural second-person)
ganēmīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ganēmun (active indicative plural third-person)
ganēmīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ganemandz (active participle present)
ganumanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *ganeman
Old English: ġeniman
Old Saxon: giniman
Old Dutch: *gineman
Middle Dutch: genēmen
Old High German: gineman
Middle High German: genemen

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (ganiman)


bisatjaną

bisatjō (active first-person indicative singular)
bisatjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bisatjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bisatisi (active indicative second-person singular)
bisatjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bisati (active imperative second-person singular)
bisatjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bisatjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bisatiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bisatjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bisatjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bisatjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bisatjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bisatjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bisatjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bisatjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bisatjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bisatjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bisatjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bisatjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bisatjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bisatjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bisatiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bisatjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bisatiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bisatjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bisatjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bisatjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bisatjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bisatjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bisatjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bisatjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bisatidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bisatidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bisatidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bisatidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bisatidē (active indicative singular third-person)
bisatidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bisatidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bisatidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bisatidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bisatidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bisatidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bisatidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bisatidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bisatidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bisatidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bisatidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bisatjandz (active participle present)
bisatidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bisattjan

Old English: besettan

Middle English: besetten, bisetten

English: beset

Scots: besett, beset

Old Frisian: bisetta

Saterland Frisian: besätte

West Frisian: besette

Old Saxon: *bisettian

Middle Low German: besetten

German Low German: besetten

→ Danish: besætte

→ Swedish: besätta

→ Norwegian: besette

Old Dutch: bisetten

Middle Dutch: besetten

Dutch: bezetten

Old High German: bisezzen

Middle High German: besetzen

German: besetzen

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bisatjan)


atgebaną

atgebō (active first-person indicative singular)
atgebaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
atgebai (first-person indicative passive singular)
atgibizi (active indicative second-person singular)
atgebaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
atgeb (active imperative second-person singular)
atgebazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
atgebaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
atgibidi (active indicative singular third-person)
atgebai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
atgebadau (active imperative singular third-person)
atgebadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
atgebaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
atgebōz (active dual first-person indicative)
atgebaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
atgebadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
atgebaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
atgebadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
atgebamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
atgebaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
atgebandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
atgebaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
atgibid (active indicative plural second-person)
atgebaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
atgibid (active imperative plural second-person)
atgebandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
atgebaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
atgebandi (active indicative plural third-person)
atgebain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
atgebandau (active imperative plural third-person)
atgebandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
atgebaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
atgab (active first-person indicative singular)
atgēbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
atgaft (active indicative second-person singular)
atgēbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
atgab (active indicative singular third-person)
atgēbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
atgēbū (active dual first-person indicative)
atgēbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
atgēbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
atgēbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
atgēbum (active first-person indicative plural)
atgēbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
atgēbud (active indicative plural second-person)
atgēbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
atgēbun (active indicative plural third-person)
atgēbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
atgebandz (active participle present)
atgebanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *atgeban

Old English: ætġifan

Gothic: 𐌰𐍄𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (atgiban)

/ˌɑt.ˈɣe.βɑ.nɑ̃/


uzgebaną

uzgebō (active first-person indicative singular)
uzgebaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzgebai (first-person indicative passive singular)
uzgibizi (active indicative second-person singular)
uzgebaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzgeb (active imperative second-person singular)
uzgebazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
uzgebaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
uzgibidi (active indicative singular third-person)
uzgebai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzgebadau (active imperative singular third-person)
uzgebadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
uzgebaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
uzgebōz (active dual first-person indicative)
uzgebaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzgebadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzgebaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzgebadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
uzgebamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
uzgebaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzgebandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
uzgebaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
uzgibid (active indicative plural second-person)
uzgebaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzgibid (active imperative plural second-person)
uzgebandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
uzgebaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
uzgebandi (active indicative plural third-person)
uzgebain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzgebandau (active imperative plural third-person)
uzgebandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
uzgebaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
uzgab (active first-person indicative singular)
uzgēbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzgaft (active indicative second-person singular)
uzgēbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzgab (active indicative singular third-person)
uzgēbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzgēbū (active dual first-person indicative)
uzgēbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzgēbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzgēbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzgēbum (active first-person indicative plural)
uzgēbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzgēbud (active indicative plural second-person)
uzgēbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzgēbun (active indicative plural third-person)
uzgēbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzgebandz (active participle present)
uzgebanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *uʀgeban
Old English: āġiefan, āġeofan — Non-West Saxon; āġifan — West Saxon; āġyfan — Late West Saxon
Middle English: ayefen, ayeven
English: agive
Old Saxon: agevan
Old High German: irgeban
Middle High German: ergëben
German: ergeben

Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (usgiban)


abagebaną

abagebō (active first-person indicative singular)
abagebaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
abagebai (first-person indicative passive singular)
abagibizi (active indicative second-person singular)
abagebaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
abageb (active imperative second-person singular)
abagebazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
abagebaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
abagibidi (active indicative singular third-person)
abagebai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
abagebadau (active imperative singular third-person)
abagebadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
abagebaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
abagebōz (active dual first-person indicative)
abagebaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
abagebadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
abagebaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
abagebadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
abagebamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
abagebaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
abagebandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
abagebaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
abagibid (active indicative plural second-person)
abagebaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
abagibid (active imperative plural second-person)
abagebandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
abagebaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
abagebandi (active indicative plural third-person)
abagebain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
abagebandau (active imperative plural third-person)
abagebandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
abagebaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
abagab (active first-person indicative singular)
abagēbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
abagaft (active indicative second-person singular)
abagēbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
abagab (active indicative singular third-person)
abagēbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
abagēbū (active dual first-person indicative)
abagēbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
abagēbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
abagēbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
abagēbum (active first-person indicative plural)
abagēbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
abagēbud (active indicative plural second-person)
abagēbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
abagēbun (active indicative plural third-person)
abagēbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
abagebandz (active participle present)
abagebanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *abageban
Old English: ofġifan
Old Saxon: afgevan
Middle Low German: afgēven
German Low German: ofgeven
Old Dutch: *afgevan, *avagevan
Middle Dutch: āvegēven
Dutch: afgeven
Old High German: abageban
Middle High German: *abegeben, *abgeben
German: abgeben
Luxembourgish: ofginn

Gothic: 𐌰𐍆𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (afgiban)

/ˌɑ.βɑ.ˈɣe.βɑ.nɑ̃/


frijōndlīkaz

*frijōndlīkaz (a-stem)

frijōndlīkaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
frijōndlīkai (masculine nominative plural strong)
frijōndlīkō (feminine nominative singular strong)
frijōndlīkôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
frijōndlīką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
frijōndlīkō (neuter nominative plural strong)
frijōndlīkanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
frijōndlīkanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
frijōndlīkǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
frijōndlīkōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
frijōndlīką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
frijōndlīkō (accusative neuter plural strong)
frijōndlīkas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
frijōndlīkaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
frijōndlīkaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
frijōndlīkaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
frijōndlīkas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
frijōndlīkaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
frijōndlīkammai (dative masculine singular strong)
frijōndlīkaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
frijōndlīkaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
frijōndlīkaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
frijōndlīkammai (dative neuter singular strong)
frijōndlīkaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
frijōndlīkanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
frijōndlīkaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
frijōndlīkaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
frijōndlīkaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
frijōndlīkanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
frijōndlīkaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
frijōndlīkô (masculine nominative singular weak)
frijōndlīkaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
frijōndlīkǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
frijōndlīkōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
frijōndlīkô (neuter nominative singular weak)
frijōndlīkōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
frijōndlīkanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
frijōndlīkanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
frijōndlīkōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
frijōndlīkōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
frijōndlīkô (accusative neuter singular weak)
frijōndlīkōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
frijōndlīkiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
frijōndlīkanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
frijōndlīkōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
frijōndlīkōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
frijōndlīkiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
frijōndlīkanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
frijōndlīkini (dative masculine singular weak)
frijōndlīkammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
frijōndlīkōni (dative feminine singular weak)
frijōndlīkōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
frijōndlīkini (dative neuter singular weak)
frijōndlīkammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
frijōndlīkinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
frijōndlīkammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
frijōndlīkōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
frijōndlīkōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
frijōndlīkinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
frijōndlīkammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *frijōndlīk

