tulguz

tulguz (masculine nominative singular strong)
tulgijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
tulgī (feminine nominative singular strong)
tulgijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
tulgų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
tulgijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
tulgijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
tulgijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
tulgijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
tulgijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
tulgų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
tulgijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
tulgijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
tulgīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
tulgijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
tulgijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
tulgijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
tulgijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
tulgīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
tulgijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
tulgijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
tulgijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
tulgijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
tulgijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
tulgijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
tulgijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
tulgijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
tulgijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
tulgijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
tulgijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
tulgijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
tulgijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
tulgijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
tulgijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
tulgijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
tulgijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
tulgijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
tulgijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
tulgijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
tulgijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
tulgijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
tulgijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
tulgijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
tulgijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
tulgīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
tulgijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
tulgijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
tulgijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
tulgīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
tulgijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
tulgīni (dative masculine singular weak)
tulgijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
tulgijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
tulgijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
tulgīni (dative neuter singular weak)
tulgijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
tulgīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
tulgijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
tulgijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
tulgijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
tulgīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
tulgijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: tulge; tylġ, tylġest

Old Saxon: tulgo

Gothic: 𐍄𐌿𐌻𐌲𐌿𐍃 (tulgus)

From Proto-Indo-European *dl̥h₁gʰós (“long”). Cognate with Lithuanian ilga (“long”), Latin indulgeō (“favour, grant, indulge”).


þinhtaz

*þinhtaz (a-stem)

þinhtaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
þinhtai (masculine nominative plural strong)
þinhtō (feminine nominative singular strong)
þinhtôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
þinhtą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
þinhtō (neuter nominative plural strong)
þinhtanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
þinhtanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
þinhtǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
þinhtōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
þinhtą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
þinhtō (accusative neuter plural strong)
þinhtas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
þinhtaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
þinhtaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
þinhtaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
þinhtas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
þinhtaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
þinhtammai (dative masculine singular strong)
þinhtaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
þinhtaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
þinhtaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
þinhtammai (dative neuter singular strong)
þinhtaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
þinhtanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
þinhtaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
þinhtaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
þinhtaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
þinhtanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
þinhtaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
þinhtô (masculine nominative singular weak)
þinhtaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
þinhtǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
þinhtōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
þinhtô (neuter nominative singular weak)
þinhtōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
þinhtanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
þinhtanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
þinhtōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
þinhtōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
þinhtô (accusative neuter singular weak)
þinhtōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
þinhtiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
þinhtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
þinhtōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
þinhtōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
þinhtiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
þinhtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
þinhtini (dative masculine singular weak)
þinhtammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
þinhtōni (dative feminine singular weak)
þinhtōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
þinhtini (dative neuter singular weak)
þinhtammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
þinhtinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
þinhtammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
þinhtōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
þinhtōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
þinhtinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
þinhtammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þį̄ht(ī)
Old English: *þīht, *þiht (in combination: meteþiht)
Middle English: thiht, thight
Scots: ticht
English: tight
→ Danish: tight
→ Norwegian: teit
→ Swedish: tajt, tight
English: tights
→ German: Tight
→ Danish: tights
→ Norwegian Bokmål: tights
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: tights
→ Swedish: tajts, tights
Old Frisian: *thīcht
Saterland Frisian: ticht
West Frisian: ticht
Old Saxon: *thīht, *thīhti
Middle Low German: dicht, dichte
German Low German: dicht
Old Dutch: *thīhti, *thīht
Middle Dutch: dichte, dicht
Dutch: dicht
Old High German: dīhti
Middle High German: dīchte, gedīhte
German: dicht; deicht (dialectal)

Old Norse: þéttr

Icelandic: þéttur

Faroese: tættur

Norwegian Bokmål: tett

Norwegian Nynorsk: tett

Old Swedish: thǣtter

Swedish: tät

Danish: tæt

From Proto-Indo-European *tenk- (“to contract”).


klewô

klewô (nominative singular)
klewaniz (nominative plural)
klewô (singular vocative)
klewaniz (plural vocative)
klewanų (accusative singular)
klewanunz (accusative plural)
kliwiniz (genitive singular)
klewanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kliwini (dative singular)
klewammaz (dative plural)
kliwinē (instrumental singular)
klewammiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old High German: chliwa, chliuwa, kliuwa, kliuwi, kliwi, kliu, chliuwi

Middle High German: kliuwe ⇒ kliuwel

German: Kläuel, Kleuel

⇒ Middle High German: kniuwel

Cimbrian: khnaul

German: Knauel, Knäuel

→ English: knawel

Old Norse: klé, kljár

Icelandic: klé, kljár

From Proto-Indo-European *glew- (“to conglomerate, amass; clump, ball, bale”).

der

kluwe

Middle Low German: klūwen, klüwen; Low German

kluwen

Middle Dutch: cluwen, clouwen, cluen, clūwijn

kliuwelīn ⇒ kniulin

Old High German: kliuwelīn; Middle High German


skīriz

skīriz (masculine nominative singular strong)
skīrijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
skīrī (feminine nominative singular strong)
skīrijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
skīrį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
skīrijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
skīrijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
skīrijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
skīrijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
skīrijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
skīrį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
skīrijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
skīrijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
skīrīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
skīrijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
skīrijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
skīrijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
skīrijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
skīrīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
skīrijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
skīrijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
skīrijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
skīrijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
skīrijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
skīrijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
skīrijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
skīrijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
skīrijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
skīrijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
skīrijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
skīrijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
skīrijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
skīrijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
skīrijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
skīrijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
skīrijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
skīrijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
skīrijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
skīrijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
skīrijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
skīrijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
skīrijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
skīrijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
skīrijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
skīrīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
skīrijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
skīrijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
skīrijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
skīrīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
skīrijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
skīrīni (dative masculine singular weak)
skīrijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
skīrijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
skīrijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
skīrīni (dative neuter singular weak)
skīrijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
skīrīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
skīrijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
skīrijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
skīrijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
skīrīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
skīrijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *skīr

Old English: sċīr

Middle English: schyre, schire

English: shire (dialectal); sheer

Scots: schyre; sheer

Old Frisian: skīre

North Frisian: sker, skier

Saterland Frisian: skier

West Frisian: skier

Old Saxon: skīr, skīri

Middle Low German: schîr, schîre

Low German: schier

→ German: schier

Old Dutch: scieri

Middle Dutch: scier, schier, schīr

Dutch: schier

Afrikaans: skier

Old High German: *skīr, *skīri

Middle High German: schīr

desctree

Old Norse: skírr
Icelandic: skír
Faroese: skírur
Norwegian: skir
Old Swedish: skīr
Swedish: skir
Danish: skjær, skær
→ Faroese: skærur

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍂𐍃 (skeirs)

From Proto-Indo-European *sḱēy- (“luster, gloss, shadow”). Cognate with Irish cír (“pure”).


medumō

medumō (nominative singular)
medumôz (nominative plural)
medumō (singular vocative)
medumôz (plural vocative)
medumǭ (accusative singular)
medumōz (accusative plural)
medumōz (genitive singular)
medumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
medumōi (dative singular)
medumōmaz (dative plural)
medumō (instrumental singular)
medumōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: mjǫðm
Icelandic: mjöðm f
Faroese: mjødn f
Norwegian Bokmål: mjødm f or m
Norwegian Nynorsk: mjødm f
Elfdalian: myörm m
Old Swedish: miædhm f

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌰 (miduma)

Derived from *medumô (“middle, midmost”).


maþlą

maþlą (nominative singular)
maþlō (nominative plural)
maþlą (singular vocative)
maþlō (plural vocative)
maþlą (accusative singular)
maþlō (accusative plural)
maþlas (genitive singular)
maþlis (genitive singular)
maþlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maþlai (dative singular)
maþlamaz (dative plural)
maþlō (instrumental singular)
maþlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *maþl
Old English: mæþel
Old Frisian: mēl (in derivatives)
Old Saxon: mahal
Middle Low German: mal
Frankish:
→ Late Latin: mallum
Old High German: mahal, māl
Middle High German: mahel, māl
German: Mahl (obsolete)

Old Norse: mál
Icelandic: mál
Faroese: mál
Norwegian Bokmål: mål
Old Swedish: māl
Swedish: mål
Danish: mål
→ Old English: māl (“speech, contract, agreement”)
Middle English: mal, male
English: mail
Scots: mail

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌻 (maþl)

From a zero-grade stem of *mōtaną (“to be permitted to, to be allowed”). In the case of *maþlą, the root-final Proto-Indo-European *d of their common root was regularly lost before the instrumental *-þlą ( < *-tlom) suffix; compare the development of Proto-West Germanic *seþl from *séd-tlom.


drītaną

drītō (active first-person indicative singular)
drītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
drītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
drītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
drītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drīt (active imperative second-person singular)
drītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
drītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
drītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
drītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
drītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
drītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
drītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
drītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
drītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
drītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
drītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
drītid (active indicative plural second-person)
drītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
drītid (active imperative plural second-person)
drītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
drītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
drītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
drītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
drītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
drītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
drītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
drait (active first-person indicative singular)
dritį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
draist (active indicative second-person singular)
dritīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drait (active indicative singular third-person)
dritī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dritū (active dual first-person indicative)
dritīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dritudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dritīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dritum (active first-person indicative plural)
dritīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dritud (active indicative plural second-person)
dritīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dritun (active indicative plural third-person)
dritīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
drītandz (active participle present)
dritanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *drītan
Old English: drītan
Middle English: driten
Scots: drite
English: drite
Old Frisian: drīta
Old Saxon: *drītan
Middle Low German: drîten
Low German: drieten
Old Dutch: *drītan
Middle Dutch: driten
Dutch: drijten
Old High German: trīzan; *drīzan
Central Franconian: drieße

