figanaz

*figanaz (a-stem)

figanaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
figanai (masculine nominative plural strong)
figanō (feminine nominative singular strong)
figanôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
figaną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
figanō (neuter nominative plural strong)
figananǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
figananz (accusative masculine plural strong)
figanǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
figanōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
figaną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
figanō (accusative neuter plural strong)
figanas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
figanaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
figanaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
figanaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
figanas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
figanaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
figanammai (dative masculine singular strong)
figanaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
figanaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
figanaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
figanammai (dative neuter singular strong)
figanaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
figananō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
figanaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
figanaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
figanaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
figananō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
figanaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
figanô (masculine nominative singular weak)
figananiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
figanǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
figanōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
figanô (neuter nominative singular weak)
figanōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
figananų (accusative masculine singular weak)
figananunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
figanōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
figanōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
figanô (accusative neuter singular weak)
figanōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
figaniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
figananǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
figanōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
figanōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
figaniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
figananǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
figanini (dative masculine singular weak)
figanammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
figanōni (dative feminine singular weak)
figanōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
figanini (dative neuter singular weak)
figanammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
figaninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
figanammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
figanōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
figanōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
figaninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
figanammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *fegan, *figan

Old English: *fiġen

⇒ Old English: āfiġen

Uncertain. Possibly from the past participle of a lost verb *fīganą or *fīhaną (class I) or *fehaną (class V). The past participle of *fehaną would thus be *feganaz.
Attempts have been made to point the foregoing hypothetical verbs to Proto-Indo-European *pekʷ- (“to cook, sear”); however, the phonology makes a connection unlikely. For reference, compare Latin coquō (“cook”), Lithuanian kepti (“to bake, fry”), Russian печь (pečʹ, “to bake”), Ancient Greek πέσσω (péssō, “cook, bake”), Sanskrit पचति (pácati, “he cooks, bakes, roasts, boils”).


marką

marką (nominative singular)
markō (nominative plural)
marką (singular vocative)
markō (plural vocative)
marką (accusative singular)
markō (accusative plural)
markas (genitive singular)
markis (genitive singular)
markǫ̂ (genitive plural)
markai (dative singular)
markamaz (dative plural)
markō (instrumental singular)
markamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mark
Old English: marc
Middle English: mark
English: mark
Scots: mark, merk
→ Irish: marg
Old Frisian: merk
Saterland Frisian: Määrk
West Frisian: merk
Old Saxon: mark, merk
Middle Low German: mark
German Low German: Mark
Old Dutch: marc
Middle Dutch: marc, marc
Dutch: merk
Old High German: marc n
Middle High German: marc, marche, marke (chiefly f, influenced by *marku)
German: Mark f
→ Yiddish: מאַרק (mark)
→ Luxembourgish: Mark
→ Medieval Latin: marcus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: mark, mǫrk n pl

Icelandic: mark, mörk n pl

Faroese: mark

Norwegian: mark

Old Swedish: mark n

Swedish: mark c

Danish: mark

From *markō (“rand, border, edge”), from Proto-Indo-European *marǵ- (“edge, boundary, border”).


granō

granō (nominative singular)
granôz (nominative plural)
granō (singular vocative)
granôz (plural vocative)
granǭ (accusative singular)
granōz (accusative plural)
granōz (genitive singular)
granǫ̂ (genitive plural)
granōi (dative singular)
granōmaz (dative plural)
granō (instrumental singular)
granōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *granu

Old English: granu

Old Frisian: grano

Old Saxon: grana

Middle Low German: grāne, gran

German Low German: Granne, Grann

Old Dutch: *grana

Middle Dutch: grāne

Dutch: graan

→ Late Latin: grāna

Old French: graine

desc

Middle French: grenon, guernon, gernon, grignon

Occitan: grenó, guernó, grignó

Old High German: grana, crana

Middle High German: grane, gran

German: Granne

desctree

Old Norse: grǫn
Icelandic: grön
Faroese: gron, grann
Norwegian Nynorsk: gran, gron; (dialectal) grøn
Elfdalian: grån
Old Swedish: gran, græn
Swedish: gran c or f
Danish: gran c
Norwegian Bokmål: gran m or f
⇒ Old Norse: greni
Icelandic: greni
Norwegian Nynorsk: grene

Gothic: *𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌰 (*grana)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰroH-néh₂-, with shortening due to Dybo's law, likely related to Proto-Slavic *grana (Serbo-Croatian grana (“branch”)). Possibly also related to Middle Irish grend (“beard, bristles”).

hair resembling an awn, a bunch or bundle of wispy hair


habīgaz

*habīgaz (a-stem)

habīgaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
habīgai (masculine nominative plural strong)
habīgō (feminine nominative singular strong)
habīgôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
habīgą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
habīgō (neuter nominative plural strong)
habīganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
habīganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
habīgǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
habīgōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
habīgą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
habīgō (accusative neuter plural strong)
habīgas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
habīgaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
habīgaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
habīgaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
habīgas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
habīgaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
habīgammai (dative masculine singular strong)
habīgaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
habīgaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
habīgaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
habīgammai (dative neuter singular strong)
habīgaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
habīganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
habīgaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
habīgaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
habīgaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
habīganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
habīgaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
habīgô (masculine nominative singular weak)
habīganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
habīgǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
habīgōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
habīgô (neuter nominative singular weak)
habīgōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
habīganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
habīganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
habīgōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
habīgōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
habīgô (accusative neuter singular weak)
habīgōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
habīginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
habīganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
habīgōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
habīgōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
habīginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
habīganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
habīgini (dative masculine singular weak)
habīgammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
habīgōni (dative feminine singular weak)
habīgōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
habīgini (dative neuter singular weak)
habīgammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
habīginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
habīgammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
habīgōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
habīgōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
habīginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
habīgammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *habīg
Old English: hefiġ, hæfiġ, hefeġ
Middle English: heviȝ, hevy
English: heavy
Sranan Tongo: hebi
Scots: hivie, hevy, havy
Old Saxon: heƀig, hevig
Middle Low German: hēvich
Low German: hevig
Old Dutch: hevig
Middle Dutch: hēvich
Dutch: hevig
Old High German: hebīg, *hefīg, *hevīg
Middle High German: hevec, *hebig
Cimbrian: hévig
German: hebig

From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂p- (“to take, grasp, have, hold”), equivalent to *habjaną + *-īgaz. Compare Latin capāx (“large, wide, roomy, spacious, capacious”).


grōaną

grōō (active first-person indicative singular)
grōaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grōai (first-person indicative passive singular)
grōizi (active indicative second-person singular)
grōaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grō (active imperative second-person singular)
grōazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grōaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grōidi (active indicative singular third-person)
grōai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grōadau (active imperative singular third-person)
grōadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grōaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grōōz (active dual first-person indicative)
grōaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grōadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grōaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grōadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grōamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grōaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grōandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grōaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grōid (active indicative plural second-person)
grōaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grōid (active imperative plural second-person)
grōandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grōaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grōandi (active indicative plural third-person)
grōain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grōandau (active imperative plural third-person)
grōandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grōaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gegrō (active first-person indicative singular)
gegrōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gegrōt (active indicative second-person singular)
gegrōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gegrō (active indicative singular third-person)
gegrōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gegrōū (active dual first-person indicative)
gegrōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gegrōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gegrōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gegrōum (active first-person indicative plural)
gegrōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gegrōud (active indicative plural second-person)
gegrōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gegrōun (active indicative plural third-person)
gegrōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grōandz (active participle present)
grōanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *grōan
Old English: grōwan
Middle English: growen
Scots: grow
English: grow
Old Frisian: grōwa, grōa, grōia
North Frisian: growen, grojen
Saterland Frisian: groie, groaie
West Frisian: groeie
Old Saxon: *grōian
Middle Low German: grôjen, grôen
German Low German: grojen
Old Dutch: gruoien
Middle Dutch: groeyen
Dutch: groeien
Limburgish: gröjje
Old High German: gruoen
Middle High German: grüejen

