pursaz

pursaz (nominative singular)
pursōz (nominative plural)
pursōs (nominative plural)
purs (singular vocative)
pursōz (plural vocative)
pursōs (plural vocative)
pursą (accusative singular)
pursanz (accusative plural)
pursas (genitive singular)
pursis (genitive singular)
pursǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pursai (dative singular)
pursamaz (dative plural)
pursō (instrumental singular)
pursamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *pors

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German: pors, porst

desc

→ German: Porst, Porste f, Porsch m, Porsche f, Post m, Posch m, Pos m (all archaic or obsolete)

Old High German:

Middle High German: bors, borse, borser

German: Bors, Berz, Birz m or f (obsolete, dialectal)

Old Norse: pors

Danish: pors, formerly also post

Gutnish: purs

→ Finnish: pursu, formerly also pursi

Icelandic: pors

Norwegian Bokmål: pors, formerly also post

Swedish: pors, formerly also post

Toponym:

Bursibant, a region northwest of the Ems

Postsee, a lake west of Preetz


splittōną

splittō (active first-person indicative singular)
splittǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
splittōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
splittōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
splittōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
splittō (active imperative second-person singular)
splittōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
splittōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
splittōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
splittō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
splittōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
splittōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
splittōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
splittōs (active dual first-person indicative)
splittōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
splittōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
splittōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
splittōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
splittōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
splittōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
splittōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
splittōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
splittōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
splittōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
splittōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
splittōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
splittōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
splittōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
splittōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
splittōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
splittōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
splittōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
splittōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
splittōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
splittōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
splittōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
splittōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
splittōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
splittōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
splittōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
splittōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
splittōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
splittōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
splittōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
splittōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
splittōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
splittōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
splittōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
splittōndz (active participle present)
splittōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *splittōn
Old Frisian: *splittia
West Frisian: splitte, splisse
Old Saxon: *splittōn
Middle Low German: splitten
Low German: splitten
Old Dutch: *splitton
Middle Dutch: splitten, spletten, splissen
Dutch: splitten, splitsen
→ English: split, splice
→ German: splitten

From Pre-Germanic *splidnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to *splītaną (“to split”).


skuttōną

skuttō (active first-person indicative singular)
skuttǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skuttōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skuttōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skuttōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skuttō (active imperative second-person singular)
skuttōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skuttōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skuttōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skuttō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skuttōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skuttōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skuttōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skuttōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skuttōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skuttōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skuttōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skuttōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skuttōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skuttōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skuttōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skuttōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skuttōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skuttōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skuttōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skuttōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skuttōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skuttōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skuttōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skuttōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skuttōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skuttōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skuttōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skuttōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skuttōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skuttōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skuttōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skuttōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skuttōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skuttōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skuttōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skuttōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skuttōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skuttōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skuttōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skuttōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skuttōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skuttōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skuttōndz (active participle present)
skuttōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skotōn

Old English: sċotian

Old Saxon: skotōn

Old High German: skozzōn

Old Norse: skota, *skotta

Icelandic: skota

Norwegian: skota, skotta

⇒ Old Norse: skotra

Icelandic: skotra

From earlier paradigm *skuttōþi ~ *skutunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *skud-nā́-ti ~ *skud-un-ánti, iterative to *skeutaną (“to shoot”).


wratōną

wratō (active first-person indicative singular)
wratǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wratōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
wratōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wratōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wratō (active imperative second-person singular)
wratōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wratōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wratōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wratō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wratōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wratōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wratōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wratōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wratōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wratōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wratōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wratōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wratōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wratōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wratōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wratōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wratōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wratōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wratōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wratōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wratōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wratōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wratōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wratōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wratōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wratōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wratōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wratōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wratōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wratōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wratōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
wratōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wratōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wratōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wratōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wratōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wratōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wratōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wratōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wratōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wratōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wratōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wratōndz (active participle present)
wratōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *wratlōn

Old High German: *razzlōn

Middle High German: razzeln

Old Norse: rata

Icelandic: rata

Gothic: 𐍅𐍂𐌰𐍄𐍉𐌽 (wratōn)

Obvious cognates are only found in Baltic. See Lithuanian rodyti (“to display, show, present”).


skurōną

skurō (active first-person indicative singular)
skurǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skurōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skurōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skurōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skurō (active imperative second-person singular)
skurōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skurōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skurōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skurō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skurōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skurōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skurōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skurōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skurōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skurōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skurōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skurōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skurōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skurōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skurōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skurōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skurōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skurōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skurōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skurōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skurōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skurōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skurōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skurōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skurōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skurōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skurōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skurōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skurōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skurōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skurōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skurōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skurōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skurōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skurōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skurōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skurōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skurōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skurōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skurōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skurōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skurōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skurōndz (active participle present)
skurōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skorōn
Old English: scorian
Middle English: score
English: score
→ Dutch: scoren
Old Saxon: *skorōn
Middle Low German: schōren, schören
Old Dutch: *skorōn
Middle Dutch: schōren
>? Dutch: scheuren
Old High German: skorōn
⇒ Old High German: giskorōn
Middle High German: schōren

Old Norse: skora

Icelandic: skora

From *skurō (“incision; tear; rift”) + *-ōną.


