buttaz

*buttaz (a-stem)

buttaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
buttai (masculine nominative plural strong)
buttō (feminine nominative singular strong)
buttôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
buttą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
buttō (neuter nominative plural strong)
buttanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
buttanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
buttǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
buttōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
buttą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
buttō (accusative neuter plural strong)
buttas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
buttaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
buttaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
buttaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
buttas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
buttaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
buttammai (dative masculine singular strong)
buttaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
buttaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
buttaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
buttammai (dative neuter singular strong)
buttaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
buttanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
buttaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
buttaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
buttaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
buttanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
buttaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
buttô (masculine nominative singular weak)
buttaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
buttǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
buttōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
buttô (neuter nominative singular weak)
buttōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
buttanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
buttanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
buttōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
buttōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
buttô (accusative neuter singular weak)
buttōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
buttiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
buttanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
buttōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
buttōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
buttiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
buttanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
buttini (dative masculine singular weak)
buttammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
buttōni (dative feminine singular weak)
buttōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
buttini (dative neuter singular weak)
buttammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
buttinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
buttammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
buttōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
buttōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
buttinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
buttammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *butt

Old Frisian: *butt, *but

Saterland Frisian: but

West Frisian: bot

Old Saxon: *butt

Middle Low German: but, butt

German Low German: butt

Old Dutch: *butt

Middle Dutch: butte, but, bot

Dutch: bot

→ Old French: bot

⇒? Old French: bote

Middle French: botte

French: botte

→ Middle English: bote

English: boot

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰudnós, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewd- (“to beat, push”), an extension of *bʰew- (“to blow, swell”).

(West Germanic) cut off; chopped; stumpy


buttaz

buttaz (nominative singular)
buttōz (nominative plural)
buttōs (nominative plural)
butt (singular vocative)
buttōz (plural vocative)
buttōs (plural vocative)
buttą (accusative singular)
buttanz (accusative plural)
buttas (genitive singular)
buttis (genitive singular)
buttǫ̂ (genitive plural)
buttai (dative singular)
buttamaz (dative plural)
buttō (instrumental singular)
buttamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *butt

Old English: *butt (attested in diminutive buttuc); bytt, byt

Middle English: butte, but

Scots: butt

English: but, butt

Anglo-Latin: butta

Old Frisian: butie

Old Saxon: *butt

Middle Low German: *butt, butken

Low German: butt; Butte, Bütte

→ German: Butt, Steinbutt

→ Norwegian Bokmål: butt

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: butt

→ Danish: but

Old Dutch: *butt, *but

Middle Dutch: but, botte, bot

Dutch: bot

→ Old French: bot, bout; bote

Middle French: bute, butte

French: butte

→ English: butte

→ Dutch: bot

→ Middle English: bote

English: boot

→ Spanish: boto

Old High German: *butz, *buz; *butzo, *buzzo

Middle High German: butze

German: Butzen; (putzen?)

Old Norse: butr, bútr

Icelandic: bútur

Old Swedish: buter

Swedish: but (archaic)

→ Old French: but

Middle French: but

French: but

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰnós (“bottom”), later thematic variant of *bʰudʰmḗn ~ *bʰudʰn-, perhaps from *dʰewbʰ- (“deep”).


wrikkōną

wrikkō (active first-person indicative singular)
wrikkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wrikkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
wrikkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wrikkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wrikkō (active imperative second-person singular)
wrikkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wrikkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wrikkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wrikkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wrikkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wrikkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wrikkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wrikkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wrikkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wrikkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wrikkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wrikkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wrikkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wrikkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wrikkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wrikkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wrikkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wrikkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wrikkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wrikkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wrikkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wrikkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wrikkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrikkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wrikkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wrikkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wrikkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wrikkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wrikkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wrikkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wrikkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
wrikkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wrikkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wrikkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wrikkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wrikkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wrikkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wrikkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wrikkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wrikkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wrikkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wrikkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrikkōndz (active participle present)
wrikkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: wrigian

desc

Middle English: wrien, wricken, wriggen, wrigglen (with frequentative suffix)

Low German: wriggen, wrikken

Dutch: wrikken

German: wricken

From Pre-Germanic *wriḱnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative from Proto-Indo-European *wreyḱ- (“to twist, turn”).


deuzaz

*deuzaz (a-stem)

deuzaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
deuzai (masculine nominative plural strong)
deuzō (feminine nominative singular strong)
deuzôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
deuzą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
deuzō (neuter nominative plural strong)
deuzanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
deuzanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
deuzǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
deuzōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
deuzą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
deuzō (accusative neuter plural strong)
deuzas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
deuzaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
deuzaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
deuzaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
deuzas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
deuzaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
deuzammai (dative masculine singular strong)
deuzaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
deuzaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
deuzaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
deuzammai (dative neuter singular strong)
deuzaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
deuzanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
deuzaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
deuzaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
deuzaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
deuzanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
deuzaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
deuzô (masculine nominative singular weak)
deuzaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
deuzǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
deuzōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
deuzô (neuter nominative singular weak)
deuzōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
deuzanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
deuzanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
deuzōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
deuzōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
deuzô (accusative neuter singular weak)
deuzōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
deuziniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
deuzanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
deuzōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
deuzōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
deuziniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
deuzanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
deuzini (dative masculine singular weak)
deuzammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
deuzōni (dative feminine singular weak)
deuzōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
deuzini (dative neuter singular weak)
deuzammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
deuzinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
deuzammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
deuzōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
deuzōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
deuzinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
deuzammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: dēor

Middle English: deor, dier

English: deer

From Pre-Germanic *dʰewsós, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰews-.


mawilǭ

mawilǭ (nominative singular)
mawilōniz (nominative plural)
mawilǭ (singular vocative)
mawilōniz (plural vocative)
mawilōnų (accusative singular)
mawilōnunz (accusative plural)
mawilōniz (genitive singular)
mawilōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mawilōni (dative singular)
mawilōmaz (dative plural)
mawilōnē (instrumental singular)
mawilōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mawilā
Old English: mēowle
>? Plautdietsch: Mejal

Old Norse: meyla

Icelandic: meyla

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌻𐍉 (mawilō)


mulkną

mulkną (nominative singular)
mulknō (nominative plural)
mulkną (singular vocative)
mulknō (plural vocative)
mulkną (accusative singular)
mulknō (accusative plural)
mulknas (genitive singular)
mulknis (genitive singular)
mulknǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mulknai (dative singular)
mulknamaz (dative plural)
mulknō (instrumental singular)
mulknamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: molcen

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: molcken

Old High German: *molkan, *molchan

Middle High German: molken, molchen


skittōną

skittō (active first-person indicative singular)
skittǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skittōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skittōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skittōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skittō (active imperative second-person singular)
skittōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skittōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skittōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skittō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skittōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skittōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skittōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skittōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skittōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skittōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skittōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skittōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skittōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skittōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skittōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skittōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skittōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skittōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skittōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skittōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skittōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skittōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skittōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skittōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skittōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skittōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skittōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skittōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skittōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skittōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skittōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skittōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skittōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skittōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skittōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skittōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skittōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skittōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skittōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skittōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skittōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skittōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skittōndz (active participle present)
skittōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: *skitta

Faroese: skitta

From Pre-Germanic *skidnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative from *skītaną (“to shit, defecate”).


