laugnijaną

laugnijō (active first-person indicative singular)
laugnijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laugnijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
laugnīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
laugnijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laugnī (active imperative second-person singular)
laugnijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
laugnijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
laugnīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
laugnijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laugnijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
laugnijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
laugnijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
laugnijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
laugnijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laugnijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laugnijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laugnijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
laugnijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
laugnijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laugnijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
laugnijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
laugnīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
laugnijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laugnīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
laugnijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
laugnijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
laugnijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
laugnijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laugnijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
laugnijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
laugnijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laugnidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
laugnidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laugnidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
laugnidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laugnidē (active indicative singular third-person)
laugnidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laugnidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
laugnidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laugnidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laugnidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laugnidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
laugnidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laugnidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
laugnidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laugnidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
laugnidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laugnijandz (active participle present)
laugnidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *laugnijan
Old English: līeġnan, lȳġnian, līġnan, lēġnian
Middle English: leynen, leinen, laynen, lainen
Scots: lain
English: lain
Old Frisian: lēina, laina
Old Saxon: lōgnian; lāgnian, lagnian
Middle Low German: lôchenen
→ Saterland Frisian: löägenje (< lāgnian)
→ West Frisian: leagenje (< lāgnian)
Old Dutch: *lōganen, *lōgnen
Middle Dutch: logenen, loochenen, loochnen, loggenen
Dutch: loochenen
Old High German: louganen
Middle High German: löugenen, lougen
German: leugnen

Old Norse: leyna

Icelandic: leyna

Faroese: loyna

Old Swedish: lø̄na

→ Middle English: leynen, laynen

English: lain

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (laugnjan)


hardijaną

hardijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hardijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hardijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hardīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hardijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hardī (active imperative second-person singular)
hardijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hardijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hardīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hardijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hardijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hardijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hardijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hardijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hardijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hardijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hardijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hardijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hardijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hardijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hardijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hardijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hardīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hardijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hardīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hardijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hardijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hardijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hardijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hardijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hardijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hardijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hardidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hardidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hardidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hardidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hardidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hardidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hardidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hardidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hardidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hardidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hardidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hardidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hardidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hardidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hardidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hardidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hardijandz (active participle present)
hardidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hardijan
Old English: hierdan, herdan, hyrdan, hirdan
Middle English: herden, harden (merged with descendant of Old English heardian)
English: hard (obsolete)
Old Frisian: herda
Old Dutch: *herden
Middle Dutch: herden, harden
Dutch: harden
Afrikaans: hard
Old High German: herten
Middle High German: herten
German: härten
→ Old French: hardir
French: hardi
→ English: hardy

Old Norse: herða

Icelandic: herða

Norwegian: herda, herde

Old Swedish: hærþa

Swedish: härda

Old Danish: hærthæ

Danish: hærde

desc

Gothic: *𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*hardjan), 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gahardjan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kärcidäk (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *kiertëtēk (see there for further descendants)


paþaz

paþaz (nominative singular)
paþōz (nominative plural)
paþōs (nominative plural)
paþ (singular vocative)
paþōz (plural vocative)
paþōs (plural vocative)
paþą (accusative singular)
paþanz (accusative plural)
paþas (genitive singular)
paþis (genitive singular)
paþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
paþai (dative singular)
paþamaz (dative plural)
paþō (instrumental singular)
paþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *paþ
Old English: pæþ m
Middle English: path, paath, paaþ, pathe, paththe, paþ, paþþe; pað, peþ (Early Middle English)
English: path
Scots: peth, paith
Old Frisian: path
Saterland Frisian: Paad, Pad (Skäddel)
West Frisian: paad
Old Saxon: path
Middle Low German: pat, pāt, paet
German Low German: Padd
Old Dutch: path
Middle Dutch: pat m or n
Dutch: pad n
Old High German: pfad, phad
Middle High German: pfat, pat, phat
German: Pfad m
Luxembourgish: Pad

→ Proto-Finnic: *padëh (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Iranian (compare Old Persian 𐎱𐎰 (p-θ /paθi/)) during the Alan invasion, from Proto-Iranian *pántaHh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pántaHs, from Proto-Indo-European *póntoh₁s, from *pent- (“path”). Compare native Germanic *funsaz (“ready, willing”) and *finþaną (“to find, to discover, to come upon”). Cognate with Sanskrit पन्था (pánthā-).


laugiz

laugiz (nominative singular)
laugīz (nominative plural)
laugi (singular vocative)
laugīz (plural vocative)
laugį (accusative singular)
lauginz (accusative plural)
laugīz (genitive singular)
laugijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laugī (dative singular)
laugimaz (dative plural)
laugī (instrumental singular)
laugimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *laugi
Old English: līg, līeg, lēg
Middle English: lye, lei, lyȝ
Old Frisian: lōga (< *laugô)
Old Dutch:
Middle Dutch: laeye
Dutch: laai
Old High German: loug

Old Norse: leygr

Icelandic: leygur

Probably from Pre-Germanic *lowkís, from Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“to shine”). Compare Old Norse logi, from the zero-grade masculine n-stem noun *lugô.


klibāną

klibō (active first-person indicative singular)
klibaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
klibai (active imperative second-person singular)
klibāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
klibaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
klibāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
klibāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
klibōs (active dual first-person indicative)
klibāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klibāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
klibāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
klibānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
klibaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
klibaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
klibānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
klibānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
klibānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
klibānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
klibadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
klibadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klibadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
klibadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klibadē (active indicative singular third-person)
klibadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klibadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
klibadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klibadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klibadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klibadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
klibadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klibadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
klibadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klibadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
klibadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klibāndz (active participle present)
klibadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *klibēn
Old English: clifian, cleofian
Middle English: clivien, cleovien, clevien, cleven
English: cleave
Scots: cleve, cleif
Old Frisian: *klivia, *klevia
Saterland Frisian: klieuwje
West Frisian: kleevje, klibje
Old Saxon: klibōn, klivōn, *klevōn
Middle Low German: klēven
Low German: kliven
German Low German: kleven
Old Dutch: clivon
Middle Dutch: cleven
Dutch: kleven
Old High German: klebēn, chlebēn; (Central German also) *klevōn (attested as clevōne, clivōda)
Middle High German: kleben
German: kleben
→ Danish: klæbe
→ Estonian: kleepima
→ Swedish: klibba
Luxembourgish: kliewen
Yiddish: קלעפּן (klepn), קלעבן (klebn)

Old Norse: klifa (possibly conflated with *klibōną?)

