blōaną

blōō (active first-person indicative singular)
blōaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blōai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blōizi (active indicative second-person singular)
blōaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blō (active imperative second-person singular)
blōazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blōaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blōidi (active indicative singular third-person)
blōai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blōadau (active imperative singular third-person)
blōadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blōaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blōōz (active dual first-person indicative)
blōaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blōadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blōaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blōadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blōamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blōaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blōandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blōaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blōid (active indicative plural second-person)
blōaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blōid (active imperative plural second-person)
blōandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blōaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blōandi (active indicative plural third-person)
blōain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blōandau (active imperative plural third-person)
blōandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blōaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
beblō (active first-person indicative singular)
beblōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
beblōt (active indicative second-person singular)
beblōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
beblō (active indicative singular third-person)
beblōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
beblōū (active dual first-person indicative)
beblōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
beblōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
beblōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
beblōum (active first-person indicative plural)
beblōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
beblōud (active indicative plural second-person)
beblōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
beblōun (active indicative plural third-person)
beblōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blōandz (active participle present)
blōanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blōan
Old English: blōwan
Middle English: blowen, blowe
English: blow
Northumbrian: blaa
Scots: blaw
Old Frisian: *blōia
North Frisian: blöye
West Frisian: bloeie
Old Saxon: blōian, blōjan
Middle Low German: blōen, blōien
Low German: blöhen
Old Dutch: bluoien
Middle Dutch: bloeyen
Dutch: bloeien
Afrikaans: bloei
Limburgish: blöjje
Old High German: bluoen
Middle High German: blüejen, blüen
Alemannic German: blüeje
German: blühen
Hunsrik: bliehe
Luxembourgish: bléien
Vilamovian: błin

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃- (“to bloom, to flower”).


ēsą

ēsą (nominative singular)
ēsō (nominative plural)
ēsą (singular vocative)
ēsō (plural vocative)
ēsą (accusative singular)
ēsō (accusative plural)
ēsas (genitive singular)
ēsis (genitive singular)
ēsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ēsai (dative singular)
ēsamaz (dative plural)
ēsō (instrumental singular)
ēsamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ǣs

Middle English: ēs, hes

English: yess, iss, easse; eaceworm

Old Frisian: ēs

Saterland Frisian: Oas; Äise

West Frisian: ies

Old Saxon: ās (found in angulās)

Middle Low German: âs

German Low German: Aas

→ Danish: ås

→ Swedish: as

Old Dutch: *ās

Middle Dutch: aes

Dutch: aas

Afrikaans: aas

→ West Frisian: aas

Old High German: ās

Middle High German: ās

German: Aas (merged with Middle High German āz, from Proto-Germanic *ētą)

Hunsrik: Ooz

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ēd-s-om (“eaten”), from *h₁ed- (“to eat”). Related to *etaną. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *ěsa (“food, dish”) < *h₁ed-s-eh₂, Tocharian B: yetse (“skin”) < *h₁ed-s-os.


kalaną

kalō (active first-person indicative singular)
kalaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kalai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kalizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kalaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kal (active imperative second-person singular)
kalazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kalaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kalidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kalai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kaladau (active imperative singular third-person)
kaladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kalaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kalōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kalaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kaladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kalaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kaladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kalamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kalaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kalandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kalaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kalid (active indicative plural second-person)
kalaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kalid (active imperative plural second-person)
kalandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kalaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kalandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kalain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kalandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kalandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kalaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kōl (active first-person indicative singular)
kōlį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kōlt (active indicative second-person singular)
kōlīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kōl (active indicative singular third-person)
kōlī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kōlū (active dual first-person indicative)
kōlīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kōludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kōlīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kōlum (active first-person indicative plural)
kōlīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kōlud (active indicative plural second-person)
kōlīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kōlun (active indicative plural third-person)
kōlīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kalandz (active participle present)
kalanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kalan
Old English: calan
Middle English: calen

Old Norse: kala
Icelandic: kala
Norwegian Nynorsk: kala, (past participle) kalen
Swedish: kala (dialectal)

→⇒ Proto-Finnic: *kalëda (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“cold”). Related to Latin gelū.


brēwō

brēwō (nominative singular)
brēwôz (nominative plural)
brēwō (singular vocative)
brēwôz (plural vocative)
brēwǭ (accusative singular)
brēwōz (accusative plural)
brēwōz (genitive singular)
brēwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brēwōi (dative singular)
brēwōmaz (dative plural)
brēwō (instrumental singular)
brēwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *brāwu, *brāwi (< *brēwiz)

Old English: brǣw, brēaw, brēġ

Middle English: breu

Scots: brew, bree, breers

English: bree (dialectal), brow

Old Frisian: *brāw, brē (in âgbrē, etc.)

