kweþaną

kweþō (active first-person indicative singular)
kweþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kweþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kwiþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kweþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kweþ (active imperative second-person singular)
kweþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kweþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kwiþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kweþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kweþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kweþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kweþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kweþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kweþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kweþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kweþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kweþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kweþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kweþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kweþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kweþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kwiþid (active indicative plural second-person)
kweþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kwiþid (active imperative plural second-person)
kweþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kweþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kweþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kweþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kweþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kweþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kweþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kwaþ (active first-person indicative singular)
kwēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwast (active indicative second-person singular)
kwēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwaþ (active indicative singular third-person)
kwēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kwēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kwēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kwēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kwēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kwēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kwēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kwēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kwēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kwēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kwēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kweþandz (active participle present)
kwedanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kweþan
Old English: cweþan, cweðan — edh spelling; cwoða — Northumbrian
Middle English: quethen, cwethen, cweþen, cweðen, queðen, qwethyn, qweþe, queþen, quethe, queþe, queden, cwæthen
English: quethe (obsolete except in past tense quoth)
Scots: quethe (noun)
Yola: co, quo
Old Frisian: quetha
Saterland Frisian: kwede
Old Saxon: quethan, queþan, queðan
Middle Low German: queden
Old Dutch: quethan
Old High German: quedan
Middle High German: quëden
Cimbrian: khödan

Old Norse: kveða
Icelandic: kveða
Faroese: kvøða
Norwegian: kveda, kvede
Old Swedish: kvæþa
Swedish: kväda
Danish: kvæde

Gothic: 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽 (qiþan)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷet- (“to say, speak”). Cognate with Old Armenian կոչեմ (kočʻem).


wrekaną

wrekō (active first-person indicative singular)
wrekaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wrekai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wrikizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wrekaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wrek (active imperative second-person singular)
wrekazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wrekaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wrikidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wrekai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wrekadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wrekadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wrekaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wrekōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wrekaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wrekadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wrekaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wrekadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wrekamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wrekaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wrekandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wrekaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wrikid (active indicative plural second-person)
wrekaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wrikid (active imperative plural second-person)
wrekandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wrekaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wrekandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wrekain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrekandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wrekandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wrekaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wrak (active first-person indicative singular)
wrēkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wraht (active indicative second-person singular)
wrēkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wrak (active indicative singular third-person)
wrēkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wrēkū (active dual first-person indicative)
wrēkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wrēkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wrēkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wrēkum (active first-person indicative plural)
wrēkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wrēkud (active indicative plural second-person)
wrēkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wrēkun (active indicative plural third-person)
wrēkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrekandz (active participle present)
wrekanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wrekan
Old English: wrecan
Middle English: wreken
English: wreak
Scots: wreke, wrek, wreik
Old Frisian: wreka
West Frisian: wrekke
Old Saxon: wrekan
Middle Low German: wrēken
Old Dutch: *wrekan
Middle Dutch: wrēken
Dutch: wreken
Afrikaans: wreek
Old High German: rehhan, wrehhan
Middle High German: rechen
German: rächen
→ Luxembourgish: rächen

Old Norse: vreka, reka
Icelandic: reka
Faroese: reka
Norwegian: reke
Norwegian Nynorsk: reka
Old Swedish: vræka, rwæka
Swedish: vräka, räka (dialectal)
Danish: vrage
Gutnish: bräkä

Gothic: 𐍅𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽 (wrikan)

From Proto-Indo-European *wreg- (“track, hunt, follow”). Cognate with Hittite ūrki- (“track”), Tocharian B werke (“to chase, hunt”), Sanskrit व्रजति (vrájati, “to go, walk, move”), and perhaps Latin urgēre (“to be urgent”), Proto-Slavic *vèrťi (“to throw, cast”).


hawwaną

hawwō (active first-person indicative singular)
hawwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hawwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hawwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hawwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haww (active imperative second-person singular)
hawwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hawwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hawwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hawwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hawwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hawwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hawwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hawwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hawwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hawwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hawwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hawwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hawwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hawwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hawwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hawwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hawwid (active indicative plural second-person)
hawwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hawwid (active imperative plural second-person)
hawwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hawwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hawwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hawwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hawwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hawwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hawwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hehau (active first-person indicative singular)
hehauw (active first-person indicative singular)
hehawwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hehaut (active indicative second-person singular)
hehauwt (active indicative second-person singular)
hehawwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hehau (active indicative singular third-person)
hehauw (active indicative singular third-person)
hehawwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hehawwū (active dual first-person indicative)
hehawwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hehawwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hehawwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hehawwum (active first-person indicative plural)
hehawwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hehawwud (active indicative plural second-person)
hehawwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hehawwun (active indicative plural third-person)
hehawwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hawwandz (active participle present)
hawwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hauwan
Old English: hēawan
Middle English: hewen
English: hew
Scots: hew, hewe
Old Frisian: hāwa, hauwa, hōwa, houwa
North Frisian: hauen, houwen
Saterland Frisian: haue
West Frisian: houwe
Old Saxon: hauwan
Middle Low German: houwen, howen, hauwen
German Low German: hauen
Old Dutch: houwan
Middle Dutch: houwen
Dutch: houwen
Limburgish: houwe
Old High German: houwan
Middle High German: houwen
Cimbrian: hauan
German: hauen
Luxembourgish: haen

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᚷᚹᚨᚾ (*hagwan /haggwan/)

desctree

Old Norse: hǫggva
Icelandic: höggva
Faroese: høgga
Norwegian Nynorsk: hogga
→ Norwegian Bokmål: hogge
Jamtish: hǫgge
Elfdalian: ogga
Old Swedish: hugga, hogga
Swedish: hugga
Old Danish: huggæ, hoggæ
Danish: hugge
Norwegian Bokmål: hugge
Scanian: hogga
Gutnish: hagge

From Proto-Indo-European *kewh₂- (“to beat, hew, forge”).