Icelandic: klifa

A stative derived from the root of *klībaną (“to stick”).


klībaną

klībō (active first-person indicative singular)
klībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
klībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
klībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klīb (active imperative second-person singular)
klībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
klībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
klībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
klībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
klībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
klībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
klībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
klībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
klībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
klībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
klībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
klībid (active indicative plural second-person)
klībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klībid (active imperative plural second-person)
klībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
klībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
klībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
klībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
klībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
klībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
klaib (active first-person indicative singular)
klibį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klaift (active indicative second-person singular)
klibīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klaib (active indicative singular third-person)
klibī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klibū (active dual first-person indicative)
klibīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klibudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klibīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klibum (active first-person indicative plural)
klibīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klibud (active indicative plural second-person)
klibīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klibun (active indicative plural third-person)
klibīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klībandz (active participle present)
klibanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *klīban
Old English: clīfan
Middle English: cleven (conflated with *klibēn)
English: cleave
Scots: cleve, cleif
Middle English: cliven, clyven (merged with Old Norse klífa)
English: clive
Old Frisian: klīva
⇒ West Frisian: kleve (weak verb)
Old Saxon: *klīban, *klīvan
Middle Low German: klîven
German Low German: klieven
Old Dutch: *clīvan
Middle Dutch: cliven
Dutch: klijven
Old High German: klīban
Middle High German: klīben
German: kleiben (archaic)

Old Norse: klífa

Icelandic: klífa

Faroese: kliva

Norwegian Nynorsk: kliva

Old Swedish: klīva

Swedish: kliva

Elfdalian: klaiva


friþōniz

friþōniz (nominative singular)
friþōnīz (nominative plural)
friþōni (singular vocative)
friþōnīz (plural vocative)
friþōnį (accusative singular)
friþōninz (accusative plural)
friþōnīz (genitive singular)
friþōnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
friþōnī (dative singular)
friþōnimaz (dative plural)
friþōnī (instrumental singular)
friþōnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: friþian

Middle English: frithen, ffryþe, frethen, frythen, fyrthe, vreþie; friðen, friþian, fruðien
Scots: freeth

Old Norse: friðan

Icelandic: friðan, friðun

desc

Gothic: *𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐍉𐌽𐍃 (*friþōns), 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐍉𐌽𐍃 (gafriþōns)

Derived from *friþōną (“to make peace”).


krammaz

*krammaz (a-stem)

krammaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
krammai (masculine nominative plural strong)
krammō (feminine nominative singular strong)
krammôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
krammą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
krammō (neuter nominative plural strong)
krammanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
krammanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
krammǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
krammōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
krammą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
krammō (accusative neuter plural strong)
krammas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
krammaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
krammaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
krammaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
krammas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
krammaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
krammammai (dative masculine singular strong)
krammaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
krammaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
krammaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
krammammai (dative neuter singular strong)
krammaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
krammanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
krammaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
krammaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
krammaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
krammanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
krammaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
krammô (masculine nominative singular weak)
krammaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
krammǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
krammōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
krammô (neuter nominative singular weak)
krammōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
krammanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
krammanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
krammōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
krammōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
krammô (accusative neuter singular weak)
krammōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
kramminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
krammanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
krammōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
krammōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
kramminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
krammanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
krammini (dative masculine singular weak)
krammammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
krammōni (dative feminine singular weak)
krammōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
krammini (dative neuter singular weak)
krammammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
kramminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
krammammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
krammōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
krammōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
kramminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
krammammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: krammr

Icelandic: krammur, kramur

Norwegian: krammr

From Pre-Germanic *gʷromsós or, more likely, *gʷromsmós. Related to Lithuanian grimzti (“to drown, sink”), Serbo-Croatian greznuti (“to drown, sink”).


krammiþō

krammiþō (nominative singular)
krammiþôz (nominative plural)
krammiþō (singular vocative)
krammiþôz (plural vocative)
krammiþǭ (accusative singular)
krammiþōz (accusative plural)
krammiþōz (genitive singular)
krammiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krammiþōi (dative singular)
krammiþōmaz (dative plural)
krammiþō (instrumental singular)
krammiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌵𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌹𐌸𐌰 (qrammiþa)


gruppōną

gruppō (active first-person indicative singular)
gruppǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gruppōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
gruppōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
gruppōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gruppō (active imperative second-person singular)
gruppōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gruppōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gruppōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gruppō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gruppōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gruppōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gruppōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gruppōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gruppōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gruppōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gruppōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gruppōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gruppōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gruppōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gruppōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gruppōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gruppōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gruppōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gruppōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gruppōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gruppōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gruppōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gruppōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gruppōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gruppōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gruppōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gruppōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
gruppōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gruppōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
gruppōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gruppōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
gruppōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gruppōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gruppōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gruppōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gruppōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gruppōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gruppōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gruppōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gruppōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gruppōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gruppōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gruppōndz (active participle present)
gruppōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Middle English: grubben, gropen

English: grub, groop

Middle Low German: gropen

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: grobben

⇒ Dutch: grobbelen (frequentative)

German: groppen (dialectal)

Norwegian: gropa

From Pre-Germanic *gʰr̥bʰnéh₂-, with remodeling based on its strong verb, an iterative formation to *grabaną (“to dig”). Related to Sanskrit गृभ्णाति (gṛbhṇāti, “to seize, lay hold of”).


flawją

flawją (nominative singular)
flawjō (nominative plural)
flawją (singular vocative)
flawjō (plural vocative)
flawją (accusative singular)
flawjō (accusative plural)
flawjas (genitive singular)
flawis (genitive singular)
flawjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flawjai (dative singular)
flawjamaz (dative plural)
flawjō (instrumental singular)
flawjamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: fley

Icelandic: fley

Faroese: floy

→ Old English: flōeġe

→ Proto-Finnic: *laiva

From pre-Germanic *plowyom, from Proto-Indo-European *plew- (“to sail, flow”). Cognate to Ancient Greek πλοῖον (ploîon, “floating vessel”).


flaumaz

flaumaz (nominative singular)
flaumōz (nominative plural)
flaumōs (nominative plural)
flaum (singular vocative)
flaumōz (plural vocative)
flaumōs (plural vocative)
flaumą (accusative singular)
flaumanz (accusative plural)
flaumas (genitive singular)
flaumis (genitive singular)
flaumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flaumai (dative singular)
flaumamaz (dative plural)
flaumō (instrumental singular)
flaumamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *flaum

desctree

Old English: flēam
Middle English: flem, fleem, fleme; flæm, fleam, vlem (Early Middle English)
English: fleam (dialectal)
Scots: fleem

Old Frisian: *flām; (*flēna, fleina)

⇒ Old Frisian: flāmisk, flāmsk

→ Old Dutch: *flāmisk

Middle Dutch: vlaemsch, vleemsch

Dutch: Vlaams

West Flemish: Vlemsch, Vloms (hypercorrection?)