Old Norse: dríta
Icelandic: dríta
Faroese: dríta
Norwegian Nynorsk: drita
Norwegian Bokmål: drite
Elfdalian: dritå, draita
Swedish: drita (dialectal (1862), not necessarily still used)
Danish: dritte (dialectal, obsolete in common language)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰreyd- (“to have diarrhea”). Perhaps cognate to Russian дриста́ть (dristátʹ, “to shart”), as well as Persian درد (dord, “dregs”).


swammaz

swammaz (nominative singular)
swammōz (nominative plural)
swammōs (nominative plural)
swamm (singular vocative)
swammōz (plural vocative)
swammōs (plural vocative)
swammą (accusative singular)
swammanz (accusative plural)
swammas (genitive singular)
swammis (genitive singular)
swammǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swammai (dative singular)
swammamaz (dative plural)
swammō (instrumental singular)
swammamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swamm, *swamb
Old English: swamm
Middle English: swam
(Scots: swaam)
(English: swamp)
Old Frisian: *swam, *swom
Saterland Frisian: Swom, Swam
West Frisian: swam
Old Saxon: swamm, swam
Middle Low German: swam
German Low German: Swamm
Old Dutch: *swamm
Middle Dutch: swamme, swam
Dutch: zwam
Afrikaans: swam
Old High German: swamb, swam, swamp
Middle High German: swam, swamme, swamp
Bavarian: Schwåmm, Schwammerl
German: Schwamm
Luxembourgish: Schwamp
Yiddish: שוואָם (shvom), שוועמל (shveml)

Old Norse: svǫppr, soppr, svampr

Icelandic: sveppur, svampur

Faroese: soppur, svøppur, svampur

Norwegian: svamp, sopp

Old Swedish: svamper, *sopper

Swedish: svamp, sopp

Old Danish: swamp, *sop

Danish: svamp, svomp, sop

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌼𐍃 (swamms)

Seemingly related to Ancient Greek σομφός (somphós, “spongy, porous (esp. of wood)”), with which it is traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *swombʰ- (“sponge; tree-fungus”), but the Greek probably cannot be of inherited Indo-European origin given its lack of the expected shift *s- > *h- (but see σῦς (sûs) for a possible exception). Likely ultimately of substrate or wanderwort origin. Such a substrate word may speculatively be related to the substrate sources of similar words in other languages, including Latin fungus (“mushroom, fungus”), Ancient Greek σπόγγος (spóngos)/σφόγγος (sphóngos, “sponge; tonsil”), Old Armenian սունկն (sunkn, “tree fungus”) and perhaps Proto-Balto-Slavic *gúmˀbas (“bulged, bloated”) (whence Lithuanian gum̃bas (“bulge”) and Proto-Slavic *gǫba (“fungus, mushroom; sponge; lip”)), which cannot be reconciled in terms of Proto-Indo-European.
See also *sumpaz (“swamp”). This along with the variants *swambaz (Old High German swamb) and *swampuz (Old Norse sǫppr, svǫppr, svampr) perhaps point to an original n-stem *swambô ~ *sumppaz.


maþlijaną

maþlijō (active first-person indicative singular)
maþlijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
maþlijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
maþlīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
maþlijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
maþlī (active imperative second-person singular)
maþlijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
maþlijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
maþlīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
maþlijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
maþlijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
maþlijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
maþlijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
maþlijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
maþlijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
maþlijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
maþlijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
maþlijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
maþlijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
maþlijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
maþlijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
maþlijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
maþlīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
maþlijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
maþlīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
maþlijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
maþlijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
maþlijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
maþlijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
maþlijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
maþlijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
maþlijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
maþlidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
maþlidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
maþlidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
maþlidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
maþlidē (active indicative singular third-person)
maþlidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
maþlidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
maþlidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
maþlidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
maþlidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
maþlidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
maþlidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
maþlidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
maþlidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
maþlidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
maþlidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
maþlijandz (active participle present)
maþlidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *maþlijan
Old English: mǣlan, mæþlan
Middle English: melen, mellen
English: mell
Old Saxon: mahlian
Middle Low German:
German Low German: melen
⇒ German Low German: afmelen, utmelen
Old High German: mahalen
Middle High German: mehelen
German: vermählen
→ Late Latin: admallāre

Old Norse: mæla
Icelandic: mæla
Faroese: mæla
Norwegian Nynorsk: mæla
Norwegian Bokmål: mæle
Old Swedish: mǣla, mælla
Swedish: mäla
Old Danish: mælæ
Scanian: mæla, møla, mælla
Danish: mæle
Gutnish: melä

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (maþljan)

Crimean Gothic: malthata

From *maþlą (“speech, gathering, legal case”) + *-janą.


mundōną

mundō (active first-person indicative singular)
mundǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mundōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
mundōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
mundōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mundō (active imperative second-person singular)
mundōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mundōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mundōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
mundō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mundōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
mundōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mundōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mundōs (active dual first-person indicative)
mundōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mundōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mundōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mundōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mundōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mundōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mundōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mundōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mundōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
mundōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mundōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
mundōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mundōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mundōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
mundōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mundōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
mundōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mundōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mundōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
mundōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mundōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
mundōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mundōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
mundōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mundōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
mundōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mundōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mundōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mundōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
mundōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mundōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
mundōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mundōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
mundōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mundōndz (active participle present)
mundōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

(Old English: myndgian)

Old Norse: munda

Icelandic: munda

Faroese: munda

Gothic: 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍉𐌽 (mundōn)

From Pre-Germanic *mendʰh₁- or *mensdʰh₁-, "to put in mind", a compound of Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to think”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to put”).


aurī

aurī (nominative singular)
aurijôz (nominative plural)
aurī (singular vocative)
aurijôz (plural vocative)
aurijǭ (accusative singular)
aurijōz (accusative plural)
aurijōz (genitive singular)
aurijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aurijōi (dative singular)
aurijōmaz (dative plural)
aurijō (instrumental singular)
aurijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: eyrr
Icelandic: eyri f
Faroese: oyri f
Norwegian Nynorsk: øyr f
→ Norwegian Bokmål: øyr m or f
Swedish: ör c
Danish: ør c
Norwegian Bokmål: ør m or f
⇒ English: ayre (via Norn)
⇒ Scots: air (Etym 5)
→ Scottish Gaelic: tiùrr

a river bank, or sandbank at the river’s mouth


auraz

auraz (nominative singular)
aurōz (nominative plural)
aurōs (nominative plural)
aur (singular vocative)
aurōz (plural vocative)
aurōs (plural vocative)
aurą (accusative singular)
auranz (accusative plural)
auras (genitive singular)
auris (genitive singular)
aurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aurai (dative singular)
auramaz (dative plural)
aurō (instrumental singular)
auramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aur
Old English: ēar, ær
Middle English: are

Old Norse: aurr
Icelandic: aur
Faroese: eyrur
Norwegian Nynorsk: aur
→ Norwegian Bokmål: aur
Old Swedish: ø̄r
Swedish: ör
Danish: ør
Gutnish: aur

>? Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌾𐍉𐌼 (aurahjōm)

Uncertain; possibly a secondary vṛddhi full-grade of Proto-Indo-European *Huh₁-ró-s (compare Lithuanian jáura (“marsh”), jū́ra (“sea”), Old Prussian wurs (“pool”)), from *Hweh₁- (“water”) + *-rós. Cognate with Sanskrit वार् (vā́r, “water; pond, pool”).


firinō

firinō (nominative singular)
firinôz (nominative plural)
firinō (singular vocative)
firinôz (plural vocative)
firinǭ (accusative singular)
firinōz (accusative plural)
firinōz (genitive singular)
firinǫ̂ (genitive plural)
firinōi (dative singular)
firinōmaz (dative plural)
firinō (instrumental singular)
firinōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *firinu
Old English: firen, fyren
Old Frisian: firne
Old Saxon: firina
Old High German: firina
Middle High German: virne

Old Norse: firin-, firna-, firn

Icelandic: firin-, firna-, firn

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌰 (fairina)

Possibly related to *fērą, *fērō (“danger”).


Alarīks

Alarīks (nominative singular)
Alarīk (singular vocative)
Alarīkų (accusative singular)
Alarīki (dative singular)
Alarīkē (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Alarīk

Old English: Alrīċa

desc

conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">Ælfrīċ</i> etc.

Middle English: Alrich, Aldrich (conflated with Ælfrīċ etc.)

German: Alarich

Old Norse: Alrekr, Alríkr

Icelandic: Alrekur

Gothic: *𐌰𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (*alareiks)

→ Latin: Alarīcus

→ English: Alaric

→ Italian: Alarico

→ Spanish: Alarico

From *allaz (“all”) + *rīks (“king, ruler”).