Old Norse: gróa

Icelandic: gróa

Faroese: gróa, grógva

Norwegian: gro

Old Swedish: grōa

Swedish: gro

Danish: gro

/ˈɡrɔː.ɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰreh₁- (“to become green, grow”).


alatjaną

alatjō (active first-person indicative singular)
alatjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
alatjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
alatisi (active indicative second-person singular)
alatjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
alati (active imperative second-person singular)
alatjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
alatjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
alatiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
alatjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
alatjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
alatjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
alatjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
alatjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
alatjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
alatjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
alatjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
alatjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
alatjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
alatjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
alatjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
alatjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
alatiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
alatjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
alatiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
alatjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
alatjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
alatjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
alatjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
alatjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
alatjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
alatjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
alastǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
alastēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
alastēz (active indicative second-person singular)
alastēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
alastē (active indicative singular third-person)
alastēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
alastēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
alastēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
alastēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
alastēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
alastēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
alastēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
alastēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
alastēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
alastēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
alastēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
alatjandz (active participle present)
alatidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: elta

Icelandic: elta

Faroese: elta

Norwegian: elte, elta

Old Swedish: ælta

Swedish: älta

Danish: ælte

→ Middle English: elten

Scots: elt

English: elt

From *alaną (“to drive, move”) + *-atjaną.


kuttô

kuttô (nominative singular)
kuttaniz (nominative plural)
kuttô (singular vocative)
kuttaniz (plural vocative)
kuttanų (accusative singular)
kuttanunz (accusative plural)
kuttiniz (genitive singular)
kuttanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kuttini (dative singular)
kuttammaz (dative plural)
kuttinē (instrumental singular)
kuttammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kottō; *kottā f

Old Saxon: kott, cot

Middle Low German: kot, koz

→ Middle High German: kot

Old Dutch: *kota

Middle Dutch: cote

desc

Old High German: chozzo, kozzo, cozo, choz, kozza, chuzzi

Middle High German: kotze, kütze

German: Kotze, Choder (dialectal)

→ Polish: koc

→ Latin: cotta, cota, cottus [mid-to-late 1st c. CE, Rome] (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gudnós, *gʷewd- (“woolen clothes”). Cognate with Ancient Greek βεῦδος (beûdos, “costly woman's dress”).


lanō

lanō (nominative singular)
lanôz (nominative plural)
lanō (singular vocative)
lanôz (plural vocative)
lanǭ (accusative singular)
lanōz (accusative plural)
lanōz (genitive singular)
lanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lanōi (dative singular)
lanōmaz (dative plural)
lanō (instrumental singular)
lanōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lanu
Old English: lanu, lane, lone — weak
Middle English: lane, lone
English: lane (dialectal loan)
⇒ English: lonnen, loanen, lonnin
→ Middle Scots: lane
→ Welsh: lôn
Scots: lone, loan
Yola: laane
→ Irish: lána
Old Frisian: lana, lona, lane, lone
Saterland Frisian: Lone
West Frisian: leane, loane
Old Saxon: lana
Middle Low German: lāne, lahne, lahn, lone
German Low German: Lane, Laan
Old Dutch: *lana
Middle Dutch: lāne
Dutch: laan

Old Norse: lǫn

Icelandic: lön

Faroese: lon

Norwegian: lån

Swedish: lana, lan

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₁leh₂- (“to drive somewhere”). Compare Ancient Greek ἐλαύνω (elaúnō, “to drive”).


wundrą

wundrą (nominative singular)
wundrō (nominative plural)
wundrą (singular vocative)
wundrō (plural vocative)
wundrą (accusative singular)
wundrō (accusative plural)
wundras (genitive singular)
wundris (genitive singular)
wundrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wundrai (dative singular)
wundramaz (dative plural)
wundrō (instrumental singular)
wundramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wundr
Old English: wundor
Middle English: wunder, wonder
English: wonder
Scots: winder
Scots: wunner
Old Frisian: wunder, wonder
Saterland Frisian: Wunder, Wunner
West Frisian: wonder, wûnder
Old Saxon: wundar
Middle Low German: wunder
German Low German: Wunner
Low German: wunder, wunner
Old Dutch: wundar
Middle Dutch: wunder, wonder
Dutch: wonder
Old High German: wuntar, *wundar
Middle High German: wunder
German: Wunder
Luxembourgish: Wonner
Vilamovian: wunder

Old Norse: undr

Icelandic: undur

Faroese: undur

Norwegian: under

Old Swedish: under

Swedish: under

Old Danish: undær

Danish: under

From Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to desire, wish for, strive after, win, love”).


spehōną

spehō (active first-person indicative singular)
spehǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spehōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
spehōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
spehōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spehō (active imperative second-person singular)
spehōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
spehōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
spehōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
spehō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spehōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
spehōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
spehōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
spehōs (active dual first-person indicative)
spehōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spehōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spehōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spehōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
spehōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
spehōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spehōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
spehōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
spehōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
spehōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spehōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
spehōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
spehōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
spehōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
spehōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spehōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
spehōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
spehōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
spehōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
spehōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spehōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
spehōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spehōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
spehōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spehōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
spehōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spehōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spehōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spehōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
spehōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spehōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
spehōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spehōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
spehōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spehōndz (active participle present)
spehōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *spehōn
Old Saxon: *spehōn
Middle Low German: spēgen, spējen, spēen, spēn
→ Old Norse: speja, spæja
Icelandic: speja, spæja
Norwegian: speide
Swedish: speja
Danish: spejde
Old Dutch: *spion
Middle Dutch: spien, spieden
Dutch: spieden
Old High German: spehōn, spiohōn, *spihōn (attested in derivative spihāri (“spy”))
Middle High German: spëhen, spēn, *spiehen (attested in derivative spieher (“spy”))
German: spähen
→ Vulgar Latin: *spiō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *speḱ- (“to look”). Cognate with Latin speciō (“look, stare, behold”), Ancient Greek σκοπέω (skopéō, “I view, examine”).


skawwōną

skawwō (active first-person indicative singular)
skawwǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skawwōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skawwōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skawwōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skawwō (active imperative second-person singular)
skawwōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skawwōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skawwōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skawwō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skawwōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skawwōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skawwōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skawwōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skawwōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skawwōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skawwōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skawwōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skawwōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skawwōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skawwōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skawwōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skawwōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skawwōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skawwōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skawwōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skawwōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skawwōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skawwōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skawwōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skawwōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skawwōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skawwōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skawwōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skawwōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skawwōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skawwōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skawwōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skawwōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skawwōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skawwōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skawwōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skawwōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skawwōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skawwōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skawwōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skawwōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skawwōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skawwōndz (active participle present)
skawwōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skauwōn

Old English: sċēawian

desc

Middle English: schawen, schewen, schowen; scheawing, scewing

archaic <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">shew</i>

English: show (archaic shew)

Scots: shaw

⇒ Old English: sċēawung

Middle English: schawung, shawing, schewinge, schewynge

English: showing

Scots: shawing, showing

→ Old French: escauvinghe, escauwage; scawageour

→ Middle English: scavage, schevage, schewage; scavager

Scots: scavanger, scawanger

English: scavage; scavenger

Old Frisian: skāwia, skōwia, skōia

Saterland Frisian: skauje

West Frisian: skôgje, skoaie, skouje

Old Saxon: skauwōn

Middle Low German: schouwen

German Low German: schauen, schoen

⇒ German Low German: wohrschoen

desctree

Old Dutch: scouwon
Middle Dutch: schouwen
Dutch: schouwen

Old High German: skouwōn, scouwōn

Middle High German: schouwen

German: schauen

⇒ Old Norse: skygna

→ Proto-Finnic:

Estonian: kava

Finnish: kaava

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁- (“to heed, look, feel, take note of”). Cognate with Latin cavēre (“to beware, heed”).


paidō

paidō (nominative singular)
paidôz (nominative plural)
paidō (singular vocative)
paidôz (plural vocative)
paidǭ (accusative singular)
paidōz (accusative plural)
paidōz (genitive singular)
paidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
paidōi (dative singular)
paidōmaz (dative plural)
paidō (instrumental singular)
paidōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *paidu
Old English: pād
Middle English: *pod (attested in pod ware)
English: pod
Old Saxon: pēda
Middle Low German: *pêde
→ Old Swedish: padha
Swedish: pade (dialectal)
Lombardic: paita
→ Italian: patta