→ Middle High German: vlæmisch

German: flämisch

→ Old English: flēmisċ

Middle English: flemmish

English: Flemish

Old High German: *floum

⇒ Old High German: weraltfloum

Old Norse: flaumr

Icelandic: flaumur

Faroese: floymur

Norwegian Bokmål: flom

Norwegian Nynorsk: flaum

From Pre-Germanic *plowmos, from Proto-Indo-European *plew- (“to sail”).


skertaną

skertō (active first-person indicative singular)
skertaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skertai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skirtizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skertaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skert (active imperative second-person singular)
skertazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skertaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skirtidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skertai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skertadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skertadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skertaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skertōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skertaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skertadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skertaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skertadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skertamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skertaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skertandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skertaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skirtid (active indicative plural second-person)
skertaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skirtid (active imperative plural second-person)
skertandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skertaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skertandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skertain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skertandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skertandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skertaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skart (active first-person indicative singular)
skurtį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skarst (active indicative second-person singular)
skurtīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skart (active indicative singular third-person)
skurtī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skurtū (active dual first-person indicative)
skurtīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skurtudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skurtīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skurtum (active first-person indicative plural)
skurtīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skurtud (active indicative plural second-person)
skurtīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skurtun (active indicative plural third-person)
skurtīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skertandz (active participle present)
skurtanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Dutch: scharten (dialectal)

Old High German: *skerzan

Middle High German: scherzen

Probably originally *skerdaną, from Pre-Germanic *skerdʰ-, with the final consonant influenced by the iterative. Perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut off”); see the derivative *skurtaz (“short”).


skertaną

Old English: *sċiertan, *sċyrtan

desc

Middle English: schurten, schurtten (“to amuse or enjoy oneself”)

desctree

Old High German: *skërzan
Middle High German: schërzen
Cimbrian: schèrtzan
German: scherzen
→ Italian: scherzare

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerd- (“to move, sway, swing”).


flakkōną

flakkō (active first-person indicative singular)
flakkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flakkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
flakkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
flakkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flakkō (active imperative second-person singular)
flakkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
flakkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
flakkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
flakkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flakkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
flakkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
flakkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
flakkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
flakkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flakkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flakkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flakkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
flakkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
flakkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flakkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
flakkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
flakkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
flakkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flakkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
flakkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
flakkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
flakkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
flakkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flakkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
flakkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
flakkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
flakkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
flakkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flakkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
flakkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flakkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
flakkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flakkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
flakkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flakkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flakkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flakkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
flakkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flakkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
flakkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flakkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
flakkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flakkōndz (active participle present)
flakkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *flakkōn

Old English: *flaccian

Middle English: flakken, flacken

English: flack

Scots: flack (obsolete)

Old Dutch: *flakkon

desc

Middle Dutch: vlacken (“to shoot, blaze, flicker”)

Dutch: vlakken

From Pre-Germanic *plh₂knéh₂-, an iterative formation to *flōkaną (“to slap, mourn”).


flakkōną

Old English: *flaccian

Middle English: flakken, flacken, flaken, flaggen

Middle Dutch: vlacken, vlaken

(Dutch: vlakkeren, (more common) flakkeren)

(Old High German: flagarōn)

Norwegian: flaga

Considered by Kroonen to be a secondary o-grade iterative formation to zero-grade *flukkōną (“to fly”), from *fleuganą (“to fly”).


blautaz

*blautaz (a-stem)

blautaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
blautai (masculine nominative plural strong)
blautō (feminine nominative singular strong)
blautôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
blautą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
blautō (neuter nominative plural strong)
blautanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
blautanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
blautǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
blautōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
blautą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
blautō (accusative neuter plural strong)
blautas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
blautaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
blautaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
blautaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
blautas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
blautaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
blautammai (dative masculine singular strong)
blautaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
blautaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
blautaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
blautammai (dative neuter singular strong)
blautaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
blautanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
blautaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
blautaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
blautaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
blautanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
blautaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
blautô (masculine nominative singular weak)
blautaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
blautǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
blautōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
blautô (neuter nominative singular weak)
blautōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
blautanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
blautanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
blautōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
blautōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
blautô (accusative neuter singular weak)
blautōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
blautiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
blautanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
blautōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
blautōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
blautiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
blautanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
blautini (dative masculine singular weak)
blautammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
blautōni (dative feminine singular weak)
blautōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
blautini (dative neuter singular weak)
blautammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
blautinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
blautammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
blautōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
blautōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
blautinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
blautammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *blaut

desctree

Old English: blēat
Middle English: *blete, *bleet
Scots: bleat, blait, bleet

Old Frisian: blāt

Saterland Frisian: bloot

West Frisian: bleat

Old Saxon: *blōt

Middle Low German: blôt

Low German: blott, blutt

→ Swedish: blott

→ Danish: blot

Old Dutch: *blōt

Middle Dutch: blôot

Dutch: bloot

→ Middle English: blōt

Old High German: blōz, *blōt — Lombardic
Middle High German: blōz
Alemannic German: bloos, blooss, blöiß (Einsiedeln)
Central Franconian:
Kölsch: blus
German: bloß
Luxembourgish: blouss
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: blooss
Yiddish: בלויז (bloyz)
→ Occitan: blos, blous (“pure, empty, bare”)
⇒ Occitan: lano blouso (“pure or short wool”)
→ French: blousse (“scraps of wool”)
⇒? French: blouse (“a workman's or peasant's smock”) (see there for further descendants)
→ Latin: *blotiāre (from Lombardic *blōt)
Medieval Latin: bluttāre

Old Norse: blautr
Icelandic: blautur
Faroese: bleytur
Norwegian Nynorsk: blaut
→ Norwegian Bokmål: blaut
Dalian: blot
Old Swedish: blø̄ter
Swedish: blöt
Old Danish: bløthær
Danish: blød
Norwegian Bokmål: bløt

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: lávtas

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰlowdh₂o-, from *bʰlow- (“emaciated, soft”). Cognate with Ancient Greek φλυδάω (phludáō, “to be soft, weak”).