makaz

*makaz (a-stem)

makaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
makai (masculine nominative plural strong)
makō (feminine nominative singular strong)
makôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
maką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
makō (neuter nominative plural strong)
makanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
makanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
makǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
makōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
maką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
makō (accusative neuter plural strong)
makas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
makaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
makaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
makaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
makas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
makaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
makammai (dative masculine singular strong)
makaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
makaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
makaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
makammai (dative neuter singular strong)
makaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
makanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
makaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
makaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
makaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
makanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
makaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
makô (masculine nominative singular weak)
makaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
makǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
makōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
makô (neuter nominative singular weak)
makōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
makanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
makanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
makōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
makōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
makô (accusative neuter singular weak)
makōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
makiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
makanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
makōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
makōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
makiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
makanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
makini (dative masculine singular weak)
makammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
makōni (dative feminine singular weak)
makōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
makini (dative neuter singular weak)
makammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
makinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
makammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
makōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
makōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
makinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
makammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *mak
Old English: mæc
Middle English: make
⇒ Old English: macalīċ
Middle English: makli
English: mackly
Scots: makly
Old Frisian: *mek
North Frisian: määk, meek
Saterland Frisian: mäk
Old Saxon: *mak
Middle Low German: mak
German Low German: mack, maak
Old Dutch: *mak
Middle Dutch: mack
Dutch: mak
→ West Frisian: mak
⇒ Middle Dutch: mackelijc
Dutch: makkelijk

Old Norse: makr
Icelandic: makur
Faroese: makur
Norwegian: mak

⇒ Old Norse: makligr
Icelandic: maklegur
Faroese: makligur
Norwegian Nynorsk: makeleg, makleg
Norwegian Bokmål: makelig

From Proto-Indo-European *mag- (“to knead, work”). Probably related to Old Irish mám (“yoke”), Lithuanian mėgti (“to like”).


-dūþiz

-dūþiz (nominative singular)
-dūþīz (nominative plural)
-dūþi (singular vocative)
-dūþīz (plural vocative)
-dūþį (accusative singular)
-dūþinz (accusative plural)
-dūþīz (genitive singular)
-dūþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-dūþī (dative singular)
-dūþimaz (dative plural)
-dūþī (instrumental singular)
-dūþimiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: -𐌳𐌿𐌸𐍃 (-dūþs)

From Proto-Indo-European *-túHts. See also *-iþō.

Forms abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives, and other nouns.


stunkwiz

stunkwiz (nominative singular)
stunkwīz (nominative plural)
stunkwi (singular vocative)
stunkwīz (plural vocative)
stunkwį (accusative singular)
stunkwinz (accusative plural)
stunkwīz (genitive singular)
stunkwijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stunkwī (dative singular)
stunkwimaz (dative plural)
stunkwī (instrumental singular)
stunkwimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: stync, stynċ

desctree

conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*stankwiz</i>

Middle English: stench, stenche, stinche, stunch, stynche; stænc, stinnch (Early Middle English) (conflated with *stankwiz)
English: stench
Scots: stench, stinch

Old Saxon: stunk

Gothic: *𐍃𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌵 (*stugq) (in 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌵 (bistugq), from *stunkwą?)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewg- (“to push, hit”).


brandaz

brandaz (nominative singular)
brandōz (nominative plural)
brandōs (nominative plural)
brand (singular vocative)
brandōz (plural vocative)
brandōs (plural vocative)
brandą (accusative singular)
brandanz (accusative plural)
brandas (genitive singular)
brandis (genitive singular)
brandǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brandai (dative singular)
brandamaz (dative plural)
brandō (instrumental singular)
brandamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *brand
Old English: brand, brond
Middle English: brand, brond
English: brand
Scots: brand
Old Frisian: brand, brond
Saterland Frisian: Bround
West Frisian: brân
Old Saxon: brand
Middle Low German: brant
German Low German: Brand
Old Dutch: *brand
Middle Dutch: brant
Dutch: brand
Limburgish: brandj
Old High German: brant
Middle High German: brant
German: Brand
Luxembourgish: Brand
→ Vulgar Latin: *brandus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: brandr
Icelandic: brandur
Faroese: brandur
Norwegian Bokmål: brand, brann
Norwegian Nynorsk: brann
Old Swedish: brander
Swedish: brand
Old Danish: brand
Danish: brand

→ Proto-Samic: *(p)rāntē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰren- (“to seethe; spew forth; burn”).


stankwiz

stankwiz (nominative singular)
stankwīz (nominative plural)
stankwi (singular vocative)
stankwīz (plural vocative)
stankwį (accusative singular)
stankwinz (accusative plural)
stankwīz (genitive singular)
stankwijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stankwī (dative singular)
stankwimaz (dative plural)
stankwī (instrumental singular)
stankwimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: stenċ
Middle English: stench, stenche, stinche, stunch, stynche; stænc, stinnch (Early Middle English)
English: stench
Scots: stench, stinch

Old Frisian: *stank, *stenk

Saterland Frisian: Stoank

Old Saxon: stank

Middle Low German: stank

German Low German: Stank

Old Dutch: stank

Middle Dutch: stanc

Dutch: stank

Old High German: *stank, stanc, stanch

Middle High German: stanc

German: Stank

⇒ Middle High German: gestanc

Cimbrian: gastànkh

German: Gestank

⇒ Old High German: *stenki

Middle High German: stenke

q

Old Norse: stǫkkr (descendants perhaps from Middle Low German)

Icelandic: stökkur

>? Norwegian: stank

>? Swedish: stank

>? Danish: stank

From Proto-Indo-European *stengʷ- (“to push, thrust”).


malmaz

malmaz (nominative singular)
malmōz (nominative plural)
malmōs (nominative plural)
malm (singular vocative)
malmōz (plural vocative)
malmōs (plural vocative)
malmą (accusative singular)
malmanz (accusative plural)
malmas (genitive singular)
malmis (genitive singular)
malmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
malmai (dative singular)
malmamaz (dative plural)
malmō (instrumental singular)
malmamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: mealm; mealmstān

Middle English: malme

Scots: maum; maumie

English: malm, maulm, maum, mawm

→ Dutch: malm

Old High German: *malm

Middle High German: malm

German: Malm (dialectal); malmen, zermalmen

Old Norse: malmr

Icelandic: málmur

Faroese: málmur

Norwegian: malm

Old Swedish: malmer

Swedish: malm

Danish: malm

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌼𐌰 (malma)

From Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“to grind”).


nabją

nabją (nominative singular)
nabjō (nominative plural)
nabją (singular vocative)
nabjō (plural vocative)
nabją (accusative singular)
nabjō (accusative plural)
nabjas (genitive singular)
nabis (genitive singular)
nabjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nabjai (dative singular)
nabjamaz (dative plural)
nabjō (instrumental singular)
nabjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *nabi

Old English: nebb, neb; nypel

Middle English: neb; *neble, *nypil, *neple

Scots: neb; nebbie; nebbock

English: neb; nib; nipple

→ Dutch: nippel

→ German: Nippel
→ Danish: nippel

Old Frisian: *neb, *nib

Saterland Frisian: Nib

West Frisian: neb

Old Saxon: *nebbi

Middle Low German: nebbe, nibbe

desc

German Low German: Nibbe, Nipp, Niff, Nüff

→ Occitan: nefa

→ Italian: niffo, niffa

→ Picard: nifler; niflette

→ Walloon: r'nonflé

→ French: nifler

⇒ French: renifler

→ Galician: nifrar

→ Old Swedish: næb n, næbber m

Swedish: näbb

Old Dutch: *nebbi

Middle Dutch: nebbe, neb, nyb

Dutch: nebbe, neb

Old High German: *nebbi, *neppi

Middle High German:

Alemannic German: niffen

Bavarian: niffela

→ Galician: napia

Old Norse: nef; nebbi

Icelandic: nef; nebbi

Faroese: nev, nebb, nebbi

Norn: nev

Norwegian: nebb

Old Swedish: næf

Swedish: näv (dialectal)