swalaz

*swalaz (a-stem)

swalaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
swalai (masculine nominative plural strong)
swalō (feminine nominative singular strong)
swalôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
swalą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
swalō (neuter nominative plural strong)
swalanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
swalanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
swalǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
swalōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
swalą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
swalō (accusative neuter plural strong)
swalas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
swalaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
swalaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
swalaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
swalas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
swalaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
swalammai (dative masculine singular strong)
swalaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
swalaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
swalaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
swalammai (dative neuter singular strong)
swalaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
swalanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
swalaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
swalaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
swalaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
swalanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
swalaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
swalô (masculine nominative singular weak)
swalaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
swalǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
swalōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
swalô (neuter nominative singular weak)
swalōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
swalanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
swalanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
swalōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
swalōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
swalô (accusative neuter singular weak)
swalōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
swaliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
swalanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
swalōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
swalōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
swaliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
swalanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
swalini (dative masculine singular weak)
swalammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
swalōni (dative feminine singular weak)
swalōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
swalini (dative neuter singular weak)
swalammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
swalinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
swalammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
swalōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
swalōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
swalinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
swalammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: svalr
Icelandic: svalur
Faroese: svalur
Norwegian: sval
Old Swedish: sval
Swedish: sval
Old Danish: swal
Danish: sval

From the verb *swelaną (“to burn slowly, create a burningly cold sensation”).


hantijaną

hantijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hantijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hantijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hantīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hantijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hantī (active imperative second-person singular)
hantijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hantijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hantīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hantijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hantijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hantijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hantijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hantijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hantijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hantijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hantijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hantijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hantijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hantijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hantijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hantijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hantīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hantijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hantīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hantijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hantijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hantijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hantijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hantijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hantijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hantijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hantidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hantidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hantidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hantidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hantidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hantidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hantidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hantidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hantidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hantidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hantidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hantidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hantidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hantidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hantidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hantidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hantijandz (active participle present)
hantidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hantijan
Old English: hentan
Middle English: henten, hinten
English: hent, hint
Scots: hent, hynt, hint

Old Norse: henta

Icelandic: henta

From *hinþaną (“to reach, attain”) + *-janą.


haltijaną

haltijō (active first-person indicative singular)
haltijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haltijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
haltīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
haltijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haltī (active imperative second-person singular)
haltijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
haltijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
haltīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
haltijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haltijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
haltijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
haltijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
haltijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
haltijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haltijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haltijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haltijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
haltijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
haltijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haltijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
haltijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
haltīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
haltijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haltīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
haltijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
haltijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
haltijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
haltijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haltijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
haltijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
haltijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
haltidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
haltidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haltidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
haltidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haltidē (active indicative singular third-person)
haltidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haltidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
haltidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haltidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haltidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haltidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
haltidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haltidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
haltidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haltidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
haltidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haltijandz (active participle present)
haltidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *haltijan
Old High German: *helzen
Middle High German: helzen

Old Norse: helta (Only attested in the passive heltask)

Icelandic: helta


hramjaną

hramjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hramjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hramjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hramisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hramjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrami (active imperative second-person singular)
hramjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hramjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hramiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hramjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hramjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hramjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hramjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hramjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hramjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hramjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hramjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hramjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hramjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hramjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hramjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hramjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hramiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hramjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hramiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hramjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hramjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hramjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hramjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hramjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hramjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hramjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hramidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hramidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hramidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hramidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hramidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hramidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hramidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hramidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hramidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hramidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hramidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hramidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hramidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hramidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hramidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hramidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hramjandz (active participle present)
hramidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrammjan
Old English: hremman
Old Frisian: *hremma
⇒ Old Frisian: hrembende, hrembend (“fetter”)
Old Dutch: *remmen
Middle Dutch: remmen
Dutch: remmen

gl

>? Old Norse: hremma (“to grasp, clutch, seize”) (more likely a later derivative of Old Norse hrammr (“claw, paw”), from Proto-Germanic *hrammaz (“bent, curved”))

Icelandic: hremma

desctree

Gothic: 𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hramjan)
→⇒? Medieval Latin: adchramiō, adchrammiō, adframiō (“to vow, swear, assure”) (alterantively from Frankish *hrammjan)

to frame, enclose with a framework or fence


grōþijaną

grōþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
grōþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grōþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
grōþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
grōþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grōþī (active imperative second-person singular)
grōþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grōþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grōþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
grōþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grōþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
grōþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grōþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grōþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
grōþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grōþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grōþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grōþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grōþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grōþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grōþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grōþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grōþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
grōþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grōþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
grōþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grōþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grōþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
grōþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grōþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
grōþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grōþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
grōþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
grōþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grōþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
grōþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grōþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
grōþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grōþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
grōþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grōþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grōþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grōþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
grōþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grōþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
grōþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grōþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
grōþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grōþijandz (active participle present)
grōþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *grōþijan

Old Norse: grœða

Icelandic: græða

Faroese: grøða

Old Swedish: grø̄þa

Old Danish: *grøthæ

Gothic: *𐌲𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*grōdjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰreh₁- (“to become green, grow”).


fleutą

fleutą (nominative singular)
fleutō (nominative plural)
fleutą (singular vocative)
fleutō (plural vocative)
fleutą (accusative singular)
fleutō (accusative plural)
fleutas (genitive singular)
fliutis (genitive singular)
fleutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fliutai (dative singular)
fleutamaz (dative plural)
fleutō (instrumental singular)
fleutamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fleut