murþrijô

gem-decl-noun-table

*murþrijô (an-stem)

murþrijô (nominative singular)
murþrijaniz (nominative plural)
murþrijô (singular vocative)
murþrijaniz (plural vocative)
murþrijanų (accusative singular)
murþrijanunz (accusative plural)
murþrīniz (genitive singular)
murþrijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
murþrīni (dative singular)
murþrijammaz (dative plural)
murþrīnē (instrumental singular)
murþrijammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *murþrijō

Old English: myrþra

Old High German: murdreo, murdiro (possibly attested once as myrdhra)

desc

𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌾𐌰

Gothic: *𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌾𐌰 (*maurþrja), 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌾𐌰 (manamaurþrja)


farą

farą (nominative singular)
farō (nominative plural)
farą (singular vocative)
farō (plural vocative)
farą (accusative singular)
farō (accusative plural)
faras (genitive singular)
faris (genitive singular)
farǫ̂ (genitive plural)
farai (dative singular)
faramaz (dative plural)
farō (instrumental singular)
faramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: fær

gl

merged with descendant of Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">faru</i>

Middle English: fare (merged with descendant of Old English faru)

English: fare

Old High German: far

Middle High German: var

German: Fahr

Proto-Norse: *ᚠᚨᚱᚨ (*fara)

Old Norse: far

Icelandic: far

Faroese: far

Norn: far

Old Swedish: far

⇒ Old Norse: farkostr

→ Middle English: farcost

From Pre-Germanic *poro-, from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to go forth, cross”). Related to Ancient Greek πόρος (póros, “means of passing a river, ford, ferry”).


murþrą

murþrą (nominative singular)
murþrō (nominative plural)
murþrą (singular vocative)
murþrō (plural vocative)
murþrą (accusative singular)
murþrō (accusative plural)
murþras (genitive singular)
murþris (genitive singular)
murþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
murþrai (dative singular)
murþramaz (dative plural)
murþrō (instrumental singular)
murþramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *morþr, *murþr
Old English: morþor
Middle English: morther, murther, murthre, mourdre, mudre, murder
English: murther, murder
Scots: murther, morther, murder
Old Dutch: *morthor, mordor
Old High German: mordor
→ Latin: murdrum
Old French: murdre, mordre, murtre
Middle French: meurtre
French: meurtre

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂 (maurþr)

From Pre-Germanic *mŕ̥trom, an instrumental formation to Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to die”).


farō

farō (nominative singular)
farôz (nominative plural)
farō (singular vocative)
farôz (plural vocative)
farǭ (accusative singular)
farōz (accusative plural)
farōz (genitive singular)
farǫ̂ (genitive plural)
farōi (dative singular)
farōmaz (dative plural)
farō (instrumental singular)
farōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *faru
Old English: faru
Middle English: fare
English: fare
Old High German: fara
Middle High German: var
German: Fahr

Old Norse: fǫr

Icelandic: för

Old Swedish: far

→ Proto-Samic: *fārō (see there for further descendants)


farjǭ

farjǭ (nominative singular)
farjōniz (nominative plural)
farjǭ (singular vocative)
farjōniz (plural vocative)
farjōnų (accusative singular)
farjōnunz (accusative plural)
farjōniz (genitive singular)
farjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
farjōni (dative singular)
farjōmaz (dative plural)
farjōnē (instrumental singular)
farjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Middle Low German: vere

Middle Dutch: vere

Dutch: veer

Old High German: *fera

Middle High German: vere

German: Fähre

Luxembourgish: Fuer

Old Norse: ferja
Icelandic: ferja
Faroese: ferja
Norwegian Nynorsk: ferje, ferja f
→ Norwegian Bokmål: ferje m or f
Norwegian: (dialectal) farje, ferri
Old Swedish: færia
Swedish: färja
Old Danish: færje
Danish: færge
Norwegian Bokmål: ferge
→ Middle English: ferie, fery, ferye, ffery, verye
English: ferry (see there for further descendants)
Scots: ferry

Derived from *farjaną (“to ferry, travel by boat”).


hwalbą

hwalbą (nominative singular)
hwalbō (nominative plural)
hwalbą (singular vocative)
hwalbō (plural vocative)
hwalbą (accusative singular)
hwalbō (accusative plural)
hwalbas (genitive singular)
hwalbis (genitive singular)
hwalbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwalbai (dative singular)
hwalbamaz (dative plural)
hwalbō (instrumental singular)
hwalbamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwalb

Old English: hwealf

Middle English: wholve

English: hull- (in place names)

Old Norse: hvalf, hválf

Icelandic: hválf, hvolf

Faroese: hválv

>? Norwegian Nynorsk: kvelv

Old Swedish: hvalf

Swedish: valv, hvalf (pre-1906 spelling)

→? Danish: hvælv

→? Norwegian Bokmål: hvelv

→ Finnish: holvi

From Pre-Germanic *kʷólpo-, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷelp- (“to curve”). Related to Ancient Greek κόλπος (kólpos, “bosom, lap”), Latin culpa (“mistake, fault”), and Persian کلبه (kolbe, “cottage”).


sprīþaną

sprīþō (active first-person indicative singular)
sprīþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sprīþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sprīþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sprīþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprīþ (active imperative second-person singular)
sprīþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sprīþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sprīþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sprīþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprīþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sprīþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sprīþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sprīþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sprīþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprīþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprīþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprīþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sprīþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sprīþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprīþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sprīþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sprīþid (active indicative plural second-person)
sprīþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprīþid (active imperative plural second-person)
sprīþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sprīþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sprīþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sprīþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprīþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sprīþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sprīþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
spraiþ (active first-person indicative singular)
spridį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spraist (active indicative second-person singular)
spridīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spraiþ (active indicative singular third-person)
spridī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spridū (active dual first-person indicative)
spridīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spridudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spridīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spridum (active first-person indicative plural)
spridīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spridud (active indicative plural second-person)
spridīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spridun (active indicative plural third-person)
spridīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprīþandz (active participle present)
spridanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sprīþan
Old High German: *sprīdan, sprīzan (influenced by *sprittōn)
Middle High German: sprīden, sprīten

From pre-Germanic *spreyt-, of uncertain origin; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *sperH- + *-ey- + *-t-. Variant stem *sprīt- influenced by iterative *spritt-.