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Oogenbruun

⇒ West Frisian: winbrau

Old Saxon: brāwa, brāha

Middle Low German: brâwe, brâ (in winbrâwe, winbrâ)

German Low German: Braan, Bruun

Old Dutch: *brāwa

Middle Dutch: brauwe

Dutch: brauw (mostly in wenkbrauw); -per (in wimper)

⇒ Afrikaans: wenkbrou

Limburgish: braoj (mostly in ougsbraoj)

Old High German: brāwa

Middle High German: brā; (rarely) brāwe

German: Braue (mostly in Augenbraue); -per (in Wimper)

Luxembourgish: -per (in Aper, Wëmper)

Old Norse: brá

Icelandic: brá

Faroese: brá

Old Swedish: brā

Swedish: -brå in baldersbrå

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃bʰrḗw- (“eyebrow”).


kwenǭ

kwenǭ (nominative singular)
kwenōniz (nominative plural)
kwenǭ (singular vocative)
kwenōniz (plural vocative)
kwenōnų (accusative singular)
kwenōnunz (accusative plural)
kwenōniz (genitive singular)
kwenōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwenōni (dative singular)
kwenōmaz (dative plural)
kwenōnē (instrumental singular)
kwenōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwenā
Old English: cwene
Middle English: quene
Scots: quean, quein, quine, quin
English: quean
Old Saxon: quena
Middle Low German: quēne, quêne, kôn (merged with Old Saxon quān)
Low German: Quene
→ German: Queene
Old Dutch: *quena
Middle Dutch: quene, kone
Dutch: kween
Afrikaans: kween
Old High German: chuuena, quena
Middle High German: kone, kan, kun, quëne
German: Kone (obsolete)

Old Norse: kona (gen. plur. kvenna, kvinna)

Icelandic: kona (gen. plur. kvenna, kvinna)

Faroese: kona, kvinna

Norwegian Bokmål: kone, kvinne

Norwegian Nynorsk: kone, kvinne

Old Swedish: kona, kuna (gen. plur. kvinna, kvænna)

Swedish: kåna, kona, kvinna

Old Danish: kona, konæ

Danish: kone, kvinde

→ Norman: guênipe, guénipe (Jèrriais)

→ French: guenipe

Gothic: 𐌵𐌹𐌽𐍉 (qinō)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn (“woman”).


hangijaną

hangijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hangijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hangijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hangīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hangijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hangī (active imperative second-person singular)
hangijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hangijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hangīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hangijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hangijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hangijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hangijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hangijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hangijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hangijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hangijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hangijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hangijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hangijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hangijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hangijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hangīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hangijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hangīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hangijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hangijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hangijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hangijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hangijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hangijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hangijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hangidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hangidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hangidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hangidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hangidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hangidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hangidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hangidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hangidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hangidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hangidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hangidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hangidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hangidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hangidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hangidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hangijandz (active participle present)
hangidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hangijan
Old Frisian: hingia
Old Saxon: *hengian
Middle Low German: hengen
Low German: hängen
Old Dutch: *hengen
Middle Dutch: hengen
Old High German: hengen
Middle High German: hengen
Bavarian: hängan, hänga
German: hängen
Hunsrik: henge
Luxembourgish: hänken
Vilamovian: hengia

Old Norse: hengja

Icelandic: hengja

Faroese: heingja

Norwegian: henge

Old Swedish: hængia
Swedish: hänga

Old Danish: hængiæ, hængæ

Danish: hænge

→ Scots: hing


mīganą

mīgō (active first-person indicative singular)
mīgaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mīgai (first-person indicative passive singular)
mīgizi (active indicative second-person singular)
mīgaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mīg (active imperative second-person singular)
mīgazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mīgaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mīgidi (active indicative singular third-person)
mīgai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mīgadau (active imperative singular third-person)
mīgadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mīgaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mīgōz (active dual first-person indicative)
mīgaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mīgadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mīgaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mīgadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mīgamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mīgaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mīgandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mīgaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mīgid (active indicative plural second-person)
mīgaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mīgid (active imperative plural second-person)
mīgandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mīgaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mīgandi (active indicative plural third-person)
mīgain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mīgandau (active imperative plural third-person)
mīgandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mīgaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
maig (active first-person indicative singular)
migį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
maiht (active indicative second-person singular)
migīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
maig (active indicative singular third-person)
migī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
migū (active dual first-person indicative)
migīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
migudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
migīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
migum (active first-person indicative plural)
migīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
migud (active indicative plural second-person)
migīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
migun (active indicative plural third-person)
migīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mīgandz (active participle present)
miganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *mīgan
Old English: mīgan
Middle English: mīȝen
Old Frisian: *mīga
Saterland Frisian: miege
West Frisian: mige
Old Saxon: *mīgan
Middle Low German: mîgen
Low German: miegen
→ Dutch: miegen
Old Dutch: *mīgan
Middle Dutch: migen