Old English: flēot

Middle English: fleet, floot, flete

English: fleet, floot, flote, flete

Scots: flete, fleit, flet, flat

Old Frisian: fliāt

Saterland Frisian: Floot

West Frisian: flit

Old Saxon: fliot

Middle Low German: vlêt

German Low German: Fleet

→ German: Fleet

Old Dutch: fliet

Middle Dutch: vliet

Dutch: vliet

Old High German: flioz

Middle High German: vliez

German: Fließ (regional)

Old Norse: fljót

Icelandic: fljót

Faroese: fljót, flót

Old Swedish: flȳt, fliūt

Swedish: fljut, flyt

Danish: flyt

Norwegian: flyt

Gutnish: fliaut, flaut

Dalian:

Mora: fljot

Elfdalian: fliuot

From Proto-Indo-European *plewd- (“to flow, run”).


hurnijaną

hurnijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hurnijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hurnijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hurnīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hurnijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hurnī (active imperative second-person singular)
hurnijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hurnijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hurnīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hurnijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hurnijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hurnijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hurnijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hurnijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hurnijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hurnijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hurnijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hurnijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hurnijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hurnijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hurnijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hurnijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hurnīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hurnijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hurnīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hurnijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hurnijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hurnijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hurnijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hurnijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hurnijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hurnijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hurnidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hurnidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hurnidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hurnidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hurnidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hurnidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hurnidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hurnidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hurnidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hurnidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hurnidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hurnidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hurnidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hurnidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hurnidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hurnidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hurnijandz (active participle present)
hurnidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hurnijan
Old English: hyrnan
Old High German: hurnen
Middle High German: hürnen

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (haurnjan)


hulmijaną

hulmijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hulmijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hulmijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hulmīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hulmijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hulmī (active imperative second-person singular)
hulmijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hulmijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hulmīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hulmijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hulmijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hulmijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hulmijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hulmijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hulmijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hulmijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hulmijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hulmijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hulmijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hulmijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hulmijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hulmijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hulmīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hulmijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hulmīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hulmijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hulmijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hulmijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hulmijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hulmijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hulmijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hulmijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hulmidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hulmidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hulmidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hulmidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hulmidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hulmidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hulmidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hulmidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hulmidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hulmidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hulmidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hulmidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hulmidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hulmidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hulmidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hulmidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hulmijandz (active participle present)
hulmidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *frahulmijan

Old English: forhylman

Old Norse: hylma


hulþijaną

hulþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hulþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hulþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hulþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hulþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hulþī (active imperative second-person singular)
hulþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hulþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hulþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hulþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hulþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hulþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hulþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hulþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hulþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hulþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hulþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hulþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hulþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hulþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hulþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hulþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hulþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hulþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hulþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hulþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hulþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hulþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hulþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hulþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hulþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hulþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hulþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hulþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hulþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hulþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hulþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hulþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hulþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hulþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hulþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hulþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hulþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hulþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hulþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hulþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hulþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hulþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hulþijandz (active participle present)
hulþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hulþijan
Old Saxon: *hulthian
Middle Low German: hülden, hulden
Old Dutch: *hulthen
Middle Dutch: hulden
Dutch: hulden
Old High German: hulden
Middle High German: hulden, holden

Old Norse: hylla

Icelandic: hylla

Swedish: hylla

Danish: hylde

From *hulþaz (“inclined, favourable”) + *-janą or *hulþô (“friend, trustee”) + *-janą.

suffix

to make into a friend, to court one's friendship


baitijaną

baitijō (active first-person indicative singular)
baitijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
baitijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
baitīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
baitijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baitī (active imperative second-person singular)
baitijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
baitijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
baitīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
baitijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
baitijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
baitijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
baitijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
baitijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
baitijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
baitijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
baitijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
baitijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
baitijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
baitijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
baitijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
baitijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
baitīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
baitijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
baitīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
baitijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
baitijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
baitijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
baitijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
baitijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
baitijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
baitijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
baitidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
baitidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
baitidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
baitidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baitidē (active indicative singular third-person)
baitidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
baitidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
baitidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
baitidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
baitidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
baitidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
baitidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
baitidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
baitidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
baitidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
baitidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
baitijandz (active participle present)
baitidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *baitijan
Old English: bǣtan
Middle English: bayten, bayte, baite, beyton, baiten, beiten, beȝȝtenn
English: bait
Scots: bait
Old Dutch: *bēten
Middle Dutch: bêten
Dutch: beten (obsolete)
Old Saxon: *bētian
⇒ Old Saxon: undbētian
Middle Low German: bêten
Old High German: beizen
Middle High German: beizen
→? Old French: beter

Old Norse: beita

Icelandic: beita

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: beita, beite

Norwegian Bokmål: beite

Danish: bede

From *bītaną (“to bite”) + *-janą. The meaning to restrain most likely developed from making horses bite down on a piece of metal connected to the reins that were used to direct the animal.