þiudijaną

þiudijō (active first-person indicative singular)
þiudijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þiudijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þiudīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
þiudijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þiudī (active imperative second-person singular)
þiudijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þiudijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þiudīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þiudijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þiudijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þiudijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þiudijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þiudijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þiudijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þiudijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þiudijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þiudijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þiudijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þiudijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þiudijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þiudijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þiudīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þiudijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þiudīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þiudijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þiudijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þiudijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þiudijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þiudijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þiudijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þiudijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þiudidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þiudidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þiudidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þiudidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þiudidē (active indicative singular third-person)
þiudidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þiudidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þiudidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þiudidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þiudidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þiudidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þiudidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þiudidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þiudidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þiudidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þiudidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þiudijandz (active participle present)
þiudidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þiudijan
Old English: þīedan, þēodan
Middle English: theden
Old Frisian: *thiōda, thiūda
Saterland Frisian: tjuude
West Frisian: tsjutte
Old Saxon: *thiudian
Middle Low German: dûden, düden
German Low German: düden
Old Dutch: *thiuden
Middle Dutch: dieden, duden
Dutch: duiden
Afrikaans: dui
Limburgish: duuje
Old High German: diuten, *tiuten
Middle High German: diuten, tiuten
Bavarian: deitn
German: deuten
Luxembourgish: deiten
Yiddish: טײַטשן (taytshn)

Old Norse: þýða
Icelandic: þýða
Faroese: týða
Norwegian Nynorsk: tyda, ty
Elfdalian: tyða
Old Swedish: þȳþa
Swedish: tyda
Old Danish: thȳthæ
Danish: tyde, ty
Norwegian Bokmål: tyde, ty
Gutnish: tyde
Scanian: týða

Origin obscure. Possibly a conflated word, partly from *þeudō (“people”), from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂ (“people”); and partly from *þiudijaz, *þiudiz (“good, friendly”), from Proto-Indo-European *tew- (“to hearken, take notice, regard in a friendly manner”).

der

(transitive, +instrumental) to associate (with); engage with; attach to; join (with); connect


taskǭ

taskǭ (nominative singular)
taskōniz (nominative plural)
taskǭ (singular vocative)
taskōniz (plural vocative)
taskōnų (accusative singular)
taskōnunz (accusative plural)
taskōniz (genitive singular)
taskōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
taskōni (dative singular)
taskōmaz (dative plural)
taskōnē (instrumental singular)
taskōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *taskā

Old Frisian: *taske

Saterland Frisian: Taaske

gl

<i class="Latn mention" lang="fy">tas</i> perhaps a loan from Dutch

West Frisian: (archaic) task, tas (tas perhaps a loan from Dutch)

Old Saxon: taska, daska, dasga

Middle Low German: tasche

German Low German: Taske, Task

Old Dutch: *taska

desc

Middle Dutch: tasche, tesche, tassche, tessche

Dutch: tas

→ Vulgar Latin: *tasca, *tascha

Old French: tasche; tachette, tassette

Middle French: taisse

→ Middle English: tache, tasse

English: tasse; tasset

Italian: tasca

→ Old High German: tasca, taska

Middle High German: tasche, tesche

Central Franconian: Täsch

German: Tasche

→ Czech: taška

→ Slovak: taška

→ Serbo-Croatian: taška, tašna

Yiddish: טאַש (tash)

⇒ Old High German: taskila, tascila

Interlingua: tasca

Old High German: *zaska, zasca

⇒ Old High German: zaskōn, zascōn (“to snatch, seize, rob”)

gl

Old Norse: taska (alternatively, perhaps from Middle Low German)

Icelandic: taska

Faroese: taska

Norwegian: taske

Old Swedish: taska

Swedish: taska, task

Danish: taske

→ Finnish: tasku

Of unknown origin. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *das-, *des- (“to fray, exhaust, get tired, faint, unravel”).


grīmô

grīmô (nominative singular)
grīmaniz (nominative plural)
grīmô (singular vocative)
grīmaniz (plural vocative)
grīmanų (accusative singular)
grīmanunz (accusative plural)
grīminiz (genitive singular)
grīmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
grīmini (dative singular)
grīmammaz (dative plural)
grīminē (instrumental singular)
grīmammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: grīma

Middle English: grime

Scots: grime

English: grime

Old Frisian: grīme

Saterland Frisian: Grīme

Old Saxon: grīmo, grīma, grīm

Middle Low German: grîmet, grēme

German Low German: Greemtiek, Gremeree

Frankish: *grīmo, *grīma

Old Dutch: *grīmo

Middle Dutch: grīme, gryme; grimsel, grijmsel

Dutch: grijm

→ Old French: grime, grimuche; grimace, grimouart

Middle French: grimace

French: grimace

→ English: grimace

→ Dutch: grimas

→ German: Grimasse

→ Medieval Latin: grimutio

→ Spanish: grimazo

Old High German: grīmo, grīm

Old Norse: gríma f

Icelandic: gríma

Faroese: gríma, grímutur

Norwegian: grime; grimet

Old Swedish: grima

Swedish: grimma, grima (dialectal)

Danish: grime

→ Scots: grima, grimek, grimet

Gothic: *𐌲𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 (*greima)

→ Galician: grima, grimo

/ˈɣriː.mɔːː/

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰrēy- (“to paint, streak, smear”), from *gʰer- (“to rub, stroke”).


anhtō

anhtō (nominative singular)
anhtôz (nominative plural)
anhtō (singular vocative)
anhtôz (plural vocative)
anhtǭ (accusative singular)
anhtōz (accusative plural)
anhtōz (genitive singular)
anhtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
anhtōi (dative singular)
anhtōmaz (dative plural)
anhtō (instrumental singular)
anhtōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ą̄htu
Old English: ōht
Old Frisian: achte, acht
Old Saxon: *āhta, ōht
Middle Low German: achte
Low German: Acht
→ Norwegian Bokmål: akt
Old Dutch: *āhta
Middle Dutch: achte
Dutch: acht
Old High German: āhta
Middle High German: āhte, ǣhte
German: Acht

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enk-, *h₂enḱ- (“fate, destiny”).


kastōną

kastō (active first-person indicative singular)
kastǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kastōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
kastōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kastōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kastō (active imperative second-person singular)
kastōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kastōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kastōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kastō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kastōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kastōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kastōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kastōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kastōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kastōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kastōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kastōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kastōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kastōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kastōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kastōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kastōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kastōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kastōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kastōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kastōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kastōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kastōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kastōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kastōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kastōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kastōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kastōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kastōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kastōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kastōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
kastōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kastōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kastōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kastōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kastōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kastōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kastōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kastōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kastōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kastōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kastōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kastōndz (active participle present)
kastōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: kasta
Icelandic: kasta
Faroese: kasta
Norwegian Nynorsk: kasta
Old Swedish: kasta
Swedish: kasta
Danish: kaste
Norwegian Bokmål: kaste
→ North Frisian: kastin
→ Middle English: casten, kesten
Scots: cast
English: cast
→ Dutch: casten
→ German: casten

From *kas- (“to throw, toss, raise, bring up”), of uncertain origin. Possibly related to Latin gerō (“carry, bring”).


barō

barō (nominative singular)
barôz (nominative plural)
barō (singular vocative)
barôz (plural vocative)
barǭ (accusative singular)
barōz (accusative plural)
barōz (genitive singular)
barǫ̂ (genitive plural)
barōi (dative singular)
barōmaz (dative plural)
barō (instrumental singular)
barōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *baru

gl

possibly deverbal from Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*barjan</i>

Old Frisian: bēr (“threat, attack”) (possibly deverbal from Proto-West Germanic *barjan)

desc

Old High German: bara (“fenced plot of land, enclosure, district”)

q

→? Vulgar Latin: *barra (with sporadic geminate r; unless from Gaulish) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Old Norse: berlingr (“short bar”, diminutive)

Icelandic: berlingur

Norwegian: berling

Swedish: bärling

→ Middle English: berling, barling, birling

English: berling, barling

Unknown. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to strike; pierce”). Compare Latin forus (“gangway, plank”), Russian забо́р (zabór, “fencing, paling, fence”). Compare also Ancient Greek φάρος (pháros, “piece of land, furrow, marker, beacon, lighthouse”).


wardō

wardō (nominative singular)
wardôz (nominative plural)
wardō (singular vocative)
wardôz (plural vocative)
wardǭ (accusative singular)
wardōz (accusative plural)
wardōz (genitive singular)
wardǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wardōi (dative singular)
wardōmaz (dative plural)
wardō (instrumental singular)
wardōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wardu
Old English: weard, uueard
Middle English: warde, ward
Scots: ward
English: ward
Old Saxon: warda
Middle Low German: warde
Old Dutch: *warda (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: wāerde
Old High German: warta
Middle High German: warte
German: Warte
→ Medieval Latin: warda (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: vǫrð

Icelandic: vörð

Norwegian: vård, vord

Swedish: vård

From Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to perceive, give heed, be careful”).


buriz

buriz (nominative singular)
burīz (nominative plural)
buri (singular vocative)
burīz (plural vocative)
burį (accusative singular)
burinz (accusative plural)
burīz (genitive singular)
burjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
burī (dative singular)
burimaz (dative plural)
burī (instrumental singular)
burimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *burī

Old English: byre

Old Norse: burr

Icelandic: bur

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂 (baur)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry, bring”).


buriz

Old English: byre

Old High German: bur, pur, bor; burī

Middle High German: bor; büre

German: Bor

Alemannic German: Büri

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry, bring”), particularly from the developed sense “to lift”. Equivalent to etymology 1.


buriz

Old English: byre; (ġebyre?; ambyre?)