Gothic: 𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 (paida)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌳𐍉𐌽 (gapaidōn)

→ Proto-Finnic: *paita (“shirt”) (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; likely borrowed from a substrate language, compare Ancient Greek βαίτη (baítē, “shepherd's cloak”), and perhaps Albanian petk (“gown”).


tīdiz

tīdiz (nominative singular)
tīdīz (nominative plural)
tīdi (singular vocative)
tīdīz (plural vocative)
tīdį (accusative singular)
tīdinz (accusative plural)
tīdīz (genitive singular)
tīdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tīdī (dative singular)
tīdimaz (dative plural)
tīdī (instrumental singular)
tīdimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: tīd
Middle English: tyde, tid, tide, tyd
English: tide
Scots: tide
Yola: enteete, enteeth, enteet
→ Scottish Gaelic: tìde

Old Frisian: tīd

North Frisian: tid, tidj

Saterland Frisian: Tied

West Frisian: tiid

Old Saxon: tīd

Middle Low German: tît

German Low German: Tied, Tiet, Tide

Old Dutch: tīt

Middle Dutch: tijt
Dutch: tijd
Afrikaans: tyd
Berbice Creole Dutch: titi
Javindo: tet
Jersey Dutch: tāid, tāidt
Negerhollands: tied, tid, tit
Skepi Creole Dutch: teit
Limburgish: tied
Zealandic: tied

Old High German: zīt

Middle High German: zīt
Alemannic German: Ziit, Zit, Zyt
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: zait
Mòcheno: zait
Central Franconian: Zeck, Zick (Kölsch); Ziet (westernmost and northernmost Ripuarian); Zeit (Moselle Franconian)
East Central German:
Vilamovian: cajt
East Franconian:
German: Zeit
Hunsrik: Zeid
Luxembourgish: Zäit
Pennsylvania German: Zeit
Yiddish: צײַט (tsayt)

Old Norse: tíð
Icelandic: tíð
Faroese: tíð
Norwegian Nynorsk: tid
Norwegian Bokmål: tid
Elfdalian: taið
Old Swedish: tīþ
Swedish: tid
→ Elfdalian: tið
Danish: tid

From Proto-Indo-European *déh₂itis (“time, period”), from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂y- (“to divide, part”), or from Proto-Indo-European *dīti- (“time, period”), from *dī- (“time”). Cognate with Old Armenian տի (ti, “age, year, day, time”), and perhaps to Northern Kurdish dem (“time”).


lewô

lewô (nominative singular)
lewaniz (nominative plural)
lewô (singular vocative)
lewaniz (plural vocative)
lewanų (accusative singular)
lewanunz (accusative plural)
liwiniz (genitive singular)
lewanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
liwini (dative singular)
lewammaz (dative plural)
liwinē (instrumental singular)
lewammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lewō

Old Saxon: *lewo

Middle Low German: lē, lēhe

Northern Low Saxon: ley, Lee

Old Norse: lé

Icelandic: ljár

Faroese: líggi

Norwegian: ljå

Old Swedish: līe, lē

Swedish: lie, le

Old Danish: lē

Danish: le, ljå

Elfdalian: ljå

Jamtish: ljá

Gutnish: leie

Scanian: lé, ljá

From Proto-Indo-European *lewH- (“to cut off”). Cognate with Sanskrit लवित्र (lavitra, “sickle”).


līnǭ

līnǭ (nominative singular)
līnōniz (nominative plural)
līnǭ (singular vocative)
līnōniz (plural vocative)
līnōnų (accusative singular)
līnōnunz (accusative plural)
līnōniz (genitive singular)
līnōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
līnōni (dative singular)
līnōmaz (dative plural)
līnōnē (instrumental singular)
līnōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *līnā
Old English: līne
Middle English: line
Scots: line
English: line
Old Frisian: līne
North Frisian: liin
Saterland Frisian: Liene
West Frisian: line
Old Saxon: *līna
Middle Low German: lîne
German Low German: Lien
Old Dutch: *līna
Middle Dutch: line
Dutch: lijn, linnen
Old High German: līna
Middle High German: līne
German: Leine
→ Polish: lina
Luxembourgish: Léngt

Old Norse: lína

Icelandic: lína

Faroese: lína

Norwegian Bokmål: line

Norwegian Nynorsk: line

Old Swedish: līna

Swedish: lina

Danish: line

From *līną (“flax”), from Proto-Indo-European *līno- (“flax”). Cognate with Old Church Slavonic льнъ (lĭnŭ, “flax”), Lithuanian linai, linas (“flax”), Latin līnum (“flax, thread, linen, cable”), Latin līnea (“linen, string, chord, thread”), Old Irish lín (“flax, linen, thread, net”), Ancient Greek λίνον (línon, “flax, linen, thread, garment”).


staigriz

staigriz (nominative singular)
staigrīz (nominative plural)
staigri (singular vocative)
staigrīz (plural vocative)
staigrį (accusative singular)
staigrinz (accusative plural)
staigrīz (genitive singular)
staigrijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staigrī (dative singular)
staigrimaz (dative plural)
staigrī (instrumental singular)
staigrimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *staigri

Old English: stǣġer f

desc

Middle English: steire, stayer, stayre, staire

English: stair

Scots: stair

→ Irish: staighre

Old Saxon: *stēgar, *steigar

Middle Low German: steiger m, steir m

German Low German: Steiger

Old Dutch: *steiger, stēger m

Middle Dutch: steigher, stegher

Dutch: steiger

Nominalization of *staigraz (“elevating; steep”).


wurdiz

wurdiz (nominative singular)
wurdīz (nominative plural)
wurdi (singular vocative)
wurdīz (plural vocative)
wurdį (accusative singular)
wurdinz (accusative plural)
wurdīz (genitive singular)
wurdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wurdī (dative singular)
wurdimaz (dative plural)
wurdī (instrumental singular)
wurdimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wurdi
Old English: wyrd, *werd — Kentish; weord
Middle English: werde, weerde, weird, werd, werede, werid, wierde, wired, wird, wirde, wired, wirid, word, wyerde, wyrde
English: werd, weard (obsolete)
Middle Scots: weird, werd
Scots: weird
→ English: weird
→ English: wyrd
Old Frisian: werd, werde
Old Saxon: wurd
Old High German: wurt
Middle High German: wurt

Old Norse: urðr, yrðr

Icelandic: urður

Old Swedish: urþer

Swedish: urd

⇒ Old Norse: Urðr

From Pre-Germanic *wr̥tís, from Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn, wind”), from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to turn, bend”).


tukkōną

tukkō (active first-person indicative singular)
tukkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tukkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
tukkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
tukkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tukkō (active imperative second-person singular)
tukkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tukkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tukkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tukkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tukkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tukkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tukkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tukkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tukkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tukkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tukkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tukkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tukkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tukkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tukkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tukkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tukkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tukkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tukkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tukkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tukkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tukkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tukkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tukkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tukkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tukkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tukkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tukkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tukkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tukkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tukkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
tukkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tukkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tukkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tukkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tukkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tukkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tukkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tukkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tukkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tukkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tukkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tukkōndz (active participle present)
tukkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tukkōn
Old English: tucian
Middle English: tuken (influenced by Middle Dutch, Middle Low German tucken)
English: tuck
Scots: tuck
Old Frisian: *tukia
Saterland Frisian: tukje, tuukje; tokje
West Frisian: tûkje; (tûke)
⇒ West Frisian: tûkelje
Old Saxon: *tukkōn
Middle Low German: tucken
German Low German: tucken, tocken
Low German: tukken, tokken
Old Dutch: *tukkon, *tokkon
Middle Dutch: tucken, tocken
Dutch: tokken
⇒ Dutch: tokkelen
→? Old High German: tokkōn, tockōn (“to collide”)
Old High German: zucchōn, zocchōn
Middle High German: zucken
German: zucken
Luxembourgish: zucken
→ Vulgar Latin: *tuccō (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: toga
Faroese: toga
Icelandic: toga
Norwegian Nynorsk: toge

From earlier paradigm *tukkōþi ~ *tugunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *duk-nā́-ti ~ *duk-un-ánti, iterative to *teuhaną (“to draw, pull”).


