warōną

warō (active first-person indicative singular)
warǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
warōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
warōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
warōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
warō (active imperative second-person singular)
warōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
warōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
warōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
warō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
warōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
warōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
warōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
warōs (active dual first-person indicative)
warōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
warōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
warōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
warōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
warōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
warōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
warōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
warōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
warōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
warōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
warōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
warōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
warōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
warōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
warōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
warōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
warōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
warōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
warōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
warōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
warōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
warōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
warōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
warōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
warōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
warōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
warōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
warōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
warōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
warōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
warōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
warōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
warōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
warōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
warōndz (active participle present)
warōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *warōn
Old English: warian, werian
Middle English: warien, waren
Scots: war, ware
English: ware
Old Frisian: waria, weria
Saterland Frisian: woarje
West Frisian: warje
Old Saxon: warōn
Middle Low German: wāren
German Low German: wahren
Old Dutch: *waron
Middle Dutch: wāren
Old High German: warōn
Middle High German: waren, warn
German: wahren
→ Slovene: varati (dialectal)
→ Serbo-Croatian: varati
→ Vulgar Latin: *warāre
Old French: warer, garer
Middle French: guerrer, garrer
French: garer; garage
→ Dutch: garage
→ English: garage
→ Portuguese: garagem
Occitan: guarer, garar

Old Norse: vara

Icelandic: vara

Faroese: vara

Norwegian: vare

Old Swedish: vara

Swedish: vara

Danish: vare

From Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to become aware of, heed”). Equivalent to *waraz (“cautious”) + *-ōną.


dewaną

dewō (active first-person indicative singular)
dewaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dewai (first-person indicative passive singular)
diwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dewaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dew (active imperative second-person singular)
dewazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dewaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
diwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dewai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dewadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dewadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dewaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dewōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dewaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dewadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dewaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dewadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dewamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dewaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dewandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dewaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
diwid (active indicative plural second-person)
dewaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
diwid (active imperative plural second-person)
dewandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dewaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dewandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dewain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dewandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dewandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dewaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
daw (active first-person indicative singular)
dēwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dawt (active indicative second-person singular)
dēwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
daw (active indicative singular third-person)
dēwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dēwū (active dual first-person indicative)
dēwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dēwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dēwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dēwum (active first-person indicative plural)
dēwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dēwud (active indicative plural second-person)
dēwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dēwun (active indicative plural third-person)
dēwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dewandz (active participle present)
dewanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽 (diwan)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰew-, *dʰwey- (“to die”). Cognate with Latin fūnus (“funeral, burial, death, murder”).


dawjaną

dawjō (active first-person indicative singular)
dawjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dawjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dawisi (active indicative second-person singular)
dawjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dawi (active imperative second-person singular)
dawjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dawjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dawiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dawjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dawjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dawjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dawjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dawjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dawjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dawjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dawjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dawjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dawjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dawjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dawjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dawjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dawiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dawjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dawiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dawjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dawjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dawjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dawjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dawjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dawjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dawjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dōw (active first-person indicative singular)
dōwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dōwt (active indicative second-person singular)
dōwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dōw (active indicative singular third-person)
dōwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dōwū (active dual first-person indicative)
dōwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dōwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dōwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dōwum (active first-person indicative plural)
dōwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dōwud (active indicative plural second-person)
dōwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dōwun (active indicative plural third-person)
dōwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dawjandz (active participle present)
dawanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dauwjan
Old English: *dīeġan
Middle English: deyen, deȝen, dien, deien, digen, degen, deghen, deȝen
English: die, dye
→ Vietnamese: đai
Geordie English: dee
Scots: de, dee, dey
Yola: dee
Old Frisian: deia, deja
Old Saxon: dōian
Middle Low German: doeien
Low German: döen
Old Dutch: *douwen, *dōien
Middle Dutch: douwen, dôyen
Old High German: touwen, tewen
Middle High German: touwen, töuwen

Old Norse: deyja
Middle English: deyen
English: die
Icelandic: deyja
Faroese: doyggja
Norwegian Nynorsk: døy, døya
Dalecarlian:
Mora: däja
Elfdalian: däia, däa
Old Swedish: dø̄ia
Swedish: dö
Old Danish: dø̄
Scanian: dǿja
Danish: dø
Norwegian Bokmål: dø
Old Gutnish: doyia
Gutnish: dåie, dåi, doä

Compared with Proto-Indo-European *dʰew-, and *dʰweh₂-, but Kroonen prefers to connect it with Hittite [script needed] (tuḫḫušzi, “to end”), from *dʰuH-.


lūtaną

lūtō (active first-person indicative singular)
lūtaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lūtai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lūtizi (active indicative second-person singular)
lūtaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lūt (active imperative second-person singular)
lūtazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lūtaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lūtidi (active indicative singular third-person)
lūtai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lūtadau (active imperative singular third-person)
lūtadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lūtaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lūtōz (active dual first-person indicative)
lūtaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lūtadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lūtaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lūtadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lūtamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lūtaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lūtandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lūtaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lūtid (active indicative plural second-person)
lūtaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lūtid (active imperative plural second-person)
lūtandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lūtaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lūtandi (active indicative plural third-person)
lūtain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lūtandau (active imperative plural third-person)
lūtandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lūtaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laut (active first-person indicative singular)
lutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laust (active indicative second-person singular)
lutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laut (active indicative singular third-person)
lutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lutū (active dual first-person indicative)
lutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lutum (active first-person indicative plural)
lutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lutud (active indicative plural second-person)
lutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lutun (active indicative plural third-person)
lutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lūtandz (active participle present)
lutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lūtan
Old English: lūtan
Middle English: louten
Scots: loot, lout
English: lout

Old Norse: lúta

Icelandic: lúta

Faroese: lúta

Norwegian: lute

Old Swedish: lūta

Swedish: luta

Danish: lude

Elfdalian: lauta

From Proto-Indo-European *lewd- (“to duck, crouch, feign, cringe, become small”).


kazą

kazą (nominative singular)
kazō (nominative plural)
kazą (singular vocative)
kazō (plural vocative)
kazą (accusative singular)
kazō (accusative plural)
kazas (genitive singular)
kazis (genitive singular)
kazǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kazai (dative singular)
kazamaz (dative plural)
kazō (instrumental singular)
kazamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kaʀ
Old English: *cær
⇒? Old English: *buncær (first element uncertain)
Early Scots: bonker, bunkur, bunker (possibly)
Scots: bunker
→ English: bunker
Old Saxon: *kar
Middle Low German: kar, kare
Old Dutch: *kar
Middle Dutch: car, care, caer
Dutch: kaar
Old High German: kar
Middle High German: kar
German: Kar (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: ker
Icelandic: ker
Faroese: ker
Norwegian Nynorsk: kjer
Norwegian Bokmål: kjer
Old Swedish: kar
Swedish: kar
Old Danish: kar
Danish: kar
Norwegian Bokmål: kar
→ Icelandic: kar
→ Faroese: kar
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kar

Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐍃 (kas)

→ Proto-Samic: *kārē

Kildin Sami: ка̄ррь (kārr’)

Northern Sami: gárri

Southern Sami: gaerie

Of unknown origin.
Traditionally derived from a Proto-Germanic *kas- (“to throw, toss, raise, bring up”), itself of uncertain origin (see also *kastōną (“to throw”)), though Kroonen rejects this on phonetic grounds. Other theories connecting the word to Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (“bowl, vessel”) (whence Proto-Germanic *hweraz (“kettle”) and Proto-Celtic *kʷaryos (“cauldron”)) are semantically attractive, but phonetically impossible via inherited sound laws (thus, if related, a borrowing must have taken place).
Orel prefers to take the root as a cultural loanword, ultimately from Proto-Semitic *kaʔs- (“beaker, goblet”).