Old English: frēondlīċ

desc

Middle English: frendlich, freendly, frendly

English: friendly

Scots: freindly

Old Frisian: friōndlik, friūndlik, frūndlik

Saterland Frisian: früntelk, fjuntelk

West Frisian: freonlik

Old Saxon: friundlīk

Middle Low German: vrüntlîk, vröntlîk, vrentelîk

German Low German: früntelk, frünnelk, fründelk

→ Swedish: fryntlig

→ Faroese: fryntligur

Old Dutch: *friuntlik, *friuntlik

Middle Dutch: vrintlec, vriendelijc

Dutch: vriendelijk

Limburgish: vruntjelik

Old High German: friuntlīh

Middle High German: vriuntlich, vrūntlich, friuntlich

German: freundlich

Yiddish: פֿרײַנדלעך (frayndlekh)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: frýnligr, frýniligr

Danish: frændelig

Icelandic: frýnilegur

Norwegian: frendelig


Audawulfaz

Audawulfaz (nominative singular)
Audawulf (singular vocative)
Audawulfą (accusative singular)
Audawulfai (dative singular)
Audawulfō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Audawulf

Old English: Ēadwulf

Old High German: Odolf, *Ōtwolf

→ Norwegian: Odolf, Odolv

→ Swedish: Odolf

Old Norse: Auðulfr, Auðúlfr, Auðólfr

Icelandic: Auðólfur

Faroese: Eyðolvur

From *audaz (“wealth, riches”) + *wulfaz (“wolf”).


rīpaną

rīpō (active first-person indicative singular)
rīpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rīpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rīpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
rīpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rīp (active imperative second-person singular)
rīpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rīpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rīpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
rīpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rīpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
rīpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rīpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rīpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
rīpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rīpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rīpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rīpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rīpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rīpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rīpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rīpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rīpid (active indicative plural second-person)
rīpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rīpid (active imperative plural second-person)
rīpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rīpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rīpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
rīpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rīpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
rīpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rīpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raip (active first-person indicative singular)
ripį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raift (active indicative second-person singular)
ripīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raip (active indicative singular third-person)
ripī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ripū (active dual first-person indicative)
ripīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ripudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ripīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ripum (active first-person indicative plural)
ripīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ripud (active indicative plural second-person)
ripīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ripun (active indicative plural third-person)
ripīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rīpandz (active participle present)
ripanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rīpan
Old English: rīpan
Middle English: ripen

Old Norse: *rípa

Norwegian: ripa (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁reyp- (“to tear”).


marþuz

marþuz (nominative singular)
marþiwiz (nominative plural)
marþu (singular vocative)
marþiwiz (plural vocative)
marþų (accusative singular)
marþunz (accusative plural)
marþauz (genitive singular)
marþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
marþiwi (dative singular)
marþumaz (dative plural)
marþū (instrumental singular)
marþumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *marþ
Old English: mearþ, mearth, mærþ, merþ
Old Frisian: *merth
West Frisian: murd
Old Saxon: *marth
Middle Low German: mārt, mārte
Old Dutch: *mard
Middle Dutch: mārt
Old High German: *mard
Middle High German: mard
→ Medieval Latin: martes (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: mǫrðr
Icelandic: mörður
Faroese: mørður
Norwegian Nynorsk: mord, mår; (dialectal) mard (mał, mar)
Old Swedish: mārþer
Swedish: mård c
Danish: mår c
Norwegian Bokmål: mår

Unknown. The original meaning could have been "bride," which could be related to Latin mas (“male bride”), Lithuanian marti (“daughter-in-law”), and possibly Crimean Gothic marzu (“marriage”). For similar semantic development, compare Greek νυφίτσα (nyfítsa, “weasel”), from a diminutive of νύφη (nýfi, “bride”); Italian donnola (“weasel”), from a diminutive of donna (“woman”); and Spanish comadreja (“weasel”), from a deprecative diminutive of Spanish comadre (“mother of one's godchild”). Or, possibly of substrate origin.