hliuþijaną

hliuþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hliuþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hliuþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hliuþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hliuþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hliuþī (active imperative second-person singular)
hliuþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hliuþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hliuþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hliuþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hliuþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hliuþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hliuþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hliuþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hliuþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hliuþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hliuþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hliuþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hliuþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hliuþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hliuþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hliuþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hliuþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hliuþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hliuþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hliuþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hliuþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hliuþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hliuþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hliuþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hliuþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hliuþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hliuþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hliuþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hliuþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hliuþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hliuþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hliuþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hliuþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hliuþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hliuþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hliuþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hliuþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hliuþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hliuþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hliuþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hliuþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hliuþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hliuþijandz (active participle present)
hliuþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Old Norse: hlýða
Icelandic: hlýða
Faroese: lýða
Norwegian Bokmål: lyde
Norwegian Nynorsk: lyda
Old Swedish: lȳþa
Swedish: lyda
Danish: lyde
Old Gutnish: lyþa

From *hleuþą (“hearing, listening”) + *-janą.


skōgô

Proto-West Germanic: *skagō

Old English: sċeaga
Middle English: schawe, shawe, shaghe, schaghe, schaȝe
English: shaw

Old High German: scahho (< variant *skaggō or *skag-jō)

Old High German: schache

German: Schachen

Old Norse: skógr
Icelandic: skógur
Faroese: skógvur, skógur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: skog, skau
Norwegian Nynorsk: skog
Old Swedish: skōgher
Swedish: skog
Old Danish: skogh
Danish: skov
 Old Gutnish: skogr
→ Middle English: scogh, scough
English: scaw (dialectal)


langōną

langō (active first-person indicative singular)
langǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
langōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
langōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
langōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
langō (active imperative second-person singular)
langōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
langōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
langōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
langō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
langōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
langōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
langōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
langōs (active dual first-person indicative)
langōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
langōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
langōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
langōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
langōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
langōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
langōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
langōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
langōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
langōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
langōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
langōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
langōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
langōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
langōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
langōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
langōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
langōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
langōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
langōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
langōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
langōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
langōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
langōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
langōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
langōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
langōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
langōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
langōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
langōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
langōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
langōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
langōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
langōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
langōndz (active participle present)
langōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *langōn

Old English: langian; belangian; ġelangian; (lengan; ġelengan < *langijaną)

Middle English: langen, longen; belangen, belongen

Scots: lang; belang

English: long; belong

Old Frisian: *langia; *belangia

Saterland Frisian: beloangje

West Frisian: belangje

Old Saxon: langon

Middle Low German: langen; belangen

German Low German: langen; belangen; verlangen

Old Dutch: *langon; (*langen < *langijaną)

Middle Dutch: langhen; belangen

Dutch: langen, verlangen; belang

Old High German: gilangōn; (langēn, belangēn < *langijaną)

Middle High German: gelangen; (langen)

German: gelangen; langen; (verlangen)

Old Norse: langa

Icelandic: langa

(Norwegian: lengte)

Old Swedish: langa

Swedish: långa (archaic)

Danish: længes

/ˈlɑŋ.ɡɔː.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *lengʷʰ-, *legʷʰ- (“to be easy, be quick, jump, move around, vary”).


wanjaną

wanjō (active first-person indicative singular)
wanjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wanjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wanisi (active indicative second-person singular)
wanjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wani (active imperative second-person singular)
wanjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wanjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
waniþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wanjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wanjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wanjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wanjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wanjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wanjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wanjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wanjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wanjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wanjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wanjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wanjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wanjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
waniþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wanjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waniþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wanjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wanjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wanjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wanjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wanjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wanjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wanjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wanidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wanidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wanidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wanidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wanidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wanidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wanidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wanidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wanidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wanidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wanidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wanidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wanidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wanidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wanidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wanidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wanjandz (active participle present)
wanidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wannjan
Old English: wenian, wennan
Middle English: wenen
English: wean
Scots: wain
Old Frisian: wena, wenia, wennia, winnia
>? Saterland Frisian: woane
West Frisian: wenne
Old Saxon: wennian
Middle Low German: wennen, wenen, wēnen
German Low German: wennen
Old Dutch: *wennen
Middle Dutch: wennen
Dutch: wennen
Old High German: wenian, wennan

Old Norse: venja
Icelandic: venja
Faroese: venja
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: venne
Norwegian Nynorsk: venje, venja
Elfdalian: wena
Old Swedish: vænia
Swedish: vänja
Old Danish: wæniæ
Scanian: vænna
Danish: vænne
Gutnish: väne

From Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to wish; desire; love”).


kradulaz

kradulaz (nominative singular)
kradulōz (nominative plural)
kradulōs (nominative plural)
kradul (singular vocative)
kradulōz (plural vocative)
kradulōs (plural vocative)
kradulą (accusative singular)
kradulanz (accusative plural)
kradulas (genitive singular)
kradulis (genitive singular)
kradulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kradulai (dative singular)
kradulamaz (dative plural)
kradulō (instrumental singular)
kradulamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kradul
Old English: cradol, cradel
Middle English: cradel, credel
English: cradle
Scots: cradill, credill


managafalþaz

*managafalþaz (a-stem)

managafalþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
managafalþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
managafalþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
managafalþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
managafalþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
managafalþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
managafalþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
managafalþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
managafalþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
managafalþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
managafalþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
managafalþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
managafalþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
managafalþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
managafalþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
managafalþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
managafalþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
managafalþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
managafalþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
managafalþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
managafalþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
managafalþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
managafalþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
managafalþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
managafalþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
managafalþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
managafalþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
managafalþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
managafalþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
managafalþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
managafalþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
managafalþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
managafalþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
managafalþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
managafalþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
managafalþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
managafalþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
managafalþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
managafalþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
managafalþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
managafalþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
managafalþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
managafalþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
managafalþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
managafalþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
managafalþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
managafalþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
managafalþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
managafalþini (dative masculine singular weak)
managafalþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
managafalþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
managafalþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
managafalþini (dative neuter singular weak)
managafalþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
managafalþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
managafalþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
managafalþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
managafalþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
managafalþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
managafalþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: maniġfeald, mæniġfeald

desc

Middle English: manifald, monifald, manyfold, manifold

English: manifold, manyfold

Old Frisian: manichfald

Old Saxon: managfald

Old Dutch: *manigfald

Middle Dutch: menichvout

Dutch: menigvoud, menigvoudig

Old High German: manicfalt, manicfaltīg

Middle High German: manecvalt, manecvaltec

German: mannigfaltig

Old Norse: margfaldr

Icelandic: margfaldur

Norwegian: mangfoldig

Old Swedish: mangfalder

Swedish: mångfald, mångfaldig

Danish: mangefold

Gutnish: manggfaldur

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃 (managfalþs)

/ˈmɑ.nɑ.ɣɑ.ˌɸɑl.θɑz/


winidaz

winidaz (nominative singular)
winidōz (nominative plural)
winidōs (nominative plural)
winid (singular vocative)
winidōz (plural vocative)
winidōs (plural vocative)
winidą (accusative singular)
winidanz (accusative plural)
winidas (genitive singular)
winidis (genitive singular)
winidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
winidai (dative singular)
winidamaz (dative plural)
winidō (instrumental singular)
winidamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *Winid

Old English: Wined

Old High German: winid

Middle High German: wint, winde

German: Wende

→ English: Wend

Old Norse: vindr

Icelandic: Vindur

→ Proto-Finnic: *venät

Estonian: vene

⇒ Finnish: Venäjä

From Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁-. Borrowed from the 'Vistula Veneti' or 'Baltic Veneti', one of at least three known ancient tribal groupings going by the name *Wenet-. See also Latin Venetī.