wītaną

wītō (active first-person indicative singular)
wītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wīt (active imperative second-person singular)
wītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wītid (active indicative plural second-person)
wītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wītid (active imperative plural second-person)
wītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wait (active first-person indicative singular)
witį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waist (active indicative second-person singular)
witīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wait (active indicative singular third-person)
witī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
witū (active dual first-person indicative)
witīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
witudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
witīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
witum (active first-person indicative plural)
witīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
witud (active indicative plural second-person)
witīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
witun (active indicative plural third-person)
witīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wītandz (active participle present)
witanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wītan
Old English: wītan
Middle English: wīten, wyten
Scots: wyte
English: wite
Old Frisian: wīta
Saterland Frisian: wiete
Old Saxon: wītan
Middle Low German: wīten
Old Dutch: wītan
Middle Dutch: witen
Dutch: wijten
Limburgish: wiete
Old High German: wīzan, wīzzan
Middle High German: wīzen
German: weisen
→ German Low German: wiesen
→ Old French: *guider, guier (also possibly from Gothic)
Middle French: guider
French: guider
→ Middle English: guiden, giden, gyden; guien, gien, gyen
English: guide; guy
→ Occitan: guidar, guizar
→ Italian: guidare
→ Spanish: guiar
→ Portuguese: guiar

Old Norse: víta

Icelandic: víta

Old Swedish: vīta

Gothic: *𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (*weitan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (inweitan)

From Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to see; look; look for; find”).


kreupaną

kreupō (active first-person indicative singular)
kreupaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kreupai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kriupizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kreupaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kreup (active imperative second-person singular)
kreupazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kreupaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kriupidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kreupai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kreupadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kreupadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kreupaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kreupōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kreupaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kreupadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kreupaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kreupadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kreupamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kreupaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kreupandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kreupaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kriupid (active indicative plural second-person)
kreupaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kriupid (active imperative plural second-person)
kreupandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kreupaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kreupandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kreupain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kreupandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kreupandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kreupaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kraup (active first-person indicative singular)
krupį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
krauft (active indicative second-person singular)
krupīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kraup (active indicative singular third-person)
krupī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krupū (active dual first-person indicative)
krupīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krupudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krupīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krupum (active first-person indicative plural)
krupīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krupud (active indicative plural second-person)
krupīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krupun (active indicative plural third-person)
krupīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kreupandz (active participle present)
krupanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kreupan
Old English: crēopan
Middle English: crepen
Scots: crepe, creip
English: creep
Old Frisian: krūpa, kriāpa, kriēpa, krēpa
Old East Frisian: crjippa
Saterland Frisian: kjoope
West Frisian: krippe, krûpe
Old Saxon: kriopan
Middle Low German: krēpen, krūpen
Low German: krepen, krupen
Old Dutch: *crūpan
Middle Dutch: crupen
Dutch: kruipen
Afrikaans: kruip
Negerhollands: krup, kryb
Limburgish: kroepe
Old High German: kriofan, *krūfan
Middle High German: kriefen, krūfen
German: kraufen, krüpfen
Alemannic German: chrüpfen
Central Franconian: kruffe

Old Norse: krjúpa
Icelandic: krjúpa
Faroese: krúpa
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: krype
Norwegian Nynorsk: krype, krypa
Old Swedish: krȳpa
Swedish: krypa
Old Danish: krȳpæ
Danish: krybe
Elfdalian: kriuopa
Gutnish: kräupe
Scanian: krýba
→ Scottish Gaelic: crùb

According to Kroonen, the derivations containing -p(p)- and -b(b)- show that the root was originally Pre-Germanic *kreupp-, from Proto-Indo-European *grewbʰ-, rather than the traditionally given *grewb-.


draibō

draibō (nominative singular)
draibôz (nominative plural)
draibō (singular vocative)
draibôz (plural vocative)
draibǭ (accusative singular)
draibōz (accusative plural)
draibōz (genitive singular)
draibǫ̂ (genitive plural)
draibōi (dative singular)
draibōmaz (dative plural)
draibō (instrumental singular)
draibōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *draibu

Old English: drāf, drǣf

Middle English: draf, drof, drove

English: drove

Scots: draif, drave

Old Frisian: *drēf

West Frisian: dreef, dree

Old Saxon: *drēva

desc

Middle Low German: drêve, drêf (in compounds)

German Low German: Dreve, Dreev

Old Dutch: *drēva

Middle Dutch: dreve f or m

Dutch: dreef

→ French: drève (dialectal)

Old High German: *treiba

Middle High German: treibe f, treip m

Old Norse: dreif

Icelandic: dreif

Norwegian Bokmål: drev

Norwegian Nynorsk: drev

Swedish: drev

Danish: drev

/ˈdrɑi̯.βɔː/

Derived from *drībaną (“to push, move, drive”).


sandō

sandō (nominative singular)
sandôz (nominative plural)
sandō (singular vocative)
sandôz (plural vocative)
sandǭ (accusative singular)
sandōz (accusative plural)
sandōz (genitive singular)
sandǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sandōi (dative singular)
sandōmaz (dative plural)
sandō (instrumental singular)
sandōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sand (f); >sand (m)

Middle English: sande, sond; sandesman; sanderman, sanderbode

Scots: saynd, saind; send

English: sand

Old High German: -santa, santi- (in compounds)


harjōną

harjō (active first-person indicative singular)
harjǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
harjōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
harjōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
harjōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
harjō (active imperative second-person singular)
harjōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
harjōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
harjōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
harjō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
harjōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
harjōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
harjōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
harjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
harjōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
harjōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
harjōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
harjōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
harjōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
harjōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
harjōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
harjōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
harjōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
harjōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
harjōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
harjōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
harjōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
harjōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
harjōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
harjōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
harjōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
harjōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
harjōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
harjōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
harjōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
harjōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
harjōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
harjōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
harjōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
harjōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
harjōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
harjōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
harjōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
harjōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
harjōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
harjōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
harjōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
harjōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
harjōndz (active participle present)
harjōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *harjōn, *harigōn
Old English: hergian, herian
Middle English: herien, harien, haryen, herȝien, herȝen, herwen, harwen
Scots: hery, herry, hary
English: harrow, harry
Old Frisian: *heria
Saterland Frisian: heerje
Old Saxon: heriōn
Middle Low German: hēren
German Low German: heren
Old Dutch: herron
Middle Dutch: hēren, hergen, hēregen, hērien
Old High German: harjōn, herjōn, herrōn
Middle High German: herjen, hergen, heren, hern
German: heeren
→ Old French: harier, hariien, harer; harigoter
Middle French: haricot
French: haricot
→ English: haricot

Old Norse: herja
Icelandic: herja
Faroese: herja
Norwegian Nynorsk: herja
Old Swedish: hæria
Swedish: härja
Old Danish: hæriæ
Danish: hærge
Early Norwegian Bokmål: hærje
Norwegian Bokmål: herje (also from Norwegian herja)

to overrun with an army; lay waste; ravage; devastate


flukkaz

flukkaz (nominative singular)
flukkōz (nominative plural)
flukkōs (nominative plural)
flukk (singular vocative)
flukkōz (plural vocative)
flukkōs (plural vocative)
flukką (accusative singular)
flukkanz (accusative plural)
flukkas (genitive singular)
flukkis (genitive singular)
flukkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flukkai (dative singular)
flukkamaz (dative plural)
flukkō (instrumental singular)
flukkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *flokk

Old English: flocc

Middle English: flokk, flock, flok

Scots: flok, floke

English: flock

Old Saxon: *flokk

Middle Low German: vlocke

(German Low German: Flüggt?)