Danish: næb

Unknown. Compare Proto-Germanic *snabulaz (“snout”), Lithuanian snãpas (“snout”).


ainahô

gem-decl-adj-table

*ainahô (an/īn-stem)

ainahô (masculine nominative singular)
ainahaniz (masculine nominative plural)
ainahį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
ainahīniz (feminine nominative plural)
ainahô (neuter nominative singular)
ainahōnō (neuter nominative plural)
ainahanų (accusative masculine singular)
ainahanunz (accusative masculine plural)
ainahīnų (accusative feminine singular)
ainahīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
ainahô (accusative neuter singular)
ainahōnō (accusative neuter plural)
ainahiniz (genitive masculine singular)
ainahanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
ainahīniz (feminine genitive singular)
ainahīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
ainahiniz (genitive neuter singular)
ainahanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
ainahini (dative masculine singular)
ainahammaz (dative masculine plural)
ainahīni (dative feminine singular)
ainahīmaz (dative feminine plural)
ainahini (dative neuter singular)
ainahammaz (dative neuter plural)
ainahinē (instrumental masculine singular)
ainahammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
ainahīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
ainahīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
ainahinē (instrumental neuter singular)
ainahammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ainahō
Old English: ānga, ǣnga

Old Norse: einga

Old Swedish: enga, ænga

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌷𐌰 (ainaha)

/ˈɑi̯.nɑ.xɔːː/

From Pre-Germanic *HoynHóḱo-, an adjectival derivation from Proto-Indo-European *Hoy- (“one”). Compare Latin ūnicus (“only, sole”).


þegō

þegō (nominative singular)
þegôz (nominative plural)
þegō (singular vocative)
þegôz (plural vocative)
þegǭ (accusative singular)
þegōz (accusative plural)
þegōz (genitive singular)
þegǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þegōi (dative singular)
þegōmaz (dative plural)
þegō (instrumental singular)
þegōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þegu

Old English: *þegu, (found in compounds, bēahþegu, bēorþegu)

Derived from *þigjaną (“to accept, receive”).

(West Germanic) a taking, receiving, acceptance


naitijaną

naitijō (active first-person indicative singular)
naitijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
naitijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
naitīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
naitijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
naitī (active imperative second-person singular)
naitijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
naitijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
naitīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
naitijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
naitijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
naitijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
naitijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
naitijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
naitijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
naitijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
naitijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
naitijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
naitijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
naitijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
naitijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
naitijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
naitīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
naitijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
naitīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
naitijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
naitijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
naitijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
naitijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
naitijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
naitijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
naitijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
naitidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
naitidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
naitidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
naitidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
naitidē (active indicative singular third-person)
naitidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
naitidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
naitidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
naitidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
naitidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
naitidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
naitidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
naitidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
naitidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
naitidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
naitidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
naitijandz (active participle present)
naitidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *naitijan

Old English: nǣtan

Old Saxon: *nētian

Middle Low German: nêten

Old High German: neizen, neizzen

Middle High German: neizen, neisen

German: neißen, neisen

→⇒ Middle Dutch: vernesen

Old Norse: hneita (merged with *hnaitijaną, causative of *hnītaną, a related verb)

Gothic: *𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*naitjan) in (𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ganaitjan))

From earlier *hnaitijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃neyd- (“to revile, insult”).


kuddô

kuddô (nominative singular)
kuddaniz (nominative plural)
kuddô (singular vocative)
kuddaniz (plural vocative)
kuddanų (accusative singular)
kuddanunz (accusative plural)
kuddiniz (genitive singular)
kuddanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kuddini (dative singular)
kuddammaz (dative plural)
kuddinē (instrumental singular)
kuddammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kuddō

Old English: *codda; codd, cod

Middle English: codde; cod

English: cod

Scots: codd, cod, coad, kod

Old Frisian: kudda

Old Saxon: *koddo; *kod

Middle Low German: kudde, kodde; *kode

German Low German: Koden, Kon

Old Dutch: *koddo

Middle Dutch: codde

Dutch: kodde

>? Old High German: kutto

desctree

Old Norse: koddi
Icelandic: koddi
Faroese: koddi
Norwegian Bokmål: kodde
Norwegian Nynorsk: kodde
Old Swedish: kodde
Swedish: kudde
Danish: kodde

→ Proto-Finnic: *kotti (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gewt- (“pouch, sack”), from *gew- (“to bend, bow, arch, vault, curve”).


wōdaz

*wōdaz (a-stem)

wōdaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wōdai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wōdō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wōdôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wōdą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wōdō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wōdanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wōdanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wōdǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wōdōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wōdą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wōdō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wōdas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wōdaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wōdaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wōdaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wōdas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wōdaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wōdammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wōdaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wōdaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wōdaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wōdammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wōdaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wōdanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wōdaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wōdaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wōdaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wōdanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wōdaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wōdô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wōdaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wōdǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wōdōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wōdô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wōdōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wōdanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wōdanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wōdōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wōdōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wōdô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wōdōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wōdiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wōdanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wōdōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wōdōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wōdiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wōdanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wōdini (dative masculine singular weak)
wōdammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wōdōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wōdōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wōdini (dative neuter singular weak)
wōdammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wōdinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wōdammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wōdōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wōdōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wōdinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wōdammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wōd
Old English: wōd
Middle English: wod, wode, wood
Scots: wod, wode, wud, wude, wuid
English: wode, wood
Old Dutch: *wōd, *wuod, *wuot
Middle Dutch: woet, woede, woed
Dutch: woede
Old High German: wuot
Middle High German: wuot
German: Wut

Old Norse: óðr

Icelandic: óður

Faroese: óður

Old Swedish: ōþer

Gothic: 𐍅𐍉𐌳𐍃 (wōds)

From Proto-Indo-European *weh₂t- (“to be excited”). Related to Latin vātēs.


wōdaz

wōdaz (nominative singular)
wōdōz (nominative plural)
wōdōs (nominative plural)
wōd (singular vocative)
wōdōz (plural vocative)
wōdōs (plural vocative)
wōdą (accusative singular)
wōdanz (accusative plural)
wōdas (genitive singular)
wōdis (genitive singular)
wōdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wōdai (dative singular)
wōdamaz (dative plural)
wōdō (instrumental singular)
wōdamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wōd
Old English: wōd
Middle English: wod, wode
Old Saxon: *wōd
Middle Low German: wôt
German Low German: Wut (possibly borrowed from High German)
Old High German: wuot
Middle High German: wuot
German: Wut

Old Norse: óðr

Icelandic: óður

From the adjective *wōdaz (“excited, frenzied, furious”).


krankaz

*krankaz (a-stem)

krankaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
krankai (masculine nominative plural strong)
krankō (feminine nominative singular strong)
krankôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
kranką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
krankō (neuter nominative plural strong)
krankanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
krankanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
krankǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
krankōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
kranką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
krankō (accusative neuter plural strong)
krankas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
krankaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
krankaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
krankaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
krankas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
krankaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
krankammai (dative masculine singular strong)
krankaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
krankaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
krankaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
krankammai (dative neuter singular strong)
krankaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
krankanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
krankaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
krankaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
krankaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
krankanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
krankaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
krankô (masculine nominative singular weak)
krankaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
krankǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
krankōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
krankô (neuter nominative singular weak)
krankōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
krankanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
krankanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
krankōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
krankōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
krankô (accusative neuter singular weak)
krankōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
krankiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
krankanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
krankōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
krankōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
krankiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
krankanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
krankini (dative masculine singular weak)
krankammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
krankōni (dative feminine singular weak)
krankōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
krankini (dative neuter singular weak)
krankammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
krankinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
krankammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
krankōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
krankōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
krankinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
krankammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *krank
Old English: *cranc
Middle English: cronk, cranke
English: crank
Scots: crank
Old Frisian: krank, kronk, krenk
North Frisian: cronc
Saterland Frisian: kroank
Old Saxon: *krank
Middle Low German: krank
Low German: krank
Old Dutch: *cranc
Middle Dutch: cranc
Dutch: krank
Limburgish: krank
Old High German: *krank, *chranch
Middle High German: krank, kranc
Cimbrian: krånkh
German: krank
Hunsrik: krank
Luxembourgish: krank
Vilamovian: kraonk
Yiddish: קראַנק (krank)

i

Old Norse: krangr; krankr (possible borrowing from Middle Low German or Middle Dutch)