brekaną

brekō (active first-person indicative singular)
brekaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brekai (first-person indicative passive singular)
brikizi (active indicative second-person singular)
brekaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brek (active imperative second-person singular)
brekazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brekaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brikidi (active indicative singular third-person)
brekai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brekadau (active imperative singular third-person)
brekadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brekaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brekōz (active dual first-person indicative)
brekaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brekadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brekaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brekadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brekamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brekaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brekandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brekaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brikid (active indicative plural second-person)
brekaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brikid (active imperative plural second-person)
brekandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brekaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brekandi (active indicative plural third-person)
brekain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brekandau (active imperative plural third-person)
brekandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brekaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brak (active first-person indicative singular)
brēkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
braht (active indicative second-person singular)
brēkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brak (active indicative singular third-person)
brēkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brēkū (active dual first-person indicative)
brēkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brēkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brēkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brēkum (active first-person indicative plural)
brēkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brēkud (active indicative plural second-person)
brēkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brēkun (active indicative plural third-person)
brēkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brekandz (active participle present)
brukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *brekan
Old English: brecan
Middle English: breken
Scots: breke
English: break
Old Frisian: breka
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: breeg
Helgoland and Sylt: breek
Mooring: breege
Saterland Frisian: breke
West Frisian: brekke
Old Saxon: brekan
Middle Low German: breken
Low German: breken
→ Danish: brække
→ Norwegian Bokmål: brekke
→ Swedish: bräcka
Old Dutch: *brecan
Middle Dutch: brēken
Dutch: breken
Limburgish: braeke
Old High German: brehhan
Middle High German: brechen
German: brechen
Luxembourgish: briechen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: breche
Yiddish: ברעכן (brekhn)
→ Franco-Provençal: breyér
Bressan: brayë
Fribourgeois: brêyi
→ Old French: broiier (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽 (brikan)
→ Catalan: bregar
→ Galician: breigar
→ Italian: brigare, briga
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: бри̏га
Latin script: brȉga
→ Bulgarian: брига (briga)
Slovene: briga, brigati
→ Portuguese: brigar
Papiamentu: bringa
→ Spanish: bregar
→ Venetian: sbregar


skapjaną

skapjō (active first-person indicative singular)
skapjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skapjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skapisi (active indicative second-person singular)
skapjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skapi (active imperative second-person singular)
skapjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skapjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skapiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skapjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skapjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skapjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skapjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skapjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skapjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skapjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skapjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skapjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skapjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skapjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skapjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skapjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skapiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skapjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skapiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skapjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skapjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skapjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skapjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skapjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skapjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skapjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skōp (active first-person indicative singular)
skōpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skōft (active indicative second-person singular)
skōpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skōp (active indicative singular third-person)
skōpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skōpū (active dual first-person indicative)
skōpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skōpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skōpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skōpum (active first-person indicative plural)
skōpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skōpud (active indicative plural second-person)
skōpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skōpun (active indicative plural third-person)
skōpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skapjandz (active participle present)
skapanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skappjan
Old English: sċieppan, sċyppan, sċippan
Middle English: scheppen, schippen, schappen, schapen
English: shape
Scots: schape, schaipe
Old Frisian: skeppa
Saterland Frisian: skäppe, schäppe
West Frisian: skeppe
Old Saxon: skeppian
Middle Low German: scheppen
Low German: schapen
Old Dutch: skeppen
Middle Dutch: scheppen
Dutch: scheppen
Limburgish: sjape
Old High German: scafan, skaffan, scaphan, skepfen, scephen
Middle High German: schaffen, schepfen
Alemannic German: schaffe
Swabian: schaffa
German: schöpfen (archaic), schaffen
→ Low German: schaffen
→ Dutch: schaffen
→ Saterland Frisian: skafje, schafje
→ Danish: skaffe
→ Faroese: skaffa
→ Norwegian Bokmål: skaffe
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skaffe, skaffa
→ Swedish: skaffa
Luxembourgish: schafen
Yiddish: שעפּן (shepn)

Old Norse: skapa, skepja
Icelandic: skapa, skepja
Faroese: skapa
Norwegian Bokmål: skape
Norwegian Nynorsk: skape, skapa
Old Swedish: skapa
Swedish: skapa
Danish: skabe

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaskapjan) (from *gaskapjaną)

Vandalic: *skapjan, scapia

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)keb- (“to cut, split, hew, shape”).


wurkijaną

wurkijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wurkijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wurkijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wurkīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wurkijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wurkī (active imperative second-person singular)
wurkijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wurkijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wurkīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wurkijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wurkijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wurkijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wurkijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wurkijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wurkijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wurkijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wurkijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wurkijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wurkijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wurkijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wurkijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wurkijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wurkīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wurkijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wurkīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wurkijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wurkijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wurkijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wurkijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wurkijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wurkijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wurkijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wurhtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wurhtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wurhtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wurhtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wurhtē (active indicative singular third-person)
wurhtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wurhtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wurhtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wurhtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wurhtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wurhtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wurhtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wurhtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wurhtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wurhtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wurhtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wurkijandz (active participle present)
wurkidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wurkijan
Old English: wyrċan
Middle English: werken, worken, worchen
English: work
Old Frisian: werka
West Frisian: werke
Old Saxon: workian, wurkian
Old High German: wurken
Middle High German: werken, würken

desc

Proto-Norse: ᚹᛟᚱᚨᚺᛏᛟ (worahto /worᵃhtō/), ᚹᚢᚱᛏᛖ (wurte /wurtē/), ᛟᚱᛏᛖ (orte /ortē/)

desctree

Old Norse: yrkja
Icelandic: yrkja, orka
Faroese: yrkja, orka
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: yrke, orke
Norwegian Nynorsk: yrkja, yrke, orka, orke
Elfdalian: yrtja, uorka
Old Swedish: yrkia, orka
Swedish: yrka, orka
Old Danish: yrkæ, orkæ
Danish: ørke, orke
Old Gutnish: yrkia, orka
Gutnish: yrke, orke
→ Middle English: irken
English: irk

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (waurkjan)

⇒ Crimean Gothic: warthata

→? Proto-Finnic: *pürkidäk

→? Proto-Samic: *përkëtēk

From Proto-Indo-European *wr̥ǵyéti, from *werǵ-, whence also *werką and *wirkijaną.