Frankish: *flokk

Old Dutch: *flokk, *flok

Middle Dutch: vloc

→ Old French: floc, fulc, flou

Old Norse: flokkr

Icelandic: flokkur

Faroese: flokkur

Norn: flokk

Norwegian: flokk

Old Swedish: flokker, flukker

Swedish: flock

Danish: flok

→ Norman: fliotchet (Jersey)

Probably originally used of birds, in which case a derivation from *flukkōną (“to fly, flutter”) is possible.


handijaną

handijō (active first-person indicative singular)
handijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
handijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
handīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
handijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
handī (active imperative second-person singular)
handijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
handijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
handīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
handijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
handijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
handijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
handijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
handijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
handijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
handijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
handijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
handijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
handijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
handijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
handijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
handijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
handīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
handijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
handīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
handijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
handijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
handijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
handijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
handijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
handijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
handijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
handidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
handidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
handidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
handidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
handidē (active indicative singular third-person)
handidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
handidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
handidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
handidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
handidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
handidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
handidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
handidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
handidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
handidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
handidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
handijandz (active participle present)
handidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *handijan
Old English: *hendan
Middle English: henden
English: hend
⇒ Middle English: handen, honden (form influenced by hand, hond)
English: hand
Scots: hand
⇒ Old English: ġehendan
Old Frisian: henda, handa
⇒ Saterland Frisian: houndje
West Frisian: heine
Old Saxon: *hendian
Middle Low German: *henden, *handen (form influenced by hant)
⇒ Middle Low German: hendære, hender, handære
⇒ Middle Low German: afhenden
⇒ Middle Low German: vörhenden, vörhanden
⇒ Middle Low German: belîfhanden
⇒ Middle Low German: enthanden, enhanden
Old Dutch: *henden
Middle Dutch: henden, handen
Dutch: henden, handen, heinen (dialectal)
Old High German: hanten, *henten
Middle High German: henden, handen
⇒ Middle High German: behenden
⇒ Middle High German: enthenden
⇒ Old High German: gihantit (ppt)

Old Norse: henda
Icelandic: henda
Faroese: henda
Norwegian Bokmål: hende
Old Swedish: hænda
Swedish: hända
Danish: hænde

to take by the hand; seize; grip; capture


handugaz

*handugaz (a-stem)

handugaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
handugai (masculine nominative plural strong)
handugō (feminine nominative singular strong)
handugôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
handugą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
handugō (neuter nominative plural strong)
handuganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
handuganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
handugǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
handugōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
handugą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
handugō (accusative neuter plural strong)
handugas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
handugaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
handugaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
handugaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
handugas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
handugaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
handugammai (dative masculine singular strong)
handugaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
handugaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
handugaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
handugammai (dative neuter singular strong)
handugaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
handuganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
handugaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
handugaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
handugaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
handuganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
handugaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
handugô (masculine nominative singular weak)
handuganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
handugǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
handugōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
handugô (neuter nominative singular weak)
handugōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
handuganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
handuganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
handugōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
handugōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
handugô (accusative neuter singular weak)
handugōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
handuginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
handuganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
handugōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
handugōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
handuginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
handuganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
handugini (dative masculine singular weak)
handugammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
handugōni (dative feminine singular weak)
handugōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
handugini (dative neuter singular weak)
handugammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
handuginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
handugammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
handugōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
handugōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
handuginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
handugammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *handug, *handag, *handīg

Old English: *hendiġ

Middle English: hendi, handy

Scots: handy

English: handy

⇒ Old English: listhendiġ

Old Frisian: *handich, *hondich

Saterland Frisian: handich, houndich

West Frisian: handich

Old Saxon: *handig, *hendig

Middle Low German: handich, hendich

German Low German: handig

→ Saterland Frisian: jäntich

→ Norwegian Bokmål: hendig

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: hendig

→ Swedish: händig

→ Danish: hændig

→ Faroese: hendigur

Old Dutch: *handig

Middle Dutch: handich

Dutch: handig

Afrikaans: handig

Old High German: hantag, hantīg

Middle High German: handec, hendec, handic, hantic

German: handig, händig

Old Norse: hǫndugr

Icelandic: höndugur

Faroese: handigur

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌲𐍃 (handugs)

→ Proto-Slavic: *xǫdogъjь, *xǫdogъ

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: худогъ (xudogŭ), художьникъ (xudožĭnikŭ)

Russian: худо́жник (xudóžnik)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: хѫдожьство (xǫdožĭstvo), Old Church Slavonic: хѫдожьствиѥ (xǫdožĭstvije)

→ Russian: художество (xudožestvo)

Bulgarian: художество (hudožestvo)

West Slavic:

Polish: chędogi

handy; skillful with the hands; dextrous


kinkōną

kinkō (active first-person indicative singular)
kinkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kinkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
kinkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kinkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kinkō (active imperative second-person singular)
kinkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kinkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kinkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kinkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kinkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kinkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kinkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kinkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kinkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kinkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kinkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kinkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kinkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kinkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kinkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kinkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kinkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kinkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kinkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kinkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kinkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kinkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kinkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kinkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kinkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kinkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kinkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kinkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kinkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kinkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kinkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
kinkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kinkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kinkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kinkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kinkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kinkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kinkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kinkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kinkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kinkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kinkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kinkōndz (active participle present)
kinkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *cincian (attested in cincung); *cenċan

Middle English: kinken, kynken; kenchen; kinkehost

Scots: kink; kinkhoste

English: kink; chincough

Old Frisian: *kinkja

West Frisian: kinkhoast

Old Saxon: *kinkōn

Middle Low German: *kinken; kinkhōste

Low German: kinkhōst

(→ German: Keichhusten, Keuchhusten)

→ Danish: kighoste

→ Icelandic: kíghósti

→ Swedish: kikhosta

Old Dutch: *kinkon

Middle Dutch: kincken, kinken; kinkhōste

Dutch: kinken; kinkhoest

From Proto-Indo-European *gang-, *ganǵ- (“to mock, insult”). Cognate with Sanskrit गञ्ज (gañja, “disrespect”).


falisaz

falisaz (nominative singular)
falisōz (nominative plural)
falisōs (nominative plural)
falis (singular vocative)
falisōz (plural vocative)
falisōs (plural vocative)
falisą (accusative singular)
falisanz (accusative plural)
falisas (genitive singular)
falisis (genitive singular)
falisǫ̂ (genitive plural)
falisai (dative singular)
falisamaz (dative plural)
falisō (instrumental singular)
falisamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *falis
Old Saxon: felis
Middle Low German: vels
Old Dutch: *felis
Middle Dutch: vels
Dutch: vels
Old High German: felis, fels, feliso
Middle High German: vels, velse
German: Fels, Felsen (often distinguished)
Hunsrik: Fels
Luxembourgish: Fiels
→ Vulgar Latin: *falisa, *falesa
Old French: falise, falese, faleise, faloise
Middle French: falize, falise, faleise, faloise, falaise
French: falaise (see there for further descendants)
→ Medieval Latin: falesa, falisia
Italian: falesa, falesia

Old Norse: fell, fjall (possibly < *felzaz)
Icelandic: fjall, fell
Faroese: fjall
Norwegian Nynorsk: fjell; (dialectal) fjall, fjadd, fjedl
Old Swedish: fiæl
Swedish: fjäll
Danish: fjeld
Norwegian Bokmål: fjell
→ Middle English: fell, fel
Scots: fell, fiold
English: fell

From Proto-Indo-European *pels-, *pelis- (“rock, cliff”), or perhaps an s-stem *pél-es-. Compare Old Irish ail (“boulder, rock”), Proto-Celtic *ɸallo- (“cliff”), Sanskrit पाषाण (pāṣāṇa, “stone, rock”) and Pashto پرښه (parṣ̌a). Kroonen suggests reconstructing an acrostatic *pól-s ~ *pél-s-s, with o-grade based especially on the Old French borrowing falise.
Alternatively from a substrate language; more at πέλλα (pélla).