Raginaharjaz

Raginaharjaz (nominative singular)
Raginaharją (accusative singular)
Raginaharjai (dative singular)
Raginaharjō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Raginahari

Old English: *Ræġenhere

English: Rayner, Rainer (patronymic surnames)

Old High German: *Reginheri

German: Rainer, Reiner

→ Old French: Rainier, Reinier

French: Rainier, Rénier

desctree

Old Norse: Ragnarr
Icelandic: Ragnar
Faroese: Ragnar
Norwegian: Ragnar
Old Swedish: Ragnar
Swedish: Ragnar
→ Estonian: Ragnar
Old Danish: Ragnar
Danish: Ragner, Regner, Regnar

→ French: Ragnar

From *raginą (“decision, advice, counsel”) + *harjaz (“commander”).


taubrą

taubrą (nominative singular)
taubrō (nominative plural)
taubrą (singular vocative)
taubrō (plural vocative)
taubrą (accusative singular)
taubrō (accusative plural)
taubras (genitive singular)
taubris (genitive singular)
taubrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
taubrai (dative singular)
taubramaz (dative plural)
taubrō (instrumental singular)
taubramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *taubr

Old English: tēafor

Middle English: teapor, *tever

English: tiver

Old Frisian: tāver (> tāveria)

Saterland Frisian: Töäwer, Tover

(West Frisian: thauwerje), staverje

Old Saxon: *tōvar

Middle Low German: tôver; tôveren

German Low German: Töver; tövern

Plautdietsch: Teewa

Old Dutch: *tōvar, *touvar (> toufrere, toufere)

Middle Dutch: tover

Dutch: toverij (> toveren); reintroduction through German Zauber: tover

(→ West Frisian: toverje)

Old High German: zoubar

Middle High German: zouber

German: Zauber

Old Norse: taufr, taufrar

Icelandic: töfrar (plural)

Norwegian: tauvr, tøvr; tauvra, tøvra

Old Swedish: tøfri

Unknown. Perhaps linked to *tawjaną (“to make”).


fawiþō

fawiþō (nominative singular)
fawiþō (singular vocative)
fawiþǭ (accusative singular)
fawiþōz (genitive singular)
fawiþōi (dative singular)
fawiþō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *fawiþu
Old Frisian: fād

Old Norse: fæð
Icelandic: fæð
Faroese: fædd

/ˈɸɑ.wi.θɔː/

the condition of being few; small numbers, fewness


fahaz

fahaz (nominative singular)
fahizō (nominative plural)
fahaz (singular vocative)
fahizō (plural vocative)
fahaz (accusative singular)
fahizō (accusative plural)
fahiziz (genitive singular)
fahizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fahizi (dative singular)
fahizumaz (dative plural)
fahizē (instrumental singular)
fahizumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: fær, *fáʀ — Old East Norse
Icelandic: fær
Faroese: fár
Old Swedish: fār
Swedish: får
Old Danish: far
Danish: får
Norwegian Bokmål: får
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: får

From Proto-Indo-European *póḱ-o-s, from *peḱ- (“to comb; wool, hair”).


haimatjaną

haimatjō (active first-person indicative singular)
haimatjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haimatjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
haimatisi (active indicative second-person singular)
haimatjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haimati (active imperative second-person singular)
haimatjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
haimatjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
haimatiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
haimatjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haimatjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
haimatjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
haimatjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
haimatjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
haimatjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haimatjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haimatjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haimatjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
haimatjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
haimatjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haimatjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
haimatjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
haimatiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
haimatjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haimatiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
haimatjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
haimatjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
haimatjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
haimatjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haimatjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
haimatjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
haimatjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
haimastǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
haimastēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haimastēz (active indicative second-person singular)
haimastēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haimastē (active indicative singular third-person)
haimastēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haimastēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
haimastēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haimastēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haimastēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haimastēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
haimastēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haimastēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
haimastēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haimastēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
haimastēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haimatjandz (active participle present)
haimatidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *haimattjan
Old English: hāmettan
Old High German: *heimezzen, *heimezen
>? Middle High German: heimsen (possibly; 14th century and rare)
German: heimsen, einheimsen

Old Norse: heimta

Icelandic: heimta

Faroese: heinta, heimta

Norwegian Nynorsk: heimta, hemta, henta

Old Swedish: hæmta

Swedish: hämta

Danish: hente

Norwegian Bokmål: hente

→ Scots: hent, hint

→ Old French: hanter (also possibly from Old English)

Middle French: hanter

French: hanter

→ Middle Dutch: hanteren

Dutch: hanteren

→ Middle Low German: hantêren

→ German: hantieren

→ Norwegian Bokmål: håndtere

→ Swedish: hantera

→ Middle English: hanten, haunten

Scots: hant

English: haunt


hansō

hansō (nominative singular)
hansôz (nominative plural)
hansō (singular vocative)
hansôz (plural vocative)
hansǭ (accusative singular)
hansōz (accusative plural)
hansōz (genitive singular)
hansǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hansōi (dative singular)
hansōmaz (dative plural)
hansō (instrumental singular)
hansōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hansu
Old English: hōs
Old Saxon: hansa, *hensa
Middle Low German: hanse, hense (> hensich)
(→ Old Frisian: hensoch)
→ Latin: hansa
→ Old English: *hanse, *hans
⇒ Old English: *hanshūs
→ Medieval Latin: hanshus (Anglo-Latin)
→ English: Hanse
→ French: Hanse

→ English: Hansa
Old Dutch: *hansa, *hensa
Middle Dutch: hanse, hense
Dutch: hanze
Old High German: hansa
Middle High German: hanse, hans
German: Hanse
→ English: Hanse
→ Old French: hanse
Middle French: hanse, hanze
French: hanse
→ Middle English: hanse
English: hanse

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰 (hansa)

→ Proto-Samic: *kuossē (“guest”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kansa (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱómsōd (“union, gathering”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“beside, by, with, along”) + Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”). Cognate with Latin consilium (“council, advisory body”); < *consodium, Russian сосе́д (soséd, “neighbour”).
Alternative etymology suggests possible derivation from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ken-, *(s)kend- (“to split off, secede”). If so, then related to *skinþą.

cog

A gathering, summation, mass, quantity, amount


lēgiþō

lēgiþō (nominative singular)
lēgiþôz (nominative plural)
lēgiþō (singular vocative)
lēgiþôz (plural vocative)
lēgiþǭ (accusative singular)
lēgiþōz (accusative plural)
lēgiþōz (genitive singular)
lēgiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lēgiþōi (dative singular)
lēgiþōmaz (dative plural)
lēgiþō (instrumental singular)
lēgiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German: lēgede

Low German: laide, leide

Old Dutch:

Dutch: laagte

Old Norse: lægð

Icelandic: lægð

Faroese: lægd

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: lægd, (dialectal) lågd

Swedish: lägd, lejd

Danish: lejd, lejde

/ˈlɛː.ɣi.θɔː/


wēgiþō

wēgiþō (nominative singular)
wēgiþō (singular vocative)
wēgiþǭ (accusative singular)
wēgiþōz (genitive singular)
wēgiþōi (dative singular)
wēgiþō (instrumental singular)

Old Norse: vægð

Icelandic: vægð

Norwegian Nynorsk: vægd


geusaną

geusō (active first-person indicative singular)
geusaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
geusai (first-person indicative passive singular)
giusizi (active indicative second-person singular)
geusaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
geus (active imperative second-person singular)
geusazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
geusaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
giusidi (active indicative singular third-person)
geusai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
geusadau (active imperative singular third-person)
geusadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
geusaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
geusōz (active dual first-person indicative)
geusaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
geusadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
geusaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
geusadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
geusamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
geusaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
geusandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
geusaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
giusid (active indicative plural second-person)
geusaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
giusid (active imperative plural second-person)
geusandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
geusaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
geusandi (active indicative plural third-person)
geusain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
geusandau (active imperative plural third-person)
geusandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
geusaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gaus (active first-person indicative singular)
gusį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaust (active indicative second-person singular)
gusīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaus (active indicative singular third-person)
gusī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gusū (active dual first-person indicative)
gusīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gusudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gusīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gusum (active first-person indicative plural)
gusīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gusud (active indicative plural second-person)
gusīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gusun (active indicative plural third-person)
gusīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
geusandz (active participle present)
gusanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *geusan
Middle Dutch: gūsen
Middle Dutch: gusen
Dutch: guizen
⇒ Dutch: verguizen