Old Frisian: *bure

West Frisian: bur

Old Saxon: *buri

Middle Low German: bore (in derivative: borelōs)

Old Norse: byrr

Icelandic: byr

Faroese: byrur

Norwegian: bør

Old Swedish: byr, bør

Swedish: bör

Danish: bør

→ Middle English: bür, byrre, bir

Scots: bir, ber, beir, bere, bur, burr

English: birr

→ Proto-Finnic: *purjëh (“sail”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry, bring”), perhaps as *“carrying force”. Equivalent to etymologies 1 and 2.


haifstiz

haifstiz (nominative singular)
haifstīz (nominative plural)
haifsti (singular vocative)
haifstīz (plural vocative)
haifstį (accusative singular)
haifstinz (accusative plural)
haifstīz (genitive singular)
haifstijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haifstī (dative singular)
haifstimaz (dative plural)
haifstī (instrumental singular)
haifstimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haifsti
Old English: hǣst, hǣste, hēst
Middle English: heste (hapax)
Old Frisian: hāst
Saterland Frisian: Hoast
West Frisian: haest; haeste
Old Saxon: heist
Middle Low German: heist
Old Dutch: *hēst
Middle Dutch: *hêest
Dutch: heest
Old High German: heist, heisti, *heifti
Middle High German: heifte
→ Old French: haste (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: heipt, heift, heist

Icelandic: heift

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃𐍄𐍃 (haifsts)
→? Italian: astio

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱoyp-stis, from *ḱeyp- (“to ridicule, anger”).


warduz

warduz (nominative singular)
wardiwiz (nominative plural)
wardu (singular vocative)
wardiwiz (plural vocative)
wardų (accusative singular)
wardunz (accusative plural)
wardauz (genitive singular)
wardiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wardiwi (dative singular)
wardumaz (dative plural)
wardū (instrumental singular)
wardumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: vǫrðr
Icelandic: vörður
Faroese: vørður
Norwegian Nynorsk: vord
Norwegian Bokmål: vord
Old Swedish: varþer
Swedish: vard, vård
→ Scots: warth

From Proto-Indo-European *wor-tús, *wor-tós, suffixed o-grade forms of Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to heed”).

North Germanic form of *wardaz (“guard”)


brēþaz

*brēþaz (a-stem)

brēþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
brēþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
brēþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
brēþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
brēþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
brēþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
brēþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
brēþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
brēþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
brēþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
brēþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
brēþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
brēþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
brēþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
brēþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
brēþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
brēþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
brēþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
brēþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
brēþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
brēþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
brēþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
brēþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
brēþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
brēþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
brēþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
brēþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
brēþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
brēþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
brēþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
brēþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
brēþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
brēþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
brēþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
brēþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
brēþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
brēþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
brēþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
brēþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
brēþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
brēþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
brēþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
brēþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
brēþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
brēþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
brēþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
brēþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
brēþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
brēþini (dative masculine singular weak)
brēþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
brēþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
brēþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
brēþini (dative neuter singular weak)
brēþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
brēþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
brēþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
brēþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
brēþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
brēþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
brēþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: bráðr

Icelandic: bráður

Faroese: bráður

Norwegian: brå

Old Swedish: brāþer

Swedish: bråd

Danish: brad

→ Middle English: brath, broth, braith

Scots: braith

English: brath

Related to Sanskrit भुरति (bhurati, “to stir, palpitate”), both from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-.


brēþiz

brēþiz (nominative singular)
brēþīz (nominative plural)
brēþi (singular vocative)
brēþīz (plural vocative)
brēþį (accusative singular)
brēþinz (accusative plural)
brēþīz (genitive singular)
brēþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brēþī (dative singular)
brēþimaz (dative plural)
brēþī (instrumental singular)
brēþimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *brāþi
Old English: brǣþ
Middle English: breeth, breað, braþe, breth, breith
English: breath
Scots: breth, brethe, breith

Pointing to pre-Germanic *bʰrēt-, but of uncertain further origin. Most likely from the verb *brēaną (“to fume, smell, give off vapor”), attested only in Middle High German bræhen (“to smell”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreh₁-, perhaps an extension of the root *bʰer- (“to seethe, toss about, cook”) .
Alternatively, perhaps from *gʰwer- (“to smell, breathe”).


īhwaz

īhwaz (nominative singular)
īhwōz (nominative plural)
īhwōs (nominative plural)
īhw (singular vocative)
īhwōz (plural vocative)
īhwōs (plural vocative)
īhwą (accusative singular)
īhwanz (accusative plural)
īhwas (genitive singular)
īhwis (genitive singular)
īhwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
īhwai (dative singular)
īhwamaz (dative plural)
īhwō (instrumental singular)
īhwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *īhu
Old English: īw, ēow, ēoh
Middle English: ew, u, iw, iv, eev, hw, ewe
English: yew
Scots: yew, ewe
Yola: yew
Old Saxon: īh, īch
Middle Low German: îve, yue, iwe
German Low German: Iev
Old Dutch: *īwa
Middle Dutch: ieve, ijf (possibly a reborrowing from Latin or Romance)
Dutch: ijf
Old High German: īwa, eiba, īgo, īga, īha f
Middle High German: īwe, ībe
Alemannic German: Iche, Ige
Cimbrian: aiba
German: Eibe
Yiddish: אייבנבוים (eybnboym)
→ Late Latin: ivus, *iva
Spanish: iva
Old French: if
Middle French: if
French: if
Norman: if

Old Norse: ýr

Icelandic: ýr

Swedish: idegran

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyHw- (“yew”), with probably intrusive *-gw-/-hw- from *-w-. Cognate with Proto-Celtic *iwos, *īwos.


braidį̄

braidį̄ (nominative singular)
braidīniz (nominative plural)
braidį̄ (singular vocative)
braidīniz (plural vocative)
braidīnų (accusative singular)
braidīnunz (accusative plural)
braidīniz (genitive singular)
braidīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
braidīni (dative singular)
braidīmaz (dative plural)
braidīnē (instrumental singular)
braidīmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: brǣdu

Middle English: brede

English: bread (“breadth”) (dialectal)

Scots: brede, breid

Old Frisian: brēde

(Saterland Frisian: Bratte)

(West Frisian: breedte)

Old Saxon: brēda

Middle Low German: brêde, breide

(German Low German: Breddte, Breddt)

Old Dutch: *brēdi, *breidi

Middle Dutch: *brēde

Old High German: breitī, *breitīn
Middle High German: breite; breiten
German: Breite
Luxembourgish: Breet

/ˈbrɑi̯.ðĩː/


būlō

būlō (nominative singular)
būlôz (nominative plural)
būlō (singular vocative)
būlôz (plural vocative)
būlǭ (accusative singular)
būlōz (accusative plural)
būlōz (genitive singular)
būlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
būlōi (dative singular)
būlōmaz (dative plural)
būlō (instrumental singular)
būlōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bȳl; bȳle (< *būlijō, *būlijǭ); also possibly from *bīele < *baulijō

Middle English: büle, bile

Scots: bile, beil

English: boil

Old Frisian: bēl, bēle, beil (< *būlijō)

West Frisian: bûl

Old Saxon: būla

Middle Low German: būle

Low German: Buul

Old Dutch: *būla

Middle Dutch: būle, buul

Dutch: buil

Old High German: *būla; būilla; būlla; būllia (< *būlijō)

Middle High German: biule

German: Beule

Old Norse: bóla (?)

Swedish: bula

Danish: bule

From Proto-Indo-European *bew- (“to blow, inflate, swell”).


skulō

skulō (nominative singular)
skulôz (nominative plural)
skulō (singular vocative)
skulôz (plural vocative)
skulǭ (accusative singular)
skulōz (accusative plural)
skulōz (genitive singular)
skulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skulōi (dative singular)
skulōmaz (dative plural)
skulō (instrumental singular)
skulōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skolu

desctree

Old English: sċolu, sċeolu
Middle English: *schole
English: shoal
Scots: schole

Old Frisian: *skole

North Frisian:

Söl'ring: Skuul

Fering: skuul

Öömrang: skuul

Halunder: Skuul

Bökingharde: schölj

West Frisian: skoal

Old Saxon: scola, skola

Middle Low German: schōle

Old Dutch: *skola

Middle Dutch: schōle

Dutch: school

→ Middle English: scole

Scots: scule, scuill, skole

English: school

→ Danish: skole

→ Latin: schola (“troop of soldiers”)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to split, divide”).


wimpilaz

wimpilaz (nominative singular)
wimpilōz (nominative plural)
wimpilōs (nominative plural)
wimpil (singular vocative)
wimpilōz (plural vocative)
wimpilōs (plural vocative)
wimpilą (accusative singular)
wimpilanz (accusative plural)
wimpilas (genitive singular)
wimpilis (genitive singular)
wimpilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wimpilai (dative singular)
wimpilamaz (dative plural)
wimpilō (instrumental singular)
wimpilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wimpil
Old English: wimpel, winpel
Middle English: wympel, wimpel, wympil, wimpul
English: wimple
Scots: wympill, wempill, wompyll, wimple
Old Frisian: wimpel
Saterland Frisian: Wimpel
West Frisian: wimpel
Old Saxon: wimpal
Middle Low German: wimpel, wumpel
German Low German: Wimpel
Old Dutch: *wimpil
Middle Dutch: wimpel, wumpel
Dutch: wimpel
Old High German: wimpfal, wimpal
Middle High German: wimpel
German: Wimpel
→ Russian: вы́мпел (výmpel)
→ Old French: guimple, gimple (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: vimpill