sulī

sulī (nominative singular)
suljôz (nominative plural)
sulī (singular vocative)
suljôz (plural vocative)
suljǭ (accusative singular)
suljōz (accusative plural)
suljōz (genitive singular)
suljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
suljōi (dative singular)
suljōmaz (dative plural)
suljō (instrumental singular)
suljōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: syl, syll

desc

Middle English: sylle, sülle, selle, sille

Scots: sil, sill

English: sill

→ Latin: silla

Old Frisian: *selle

West Frisian: sille

Old Saxon: *sul, *sulli

Middle Low German: sul, sülle, sille

Low German: Sull, Sülle

Old Dutch: *sulla

Middle Dutch: sulle, sille

Dutch: zulle

Old Norse: syll

Icelandic: syll, sylla

Faroese: syll

Norwegian: syll

Old Swedish: syl

Swedish: syll

Danish: syld

Gothic: *𐍃𐌿𐌻𐌹 (*suli) (in derivatives)

From Proto-Indo-European *swel-, *sel- (“piece of wood; beam, post, balk, board, threshold, sill”). Cognate with Lithuanian šelmuõ (“apex, roof, ridge”), Latin silva (“wood, forest”), Latin solum (“ground, floor, sole, bottom”).


furai

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

From Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂-éy, an innovative dative formation from *preh₂-. Compare Latin prae, Ancient Greek παραί (paraí) and Sanskrit पुरे (pure). Alternatively from *pr̥h₃-éy or *pr̥h₃-óy, from *perh₃-. In any case, ultimately from the root *per-.

(+dative, with locative meaning) before, in front of


furai

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *forē
Old English: fore
Middle English: fore
Scots: fore
English: fore
Old Frisian: fora, fore
Old Saxon: fora, for, fore, fur, far
German Low German: för, vär, veer, ver (Low Prussian); vör, vœr
Old Dutch: fora, fore
Middle Dutch: vōre, vor, vōor
Dutch: voor
Afrikaans: voor
Berbice Creole Dutch: foro
Javindo: foor
Negerhollands: voor, fo, for
Jersey Dutch: för, f'r
→ Virgin Islands Creole: voor (dated)
Petjo: voor, foor
Skepi Creole Dutch: foo, fou
Limburgish: veur
Old High German: fora, for, fore
Middle Low German: vor, vore
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: vóar, bóar (Mezzaselva)
Mòcheno: vour
Central Franconian: vür
German: vor

Old Norse: fyrir (probably merged completely with *furi)

Norn: for

Old Swedish: fyri(r), for

Swedish: före, för

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 (faura)


hringijaną

hringijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hringijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hringijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hringīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hringijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hringī (active imperative second-person singular)
hringijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hringijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hringīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hringijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hringijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hringijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hringijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hringijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hringijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hringijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hringijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hringijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hringijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hringijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hringijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hringijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hringīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hringijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hringīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hringijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hringijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hringijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hringijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hringijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hringijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hringijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hringidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hringidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hringidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hringidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hringidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hringidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hringidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hringidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hringidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hringidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hringidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hringidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hringidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hringidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hringidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hringidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hringijandz (active participle present)
hringidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hringijan
Old English: hrinġan
Middle English: ringen, ryngen
Scots: ring
English: ring
Old Frisian: *ringa
North Frisian: ringe
Old Dutch: *ringen
Middle Dutch: ringen, ringhen
Dutch: ringen; rinkelen; rinkinken
Afrikaans: ring
Old High German: hringan, ringan

Old Norse: hringja
Icelandic: hringja
Faroese: ringja
Norwegian Nynorsk: ringja
Old Swedish: ringia
Swedish: ringa
Danish: ringe
Norwegian Bokmål: ringe
Gutnish: ringge, ringg', ringga

From *hringaz (“a ring, sound”) + *-janą.


hringijaną

Proto-West Germanic: *hringijan
Old English: *hrinġan
Middle English: ringen
English: ring
Old Saxon: *hringian
Middle Low German: ringen
Old Dutch: *ringen
Middle Dutch: ringen, ringhen
Dutch: ringen
Old High German: ringen
Middle High German: ringen

Old Norse: hringja

Icelandic: hringja

Faroese: ringja

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: ringe

Norwegian Nynorsk: ringe, ringa

Swedish: ringa

From *hringaz (“a ring, a circle”) + *-janą.


wīraz

wīraz (nominative singular)
wīrōz (nominative plural)
wīrōs (nominative plural)
wīr (singular vocative)
wīrōz (plural vocative)
wīrōs (plural vocative)
wīrą (accusative singular)
wīranz (accusative plural)
wīras (genitive singular)
wīris (genitive singular)
wīrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīrai (dative singular)
wīramaz (dative plural)
wīrō (instrumental singular)
wīramiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wīr; *wēr

Middle English: wir, wyr; were

Scots: wire, weyr; weir, weer

English: wire

→ Swedish: vajer, wire

→ Danish: wire

Old Saxon: *wīra

Middle Low German: wîre

German Low German: Wier

Low German: Wir

→ Dutch: wier, (wierdraad)

Old High German: wiara

Middle High German: wiere

German: Wiere

Old Norse: vírr; víravirki

Icelandic: vír

Norwegian: vire

Swedish: vire

Danish: vire

From Proto-Indo-European *weh₁iros (“a twist, thread, cord, wire”), from *weh₁y- (“to turn, twist, weave, plait”).


hōkaz

hōkaz (nominative singular)
hōkōz (nominative plural)
hōkōs (nominative plural)
hōk (singular vocative)
hōkōz (plural vocative)
hōkōs (plural vocative)
hōką (accusative singular)
hōkanz (accusative plural)
hōkas (genitive singular)
hōkis (genitive singular)
hōkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōkai (dative singular)
hōkamaz (dative plural)
hōkō (instrumental singular)
hōkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hōk

Old English: hōc

Middle English: hoc, hok, hoke, hooke

Scots: huke, huik, hewk

English: hook

Old Frisian: hōk

Saterland Frisian: Houk; (Hoake)

West Frisian: hoeke, hoek

Old Saxon: hōk

Middle Low German: hôk, hûk

German Low German: Hook

Low German: Huk

→ German: Hook

Frankish: *hōk

Old Dutch: *hōc, huc (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: hoec, houc

Dutch: hoek

→ Danish: huk

→ Swedish: huk

→ Old French: hoc (also possibly from Old Norse)

Middle French: hoquet

French: hoquet

→ English: hockey (possibly)

⇒ Old Norse: hœkja

Icelandic: hækja

Faroese: høkja

Norwegian Nynorsk: høkje

Norn: hek

→ Scots: heck; heckle

desctree

→ Proto-Finnic: *kookka
Estonian: kook
Finnish: kuokka
→ Northern Sami: guohkki
Ingrian: kookka
Karelian:
North Karelian: kuokka
South Karelian: kuokka
Livonian: kūok
Livvi: kuokku
Ludian: kuok
Veps: kok
Võro: kuuk
Votic: kookkõ

From Proto-Indo-European *kog-, *keg-, *keng- (“peg, hook, claw”).


jihtiz

jihtiz (nominative singular)
jihtīz (nominative plural)
jihti (singular vocative)
jihtīz (plural vocative)
jihtį (accusative singular)
jihtinz (accusative plural)
jihtīz (genitive singular)
jihtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jihtī (dative singular)
jihtimaz (dative plural)
jihtī (instrumental singular)
jihtimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġiht

Old Frisian: jecht

Old Saxon: *jiht, *giht

Middle Low German: jicht, gicht

Low German: Jicht

→ Swedish: gikt

→ Danish: gigt

→ Icelandic: gigt

→ Faroese: gikt

⇒ Old Saxon: bigihto

Middle Low German: bichte

→ Swedish: bikt

→ Danish: bigt (obsolete), afbigt

Old Dutch: *jiht, *giht

Middle Dutch: jicht

Dutch: jicht

⇒ Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: biecht

Old High German: jiht, *giht (attested in compounds)