hlahjaną

hlahjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlahjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlahjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hlahisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlahjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlahi (active imperative second-person singular)
hlahjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlahjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hlahiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlahjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlahjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlahjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlahjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hlahjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hlahjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlahjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlahjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlahjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlahjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlahjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlahjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlahjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hlahiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hlahjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlahiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hlahjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlahjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hlahjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlahjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlahjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlahjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlahjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hlōh (active first-person indicative singular)
hlōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlōht (active indicative second-person singular)
hlōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlōh (active indicative singular third-person)
hlōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
hlōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
hlōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
hlōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
hlōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlahjandz (active participle present)
hlaganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hlahhjan
Old English: hliehhan, hlihhan, hlehhan, hlæhan, hlihan, hlichan, hlihgan, hlyhhan
Middle English: laughen
English: laugh
Scots: lauch
Yola: leeigh, leigh
Old Saxon: hlahhian, hlahan
Middle Low German: lachen
Low German: lachen
Plautdietsch: lachen
Old Dutch: *lahhen, *lahhan
Middle Dutch: lachen
Dutch: lachen
Afrikaans: lag
Berbice Creole Dutch: laki
Javindo: lach, lag, lah
Negerhollands: lach, lak
Petjo: lahen
Limburgish: lache
Old High German: hlahhan, hlahhēn
Middle High German: lachen
Alemannic German: lache
Cimbrian: lachan
German: lachen
Luxembourgish: laachen
Yiddish: לאַכן (lakhn)

Old Norse: hlæja
Icelandic: hlæja
Faroese: læa
Norwegian Nynorsk: læja, læ, le
Elfdalian: läa
Old Swedish: lēia, lea, lēa
Swedish: le
Old Danish: lē
Danish: le
Norwegian Bokmål: le

East Germanic

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hlahjan)

Crimean Gothic: lachen

From Proto-Indo-European *klek- (“to laugh, cackle”). Cognate with Russian клекота́ть (klekotátʹ, “to scream (of birds of prey)”). Possibly related to Proto-Celtic *klokkos (“bell”).


swefaną

swefō (active first-person indicative singular)
swefaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swefai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swifizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swefaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swef (active imperative second-person singular)
swefazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swefaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swifidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swefai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swefadau (active imperative singular third-person)
swefadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swefaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swefōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swefaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swefadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swefaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swefadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swefamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swefaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swefandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swefaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swifid (active indicative plural second-person)
swefaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swifid (active imperative plural second-person)
swefandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swefaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swefandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swefain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swefandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swefandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swefaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swaf (active first-person indicative singular)
swēbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swaft (active indicative second-person singular)
swēbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swaf (active indicative singular third-person)
swēbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swēbū (active dual first-person indicative)
swēbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swēbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swēbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swēbum (active first-person indicative plural)
swēbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swēbud (active indicative plural second-person)
swēbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swēbun (active indicative plural third-person)
swēbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swefandz (active participle present)
swebanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *swefan

Old English: swefan

⇒ Old English: āswefan

Middle English: asweven

English: asweve

desctree

Old Norse: sofa
Icelandic: sofa
Faroese: sova
Norwegian Nynorsk: sova, sove
Jamtish: sovo
Elfdalian: såvå
Old Swedish: sova
Swedish: sova
Old Danish: souæ
Danish: sove
Norwegian Bokmål: sove
Scanian: søva
Gutnish: syve

⇒ Old Norse: somna, sofna
Icelandic: sofna
Faroese: sovna
Norwegian Nynorsk: sobna, somna, somne, sovna, sovne
Norwegian Bokmål: sovne
Old Swedish: somna, sofna
Swedish: somna
Danish: sovne (obsolete)

From Proto-Indo-European *swep-. Originally either a zero-grade present, or possibly an aorist-present.


flehtaną

flehtō (active first-person indicative singular)
flehtaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flehtai (first-person indicative passive singular)
flihtizi (active indicative second-person singular)
flehtaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fleht (active imperative second-person singular)
flehtazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
flehtaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
flihtidi (active indicative singular third-person)
flehtai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flehtadau (active imperative singular third-person)
flehtadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
flehtaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
flehtōz (active dual first-person indicative)
flehtaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flehtadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flehtaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flehtadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
flehtamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
flehtaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flehtandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
flehtaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
flihtid (active indicative plural second-person)
flehtaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flihtid (active imperative plural second-person)
flehtandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
flehtaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
flehtandi (active indicative plural third-person)
flehtain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flehtandau (active imperative plural third-person)
flehtandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
flehtaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
flaht (active first-person indicative singular)
fluhtį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flahst (active indicative second-person singular)
fluhtīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flaht (active indicative singular third-person)
fluhtī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fluhtū (active dual first-person indicative)
fluhtīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fluhtudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fluhtīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fluhtum (active first-person indicative plural)
fluhtīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fluhtud (active indicative plural second-person)
fluhtīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fluhtun (active indicative plural third-person)
fluhtīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flehtandz (active participle present)
fluhtanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: fleohtan

Old Saxon: flehtan

Old Dutch: *flehtan
Middle Dutch: vlechten
Dutch: vlechten
Limburgish: vlèchte

Old High German: flehtan

Middle High German: vlehten

German: flechten

Luxembourgish: flechten

Old Norse: flétta

Icelandic: flétta

Faroese: flætta

Norwegian: flette

→ Middle English: *fletten

Middle English: fletting

Old Swedish: flǣtta, flǣta

Swedish: fläta

q

past participle <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmq-oda">flæth</i> attested

Old Danish: *flæthæ (past participle flæth attested)

Danish: flette

From Pre-Germanic *pleḱt-, an extension of Proto-Indo-European *pleḱ- (“to twine”).


hwōsaną

hwōsō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwōsaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwōsai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwōsizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwōsaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwōs (active imperative second-person singular)
hwōsazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwōsaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwōsidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwōsai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwōsadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwōsadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwōsaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwōsōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hwōsaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwōsadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwōsaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwōsadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwōsamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwōsaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwōsandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwōsaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwōsid (active indicative plural second-person)
hwōsaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwōsid (active imperative plural second-person)
hwōsandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwōsaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwōsandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwōsain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwōsandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwōsandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwōsaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwehwōs (active first-person indicative singular)
hwehwōzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwehwōst (active indicative second-person singular)
hwehwōzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwehwōs (active indicative singular third-person)
hwehwōzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwehwōzū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwehwōzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwehwōzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwehwōzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwehwōzum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwehwōzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwehwōzud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwehwōzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwehwōzun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwehwōzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwōsandz (active participle present)
hwōzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: hwōsan