-assuz

-assuz (nominative singular)
-assiwiz (nominative plural)
-assu (singular vocative)
-assiwiz (plural vocative)
-assų (accusative singular)
-assunz (accusative plural)
-assauz (genitive singular)
-assiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-assiwi (dative singular)
-assumaz (dative plural)
-assū (instrumental singular)
-assumiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: -𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌿𐍃 (-assus)

From earlier *-at-tuz, reanalyzed from *-at-janą + *-tuz.


kukjaną

kukjō (active first-person indicative singular)
kukjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kukjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kukisi (active indicative second-person singular)
kukjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kuki (active imperative second-person singular)
kukjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kukjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kukiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kukjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kukjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kukjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kukjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kukjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kukjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kukjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kukjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kukjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kukjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kukjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kukjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kukjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kukiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kukjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kukiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kukjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kukjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kukjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kukjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kukjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kukjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kukjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kukidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kukidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kukidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kukidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kukidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kukidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kukidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kukidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kukidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kukidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kukidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kukidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kukidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kukidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kukidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kukidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kukjandz (active participle present)
kukidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kukkjan

Old Saxon: *kukkian

Middle Low German: kükken

Low German: kükken

→? Dutch: kukken

Gothic: 𐌺𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (kukjan)


skūlijaną

skūlijō (active first-person indicative singular)
skūlijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skūlijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skūlīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skūlijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skūlī (active imperative second-person singular)
skūlijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skūlijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skūlīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skūlijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skūlijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skūlijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skūlijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skūlijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skūlijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skūlijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skūlijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skūlijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skūlijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skūlijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skūlijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skūlijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skūlīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skūlijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skūlīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skūlijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skūlijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skūlijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skūlijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skūlijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skūlijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skūlijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skūlidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skūlidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skūlidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skūlidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skūlidē (active indicative singular third-person)
skūlidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skūlidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skūlidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skūlidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skūlidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skūlidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skūlidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skūlidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skūlidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skūlidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skūlidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skūlijandz (active participle present)
skūlidaz (active participle past subjunctive)


skeulą

skeulą (nominative singular)
skeulō (nominative plural)
skeulą (singular vocative)
skeulō (plural vocative)
skeulą (accusative singular)
skeulō (accusative plural)
skeulas (genitive singular)
skiulis (genitive singular)
skeulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skiulai (dative singular)
skeulamaz (dative plural)
skeulō (instrumental singular)
skeulamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: skjól

Icelandic: skjól

Faroese: skjól

Norwegian: skjul

Swedish: skjul

Danish: skjul

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to cover”).


duljaną

duljō (active first-person indicative singular)
duljaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
duljai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dulisi (active indicative second-person singular)
duljais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
duli (active imperative second-person singular)
duljasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
duljaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
duliþi (active indicative singular third-person)
duljai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
duljaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
duljaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
duljaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
duljōs (active dual first-person indicative)
duljaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
duljaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
duljaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
duljaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
duljamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
duljaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
duljanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
duljainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
duliþ (active indicative plural second-person)
duljaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
duliþ (active imperative plural second-person)
duljanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
duljainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
duljanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
duljain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
duljanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
duljanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
duljainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dulidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dulidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dulidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dulidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dulidē (active indicative singular third-person)
dulidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dulidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dulidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dulidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dulidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dulidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dulidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dulidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dulidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dulidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dulidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
duljandz (active participle present)
dulidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *bidulljan
Old High German: bitullen

Old Norse: dylja

Icelandic: dylja

Norwegian Nynorsk: dølje

Swedish: dölja

Danish: dølge


skiulijaną

skiulijō (active first-person indicative singular)
skiulijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skiulijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skiulīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skiulijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skiulī (active imperative second-person singular)
skiulijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skiulijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skiulīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skiulijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skiulijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skiulijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skiulijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skiulijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skiulijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skiulijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skiulijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skiulijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skiulijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skiulijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skiulijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skiulijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skiulīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skiulijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skiulīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skiulijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skiulijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skiulijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skiulijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skiulijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skiulijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skiulijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skiulidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skiulidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skiulidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skiulidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skiulidē (active indicative singular third-person)
skiulidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skiulidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skiulidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skiulidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skiulidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skiulidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skiulidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skiulidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skiulidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skiulidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skiulidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skiulijandz (active participle present)
skiulidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skūlijan
⇒ Old Frisian: skūlia (perhaps derived from skūl (“hiding-place”))
Saterland Frisian: sküülje
West Frisian: skûlje
Old Saxon: *skūlian
Middle Low German: schûlen, schulen
German Low German: schulen
Old Dutch: *skūlen
Middle Dutch: sculen
Dutch: schuilen
Old High German: *skūlen
Middle High German: schūlen
German: (archaic) schaulen

Old Norse: skýla

Icelandic: skýla

Swedish: skyla

Danish: skjule

→ Norwegian Bokmål: skjule

Norn: skỳl


drastaz

drastaz (nominative singular)
drastizō (nominative plural)
drastaz (singular vocative)
drastizō (plural vocative)
drastaz (accusative singular)
drastizō (accusative plural)
drastiziz (genitive singular)
drastizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drastizi (dative singular)
drastizumaz (dative plural)
drastizē (instrumental singular)
drastizumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *drast
Old High German: trestir pl
Middle High German: trester
German: Trester
⇒ Old High German: trestig

From earlier *drahstaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰragʰs-tó-s, from *dʰrā́ks (“dregs, sediment”).


wulbī

wulbī (nominative singular)
wulbijôz (nominative plural)
wulbī (singular vocative)
wulbijôz (plural vocative)
wulbijǭ (accusative singular)
wulbijōz (accusative plural)
wulbijōz (genitive singular)
wulbijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wulbijōi (dative singular)
wulbijōmaz (dative plural)
wulbijō (instrumental singular)
wulbijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wulbi
Old English: wylf
Old High German: wulpa
Middle High German: wülpe
German: Wülpe