Old Norse: gjósa

Icelandic: gjósa

Faroese: gjósa

Gutnish: gjausa

Danish: gyse

Uncertain. Possibly representing a sigmatic aorist or s-extension to Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew- (“to pour”).


taugō

taugō (nominative singular)
taugôz (nominative plural)
taugō (singular vocative)
taugôz (plural vocative)
taugǭ (accusative singular)
taugōz (accusative plural)
taugōz (genitive singular)
taugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
taugōi (dative singular)
taugōmaz (dative plural)
taugō (instrumental singular)
taugōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: tēag
Middle English: teye, teȝe, tei, teiȝe, tey, tieghe, tye, tyȝe
English: tie, tye
→ Swazi: thayi
Scots: tie, tee

Old Dutch: *touga

Middle Dutch: toge, toog, tooch

⇒ Middle Dutch: tochener, toichener

Dutch: togenaar (obsolete)

Old Norse: taug; tog n (from *tugą)

Icelandic: taug f; tog n

Faroese: tog n

Norwegian Nynorsk: taug f; tog n, tau

Old Swedish: tugh, togh

Swedish: tåg

Danish: tov, (obsolete) toug

Norwegian Bokmål: tau

→ Proto-Finnic: *tauko (see there for further descendants)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to draw, pull”).


wōdijaz

*wōdijaz (ja-stem)

wōdijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wōdijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wōdijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wōdijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wōdiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wōdijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wōdijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wōdijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wōdijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wōdijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wōdiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wōdijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wōdijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
wōdijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wōdijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wōdijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wōdijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
wōdijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wōdijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wōdijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wōdijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wōdijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wōdijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wōdijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wōdijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wōdijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wōdijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wōdijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wōdijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wōdijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wōdijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wōdijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wōdijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wōdijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wōdijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wōdijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wōdijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wōdijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wōdijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wōdijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wōdijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wōdijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wōdīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wōdijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wōdijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wōdijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wōdīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wōdijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wōdīni (dative masculine singular weak)
wōdijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wōdijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wōdijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wōdīni (dative neuter singular weak)
wōdijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wōdīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wōdijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wōdijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wōdijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wōdīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wōdijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: œðr

Icelandic: væður (v- reintroduced from vaða)


prattuz

prattuz (nominative singular)
prattiwiz (nominative plural)
prattu (singular vocative)
prattiwiz (plural vocative)
prattų (accusative singular)
prattunz (accusative plural)
prattauz (genitive singular)
prattiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
prattiwi (dative singular)
prattumaz (dative plural)
prattū (instrumental singular)
prattumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *prattu

Old English: prætt, præt

Middle English: præt, pret

Scots: pratt, prat, prate, pret

English: prat

Old Frisian: *prat

Saterland Frisian: prat, pret

Old Saxon: *pratt

Middle Low German: pratte

Low German: prot

Old Dutch: *pratt, *prett

desc

Middle Dutch: pratte, prat, parte, perte, pert

Dutch: prat, pret, part

Old Norse: prettr

Icelandic: prettur

Norwegian: prette

→ Scots: prettikin, prattick

Perhaps from pre-Germanic *brod-nú-, from Proto-Indo-European *bred- (“to wander about”). Compare Proto-Slavic *brъditi and Latvian bradāt, both meaning “to talk nonsense”. More at prate, prattle.

der

deceit, trickery, stratagem, list, cunning


kustōną

kustō (active first-person indicative singular)
kustǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kustōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
kustōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kustōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kustō (active imperative second-person singular)
kustōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kustōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kustōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kustō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kustōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kustōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kustōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kustōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kustōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kustōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kustōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kustōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kustōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kustōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kustōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kustōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kustōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kustōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kustōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kustōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kustōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kustōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kustōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kustōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kustōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kustōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kustōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kustōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kustōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kustōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kustōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
kustōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kustōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kustōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kustōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kustōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kustōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kustōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kustōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kustōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kustōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kustōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kustōndz (active participle present)
kustōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kostōn
Old English: costian, costnian
Middle English: costnien; bicasten (partially)
English: costen; becast, cast about
Old Frisian: *kostia
Saterland Frisian: kostje
Old Saxon: kostōn
Middle Low German: kosten
Old Dutch: *kosten
Middle Dutch: *costen
Dutch: kosten ("to taste", archaic)
Old High German: kostōn
Middle High German: kosten
German: kosten
Mòcheno: kostn
→ Polish: kosztować

Old Norse: kosta

Icelandic: kosta

Swedish: kosta


metōną

metō (active first-person indicative singular)
metǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
metōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
metōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
metōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
metō (active imperative second-person singular)
metōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
metōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
metōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
metō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
metōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
metōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
metōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
metōs (active dual first-person indicative)
metōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
metōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
metōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
metōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
metōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
metōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
metōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
metōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
metōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
metōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
metōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
metōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
metōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
metōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
metōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
metōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
metōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
metōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
metōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
metōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
metōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
metōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
metōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
metōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
metōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
metōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
metōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
metōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
metōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
metōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
metōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
metōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
metōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
metōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
metōndz (active participle present)
metōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: metegian, metgian, metian

Old Frisian: metigia

Old High German: mezzōn

Middle High German: mezzen

German: messen (merged with other verbs)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌽 (mitōn)

From Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to think about, reason, decide”). Cognate with Latin meditor (“think, reflect, consider”).


rīmaną

rīmō (active first-person indicative singular)
rīmaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rīmai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rīmizi (active indicative second-person singular)
rīmaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rīm (active imperative second-person singular)
rīmazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rīmaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rīmidi (active indicative singular third-person)
rīmai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rīmadau (active imperative singular third-person)
rīmadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rīmaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rīmōz (active dual first-person indicative)
rīmaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rīmadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rīmaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rīmadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rīmamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rīmaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rīmandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rīmaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rīmid (active indicative plural second-person)
rīmaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rīmid (active imperative plural second-person)
rīmandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rīmaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rīmandi (active indicative plural third-person)
rīmain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rīmandau (active imperative plural third-person)
rīmandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rīmaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raim (active first-person indicative singular)
rimį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raimt (active indicative second-person singular)
rimīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raim (active indicative singular third-person)
rimī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rimū (active dual first-person indicative)
rimīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rimudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rimīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rimum (active first-person indicative plural)
rimīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rimud (active indicative plural second-person)
rimīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rimun (active indicative plural third-person)
rimīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rīmandz (active participle present)
rimanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rīman
Old English: rīman
Middle English: rimen
English: rime, rhyme
Scots: rime, rhyme
Old Frisian: *rīma
⇒ Saterland Frisian: riemje
West Frisian: rime, rymje
Old Saxon: *rīman
Middle Low German: rîmen
German Low German: riemen
Old Dutch: *rīman
Middle Dutch: rimen
Dutch: rijmen
→ Vulgar Latin: *rīmāre
Old French: rimer
Middle French: rimer
French: rimer
Old High German: *rīman
Middle High German: reimen
German: reimen
Luxembourgish: reimen

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂rey- (“to customise, regulate, order, count, add”). Cognate with Latin reor (“calculate, count, reckon, think”).


etǭ

etǭ (nominative singular)
etōniz (nominative plural)
etǭ (singular vocative)
etōniz (plural vocative)
etōnų (accusative singular)
etōnunz (accusative plural)
etōniz (genitive singular)
etōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
etōni (dative singular)
etōmaz (dative plural)
etōnē (instrumental singular)
etōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: eta, jata