Middle High German: giht

German: Gicht

Luxembourgish: Giicht

⇒ Old High German: bijiht, bigiht

Middle High German: begiht, bīht

Bavarian: Beichtn

German: Beichte

Luxembourgish: Becht, Beicht (influenced by German)


asnijaz

asnijaz (nominative singular)
asnijōz (nominative plural)
asnijōs (nominative plural)
asnī (singular vocative)
asnijōz (plural vocative)
asnijōs (plural vocative)
asniją (accusative singular)
asnijanz (accusative plural)
asnijas (genitive singular)
asnīs (genitive singular)
asnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
asnijai (dative singular)
asnijamaz (dative plural)
asnijō (instrumental singular)
asnijamiz (instrumental plural)

See *asunz


awistrą

awistrą (nominative singular)
awistrō (nominative plural)
awistrą (singular vocative)
awistrō (plural vocative)
awistrą (accusative singular)
awistrō (accusative plural)
awistras (genitive singular)
awistris (genitive singular)
awistrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
awistrai (dative singular)
awistramaz (dative plural)
awistrō (instrumental singular)
awistramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *awist(r)
Old English: ēowestre, ēwestre
Old Frisian: ēstra, ēster
West Frisian: jister
Old High German: ewist, ouwist
Middle High German: *owist, oist
Alemannic German: Äugst, Äust

Gothic: 𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂 (awistr)


awidiją

awidiją (nominative singular)
awidijō (nominative plural)
awidiją (singular vocative)
awidijō (plural vocative)
awidiją (accusative singular)
awidijō (accusative plural)
awidijas (genitive singular)
awidīs (genitive singular)
awidijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
awidijai (dative singular)
awidijamaz (dative plural)
awidijō (instrumental singular)
awidijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ēowede, ēowde, ēowd, ēde

Old High German: ouwiti, ewit, ewida

Gothic: 𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌸𐌹 (awēþi)

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewi-dʰh₁-yo-, equivalent to *awiz + *-dją, a suffix used with herds. Compare *kudją (“herd”), which might have originally meant ("cow herd"). Cognate with Lithuanian avìdė (“sheepfold”).


austrōnijaz

*austrōnijaz (ja-stem)

austrōnijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
austrōnijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
austrōnijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
austrōnijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
austrōniją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
austrōnijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
austrōnijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
austrōnijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
austrōnijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
austrōnijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
austrōniją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
austrōnijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
austrōnijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
austrōnijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
austrōnijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
austrōnijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
austrōnijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
austrōnijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
austrōnijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
austrōnijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
austrōnijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
austrōnijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
austrōnijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
austrōnijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
austrōnijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
austrōnijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
austrōnijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
austrōnijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
austrōnijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
austrōnijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
austrōnijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
austrōnijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
austrōnijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
austrōnijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
austrōnijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
austrōnijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
austrōnijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
austrōnijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
austrōnijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
austrōnijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
austrōnijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
austrōnijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
austrōnīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
austrōnijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
austrōnijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
austrōnijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
austrōnīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
austrōnijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
austrōnīni (dative masculine singular weak)
austrōnijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
austrōnijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
austrōnijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
austrōnīni (dative neuter singular weak)
austrōnijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
austrōnīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
austrōnijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
austrōnijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
austrōnijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
austrōnīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
austrōnijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *austrōnī
Old English: ēasterne
Middle English: esterne, esturne, estern, estrin, eestreen, æsterne, estren, estryn
English: eastern
Scots: estrene, eistrene, eastren
>? Old Frisian: āster
Old Saxon: ōstrōni
Old High German: *ōstrōni
⇒ Old High German: nordōstrōni

Old Norse: austrǿnn, austrœnn
Icelandic: austrænn
Faroese: eystrønur
Norwegian Nynorsk: austrøn
Icelandic: austrænn
Faroese: eystrønur
Norwegian Nynorsk: austrøn

From *austraz + *-ōnijaz, the former from Proto-Indo-European *austero- (“eastern”).


wīsijaną

wīsijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wīsijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wīsijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wīsīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wīsijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wīsī (active imperative second-person singular)
wīsijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wīsijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wīsīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wīsijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wīsijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wīsijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wīsijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wīsijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wīsijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wīsijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wīsijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wīsijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wīsijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wīsijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wīsijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wīsijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wīsīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wīsijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wīsīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wīsijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wīsijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wīsijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wīsijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wīsijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wīsijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wīsijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wīsidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wīsidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wīsidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wīsidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wīsidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wīsidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wīsidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wīsidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wīsidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wīsidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wīsidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wīsidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wīsidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wīsidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wīsidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wīsidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wīsijandz (active participle present)
wīsidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wīsijan
(Old English: wīsian)
(Middle English: wisen)
(Scots: wise, wyse, wyze)
(Middle English: wise)
Old Frisian: wīsa
North Frisian: wise (Föhr)
Saterland Frisian: wiese
West Frisian: wize
Old Saxon: wīsian
Middle Low German: wîsen
German Low German: wiesen
Old Dutch: wīsen
Middle Dutch: wisen
Dutch: wijzen
Afrikaans: wys
Old High German: wīsen
Middle High German: wīsen
German: weisen
Luxembourgish: weisen
Yiddish: ווײַזן (vayzn)

Gothic: *𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*weisjan)

desc

𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fullaweisjan)

→ Finnish: vihjata

to make wise, knowing; to show, instruct


wīsōną

wīsō (active first-person indicative singular)
wīsǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wīsōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
wīsōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wīsōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wīsō (active imperative second-person singular)
wīsōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wīsōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wīsōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wīsō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wīsōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wīsōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wīsōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wīsōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wīsōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wīsōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wīsōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wīsōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wīsōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wīsōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wīsōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wīsōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wīsōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wīsōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wīsōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wīsōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wīsōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wīsōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wīsōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wīsōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wīsōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wīsōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wīsōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wīsōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wīsōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wīsōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wīsōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
wīsōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wīsōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wīsōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wīsōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wīsōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wīsōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wīsōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wīsōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wīsōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wīsōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wīsōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wīsōndz (active participle present)
wīsōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Frisian: wīsia

Old Saxon: wīsōn

Old Dutch: wīson

Old High German: wīsōn

Middle High German: wīsen

German: weisen

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃𐍉𐌽 (gaweisōn)


wīsōną

Old English: wīsian

Middle English: wisien, wisen

Scots: wise, wyse, wyze

English: wise

Old Saxon: giwīsōn

Old Norse: vísa

Danish: vise

Faroese: vísa

Icelandic: vísa

Norwegian Bokmål: vise

Old Swedish: vīsa

Swedish: visa

From *wīsaz (“wise”) + *-ōną (factitive verb–forming suffix): literally “make wise”. Identical with the above.