dunkaraz

*dunkaraz (a-stem)

dunkaraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
dunkarai (masculine nominative plural strong)
dunkarō (feminine nominative singular strong)
dunkarôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
dunkarą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
dunkarō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dunkaranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dunkaranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
dunkarǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
dunkarōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
dunkarą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
dunkarō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dunkaras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
dunkaraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dunkaraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dunkaraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dunkaras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
dunkaraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
dunkarammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dunkaraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dunkaraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dunkaraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
dunkarammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dunkaraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dunkaranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dunkaraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dunkaraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dunkaraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dunkaranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dunkaraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
dunkarô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dunkaraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
dunkarǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
dunkarōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
dunkarô (neuter nominative singular weak)
dunkarōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dunkaranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dunkaranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
dunkarōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
dunkarōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
dunkarô (accusative neuter singular weak)
dunkarōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
dunkariniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dunkaranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
dunkarōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
dunkarōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
dunkariniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dunkaranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
dunkarini (dative masculine singular weak)
dunkarammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
dunkarōni (dative feminine singular weak)
dunkarōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
dunkarini (dative neuter singular weak)
dunkarammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
dunkarinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
dunkarammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
dunkarōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
dunkarōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
dunkarinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
dunkarammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Frisian: *dunker, diunker, dionker

Saterland Frisian: djunker

West Frisian: donker

Old Saxon: dunkar

Middle Low German: dunker

German Low German: dunker

Old Dutch: *dunkar

Middle Dutch: donker

Dutch: donker

Similar to *dunkalaz (“dark”), a zero-grade adjective related to *dinkwa-, *dankwaz (“dark”).


rūnōstabaz

rūnōstabaz (nominative singular)
rūnōstabōz (nominative plural)
rūnōstabōs (nominative plural)
rūnōstab (singular vocative)
rūnōstabōz (plural vocative)
rūnōstabōs (plural vocative)
rūnōstabą (accusative singular)
rūnōstabanz (accusative plural)
rūnōstabas (genitive singular)
rūnōstabis (genitive singular)
rūnōstabǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rūnōstabai (dative singular)
rūnōstabamaz (dative plural)
rūnōstabō (instrumental singular)
rūnōstabamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rūnustab

Old English: rūnstæf

Middle English: *rounstaf, run-staf (attested in run-staven (plural))

English: runestaff, runestave

Old High German: rūnstab; rūnstafa

Old Norse: rúnastafr

Icelandic: rúnastafur

Faroese: rúnastavur

Swedish: runstav

Danish: runestav

From *rūnō (“secret, mystery, rune”) + *stabaz (“staff, stick; letter of an alphabet”).


dankwaz

*dankwaz (a-stem)

dankwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
dankwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
dankwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
dankwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
dankwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
dankwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dankwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dankwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
dankwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
dankwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
dankwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
dankwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dankwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
dankwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dankwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dankwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dankwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
dankwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
dankwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dankwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dankwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dankwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
dankwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dankwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dankwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dankwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dankwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dankwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dankwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dankwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
dankwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dankwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
dankwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
dankwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
dankwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
dankwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dankwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dankwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
dankwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
dankwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
dankwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
dankwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
dankwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dankwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
dankwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
dankwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
dankwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dankwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
dankwini (dative masculine singular weak)
dankwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
dankwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
dankwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
dankwini (dative neuter singular weak)
dankwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
dankwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
dankwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
dankwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
dankwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
dankwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
dankwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Frisian: diunk (< *dinkwaz)

Old Norse: døkkr, dǫkkr

Icelandic: dökkur

Faroese: døkkur

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: døkk, dokk

Norwegian: dunken (dialectal)

→ Middle English: dank

Scots: donk, dunk

English: dank

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰengʷ-o-, *dʰ(e/o)ngʷ-(o)-i-; according to Pokorny, from *dʰewh₂- (“mist, smoke, haze”). Related to Hittite 𒁕𒀭𒆪𒄿 (da-an-ku-i, “dark, black, murky”).


mują

mują (nominative singular)
mujō (nominative plural)
mują (singular vocative)
mujō (plural vocative)
mują (accusative singular)
mujō (accusative plural)
mujas (genitive singular)
muis (genitive singular)
mujǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mujai (dative singular)
mujamaz (dative plural)
mujō (instrumental singular)
mujamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: mý; myg n (< *muwją?)

Icelandic: mý

Faroese: mý; mýggj

Old Swedish: myg

Swedish: mygg

From Proto-Indo-European *mū- (“fly, mosquito”). Cognate with Latin musca.


mugjō

mugjō (nominative singular)
mugjôz (nominative plural)
mugjō (singular vocative)
mugjôz (plural vocative)
mugjǭ (accusative singular)
mugjōz (accusative plural)
mugjōz (genitive singular)
mugjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mugjōi (dative singular)
mugjōmaz (dative plural)
mugjō (instrumental singular)
mugjōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *muggju, *muggjā
Old English: myċġ
Middle English: migge, mydge
Scots: mige
English: midge
Old Frisian: *megge, *migge
Saterland Frisian: Määge
West Frisian: mich
Old Saxon: muggia, mugga
Middle Low German: mügge
German Low German: Mügge, Mügg
→ Old Norse: myg
Danish: myg
Swedish: mygga, mygg
Norwegian: mygg
Old Dutch: *mugga, muggo (in to-names)
Middle Dutch: mugge
Dutch: mug
Afrikaans: muggie
Old High German: mugga, mukka, mucka
Middle High German: mügge, mugge, mucke, mücke
German: Mücke
Hunsrik: Mick
Luxembourgish: Méck

From *mu- (from earlier *muwī, continuing Proto-Indo-European *muH-íh₂, *muH-iéh₂-s-, the short u a result of Dybo's law) + *-gjō (diminutive suffix). The western Germanic variants underwent a different velarization than *mują, though both are from the same ultimate source.


ketwą

ketwą (nominative singular)
ketwō (nominative plural)
ketwą (singular vocative)
ketwō (plural vocative)
ketwą (accusative singular)
ketwō (accusative plural)
ketwas (genitive singular)
kitwis (genitive singular)
ketwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kitwai (dative singular)
ketwamaz (dative plural)
ketwō (instrumental singular)
ketwamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: kjǫt, kjot

Icelandic: kjöt, ket

Faroese: kjøt

Norwegian: kjøt, kjøtt; (dialectal) kjòt, kỳt

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kjøtt

Old Swedish: kiøt, kiot, køt

Swedish: kött

Danish: kød

Norwegian Bokmål: kjød

Gutnish: kyt, kytt

→ Middle English: ket

Scots: ket, kett

English: ket

Unknown; connection with *kwetwą and *kutjaną has been suggested.


raustijaną

raustijō (active first-person indicative singular)
raustijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raustijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
raustīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
raustijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raustī (active imperative second-person singular)
raustijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
raustijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
raustīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
raustijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raustijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
raustijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
raustijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
raustijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
raustijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raustijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raustijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raustijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
raustijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
raustijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raustijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
raustijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
raustīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
raustijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raustīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
raustijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
raustijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
raustijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
raustijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raustijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
raustijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
raustijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raustidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
raustidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raustidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
raustidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raustidē (active indicative singular third-person)
raustidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raustidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
raustidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raustidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raustidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raustidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
raustidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raustidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
raustidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raustidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
raustidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raustijandz (active participle present)
raustidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *raustijan
Old English: rīestan, rēstan

Old Norse: reysta

Icelandic: reysta

Swedish: rösta

From *raustiz (“voice”) + *-janą, from Proto-Indo-European *Hres- (“to shout, speak”). Compare the noun *razdō (“voice”).


gasaljô

gem-decl-noun-table

*gasaljô (an-stem)

gasaljô (nominative singular)
gasaljaniz (nominative plural)
gasaljô (singular vocative)
gasaljaniz (plural vocative)
gasaljanų (accusative singular)
gasaljanunz (accusative plural)
gasaliniz (genitive singular)
gasaljanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gasalini (dative singular)
gasaljammaz (dative plural)
gasalinē (instrumental singular)
gasaljammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *gisellio

Middle Low German: geselle

German Low German: Geselle, Gesell

→ Swedish: gesäll

→ Finnish: kisälli

Old Dutch: gisello

Middle Dutch: geselle

Dutch: gezel

desctree

Old High German: gisellio, gisello
Middle High German: geselle
Cimbrian: khsell
German: Geselle
Luxembourgish: Gesell

Vandalic: *gasalja (see there for further descendants)


saljô

gem-decl-noun-table

*saljô (an-stem)

saljô (nominative singular)
saljaniz (nominative plural)
saljô (singular vocative)
saljaniz (plural vocative)
saljanų (accusative singular)
saljanunz (accusative plural)
saliniz (genitive singular)
saljanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
salini (dative singular)
saljammaz (dative plural)
salinē (instrumental singular)
saljammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *salljō