Icelandic: jata

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: ete

Old Swedish: iæta


hlustiz

hlustiz (nominative singular)
hlustīz (nominative plural)
hlusti (singular vocative)
hlustīz (plural vocative)
hlustį (accusative singular)
hlustinz (accusative plural)
hlustīz (genitive singular)
hlustijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlustī (dative singular)
hlustimaz (dative plural)
hlustī (instrumental singular)
hlustimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hlyst

Middle English: lust, list

English: list

Old Frisian: hlest

Old Saxon: hlust

Middle Low German: lust

Old Dutch: *hlust, *lust

Middle Dutch: lust

Old Norse: hlust

Icelandic: hlust

Faroese: lust

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew- (“to hear”). Cognate with Sanskrit श्रुष्टि (śruṣṭi). Related to Irish cluas (“ear”), Latin clueō (“be spoken of, be reputed”).


herdō

herdō (nominative singular)
herdôz (nominative plural)
herdō (singular vocative)
herdôz (plural vocative)
herdǭ (accusative singular)
herdōz (accusative plural)
herdōz (genitive singular)
herdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
herdōi (dative singular)
herdōmaz (dative plural)
herdō (instrumental singular)
herdōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *herdu
Old English: heord, hierd
Middle English: heorde, herde, heerde
English: herd
Scots: hird, herd
Old Frisian: *herde; (herdere)
(West Frisian: harder, hoeder)
Old Saxon: herda
Middle Low German: hērde, hirde
German Low German: Heerde
Old Dutch: *herda
Middle Dutch: herde, harde, hāerde, hēerde, hirde
Old High German: herta
Middle High German: hërt
German: Herde
Luxembourgish: Häerd
→ Old French: herde
Middle French: harde
French: harde

Old Norse: hjǫrð
Icelandic: hjörð
Faroese: hjørð
Norwegian: hjord
Old Swedish: hiorþ
Swedish: hjord
Danish: hjord

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰 (hairda)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱerdʰ- (“file, row, herd”). Cognate with Russian череда́ (čeredá, “train, sequence”).


erǭ

erǭ (nominative singular)
erōniz (nominative plural)
erǭ (singular vocative)
erōniz (plural vocative)
erōnų (accusative singular)
erōnunz (accusative plural)
erōniz (genitive singular)
erōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
erōni (dative singular)
erōmaz (dative plural)
erōnē (instrumental singular)
erōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: jara

Icelandic: jara (poetic, rare)


kradô

kradô (nominative singular)
kradaniz (nominative plural)
kradô (singular vocative)
kradaniz (plural vocative)
kradanų (accusative singular)
krattunz (accusative plural)
krattaz (genitive singular)
krattǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kradini (dative singular)
kradummaz (dative plural)
krattē (instrumental singular)
kradummiz (instrumental plural)

(Old English: crat, cræt n)

(Middle English: kart, cart)

(English: cart)

Old Frisian: *krat, *kret

West Frisian: kret

Old Dutch: *kratto, *kratta

Middle Dutch: cratte

Dutch: krat, kret

→ English: crate

desc

Old High German: kratto, chratto, kretto, krezzo, chrezzo

Middle High German: kratte, krazze, kretze, krezze

German: Kratten, Krätze, Kretze

From Pre-Germanic *grotHón-, from Proto-Indo-European *gretH- (“to tie”). Cognate with Sanskrit ग्रथ्नाति (grathnāti, “to tie, string together”).


jaatjaną

jaatjō (active first-person indicative singular)
jaatjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
jaatjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
jaatisi (active indicative second-person singular)
jaatjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
jaati (active imperative second-person singular)
jaatjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
jaatjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
jaatiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
jaatjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
jaatjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
jaatjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
jaatjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
jaatjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
jaatjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
jaatjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
jaatjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
jaatjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
jaatjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
jaatjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
jaatjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
jaatjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
jaatiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
jaatjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
jaatiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
jaatjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
jaatjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
jaatjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
jaatjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
jaatjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
jaatjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
jaatjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
jaastǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
jaastēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
jaastēz (active indicative second-person singular)
jaastēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
jaastē (active indicative singular third-person)
jaastēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
jaastēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
jaastēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
jaastēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
jaastēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
jaastēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
jaastēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
jaastēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
jaastēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
jaastēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
jaastēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
jaatjandz (active participle present)
jaatidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *jaattjan, *jāttjan
Old English: ġēatan
Middle English: ȝeaten, ȝaten, yeten
Old Frisian: gēta, gāta
⇒? Saterland Frisian: bijeedje
⇒? West Frisian: itigje, ytsje
Old Dutch: *jāetten, *jātten, *jāten
⇒? Middle Dutch: jaet (adverb, particle, interjection)
Old High German: jāezzen, jāzen
Middle High German: jāzen
⇒ Middle High German: bejāzen
⇒ Middle High German: verjāzen, verjāgen
⇒ Old High German: gijāezzen, gijāzen

Old Norse: játa, játta

Icelandic: játa

Faroese: játta

Norwegian Nynorsk: jata, jatta

Old Swedish: iǣt(t)a, iāt(t)a

Old Danish: jate

Danish: jætte, jatte; ⇒ forjætte

Norwegian Bokmål: jatte; forjette

to say ‘yes’, assent (to), consent, confirm, grant


ētijaz

*ētijaz (ja-stem)

ētijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
ētijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
ētijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
ētijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ētiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
ētijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
ētijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
ētijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
ētijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
ētijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ētiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
ētijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
ētijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
ētijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
ētijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
ētijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
ētijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
ētijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
ētijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
ētijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
ētijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
ētijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
ētijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
ētijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
ētijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
ētijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
ētijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
ētijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
ētijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
ētijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ētijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
ētijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
ētijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
ētijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
ētijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
ētijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
ētijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
ētijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
ētijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
ētijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
ētijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
ētijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ētīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
ētijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
ētijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
ētijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ētīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
ētijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
ētīni (dative masculine singular weak)
ētijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
ētijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
ētijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
ētīni (dative neuter singular weak)
ētijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
ētīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
ētijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
ētijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
ētijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
ētīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
ētijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: *ǣte, miċelǣte, oferǣte

Old Saxon: *āti

Middle Low German: ēte

Old High German: *āzi

Middle High German: ǣze

Old Norse: ætr

Icelandic: ætur

Norwegian Nynorsk: -æt

From the same Proto-Indo-European [Term?] word as Sanskrit आद्य (ādyá). Equivalent to *etaną + *-ijaz.


faigijaz

*faigijaz (ja-stem)

faigijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
faigijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
faigijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
faigijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
faigiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
faigijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
faigijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
faigijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
faigijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
faigijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
faigiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
faigijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
faigijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
faigijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
faigijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
faigijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
faigijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
faigijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
faigijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
faigijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
faigijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
faigijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
faigijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
faigijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
faigijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
faigijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
faigijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
faigijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
faigijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
faigijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
faigijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
faigijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
faigijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
faigijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
faigijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
faigijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
faigijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
faigijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
faigijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
faigijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
faigijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
faigijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
faigīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
faigijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
faigijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
faigijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
faigīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
faigijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
faigīni (dative masculine singular weak)
faigijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
faigijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
faigijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
faigīni (dative neuter singular weak)
faigijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
faigīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
faigijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
faigijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
faigijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
faigīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
faigijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *faigī
Old English: fǣġe
Middle English: fey, feye, fay, faie, veie, veye, faye, fei, vey; fæie, væie, fæy, feiȝe, vaiȝe, feaye (Early Middle English)
English: fey, fay
Scots: fey
Old Saxon: fēgi
Middle Low German: veige
Old Dutch: *fēgi
Middle Dutch: vege
Dutch: veeg
Old High German: feigi
Middle High German: veige
Alemannic German: fiig
German: feige, feig (colloquial or poetic)

Old Norse: feigr, ᚠᛆᛁᚴᛁᚭᚿ (faikiąn) — Rök runestone
Icelandic: feigur
Faroese: feigur
Norwegian: feig; (dialectal) feig’u, feig’e, feg
Old Swedish: fēgher
Swedish: feg
Old Danish: fegh
Danish: fej, fejg
Norwegian Bokmål: feig