(West Germanic) to break up, become scattered

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


lappōną

lappō (active first-person indicative singular)
lappǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lappōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
lappōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
lappōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lappō (active imperative second-person singular)
lappōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lappōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lappōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
lappō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lappōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
lappōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lappōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lappōs (active dual first-person indicative)
lappōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lappōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lappōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lappōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lappōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lappōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lappōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lappōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lappōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
lappōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lappōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
lappōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lappōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lappōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
lappōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lappōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
lappōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lappōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lappōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
lappōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lappōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
lappōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lappōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
lappōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lappōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
lappōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lappōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lappōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lappōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
lappōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lappōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
lappōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lappōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
lappōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lappōndz (active participle present)
lappōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: lapian

Middle English: lapien, lappen

English: lap, lape (obsolete)

Dutch: labben, lappen (early modern)

Old Norse: *lapa

Old Swedish: lapa

Swedish: lapa

From Pre-Germanic *lapnéh₂-. The root was probably onomatopoeic and might have come about after the PIE period proper. Related to Latin lambō (“to lick”).


laisō

laisō (nominative singular)
laisôz (nominative plural)
laisō (singular vocative)
laisôz (plural vocative)
laisǭ (accusative singular)
laisōz (accusative plural)
laisōz (genitive singular)
laisǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laisōi (dative singular)
laisōmaz (dative plural)
laisō (instrumental singular)
laisōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *laisu
Old Dutch: *lēs
Middle Dutch: lêes
Old High German: leisa
Middle High German: leise
German: Leise
⇒ German: Geleise, Gleise

From Proto-Indo-European *lóyseh₂. Cognate with Latin līra (“furrow”).


laibō

laibō (nominative singular)
laibôz (nominative plural)
laibō (singular vocative)
laibôz (plural vocative)
laibǭ (accusative singular)
laibōz (accusative plural)
laibōz (genitive singular)
laibǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laibōi (dative singular)
laibōmaz (dative plural)
laibō (instrumental singular)
laibōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *laibu
Old English: lāf
Middle English: love, lave, leve, loove; lafe, læve, loave (Early Middle English)
English: lave
Scots: lave
Old Frisian: lāva
Old Saxon: lēba
Old High German: leiba, leipa
Middle High German: leibe

Proto-Norse: *ᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*laibaʀ)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛁᚾᚨᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*ainalaibaʀ), *ᚨᛁᚹᚨᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*aiwalaibaʀ)

Old Norse: leif

Icelandic: leif

Norwegian Nynorsk: leiv, (leivd)

(Faroese: leivd)

Old Swedish: lēf

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌰 (laiba)


krabbô

krabbô (nominative singular)
krabbaniz (nominative plural)
krabbô (singular vocative)
krabbaniz (plural vocative)
krabbanų (accusative singular)
krabbanunz (accusative plural)
krabbiniz (genitive singular)
krabbanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krabbini (dative singular)
krabbammaz (dative plural)
krabbinē (instrumental singular)
krabbammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *krabbō
Old English: crabba
Middle English: crabbe
Scots: crab, craib
English: crab
Old Frisian: *krabba
North Frisian: kraab
Saterland Frisian: Krabbe
West Frisian: kraab, krab
Old Saxon: *krabbo
Middle Low German: krabbe
German Low German: Krabbe, Krabb
Low German: Krabbe
→ German: Krabbe
→ Lower Sorbian: kraba
Old Dutch: *crabbo
Middle Dutch: crabbe
Dutch: krab
Afrikaans: krap
Limburgish: krab
→ Walloon: crappe, crape
→ Picard: crape
Old High German: *chrappo, *krappo
Middle High German: krappe
German: Krappe
Luxembourgish: Krabb

Old Norse: krabbi

Icelandic: krabbi

Faroese: krabbi

Norn: krabbi

Norwegian: krabbe

Old Swedish: krabbe

Swedish: krabba

Danish: krabbe

→ Old French: crabe

Middle French: crabe

French: crabe

Norman: crabe (Jèrriais)

→ Romanian: crab

others:

→ Latvian: krabis

→ Lithuanian: krabas

→ Belarusian: краб (krab)

→ Russian: краб (krab)

→ Ukrainian: краб (krab)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кра̏ба

Latin script: krȁba

→ Macedonian: крабар (krabar)

→ Czech: krab

→ Kashubian: krab, kraba

→ Polish: krab

→ Slovak: krab

→ Lower Sorbian: kraba

→ Upper Sorbian: kraba

→ Proto-Finnic:

Estonian: krabi

Finnish: rapu

Ingrian: krapu

Votic: krapu

An agent noun derivation of Proto-Indo-European *gerbʰ- (“to crawl; scratch”) via *krabbōną.


glitmô

glitmô (nominative singular)
glitmaniz (nominative plural)
glitmô (singular vocative)
glitmaniz (plural vocative)
glitmanų (accusative singular)
glitmanunz (accusative plural)
glitminiz (genitive singular)
glitmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glitmini (dative singular)
glitmammaz (dative plural)
glitminē (instrumental singular)
glitmammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *glitmō
Old High German: glizemo
Middle High German: *glitzme
⇒ Alemannic German: glitzme

From Pre-Germanic *gʰlidmon-; thus equivalent to *glītaną (“to shine”) + *-mô.


glitmunjaną

glitmunjō (active first-person indicative singular)
glitmunjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glitmunjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
glitmunisi (active indicative second-person singular)
glitmunjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glitmuni (active imperative second-person singular)
glitmunjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
glitmunjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
glitmuniþi (active indicative singular third-person)
glitmunjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glitmunjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
glitmunjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
glitmunjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
glitmunjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
glitmunjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glitmunjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glitmunjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glitmunjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
glitmunjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
glitmunjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glitmunjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
glitmunjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
glitmuniþ (active indicative plural second-person)
glitmunjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glitmuniþ (active imperative plural second-person)
glitmunjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
glitmunjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
glitmunjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
glitmunjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glitmunjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
glitmunjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
glitmunjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
glitmunidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
glitmunidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glitmunidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
glitmunidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glitmunidē (active indicative singular third-person)
glitmunidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glitmunidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
glitmunidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glitmunidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glitmunidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glitmunidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
glitmunidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glitmunidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
glitmunidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glitmunidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
glitmunidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glitmunjandz (active participle present)
glitmunidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍄𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (glitmunjan)

Derived from *glitmô (“shine”), Pre-Germanic *gʰlidmn̥ye-.


gullōną

gullō (active first-person indicative singular)
gullǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gullōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
gullōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
gullōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gullō (active imperative second-person singular)
gullōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gullōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gullōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gullō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gullōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gullōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gullōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gullōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gullōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gullōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gullōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gullōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gullōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gullōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gullōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gullōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gullōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gullōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gullōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gullōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gullōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gullōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gullōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gullōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gullōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gullōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gullōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
gullōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gullōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
gullōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gullōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
gullōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gullōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gullōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gullōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gullōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gullōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gullōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gullōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gullōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gullōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gullōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gullōndz (active participle present)
gullōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: *golla