Old Saxon: *sellio

Middle Low German: selle

Old Dutch: *sello

Middle Dutch: selle

Old High German: sello

Middle High German: selle

German: Selle


salją

salją (nominative singular)
saljō (nominative plural)
salją (singular vocative)
saljō (plural vocative)
salją (accusative singular)
saljō (accusative plural)
saljas (genitive singular)
salis (genitive singular)
saljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
saljai (dative singular)
saljamaz (dative plural)
saljō (instrumental singular)
saljamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sel n; *siella, sylla m

desctree

Old Norse: sel n
Icelandic: sel
Norwegian: sel
→ Danish: sæl
Norwegian Bokmål: sel
Old Swedish: *sæl (only in compunds, e.g. sælia boþ)


gaidwą

gaidwą (nominative singular)
gaidwō (nominative plural)
gaidwą (singular vocative)
gaidwō (plural vocative)
gaidwą (accusative singular)
gaidwō (accusative plural)
gaidwas (genitive singular)
gaidwis (genitive singular)
gaidwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaidwai (dative singular)
gaidwamaz (dative plural)
gaidwō (instrumental singular)
gaidwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gaidu
Old English: gād, gǣd
Old Frisian: gād
Old Saxon: gēdia, gēdea
Old High German: *gaidu
→ Latin: fārigaidus (< fara (“descendents”) + *-gaidu (“lack”))

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌳𐍅 (gaidw)

/ˈɣɑi̯ð.wɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey-, *ǵʰeh₂- (“to gape; yawn”).


uzjǭ

uzjǭ (nominative singular)
uzjōniz (nominative plural)
uzjǭ (singular vocative)
uzjōniz (plural vocative)
uzjōnų (accusative singular)
uzjōnunz (accusative plural)
uzjōniz (genitive singular)
uzjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
uzjōni (dative singular)
uzjōmaz (dative plural)
uzjōnē (instrumental singular)
uzjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: yrja

Old Swedish: øria


Audawiniz

Audawiniz (nominative singular)
Audawini (singular vocative)
Audawinīz (genitive singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Audawini
Old English: Ēadwine
English: Edwin (see there for further descendants)
Old High German: Audowin, *Ōtwini
Middle High German:
German: Otwin

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: Auðunn (perhaps < earlier *Auðvin)

Icelandic: Auðunn

Faroese: Eyðun

Norwegian: Audun, Augun, Odin

Swedish: Öden

From *audaz (“wealth, riches”) + *winiz (“friend”).


aimaz

aimaz (nominative singular)
aimōz (nominative plural)
aimōs (nominative plural)
aim (singular vocative)
aimōz (plural vocative)
aimōs (plural vocative)
aimą (accusative singular)
aimanz (accusative plural)
aimas (genitive singular)
aimis (genitive singular)
aimǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aimai (dative singular)
aimamaz (dative plural)
aimō (instrumental singular)
aimamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: eimr

Danish: em

Faroese: eimur

Icelandic: eimur

Norwegian: eim

Old Swedish: ēmber

→⇒ Proto-Finnic: *aimat'ak (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ews- (“to burn”) + *-mos.


Harjawaldaz

Harjawaldaz (nominative singular)
Harjawald (singular vocative)
Harjawaldą (accusative singular)
Harjawaldai (dative singular)
Harjawaldō (instrumental singular)

Old English: Hereweald

English: Harold

desc

*ᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᚹᚨᛚᛞᚨᛉ

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᚹᚨᛚᛞᚨᛉ (*harjawaldaʀ), *ᚺᚨᚱᛁᚹᚨᛚᛞᚨᛉ (*hariwaldaʀ)

desctree

Old Norse: Haraldr
Icelandic: Haraldur
Faroese: Haraldur
Norwegian: Harald, Hareld
Swedish: Harald
Danish: Harald
→ German: Harald
→ Estonian: Harald
→ Latvian: Haralds

→ Finnish: Harjavalta

→ Latin: Chariovalda (Attested by Tacitus)

Suevic or Gothic:

→ Latin: Arvaldus

Galician: Albarde (place name)

From an unknown later Germanic language:

→ Latin: Haroldus

Italian: Araldo

French: Hérault

From *harjaz (“army”) + *waldaz (“ruler, authority”). Compare *Waldaharjaz, composed of the same elements but in the reverse order.


frihtiz

frihtiz (nominative singular)
frihtīz (nominative plural)
frihti (singular vocative)
frihtīz (plural vocative)
frihtį (accusative singular)
frihtinz (accusative plural)
frihtīz (genitive singular)
frihtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frihtī (dative singular)
frihtimaz (dative plural)
frihtī (instrumental singular)
frihtimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: freht, friht

Middle English: freit, freyt, frete

Old Norse: frétt

Icelandic: frétt

Faroese: ófrættir (compound, plural)

Norn: frøtt

Old Swedish: fræt


kuningadōmaz

kuningadōmaz (nominative singular)
kuningadōmōz (nominative plural)
kuningadōmōs (nominative plural)
kuningadōm (singular vocative)
kuningadōmōz (plural vocative)
kuningadōmōs (plural vocative)
kuningadōmą (accusative singular)
kuningadōmanz (accusative plural)
kuningadōmas (genitive singular)
kuningadōmis (genitive singular)
kuningadōmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kuningadōmai (dative singular)
kuningadōmamaz (dative plural)
kuningadōmō (instrumental singular)
kuningadōmamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kuningadōm
Old English: cyningdōm
Middle English: kyngdom, kingdom
Scots: kingdom
English: kingdom
Old Frisian: *keningdōm, *kiningdōm
West Frisian: keuningdom
Old Saxon: kuningdōm
Old Dutch: *kuningduom
Middle Dutch: koninghdom
Dutch: koningdom
Old High German: kuningtuom
Middle High German: künictuom
German: Königtum

Old Norse: konungdómr

Icelandic: konungdómur

Norwegian: kongedømme, kongedøme

Swedish: kungadöme, konungadöme

Danish: kongedømme

Faroese: kongadømi, kongsdømi

Norn: konungdum


leuhmô

leuhmô (nominative singular)
leuhmaniz (nominative plural)
leuhmô (singular vocative)
leuhmaniz (plural vocative)
leuhmanų (accusative singular)
leuhmanunz (accusative plural)
liuhminiz (genitive singular)
leuhmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
liuhmini (dative singular)
leuhmammaz (dative plural)
liuhminē (instrumental singular)
leuhmammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *leuhmō
Old English: lēoma
Middle English: leme, leem, lem, leom, lewme, lume, lym, lyme; leame, leome, lome (Early Middle English)
English: leam
Scots: leim, leme
Old Saxon: liomo

Old Norse: ljómi

Icelandic: ljómi

Faroese: ljómi

→ Middle Irish: láem

Irish: laom

Scottish Gaelic: laom

⇒ Old Norse: ljóma

Icelandic: ljóma

Faroese: ljóma

From Proto-Indo-European *léwk-mn̥ ~ *luk-mén-s, from *lewk- (“bright”) + *-mn̥.


laskaz

*laskaz (a-stem)

laskaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
laskai (masculine nominative plural strong)
laskō (feminine nominative singular strong)
laskôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
laską (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
laskō (neuter nominative plural strong)
laskanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
laskanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
laskǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
laskōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
laską (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
laskō (accusative neuter plural strong)
laskas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
laskaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
laskaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
laskaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
laskas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
laskaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
laskammai (dative masculine singular strong)
laskaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
laskaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
laskaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
laskammai (dative neuter singular strong)
laskaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
laskanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
laskaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
laskaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
laskaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
laskanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
laskaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
laskô (masculine nominative singular weak)
laskaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
laskǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
laskōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
laskô (neuter nominative singular weak)
laskōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
laskanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
laskanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
laskōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
laskōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
laskô (accusative neuter singular weak)
laskōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
laskiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
laskanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
laskōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
laskōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
laskiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
laskanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
laskini (dative masculine singular weak)
laskammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
laskōni (dative feminine singular weak)
laskōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
laskini (dative neuter singular weak)
laskammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
laskinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
laskammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
laskōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
laskōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
laskinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
laskammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: *lysċ, *lesċ

Middle English: lusch

English: lush

Old Saxon: lask

Middle Low German: lasch, las

Low German: lusch

Old Dutch: *lask

Middle Dutch: lasch

Old Norse: lǫskr

→ Middle English: *lusk

English: lusk

Compare also Latin laxus (“loose, slack, yielding”).