→? Proto-Finnic: *peijeh (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: váiggas

Southern Sami: faajkes

Probably related to one of the forms of *faihaz (“hostile”) or ("colored"), with the latter potentially indicating a meaning of "marked for death".


faigiþō

faigiþō (nominative singular)
faigiþôz (nominative plural)
faigiþō (singular vocative)
faigiþôz (plural vocative)
faigiþǭ (accusative singular)
faigiþōz (accusative plural)
faigiþōz (genitive singular)
faigiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
faigiþōi (dative singular)
faigiþōmaz (dative plural)
faigiþō (instrumental singular)
faigiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *faigiþu
Old English: fǣġþ

Old Norse: feigð
Icelandic: feigð
Faroese: feigð, feigd
Norwegian Nynorsk: feigd
Swedish: fegd

/ˈɸɑi̯.ɣi.θɔː/


landijaną

landijō (active first-person indicative singular)
landijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
landijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
landīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
landijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
landī (active imperative second-person singular)
landijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
landijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
landīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
landijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
landijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
landijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
landijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
landijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
landijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
landijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
landijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
landijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
landijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
landijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
landijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
landijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
landīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
landijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
landīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
landijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
landijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
landijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
landijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
landijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
landijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
landijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
landidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
landidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
landidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
landidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
landidē (active indicative singular third-person)
landidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
landidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
landidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
landidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
landidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
landidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
landidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
landidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
landidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
landidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
landidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
landijandz (active participle present)
landidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *landijan
Old English: lendan
Middle English: lenden, leende, leind, lend, lende, lendyn, leynd, leynde, lyende, lynde
Old Frisian: *lenda
⇒ Old Frisian: onlenda, undlenda
Old Saxon: *lendian
Middle Low German: lenden
Old Dutch: *lenden
Middle Dutch: lenden
⇒ Middle Dutch: belenden
Dutch: belenden
Old High German: lenten
Middle High German: lenten, lenden, leinten
German: länden (obsolete)

Old Norse: lenda

Icelandic: lenda

Faroese: lenda

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: lende

Old Swedish: lænda

Swedish: lända (obsolete), landa

Old Danish: lændhe

Danish: lænde (obsolete), lande


hwarbijaną

hwarbijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwarbijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwarbijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwarbīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwarbijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwarbī (active imperative second-person singular)
hwarbijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwarbijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwarbīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwarbijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwarbijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwarbijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwarbijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwarbijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hwarbijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwarbijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwarbijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwarbijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwarbijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwarbijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwarbijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwarbijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwarbīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hwarbijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwarbīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hwarbijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwarbijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwarbijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwarbijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwarbijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwarbijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwarbijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwarbidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hwarbidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwarbidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hwarbidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwarbidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hwarbidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwarbidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwarbidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwarbidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwarbidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwarbidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwarbidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwarbidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwarbidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwarbidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwarbidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwarbijandz (active participle present)
hwarbidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwarbijan
Old English: hwierfan
Old Saxon: hwerbian
Old High German: werban

Old Norse: hverfa

Icelandic: hverfa

Faroese: hvørva

Norwegian: kverve

Old Danish: hwærfæ

Danish: hverve, hverre


niitjaną

niitjō (active first-person indicative singular)
niitjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
niitjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
niitisi (active indicative second-person singular)
niitjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
niiti (active imperative second-person singular)
niitjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
niitjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
niitiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
niitjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
niitjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
niitjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
niitjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
niitjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
niitjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
niitjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
niitjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
niitjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
niitjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
niitjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
niitjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
niitjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
niitiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
niitjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
niitiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
niitjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
niitjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
niitjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
niitjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
niitjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
niitjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
niitjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
niistǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
niistēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
niistēz (active indicative second-person singular)
niistēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
niistē (active indicative singular third-person)
niistēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
niistēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
niistēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
niistēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
niistēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
niistēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
niistēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
niistēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
niistēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
niistēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
niistēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
niitjandz (active participle present)
niitidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: nǣtan (< *naitijaną)

Old Norse: níta; neita (< *naitijaną)

Icelandic: neita

→ Middle English: niten; naiten

Scots: nyte, nite

English: nait


marǭ

marǭ (nominative singular)
marōniz (nominative plural)
marǭ (singular vocative)
marōniz (plural vocative)
marōnų (accusative singular)
marōnunz (accusative plural)
marōniz (genitive singular)
marōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
marōni (dative singular)
marōmaz (dative plural)
marōnē (instrumental singular)
marōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *marā
Old English: mare
Middle English: mare
Scots: mare, mair
English: mare
Old Saxon: *mara
Middle Low German: māre, mar m
Old Dutch: *mara
Middle Dutch: māre
Dutch: mare, maar
Old High German: mara
Middle High German: mare, mar
German: Mahr

Old Norse: mara

Icelandic: mara

Norwegian: mara, mare

Old Swedish: mara

Swedish: mara

Danish: mare

From Proto-Indo-European *mor- (“malicious female spirit”), from *mer- (“to die”). Cognate with Serbo-Croatian мо̏ра (“nightmare”), Old Irish Morrígan (“phantom queen”).


nakwōną

nakwō (active first-person indicative singular)
nakwǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nakwōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
nakwōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
nakwōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nakwō (active imperative second-person singular)
nakwōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
nakwōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
nakwōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
nakwō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nakwōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
nakwōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
nakwōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
nakwōs (active dual first-person indicative)
nakwōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nakwōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nakwōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nakwōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
nakwōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
nakwōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nakwōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
nakwōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
nakwōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
nakwōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nakwōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
nakwōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
nakwōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
nakwōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
nakwōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nakwōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
nakwōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
nakwōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
nakwōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
nakwōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nakwōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
nakwōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nakwōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
nakwōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nakwōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
nakwōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nakwōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nakwōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nakwōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
nakwōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nakwōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
nakwōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nakwōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
nakwōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nakwōndz (active participle present)
nakwōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *nakōn

Old English: nacian; (nacod)

Middle English: naken; (naked)

Scots: nake; (nakit)

English: nake; (naked)

⇒ Middle English: nakenen

English: naken

Old Frisian: *nakja; (naked, naket)

Old Saxon: *nakōn; (*nakot)

(Middle Low German: nāket)

Old Dutch: *nakōn; (*nakot)

(Middle Dutch: nāket, naect)

(Dutch: naakt)

Old High German: *nakōn, *nachōn; (nakot, nacot, naccot, nackot, nachot, nahhut)

Middle High German: nacken (naket, nacket)

(German: nackt)

⇒ Middle High German: entnacken

Old Norse: nǫkkva, nøkkva

Icelandic: nökkva

Old Swedish: nakuðer

/ˈnɑ.kʷɔː.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *negʷ- (“naked”).


wrītaną

wrītō (active first-person indicative singular)
wrītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wrītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wrītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wrītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wrīt (active imperative second-person singular)
wrītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wrītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wrītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wrītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wrītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wrītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wrītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wrītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wrītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wrītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wrītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wrītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wrītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wrītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wrītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wrītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wrītid (active indicative plural second-person)
wrītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wrītid (active imperative plural second-person)
wrītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wrītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wrītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wrītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wrītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wrītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wrait (active first-person indicative singular)
writį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wraist (active indicative second-person singular)
writīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wrait (active indicative singular third-person)
writī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
writū (active dual first-person indicative)
writīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
writudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
writīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
writum (active first-person indicative plural)
writīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
writud (active indicative plural second-person)
writīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
writun (active indicative plural third-person)
writīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrītandz (active participle present)
writanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wrītan
Old English: wrītan
Middle English: writen
English: write
Scots: writ, wryte, wret
Old Frisian: wrīta
Saterland Frisian: riete
West Frisian: write
Old Saxon: wrītan
Middle Low German: wrîten
German Low German: rieten
Low German: rieten, reeten (Westmünsterland)
Old Dutch: *wrītan
Middle Dutch: writen
Dutch: wrijten
Old High German: rīzan, ᚹᚱᚨᛁᛏ (wrait), ᚹᚱᚨᛖᛏ (wraet)
Middle High German: rīzen
German: reißen
→ Danish: ridse
Luxembourgish: räissen
→ Polish: rysować
→ Belarusian: рысава́ць (rysavácʹ)
→ Russian: рисова́ть (risovátʹ)
→ Ukrainian: рисува́ти (rysuváty)