Norwegian: golle

From Pre-Germanic *gʰl̥néh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to *galaną, *gellaną (“to yell”).


grappōną

grappō (active first-person indicative singular)
grappǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grappōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
grappōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
grappōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grappō (active imperative second-person singular)
grappōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grappōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grappōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
grappō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grappōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
grappōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grappōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grappōs (active dual first-person indicative)
grappōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grappōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grappōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grappōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grappōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grappōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grappōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grappōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grappōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
grappōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grappōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
grappōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grappōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grappōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
grappōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grappōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
grappōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grappōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
grappōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
grappōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grappōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
grappōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grappōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
grappōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grappōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
grappōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grappōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grappōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grappōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
grappōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grappōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
grappōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grappōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
grappōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grappōndz (active participle present)
grappōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

English: grab, also cf. grapple

Middle Low German: grabben

Middle Dutch: grapen, grabben

(Dutch: grabbelen)

From Pre-Germanic *gʰrobʰneh₂-, apparently an iterative to *grabaną (“to dig”).


grippōną

grippō (active first-person indicative singular)
grippǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grippōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
grippōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
grippōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grippō (active imperative second-person singular)
grippōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grippōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grippōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
grippō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grippōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
grippōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grippōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grippōs (active dual first-person indicative)
grippōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grippōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grippōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grippōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grippōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grippōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grippōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grippōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grippōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
grippōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grippōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
grippōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grippōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grippōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
grippōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grippōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
grippōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grippōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
grippōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
grippōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grippōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
grippōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grippōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
grippōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grippōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
grippōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grippōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grippōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grippōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
grippōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grippōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
grippōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grippōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
grippōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grippōndz (active participle present)
grippōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Middle Dutch: grippen

(Dutch: gribbelen)

Alsatian: grippen (?)

(Old Norse: gripla)

From Pre-Germanic *gʰribʰnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to the root of *grīpaną (“to grip”).


glītaną

glītō (active first-person indicative singular)
glītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
glītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
glītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glīt (active imperative second-person singular)
glītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
glītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
glītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
glītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
glītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
glītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
glītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
glītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
glītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
glītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
glītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
glītid (active indicative plural second-person)
glītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glītid (active imperative plural second-person)
glītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
glītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
glītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
glītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
glītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
glītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
glait (active first-person indicative singular)
glitį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glaist (active indicative second-person singular)
glitīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glait (active indicative singular third-person)
glitī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glitū (active dual first-person indicative)
glitīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glitudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glitīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glitum (active first-person indicative plural)
glitīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glitud (active indicative plural second-person)
glitīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glitun (active indicative plural third-person)
glitīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glītandz (active participle present)
glitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *glītan
Old Saxon: glītan
Old High German: glīzan
German: gleißen

From Pre-Germanic *ǵʰleyd-, possibly an extension of *ǵʰley- as seen in *glīwą (“joy”). Kroonen considers it likely the strong verb was back-formed from the iterative *glittōną (“to shine”).


glaumaz

glaumaz (nominative singular)
glaumōz (nominative plural)
glaumōs (nominative plural)
glaum (singular vocative)
glaumōz (plural vocative)
glaumōs (plural vocative)
glaumą (accusative singular)
glaumanz (accusative plural)
glaumas (genitive singular)
glaumis (genitive singular)
glaumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glaumai (dative singular)
glaumamaz (dative plural)
glaumō (instrumental singular)
glaumamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: glēam

Middle English: glam

Scots: glamer

Old Norse: glaumr

Icelandic: glaumur

From Pre-Germanic *gʰlowmos, a mo-stem noun from Proto-Indo-European *gʰlew- (“to be merry”). Related to Ancient Greek χλεύη (khleúē, “joke, jest”), Old Armenian ձաղ (jał, “derision, mockery”).


ufumô

gem-decl-adj-table

*ufumô (an/īn-stem)

ufumô (masculine nominative singular)
ufumaniz (masculine nominative plural)
ufumį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
ufumīniz (feminine nominative plural)
ufumô (neuter nominative singular)
ufumōnō (neuter nominative plural)
ufumanų (accusative masculine singular)
ufumanunz (accusative masculine plural)
ufumīnų (accusative feminine singular)
ufumīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
ufumô (accusative neuter singular)
ufumōnō (accusative neuter plural)
ufuminiz (genitive masculine singular)
ufumanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
ufumīniz (feminine genitive singular)
ufumīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
ufuminiz (genitive neuter singular)
ufumanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
ufumini (dative masculine singular)
ufumammaz (dative masculine plural)
ufumīni (dative feminine singular)
ufumīmaz (dative feminine plural)
ufumini (dative neuter singular)
ufumammaz (dative neuter plural)
ufuminē (instrumental masculine singular)
ufumammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
ufumīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
ufumīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
ufuminē (instrumental neuter singular)
ufumammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

(Old English: yfemest)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌿𐌼𐌰 (auhuma) (dissimilation of -f- to -h- due to labial environment)

From Pre-Germanic *h₁úpm̥Ho-, equivalent to *ub + *-umô. Cognate with Sanskrit उपम (upamá, “uppermost”), Latin summus (“highest”).


skakkōną

skakkō (active first-person indicative singular)
skakkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skakkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skakkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skakkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skakkō (active imperative second-person singular)
skakkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skakkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skakkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skakkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skakkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skakkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skakkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skakkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skakkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skakkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skakkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skakkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skakkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skakkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skakkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skakkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skakkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skakkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skakkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skakkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skakkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skakkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skakkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skakkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skakkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skakkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skakkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skakkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skakkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skakkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skakkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skakkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skakkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skakkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skakkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skakkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skakkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skakkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skakkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skakkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skakkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skakkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skakkōndz (active participle present)
skakkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Middle English: schaggen

English: shag

Middle High German: schacken

From pre-Germanic *skoknéh₂-, an iterative to *skehaną (“to move quickly”), *skakaną (“to shake”).