murnaną

murnō (active first-person indicative singular)
murnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
murnōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
murnais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
murnō (active imperative second-person singular)
murnōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
murnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
murnōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
murnōs (active dual first-person indicative)
murnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
murnaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
murnaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
murnaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
murnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
murnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
murnaþ (active indicative plural second-person)
murnaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
murnaþ (active imperative plural second-person)
murnanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
murnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
murnanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
murnōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
murnōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
murnōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
murnōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
murnōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
murnōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
murnōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
murnōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
murnōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
murnōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
murnōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
murnōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
murnōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
murnōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
murnōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
murnōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
murnandz (active participle present)

Proto-West Germanic: *murnan

Old English: murnan

Middle English: mournen, mornen, murnen

Scots: murne, murn

English: mourn

Old Saxon: mornan; (murnian, mornian); (mornōn)

Middle Low German: vormornen

→ Old French: morner

Middle French: *morner; amorner, amornir

French: morné

(Old High German: mornēn < Proto-Germanic *murnāną)

Old Norse: morna

Icelandic: morna

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 (maurnan)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)mer- (“to think; remember”).


lamaz

*lamaz (a-stem)

lamaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
lamai (masculine nominative plural strong)
lamō (feminine nominative singular strong)
lamôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
lamą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
lamō (neuter nominative plural strong)
lamanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
lamanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
lamǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
lamōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
lamą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
lamō (accusative neuter plural strong)
lamas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
lamaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
lamaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
lamaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
lamas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
lamaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
lamammai (dative masculine singular strong)
lamaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
lamaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
lamaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
lamammai (dative neuter singular strong)
lamaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
lamanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
lamaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
lamaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
lamaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
lamanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
lamaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
lamô (masculine nominative singular weak)
lamaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
lamǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
lamōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
lamô (neuter nominative singular weak)
lamōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
lamanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
lamanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
lamōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
lamōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
lamô (accusative neuter singular weak)
lamōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
laminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
lamanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
lamōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
lamōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
laminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
lamanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
lamini (dative masculine singular weak)
lamammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
lamōni (dative feminine singular weak)
lamōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
lamini (dative neuter singular weak)
lamammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
laminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
lamammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
lamōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
lamōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
laminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
lamammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *lam

desctree

⇒ Old English: lama
Middle English: lame
Geordie English: lyem
Scots: lame
English: lame

Old Frisian: lom, lem, lam

North Frisian: lom, laam

Saterland Frisian: lom

West Frisian: lam

Old Saxon: lam

Middle Low German: lam, lām, laem

German Low German: lahm

Old Dutch: *lam

Middle Dutch: lam

Dutch: lam

Limburgish: laam

Old High German: lam
Middle High German: lam
Alemannic German: lamm
German: lahm
Hunsrik: laam

⇒ Old Norse: lami

Icelandic: lami

Norwegian: lam

Old Swedish: lamber

Swedish: lam

Danish: lam

Ostrobothnian: lämin

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃lemH- (“weak, broken, soft”).


hrefaz

hrefaz (nominative singular)
hrifizō (nominative plural)
hrefaz (singular vocative)
hrifizō (plural vocative)
hrefaz (accusative singular)
hrifizō (accusative plural)
hrifiziz (genitive singular)
hrifizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrifizi (dative singular)
hrifizumaz (dative plural)
hrifizē (instrumental singular)
hrifizumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrif
Old English: hrif
Middle English: *rif
English: riff
Old Frisian: hrif, href
⇒ Old Frisian: inhrif, inhref
Old Saxon: *hrif
Middle Low German: rif, ref
German Low German: Riff
Old Dutch: ref
Middle Dutch: *rif
Dutch: rif
Old High German: href

From Proto-Indo-European *krép-os ~ *krép-es-os, from *krep-. Cognate with Proto-Italic *korpos (“body”).


skandaz

skandaz (nominative singular)
skandōz (nominative plural)
skandōs (nominative plural)
skand (singular vocative)
skandōz (plural vocative)
skandōs (plural vocative)
skandą (accusative singular)
skandanz (accusative plural)
skandas (genitive singular)
skandis (genitive singular)
skandǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skandai (dative singular)
skandamaz (dative plural)
skandō (instrumental singular)
skandamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċand

Middle English: sconde, shond


kwēmiz

kwēmiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
kwēmijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
kwēmī (feminine nominative singular strong)
kwēmijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
kwēmį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
kwēmijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
kwēmijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
kwēmijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
kwēmijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
kwēmijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
kwēmį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
kwēmijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
kwēmijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
kwēmīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
kwēmijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
kwēmijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
kwēmijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
kwēmijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
kwēmīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
kwēmijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
kwēmijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
kwēmijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
kwēmijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
kwēmijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
kwēmijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
kwēmijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
kwēmijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
kwēmijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
kwēmijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
kwēmijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
kwēmijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
kwēmijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
kwēmijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
kwēmijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
kwēmijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
kwēmijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
kwēmijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
kwēmijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
kwēmijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
kwēmijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
kwēmijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
kwēmijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
kwēmijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
kwēmijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
kwēmīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
kwēmijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
kwēmijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
kwēmijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
kwēmīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
kwēmijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
kwēmīni (dative masculine singular weak)
kwēmijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
kwēmijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
kwēmijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
kwēmīni (dative neuter singular weak)
kwēmijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
kwēmīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
kwēmijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
kwēmijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
kwēmijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
kwēmīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
kwēmijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwāmī

desctree

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *bikwāmī
Old Saxon: *biquāmi
Middle Low German: bequeme, bequame
Low German: bequeem
→ Swedish: bekväm
Old Dutch: *biquāmi
Middle Dutch: bequame
Dutch: bekwaam
Old High German: biquāmi
Middle High German: bequäme
German: bequem
⇒ Old High German: unbiquāmi

Old Norse: kvæmr

Icelandic: kvæmur

Old Swedish: qvæmber

Vṛddhi gerundive of *kwemaną (“to come”).


Agiþewaz

Proto-West Germanic: *Agiþeu

Old English: Eċġþēow, Eċġþēo, Eċġþīow

Old High German: Egidio, Egideo

Old Norse: Eggþér

From *agjō (“edge”) + *þewaz (“servant”).


lapilaz

lapilaz (nominative singular)
lapilōz (nominative plural)
lapilōs (nominative plural)
lapil (singular vocative)
lapilōz (plural vocative)
lapilōs (plural vocative)
lapilą (accusative singular)
lapilanz (accusative plural)
lapilas (genitive singular)
lapilis (genitive singular)
lapilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lapilai (dative singular)
lapilamaz (dative plural)
lapilō (instrumental singular)
lapilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lapil
Old Frisian: lepel, leppel
Saterland Frisian: Lääpel
West Frisian: leppel
Old Saxon: lepil
Middle Low German: lēpel, leppel
Low German: Lepel
Plautdietsch: Läpel
→? Norn: lepel
Old Dutch: *lepil
Middle Dutch: lēpel
Dutch: lepel
Afrikaans: lepel
Berbice Creole Dutch: leple
Jersey Dutch: lêpel
Negerhollands: leepel, leppu
Skepi Creole Dutch: lepel
→ Lokono: lepele
Limburgish: laepel
Limburgish: laepel
Old High German: lepfil, leffil
Middle High German: leffel
Alemannic German: Leffel, Läffel, Löffel
Bavarian: Leffl
Cimbrian: löffl
Mòcheno: leffl
Central Franconian: Läffel, Läfel
Hunsrik: Leffel
Luxembourgish: Läffel
German: Löffel
Rhine Franconian: Leffel, Lewwel
Frankfurterisch: [lev̥l̩]
Pennsylvania German: Leffel
Vilamovian: łefuł
Yiddish: לעפֿל (lefl)

From Proto-Indo-European *leb-, *leh₂b- (“to slurp; lick; smack”), equivalent to *lapaną (“to drink; slurp; lap”) + *-ilaz (agent suffix).