Middle English: hwosen

/ˈxʷɔː.sɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂s- (“to cough”).


skeraną

skerō (active first-person indicative singular)
skeraų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skerai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skirizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skeraiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sker (active imperative second-person singular)
skerazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skeraizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skiridi (active indicative singular third-person)
skerai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skeradau (active imperative singular third-person)
skeradai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skeraidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skerōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skeraiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skeradiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skeraidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skeradiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skeramaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skeraim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skerandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skeraindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skirid (active indicative plural second-person)
skeraid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skirid (active imperative plural second-person)
skerandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skeraindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skerandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skerain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skerandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skerandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skeraindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skar (active first-person indicative singular)
skērį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skart (active indicative second-person singular)
skērīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skar (active indicative singular third-person)
skērī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skērū (active dual first-person indicative)
skērīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skērudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skērīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skērum (active first-person indicative plural)
skērīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skērud (active indicative plural second-person)
skērīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skērun (active indicative plural third-person)
skērīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skerandz (active participle present)
skuranaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skeran
Old English: sċieran, sċeran, sċeoran, sċiran
Middle English: scheren, schæren, schere, scheryn, shere, sheren, ssere
English: shear
Scots: shear
Yola: shaure (preterite)
Old Frisian: skera
Saterland Frisian: schääre, skääre
West Frisian: skarre
Old Saxon: skeran, sceran
Middle Low German: scheren
Low German: scheren
Old Dutch: skeran
Middle Dutch: schēren
Dutch: scheren
Afrikaans: skeer
Berbice Creole Dutch: skeri
Negerhollands: skeer
Skepi Creole Dutch: skler, scar
→ Aukan: sikeli
→ Sranan Tongo: sker
→ Dutch: skeer
→ West Frisian: skeare
Limburgish: sjaere
Old High German: skeran
Middle High German: schërn
German: scheren
Hunsrik: scheere
Luxembourgish: schieren
Yiddish: שערן (shern)
⇒ Old High German: giskirri
Middle High German: geschirre
Alemannic German: Geschirr
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Gescherr
Luxembourgish: Geschier
German: Geschirr
→ Polish: szory
→ Russian: шоры (šory)
→ Old French: escirer
⇒ Old French: descirer
Middle French: deschirer
French: déchirer

Old Norse: skera
Icelandic: skera
Faroese: skera
Norwegian Nynorsk: skjera
Old Swedish: skæra, skiæra
Swedish: skära
Danish: skære
Norwegian Bokmål: skjære

Gothic: *𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (*skairan)

→ Old Occitan:

Catalan: esquilar

Occitan: esquilar

→ Old Spanish: esquirar

Spanish: esquilar
→ Galician: esquiloar
→ Portuguese: esquiar, esquilar

→ Proto-Finnic: *kerit'äk (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”).


wahsijaną

wahsijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wahsijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wahsijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wahsīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wahsijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wahsī (active imperative second-person singular)
wahsijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wahsijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wahsīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wahsijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wahsijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wahsijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wahsijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wahsijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wahsijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wahsijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wahsijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wahsijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wahsijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wahsijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wahsijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wahsijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wahsīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wahsijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wahsīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wahsijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wahsijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wahsijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wahsijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wahsijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wahsijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wahsijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wōhs (active first-person indicative singular)
wōhsį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wōhst (active indicative second-person singular)
wōhsīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wōhs (active indicative singular third-person)
wōhsī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wōhsū (active dual first-person indicative)
wōhsīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wōhsudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wōhsīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wōhsum (active first-person indicative plural)
wōhsīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wōhsud (active indicative plural second-person)
wōhsīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wōhsun (active indicative plural third-person)
wōhsīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wahsijandz (active participle present)
wahsanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wahsan
Old English: weaxan
Middle English: waxen
Scots: wax
English: wax
Old Frisian: waxa
Saterland Frisian: wacsa, wacsen
West Frisian: waakse
Old Saxon: wahsan
Middle Low German: wassen
Low German: wassen
Old Dutch: wassan
Middle Dutch: wassen
Dutch: wassen
Old High German: wahsan
Middle High German: wahsen
Central Franconian: wahße, wahsse, waße, waaße (alternative spellings); wase (Dutch-based spelling); wohße (some dialects of Moselle Franconian), wohße, wohsse, woße
Hunsrik: wachse
Cimbrian: baksan
German: wachsen
Luxembourgish: wuessen
Yiddish: וואַקסן (vaksn)

Old Norse: vaxa
Icelandic: vaxa
Faroese: vaksa, veksa
Norwegian Nynorsk: veksa, vekse
Helsingian: väksa (class 3)
Old Swedish: vaxa, væxa
Swedish: växa
Old Danish: waxæ
Danish: vokse
Norwegian Bokmål: vokse
Gutnish: vaksa

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wahsjan)
→ Catalan: guaixar


wahsijaną

wahsijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wahsijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wahsijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wahsīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wahsijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wahsī (active imperative second-person singular)
wahsijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wahsijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wahsīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wahsijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wahsijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wahsijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wahsijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wahsijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wahsijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wahsijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wahsijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wahsijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wahsijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wahsijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wahsijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wahsijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wahsīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wahsijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wahsīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wahsijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wahsijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wahsijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wahsijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wahsijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wahsijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wahsijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wahsidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wahsidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wahsidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wahsidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wahsidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wahsidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wahsidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wahsidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wahsidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wahsidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wahsidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wahsidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wahsidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wahsidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wahsidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wahsidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wahsijandz (active participle present)
wahsidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wahsijan
Old Frisian: wexa
Old Saxon: wahsian
Old Dutch: *wahsen
Middle Dutch: wassen
Dutch: wassen
Old High German: *wahsen
Middle High German: wichsen
German: wichsen
→ Danish: vikse
⇒ Old High German: giwahsen