Proto-Norse: ᚹᚱᚨᛁᛏᚨ (wraita), ᚹᚨᚱᛡᛁᛏ (warᴀit), ᚹᚨᚱᛁᛏᚢ (waritu)

Old Norse: ríta; rita

Icelandic: rita

Faroese: rita

Norwegian: rita

Old Swedish: rita

Swedish: rita

Of unclear origin.
Kroonen derives the root from a Proto-Indo-European *wreyd-, with no known cognates outside of Germanic.
Pokorny and Lehmann suggest that the root is a d-extension of a Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to cut, scratch”), for which see Old Armenian գիր (gir, “letter; writing”) for more possible cognates. Latin rīma (“cleft, crack”) may also continue this same root.


hūdijaną

hūdijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hūdijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hūdijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hūdīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hūdijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hūdī (active imperative second-person singular)
hūdijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hūdijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hūdīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hūdijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hūdijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hūdijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hūdijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hūdijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hūdijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hūdijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hūdijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hūdijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hūdijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hūdijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hūdijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hūdijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hūdīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hūdijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hūdīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hūdijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hūdijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hūdijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hūdijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hūdijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hūdijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hūdijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hūdidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hūdidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hūdidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hūdidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hūdidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hūdidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hūdidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hūdidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hūdidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hūdidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hūdidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hūdidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hūdidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hūdidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hūdidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hūdidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hūdijandz (active participle present)
hūdidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hūdijan
Old English: hȳdan
Middle English: huden, hyden, hiden
English: hide
Scots: hide, hyde
Old Frisian: hūda, hēda
Old Saxon: *hūdian
Middle Low German: hü̂den
Low German: hüden
⇒ Low German: verhüden
Old Dutch: *hūden
Middle Dutch: huden
Dutch: huiden

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewdʰ- (“to cover, encase”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to hide, wrap up, conceal”). Cognate with Welsh cuddio (“hide”), Latin cū̆stōs (“guard, protector”), Ancient Greek κεύθω (keúthō, “to conceal”).


wartǭ

wartǭ (nominative singular)
wartōniz (nominative plural)
wartǭ (singular vocative)
wartōniz (plural vocative)
wartōnų (accusative singular)
wartōnunz (accusative plural)
wartōniz (genitive singular)
wartōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wartōni (dative singular)
wartōmaz (dative plural)
wartōnē (instrumental singular)
wartōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wearte

Middle English: warte, wrette, werte

English: wart, wrot (dialectal)

Scots: wrat

Old Frisian: warte, worte

Saterland Frisian: Wotte, Woote

West Frisian: wart

Old Saxon: warta, *wratta

Middle Low German: warte, worte, wratte

Low German: Waart, Wratt

Old Dutch: *warta, wratt

Middle Dutch: wratte, warte, worte

Dutch: wrat

⇒ Afrikaans: vratjie

Old High German: warza, werza

Middle High German: warze, werze

Cimbrian: bèertza

German: Warze

Hunsrik: Waarz

Luxembourgish: Waarzel

Old Norse: varta

Icelandic: varta

Faroese: vørta (“nipple”)

Norwegian Bokmål: vorte

Norwegian Nynorsk: vorte

Old Swedish: varta

Swedish: vårta

Old Danish: wartæ

Danish: vorte

From Proto-Indo-European *wers-. Cognate with Latin verrūca (“high place; excrescence, wart”), Lithuanian viršus (“top”), Old Church Slavonic врьхъ (vrĭxŭ, “top, peak”), Ancient Greek ἕρμα (hérma, “reef, rock, hill”), Sanskrit वर्ष्मन् (varṣman, “protrusion, summit, peak, top, vertex”).


hulōną

hulō (active first-person indicative singular)
hulǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hulōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hulōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hulōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hulō (active imperative second-person singular)
hulōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hulōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hulōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hulō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hulōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hulōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hulōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hulōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hulōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hulōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hulōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hulōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hulōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hulōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hulōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hulōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hulōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hulōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hulōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hulōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hulōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hulōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hulōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hulōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hulōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hulōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hulōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hulōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hulōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hulōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hulōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hulōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hulōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hulōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hulōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hulōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hulōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hulōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hulōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hulōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hulōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hulōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hulōndz (active participle present)
hulōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *holōn

Old English: holian

Middle English: holen

English: hole

Old Saxon: *holōn

Middle Low German: holen

Old Dutch: *holon

Middle Dutch: holen

Dutch: holen (obsolete), hollen (backformed to the adjective)

Old High German: holōn

Middle High German: holen

Old Norse: hola

Icelandic: hola

Gothic: *𐌷𐌿𐌻𐍉𐌽 (*hulōn)

Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌷𐌿𐌻𐍉𐌽 (ushulōn)

From *hulaz (“hollow”) + *-ōną, or *hulą (“hole”) + *-ōną.


kulþaz

kulþaz (nominative singular)
kulþōz (nominative plural)
kulþōs (nominative plural)
kulþ (singular vocative)
kulþōz (plural vocative)
kulþōs (plural vocative)
kulþą (accusative singular)
kulþanz (accusative plural)
kulþas (genitive singular)
kulþis (genitive singular)
kulþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kulþai (dative singular)
kulþamaz (dative plural)
kulþō (instrumental singular)
kulþamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: *kollr (kollʀ in a runic inscription)

Norwegian: kull

Old Swedish: kulder, kolder

Swedish: kull, kulla

Danish: kuld

Jutish: kold


flaiski

flaiski (nominative singular)
flaiskī (nominative plural)
flaiski (singular vocative)
flaiskī (plural vocative)
flaiski (accusative singular)
flaiskī (accusative plural)
flaiskīz (genitive singular)
flaiskijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flaiskī (dative singular)
flaiskimaz (dative plural)
flaiskī (instrumental singular)
flaiskimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *flaiski
Old English: flǣsċ
Middle English: flesh
English: flesh
Scots: flesch
Yola: vleash, vlesh
Old Frisian: flāsk, flēsk
North Frisian:
Mooring: flååsch
Saterland Frisian: Flaask
West Frisian: fleis
Old Saxon: flēsk
Middle Low German: vlêsk, vlêsch, vlês
German Low German: (Can we clean up⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)
Low Prussian: Sauerländisch (Olpe, Wenden): Fleisch
Märkisch (Altmärkisch), Westphalian (Bentheimisch): Fleesch
Märkisch (Altmärkisch), Westphalian (Westmünsterländisch): Fleesk
Westphalian:
Bentheimisch (Grafschaf), Sauerländisch (Sündern, Balve, Eslohe, Attendorn, Drolshagen, Kirchhundem): Fläis
Bentheimisch (Grafschaf), Westmünsterländisch: Flees
East Westphalian (Ravensberg), Sauerländisch: Fläisk
East Westphalian: Floisk (Lippe)
Sauerländisch: Flääsk (Niedersfeld), Flais (Felbecke, Elspe)
Plautdietsch: Fleesch
Old Dutch: flēsc
Middle Dutch: vlêesch
Dutch: vlees
Afrikaans: vleis
Negerhollands: vleesch, fleis, vleis
→ West Frisian: fleis
Limburgish: vleisj
Old High German: fleisk
Middle High German: fleisch, fleis, vleisch
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Floisch
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: vlòas, blòas, vlaisch
Central Franconian: Fleesch, Fleisch, Flääsch
Hunsrik: Fleisch
Luxembourgish: Fleesch
German: Fleisch
Rhine Franconian: Flaasch, Flaisch, Fleesch
Pennsylvania German: Fleesch
Vilamovian: fłaś
Yiddish: פֿלייש (fleysh)

Old Norse: fleski, flesk

Icelandic: fleski, flesk

Faroese: flesk

Norwegian: flesk

Old Swedish: flæsk

Swedish: fläsk

→ Finnish: läski

Old Danish: flæsk

Danish: flæsk

From Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁ḱ- (“to tear, peel off”).