aidą

aidą (nominative singular)
aidō (nominative plural)
aidą (singular vocative)
aidō (plural vocative)
aidą (accusative singular)
aidō (accusative plural)
aidas (genitive singular)
aidis (genitive singular)
aidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aidai (dative singular)
aidamaz (dative plural)
aidō (instrumental singular)
aidamiz (instrumental plural)


skutą

skutą (nominative singular)
skutō (nominative plural)
skutą (singular vocative)
skutō (plural vocative)
skutą (accusative singular)
skutō (accusative plural)
skutas (genitive singular)
skutis (genitive singular)
skutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skutai (dative singular)
skutamaz (dative plural)
skutō (instrumental singular)
skutamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skot
Old English: sċot
Middle English: shot
Scots: schot, schote, schoit
English: shot
Old Frisian: skot
Saterland Frisian: Skoat
West Frisian: skot
Old Saxon: skot
Middle Low German: schot
German Low German: Schott
Old Dutch: *skot
Middle Dutch: schot, scot
Dutch: schot
Old High German: scoz
Middle High German: schoz
German: Schoss
Yiddish: שאָס (shos)
→ Old French: escoz, escot
Middle French: escot
French: écot

Old Norse: skot

Icelandic: skot

Faroese: skot

Norwegian Nynorsk: skot, skott

→ Norwegian Bokmål: skott

Old Swedish: skut, skot

Swedish: skott

Danish: skud

Norwegian Bokmål: skudd

→ Scots: scot


Harjamōdaz

Harjamōdaz (nominative singular)
Harjamōd (singular vocative)
Harjamōdą (accusative singular)
Harjamōdai (dative singular)
Harjamōdō (instrumental singular)

Old English: Heremōd

Old High German: Herimuot

Old Norse: Hermóðr

Icelandic: Hermóður

Faroese: Hermóður

From *harjaz (“army”) + *mōdaz (“mind, courage, anger”).


Ansulaibaz

Ansulaibaz (nominative singular)
Ansulaib (singular vocative)
Ansulaibą (accusative singular)
Ansulaibai (dative singular)
Ansulaibō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Ansulaib

Old English: Ōslāf

Old Saxon: Ōslēf

Old High German: Ansleib

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛊᚢᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*asulaibaʀ)

Old Norse: Ásleifr

Icelandic: Ásleifur

Faroese: Ásleivur

From *ansuz (“deity”) + *laibō (“remnant”).


Gunþilaibaz

Gunþilaibaz (nominative singular)
Gunþilaib (singular vocative)
Gunþilaibą (accusative singular)
Gunþilaibai (dative singular)
Gunþilaibō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Gunþilaib

Old English: Gūþlāf

Old High German: Gundleip

Old Norse: Gunnleifr

Icelandic: Gunnleifur (reintroduced)

Faroese: Gunnleivur

From *gunþiz (“battle”) + *laibō (“remnant”).


Frōdô

Frōdô (nominative singular)
Frōdô (singular vocative)

Proto-West Germanic: *Frōdō

Old English: Frōda

→ English: Frodo (Hobbit name)

Old Saxon: Frodo

desctree

Old Norse: Fróði
Icelandic: Fróði
Faroese: Fróði
Norwegian: Frode
Danish: Frode
→ Latin: Frodo
→ English: Frodo

/ˈɸrɔː.ðɔːː/

From the masculine definite of *frōdaz (“wise”), literally "the wise."


Albiharjaz

Albiharjaz (nominative singular)
Albiharją (accusative singular)
Albiharjai (dative singular)
Albiharjō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Albihari

Old English: Ælfhere

Old Saxon: Alfheri

Old Norse: Alfarr

Icelandic: Álfar

Norwegian: Alvar

Swedish: Alvar

→? Latin: Alvarus

Spanish: Álvaro

From *albiz (“elf”) + *harjaz (“warrior”).


speldą

speldą (nominative singular)
speldō (nominative plural)
speldą (singular vocative)
speldō (plural vocative)
speldą (accusative singular)
speldō (accusative plural)
speldas (genitive singular)
spildis (genitive singular)
speldǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spildai (dative singular)
speldamaz (dative plural)
speldō (instrumental singular)
speldamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: speld; spelt m

desc

Middle English: speld, spelt, spielde, spelde

English: speld, spell

Old Norse: speld, spjald

Icelandic: speld, spjald

Old Danish: spjæld

→ Icelandic: spæll

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)pel- (“to split”).

der

a split or broken piece of wood; splinter; board


spaluz

spaluz (nominative singular)
spaliwiz (nominative plural)
spalu (singular vocative)
spaliwiz (plural vocative)
spalų (accusative singular)
spalunz (accusative plural)
spalauz (genitive singular)
spaliwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spaliwi (dative singular)
spalumaz (dative plural)
spalū (instrumental singular)
spalumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *spalu

Middle English: spale

Scots: spale, spail

English: spale

Old High German: *spal

Middle High German: spale

German: Spale (dialectal)

Old Norse: spǫlr (acc. spǫlu)

Icelandic: spölur

Swedish: spalu (dialectal)


muljaną

muljō (active first-person indicative singular)
muljaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
muljai (first-person indicative passive singular)
mulisi (active indicative second-person singular)
muljais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
muli (active imperative second-person singular)
muljasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
muljaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
muliþi (active indicative singular third-person)
muljai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
muljaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
muljaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
muljaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
muljōs (active dual first-person indicative)
muljaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
muljaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
muljaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
muljaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
muljamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
muljaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
muljanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
muljainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
muliþ (active indicative plural second-person)
muljaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
muliþ (active imperative plural second-person)
muljanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
muljainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
muljanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
muljain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
muljanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
muljanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
muljainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mulidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
mulidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mulidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
mulidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mulidē (active indicative singular third-person)
mulidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mulidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
mulidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mulidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mulidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mulidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
mulidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mulidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
mulidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mulidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
mulidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
muljandz (active participle present)
mulidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mulljan
Old High German: mullen
Middle High German: müllen
German: mühlen

Old Norse: mylja

Icelandic: mylja

Zero-grade ye-present, pre-Germanic *ml̥h₂ye-, from the root of *malaną (“to grind”).


flutjaną

flutjō (active first-person indicative singular)
flutjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flutjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
flutisi (active indicative second-person singular)
flutjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fluti (active imperative second-person singular)
flutjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
flutjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
flutiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
flutjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flutjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
flutjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
flutjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
flutjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
flutjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flutjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flutjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flutjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
flutjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
flutjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flutjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
flutjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
flutiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
flutjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flutiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
flutjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
flutjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
flutjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
flutjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flutjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
flutjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
flutjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
flutidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
flutidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flutidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
flutidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flutidē (active indicative singular third-person)
flutidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flutidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
flutidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flutidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flutidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flutidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
flutidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flutidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
flutidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flutidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
flutidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flutjandz (active participle present)
flutidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: flytja

Icelandic: flytja

Faroese: flytja, flyta

Norwegian: flytja, flytte

Old Swedish: flytia

Swedish: flytta

Danish: flytte

→ Middle English: flytten, flitten

English: flit

Scots: flit

Zero-grade ye-present from the root of *fleutaną.


switjaną

switjō (active first-person indicative singular)
switjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
switjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
switisi (active indicative second-person singular)
switjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
switi (active imperative second-person singular)
switjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
switjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
switiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
switjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
switjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
switjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
switjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
switjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
switjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
switjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
switjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
switjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
switjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
switjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
switjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
switjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
switiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
switjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
switiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
switjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
switjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
switjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
switjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
switjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
switjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
switjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
switidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
switidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
switidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
switidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
switidē (active indicative singular third-person)
switidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
switidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
switidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
switidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
switidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
switidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
switidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
switidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
switidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
switidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
switidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
switjandz (active participle present)
switidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *swittjan
Old Frisian: *switta
West Frisian: switte
Old High German: swizzen
Middle High German: switzen
German: schwitzen
Yiddish: שוויצן (shvitsn)

Zero-grade ye-present, pre-Germanic *swidye/o-, derived from the root of *swait-.


wurkiją

wurkiją (nominative singular)
wurkijō (nominative plural)
wurkiją (singular vocative)
wurkijō (plural vocative)
wurkiją (accusative singular)
wurkijō (accusative plural)
wurkijas (genitive singular)
wurkīs (genitive singular)
wurkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wurkijai (dative singular)
wurkijamaz (dative plural)
wurkijō (instrumental singular)
wurkijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wurkī