Old Norse: vexa

Icelandic: vexa


dwelaną

dwelō (active first-person indicative singular)
dwelaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dwelai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dwilizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dwelaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dwel (active imperative second-person singular)
dwelazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dwelaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dwilidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dwelai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dweladau (active imperative singular third-person)
dweladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dwelaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dwelōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dwelaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dweladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dwelaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dweladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dwelamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dwelaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dwelandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dwelaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dwilid (active indicative plural second-person)
dwelaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dwilid (active imperative plural second-person)
dwelandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dwelaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dwelandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dwelain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dwelandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dwelandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dwelaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dwal (active first-person indicative singular)
dwēlį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dwalt (active indicative second-person singular)
dwēlīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dwal (active indicative singular third-person)
dwēlī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dwēlū (active dual first-person indicative)
dwēlīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dwēludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dwēlīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dwēlum (active first-person indicative plural)
dwēlīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dwēlud (active indicative plural second-person)
dwēlīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dwēlun (active indicative plural third-person)
dwēlīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dwelandz (active participle present)
dulanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *dwelan
Old English: *dwelan
⇒ Old English: ġedwolen
⇒ Old English: dwelian
Middle English: dwelen
Old Saxon: dwelan
Middle Low German: dwelen, dwēlen, twelen
German Low German: dwelen
Old Dutch: dwelan
Middle Dutch: dwelen
Dutch: (obsolete) dwelen
>? Old High German: twelan
Middle High German: twelen, tweln


teraną

terō (active first-person indicative singular)
teraų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
terai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tirizi (active indicative second-person singular)
teraiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ter (active imperative second-person singular)
terazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
teraizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tiridi (active indicative singular third-person)
terai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
teradau (active imperative singular third-person)
teradai (indicative passive singular third-person)
teraidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
terōz (active dual first-person indicative)
teraiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
teradiz (active dual indicative second-person)
teraidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
teradiz (active dual imperative second-person)
teramaz (active first-person indicative plural)
teraim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
terandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
teraindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tirid (active indicative plural second-person)
teraid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tirid (active imperative plural second-person)
terandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
teraindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
terandi (active indicative plural third-person)
terain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
terandau (active imperative plural third-person)
terandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
teraindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tar (active first-person indicative singular)
tērį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tart (active indicative second-person singular)
tērīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tar (active indicative singular third-person)
tērī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tērū (active dual first-person indicative)
tērīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tērudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tērīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tērum (active first-person indicative plural)
tērīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tērud (active indicative plural second-person)
tērīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tērun (active indicative plural third-person)
tērīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
terandz (active participle present)
turanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *teran
Old English: teran
Middle English: teren, teer, teere, tere, tern, teryn, teer
English: tear
Scots: tere, teir, tair
Old Frisian: tera
Saterland Frisian: teere
West Frisian: tarre
Old Saxon: teran
Middle Low German: teren (merged with Proto-West Germanic *tarjan)
German Low German: tehren
→ Old Norse: tæra
Danish: tære
Swedish: tära
Norwegian Bokmål: tære
Norwegian Nynorsk: tæra, tære
Icelandic: tæra
Old High German: zeran
Middle High German: zern, zeren (merged with Proto-West Germanic *tarjan, a strong participle Middle High German zerzorn is attested)
German: zehren
Luxembourgish: zieren

Gothic: *𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (*tairan) (in 𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (distairan), 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (gatairan))

→? Vulgar Latin: *tīrāre

From Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to flay, split, cleave, crack”).


wōpijaną

wōpijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wōpijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wōpijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wōpīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wōpijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wōpī (active imperative second-person singular)
wōpijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wōpijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wōpīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wōpijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wōpijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wōpijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wōpijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wōpijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wōpijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wōpijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wōpijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wōpijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wōpijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wōpijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wōpijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wōpijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wōpīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wōpijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wōpīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wōpijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wōpijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wōpijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wōpijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wōpijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wōpijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wōpijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wewōp (active first-person indicative singular)
wewōpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wewōft (active indicative second-person singular)
wewōpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wewōp (active indicative singular third-person)
wewōpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wewōpū (active dual first-person indicative)
wewōpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wewōpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wewōpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wewōpum (active first-person indicative plural)
wewōpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wewōpud (active indicative plural second-person)
wewōpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wewōpun (active indicative plural third-person)
wewōpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wōpijandz (active participle present)
wōpanaz (active participle past subjunctive)
wōpijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wōpijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wōpijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wōpīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wōpijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wōpī (active imperative second-person singular)
wōpijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wōpijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wōpīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wōpijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wōpijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wōpijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wōpijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wōpijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wōpijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wōpijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wōpijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wōpijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wōpijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wōpijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wōpijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wōpijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wōpīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wōpijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wōpīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wōpijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wōpijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wōpijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wōpijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wōpijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wōpijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wōpijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wōpidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wōpidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wōpidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wōpidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wōpidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wōpidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wōpidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wōpidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wōpidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wōpidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wōpidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wōpidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wōpidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wōpidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wōpidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wōpidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wōpijandz (active participle present)
wōpidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wōpijan
Old English: wēpan
Middle English: wepen
Scots: wep, wepe, weip
English: weep
Old Frisian: wēpa
Saterland Frisian: wapia
Old Saxon: wōpian
Middle Low German: wōpen
Old Dutch: wuopan
Old High German: wuofan, wuoffan, wuofen
Middle High German: wuofen, wüefen

Old Norse: ǿpa, œpa
Icelandic: æpa
Faroese: øpa, epa
Norwegian Bokmål: øpe
Old Swedish: ø̄pa
Old Danish: ø̄pæ

Gothic: 𐍅𐍉𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wōpjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *weh₂b- (“to call, shout, complain”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *vabiti (“to lure”).


bilaibijaną

bilaibijō (active first-person indicative singular)
bilaibijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bilaibijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bilaibīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
bilaibijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bilaibī (active imperative second-person singular)
bilaibijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bilaibijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bilaibīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bilaibijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bilaibijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bilaibijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bilaibijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bilaibijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bilaibijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bilaibijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bilaibijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bilaibijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bilaibijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bilaibijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bilaibijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bilaibijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bilaibīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bilaibijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bilaibīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bilaibijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bilaibijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bilaibijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bilaibijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bilaibijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bilaibijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bilaibijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bilaibidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bilaibidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bilaibidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bilaibidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bilaibidē (active indicative singular third-person)
bilaibidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bilaibidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bilaibidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bilaibidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bilaibidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bilaibidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bilaibidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bilaibidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bilaibidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bilaibidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bilaibidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bilaibijandz (active participle present)
bilaibidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Old English: belǣfan
Middle English: beleven, bleven
English: beleave
Scots: beleve