Old Norse: ylfa
→ Icelandic: Ylfa, Ylva, ylfa, ýlfa
Old Swedish: ylva, Ylva
Swedish: Ylva

From Proto-Indo-European *wl̥p-íh₂, an alteration of *wl̥kʷ-íh₂, ultimately derived from *wĺ̥kʷos. Compare Proto-Germanic *wulgī.


furtuz

furtuz (nominative singular)
furtiwiz (nominative plural)
furtu (singular vocative)
furtiwiz (plural vocative)
furtų (accusative singular)
furtunz (accusative plural)
furtauz (genitive singular)
furtiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
furtiwi (dative singular)
furtumaz (dative plural)
furtū (instrumental singular)
furtumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *furtu
Old Saxon: *furt
Middle Low German:
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: Fort
Sauerländisch: Fuart
Old Dutch: *furt
Middle Dutch: vort
Dutch: vort
Old High German: furz
Middle High German: furz, vurz, vorz
Central Franconian:
Ripuarian: Fotz
German: Furz
Yiddish: פֿאָרץ (forts)

From Proto-Indo-European *pr̥d-u-. Zero grade of *perd- (“to fart loudly, pass gas, break wind”).


skinkô

skinkô (nominative singular)
skinkaniz (nominative plural)
skinkô (singular vocative)
skinkaniz (plural vocative)
skinkanų (accusative singular)
skinkanunz (accusative plural)
skinkiniz (genitive singular)
skinkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skinkini (dative singular)
skinkammaz (dative plural)
skinkinē (instrumental singular)
skinkammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skinkō
Old English: *sċenc
Middle English: schench, shench
Old Frisian: *skinka (perhaps via Low German)
Saterland Frisian: Skinke
West Frisian: skinke
Old Saxon: skinka f
Middle Low German: schinke, schink
German Low German: Schinke, Schink
Plautdietsch: Schinkjen
→ Danish: skinke
→ English: skink
→ Icelandic: skinka
→ Norwegian Bokmål: skinke
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skinke
→ Swedish: skinka
Old Dutch: *skinko
Middle Dutch: schinke
Dutch: schink
Limburgish: sjink
Old High German: scinco
Middle High German: schinke
German: Schinken (see there for further descendants)
Luxembourgish: Schank
Pennsylvania German: Schinke

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)keng- (“to limp; be inclined; aslant”).


bermô

bermô (nominative singular)
bermaniz (nominative plural)
bermô (singular vocative)
bermaniz (plural vocative)
bermanų (accusative singular)
bermanunz (accusative plural)
birminiz (genitive singular)
bermanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
birmini (dative singular)
bermammaz (dative plural)
birminē (instrumental singular)
bermammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bermō
Old English: beorma, beorm, bearm
Middle English: berme, barme, berm, barm, beorme
English: barm
Scots: barm, berme, barme, baurm
Yola: barrm
Old Frisian: berma
Saterland Frisian: Bierme
West Frisian: berme
Old Saxon: *bermo, *berma
Middle Low German: berm, barm
German Low German: Barm, Bärme, Bärm
→ German: Bärme
→ Danish: bærme
→ Estonian: pärm
→ Swedish: bärma
→ Norwegian: bærme, berme
Old Dutch: *bermo; *berma
Middle Dutch: berme, berm, barme, barm

Uncertain: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰér-mō ~ *bʰr̥-mnés, from *bʰer- (“to boil”) (compare with Latin fermentum (“fermentation; yeast”)), or perhaps from *gʷʰér-mō ~ *gʷʰr̥-mnés, from *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”).


hagjō

hagjō (nominative singular)
hagjôz (nominative plural)
hagjō (singular vocative)
hagjôz (plural vocative)
hagjǭ (accusative singular)
hagjōz (accusative plural)
hagjōz (genitive singular)
hagjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hagjōi (dative singular)
hagjōmaz (dative plural)
hagjō (instrumental singular)
hagjōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haggju
Old English: heċġ
Middle English: hegge, egge, eygge, heddge, hedge, heg, hege, hegg, heggg
English: hedge
Scots: hedge
Old Frisian: *hegg, *heg
Saterland Frisian: Hääge
West Frisian: hage (possibly from related Middle Low German hāge, hāch)
Old Saxon: *heggia; *heggi
Middle Low German: hegge, hēge, hoge
German Low German: Heeg, Hegg
Old Dutch: hegga
Middle Dutch: hegge
Dutch: heg
Old High German: hegga, *hekka
Middle High German: hegge, hege, hecke (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *hakkju)
German: Hecke
→ Icelandic: hekk
→ Swedish: häck
→ Danish: hæk
Luxembourgish: Heck
→ Medieval Latin: haga, haia
Old French: hoie, haie; age (dialectal)
Middle French: haye
French: haie
French: age m

From Proto-Indo-European *kagʰyóm (“enclosure”), whence also Latin cohum, Welsh cae.