þurftiz

þurftiz (nominative singular)
þurftīz (nominative plural)
þurfti (singular vocative)
þurftīz (plural vocative)
þurftį (accusative singular)
þurftinz (accusative plural)
þurftīz (genitive singular)
þurftijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þurftī (dative singular)
þurftimaz (dative plural)
þurftī (instrumental singular)
þurftimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *threft (in nēdthreft)

West Frisian: needdrift

Old Saxon: thurft, thuruft; nōdthurft

Old Dutch: *thurft

Middle Dutch: *durft (in nootdurft, nootdruft, nootdorft)

Dutch: nooddruft

Afrikaans: nooddruf

Old High German: durft, duruft; nōtdurft, nōtduruft

Middle High German: durft

German: Durft; Notdurft

Old Norse: þurft, þyrft; nauðþurft

Icelandic: þurft; nauðþurft

Old Swedish: þorft, þyrft

Swedish: -torft in nödtorft

Norwegian Nynorsk: turft

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍆𐍄𐍃 (þaurfts); 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍆𐍄𐍃 (naudiþaurfts)

From *þurbaną (“to need”) + *-þiz. Cognate with Sanskrit तृप्ति (tṛpti, “satisfaction, contentment”).


skukkōną

skukkō (active first-person indicative singular)
skukkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skukkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skukkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skukkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skukkō (active imperative second-person singular)
skukkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skukkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skukkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skukkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skukkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skukkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skukkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skukkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skukkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skukkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skukkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skukkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skukkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skukkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skukkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skukkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skukkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skukkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skukkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skukkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skukkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skukkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skukkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skukkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skukkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skukkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skukkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skukkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skukkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skukkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skukkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skukkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skukkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skukkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skukkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skukkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skukkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skukkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skukkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skukkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skukkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skukkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skukkōndz (active participle present)
skukkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skukkōn

Old English: *sċoccian

Middle English: schoggen, shoggen

English: shog, shock (obsolete), jog

Old Saxon: *skokkōn, *skoggōn

desc

Middle Low German: scokken, schocken, schoggen, schucken

Old Dutch: *skokkon

Middle Dutch: schocken

Dutch: schokken

→ Middle French: chocquer

French: choquer

→ English: shock

Old High German: *skohhōn

Middle High German: schocken

German: schocken

An unetymological iterative to *skakaną (“to shake”). Due to the frequency of iteratives appearing with zero-grade *-u- and o-grade *-a-, these vowels began to be used to create iteratives to roots where they were unwarranted.


flukkōną

flukkō (active first-person indicative singular)
flukkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flukkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
flukkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
flukkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flukkō (active imperative second-person singular)
flukkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
flukkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
flukkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
flukkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flukkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
flukkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
flukkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
flukkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
flukkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flukkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flukkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flukkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
flukkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
flukkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flukkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
flukkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
flukkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
flukkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flukkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
flukkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
flukkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
flukkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
flukkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flukkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
flukkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
flukkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
flukkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
flukkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flukkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
flukkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flukkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
flukkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flukkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
flukkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flukkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flukkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flukkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
flukkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flukkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
flukkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flukkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
flukkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flukkōndz (active participle present)
flukkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Middle Dutch: flogen

Old High German: *flockōn

Middle High German: vlocken

German: flocken (obsolete?)

From earlier paradigm *flukkōþi ~ *flugunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *pluk-nā́-ti ~ *pluk-un-ánti, iterative to *fleuganą (“to fly”).


brukkōną

brukkō (active first-person indicative singular)
brukkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brukkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
brukkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
brukkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brukkō (active imperative second-person singular)
brukkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brukkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brukkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
brukkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brukkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
brukkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brukkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brukkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
brukkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brukkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brukkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brukkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brukkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brukkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brukkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brukkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brukkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
brukkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brukkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
brukkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brukkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brukkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
brukkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brukkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
brukkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brukkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brukkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
brukkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brukkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
brukkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brukkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
brukkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brukkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
brukkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brukkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brukkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brukkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
brukkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brukkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
brukkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brukkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
brukkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brukkōndz (active participle present)
brukkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *brokkōn
Old English: brocian
Old Dutch: *brocken, *broken
Middle Dutch: brocken, brōken
Dutch: brokken, broken
Old High German: brohhōn, brokkōn
Middle High German: brocken
⇒ Middle High German: erbrochen

Old Norse: *broka

Norwegian: broka

From earlier paradigm *brukkōþi ~ *brukunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *bʰrug-nā́-ti ~ *bʰrug-un-ánti, iterative to *brekaną (“to break”). Possible parallel formation with Latin frangō (“to break”).


bakkōną

bakkō (active first-person indicative singular)
bakkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bakkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
bakkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
bakkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bakkō (active imperative second-person singular)
bakkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bakkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bakkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bakkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bakkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bakkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bakkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bakkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bakkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bakkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bakkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bakkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bakkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bakkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bakkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bakkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bakkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bakkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bakkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bakkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bakkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bakkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bakkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bakkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bakkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bakkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bakkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bakkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bakkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bakkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bakkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
bakkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bakkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bakkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bakkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bakkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bakkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bakkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bakkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bakkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bakkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bakkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bakkōndz (active participle present)
bakkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bakkōn

Old Saxon: *bakkōn

Middle Low German: backen (weak verb)

German Low German: backen

Old Dutch: *bakkon

Middle Dutch: backen (weak verb)

Dutch: bakken

→ West Frisian: bakke (weak verb)

Old High German: backōn

Middle High German: backen

German: backen (the weak conjugation)

Old Norse: baka

Icelandic: baka

Faroese: baka

Elfdalian: båkå

From earlier paradigm *bakkōþi ~ *bakunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *bʰəg-nā́-ti ~ *bʰəg-un-ánti, iterative to *bakaną (“to bake”).


wiskaz

wiskaz (nominative singular)
wiskōz (nominative plural)
wiskōs (nominative plural)
wisk (singular vocative)
wiskōz (plural vocative)
wiskōs (plural vocative)
wiską (accusative singular)
wiskanz (accusative plural)
wiskas (genitive singular)
wiskis (genitive singular)
wiskǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiskai (dative singular)
wiskamaz (dative plural)
wiskō (instrumental singular)
wiskamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *wisk

Middle Dutch: wisch

Dutch: wis

Old High German: wisk

German: Wisch

Luxembourgish: Wësch

Old Norse: visk f (< *wiskō)

Icelandic: visk f

Old Swedish: visk

Swedish: viska

Danish: visk

→ Middle English: wisk

English: whisk

→ Proto-Finnic: *vihko (< *wiskō) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *wisgéh₂ (cf. the feminine ō-stem variant *wiskō), from the root *weys-. Cognate with Latin virga (“twig, shoot, rod”).


wiskijaną

wiskijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wiskijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wiskijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wiskīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wiskijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wiskī (active imperative second-person singular)
wiskijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wiskijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wiskīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wiskijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wiskijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wiskijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wiskijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wiskijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wiskijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wiskijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wiskijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wiskijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wiskijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wiskijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wiskijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wiskijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wiskīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wiskijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wiskīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wiskijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wiskijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wiskijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wiskijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wiskijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wiskijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wiskijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wiskidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wiskidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wiskidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wiskidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wiskidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wiskidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wiskidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wiskidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wiskidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wiskidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wiskidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wiskidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wiskidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wiskidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wiskidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wiskidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wiskijandz (active participle present)
wiskidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Saxon: *wiskian