Icelandic: krankur

Norwegian: krank

Swedish: krank

Danish: krank

An adjective derived from *kringaną (“to turn, fall, yield”).


hrusǭ

hrusǭ (nominative singular)
hrusōniz (nominative plural)
hrusǭ (singular vocative)
hrusōniz (plural vocative)
hrusōnų (accusative singular)
hrusōnunz (accusative plural)
hrusōniz (genitive singular)
hrusōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrusōni (dative singular)
hrusōmaz (dative plural)
hrusōnē (instrumental singular)
hrusōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hruse

Old High German: hrosa, rosa; hroso, roso

From Proto-Indo-European *krus- (“crust”). Cognate with Latin crusta (“crust”), Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos, “frost, icy cold”), κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “crystal, ice”), Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀 (xruzdra, “hard”), Sanskrit क्रूड् (krūḍ, “thicken, make hard”).


grēbiz

grēbiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
grēbijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
grēbī (feminine nominative singular strong)
grēbijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
grēbį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
grēbijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
grēbijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
grēbijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
grēbijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
grēbijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
grēbį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
grēbijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
grēbijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
grēbīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
grēbijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
grēbijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
grēbijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
grēbijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
grēbīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
grēbijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
grēbijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
grēbijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
grēbijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
grēbijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
grēbijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
grēbijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
grēbijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
grēbijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
grēbijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
grēbijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
grēbijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
grēbijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
grēbijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
grēbijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
grēbijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
grēbijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
grēbijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
grēbijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
grēbijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
grēbijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
grēbijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
grēbijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
grēbijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
grēbijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
grēbīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
grēbijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
grēbijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
grēbijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
grēbīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
grēbijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
grēbīni (dative masculine singular weak)
grēbijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
grēbijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
grēbijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
grēbīni (dative neuter singular weak)
grēbijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
grēbīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
grēbijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
grēbijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
grēbijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
grēbīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
grēbijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: græfr

Icelandic: græfur

Vṛddhi gerundive of *grabaną (“to dig”). The e-grade as opposed to o-grade *grōbiz however, hints at a possible lost strong verb *grebaną.

(North Germanic) digging, burying; able to be dug or buried


knukōną

knukō (active first-person indicative singular)
knukǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
knukōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
knukōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
knukōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
knukō (active imperative second-person singular)
knukōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
knukōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
knukōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
knukō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
knukōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
knukōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
knukōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
knukōs (active dual first-person indicative)
knukōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
knukōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
knukōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
knukōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
knukōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
knukōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
knukōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
knukōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
knukōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
knukōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
knukōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
knukōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
knukōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
knukōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
knukōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
knukōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
knukōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
knukōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
knukōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
knukōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
knukōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
knukōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
knukōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
knukōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
knukōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
knukōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
knukōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
knukōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
knukōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
knukōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
knukōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
knukōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
knukōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
knukōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
knukōndz (active participle present)
knukōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *knokōn
Old English: cnucian, cnocian
Middle English: knokken, cnoken, knocke, knok, knoke, knokke, knokkyn
English: knock
→ Dutch: knokken; nokken
Scots: knock, tnock, knack
Yola: knockt (preterite)
Old Saxon: *knokōn
Middle Low German: *knoken
⇒ Middle Low German: ûtknoken, ûtknōken
Old High German: *knohhōn, *knochōn
Middle High German: knochen

Old Norse: knoka

Icelandic: knoka

Norwegian: knuge

Swedish: knocka

Danish: knuge

desc

→ Middle Irish: *cnagaid (via Old English and/or Old Norse)

Irish: cnag

Scottish Gaelic: cnag

From *knukô (“bone”) + *-ōną, perhaps reinforced by sound-symbolism.


swēsaz

*swēsaz (a-stem)

swēsaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
swēsai (masculine nominative plural strong)
swēsō (feminine nominative singular strong)
swēsôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
swēsą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
swēsō (neuter nominative plural strong)
swēsanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
swēsanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
swēsǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
swēsōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
swēsą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
swēsō (accusative neuter plural strong)
swēsas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
swēsaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
swēsaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
swēsaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
swēsas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
swēsaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
swēsammai (dative masculine singular strong)
swēsaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
swēsaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
swēsaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
swēsammai (dative neuter singular strong)
swēsaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
swēsanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
swēsaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
swēsaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
swēsaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
swēsanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
swēsaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
swēsô (masculine nominative singular weak)
swēsaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
swēsǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
swēsōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
swēsô (neuter nominative singular weak)
swēsōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
swēsanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
swēsanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
swēsōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
swēsōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
swēsô (accusative neuter singular weak)
swēsōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
swēsiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
swēsanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
swēsōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
swēsōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
swēsiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
swēsanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
swēsini (dative masculine singular weak)
swēsammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
swēsōni (dative feminine singular weak)
swēsōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
swēsini (dative neuter singular weak)
swēsammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
swēsinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
swēsammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
swēsōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
swēsōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
swēsinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
swēsammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swās
Old English: swǣs
Old Frisian: swēs
Old Saxon: swās
Old High German: swās

Old Norse: sváss
Icelandic: svás

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃 (swēs)

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *swēdʰh₁-s-os or *swēdʰh₁-to-s. Related to Ancient Greek ἦθος (êthos, “custom”), Latin suēscō (“to become accustomed to”).


bōkō

bōkō (nominative singular)
bōkôz (nominative plural)
bōkō (singular vocative)
bōkôz (plural vocative)
bōkǭ (accusative singular)
bōkōz (accusative plural)
bōkōz (genitive singular)
bōkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bōkōi (dative singular)
bōkōmaz (dative plural)
bōkō (instrumental singular)
bōkōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bōku
Old English: bōc
Middle English: bok, boc, boke, book, booke, buk, buke
English: book (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: buik, beuk
Scots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck
Yola: buke
Old Frisian: bōk
West Frisian: boeck, boek
Old Saxon: bōka
Middle Low German: bôke
Low German: Böök, Böke
Dutch Low Saxon: beuk
→ Dutch: beuk
Old Dutch: *buoka (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: boec
Dutch: boek (only in compounds and placenames, displaced by eastern beuk)
Old High German: buohha, *buohhia, buocha
Middle High German: buoche (possibly conflated with descendant from *bōkō)
Alemannic German: Buech
German: Buche, Büche
Luxembourgish: Bich
Vilamovian: bih́łiḱ

Old Norse: bók

Faroese: bók

Norwegian: m

Norwegian Nynorsk: bøk

Norwegian Bokmål: bøk

Old Swedish: bōk

Swedish: bok c

Danish: bog, bøg c

Gothic: 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰 (bōka)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵos (“beech”). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek φηγός (phēgós, “oak”) and Latin fāgus (“beech”).
The origin of the senses in Gothic (“book, writing”) are unclear—see more at *bōks—but they may be transferred from that word by conflation.