Icelandic: vimpill

Norwegian: vimpel

Swedish: vimpel

Danish: vimpel


nataz

*nataz (a-stem)

nataz (masculine nominative singular strong)
natai (masculine nominative plural strong)
natō (feminine nominative singular strong)
natôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
natą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
natō (neuter nominative plural strong)
natanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
natanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
natǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
natōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
natą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
natō (accusative neuter plural strong)
natas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
nataizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
nataizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
nataizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
natas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
nataizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
natammai (dative masculine singular strong)
nataimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
nataizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
nataimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
natammai (dative neuter singular strong)
nataimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
natanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
nataimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
nataizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
nataimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
natanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
nataimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
natô (masculine nominative singular weak)
nataniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
natǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
natōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
natô (neuter nominative singular weak)
natōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
natanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
natanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
natōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
natōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
natô (accusative neuter singular weak)
natōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
natiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
natanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
natōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
natōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
natiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
natanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
natini (dative masculine singular weak)
natammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
natōni (dative feminine singular weak)
natōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
natini (dative neuter singular weak)
natammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
natinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
natammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
natōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
natōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
natinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
natammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *nat
Old Saxon: *nat
Middle Low German: nat
German Low German: natt
Old Dutch: nat
Middle Dutch: nat
Dutch: nat
Limburgish: naat
Old High German: naz
Middle High German: naz
German: nass
Luxembourgish: naass
Vilamovian: noss
Yiddish: נאַס (nas)

Old Norse: Nǫt, Nöt (river name)

Gothic: *𐌽𐌰𐍄𐍃 (*nats) (in derivatives)

From Proto-Indo-European *ned- (“wet”). Cognate with Ancient Greek νοτερός (noterós, “damp, wet, humid”), Welsh nodd (“wetness, humidity, sap”).


krakōną

krakō (active first-person indicative singular)
krakǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
krakōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
krakōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
krakōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
krakō (active imperative second-person singular)
krakōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
krakōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
krakōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
krakō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krakōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
krakōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
krakōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
krakōs (active dual first-person indicative)
krakōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krakōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krakōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krakōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
krakōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
krakōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krakōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
krakōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
krakōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
krakōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krakōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
krakōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
krakōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
krakōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
krakōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krakōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
krakōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
krakōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
krakōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
krakōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
krakōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
krakōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
krakōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
krakōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krakōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
krakōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krakōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krakōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krakōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
krakōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krakōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
krakōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krakōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
krakōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krakōndz (active participle present)
krakōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *krakōn

Old English: cracian, ċearcian

Middle English: craken, crakken; charken, cherkin

Scots: crak, crack, craik; jarg, chirk, girgand, chork

English: crake, crack; chark

Old Frisian: *krakja

Saterland Frisian: kroakje

West Frisian: kreakje

Old Saxon: *krakōn

Middle Low German: krāken

Low German: kraken

Old Dutch: *krakon

Middle Dutch: craken

Dutch: kraken

→ Middle French: craquer

French: craquer

Old High German: krahhōn

Middle High German: krachen

Bavarian: kråcha, kråchn

German: krachen

Hunsrik: krache

Luxembourgish: kraachen

From Proto-Indo-European *gerg-, *grā- (“to crow, shout”), from Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂- (“to make a sound, cry hoarsely”), ultimately of onomatopoeic origin. Cognate with Lithuanian girgždėti (“to creak, squeak”).

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeic

cog

(West Germanic) to crack; crackle; shriek


brōduz

brōduz (nominative singular)
brōdiwiz (nominative plural)
brōdu (singular vocative)
brōdiwiz (plural vocative)
brōdų (accusative singular)
brōdunz (accusative plural)
brōdauz (genitive singular)
brōdiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brōdiwi (dative singular)
brōdumaz (dative plural)
brōdū (instrumental singular)
brōdumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: brōd

Middle English: brod, brood

English: brood

Scots: brude, brod, brodd, brode

Old Frisian: *brōd

Saterland Frisian: Broud

West Frisian: broed

Old Saxon: *brōd

Middle Low German: brôt

(German Low German: Bröddsel)

Old Dutch: *bruot

Middle Dutch: broet

Dutch: broed

Old High German: bruot, pruot

Middle High German: bruot, pruot

German: Brut

From Pre-Germanic *bʰroh₁tús, a tu-stem derived from *brōaną (“to warm, brew”).


traustą

traustą (nominative singular)
traustō (nominative plural)
traustą (singular vocative)
traustō (plural vocative)
traustą (accusative singular)
traustō (accusative plural)
traustas (genitive singular)
traustis (genitive singular)
traustǫ̂ (genitive plural)
traustai (dative singular)
traustamaz (dative plural)
traustō (instrumental singular)
traustamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *traust m
Old English: *trēast
Middle English: trest, tryst, trist, treyst, trayste (through confluence with Old Norse verb treysta)
Scots: trest, traist
English: tryst
Old Frisian: trāst
North Frisian: trast
Saterland Frisian: Traast
West Frisian: treast
Old Saxon: trōst; gitrōst
Middle Low German: trôst
German Low German: Troost
Old Dutch: trōst
Middle Dutch: trôost
Dutch: troost
Old High German: trōst
Middle High German: trōst
German: Trost
Hunsrik: Troost
Luxembourgish: Trouscht
→ Medieval Latin: trustis (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: traust

Icelandic: traust

Norwegian: trøst; trøyste (dialectal)

Old Swedish: trøst

Swedish: tröst

Danish: trøst

→ Middle English: trost, trust

Scots: trust

English: trust

→ French: trust

→ Vietnamese: tơ-rớt

→ Spanish: trust

→ Medieval Latin: trustus

Gothic: 𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌹 (trausti)

From *traustaz (“firm, strong”), from Proto-Indo-European *deru-, *drew-, *drū- (“to be firm, hard, solid; tree”).


flōduz

flōduz (nominative singular)
flōdiwiz (nominative plural)
flōdu (singular vocative)
flōdiwiz (plural vocative)
flōdų (accusative singular)
flōdunz (accusative plural)
flōdauz (genitive singular)
flōdiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flōdiwi (dative singular)
flōdumaz (dative plural)
flōdū (instrumental singular)
flōdumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *flōdu
Old English: flōd, ᚠᛚᚩᛞᚢ (flódu) — Runic
Middle English: flod, flood, floode, flode, flowt, fflood, fflode, vlode
English: flood
Scots: fluid, flude
→ Anglo-Latin: flōdus [13th c.] (England)
Old Frisian: flōd
North Frisian: floth
Saterland Frisian: Floud
West Frisian: floed
Old Saxon: flōd
Middle Low German: vlôt
German Low German: Flood
Old Dutch: fluod
Middle Dutch: vloet
Dutch: vloed
Afrikaans: vloed
Berbice Creole Dutch: flutu
Javindo: floed
Limburgish: vlood
Old High German: fluot
Middle High German: vluot
Cimbrian: fluut
German: Flut
→ Vulgar Latin: *flōtus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: flóð n

Icelandic: flóð

Faroese: flóð

Norwegian: flod

Old Swedish: flōþ

Swedish: flod

Old Danish: floth

Danish: flod

Gothic: 𐍆𐌻𐍉𐌳𐌿𐍃 (flōdus)

→ Proto-Finnic: *loodëh (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *pléh₃tus (“overflow, deluge”), from the root *pleh₃(w)- (“to flow, run”).


sahtiz

sahtiz (nominative singular)
sahtīz (nominative plural)
sahti (singular vocative)
sahtīz (plural vocative)
sahtį (accusative singular)
sahtinz (accusative plural)
sahtīz (genitive singular)
sahtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sahtī (dative singular)
sahtimaz (dative plural)
sahtī (instrumental singular)
sahtimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: seht, sæht, seaht, saht

desc

Middle English: sæhte, seihte, saȝt, saght, sahte, saughte

Scots: saucht

English: saught

Old Norse: sátt, sætt

Icelandic: sátt, sætt

Faroese: sátt, sætt

Old Swedish: sāt, sǣt

Gothic: *𐍃𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (*sahts)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (gasahts)

A functional zero-grade ti-stem derived from *sakaną, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂g- (“to follow after, pursue, track, seek”).


daigijǭ

daigijǭ (nominative singular)
daigijōniz (nominative plural)
daigijǭ (singular vocative)
daigijōniz (plural vocative)
daigijōnų (accusative singular)
daigijōnunz (accusative plural)
daigijōniz (genitive singular)
daigijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
daigijōni (dative singular)
daigijōmaz (dative plural)
daigijōnē (instrumental singular)
daigijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *daigijā

desctree

Old English: dǣġe
Middle English: deye, deie, daie
English: dey
Scots: dey, deigh
⇒ Middle English: dayerye, daerie, deierie, deiȝerie
English: dairy
Scots: dyrie
→ Medieval Latin: dayeria, daeria

Old Norse: deigja

Icelandic: deigja

Norwegian: deigja, deia (in compounds)

Old Swedish: deghia, dighia

Swedish: deja

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to knead, form, build”).