þuljaną

þuljō (active first-person indicative singular)
þuljaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þuljai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þulisi (active indicative second-person singular)
þuljais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þuli (active imperative second-person singular)
þuljasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þuljaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þuliþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þuljai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þuljaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þuljaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þuljaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þuljōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þuljaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þuljaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þuljaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þuljaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þuljamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þuljaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þuljanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þuljainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þuliþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þuljaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þuliþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þuljanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þuljainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þuljanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þuljain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þuljanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þuljanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þuljainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þulidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þulidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þulidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þulidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þulidē (active indicative singular third-person)
þulidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þulidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þulidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þulidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þulidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þulidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þulidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þulidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þulidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þulidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þulidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þuljandz (active participle present)
þulidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: þylja

Icelandic: þylja


skrīþaną

skrīþō (active first-person indicative singular)
skrīþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrīþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skrīþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skrīþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrīþ (active imperative second-person singular)
skrīþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skrīþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skrīþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skrīþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrīþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skrīþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skrīþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skrīþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skrīþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrīþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrīþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrīþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skrīþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skrīþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrīþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skrīþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skrīþid (active indicative plural second-person)
skrīþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrīþid (active imperative plural second-person)
skrīþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skrīþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skrīþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skrīþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrīþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skrīþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skrīþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skraiþ (active first-person indicative singular)
skridį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skraist (active indicative second-person singular)
skridīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skraiþ (active indicative singular third-person)
skridī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skridū (active dual first-person indicative)
skridīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skridudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skridīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skridum (active first-person indicative plural)
skridīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skridud (active indicative plural second-person)
skridīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skridun (active indicative plural third-person)
skridīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrīþandz (active participle present)
skridanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skrīþan
Old English: sċrīþan
→ English: shrithe (revived)
Old Frisian: *skrītha, skrīda
Old Saxon: scrīthan, skrīdan
Middle Low German: schrîden
Low German: schrieden
Old Dutch: *scrīthan
Middle Dutch: schriden
Dutch: schrijden
Old High German: skrītan, scrītan
Middle High German: schrīten
German: schreiten

Old Norse: skríða

Icelandic: skríða

Faroese: skríða

Norwegian Nynorsk: skrida, skri

Old Swedish: skridha

Swedish: skrida

Old Danish: skrithæ

Danish: skride

Norwegian Bokmål: skride, skri

→ Middle English: skrithen, scrithen

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreyt-, *(s)ker- (“twist, turn, bend”).


mēþą

mēþą (nominative singular)
mēþō (nominative plural)
mēþą (singular vocative)
mēþō (plural vocative)
mēþą (accusative singular)
mēþō (accusative plural)
mēþas (genitive singular)
mēþis (genitive singular)
mēþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mēþai (dative singular)
mēþamaz (dative plural)
mēþō (instrumental singular)
mēþamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: mǣþ

Middle English: math

English: math, aftermath

Old Frisian: mēth

Old High German: mād

Middle High German: māt

German: Mahd

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂meh₁- (“to mow”).


mērijaną

mērijō (active first-person indicative singular)
mērijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mērijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
mērīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
mērijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mērī (active imperative second-person singular)
mērijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mērijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mērīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
mērijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mērijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
mērijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mērijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mērijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
mērijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mērijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mērijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mērijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mērijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mērijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mērijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mērijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mērīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
mērijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mērīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
mērijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mērijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mērijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
mērijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mērijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
mērijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mērijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mēridǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
mēridēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mēridēz (active indicative second-person singular)
mēridēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mēridē (active indicative singular third-person)
mēridēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mēridēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
mēridēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mēridēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mēridēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mēridēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
mēridēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mēridēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
mēridēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mēridēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
mēridēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mērijandz (active participle present)
mēridaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *mārijan
Old English: mǣran
Old Saxon: mārian
Old Dutch: *māren
Middle Dutch: maren, vermaren
Dutch: vermaren (vermaard)
Old High German: māren

Old Norse: mæra

Icelandic: mæra

Gothic: 𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (mērjan)

From *mēraz (“renowned, famous”) + *-janą.


haftijaną

haftijō (active first-person indicative singular)
haftijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haftijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
haftīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
haftijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haftī (active imperative second-person singular)
haftijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
haftijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
haftīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
haftijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haftijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
haftijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
haftijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
haftijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
haftijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haftijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haftijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haftijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
haftijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
haftijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haftijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
haftijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
haftīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
haftijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haftīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
haftijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
haftijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
haftijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
haftijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haftijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
haftijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
haftijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
haftidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
haftidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haftidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
haftidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haftidē (active indicative singular third-person)
haftidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haftidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
haftidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haftidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haftidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haftidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
haftidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haftidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
haftidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haftidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
haftidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haftijandz (active participle present)
haftidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *haftijan
Old English: hæftan
Old Frisian: hefta
Old Saxon: heftian
Old Dutch: *heften
Middle Dutch: hechten
Dutch: hechten
Old High German: heften
Middle High German: heften
German: heften
Luxembourgish: heften

Old Norse: hefta, hepta

Icelandic: hefta

Faroese: hefta

Norwegian Nynorsk: hefta

Old Swedish: hæpta, hæfta

Swedish: häfta

Danish: hæfte

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (haftjan)

From *haftaz (“captive, bound”) + *-janą.


haftiją

haftiją (nominative singular)
haftijō (nominative plural)
haftiją (singular vocative)
haftijō (plural vocative)
haftiją (accusative singular)
haftijō (accusative plural)
haftijas (genitive singular)
haftīs (genitive singular)
haftijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haftijai (dative singular)
haftijamaz (dative plural)
haftijō (instrumental singular)
haftijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haftī

Old English: hæft

Middle English: haft, heft

English: haft

Scots: haft, heft

Old Frisian: *heft

Saterland Frisian: Hääft, Hächt

Old Saxon: *hefti

Middle Low German: hefte, hechte, hecht

German Low German: Hecht

Old Dutch: *hefti

Middle Dutch: hechte, hefte

Dutch: heft

Afrikaans: hef

→ French: hec, hece, hé (“hook”) (dialectal)

Old High German: hefti

Middle High German: hefte

German: Heft

Old Norse: hepti

Icelandic: hefti

Old Swedish: hæpte

Swedish: häfte

Danish: hæfte

Derived from *haftijaną (“to bind, secure”).


lindō

lindō (nominative singular)
lindôz (nominative plural)
lindō (singular vocative)
lindôz (plural vocative)
lindǭ (accusative singular)
lindōz (accusative plural)
lindōz (genitive singular)
lindǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lindōi (dative singular)
lindōmaz (dative plural)
lindō (instrumental singular)
lindōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lindu
Old English: lind
Middle English: lynde, lynd, linde, lind, lyne, lyn
English: lind, lime
Scots: lind, lynde, leind
Old Saxon: linda, lindia
Middle Low German: linde
Old Dutch: *linda
Middle Dutch: linde
Dutch: linde
Old High German: linta
Middle High German: linde
Bavarian: Lindn
German: Linde
Luxembourgish: Lann

Old Norse: lind

Icelandic: lind

Old Swedish: lind

Swedish: lind

Danish: lind

Possibly related to *linþaz (“mild, soft”). Has also been compared to Albanian lëndë (“wood, material”), Lithuanian lentà (“(linden) board”), Russian лут (lut, “(linden) bast”) (< Proto-Slavic *lǫtъ), thereby perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European *lentéh₂.


smirilaz

smirilaz (nominative singular)
smirilōz (nominative plural)
smirilōs (nominative plural)
smiril (singular vocative)
smirilōz (plural vocative)
smirilōs (plural vocative)
smirilą (accusative singular)
smirilanz (accusative plural)
smirilas (genitive singular)
smirilis (genitive singular)
smirilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smirilai (dative singular)
smirilamaz (dative plural)
smirilō (instrumental singular)
smirilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *smiril
Old Saxon: *smiril
Middle Low German: smerl
Old Dutch: *smiril
Middle Dutch: smērel, smerle
Dutch: smeerle (archaic)
Old High German: smiril, smirl
Middle High German: smerl, smirl
German: Schmirl, Schmerl
⇒ Middle High German: smerlīn
German: Schmerlein
→ Medieval Latin: smerlus, *smerla
Catalan: esmirla, esmirle
Italian: smerlo
Old Occitan: esmirle

Old Norse: smyrill

Icelandic: smyrill

Faroese: smyril


gudjô

gem-decl-noun-table

*gudjô (an-stem)

gudjô (nominative singular)
gudjaniz (nominative plural)
gudjô (singular vocative)
gudjaniz (plural vocative)
gudjanų (accusative singular)
gudjanunz (accusative plural)
gudiniz (genitive singular)
gudjanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gudini (dative singular)
gudjammaz (dative plural)
gudinē (instrumental singular)
gudjammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: Gydda (personal name)