dunkalaz

*dunkalaz (a-stem)

dunkalaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
dunkalai (masculine nominative plural strong)
dunkalō (feminine nominative singular strong)
dunkalôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
dunkalą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
dunkalō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dunkalanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dunkalanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
dunkalǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
dunkalōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
dunkalą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
dunkalō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dunkalas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
dunkalaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dunkalaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dunkalaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dunkalas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
dunkalaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
dunkalammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dunkalaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dunkalaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dunkalaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
dunkalammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dunkalaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dunkalanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dunkalaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dunkalaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dunkalaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dunkalanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dunkalaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
dunkalô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dunkalaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
dunkalǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
dunkalōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
dunkalô (neuter nominative singular weak)
dunkalōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dunkalanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dunkalanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
dunkalōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
dunkalōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
dunkalô (accusative neuter singular weak)
dunkalōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
dunkaliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dunkalanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
dunkalōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
dunkalōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
dunkaliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dunkalanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
dunkalini (dative masculine singular weak)
dunkalammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
dunkalōni (dative feminine singular weak)
dunkalōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
dunkalini (dative neuter singular weak)
dunkalammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
dunkalinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
dunkalammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
dunkalōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
dunkalōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
dunkalinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
dunkalammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Frisian: *diunkel, *dionkel

Saterland Frisian: djunkel

Old Saxon: dunkal

Middle Low German: dunkel

German Low German: dunkel

Plautdietsch: dunkel

→ Danish: dunkel

→ Norwegian Bokmål: dunkel

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dunkel

→ Swedish: dunkel

Old Dutch: *dunkal, *dunkel

Middle Dutch: donkel, dunkel

Dutch: donker

Afrikaans: donker

desc

Old High German: tunkal, tuncal, tunchal

Middle High German: tunkel, dunkel

German: dunkel

Yiddish: טונקל (tunkl)

Zero-grade adjective related to *dinkwa-, *dankwaz (“dark”).


gailō

gailō (nominative singular)
gailôz (nominative plural)
gailō (singular vocative)
gailôz (plural vocative)
gailǭ (accusative singular)
gailōz (accusative plural)
gailōz (genitive singular)
gailǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gailōi (dative singular)
gailōmaz (dative plural)
gailō (instrumental singular)
gailōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gailu

Old English: *gāl

>? Middle English: gale (“way, course”)

>? Middle English: gol (“boundary, limit”)

English: goal

Old Norse: geil

Icelandic: geil

Faroese: geil

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰēy- (“to yawn, gape”).


gilją

gilją (nominative singular)
giljō (nominative plural)
gilją (singular vocative)
giljō (plural vocative)
gilją (accusative singular)
giljō (accusative plural)
giljas (genitive singular)
gilis (genitive singular)
giljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
giljai (dative singular)
giljamaz (dative plural)
giljō (instrumental singular)
giljamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gilli

Old High German: *gilli, *gill

Middle High German: gil

Old Norse: gil

Icelandic: gil

Faroese: gil

→ Middle English: gille, gylle

Scots: gil, gill, gyll

English: gill, ghyll


hurnijǭ

hurnijǭ (nominative singular)
hurnijōniz (nominative plural)
hurnijǭ (singular vocative)
hurnijōniz (plural vocative)
hurnijōnų (accusative singular)
hurnijōnunz (accusative plural)
hurnijōniz (genitive singular)
hurnijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hurnijōni (dative singular)
hurnijōmaz (dative plural)
hurnijōnē (instrumental singular)
hurnijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hurnijā
Old English: hyrne
Middle English: hyrne, hürne, hirne, herne
Scots: hirne, hirn
English: hirn, hern
Old Frisian: herne, hirne
North Frisian: heern, hören, hjaarn, jaan
Saterland Frisian: Häidene
West Frisian: herne
Old Saxon: *hurnia, *hornia
Middle Low German: hurn, horne, harn, hoern
German Low German: Hörn
Old Dutch: *hurna, *horna
Middle Dutch: horne
Dutch: horn

Old Norse: hyrna

Icelandic: hyrna

Faroese: hyrna

Middle Norwegian: hyrni

Norwegian Nynorsk: hyrne

Old Swedish: hyrna

Swedish: hörna

Danish: hjørne

→ Norwegian Bokmål: hjørne

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: hjørne

⇒ Old Norse: hyrning

⇒ Old Norse: hyrningr

From *hurną (“horn”) + *-jǭ (diminutive suffix).


-ilǭ

-ilǭ (nominative singular)
-ilōniz (nominative plural)
-ilǭ (singular vocative)
-ilōniz (plural vocative)
-ilōnų (accusative singular)
-ilōnunz (accusative plural)
-ilōniz (genitive singular)
-ilōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ilōni (dative singular)
-ilōmaz (dative plural)
-ilōnē (instrumental singular)
-ilōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-ilā

Old Norse: -yla

Gothic: -𐌹𐌻𐍉 (-ilō)

Vandalic: *-ilū

From *-ilaz (agent and instrumental suffix) + *-ǭ (agent suffix).

af

Forms feminine agent nouns, especially of plants and animals.


plaggą

plaggą (nominative singular)
plaggō (nominative plural)
plaggą (singular vocative)
plaggō (plural vocative)
plaggą (accusative singular)
plaggō (accusative plural)
plaggas (genitive singular)
plaggis (genitive singular)
plaggǫ̂ (genitive plural)
plaggai (dative singular)
plaggamaz (dative plural)
plaggō (instrumental singular)
plaggamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *plæcca; *plecc

Middle English: plack; plek, pleck; *placche, platch

Scots: platch

English: plack, pleck; platch, patch

Old Frisian: *plakka

Saterland Frisian: Plakke, Plak

West Frisian: plak

Old Saxon: *plakko; *plekkia

Middle Low German: plagge; placke; plekke, plecke, plek

Low German: Plagge, Plack, Plak, Plakke; Plek

→ German: Plagge

Old Dutch: *plakko; *plekka

Middle Dutch: plagge; placke; plecke; placken

Dutch: plag; plak; plek

→ Old French: plaquier, plaquer

Middle French: plaquer

French: plaquer

⇒ Middle French: plaque

French: plaque

→ English: plaque

→⇒ Old French: placard

Middle French: placard

French: placard

→ Middle English: placard

English: placard

→ Middle Dutch: placaerd, plackaet

→ Dutch: plakkaat

→ Medieval Latin: placca

→ Italian: placca

→ Scots: plak, plack

desc

Old High German: *phlacko, *phlaggo, (Central German) *plaggo

Middle High German: pflacke, placke

German: Placken

Luxembourgish: Plak, Plack (latter merged with French plaque)

⇒ Luxembourgish: plakeg

Old Norse: plagg

Icelandic: plagg

Faroese: plagg

Norwegian: plagg

Swedish: plagg

→ Scots: plag

Germanic substrate hypothesis
Nicoline van der Sijs

Unknown. Perhaps a borrowing from an unknown pre-Germanic, but possibly Indo-European, substrate language in which the p has not yet undergone Grimm's law, and distantly related to *flahaną (“to flay, skin”) or *flehtaną (“to weave, plait”).


sparrô

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sparrō
Old Frisian: *sperra
West Frisian: spjir
Old Saxon: sparro
Middle Low German: spāre, spār, spare, sparren, sparre
German Low German: Sparr
Old Dutch: *sparro
Middle Dutch: sparre
Dutch: spar
→ Middle English: sparre, spare, sparr, spere, sperr, sperre (or from Middle Low German)
English: spar
Scots: spar
Old High German: sparro
Middle High German: sparre
German: Sparren
→ Old French: espar f (alternatively borrowed from Gothic)
Middle French: espar, épar f
French: épar m