pakkô

pakkô (nominative singular)
pakkaniz (nominative plural)
pakkô (singular vocative)
pakkaniz (plural vocative)
pakkanų (accusative singular)
pakkanunz (accusative plural)
pakkiniz (genitive singular)
pakkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pakkini (dative singular)
pakkammaz (dative plural)
pakkinē (instrumental singular)
pakkammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *pakkō

Old English: *pacca, *pæcca

Middle English: pakke, packe, pak

English: pack

→ Irish: paca

Scots: pak, pack

Old Frisian: *pakka

Saterland Frisian: Pak, Pakje

West Frisian: pak, pakje

Old Saxon: *pakko

Middle Low German: packe, pak

German Low German: Pack

⇒ Middle Low German: gepak, gepack

German Low German: Gepack

→ Middle High German: pac

German: Pack, Packen

⇒ Middle High German: gepac

German: Gepäck

⇒ Middle High German: backel (“bundle”)

Old Dutch: *pakko, pac

Middle Dutch: pack, pak

Dutch: pak, pakje

→ Italian: pacco

⇒ Middle Dutch: gepac

Dutch: gepak

→ Old French: pacque, pasque; pacquage; pacquet, paquet

Middle French: pacque; pacquage; paquet

French: pacque; pacquage; paquet

→ English: package; packet

→ Dutch: pakket

Old Norse: pakki; pakka (possibly borrowed from Low German)

Icelandic: pakki; pakka

Faroese: pakki

Norwegian: pakke

Old Swedish: pakke

Swedish: packe

Danish: pakke

Unknown. Likely from a pre-Germanic substrate language, due to phonetic irregularities between the root's relatives in other languages, as well as its restriction to western branches of Indo-European. Possibly related to Middle Welsh beich (“load, cargo”), Latin bāiulus (“porter, carrier”) (whence Spanish baga (“load”)) and fascis (“bundle”), Ancient Greek φάκελος (phákelos, “bundle”).


kidją

kidją (nominative singular)
kidjō (nominative plural)
kidją (singular vocative)
kidjō (plural vocative)
kidją (accusative singular)
kidjō (accusative plural)
kidjas (genitive singular)
kidis (genitive singular)
kidjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kidjai (dative singular)
kidjamaz (dative plural)
kidjō (instrumental singular)
kidjamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: kið

Icelandic: kið

Norwegian: kid

Old Swedish: kiþ

Swedish: kid

Danish: kid

→ Middle English: kydde, kide, kid

Scots: kid

English: kid

→ Proto-Samic: *kiccē (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; probably from a substrate language. Compare *gaits.


darōþuz

darōþuz (nominative singular)
darōþiwiz (nominative plural)
darōþu (singular vocative)
darōþiwiz (plural vocative)
darōþų (accusative singular)
darōþunz (accusative plural)
darōþauz (genitive singular)
darōþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
darōþiwi (dative singular)
darōþumaz (dative plural)
darōþū (instrumental singular)
darōþumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *darōþu
Old English: daroþ
Old Dutch: *daroth
Middle Dutch: dāert, dart
Dutch: daart
Old High German: tart
→ Medieval Latin: dardus [768 CE, France] (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: darraðr

Icelandic: darraður

From *darō (“injury; damage, harm”) + *-ōþuz.


kittīną

kittīną (nominative singular)
kittīnō (nominative plural)
kittīną (singular vocative)
kittīnō (plural vocative)
kittīną (accusative singular)
kittīnō (accusative plural)
kittīnas (genitive singular)
kittīnis (genitive singular)
kittīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kittīnai (dative singular)
kittīnamaz (dative plural)
kittīnō (instrumental singular)
kittīnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kittīn

Old English: *ċitten, *ċytten, *ċietten
Middle English: chitte
English: chit
Scots: chit

Old Saxon: *kittīn

Middle Low German: *kitte

Low German: kitte

Old High German: kizzīn, chizzīn; kizzi, chitzi

Middle High German: kitze; kitz

Cimbrian: khitz

German: Kitz

Unknown; from tentative Proto-Indo-European *gidʰ-, *gidʰ-n- (“kid”) or from a substrate language.

(West Germanic) the young of an animal; fawn; kid; whelp


pamp-

Old Frisian: *pampja; *pampelja

Saterland Frisian: ferpäppelje

West Frisian: pampelje

Old Saxon: *pampōn

Middle Low German: pampen; slampampen; pampelen

Low German: pampen

→ Middle English: pampen; pampren, pamperen

English: pamp; pamper

Old Dutch: *pampōn

Middle Dutch: *pampen

Dutch: slampampen; pampelen; pamperen

West Flemish: pamperen

Old High German: *pampfōn

Middle High German: *pampfen

German: pampfen; Pampf (dialectal); pampeln; bamben

Old Norse: *pampa; *pempa; pampi

Norwegian: pampa; pempa

Swedish: pampa; pampen (participle); pimpa

Danish: pampe

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bamb- (“round object”). Compare Lithuanian bamba (“navel, belly button”), Lithuanian bumbulas (“bulge, knob, bulb”), Proto-Slavic *pǫpъ (“bud, navel”).


kwernuz

kwernuz (nominative singular)
kwirniwiz (nominative plural)
kwernu (singular vocative)
kwirniwiz (plural vocative)
kwernų (accusative singular)
kwernunz (accusative plural)
kwernauz (genitive singular)
kwirniwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwirniwi (dative singular)
kwernumaz (dative plural)
kwernū (instrumental singular)
kwernumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kwernu
Old Saxon: kwern, quern
Middle Low German: quern
Old Dutch: *kwern
Middle Dutch: querne
Dutch: kweern
Old High German: kwirn, quirn, kurn, churn
Middle High German: kurn, kürn

Gothic: *𐌵𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌿𐍃 (*qairnus) (in 𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌵𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌿𐍃 (asiluqairnus))

From Pre-Germanic *gʷérh₂nus, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂wō (“heavy stone”), from *gʷréh₂us (“heavy”). Cognate with Sanskrit ग्रावन् (grāvan, “pressing stone”), Lithuanian gìrna (“grindstone, millstone”), Russian жёрнов (žórnov, “grindstone, millstone”), Old Irish bró (“millstone, handmill”).


siniz

siniz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sinjai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sinī (feminine nominative singular strong)
sinjôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sinį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sinjō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sinjanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sinjanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sinjǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sinjōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sinį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sinjō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sinjas (genitive masculine singular strong)
sinis (genitive masculine singular strong)
sinjaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sinjaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sinjaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sinjas (genitive neuter singular strong)
sinis (genitive neuter singular strong)
sinjaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sinjammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sinjaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sinjaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sinjaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sinjammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sinjaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sinjanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sinjaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sinjaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sinjaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sinjanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sinjaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sinjô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sinjaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sinjǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sinjōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sinjô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sinjōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sinjanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sinjanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sinjōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sinjōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sinjô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sinjōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sininiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sinjanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sinjōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sinjōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sininiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sinjanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sinini (dative masculine singular weak)
sinjammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sinjōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sinjōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sinini (dative neuter singular weak)
sinjammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sininē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sinjammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sinjōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sinjōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sininē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sinjammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: sine-, sin- (prefix)

Middle English: sin-, sen- (prefix)

English: sengreen (in one compound)

Old Frisian: sin, sin-

Old Saxon: sin, sin-

Old High German: sin-

desc

Middle High German: singrüene, sinhol, sinwel, sintvluot, sintvluz, sintvarwe, sintwāc

German: Sintflut; (archaic) Singrün

Old Norse: sina; sí-

Icelandic: sina

Norwegian: sina (dialectal)

Swedish: sina (dialectal)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 (sineigs); 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 (sinista); 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌺𐍃 (siniskalks)

From Proto-Indo-European *sénos (“of last year, old”). Cognate with Lithuanian sẽnas (“old, previous, ancient”), Latin senex (“old, aged, advanced in years; old man”).


kwernō

kwernō (nominative singular)
kwernôz (nominative plural)
kwernō (singular vocative)
kwernôz (plural vocative)
kwernǭ (accusative singular)
kwernōz (accusative plural)
kwernōz (genitive singular)
kwernǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwernōi (dative singular)
kwernōmaz (dative plural)
kwernō (instrumental singular)
kwernōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cweorn
Middle English: quern, querne, queerne, cwerne, quyerne, quyrne, qwerne, whern, qweryn, qwhern
English: quern, kern, curn, quirn
Scots: querne, quern, queirn, queern
Yola: querne

Old Frisian: quern

North Frisian: quern

Old Saxon: querna; (kwern, quern)

Middle Low German: querne; (quern)

Old Dutch: *kwerna

Middle Dutch: querne, queerne, quaerne

Dutch: kweern

Old High German: chwirna; (kwirn, quirn, kurn, churn)

Middle High German: churne, kürne; (kurn, kürn)

Old Norse: kvern

Icelandic: kvern, kvörn

Faroese: kvørn

Norwegian: kvern

Old Swedish: kværn, kvarn

Swedish: kvarn

Old Danish: kwærn

Danish: kværn

Elfdalian: kwenn

Jamtish: kvæðn

Gutnish: kvänn

Scanian: kværn

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: giertnas

From earlier *kwernuz, a rare feminine u-stem reanalysed as an ō-stem, in turn from Pre-Germanic *gʷérh₂nus, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂wō (“heavy stone”), from *gʷréh₂us (“heavy”). Cognate with Lithuanian girna (“grindstone, millstone”), Russian жёрнов (žórnov, “grindstone, millstone”), Old Irish bró (“millstone, handmill”).