Proto-Norse: ᚷᚢᛞᛁᛃᚨ (gudija)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: *ᚷᚢᛞᛃᛟ (*gudjo /gudjō/, “priestess”) (< *gudjǭ)

Old Norse: gyðja

→ Danish: gydje (learned)

→ Norwegian: gydje (learned)

→ English: gythja (learned)

→ Swedish: gydja (learned)

Old Norse: goði

Icelandic: goði

→ Faroese: goði (learned)

→ Norwegian: gode (learned)

→ Swedish: gode (learned)

→ Danish: gode (learned)

→ English: godi, gothi (learned)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌾𐌰 (gudja)

one who invokes; a (pagan) priest (responsible for sacrifices and temple custodian)


meltaną

meltō (active first-person indicative singular)
meltaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
meltai (first-person indicative passive singular)
miltizi (active indicative second-person singular)
meltaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
melt (active imperative second-person singular)
meltazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
meltaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
miltidi (active indicative singular third-person)
meltai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
meltadau (active imperative singular third-person)
meltadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
meltaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
meltōz (active dual first-person indicative)
meltaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
meltadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
meltaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
meltadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
meltamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
meltaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
meltandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
meltaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
miltid (active indicative plural second-person)
meltaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
miltid (active imperative plural second-person)
meltandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
meltaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
meltandi (active indicative plural third-person)
meltain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
meltandau (active imperative plural third-person)
meltandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
meltaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
malt (active first-person indicative singular)
multį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
malst (active indicative second-person singular)
multīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
malt (active indicative singular third-person)
multī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
multū (active dual first-person indicative)
multīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
multudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
multīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
multum (active first-person indicative plural)
multīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
multud (active indicative plural second-person)
multīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
multun (active indicative plural third-person)
multīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
meltandz (active participle present)
multanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *meltan
Old English: meltan
Middle English: melten
Scots: melt
English: melt

Old Norse: melta

Icelandic: melta

Norwegian Nynorsk: melta

⇒ Old Norse: moltinn

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: molten; ⇒ molte f (“cloudberry”)

→ Danish: multebær

Swedish: multen

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)meld- (“to beat, crush, grind”). Related to Sanskrit मर्दति (mardati, “to crush, grind”).


marwaz

*marwaz (a-stem)

marwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
marwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
marwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
marwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
marwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
marwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
marwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
marwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
marwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
marwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
marwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
marwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
marwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
marwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
marwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
marwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
marwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
marwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
marwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
marwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
marwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
marwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
marwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
marwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
marwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
marwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
marwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
marwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
marwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
marwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
marwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
marwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
marwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
marwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
marwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
marwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
marwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
marwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
marwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
marwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
marwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
marwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
marwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
marwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
marwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
marwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
marwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
marwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
marwini (dative masculine singular weak)
marwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
marwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
marwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
marwini (dative neuter singular weak)
marwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
marwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
marwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
marwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
marwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
marwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
marwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *maru

Old English: mearu, meru

desc

Middle English: merwe, merow, melowe, melwe

Scots: melly

English: mellow

Old Saxon: *maru, *moru; *murwi

Middle Low German: morwe, mare, more, mȫre

German Low German: möör

Old Dutch: *maru

Middle Dutch: meru, merue; murwe, morwe

Dutch: murw
→ West Frisian: morf, murf

West Flemish: merf

Old High German: maro; marawi; muruwi, murwi

Middle High German: mar; mürwe

Alemannic German: murw

German: mürbe

→ French: morbement (dialectal)

Old Norse: meyrr (< *maurijaz, *maurwuz)

Icelandic: meyr

Faroese: moyrur

Old Swedish: mø̄r

Swedish: mör

Old Danish: miør

Danish: mør

From Proto-Indo-European *merw- (“to rub, pack”).


smerwą

smerwą (nominative singular)
smerwō (nominative plural)
smerwą (singular vocative)
smerwō (plural vocative)
smerwą (accusative singular)
smerwō (accusative plural)
smerwas (genitive singular)
smirwis (genitive singular)
smerwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smirwai (dative singular)
smerwamaz (dative plural)
smerwō (instrumental singular)
smerwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *smeru
Old English: smeoru
Middle English: smer, smere
English: smear
Scots: smergh
Old Frisian: smere
Saterland Frisian: Smeer
West Frisian: smoar
Old Saxon: smero
Middle Low German: smēr, smör
(German Low German: Smeer)
Old Dutch: smero
Middle Dutch: smere, smer
Dutch: smeer
Afrikaans: smeer
→ Caribbean Javanese: semir
→ Indonesian: semir
→ Papiamentu: smeer (dated)
Old High German: smero
Middle High German: smër
Alemannic German: Schmër
German: Schmer
→ Polish: smar
→ Carpathian Rusyn: смар (smar)

Old Norse: smjǫr, smjor, smør

Icelandic: smjör

Faroese: smør

Norn: smyrr, smorr

Norwegian Nynorsk: smør, smjør

Old Swedish: smior, smør

Swedish: smör

Danish: smør

Norwegian Bokmål: smør

Old Gutnish: smier

Gutnish: smör, smöir, smer, smyr

⇒ Gothic: 𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍂 (smairþr)

From Proto-Indo-European *smérus (“grease, fat”).


swībaną

swībō (active first-person indicative singular)
swībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swīb (active imperative second-person singular)
swībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
swībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swībid (active indicative plural second-person)
swībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swībid (active imperative plural second-person)
swībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swaib (active first-person indicative singular)
swibį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swaift (active indicative second-person singular)
swibīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swaib (active indicative singular third-person)
swibī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swibū (active dual first-person indicative)
swibīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swibudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swibīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swibum (active first-person indicative plural)
swibīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swibud (active indicative plural second-person)
swibīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swibun (active indicative plural third-person)
swibīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swībandz (active participle present)
swibanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swīban
Old English: swīfan
Middle English: swiven
English: swive
⇒ Middle English: swift
English: swift
Old Frisian: swīva

Old Norse: svífa
Icelandic: svífa
Norwegian Nynorsk: sviva, svive
Swedish: sväva

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (sweiban)

From Proto-Indo-European *kswéybʰ-e-ti, thematic root present of *ksweybʰ- (“to move swiftly, swing, whip”).


hōdaz

hōdaz (nominative singular)
hōdōz (nominative plural)
hōdōs (nominative plural)
hōd (singular vocative)
hōdōz (plural vocative)
hōdōs (plural vocative)
hōdą (accusative singular)
hōdanz (accusative plural)
hōdas (genitive singular)
hōdis (genitive singular)
hōdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōdai (dative singular)
hōdamaz (dative plural)
hōdō (instrumental singular)
hōdamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hōd

Old English: hōd

Middle English: hood, hode

Scots: hude, huid

English: hood

Old Frisian: hōd

North Frisian: hod

Saterland Frisian: Houd

West Frisian: hoed

Old Saxon: hōd

Middle Low German: hôt

German Low German: Hood

Old Dutch: *huod

Middle Dutch: hoet

Dutch: hoed

Old High German: huot

Middle High German: huot

desc

Central Franconian: Hot, Hut (southern Moselle Franconian)

Bavarian: Huat

Cimbrian: huat, huut (Sette Comuni)

German: Hut

Luxembourgish: Hutt

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *kadʰ- (“to cover, protect”) and compared to Latin cassis (“helmet”). However, Kroonen reconstructs the Proto-Indo-European form as *koHt-ó- instead, and links the root to Proto-Germanic *hattuz (“hat”); see there for more.