Old Norse: sparri

Icelandic: sparri

Old Swedish: sparre

Swedish: sparre


krūmô

krūmô (nominative singular)
krūmaniz (nominative plural)
krūmô (singular vocative)
krūmaniz (plural vocative)
krūmanų (accusative singular)
krūmanunz (accusative plural)
krūminiz (genitive singular)
krūmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krūmini (dative singular)
krūmammaz (dative plural)
krūminē (instrumental singular)
krūmammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *crūma; cruma

Middle English: crūme, crowme; crume, crome, crumme, cromme

Scots: crum, crumm, cromm

English: crum, crumb

Old Frisian: *krūma; *kruma

Saterland Frisian: Kroume

Old Saxon: *krūmo; *krumo

Middle Low German: *krūme; krome

Low German: Kraume; Krume, Krome, Kröme, Krom, Kröm

Old Dutch: *krūmo; *krumo

Middle Dutch: crume, cruum, kruyme; crome

Dutch: kruim

Old High German: *krūmo; *krumo

Middle High German: *krūme (in compounds); krume

German: Krume

Old Norse: krúmr

Icelandic: krumur

Norwegian: krumme

Swedish: kråm (< Middle Low German?); krumma (dialectal)

Danish: krumme

From Proto-Indo-European *grūmo- (“something scraped together, lumber, junk; to claw, scratch”), from *ger- (“to turn, bend, twist, wind”).


bōkstabô

bōkstabô (nominative singular)
bōkstabaniz (nominative plural)
bōkstabô (singular vocative)
bōkstabaniz (plural vocative)
bōkstabanų (accusative singular)
bōkstabanunz (accusative plural)
bōkstabiniz (genitive singular)
bōkstabanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bōkstabini (dative singular)
bōkstabammaz (dative plural)
bōkstabinē (instrumental singular)
bōkstabammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: bōkstabo

Old Dutch: *bōkstavo, *buokstavo

Middle Dutch: boecstave, boecstaef

Dutch: boekstaaf

Old High German: *buohstabo

desc

Middle High German: buochstabe, puochstabe

German: Buchstabe

/ˈbɔː.kɑ.ˌstɑ.βɔːː/


melukōną

melukō (active first-person indicative singular)
melukǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
melukōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
melukōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
melukōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
melukō (active imperative second-person singular)
melukōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
melukōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
melukōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
melukō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
melukōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
melukōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
melukōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
melukōs (active dual first-person indicative)
melukōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
melukōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
melukōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
melukōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
melukōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
melukōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
melukōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
melukōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
melukōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
melukōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
melukōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
melukōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
melukōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
melukōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
melukōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
melukōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
melukōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
melukōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
melukōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
melukōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
melukōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
melukōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
melukōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
melukōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
melukōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
melukōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
melukōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
melukōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
melukōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
melukōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
melukōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
melukōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
melukōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
melukōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
melukōndz (active participle present)
melukōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *melukōn
Old English: meolcian, milcian
Middle English: melken, milken
Scots: melk, mylk, milk
English: milk
Old Frisian: *melokia, *melkia
West Frisian: melkje, meltsje
Old Saxon: *melkōn
Middle Low German: melken
Low German: melken

Old Norse: mjǫlka, molka, mjólka

Icelandic: mjólka

Faroese: mjólka

Norwegian: mjølka; (dialectal) mjelka, mjolke

→ Norwegian Bokmål: mjølke, mjelke

Old Swedish: miolka, molka

Swedish: mjölka

Old Danish: maalke, molke, mælke

Danish: malke, mælke

Norwegian Bokmål: melke


klaubijaną

klaubijō (active first-person indicative singular)
klaubijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klaubijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
klaubīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
klaubijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klaubī (active imperative second-person singular)
klaubijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
klaubijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
klaubīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
klaubijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klaubijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
klaubijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
klaubijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
klaubijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
klaubijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klaubijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klaubijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klaubijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
klaubijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
klaubijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klaubijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
klaubijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
klaubīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
klaubijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klaubīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
klaubijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
klaubijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
klaubijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
klaubijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klaubijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
klaubijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
klaubijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
klaubidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
klaubidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klaubidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
klaubidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klaubidē (active indicative singular third-person)
klaubidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klaubidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
klaubidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klaubidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klaubidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klaubidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
klaubidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klaubidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
klaubidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klaubidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
klaubidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klaubijandz (active participle present)
klaubidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Saxon: klōvian

Middle Low German: kloven, klöven

Low German: klöven

Old Dutch: *klouven

Middle Dutch: kloven

Dutch: kloven


faihijaną

faihijō (active first-person indicative singular)
faihijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
faihijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
faihīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
faihijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
faihī (active imperative second-person singular)
faihijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
faihijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
faihīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
faihijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
faihijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
faihijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
faihijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
faihijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
faihijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
faihijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
faihijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
faihijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
faihijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
faihijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
faihijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
faihijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
faihīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
faihijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
faihīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
faihijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
faihijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
faihijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
faihijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
faihijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
faihijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
faihijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
faihidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
faihidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
faihidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
faihidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
faihidē (active indicative singular third-person)
faihidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
faihidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
faihidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
faihidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
faihidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
faihidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
faihidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
faihidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
faihidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
faihidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
faihidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
faihijandz (active participle present)
faihidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *faihijan
Old English: fǣġan
Middle English: feahen
Old High German: fēhen
Middle High German: vēhen

desc

Proto-Norse: ᚠᚨᛁᚺᛁᛞᛟ (faihido), ᚠᚨᚺᛁᛞᛟ (fahido), ᚠᚨᚺᛁ (fahi)

desctree

Old Norse: fá, ᚠᛅᚦᛁ (faþi), ᚠᛆᚦᛁ (faþi) — third singular past indicative
Icelandic: fá

From *faihaz (“colored, painted”) + *-janą.


hlōaną

hlōō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlōaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlōai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hlōizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlōaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlō (active imperative second-person singular)
hlōazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlōaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hlōidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlōai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlōadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlōadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlōaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hlōōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hlōaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlōadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlōaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlōadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlōamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlōaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlōandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlōaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hlōid (active indicative plural second-person)
hlōaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlōid (active imperative plural second-person)
hlōandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlōaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hlōandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlōain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlōandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlōandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlōaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hehlō (active first-person indicative singular)
hehlōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hehlōt (active indicative second-person singular)
hehlōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hehlō (active indicative singular third-person)
hehlōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hehlōū (active dual first-person indicative)
hehlōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hehlōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hehlōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hehlōum (active first-person indicative plural)
hehlōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hehlōud (active indicative plural second-person)
hehlōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hehlōun (active indicative plural third-person)
hehlōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlōandz (active participle present)
hlōanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hlōan
Old English: hlōwan
Middle English: lowen, louen, loowen, louwen, lhouen
English: low
Scots: low
Yola: hol
Old Saxon: hlōjan, *hlōgian
Middle Low German: lōien, lūgen
Old Dutch: luoien
Middle Dutch: loeyen
Dutch: loeien
Old High German: hlōjan, hlōon, hluoen, lōwan, luoen, luon, luogen
Middle High German: luogen, lüewen, lüejen, lüen

Old Norse: hlóa; hlói m

Icelandic: hlóa

From Proto-Indo-European *kloh₁-ye-, frequentative form of *kleh₁- (“to call, shout”), from *kelh₁- (“to shout”). Cognate with Latin clāmō (“cry out, shout, claim”), Ancient Greek καλέω (kaléō, “call, summon, invite”).


snōdō

snōdō (nominative singular)
snōdôz (nominative plural)
snōdō (singular vocative)
snōdôz (plural vocative)
snōdǭ (accusative singular)
snōdōz (accusative plural)
snōdōz (genitive singular)
snōdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snōdōi (dative singular)
snōdōmaz (dative plural)
snōdō (instrumental singular)
snōdōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: snōd