swakkuz

swakkuz (nominative singular)
swakkiwiz (nominative plural)
swakku (singular vocative)
swakkiwiz (plural vocative)
swakkų (accusative singular)
swakkunz (accusative plural)
swakkauz (genitive singular)
swakkiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swakkiwi (dative singular)
swakkumaz (dative plural)
swakkū (instrumental singular)
swakkumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swakku, *swakkī

Old English: swæcc, swecc; swicc (< *swikkiz); swec (< *swakiz)

Old Saxon: swek (< *swakiz)

Old High German: swekkī, sweckī; swekka, swecka; swekke (plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *swegn-, *swekn- (“odour, smell”), from Proto-Indo-European *sweg-, *swek- (“to smell”).


haulaz

haulaz (nominative singular)
haulōz (nominative plural)
haulōs (nominative plural)
haul (singular vocative)
haulōz (plural vocative)
haulōs (plural vocative)
haulą (accusative singular)
haulanz (accusative plural)
haulas (genitive singular)
haulis (genitive singular)
haulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haulai (dative singular)
haulamaz (dative plural)
haulō (instrumental singular)
haulamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hēala

⇒ Old English: hēalede

Middle English: healide, healyde

Old Frisian: *hāla

⇒ Old Frisian: hāladi

Old Saxon: hōla

⇒ Old Saxon: hōladi, hālodi, haladi

Old High German: hōla

desc

⇒ Old High German: hōloht, hōlaht, hōleht

Middle High German: hōlëht

Old Norse: haull

Icelandic: haull

⇒ Old Norse: haula

Icelandic: haula

From Proto-Indo-European *kh₂ewl-o-s, from *kh₂ewl- (“tumor, rupture, hernia”). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *kū́ˀlāˀ (> Lithuanian kūlas (“umbilical hernia”), Proto-Slavic *kỳla (“outgrowth, hernia”)).


dulgaz

dulgaz (nominative singular)
dulgōz (nominative plural)
dulgōs (nominative plural)
dulg (singular vocative)
dulgōz (plural vocative)
dulgōs (plural vocative)
dulgą (accusative singular)
dulganz (accusative plural)
dulgas (genitive singular)
dulgis (genitive singular)
dulgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dulgai (dative singular)
dulgamaz (dative plural)
dulgō (instrumental singular)
dulgamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Gothic: 𐌳𐌿𐌻𐌲𐍃 (dulgs)
→ Proto-Slavic: *dъlgъ (possibly, if not inherited)

→ Proto-Samic: *tuolkō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰlegʰ- (“debt”). Cognate with Old Irish dligid (“lays claim to, deserves”).


dulją

dulją (nominative singular)
duljō (nominative plural)
dulją (singular vocative)
duljō (plural vocative)
dulją (accusative singular)
duljō (accusative plural)
duljas (genitive singular)
dulis (genitive singular)
duljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
duljai (dative singular)
duljamaz (dative plural)
duljō (instrumental singular)
duljamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *duli
Old High German: tulli, duli
Middle High German: tülle
German: Tülle
→ Vulgar Latin: *dullia (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰel(h₂)- (“curvature, hollow, bend”).


dalkaz

dalkaz (nominative singular)
dalkōz (nominative plural)
dalkōs (nominative plural)
dalk (singular vocative)
dalkōz (plural vocative)
dalkōs (plural vocative)
dalką (accusative singular)
dalkanz (accusative plural)
dalkas (genitive singular)
dalkis (genitive singular)
dalkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dalkai (dative singular)
dalkamaz (dative plural)
dalkō (instrumental singular)
dalkamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dalk, *dolk
Old English: dalc, dolc
Middle English: dalk, dalke
English: dalk, (dialectal) dawk

Old Norse: dálkr

Icelandic: dálkur

gl

possibly borrowed from unrelated Danish <i class="Latn mention" lang="da">dolk</i>

>? Faroese: dolkur (possibly borrowed from unrelated Danish dolk)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰelg-, *dʰelk- (“to stick, prick, stab”). Cognate with Lithuanian dilgus (“prickly”), Latin falx (“hook, sickle”), Old Irish delg (“spine, needle”).


dulgą

dulgą (nominative singular)
dulgō (nominative plural)
dulgą (singular vocative)
dulgō (plural vocative)
dulgą (accusative singular)
dulgō (accusative plural)
dulgas (genitive singular)
dulgis (genitive singular)
dulgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dulgai (dative singular)
dulgamaz (dative plural)
dulgō (instrumental singular)
dulgamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dolg

Old English: dolg, dolh; dolgbōt

Middle English: dolh, dolȝ, dolc, dolk; *dolgbote

English: dogbolt

desc

Old Frisian: dulg, dolg, dolch, dolech, dulich

West Frisian: dolge

Old Saxon: *dolg

Middle Low German: dolch n, dolge, dolgen, dolk f

Old Dutch: *dolc

Middle Dutch: dolc, dolch

Old High German: tolc, tolg, tolk

Old Norse: dolg; dolgr

Icelandic: dólg; dolgur

(Norwegian: dalga)

Maybe related to *dulgaz (“debt”) or perhaps to Ancient Greek θέλγω (thélgō, “to enchant, cheat”).


habrô

habrô (nominative singular)
habraniz (nominative plural)
habrô (singular vocative)
habraniz (plural vocative)
habranų (accusative singular)
habranunz (accusative plural)
habriniz (genitive singular)
habranǫ̂ (genitive plural)
habrini (dative singular)
habrammaz (dative plural)
habrinē (instrumental singular)
habrammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *habrō
Old English: *hæfera
Old Frisian: *havera; *haver, *hever
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: heewer
Helgoland: Heewer
Mooring: hääwer
Wiedingharde: hääwer
East Frisian:
Harlingerland Frisian: heffer
Saterland Frisian: Hoawer, Heeuwer
Wangerooge Frisian: hüvvër, hǘvër
West Frisian: hjouwer
Schiermonnikoog: jeeuwer, jeeuwre
Old Saxon: habaro, havaro
Middle Low German: hāvere, hāver
German Low German: Haver, Hafer, Hawer
→ German: Hafer
Plautdietsch: Howa
Old Dutch: *havaro
Middle Dutch: havere
Dutch: haver
Jersey Dutch: hâver
→⇒ English: haversack
→ Papiamentu: haver
→ West Frisian: haver (dialectal)
Old High German: habaro
Middle High German: habere, haber
Cimbrian: habarn pl
German: Haber
Luxembourgish: Huewer
Yiddish: האָבער (hober)

Old Norse: hafri
Icelandic: hafri
Norn: havr
Norwegian Bokmål: havre
Norwegian Nynorsk: havre
Old Swedish: hafre
Swedish: havre
Danish: havre
Faroese: havri
→ North Frisian: Haawer (Sylt)
→ Middle English: haver
Scots: haver
→ English: haver
→ Norman: av'thon (Jersey)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *kapro- (“goat”).


mainiz

mainiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
mainijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
mainī (feminine nominative singular strong)
mainijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
mainį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
mainijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
mainijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
mainijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
mainijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
mainijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
mainį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
mainijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
mainijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
mainīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
mainijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
mainijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
mainijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
mainijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
mainīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
mainijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
mainijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
mainijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
mainijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
mainijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
mainijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
mainijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
mainijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
mainijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
mainijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
mainijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
mainijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
mainijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
mainijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
mainijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
mainijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
mainijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
mainijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
mainijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
mainijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
mainijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
mainijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
mainijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
mainijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
mainijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
mainīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
mainijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
mainijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
mainijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
mainīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
mainijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
mainīni (dative masculine singular weak)
mainijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
mainijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
mainijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
mainīni (dative neuter singular weak)
mainijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
mainīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
mainijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
mainijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
mainijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
mainīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
mainijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: mǣne; mǣnsumian, mānsumian

Middle English: mene; mansen

Scots: mean, mein

English: mean; manse

Old Frisian: mēne; manda, monda

Saterland Frisian: mande

Old Dutch: *mēne, *meine

Middle Dutch: meen

From Proto-Indo-European *moynis (“common, mutual”), from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to change, exchange, interchange, swap, share in common”).


glīdaną

glīdō (active first-person indicative singular)
glīdaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glīdai (first-person indicative passive singular)
glīdizi (active indicative second-person singular)
glīdaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glīd (active imperative second-person singular)
glīdazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
glīdaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
glīdidi (active indicative singular third-person)
glīdai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glīdadau (active imperative singular third-person)
glīdadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
glīdaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
glīdōz (active dual first-person indicative)
glīdaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glīdadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glīdaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glīdadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
glīdamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
glīdaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glīdandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
glīdaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
glīdid (active indicative plural second-person)
glīdaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glīdid (active imperative plural second-person)
glīdandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
glīdaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
glīdandi (active indicative plural third-person)
glīdain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glīdandau (active imperative plural third-person)
glīdandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
glīdaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
glaid (active first-person indicative singular)
glidį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glaist (active indicative second-person singular)
glidīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glaid (active indicative singular third-person)
glidī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glidū (active dual first-person indicative)
glidīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glidudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glidīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glidum (active first-person indicative plural)
glidīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glidud (active indicative plural second-person)
glidīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glidun (active indicative plural third-person)
glidīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glīdandz (active participle present)
glidanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *glīdan
Old English: glīdan
Middle English: gliden
Scots: glyde, glide
English: glide
Old Frisian: glīda
Saterland Frisian: gliede
West Frisian: glide, glydzje
Old Saxon: glīdan
Middle Low German: glīden
Low German: glieden
→ Swedish: glida
→ Danish: glide
Old Dutch: *glīdan
Middle Dutch: gliden
Dutch: glijden
Limburgish: glieje
Old High German: glītan
Middle High German: glīten
German: gleiten
Luxembourgish: gleeden
Yiddish: גלייטן (gleytn)
Yiddish: גליטשן (glitshn)
→ Old French: glacer, glasser, glisser, glier
Middle French: glicier, gliier, glisser
French: glisser
Picard: glicher
→ Middle English: glacen, glasen
English: glance
⇒ Middle English: glase, glace