Old High German: *wurki

⇒ Old High German: āwurki

Middle High German: āwurke, āwürke

Old Norse: yrki
Faroese: yrki
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: yrke
Norwegian Nynorsk: yrke
Swedish: yrke


wīhijaną

wīhijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wīhijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wīhijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wīhīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wīhijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wīhī (active imperative second-person singular)
wīhijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wīhijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wīhīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wīhijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wīhijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wīhijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wīhijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wīhijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wīhijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wīhijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wīhijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wīhijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wīhijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wīhijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wīhijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wīhijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wīhīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wīhijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wīhīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wīhijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wīhijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wīhijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wīhijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wīhijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wīhijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wīhijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wīhidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wīhidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wīhidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wīhidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wīhidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wīhidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wīhidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wīhidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wīhidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wīhidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wīhidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wīhidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wīhidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wīhidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wīhidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wīhidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wīhijandz (active participle present)
wīhidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wīhijan
⇒ Old English: fulwian, fulliġan, fullian, fullwian; fulguġe, fulguia — Northumbrian (< *fullawīhijan)
Middle English: fullen, folewen, follen, folowen, fully, fulwen, vollen, vullen; fulhen, vulȝen (Early Middle English)
English: full (obsolete)
Old Frisian: wīa
Saterland Frisian: wäie
West Frisian: wije
Old Saxon: wīhian
Middle Low German: wîen, wigen
Low German: wiehen
Old Dutch: wīen
Middle Dutch: wiën
Dutch: wijden
Limburgish: wieje
Old High German: wīhen
Cimbrian: baigan
German: weihen
Luxembourgish: weien

Old Norse: vígja

Icelandic: vígja

Old Swedish: vīghia, vīgha

Swedish: viga

→ Finnish: vihkiä

Danish: vie


Gunþiwulfaz

Gunþiwulfaz (nominative singular)
Gunþiwulf (singular vocative)
Gunþiwulfą (accusative singular)
Gunþiwulfai (dative singular)
Gunþiwulfō (instrumental singular)

Old Norse: Gunnólfr

Icelandic: Gunnólfur

Faroese: Gunnolvur, Gunnálvur

Lombardic: *Gundulf?

→ Latin: Gondulphus, Gundulfus

Italian: Gundolfo, Gandolfo, Gandolfi (surname)

Suevic or Gothic:

→ Latin: Gundulfus

desc

Galician: Gondulfe, Gondulfes, Vilargondurfe (place names)

From *gunþiz (“battle”) + *wulfaz (“wolf”).


Kunjamunduz

Kunjamunduz (nominative singular)
Kunjamundu (singular vocative)
Kunjamundų (accusative singular)
Kunjamundauz (genitive singular)
Kunjamundū (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Kunimundu

Old English: Cynemund

Old High German: Chunimunt

Proto-Norse: ᚲᚢᚾᛁᛗᚢᛞᛁᚢ (kunimudiu /Kunimundiu/) (dative)

Old Norse: ᚴᚢᚿᛙᚢᚿᛐᛆᛧ (kunmuntaʀ) (plural)

→ Latin: Cunimundus (from an East-Germanic language)

From *kunją (“kin, family”) + *mundō (“protection”).


stribāną

stribō (active first-person indicative singular)
stribaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
stribai (active imperative second-person singular)
stribāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stribaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
stribāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
stribāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stribōs (active dual first-person indicative)
stribāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stribāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stribāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stribānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stribaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
stribaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
stribānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stribānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
stribānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
stribānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stribadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
stribadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stribadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
stribadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stribadē (active indicative singular third-person)
stribadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stribadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
stribadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stribadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stribadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stribadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
stribadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stribadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
stribadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stribadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
stribadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stribāndz (active participle present)
stribadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *stribēn (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ter(h₁)- (“to be stiff; be rigid; exert”).


galmaz

galmaz (nominative singular)
galmōz (nominative plural)
galmōs (nominative plural)
galm (singular vocative)
galmōz (plural vocative)
galmōs (plural vocative)
galmą (accusative singular)
galmanz (accusative plural)
galmas (genitive singular)
galmis (genitive singular)
galmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
galmai (dative singular)
galmamaz (dative plural)
galmō (instrumental singular)
galmamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: galm

Middle Low German: galm

Dutch Low Saxon: galm, naogalm

German Low German: Galm

Old Dutch: *galm

Middle Dutch: galm

Dutch: galm

Old High German: galm

Old Norse: *gallmr

From the same ultimate source as *gellaną (“to yell, shout”)


līstǭ

līstǭ (nominative singular)
līstōniz (nominative plural)
līstǭ (singular vocative)
līstōniz (plural vocative)
līstōnų (accusative singular)
līstōnunz (accusative plural)
līstōniz (genitive singular)
līstōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
līstōni (dative singular)
līstōmaz (dative plural)
līstōnē (instrumental singular)
līstōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *līstā

Old English: līste

Middle English: liste, lyste; list (through confluence with Old French form)

Scots: liste, lyst, list

English: list

→ Irish: liosta

Old Frisian: *līste, *lēste

Saterland Frisian: Lieste; Läiste

West Frisian: list

Old Saxon: *līsta

Middle Low German: lîste

Dutch Low Saxon: lieste, liest

German Low German: Liest

→ Old Norse: lísta

Icelandic: lista; listi

Faroese: listi

Norwegian: liste

Swedish: lista; list

Danish: liste; list

Frankish: *līsta

Old Dutch: *līsta

Middle Dutch: lijste, lijst

Dutch: lijst (“frame”)

→ Vulgar Latin: *lista (also possibly from Langobardic)

Old French: liste

Middle French: liste

French: liste

Italian: lista

→ Dutch: lijst (“list”) (likely in part through French)

→ German: Liste

→ Luxembourgish: Lëscht

Spanish: lista

Portuguese: lista

Galician: lista

Old High German: līsta

Middle High German: līste

German: Leiste

Hunsrik: Leist

Luxembourgish: Läischt

From Proto-Indo-European *leyzd- (“edge; seam; band”), from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“track; groove; furrow”) (see also *laistaz); or perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *leytstā-, related to Latin lītus (“shore; coast”).


aigô

aigô (nominative singular)
aiganiz (nominative plural)
aigô (singular vocative)
aiganiz (plural vocative)
aiganų (accusative singular)
aiganunz (accusative plural)
aiginiz (genitive singular)
aiganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aigini (dative singular)
aigammaz (dative plural)
aiginē (instrumental singular)
aigammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: āga

Old High German: *eigo, wīneigo

Old Norse: eigi

one who owns or possesses; owner, possessor


leustaną

leustō (active first-person indicative singular)
leustaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
leustai (first-person indicative passive singular)
liustizi (active indicative second-person singular)
leustaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
leust (active imperative second-person singular)
leustazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
leustaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
liustidi (active indicative singular third-person)
leustai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
leustadau (active imperative singular third-person)
leustadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
leustaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
leustōz (active dual first-person indicative)
leustaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
leustadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
leustaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
leustadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
leustamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
leustaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
leustandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
leustaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
liustid (active indicative plural second-person)
leustaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
liustid (active imperative plural second-person)
leustandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
leustaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
leustandi (active indicative plural third-person)
leustain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
leustandau (active imperative plural third-person)
leustandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
leustaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laust (active first-person indicative singular)
lustį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laust (active indicative second-person singular)
lustīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laust (active indicative singular third-person)
lustī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lustū (active dual first-person indicative)
lustīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lustudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lustīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lustum (active first-person indicative plural)
lustīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lustud (active indicative plural second-person)
lustīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lustun (active indicative plural third-person)
lustīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
leustandz (active participle present)
lustanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Old Norse: ljósta
Icelandic: ljósta
⇒ Norwegian Bokmål: lystre
⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: ljostra
⇒ Swedish: ljustra

Probably derived from the Proto-Indo-European *lew-s- (“loose, loosen”) in *lausaz, *fraleusaną, with the original connotation of knocking something loose.


Uzdagaizaz

Uzdagaizaz (nominative singular)
Uzdagaiz (singular vocative)
Uzdagaizą (accusative singular)
Uzdagaizai (dative singular)
Uzdagaizō (instrumental singular)

Old English: Ordgār

Old Norse: Oddgeirr

Icelandic: Oddgeir

Faroese: Oddgeir

Norwegian: Oddgeir

Old Swedish: Uddger

Old Danish: Oddger

From *uzdaz (“sharp point”) + *gaizaz (“spear”).


Albigaizaz

Albigaizaz (nominative singular)
Albigaiz (singular vocative)
Albigaizą (accusative singular)
Albigaizai (dative singular)
Albigaizō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Albigaiʀ

Old English: Ælfgār

English: Elgar

Old Norse: Álfgeirr

Icelandic: Álfgeir

Faroese: Álvgeir

Norwegian: Alvgeir

Old Danish: Alger (uncertain derivation)

From *albiz (“elf”) + *gaizaz (“spear”).