gerstō

gerstō (nominative singular)
gerstôz (nominative plural)
gerstō (singular vocative)
gerstôz (plural vocative)
gerstǭ (accusative singular)
gerstōz (accusative plural)
gerstōz (genitive singular)
gerstǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gerstōi (dative singular)
gerstōmaz (dative plural)
gerstō (instrumental singular)
gerstōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gerstu
Old English: gorst, gors (< *gurst m)
Middle English: gorst, gors, gorste, gost, grost
English: gorse
Yola: goss, gorr
Old Frisian: *jerste
Saterland Frisian: Jäärste, Jüste
Old Saxon: gersta
Middle Low German: gerste
German Low German: Garste, Garst
Plautdietsch: Joascht
Old Dutch: *gersta
Middle Dutch: gerste
Dutch: gerst
Afrikaans: gars
→ Xhosa: írhási
→ Papiamentu: gerst (dated)
Old High German: gersta
Middle High German: gerste
Alemannic German: Geerste
Bavarian: Geaschtn
Cimbrian: ghéersta
Mòcheno: gerst
Central Franconian: Jääsch, Gääscht
Luxembourgish: Geescht
German: Gerste
Yiddish: גערשט (gersht)

From virtual Proto-Indo-European *gʰersd-eh₂, from *ǵʰersd-. Cognate with Latin hordeum (“barley”), Ancient Greek κριθή (krithḗ, “barley”), Armenian գարի (gari, “wheat”), Albanian drithë (“cereal, grain”). However, given the irregular sound correspondences (especially the Greek, which requires a root of the shape *ǵʰreydʰ-), probably of non-Indo-European substrate or Wanderwort origin. If indeed Indo-European in origin, the root would seem to be *ǵʰers- (“to be stiff”) (compare Sanskrit हर्षति (hárṣati, “to bristle”)) with some extension *-D-. For the semantics, compare the synonym *baraz (“barley”; originally “spiky leaves”, “awn”), apparently from *bʰers- (“sharp point, tip, top”). Contrast *hirsijô (“millet”) (Old Norse hirsi, Old High German hirso).

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


skaljaną

skaljō (active first-person indicative singular)
skaljaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skaljai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skalisi (active indicative second-person singular)
skaljais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skali (active imperative second-person singular)
skaljasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skaljaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skaliþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skaljai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skaljaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skaljaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skaljaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skaljōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skaljaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skaljaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skaljaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skaljaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skaljamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skaljaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skaljanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skaljainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skaliþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skaljaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skaliþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skaljanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skaljainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skaljanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skaljain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skaljanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skaljanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skaljainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skalidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skalidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skalidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skalidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skalidē (active indicative singular third-person)
skalidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skalidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skalidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skalidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skalidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skalidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skalidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skalidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skalidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skalidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skalidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skaljandz (active participle present)
skalidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skalljan
Old English: *sciellan
⇒ Old English: asciellan
Old Saxon: *skellian
Middle Low German: schellen
Old Dutch: *skellen
Middle Dutch: schellen
Dutch: schillen, schellen
Old High German: schellen
Middle High German: schelen
German: schälen (with a long vowel by analogy with Schale)

Old Norse: skella

Icelandic: skella


hnaikijaną

hnaikijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hnaikijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnaikijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hnaikīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hnaikijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnaikī (active imperative second-person singular)
hnaikijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hnaikijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hnaikīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hnaikijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnaikijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hnaikijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hnaikijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hnaikijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hnaikijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnaikijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnaikijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnaikijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hnaikijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hnaikijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnaikijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hnaikijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hnaikīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hnaikijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnaikīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hnaikijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hnaikijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hnaikijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hnaikijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnaikijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hnaikijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hnaikijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hnaikidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hnaikidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnaikidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hnaikidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnaikidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hnaikidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnaikidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnaikidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnaikidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnaikidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnaikidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnaikidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnaikidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnaikidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnaikidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnaikidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnaikijandz (active participle present)
hnaikidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hnaikijan
Old English: hnǣcan
Old High German: neihhen

Old Norse: hneikja

Unclear, possibly related to *hnītaną. Could be a causative verb derived from an unattested *hnīkaną.


hnaigijaną

hnaigijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hnaigijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnaigijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hnaigīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hnaigijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnaigī (active imperative second-person singular)
hnaigijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hnaigijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hnaigīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hnaigijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnaigijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hnaigijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hnaigijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hnaigijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hnaigijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnaigijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnaigijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnaigijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hnaigijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hnaigijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnaigijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hnaigijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hnaigīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hnaigijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnaigīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hnaigijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hnaigijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hnaigijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hnaigijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnaigijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hnaigijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hnaigijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hnaigidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hnaigidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnaigidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hnaigidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnaigidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hnaigidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnaigidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnaigidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnaigidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnaigidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnaigidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnaigidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnaigidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnaigidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnaigidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnaigidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnaigijandz (active participle present)
hnaigidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hnaigijan
Old English: hnǣġan
Middle English: neighen, neyen, neȝen, neiȝen
English: neigh
Scots: neche, nech, neich
Old Saxon: *hnēgian
Middle Low German: nēgen
⇒ Old Saxon: gihnēgian
Old Dutch: neigen
Middle Dutch: neigen
Dutch: neigen
Limburgish: neige, nèège
Old High German: neigen, hneigen
Middle High German: neigen
German: neigen

Old Norse: hneigja

Icelandic: hneigja

Gothic: 𐌷𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hnaiwjan)


hliwjaną

hliwjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hliwjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hliwjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hliwisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hliwjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hliwi (active imperative second-person singular)
hliwjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hliwjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hliwiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hliwjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hliwjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hliwjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hliwjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hliwjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hliwjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hliwjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hliwjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hliwjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hliwjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hliwjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hliwjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hliwjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hliwiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hliwjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hliwiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hliwjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hliwjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hliwjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hliwjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hliwjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hliwjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hliwjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hliwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hliwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hliwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hliwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hliwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hliwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hliwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hliwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hliwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hliwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hliwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hliwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hliwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hliwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hliwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hliwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hliwjandz (active participle present)
hliwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hliuwjan
Old English: hlýwan