→ Proto-Finnic: *liitädäk

Finnish: liitää

Karelian: liiteä

/ˈɣliː.ðɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰleydʰ- (“to glide”).


kaflaz

kaflaz (nominative singular)
kaflōz (nominative plural)
kaflōs (nominative plural)
kafl (singular vocative)
kaflōz (plural vocative)
kaflōs (plural vocative)
kaflą (accusative singular)
kaflanz (accusative plural)
kaflas (genitive singular)
kaflis (genitive singular)
kaflǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kaflai (dative singular)
kaflamaz (dative plural)
kaflō (instrumental singular)
kaflamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kafl
Old English: ċeafl
Middle English: chavel, chevel, chaule, chawel, chavyl, chawil, chawyl, chavalle, chaul, chewil; chefle, chafle (Early Middle English); jawe, jawle (influenced by the syn. joue)
English: jowl, chavel
Scots: chowl, chow, chew
Yola: choule
Old Saxon: kafl
Middle Low German: kavel
Old Dutch: *kaval
Middle Dutch: cavel
Dutch: (Flemish) kavel

Old Norse: káfl

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵóp-wl̥ ~ *ǵép-uns, from *ǵep- (“to eat, chew”),. Cognate with Old Norse kjaptr (“jaw”), from Proto-Germanic *kefutaz both paralleling *habulō (“head”), *haubudą (“head”), from *kap- (“head”). Perhaps also cognate with Proto-Slavic *žьvàti (“to chew”) (whence Serbo-Croatian žvakati), Proto-Celtic *gobbos (“muzzle, snout”) (whence Middle Irish gop).

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


strakaz

*strakaz (a-stem)

strakaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
strakai (masculine nominative plural strong)
strakō (feminine nominative singular strong)
strakôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
straką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
strakō (neuter nominative plural strong)
strakanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
strakanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
strakǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
strakōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
straką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
strakō (accusative neuter plural strong)
strakas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
strakaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
strakaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
strakaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
strakas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
strakaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
strakammai (dative masculine singular strong)
strakaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
strakaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
strakaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
strakammai (dative neuter singular strong)
strakaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
strakanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
strakaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
strakaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
strakaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
strakanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
strakaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
strakô (masculine nominative singular weak)
strakaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
strakǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
strakōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
strakô (neuter nominative singular weak)
strakōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
strakanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
strakanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
strakōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
strakōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
strakô (accusative neuter singular weak)
strakōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
strakiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
strakanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
strakōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
strakōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
strakiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
strakanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
strakini (dative masculine singular weak)
strakammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
strakōni (dative feminine singular weak)
strakōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
strakini (dative neuter singular weak)
strakammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
strakinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
strakammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
strakōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
strakōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
strakinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
strakammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *strak, *strakk
Old English: stræc, strec
Middle English: *strak, streke, strik
Scots: strack
Old Frisian: *strak
Saterland Frisian: strak
West Frisian: strak
Old Saxon: *strak
Middle Low German: strak
Low German: strack
Old Dutch: *strac
Middle Dutch: strac
Dutch: strak
Limburgish: strak
Old High German: *strak (in framstrac)
Middle High German: strac
German: strack
→ Italian: stracco

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)treg- (“rigid, stiff”).


stunōną

stunō (active first-person indicative singular)
stunǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stunōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
stunōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
stunōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stunō (active imperative second-person singular)
stunōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stunōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stunōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
stunō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stunōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
stunōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stunōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stunōs (active dual first-person indicative)
stunōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stunōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stunōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stunōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stunōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stunōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stunōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stunōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stunōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
stunōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stunōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
stunōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stunōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stunōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
stunōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stunōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
stunōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stunōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stunōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
stunōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stunōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
stunōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stunōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
stunōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stunōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
stunōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stunōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stunōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stunōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
stunōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stunōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
stunōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stunōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
stunōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stunōndz (active participle present)
stunōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stunōn
Old English: stunian
Middle English: stunien, stonien, stunen
Scots: stun, stound, stony
English: stun, stound, astonish
Old Saxon: *stunōn
Middle Low German: stōnen, stȫnen (latter merged with stēnen)
Dutch Low Saxon: steunen
German Low German: stöhnen
→ German: stöhnen
Old Dutch: *stunōn, *stonōn
Middle Dutch: stōnen
Dutch: steunen (merged with Middle Dutch stēnen)
Old High German: *stunōn
Middle High German: stunen, stunden
→ Vulgar Latin: *stunō (alternatively from Latin *extonō, see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ten- (“to thunder, rustle, rumble, drone, groan”).

der

(West Germanic) to make a loud sound; crash


blōtą

blōtą (nominative singular)
blōtō (nominative plural)
blōtą (singular vocative)
blōtō (plural vocative)
blōtą (accusative singular)
blōtō (accusative plural)
blōtas (genitive singular)
blōtis (genitive singular)
blōtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blōtai (dative singular)
blōtamaz (dative plural)
blōtō (instrumental singular)
blōtamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *blōt

Old English: blōt; (blētsian?)

Old Saxon: *blōt

Middle Low German: blōt, blūt

Old High German: *bluoz, *pluoz, *plōz (in compound: bluozhūs, ploazhūs, plōzhūs)

desctree

Old Norse: blót
Icelandic: blót
→ Faroese: blót
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: blót
Old Swedish: blot
Swedish: blot
Old Gutnish: blót
→ Danish: blot

Traditionally from Proto-Indo-European *bʰlā-d- (“to offer, sacrifice”), comparing Latin flāmen (“priest”), but this root is largely abandoned by modern scholars. Possibly from the same root as *blōþą (“blood”); compare the development of Proto-West Germanic *blōdisōn (“to mark with blood > to bless”).


spindaz

spindaz (nominative singular)
spindōz (nominative plural)
spindōs (nominative plural)
spind (singular vocative)
spindōz (plural vocative)
spindōs (plural vocative)
spindą (accusative singular)
spindanz (accusative plural)
spindas (genitive singular)
spindis (genitive singular)
spindǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spindai (dative singular)
spindamaz (dative plural)
spindō (instrumental singular)
spindamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *spind
Old English: spind
Old Saxon: spind
Middle Low German: spint
Old Dutch: *spind
Middle Dutch: spint
Dutch: spint
Old High German: spint
Middle High German: spint
German: Spint (archaic, dialectal)
→ Bavarian: Spind; Spund

→? Proto-Finnic: *pinta


midjǭ

midjǭ (nominative singular)
midjōniz (nominative plural)
midjǭ (singular vocative)
midjōniz (plural vocative)
midjōnų (accusative singular)
midjōnunz (accusative plural)
midjōniz (genitive singular)
midjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
midjōni (dative singular)
midjōmaz (dative plural)
midjōnē (instrumental singular)
midjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: midde

Middle English: midde

Old Frisian: midde

Old Saxon: *middia

Old Norse: miðja

Icelandic: miðja

Faroese: miðja

Norwegian Nynorsk: midja, midju, midje

Old Swedish: midhia

Swedish: midja

Danish: midje

Norwegian Bokmål: midje


gaminþiją

gaminþiją (nominative singular)
gaminþijō (nominative plural)
gaminþiją (singular vocative)
gaminþijō (plural vocative)
gaminþiją (accusative singular)
gaminþijō (accusative plural)
gaminþijas (genitive singular)
gaminþīs (genitive singular)
gaminþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaminþijai (dative singular)
gaminþijamaz (dative plural)
gaminþijō (instrumental singular)
gaminþijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: minni

Icelandic: minni

Faroese: minni

Norwegian: minne

Swedish: minne

Danish: minde

→ Middle English: minne

English: min

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌹 (gaminþi)

From Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to think”).


mainaiþaz

mainaiþaz (nominative singular)
mainaiþōz (nominative plural)
mainaiþōs (nominative plural)
mainaiþ (singular vocative)
mainaiþōz (plural vocative)
mainaiþōs (plural vocative)
mainaiþą (accusative singular)
mainaiþanz (accusative plural)
mainaiþas (genitive singular)
mainaiþis (genitive singular)
mainaiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mainaiþai (dative singular)
mainaiþamaz (dative plural)
mainaiþō (instrumental singular)
mainaiþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mainaiþ

Old English: mānāþ

desc

Middle English: monoth, manath, manwaþ, maineath

Scots: mane-atht

Old Frisian: mēnēth

Saterland Frisian: Meeneed

West Frisian: meineed

Old Saxon: mēnēth

Middle Low German: mênêt, meineit

German Low German: Meeneed

Old Dutch: *meinēth, *meinēd

Middle Dutch: meynede, meeneet

Dutch: meineed

Limburgish: meineid

Old High German: meineid

Middle High German: meineit

German: Meineid

Old Norse: meineiðr

Icelandic: meineiður

Norwegian: mened

Old Swedish: mēnēþer

Swedish: mened

Danish: mened