Old Frisian: bilēva

Old Dutch: *bileiven

Middle Dutch: beleeven

Dutch: bleven

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bilaibjan)


lībaną

lībō (active first-person indicative singular)
lībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
lībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
līb (active imperative second-person singular)
lībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
lībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
lībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
lībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lībid (active indicative plural second-person)
lībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lībid (active imperative plural second-person)
lībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
lībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
lībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laib (active first-person indicative singular)
libį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laift (active indicative second-person singular)
libīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laib (active indicative singular third-person)
libī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
libū (active dual first-person indicative)
libīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
libudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
libīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
libum (active first-person indicative plural)
libīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
libud (active indicative plural second-person)
libīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
libun (active indicative plural third-person)
libīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lībandz (active participle present)
libanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *leyp-, although the appearance of the voiced (unstressed) Verner alternant b is unexpected. The verb may be back-formed from an older verb with the voiced alternant, such as *libjaną.


laibijaną

laibijō (active first-person indicative singular)
laibijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laibijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
laibīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
laibijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laibī (active imperative second-person singular)
laibijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
laibijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
laibīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
laibijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laibijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
laibijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
laibijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
laibijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
laibijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laibijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laibijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laibijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
laibijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
laibijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laibijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
laibijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
laibīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
laibijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laibīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
laibijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
laibijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
laibijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
laibijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laibijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
laibijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
laibijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laibidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
laibidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laibidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
laibidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laibidē (active indicative singular third-person)
laibidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laibidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
laibidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laibidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laibidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laibidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
laibidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laibidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
laibidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laibidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
laibidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laibijandz (active participle present)
laibidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *laibijan
Old English: lǣfan
Middle English: leven, leaven, lefven
English: leave
Scots: leve, leif
Yola: laave, lea, lee
Old Frisian: lēva
Old Saxon: lēvian
Middle Low German: lêven
Old High German: leiben
Middle High German: leiben

Old Norse: leifa

Icelandic: leifa

Faroese: leiva

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: leive

Norwegian Nynorsk: leiva, leive

Old Swedish: lēva
Swedish: leva (obsolete)

Old Gutnish: laifa

Gothic: *𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*laibjan) (in 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bilaibjan))


nesaną

nesō (active first-person indicative singular)
nesaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nesai (first-person indicative passive singular)
nisizi (active indicative second-person singular)
nesaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nes (active imperative second-person singular)
nesazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
nesaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
nisidi (active indicative singular third-person)
nesai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nesadau (active imperative singular third-person)
nesadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
nesaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
nesōz (active dual first-person indicative)
nesaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nesadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nesaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nesadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
nesamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
nesaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nesandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
nesaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
nisid (active indicative plural second-person)
nesaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nisid (active imperative plural second-person)
nesandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
nesaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
nesandi (active indicative plural third-person)
nesain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nesandau (active imperative plural third-person)
nesandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
nesaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
nas (active first-person indicative singular)
nēzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nast (active indicative second-person singular)
nēzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nas (active indicative singular third-person)
nēzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nēzū (active dual first-person indicative)
nēzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nēzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nēzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nēzum (active first-person indicative plural)
nēzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nēzud (active indicative plural second-person)
nēzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nēzun (active indicative plural third-person)
nēzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nesandz (active participle present)
nezanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: nesan

⇒ Old English: ġenesan

Old Saxon: nesan

Middle Low German: nēsen

Old Dutch: *nesan

Middle Dutch: nēsen

Old High German: nesan

Middle High German: nesen

⇒ Old High German: ginesan

⇒ Old High German: irnesan

Gothic: *𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (*nisan) (in 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (ganisan))

From Proto-Indo-European *nes- (“to return, heal”).


raizijaną

raizijō (active first-person indicative singular)
raizijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raizijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
raizīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
raizijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raizī (active imperative second-person singular)
raizijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
raizijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
raizīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
raizijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raizijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
raizijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
raizijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
raizijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
raizijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raizijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raizijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raizijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
raizijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
raizijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raizijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
raizijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
raizīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
raizijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raizīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
raizijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
raizijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
raizijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
raizijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raizijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
raizijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
raizijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raizidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
raizidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raizidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
raizidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raizidē (active indicative singular third-person)
raizidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raizidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
raizidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raizidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raizidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raizidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
raizidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raizidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
raizidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raizidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
raizidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raizijandz (active participle present)
raizidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *raiʀijan

Old English: rǣran

Middle English: reren

English: rear

Scots: rere, reir

desctree

Proto-Norse: ᚱᛡᛁᛋᛁᛞᛟ (rᴀisido) (first-person singular past indicative)
Old Norse: reisa (first-person singular past indicative reista)
Icelandic: reisa
Faroese: reisa
Norwegian Nynorsk: reisa
Old Swedish: rēsa
Swedish: resa
Danish: rejse
Norwegian Bokmål: reise
→ Middle English: reisen, raisen
Scots: rais, rase, raise
English: raise

Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (raisjan)

to cause (someone, something) to rise; raise


drankijaną

drankijō (active first-person indicative singular)
drankijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
drankijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
drankīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
drankijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drankī (active imperative second-person singular)
drankijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
drankijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
drankīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
drankijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drankijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
drankijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
drankijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
drankijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
drankijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drankijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drankijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drankijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
drankijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
drankijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drankijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
drankijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
drankīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
drankijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
drankīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
drankijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
drankijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
drankijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
drankijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
drankijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
drankijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
drankijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
drankidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
drankidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
drankidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
drankidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drankidē (active indicative singular third-person)
drankidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drankidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
drankidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drankidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drankidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drankidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
drankidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drankidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
drankidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
drankidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
drankidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
drankijandz (active participle present)
drankidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *drankijan
Old English: drenċan
Middle English: drenchen
English: drench
Old Frisian: drenka, drentza
North Frisian:
Mooring/Ockholm-Hoolmer: drånke
Wiedingharde: dranke
Langenhorn-Hoorninger: drange
Sylt: dreenk
West Frisian: drinzje
Old Saxon: drenkian
Middle Low German: drenken
Low German: dränken
Old Dutch: drenken
Middle Dutch: drenken
Dutch: drenken
Old High German: trenken
Middle High German: trenken
German: tränken
Luxembourgish: dränken