Middle English: snod

Scots: snuid

English: snood

→ Dutch: sneu

(Old Saxon: snōva)

Old Norse: *snóð; (snúðr)

(Icelandic: snúður)

Old Swedish: snoþ

Swedish: snod, snodd

From Proto-Indo-European *snoh₁téh₂ (“yarn, thread”), from *sneh₁(i)- (“to twist, wind, weave, plait”). Cognate with Latvian snāte (“linen cover”), Old Irish snáth (“thread”).


tindaz

tindaz (nominative singular)
tindōz (nominative plural)
tindōs (nominative plural)
tind (singular vocative)
tindōz (plural vocative)
tindōs (plural vocative)
tindą (accusative singular)
tindanz (accusative plural)
tindas (genitive singular)
tindis (genitive singular)
tindǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tindai (dative singular)
tindamaz (dative plural)
tindō (instrumental singular)
tindamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tind

Old English: tind

Middle English: tind, tynd

Scots: tynd, teind

English: tind, tine

Old Saxon: *tind

Middle Low German: tint

Old High German: zint

Middle High German: zint

German: Zind, Zint

Old Norse: tindr

Icelandic: tindur

Faroese: tindur

Thematicized variant of Proto-Indo-European *h₃dénts (“peg, tooth”).


dapraz

*dapraz (a-stem)

dapraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
daprai (masculine nominative plural strong)
daprō (feminine nominative singular strong)
daprôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
daprą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
daprō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dapranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dapranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
daprǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
daprōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
daprą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
daprō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dapras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
dapraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dapraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dapraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dapras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
dapraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
daprammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dapraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dapraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dapraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
daprammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dapraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dapranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dapraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dapraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dapraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dapranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dapraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
daprô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dapraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
daprǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
daprōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
daprô (neuter nominative singular weak)
daprōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dapranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dapranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
daprōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
daprōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
daprô (accusative neuter singular weak)
daprōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
dapriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dapranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
daprōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
daprōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
dapriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dapranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
daprini (dative masculine singular weak)
daprammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
daprōni (dative feminine singular weak)
daprōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
daprini (dative neuter singular weak)
daprammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
daprinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
daprammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
daprōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
daprōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
daprinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
daprammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Frisian: *daper, *dapper

Saterland Frisian: dapper

West Frisian: dapper

Old Saxon: *dapar, *dappar

Middle Low German: dapper

Low German: dapper

Old Dutch: *dapar, *dappar

Middle Dutch: dapper

Dutch: dapper

→ Middle English: daper

English: dapper

Old High German: tapfar (Upper German); *dappar (Central German)

desc

Middle High German: tapfer, tapfel, dapfer, dapper

German: tapfer

Luxembourgish: daper

desctree

Old Norse: dapr
Icelandic: dapur
Faroese: dapur
Norwegian: daper
Swedish: tapper (possibly of Dutch or German origin)
Danish: tapper (possibly of Dutch or German origin)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰob-, *dʰeb- (“thick, fat, heavy”).


werzaną

werzō (active first-person indicative singular)
werzaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
werzai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wirzizi (active indicative second-person singular)
werzaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
werz (active imperative second-person singular)
werzazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
werzaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wirzidi (active indicative singular third-person)
werzai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
werzadau (active imperative singular third-person)
werzadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
werzaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
werzōz (active dual first-person indicative)
werzaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
werzadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
werzaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
werzadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
werzamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
werzaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
werzandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
werzaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wirzid (active indicative plural second-person)
werzaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wirzid (active imperative plural second-person)
werzandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
werzaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
werzandi (active indicative plural third-person)
werzain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
werzandau (active imperative plural third-person)
werzandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
werzaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
warz (active first-person indicative singular)
wurzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
warzt (active indicative second-person singular)
wurzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
warz (active indicative singular third-person)
wurzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wurzū (active dual first-person indicative)
wurzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wurzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wurzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wurzum (active first-person indicative plural)
wurzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wurzud (active indicative plural second-person)
wurzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wurzun (active indicative plural third-person)
wurzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
werzandz (active participle present)
wurzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *werran
Old Saxon: werran
Middle Low German: werren
Old Dutch: *werran
Middle Dutch: werren, warren
Dutch: warren
Old High German: werran
Middle High German: wërren
German: wirren; verwirren
→ Swedish: virra; förvirra
→ Old French: guerrier, guerrer
→ Middle English: werren
English: war (verb)
Middle French: guerrer

From Proto-Indo-European *wers- (“to haul, drag, grind, hone, whet, polish”).


samnōną

samnō (active first-person indicative singular)
samnǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
samnōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
samnōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
samnōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
samnō (active imperative second-person singular)
samnōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
samnōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
samnōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
samnō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
samnōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
samnōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
samnōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
samnōs (active dual first-person indicative)
samnōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
samnōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
samnōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
samnōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
samnōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
samnōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
samnōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
samnōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
samnōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
samnōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
samnōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
samnōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
samnōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
samnōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
samnōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
samnōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
samnōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
samnōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
samnōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
samnōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
samnōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
samnōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
samnōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
samnōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
samnōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
samnōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
samnōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
samnōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
samnōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
samnōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
samnōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
samnōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
samnōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
samnōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
samnōndz (active participle present)
samnōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *samnōn
Old English: samnian, somnian
Middle English: samnen, sammen, somnien, sumnien
English: sam
Scots: sammer
Old Frisian: samenia, samnia, somnia, samena
Old Saxon: samnoian, samnōn
Middle Low German: sāmenen, sammenen, samnen, sammen
Old Dutch: *samnon
Middle Dutch: samenen, zamenen
Old High German: samanōn
Middle High German: samenen, samnen, samen

Old Norse: samna, safna

Icelandic: samna, safna

Faroese: savna

Old Swedish: samna

From *samanai (“together”) + *-ōną, from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one”).

to bring together; gather; collect; assemble


galpōną

galpō (active first-person indicative singular)
galpǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
galpōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
galpōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
galpōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
galpō (active imperative second-person singular)
galpōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
galpōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
galpōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
galpō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
galpōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
galpōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
galpōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
galpōs (active dual first-person indicative)
galpōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
galpōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
galpōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
galpōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
galpōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
galpōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
galpōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
galpōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
galpōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
galpōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
galpōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
galpōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
galpōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
galpōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
galpōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
galpōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
galpōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
galpōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
galpōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
galpōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
galpōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
galpōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
galpōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
galpōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
galpōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
galpōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
galpōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
galpōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
galpōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
galpōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
galpōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
galpōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
galpōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
galpōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
galpōndz (active participle present)
galpōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *galpōn
Old English: *galpian, *gealpian
Middle English: galpen
English: galp, gaup
Scots: gaup
⇒ Old English: galpettan
Old Frisian: *galpia
Saterland Frisian: galpje
West Frisian: gjalpje, gjealpje, gjalpe
Old Saxon: galpōn
Middle Low German: galpen
German Low German: galpen
Old Dutch: *galpon
Middle Dutch: galpen
Dutch: galpen
Old High German: *galpfōn
Middle High German: galpen (possibly borrowed from Low German)
German: galpen
→ Vulgar Latin: *galpāre
Old Occitan: jaupar, japar
→ Old French: japer
Middle French: japper
French: japper
→? Middle English: japen
English: jape
Scots: jap

Old Norse: *galpa

Swedish: galpa (dialectal)

/ˈɡɑl.pɔː.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰolb-, from *gʰel- (“to call, cry out, shout, scream”).