skakaną

skakō (active first-person indicative singular)
skakaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skakai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skakizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skakaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skak (active imperative second-person singular)
skakazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skakaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skakidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skakai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skakadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skakadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skakaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skakōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skakaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skakadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skakaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skakadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skakamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skakaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skakandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skakaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skakid (active indicative plural second-person)
skakaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skakid (active imperative plural second-person)
skakandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skakaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skakandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skakain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skakandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skakandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skakaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skōk (active first-person indicative singular)
skōkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skōht (active indicative second-person singular)
skōkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skōk (active indicative singular third-person)
skōkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skōkū (active dual first-person indicative)
skōkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skōkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skōkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skōkum (active first-person indicative plural)
skōkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skōkud (active indicative plural second-person)
skōkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skōkun (active indicative plural third-person)
skōkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skakandz (active participle present)
skakanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skakan
Old English: sċacan, sċeacan
Middle English: schaken
English: shake
Scots: schake, schaik, schack
Old Frisian: skeka
>? Saterland Frisian: skädje
West Frisian: schaekjen, schaakje, schaekje (obsolete)
Old Saxon: skakan
Middle Low German: *schaken
Low German: schaken
Old Dutch: *skakan
Middle Dutch: schāken
Dutch: schaken

Old Norse: skaka (skakra)
Icelandic: skaka
Faroese: skaka
Norwegian Nynorsk: skaka; (dialectal) skåkå, skøkø, skæka, skjeka
Norwegian Bokmål: skake
Old Swedish: skaka
Swedish: skaka
Danish: skage

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kek- (“to shake, stir”), with unexpected *-k- instead of *-h-, either through contamination or back-formation from the iterative *skakkōną (“to shake”).


trūþaz

trūþaz (nominative singular)
trūþōz (nominative plural)
trūþōs (nominative plural)
trūþ (singular vocative)
trūþōz (plural vocative)
trūþōs (plural vocative)
trūþą (accusative singular)
trūþanz (accusative plural)
trūþas (genitive singular)
trūþis (genitive singular)
trūþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
trūþai (dative singular)
trūþamaz (dative plural)
trūþō (instrumental singular)
trūþamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: trūþ

Middle English: trūþ

Old Norse: trúðr

Icelandic: trúður

From Proto-Indo-European *drūt- (“jester, fool”). Cognate with Irish drúth (“fool”).


tilaz

*tilaz (a-stem)

tilaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
tilai (masculine nominative plural strong)
tilō (feminine nominative singular strong)
tilôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
tilą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
tilō (neuter nominative plural strong)
tilanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
tilanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
tilǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
tilōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
tilą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
tilō (accusative neuter plural strong)
tilas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
tilaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
tilaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
tilaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
tilas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
tilaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
tilammai (dative masculine singular strong)
tilaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
tilaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
tilaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
tilammai (dative neuter singular strong)
tilaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
tilanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
tilaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
tilaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
tilaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
tilanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
tilaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
tilô (masculine nominative singular weak)
tilaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
tilǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
tilōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
tilô (neuter nominative singular weak)
tilōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
tilanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
tilanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
tilōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
tilōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
tilô (accusative neuter singular weak)
tilōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
tiliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
tilanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
tilōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
tilōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
tiliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
tilanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
tilini (dative masculine singular weak)
tilammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
tilōni (dative feminine singular weak)
tilōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
tilini (dative neuter singular weak)
tilammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
tilinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
tilammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
tilōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
tilōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
tilinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
tilammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: til

Old Frisian: til

Old Saxon: til

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍃 (gatils) (note also 𐍄𐌹𐌻 (til))

From Proto-Indo-European *ad- (“to secure, establish, order”).


tīnaz

tīnaz (nominative singular)
tīnōz (nominative plural)
tīnōs (nominative plural)
tīn (singular vocative)
tīnōz (plural vocative)
tīnōs (plural vocative)
tīną (accusative singular)
tīnanz (accusative plural)
tīnas (genitive singular)
tīnis (genitive singular)
tīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tīnai (dative singular)
tīnamaz (dative plural)
tīnō (instrumental singular)
tīnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tīn

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *langatīn

⇒ Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (sinteins, “daily”)

From Proto-Indo-European *deyn-, *dyew- (“day”). Cognate with Lithuanian dienà (“day”), Latin diēs (“day”), Sanskrit दिन (diná, “day”). Related to Proto-Germanic *Tīwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *deywós (“god”).


tībrą

tībrą (nominative singular)
tībrō (nominative plural)
tībrą (singular vocative)
tībrō (plural vocative)
tībrą (accusative singular)
tībrō (accusative plural)
tībras (genitive singular)
tībris (genitive singular)
tībrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tībrai (dative singular)
tībramaz (dative plural)
tībrō (instrumental singular)
tībramiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: tīber, tīfer

→ Old Norse: tívor

Frankish: *tīvar

→ Old French: toivre

Old High German: zebar, zepar

Middle High German: ziber, zifer; ungezībere, ungezifer, ungezīver

German: Ziefer; Ungeziefer

Luxembourgish: Ongeziwwer

Old Norse: tífurr, tívurr

Gothic: *𐍄𐌹𐌱𐍂 (*tibr) ( > 𐌰𐌹𐌱𐍂 (aibr)) (controversial)

From Proto-Indo-European *deHpro- (“sacrificial animal; cattle; livestock”). Cognate with Old Armenian տուար (tuar).


timrą

timrą (nominative singular)
timrō (nominative plural)
timrą (singular vocative)
timrō (plural vocative)
timrą (accusative singular)
timrō (accusative plural)
timras (genitive singular)
timris (genitive singular)
timrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
timrai (dative singular)
timramaz (dative plural)
timrō (instrumental singular)
timramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *timr
Old English: timber
Middle English: timber
English: timber
Scots: timmer, tymmer, tymer
Old Frisian: timber, timmer
Saterland Frisian: Timmer
West Frisian: timmer
Old Saxon: timbar
Middle Low German: timber, timmer
German Low German: Timmer
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Timmer
Westmünsterländisch: Timmer
Old Dutch: *timbar
Middle Dutch: timber, timmer
Dutch: timmer
Old High German: zimbar
Middle High German: zimber, zimmer, zimer
German: Zimmer
Luxembourgish: Zëmmer
Yiddish: צימער (tsimer)

Old Norse: timbr
Icelandic: timbur
Faroese: timbur
Norwegian Nynorsk: timber; (dialectal) tymbur, tymbr, tembr
Old Swedish: timber
Swedish: timmer
Old Danish: tymbær
Danish: tømmer
Norwegian Bokmål: tømmer
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: tømmer

From Proto-Indo-European *dem- (“to build”). Cognate with Latin domus (“house; home”).


targǭ

targǭ (nominative singular)
targōniz (nominative plural)
targǭ (singular vocative)
targōniz (plural vocative)
targōnų (accusative singular)
targōnunz (accusative plural)
targōniz (genitive singular)
targōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
targōni (dative singular)
targōmaz (dative plural)
targōnē (instrumental singular)
targōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *targā

Old English: targe; targa m (< *targô)

Middle English: targe, terge; targette, target

Scots: targ, targe, tairge; target

English: targe; target

Old Saxon: *targa

>? Middle Low German: targe

Old Dutch: *targa

Middle Dutch: targe, taerge

Dutch: targe

→ Old French: targue, tarque, targe; *targuette

Middle French: targe

French: targe

→ Medieval Latin: targa; tarcheta

→ Italian: targa; targhetta

→ Spanish: tarja; tarjeta

→ Portuguese: tarja

→ Galician: targa

Old High German: zarga

Middle High German: zarge

German: Zarge

Old Norse: targa

Icelandic: targa

From Proto-Indo-European *derǵʰ- (“fenced lot”), or from Proto-Indo-European *dergʰ- (“to catch, grasp”). Cognate with Lithuanian daržas (“border, halo, enclosure, garden”), Old Church Slavonic подрагъ (podragŭ, “hem, edge, rim”).