Middle Low German: wischen

desctree

Old Dutch: *wisken
Middle Dutch: wisschen
Dutch: wissen
Limburgish: wösje

Old High German: wisken

Bavarian: wischn

German: wischen

→ Esperanto: viŝi

Yiddish: ווישן (vishn)

Old Norse: *viska (or possibly the descendants are loaned from West Germanic)

Icelandic: viska

Faroese: viska

Swedish: viska

Danish: viske

→? Proto-Finnic: *pühkidäk

From *wiskaz (“bundle of hay/straw, wisp”) + *-janą.


mittōną

mittō (active first-person indicative singular)
mittǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mittōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
mittōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
mittōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mittō (active imperative second-person singular)
mittōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mittōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mittōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
mittō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mittōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
mittōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mittōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mittōs (active dual first-person indicative)
mittōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mittōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mittōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mittōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mittōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mittōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mittōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mittōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mittōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
mittōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mittōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
mittōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mittōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mittōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
mittōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mittōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
mittōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mittōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mittōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
mittōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mittōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
mittōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mittōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
mittōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mittōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
mittōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mittōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mittōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mittōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
mittōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mittōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
mittōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mittōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
mittōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mittōndz (active participle present)
mittōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old High German: *metzōn

Middle High German: metzen

Norwegian: mita

From Pre-Germanic *mitnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to *maitaną (“to cut”).


smittōną

smittō (active first-person indicative singular)
smittǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smittōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
smittōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
smittōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smittō (active imperative second-person singular)
smittōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
smittōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
smittōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
smittō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smittōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
smittōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
smittōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
smittōs (active dual first-person indicative)
smittōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smittōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smittōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smittōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
smittōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
smittōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smittōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
smittōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
smittōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
smittōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smittōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
smittōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
smittōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
smittōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
smittōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smittōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
smittōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
smittōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
smittōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
smittōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smittōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
smittōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smittōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
smittōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smittōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
smittōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smittōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smittōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smittōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
smittōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smittōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
smittōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smittōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
smittōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smittōndz (active participle present)
smittōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old High German: *smizzōn

Middle High German: smitzen

German: schmitzen

Old Norse: *smitta, *smita

Elfdalian: smitå

Old Swedish: smita

From Pre-Germanic *smidnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to *smītaną (“to strike”).


smittōną

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *smittōn, *smittjōn
Old English: smittian
Middle English: smitten
English: smit
Scots: smit
Old Frisian: *smittia, smitta
Old Saxon: *smittōn
Middle Low German: smitten, smetten
→ Swedish: smitta
Old Dutch: *smitton
Middle Dutch: smitten, smetten
Dutch: smetten
Old High German: *smizzōn
Middle High German: smitzen
German: schmitzen

Old Norse: *smita

Norwegian: smita

Elfdalian: smitå

Old Swedish: smita

Swedish: smeta

Derived from *smittǭ (“stain, smear”) + *-ōną. See *smītaną (“to smear, stain, dirty”). Alternatively from *smitiz (“stain”).


sukkōną

sukkō (active first-person indicative singular)
sukkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sukkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
sukkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sukkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sukkō (active imperative second-person singular)
sukkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sukkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sukkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sukkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sukkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sukkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sukkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sukkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sukkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sukkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sukkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sukkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sukkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sukkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sukkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sukkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sukkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sukkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sukkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sukkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sukkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sukkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sukkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sukkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sukkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sukkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sukkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sukkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sukkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sukkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sukkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sukkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sukkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sukkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sukkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sukkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sukkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sukkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sukkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sukkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sukkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sukkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sukkōndz (active participle present)
sukkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: socian

English: soak

German: sucken (dialectal)

From Pre-Germanic *suḱnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to Proto-Indo-European *sewḱ- (“to suck”). The verb(s) *sūkaną/*sūganą ("to suck") very likely represent a back-formation from the iterative, as the expected outcome from inheritance would be *seuhaną.


bullōną

bullō (active first-person indicative singular)
bullǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bullōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
bullōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
bullōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bullō (active imperative second-person singular)
bullōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bullōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bullōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bullō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bullōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bullōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bullōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bullōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bullōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bullōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bullōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bullōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bullōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bullōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bullōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bullōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bullōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bullōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bullōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bullōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bullōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bullōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bullōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bullōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bullōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bullōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bullōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bullōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bullōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bullōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bullōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
bullōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bullōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bullōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bullōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bullōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bullōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bullōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bullōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bullōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bullōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bullōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bullōndz (active participle present)
bullōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Saxon: *bullōn

Middle Low German: bullen

Old Dutch: *bullon

Middle Dutch: bullen

Dutch: bullen

Old High German: bullōn

Middle High German: bullen, büllen

German: büllen

Old Norse: bulla

Icelandic: bulla

Faroese: bulla

Norwegian Nynorsk: bulla

From earlier paradigm *bullōþi ~ *bulunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *bʰul-nā́-ti ~ *bʰul-un-ánti, iterative from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to sound, roar”).


hnappōną

hnappō (active first-person indicative singular)
hnappǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnappōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hnappōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hnappōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnappō (active imperative second-person singular)
hnappōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hnappōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hnappōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hnappō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnappōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hnappōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hnappōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hnappōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hnappōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnappōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnappōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnappōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hnappōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hnappōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnappōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hnappōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hnappōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hnappōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnappōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hnappōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hnappōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hnappōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hnappōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnappōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hnappōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hnappōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hnappōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hnappōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnappōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hnappōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnappōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hnappōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnappōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnappōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnappōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnappōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnappōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnappōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnappōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnappōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnappōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnappōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnappōndz (active participle present)
hnappōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hnappōn

Old English: hnappian

Middle English: nappen

English: nap, nab

Old High German: hnaffezan, hnaffezzan

Middle High German: nafzen

German: napfezen, nafzen (dialectal)

Old Norse: *hnappa

Norwegian: nappe (dialectal)

Norwegian Bokmål: nappe (dialectal)

Old Swedish: nappa

Swedish: nappa

→ Finnic:

Estonian: nappama (dialectal)

Finnish: napata

Ingrian: napata

Karelian: ńapata

From Pre-Germanic *knobʰnéh₂-, an o-grade iterative to Proto-Indo-European *knebʰ- (“to pick”). Related to Lithuanian knabt (“to peck”).