Old Norse: drekkja, drenkja

Icelandic: drekkja

Norwegian: drenke

Elfdalian: drettja

Old Swedish: drænkia

Swedish: dränka

Danish: drænke

Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (dragkjan)


nazjaną

nazjō (active first-person indicative singular)
nazjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nazjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
nazisi (active indicative second-person singular)
nazjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nazi (active imperative second-person singular)
nazjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
nazjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
naziþi (active indicative singular third-person)
nazjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nazjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
nazjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
nazjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
nazjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
nazjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nazjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nazjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nazjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
nazjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
nazjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nazjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
nazjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
naziþ (active indicative plural second-person)
nazjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
naziþ (active imperative plural second-person)
nazjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
nazjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
nazjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
nazjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nazjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
nazjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
nazjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
nazidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
nazidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nazidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
nazidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nazidē (active indicative singular third-person)
nazidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nazidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
nazidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nazidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nazidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nazidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
nazidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nazidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
nazidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nazidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
nazidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nazjandz (active participle present)
nazidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *naʀjan
Old English: nerian
Middle English: nerian (early)
Old Frisian: nera
Saterland Frisian: neere
Old Saxon: nerian
Middle Low German: neren
German Low German: nähren
→ Old Swedish: næra
Swedish: nära
→ Old Danish: næræ
Danish: nære
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: nære
Norwegian Nynorsk: nære, næra
→ Old Norse: næra
Icelandic: næra
Old Dutch: neren
Middle Dutch: nēren
⇒ Middle Dutch: genēren
Dutch: (obsolete) generen
⇒ Middle Dutch: neringhe
Dutch: nering
Old High German: nerien, nerjan, nerren, neren
Middle High German: nerren, nern, nerigen
German: nähren
Hunsrik: neere
Luxembourgish: nieren
Yiddish: נערן (nern)

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (nasjan)


rīsaną

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

rīsō (active first-person indicative singular)
rīsaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rīsai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rīsizi (active indicative second-person singular)
rīsaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rīs (active imperative second-person singular)
rīsazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rīsaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rīsidi (active indicative singular third-person)
rīsai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rīsadau (active imperative singular third-person)
rīsadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rīsaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rīsōz (active dual first-person indicative)
rīsaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rīsadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rīsaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rīsadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rīsamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rīsaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rīsandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rīsaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rīsid (active indicative plural second-person)
rīsaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rīsid (active imperative plural second-person)
rīsandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rīsaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rīsandi (active indicative plural third-person)
rīsain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rīsandau (active imperative plural third-person)
rīsandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rīsaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rais (active first-person indicative singular)
rizį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raist (active indicative second-person singular)
rizīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rais (active indicative singular third-person)
rizī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rizū (active dual first-person indicative)
rizīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rizudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rizīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rizum (active first-person indicative plural)
rizīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rizud (active indicative plural second-person)
rizīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rizun (active indicative plural third-person)
rizīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rīsandz (active participle present)
rizanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *rīsan
Old English: rīsan
Middle English: risen
Scots: rise
English: rise
Old Frisian: rīsa
Saterland Frisian: risa
Saterland Frisian: riese
West Frisian: rize
Old Saxon: rīsan
Middle Low German: rîsen
German Low German: riesen
Low German: risen
Old Dutch: *rīsan
Middle Dutch: risen
Dutch: rijzen
Limburgish: rieze
Old High German: rīsan
Middle High German: rīsen
German: reisen

Old Norse: rísa
Icelandic: rísa
Faroese: rísa
Norwegian Nynorsk: risa, rise
Old Swedish: rīsa
Swedish: risa

Gothic: *𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (*reisan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌿𐍂𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (urreisan)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁réy-(h₁)se-ti, from *h₁rey- (“to rise”) + *-(h₁)seti.

to scale; move vertically (either up or down)


bilībaną

bilībō (active first-person indicative singular)
bilībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bilībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bilībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bilībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bilīb (active imperative second-person singular)
bilībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bilībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bilībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bilībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bilībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bilībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bilībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bilībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bilībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bilībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bilībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bilībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bilībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bilībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bilībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bilībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bilībid (active indicative plural second-person)
bilībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bilībid (active imperative plural second-person)
bilībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bilībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bilībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bilībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bilībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bilībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bilībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bilaib (active first-person indicative singular)
bilibį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bilaift (active indicative second-person singular)
bilibīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bilaib (active indicative singular third-person)
bilibī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bilibū (active dual first-person indicative)
bilibīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bilibudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bilibīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bilibum (active first-person indicative plural)
bilibīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bilibud (active indicative plural second-person)
bilibīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bilibun (active indicative plural third-person)
bilibīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bilībandz (active participle present)
bilibanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bilīban
Old English: belīfan
Middle English: beliven
English: belive, blive, belave
Scots: beleve, beleif
Old Frisian: bilīva, blīva
North Frisian: bliwe, bliiw bläwe
Saterland Frisian: blieuwe
West Frisian: bliuwe
Old Saxon: bilīvan, bilīƀan, bilīvian, bilīƀian
Middle Low German: blîven
Low German: blieven
Plautdietsch: bliewen
→ Faroese: blíva
→ Icelandic: blífa
→ Norwegian: blive, bli
→ Swedish: bliva, bli
→ Danish: blive
Old Dutch: blīvan
Middle Dutch: bliven
Dutch: blijven
Afrikaans: bly
Javindo: belijf
Jersey Dutch: blāive
Negerhollands: bliev, blief, bli
Limburgish: blieve
Zealandic: bluve
Old High German: bilīban
Middle High German: belīben, blīben
Alemannic German: bliibe
Cimbrian: bolàiban
Central Franconian:
Kölsch: blieve
Hunsrik: bleive
Luxembourgish: bleiwen
German: bleiben
Vilamovian: błajn
Yiddish: בלײַבן (blaybn)