Uzdawulfaz

Uzdawulfaz (nominative singular)
Uzdawulf (singular vocative)
Uzdawulfą (accusative singular)
Uzdawulfai (dative singular)
Uzdawulfō (instrumental singular)

Old English: Ordwulf

Old Norse: Oddulfr (attested only in East Norse runic inscriptions)

Old Swedish: Oddolf, Uddolf


Aþalagaizaz

Aþalagaizaz (nominative singular)
Aþalagaiz (singular vocative)
Aþalagaizą (accusative singular)
Aþalagaizai (dative singular)
Aþalagaizō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Aþalagaiʀ

Old English: Æþelgār

English: Elgar (or from Old English: Ælfgār)

Old High German: Adalgēr

Middle High German: Adelgēr

German: Adelger

Old Norse: Aðalgeirr

Icelandic: Aðalgeir

Faroese: Aðalgeir

/ˈɑ.θɑ.lɑ.ˌɣɑi̯.zɑz/

From *aþalaz (“noble”) + *gaizaz (“spear”).


Andaswaraz

Andaswaraz (nominative singular)
Andaswar (singular vocative)
Andaswarą (accusative singular)
Andaswarai (dative singular)
Andaswarō (instrumental singular)

desc

Old Norse: Ǫzurr, Andsvarr, Ansurr, Azurr

Icelandic: Össur, Özur

Faroese: Øssur, Øksur

Old Norwegian: Ozor, Øzor

Norwegian: Assar, Asser (lack of u-mutation suggests Danish and Swedish influence)

Old Swedish: Ansvar, Azur

Swedish: Assar

Old Danish: Azur, Aswar

Danish: Adser, Asser

Gothic or Suevic:

→ Late Latin: Ansuarius

Galician: Ansoar, Ansar

Meaning “one who answers”, based on *andaswarō and related terms.


aldrą

aldrą (nominative singular)
aldrō (nominative plural)
aldrą (singular vocative)
aldrō (plural vocative)
aldrą (accusative singular)
aldrō (accusative plural)
aldras (genitive singular)
aldris (genitive singular)
aldrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aldrai (dative singular)
aldramaz (dative plural)
aldrō (instrumental singular)
aldramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aldr
Old English: ealdor, aldor, ealder
Middle English: alder
⇒ Old English: ealdorman
Middle English: alderman, aldermon
English: alderman
Old Frisian: alder
Saterland Frisian: Oaler
Old Saxon: aldar
Middle Low German: alder, older, ōlder
German Low German: Oller
Old Dutch: alder
Middle Dutch: ouder
Dutch: ouder
Old High German: altar
Middle High German: alter
Alemannic German: Altar
Bavarian: Ålter, Oiter
German: Alter, Alda, Alla
→ Luxembourgish: Alter
Yiddish: אַלטער (alter)

Old Norse: aldr m
Icelandic: aldur
Faroese: aldur
Norwegian Bokmål: alder
Norwegian Nynorsk: alder
Old Swedish: alder
Swedish: ålder
Danish: alder

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍂𐍃 (framaldrs)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“to grow, nourish”).


leuhsą

leuhsą (nominative singular)
leuhsō (nominative plural)
leuhsą (singular vocative)
leuhsō (plural vocative)
leuhsą (accusative singular)
leuhsō (accusative plural)
leuhsas (genitive singular)
liuhsis (genitive singular)
leuhsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
liuhsai (dative singular)
leuhsamaz (dative plural)
leuhsō (instrumental singular)
leuhsamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: ljós
Icelandic: ljós
Faroese: ljós
Norwegian Nynorsk: ljos; (dialectal) ljøs, ljus, ljys, løs
Jamtish: ljǿs
Elfdalian: liuos
Old Swedish: liūs
Swedish: ljus
Old Danish: liūs
Danish: lys
Norwegian Bokmål: lys
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: lys
Scanian: lýs
Gutnish: ljaus

From Proto-Indo-European *lewk-so-m, ultimately from the root *lewk-.


wurhtaz

*wurhtaz (a-stem)

wurhtaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wurhtai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wurhtō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wurhtôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wurhtą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wurhtō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wurhtanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wurhtanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wurhtǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wurhtōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wurhtą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wurhtō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wurhtas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wurhtaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wurhtaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wurhtaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wurhtas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wurhtaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wurhtammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wurhtaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wurhtaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wurhtaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wurhtammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wurhtaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wurhtanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wurhtaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wurhtaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wurhtaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wurhtanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wurhtaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wurhtô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wurhtaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wurhtǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wurhtōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wurhtô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wurhtōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wurhtanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wurhtanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wurhtōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wurhtōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wurhtô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wurhtōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wurhtiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wurhtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wurhtōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wurhtōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wurhtiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wurhtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wurhtini (dative masculine singular weak)
wurhtammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wurhtōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wurhtōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wurhtini (dative neuter singular weak)
wurhtammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wurhtinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wurhtammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wurhtōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wurhtōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wurhtinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wurhtammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

From Proto-Indo-European *wr̥ǵtós. Equivalent to *wurkijaną (“to work, to do work”) + *-þaz.


swerbaną

swerbō (active first-person indicative singular)
swerbaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swerbai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swirbizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swerbaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swerb (active imperative second-person singular)
swerbazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swerbaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swirbidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swerbai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swerbadau (active imperative singular third-person)
swerbadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swerbaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swerbōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swerbaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swerbadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swerbaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swerbadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swerbamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swerbaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swerbandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swerbaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swirbid (active indicative plural second-person)
swerbaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swirbid (active imperative plural second-person)
swerbandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swerbaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swerbandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swerbain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swerbandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swerbandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swerbaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swarb (active first-person indicative singular)
swurbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swarft (active indicative second-person singular)
swurbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swarb (active indicative singular third-person)
swurbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swurbū (active dual first-person indicative)
swurbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swurbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swurbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swurbum (active first-person indicative plural)
swurbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swurbud (active indicative plural second-person)
swurbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swurbun (active indicative plural third-person)
swurbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swerbandz (active participle present)
swurbanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Old English: sweorfan
Middle English: swerven, swarven
English: swerve, swarve
Scots: swerfe, swarfe, swerve, swarve

Old Frisian: swerva

West Frisian: swerve

Old Saxon: swerban, swervan

Middle Low German: swerven

Low German: swarven

Old Dutch: *swervan

Middle Dutch: swerven

Dutch: zwerven

Old High German: swerban

Middle High German: swerben

desc

⇒ Middle High German: swirbelen, swirbeln

German: schwirbeln

Old Norse: sverfa

Icelandic: sverfa

Norwegian Nynorsk: sverva

Swedish: svärva (dialectal)

i

Gothic: *𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 (*swairban) (in combinations: 𐌰𐍆𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 (afswairban), 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 (biswairban))

From Proto-Indo-European *swerbʰ- (“to turn; wipe; sweep”).


warnōną

warnō (active first-person indicative singular)
warnǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
warnōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
warnōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
warnōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
warnō (active imperative second-person singular)
warnōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
warnōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
warnōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
warnō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
warnōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
warnōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
warnōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
warnōs (active dual first-person indicative)
warnōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
warnōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
warnōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
warnōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
warnōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
warnōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
warnōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
warnōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
warnōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
warnōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
warnōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
warnōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
warnōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
warnōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
warnōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
warnōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
warnōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
warnōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
warnōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
warnōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
warnōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
warnōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
warnōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
warnōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
warnōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
warnōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
warnōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
warnōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
warnōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
warnōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
warnōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
warnōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
warnōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
warnōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
warnōndz (active participle present)
warnōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *warnōn
Old English: warnian, wearnian
Middle English: warnien, warnen
Scots: wairn
English: warn
Old Frisian: wernia, warna
Old Saxon: *warnōn
Middle Low German: warnen
German Low German: warnen
Old Dutch: *warnon
Middle Dutch: wāernen
Dutch: waarnen (obsolete)
Limburgish: warne
Old High German: warnōn
Middle High German: warnen
German: warnen

Old Norse: varna

Old Swedish: varna

Swedish: varna

From Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to become aware; take heed”). Equivalent to *warnō (“warning”) + *-ōną.


wurhtiz

wurhtiz (nominative singular)
wurhtīz (nominative plural)
wurhti (singular vocative)
wurhtīz (plural vocative)
wurhtį (accusative singular)
wurhtinz (accusative plural)
wurhtīz (genitive singular)
wurhtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wurhtī (dative singular)
wurhtimaz (dative plural)
wurhtī (instrumental singular)
wurhtimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wurhti
Old English: wyrht;
Middle English: wrihte, wrihhte
Old Saxon: wurht
Old High German: wurht, wuruht
Middle High German: wurht