Old Norse: hlýja


hliwjaną

Old Norse: hlýja

Icelandic: hlýja


linhtijaną

linhtijō (active first-person indicative singular)
linhtijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
linhtijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
linhtīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
linhtijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
linhtī (active imperative second-person singular)
linhtijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
linhtijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
linhtīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
linhtijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
linhtijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
linhtijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
linhtijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
linhtijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
linhtijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
linhtijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
linhtijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
linhtijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
linhtijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
linhtijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
linhtijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
linhtijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
linhtīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
linhtijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
linhtīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
linhtijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
linhtijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
linhtijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
linhtijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
linhtijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
linhtijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
linhtijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
linhtidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
linhtidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
linhtidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
linhtidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
linhtidē (active indicative singular third-person)
linhtidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
linhtidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
linhtidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
linhtidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
linhtidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
linhtidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
linhtidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
linhtidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
linhtidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
linhtidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
linhtidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
linhtijandz (active participle present)
linhtidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *lį̄htijan
Old English: līehtan
Middle English: lihten, liȝten, lighten
English: light
Scots: licht
Old Frisian: līchta
West Frisian: lichte
Old Saxon: *līhtian
Middle Low German: lichten
Old Dutch: *līhten
Middle Dutch: lichten
Dutch: lichten
Old High German: līhten
Middle High German: līhten

Old Norse: létta

Icelandic: létta

Norwegian:

Bokmål: lette

Nynorsk: lette, letta

Danish: lette

From *linhtaz (“light, having little weight”) + *-janą.


niuhsijaną

niuhsijō (active first-person indicative singular)
niuhsijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
niuhsijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
niuhsīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
niuhsijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
niuhsī (active imperative second-person singular)
niuhsijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
niuhsijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
niuhsīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
niuhsijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
niuhsijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
niuhsijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
niuhsijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
niuhsijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
niuhsijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
niuhsijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
niuhsijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
niuhsijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
niuhsijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
niuhsijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
niuhsijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
niuhsijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
niuhsīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
niuhsijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
niuhsīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
niuhsijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
niuhsijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
niuhsijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
niuhsijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
niuhsijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
niuhsijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
niuhsijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
niuhsidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
niuhsidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
niuhsidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
niuhsidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
niuhsidē (active indicative singular third-person)
niuhsidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
niuhsidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
niuhsidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
niuhsidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
niuhsidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
niuhsidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
niuhsidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
niuhsidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
niuhsidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
niuhsidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
niuhsidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
niuhsijandz (active participle present)
niuhsidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *niuhsijan
Old English: nēosan
Old Saxon: niusian
Old High German: niusen

Old Norse: nýsa

Gothic: *𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*niuhsjan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (biniuhsjan)

Possibly derived from the same root as *nu (“now”). Possibly related to Proto-Slavic *ňuxati.


hrēkijaną

hrēkijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrēkijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrēkijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrēkīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrēkijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrēkī (active imperative second-person singular)
hrēkijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrēkijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrēkīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrēkijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrēkijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrēkijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrēkijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrēkijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hrēkijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrēkijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrēkijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrēkijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrēkijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrēkijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrēkijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrēkijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrēkīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hrēkijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrēkīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hrēkijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrēkijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrēkijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrēkijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrēkijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrēkijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrēkijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hrēkidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hrēkidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrēkidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hrēkidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrēkidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hrēkidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrēkidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hrēkidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrēkidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrēkidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrēkidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hrēkidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrēkidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hrēkidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrēkidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hrēkidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrēkijandz (active participle present)
hrēkidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrākijan
Old English: hrǣċan
Middle English: hræcen, *rechen
English: retch
⇒ Old English: āhrǣċan
Middle English: arechen

Old Norse: hrækja

Icelandic: hrækja

Norwegian Nynorsk: rækja


naudijaną

naudijō (active first-person indicative singular)
naudijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
naudijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
naudīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
naudijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
naudī (active imperative second-person singular)
naudijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
naudijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
naudīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
naudijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
naudijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
naudijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
naudijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
naudijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
naudijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
naudijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
naudijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
naudijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
naudijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
naudijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
naudijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
naudijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
naudīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
naudijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
naudīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
naudijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
naudijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
naudijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
naudijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
naudijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
naudijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
naudijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
naudidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
naudidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
naudidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
naudidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
naudidē (active indicative singular third-person)
naudidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
naudidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
naudidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
naudidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
naudidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
naudidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
naudidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
naudidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
naudidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
naudidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
naudidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
naudijandz (active participle present)
naudidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *naudijan
Old English: nīedan, nīdan, nȳdan, nēdan
Middle English: neden, nede, niede
Yola: ee-naate (ppl)
Old Frisian: nēda
West Frisian: needzje
Old Saxon: nōdian
Middle Low German: nȫden, nôden
Old Dutch: *nōdon
Middle Dutch: nôden
Dutch: noden
→ West Frisian: noadzje
Old High German: nōten
Middle High German: nœten