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (bileiban)

From *bi- + *lībaną, the latter from Proto-Indo-European *leyp-.


atjaną

atjō (active first-person indicative singular)
atjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
atjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
atisi (active indicative second-person singular)
atjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ati (active imperative second-person singular)
atjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
atjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
atiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
atjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
atjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
atjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
atjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
atjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
atjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
atjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
atjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
atjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
atjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
atjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
atjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
atjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
atiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
atjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
atiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
atjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
atjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
atjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
atjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
atjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
atjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
atjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
atidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
atidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
atidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
atidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
atidē (active indicative singular third-person)
atidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
atidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
atidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
atidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
atidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
atidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
atidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
atidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
atidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
atidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
atidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
atjandz (active participle present)
atidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *anattjan
Old Dutch: anetten
Old High German: anazzen
→ Old French: anesser

⇒? Proto-West Germanic: *ūtattjan

⇒? Old Frisian: ūtetta

Old Norse: etja
Icelandic: etja

From Pre-Germanic *h₃odéyeti, causative of Proto-Indo-European *h₃ed- (“to hate”).


atjaną

Proto-West Germanic: *attjan
Old English: ettan
Middle English: etten, eten (merged with Old English etan)
Old Frisian: etta
⇒? West Frisian: ettjen, eattjen
Old Saxon: *ettian
Middle Low German: etten
German Low German: etten
Old Dutch: *etten
Middle Dutch: etten
Dutch: etten
Old High German: *azzen, ezzen
Middle High German: atzen, etzen
Alemannic German: etze
Cimbrian: etzan
German: ätzen, etzen
→ German Low German: ätzen
→ Danish: ætse
→ Finnish: etsata
→ Dutch: etsen
→ English: etch

Old Norse: etja

Faroese: etja

Icelandic: etja

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fraatjan)

From *etaną + *-janą (causative suffix). Diachronically from Proto-Indo-European *h₁odéyeti; compare Sanskrit आदयति (ādáyati, “to feed”).

to cause/allow to eat, feed (an animal)
to pasture; graze


wagjaną

wagjō (active first-person indicative singular)
wagjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wagjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wagisi (active indicative second-person singular)
wagjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wagi (active imperative second-person singular)
wagjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wagjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wagiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wagjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wagjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wagjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wagjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wagjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wagjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wagjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wagjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wagjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wagjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wagjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wagjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wagjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wagiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wagjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wagiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wagjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wagjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wagjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wagjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wagjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wagjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wagjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wagidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wagidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wagidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wagidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wagidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wagidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wagidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wagidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wagidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wagidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wagidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wagidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wagidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wagidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wagidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wagidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wagjandz (active participle present)
wagidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *waggjan
Old English: weċġan
Middle English: weggen
English: wedge
Old Saxon: weggian
Middle Low German: weggen
Old Dutch: *weggen
Middle Dutch: weggen
Old High German: weggen

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wagjan)


draibijaną

draibijō (active first-person indicative singular)
draibijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
draibijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
draibīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
draibijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
draibī (active imperative second-person singular)
draibijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
draibijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
draibīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
draibijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
draibijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
draibijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
draibijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
draibijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
draibijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
draibijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
draibijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
draibijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
draibijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
draibijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
draibijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
draibijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
draibīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
draibijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
draibīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
draibijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
draibijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
draibijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
draibijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
draibijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
draibijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
draibijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
draibidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
draibidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
draibidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
draibidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
draibidē (active indicative singular third-person)
draibidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
draibidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
draibidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
draibidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
draibidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
draibidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
draibidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
draibidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
draibidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
draibidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
draibidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
draibijandz (active participle present)
draibidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *draibijan
Old English: drǣfan
Middle English: dreven
English: dreave
Scots: drefe

Old Norse: dreifa

Icelandic: dreifa

Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (draibjan)


hlōgijaną

hlōgijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlōgijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlōgijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hlōgīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlōgijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlōgī (active imperative second-person singular)
hlōgijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlōgijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hlōgīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlōgijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlōgijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlōgijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlōgijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hlōgijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hlōgijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlōgijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlōgijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlōgijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlōgijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlōgijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlōgijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlōgijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hlōgīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hlōgijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlōgīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hlōgijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlōgijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hlōgijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlōgijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlōgijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlōgijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlōgijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hlōgidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hlōgidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlōgidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hlōgidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlōgidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hlōgidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlōgidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hlōgidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlōgidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlōgidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlōgidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hlōgidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlōgidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hlōgidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlōgidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hlōgidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlōgijandz (active participle present)
hlōgidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: hlœgja

Icelandic: hlægja

Gothic: *𐌷𐌻𐍉𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*hlōhjan)

Gothic: 𐌿𐍆𐌷𐌻𐍉𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ufhlōhjan)


tandijaną

tandijō (active first-person indicative singular)
tandijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tandijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tandīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
tandijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tandī (active imperative second-person singular)
tandijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tandijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tandīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tandijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tandijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tandijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tandijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tandijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tandijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tandijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tandijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tandijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tandijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tandijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tandijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tandijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tandīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tandijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tandīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tandijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tandijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tandijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tandijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tandijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tandijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tandijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tandidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tandidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tandidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tandidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tandidē (active indicative singular third-person)
tandidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tandidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tandidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tandidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tandidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tandidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tandidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tandidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tandidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tandidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tandidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tandijandz (active participle present)
tandidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: tendan

Scots: teind

English: teend, tend

Old Norse: *tenda

-r- from <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*tundrą</i>?

⇒ Old Norse: tendra (-r- from *tundrą?)
Icelandic: tendra
Faroese: tendra
Middle Norwegian: tendra, tenda
Norwegian Nynorsk: tendra, tenda, tenna
Old Swedish: tænda
Swedish: tända
Danish: tænde
Norwegian Bokmål: tenne

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (tandjan)

Causative of *tinnaną (“to burn”), derived at a time when it had not yet assimilated the inherited dental to -nn-.