Old Norse: *urt

⇒ Old Norse: forurtir f pl

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐍃 (waurhts)

From *wurhtaz, from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥ǵtós, from *werǵ-.


sigizōną

sigizō (active first-person indicative singular)
sigizǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sigizōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
sigizōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sigizōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sigizō (active imperative second-person singular)
sigizōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sigizōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sigizōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sigizō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sigizōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sigizōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sigizōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sigizōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sigizōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sigizōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sigizōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sigizōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sigizōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sigizōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sigizōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sigizōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sigizōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sigizōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sigizōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sigizōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sigizōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sigizōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sigizōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sigizōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sigizōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sigizōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sigizōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sigizōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sigizōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sigizōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sigizōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sigizōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sigizōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sigizōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sigizōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sigizōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sigizōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sigizōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sigizōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sigizōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sigizōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sigizōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sigizōndz (active participle present)
sigizōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sigiʀōn, *sigʀōn

desc

Old English: sigorian, siġerian, sigrian

Old High German: sigirōn

⇒ Old High German: ubarsigirōn

Old Norse: sigra

Icelandic: sigra

Faroese: sigra

Norwegian: seire

Old Swedish: sighra

Swedish: segra

Danish: sejre

to win; gain; conquer; triumph; overcome


sparwaz

sparwaz (nominative singular)
sparwōz (nominative plural)
sparwōs (nominative plural)
sparw (singular vocative)
sparwōz (plural vocative)
sparwōs (plural vocative)
sparwą (accusative singular)
sparwanz (accusative plural)
sparwas (genitive singular)
sparwis (genitive singular)
sparwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sparwai (dative singular)
sparwamaz (dative plural)
sparwō (instrumental singular)
sparwamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: spǫrr

Icelandic: spör

Faroese: spurvur

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: spurv

Norwegian Nynorsk: sporv

Old Swedish: sparver, spørver

Swedish: sparv

→ Elfdalian: sparv

Old Danish: sparw, sporw, spøruæ

Danish: spurv, spurre, sparre

Gutnish: sparr, spur

Scanian: spørr

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *spḗr (“sparrow, bird”).

inh+

sparwarī

Proto-Germanic: *sparwarjaz; Proto-West Germanic


hlaiwą

hlaiwą (nominative singular)
hlaiwō (nominative plural)
hlaiwą (singular vocative)
hlaiwō (plural vocative)
hlaiwą (accusative singular)
hlaiwō (accusative plural)
hlaiwas (genitive singular)
hlaiwis (genitive singular)
hlaiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlaiwai (dative singular)
hlaiwamaz (dative plural)
hlaiwō (instrumental singular)
hlaiwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hlaiw m, *hleu
Old English: hlēow, hlēo
Old Frisian: hlī
Old Saxon: hlēo
Old High German: hlēo, lēo
→ Proto-Slavic: *xlěvъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Norse: ᚺᛚᚨᛁᚹᚨ (hlaiwa)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅 (hlaiw)

→ Proto-Slavic: *xlě̃vъ (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱloy-wo-m, from *ḱley- (“to lean; slope”).


keluz

keluz (nominative singular)
kiliwiz (nominative plural)
kelu (singular vocative)
kiliwiz (plural vocative)
kelų (accusative singular)
kelunz (accusative plural)
kelauz (genitive singular)
kiliwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kiliwi (dative singular)
kelumaz (dative plural)
kelū (instrumental singular)
kelumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: kjǫlr

Icelandic: kjölur

Faroese: kjølur

Norwegian: kjøl

Old Swedish: kiol, kiøl

Swedish: köl

→ Finnish: köli

Old Danish: kiøl

Danish: køl

Elfdalian: tjyöl

Gutnish: käl, köl

→ Middle English: kele

Scots: kele, keill

English: keel

→ Middle Dutch: kiel

Dutch: kiel

Afrikaans: kiel

→ Middle Low German: kēl, kil, kiel

German Low German: Kiel

→ German: Kiel

→ Czech: kýl

→ Russian: киль (kilʹ)

→ Slovak: kýl

→ Middle French: quille

French: quille

→ Portuguese: quilha

→ Proto-Samic: *kielës (see there for further descendants)

Of uncertain origin. Perhaps related to *kelǭ (“throat”). Kluge compares Ancient Greek γαυλός (gaulós, "merchant vessel," originally "milk pail"), which itself has been connected to *keulaz (“ship”).

unk

uncertain

cog

Coordinate term: *skaggiją

Friedrich Kluge
John Francis Davis
Nicoline van der Sijs


siglijaną

siglijō (active first-person indicative singular)
siglijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
siglijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
siglīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
siglijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
siglī (active imperative second-person singular)
siglijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
siglijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
siglīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
siglijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
siglijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
siglijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
siglijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
siglijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
siglijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
siglijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
siglijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
siglijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
siglijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
siglijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
siglijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
siglijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
siglīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
siglijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
siglīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
siglijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
siglijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
siglijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
siglijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
siglijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
siglijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
siglijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
siglidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
siglidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
siglidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
siglidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
siglidē (active indicative singular third-person)
siglidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
siglidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
siglidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
siglidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
siglidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
siglidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
siglidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
siglidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
siglidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
siglidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
siglidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
siglijandz (active participle present)
siglidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *siglijan
Old English: siġlan, seġlan
Middle English: seylen, saylen (merged with descendant of seġlian)
English: sail
Scots: sail
Old Frisian: sīla
West Frisian: sile
Old Saxon: *siglian, *sigalian
Middle Low German: segelen, sēgelen, seggelen (merged with descendant of *seglōn)
German Low German: seilen
Plautdietsch: säajlen
Old High German: *sigalen, *sigilen
Middle High German: sigelen, sigeln

Old Norse: sigla

Icelandic: sigla

Faroese: sigla

Norn: sallja

Nynorsk: segle

Ostrobothnian: sigel

Dalecarlian: sigel

Elfdalian: sigel

Old Swedish: sighla
Swedish: segla
→ Finnish: seilata

Old Danish:

Scanian: seğla

Danish: sejle

Norwegian Bokmål: seile

Gutnish: sigle, sjägle, sigla, sjegla

→ Old French: sigler, seigler, singler
Middle French: singler
French: cingler
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: singrar
Galician: singrar
Portuguese: singrar
→ Old Spanish:
Spanish: singlar

Skipą siglīþi.

Skipārijōz skipą siglijanþi.


digulaz

digulaz (nominative singular)
digulōz (nominative plural)
digulōs (nominative plural)
digul (singular vocative)
digulōz (plural vocative)
digulōs (plural vocative)
digulą (accusative singular)
digulanz (accusative plural)
digulas (genitive singular)
digulis (genitive singular)
digulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
digulai (dative singular)
digulamaz (dative plural)
digulō (instrumental singular)
digulamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *digul, *digal

Middle Low German: degel

Old Dutch: *digul, *digal

Middle Dutch: degel

Dutch: degel

Old High German: *tigul, tegal, tegel

Middle High German: tigel, tegel

German: Tiegel

→ Polish: tygiel

→ Russian: ти́гель (tígelʹ)

Luxembourgish: Digel

Old Norse: digull (possibly a loan from Low German)

Icelandic: deigla

Norwegian: digel

Swedish: degel

Danish: digel

Uncertain. Compare Latin tegula (“roof-tile; brick”). Alternatively, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to form, shape”).


þuldiz

þuldiz (nominative singular)
þuldīz (nominative plural)
þuldi (singular vocative)
þuldīz (plural vocative)
þuldį (accusative singular)
þuldinz (accusative plural)
þuldīz (genitive singular)
þuldijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þuldī (dative singular)
þuldimaz (dative plural)
þuldī (instrumental singular)
þuldimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þuldi
Old English: þyld
Middle English: þild, thild
Old Saxon: thuld
Middle Low German: dult
Old High German: dult
Middle High German: dult
German: Dult

Gothic: *𐌸𐌿𐌻𐌳𐍃 (*þulds) (possibly in personal names)

From Proto-Indo-European *télh₂-ti-s ~ *tl̥h₂-téy-s, abstract substantive of *telh₂- (“to bear; endure”).

inh

the ability to bear; endurance; patience