fradraganą

fradragō (active first-person indicative singular)
fradragaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fradragai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fradragizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fradragaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fradrag (active imperative second-person singular)
fradragazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fradragaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fradragidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fradragai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fradragadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fradragadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fradragaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fradragōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fradragaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fradragadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fradragaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fradragadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fradragamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fradragaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fradragandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fradragaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fradragid (active indicative plural second-person)
fradragaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fradragid (active imperative plural second-person)
fradragandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fradragaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fradragandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fradragain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fradragandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fradragandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fradragaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fradrōg (active first-person indicative singular)
fradrōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fradrōht (active indicative second-person singular)
fradrōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fradrōg (active indicative singular third-person)
fradrōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fradrōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
fradrōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fradrōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fradrōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fradrōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
fradrōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fradrōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
fradrōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fradrōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
fradrōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fradragandz (active participle present)
fradraganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *fordragan

desc

Middle English: fordraȝen, fordrawen, fordrauen

Old Frisian: *fordraga

⇒ Old Frisian: *fordrēga

Saterland Frisian: ferdreege

Old Saxon: fardragan

Middle Low German: vordrāgen

German Low German: verdragen

Old Dutch: *fardragan

desctree

Middle Dutch: verdrāgen
Dutch: verdragen
Limburgish: verdrage

Old High German: fartragan, firtragan

Middle High German: vertragen

Cimbrian: vortràgan

German: vertragen

Luxembourgish: verdroen

/ˌɸrɑ.ˈdrɑ.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/

From *fra- (“for-”) + *draganą (“to draw”).


þrībaną

þrībō (active first-person indicative singular)
þrībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þrībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þrībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrīb (active imperative second-person singular)
þrībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þrībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þrībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
þrībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
þrībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þrībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þrībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þrībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þrībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þrībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þrībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þrībid (active indicative plural second-person)
þrībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrībid (active imperative plural second-person)
þrībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þrībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þrībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þrībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þrībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þrībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þraib (active first-person indicative singular)
þribį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þraift (active indicative second-person singular)
þribīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þraib (active indicative singular third-person)
þribī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þribū (active dual first-person indicative)
þribīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þribudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þribīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þribum (active first-person indicative plural)
þribīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þribud (active indicative plural second-person)
þribīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þribun (active indicative plural third-person)
þribīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrībandz (active participle present)
þribanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: þrífa

Icelandic: þrífa

Faroese: tríva

Norwegian Nynorsk: triva, ⇒ trivast

⇒ Old Swedish: þrīvas

Swedish: trivas

⇒ Danish: trives

Norwegian Bokmål: trives

→ Middle English: thryven, thriven, þriven, þrifenn, þryve, þryve, thryfe, thryve, þryven, þryjven
English: thrive
Scots: thrive
Yola: threeve

/ˈθriː.βɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *terp-, *trep- (“to satisfy, enjoy”).


fērō

fērō (nominative singular)
fērôz (nominative plural)
fērō (singular vocative)
fērôz (plural vocative)
fērǭ (accusative singular)
fērōz (accusative plural)
fērōz (genitive singular)
fērǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fērōi (dative singular)
fērōmaz (dative plural)
fērō (instrumental singular)
fērōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: fǣr m; (ġefǣr)

Middle English: fer, fere, feer

Scots: fere, feir, fear

English: fear

Old Frisian: *fēr (in fernesse)

Old Saxon: *fāra f; fār m

Middle Low German: vâre; vâr; gevâr; gevêr, gevêre

German Low German: Gefahr

→ Danish: fare c

→ Swedish: fara f

→ Finnish: vaara

→ Norwegian: fare m

Old Dutch: *fāra; *fār

Middle Dutch: vāre, vaer

Old High German: fāra f; *fār m

Middle High German: vāre f; vār m; gevāre

German: Fahr; Gefahr

→ Dutch: gevaar

→ West Frisian: gefaar

→ German Low German: Gefahr

→ Saterland Frisian: Gefoar

→ Yiddish: gefer

Luxembourgish: Gefor

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐌴𐍂𐌾𐌰 (fērja)

From otherwise unattested *fēriz (“risky, dangerous”), vṛddhi gerundive of unattested *feraną (“to risk”), from Proto-Indo-European *per-, + *-ō.


hīgōną

hīgō (active first-person indicative singular)
hīgǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hīgōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hīgōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hīgōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hīgō (active imperative second-person singular)
hīgōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hīgōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hīgōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hīgō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hīgōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hīgōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hīgōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hīgōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hīgōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hīgōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hīgōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hīgōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hīgōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hīgōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hīgōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hīgōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hīgōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hīgōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hīgōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hīgōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hīgōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hīgōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hīgōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hīgōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hīgōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hīgōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hīgōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hīgōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hīgōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hīgōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hīgōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hīgōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hīgōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hīgōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hīgōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hīgōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hīgōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hīgōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hīgōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hīgōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hīgōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hīgōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hīgōndz (active participle present)
hīgōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hīgōn
Old English: hīgian (“to hasten, hurry”, < *hīgōjan)
Middle English: hyen
English: hie
Scots: hie
Old Saxon: *hīgōn
Middle Low German: hîgen, hîchen; (hêgen, heigen)
Low German: higen
Old Dutch: *hīgon
Middle Dutch: hīgen, hīghen
Dutch: hijgen; hikken
Old High German: *hīgōn (?)
⇒? Middle High German: hecheln, hacheln (“to copulate”) (probably of different origin)
>? German: hechen, heichen, hecheln (“to pant”) (possibly from Low German)

Old Norse: *híga; (hexta)

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: hike, hika, (hikke, hikka)

(Norwegian Bokmål: hikke)

(Swedish: hicka, (dialectal) hikja)

Scanian: hiğa

Danish: hige (hikke)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: hige

/ˈxiː.ɣɔː.nɑ̃/

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey(H)gʰ- (“to move quickly, jump; swift, fierce”), thereby cognate with e.g. Russian сига́ть (sigátʹ, “to spring, jump”) (Proto-Slavic *sigáti) and maybe Sanskrit शीघ्र (śīghrá-, “quick, fast”); if so, Old English may preserve the original sense. Further derived from *ḱey- (“to move”); compare Latin cieō (“set in motion, invoke, provoke”), Ancient Greek κινέω (kinéō, “move, set in motion”).

cog

to breathe (heavily), pant, snort, wheeze


risą

risą (nominative singular)
risō (nominative plural)
risą (singular vocative)
risō (plural vocative)
risą (accusative singular)
risō (accusative plural)
risas (genitive singular)
risis (genitive singular)
risǫ̂ (genitive plural)
risai (dative singular)
risamaz (dative plural)
risō (instrumental singular)
risamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: *ris (unconfirmed)

Icelandic: ris

Faroese: ris

Shetland Norn: riss


sprūtaną

sprūtō (active first-person indicative singular)
sprūtaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sprūtai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sprūtizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sprūtaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprūt (active imperative second-person singular)
sprūtazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sprūtaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sprūtidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sprūtai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprūtadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sprūtadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sprūtaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sprūtōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sprūtaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprūtadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprūtaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprūtadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sprūtamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sprūtaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprūtandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sprūtaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sprūtid (active indicative plural second-person)
sprūtaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprūtid (active imperative plural second-person)
sprūtandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sprūtaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sprūtandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sprūtain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprūtandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sprūtandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sprūtaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
spraut (active first-person indicative singular)
sprutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spraust (active indicative second-person singular)
sprutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spraut (active indicative singular third-person)
sprutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprutū (active dual first-person indicative)
sprutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprutum (active first-person indicative plural)
sprutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprutud (active indicative plural second-person)
sprutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprutun (active indicative plural third-person)
sprutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprūtandz (active participle present)
sprutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)