Old Norse: neyða

Icelandic: neyða

Danish: nøde

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (nauþjan)


fētijaną

fētijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fētijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fētijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fētīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fētijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fētī (active imperative second-person singular)
fētijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fētijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fētīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fētijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fētijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fētijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fētijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fētijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fētijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fētijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fētijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fētijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fētijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fētijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fētijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fētijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fētīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fētijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fētīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fētijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fētijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fētijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fētijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fētijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fētijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fētijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fētidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fētidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fētidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fētidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fētidē (active indicative singular third-person)
fētidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fētidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fētidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fētidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fētidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fētidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fētidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fētidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fētidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fētidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fētidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fētijandz (active participle present)
fētidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fātijan
Old English: fǣtan

Old Norse: fæta

Gothic: 𐍆𐌴𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fētjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *ped- (“to walk, stumble, fall”).


skammijaną

skammijō (active first-person indicative singular)
skammijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skammijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skammīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skammijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skammī (active imperative second-person singular)
skammijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skammijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skammīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skammijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skammijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skammijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skammijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skammijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skammijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skammijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skammijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skammijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skammijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skammijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skammijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skammijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skammīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skammijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skammīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skammijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skammijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skammijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skammijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skammijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skammijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skammijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skammidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skammidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skammidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skammidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skammidē (active indicative singular third-person)
skammidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skammidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skammidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skammidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skammidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skammidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skammidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skammidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skammidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skammidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skammidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skammijandz (active participle present)
skammidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skammijan
Old High German: skemmen

Old Norse: skemma

Icelandic: skemma

From *skammaz (“short, blunt”) + *-janą.


skalbijaną

skalbijō (active first-person indicative singular)
skalbijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skalbijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skalbīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skalbijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skalbī (active imperative second-person singular)
skalbijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skalbijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skalbīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skalbijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skalbijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skalbijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skalbijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skalbijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skalbijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skalbijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skalbijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skalbijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skalbijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skalbijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skalbijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skalbijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skalbīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skalbijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skalbīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skalbijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skalbijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skalbijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skalbijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skalbijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skalbijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skalbijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skalbidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skalbidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skalbidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skalbidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skalbidē (active indicative singular third-person)
skalbidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skalbidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skalbidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skalbidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skalbidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skalbidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skalbidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skalbidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skalbidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skalbidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skalbidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skalbijandz (active participle present)
skalbidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *uʀskalbijan

Old English: āsċielfan

Old Norse: skelfa

Icelandic: skelfa

From *skelbaną (“to shiver, to tremble”) + *-janą (“causative suffix”).


riurijaną

riurijō (active first-person indicative singular)
riurijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
riurijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
riurīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
riurijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
riurī (active imperative second-person singular)
riurijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
riurijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
riurīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
riurijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
riurijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
riurijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
riurijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
riurijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
riurijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
riurijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
riurijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
riurijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
riurijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
riurijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
riurijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
riurijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
riurīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
riurijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
riurīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
riurijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
riurijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
riurijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
riurijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
riurijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
riurijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
riurijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
riuridǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
riuridēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
riuridēz (active indicative second-person singular)
riuridēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
riuridē (active indicative singular third-person)
riuridēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
riuridēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
riuridēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
riuridēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
riuridēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
riuridēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
riuridēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
riuridēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
riuridēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
riuridēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
riuridēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
riurijandz (active participle present)
riuridaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: rýra

Icelandic: rýra

Gothic: 𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (riurjan)

From *riuriz (“transient, perishable”) + *-janą.


skalkijaną

skalkijō (active first-person indicative singular)
skalkijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skalkijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skalkīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skalkijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skalkī (active imperative second-person singular)
skalkijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skalkijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skalkīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skalkijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skalkijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skalkijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skalkijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skalkijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skalkijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skalkijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skalkijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skalkijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skalkijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skalkijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skalkijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skalkijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skalkīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skalkijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skalkīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skalkijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skalkijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skalkijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skalkijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skalkijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skalkijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skalkijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skalkidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skalkidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skalkidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skalkidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skalkidē (active indicative singular third-person)
skalkidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skalkidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skalkidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skalkidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skalkidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skalkidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skalkidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skalkidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skalkidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skalkidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skalkidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skalkijandz (active participle present)
skalkidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *biskalkijan

Old High German: *biskelken

Middle High German: beschelken

Old Norse: skelkja

Icelandic: skelkja


rīkijaną

rīkijō (active first-person indicative singular)
rīkijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rīkijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rīkīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
rīkijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rīkī (active imperative second-person singular)
rīkijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rīkijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rīkīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rīkijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rīkijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rīkijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rīkijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rīkijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rīkijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rīkijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rīkijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rīkijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rīkijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rīkijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rīkijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rīkijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rīkīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rīkijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rīkīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rīkijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rīkijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rīkijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rīkijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rīkijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rīkijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rīkijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rīkidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rīkidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rīkidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rīkidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rīkidē (active indicative singular third-person)
rīkidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rīkidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rīkidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rīkidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rīkidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rīkidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rīkidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rīkidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rīkidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rīkidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rīkidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rīkijandz (active participle present)
rīkidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rīkijan
Old Saxon: *rīkian
Middle Low German: rîken, rîchen (“to rule, govern”)
Old High German: *rīhhen
Middle High German: rīchen, riechen (“to rule, govern”)
⇒ Old High German: girīhhan (a strong verb, possibly analogical)

Old Norse: ríkja

Icelandic: ríkja

→ Middle English: riken (“to reign”)

From *rīkijaz (“rulership, kingdom”) + *-janą.