Old Norse: míga
Icelandic: míga
Faroese: míga
Norwegian Nynorsk: miga, mige (e and split infinitives)
Norwegian Bokmål: mige
Old Swedish: migha
Swedish: miga
Old Danish: mighæ
Danish: mige

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃méyǵʰeti, from *h₃meyǵʰ- (“to urinate”).


bōguz

bōguz (nominative singular)
bōgiwiz (nominative plural)
bōgu (singular vocative)
bōgiwiz (plural vocative)
bōgų (accusative singular)
bōgunz (accusative plural)
bōgauz (genitive singular)
bōgiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bōgiwi (dative singular)
bōgumaz (dative plural)
bōgū (instrumental singular)
bōgumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bōgu

Old English: bōg, bōh
Middle English: boȝ, bogh
English: bough
Scots: beuch

Old Frisian: bōch

Saterland Frisian: Bouch

West Frisian: boech

Old Saxon: bōg

Middle Low German: bôg, bôch, bûch

German Low German: Boog

→ English: bow

Old Dutch: *buog

Middle Dutch: boech
Dutch: boeg
Afrikaans: boeg

Old High German: buog

Middle High German: buoc

German: Bug

Luxembourgish: Buch

Old Norse: bógr
Icelandic: bógur
Faroese: bógvur
Norwegian: bog (Bokmål), bog (Nynorsk)
Old Swedish: bōgher
Swedish: bog
Danish: bov

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵʰús (“arm”).


kambaz

kambaz (nominative singular)
kambōz (nominative plural)
kambōs (nominative plural)
kamb (singular vocative)
kambōz (plural vocative)
kambōs (plural vocative)
kambą (accusative singular)
kambanz (accusative plural)
kambas (genitive singular)
kambis (genitive singular)
kambǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kambai (dative singular)
kambamaz (dative plural)
kambō (instrumental singular)
kambamiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: ᚲᚨᛒᚨ (kaba /kamba/) [250–320 AD]

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kamb
Old English: camb, comb
Middle English: comb, combe, kombe, camb, kambe, cambe
English: comb
Scots: camb, came, kame, kaim, kem
Yola: cowm, khime
Old Frisian: ᚳᚪᛒᚢ (kabu /kambu/), ᚳᚩᛒᚢ (kobu /kombu/)
North Frisian:
Föhr: kum
Hallig: kööm
Heligoland: Kum
Mooring: köm
Saterland Frisian: Koum m
West Frisian: kaem, kaam
Old Saxon: kamb, camb
Middle Low German: kam
German Low German: Kamm
Plautdietsch: Kaum
Old Dutch: *kamb
Middle Dutch: kamp, kamme, kam
Dutch: kam (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: kamb, kamp
Old High German: kamb, camb, chamb
Middle High German: kamp, kam
Cimbrian: khamp
German: Kamm
Luxembourgish: Kamp
Yiddish: קאַם (kam)

Proto-Norse: *ᚲᚨᛒᚨᛉ (*kabaʀ)

Old Norse: kambr
Icelandic: kambur
Faroese: kambur
Norn: kamb, kåmb
Norwegian Nynorsk: kamb, kam
Elfdalian: kamb
Old Swedish: kamber
Swedish: kam
→ Finnish: kampa
Old Danish: kamb
Danish: kam
Norwegian Bokmål: kam
Gutnish: kamb
Scanian: køm


tuz-

Proto-West Germanic: *tuʀ-, *toʀ-
Old English: tor-
Old High German: zur-

Old Norse: tor-

Icelandic: tor-

Faroese: tor-

Norwegian Nynorsk: tor-

Swedish: tor- (dialectal)

Gothic: 𐍄𐌿𐌶- (tuz-)

From Proto-Indo-European *dus- (“bad”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δυσ- (dus-).


niþjaz

niþjaz (nominative singular)
niþjōz (nominative plural)
niþjōs (nominative plural)
niþi (singular vocative)
niþjōz (plural vocative)
niþjōs (plural vocative)
niþją (accusative singular)
niþjanz (accusative plural)
niþjas (genitive singular)
niþis (genitive singular)
niþjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
niþjai (dative singular)
niþjamaz (dative plural)
niþjō (instrumental singular)
niþjamiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: *niþe, *niþþe, niþþas, niþas (plural)

desctree

Old Norse: niðr
Icelandic: niður
Old Swedish: niþiar m pl
Old Gutnish: niþi

Gothic: 𐌽𐌹𐌸𐌾𐌹𐍃 (niþjis)

From Proto-Indo-European *nítyos (“(one's) own”).


hnīganą

hnīgō (active first-person indicative singular)
hnīgaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnīgai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hnīgizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hnīgaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnīg (active imperative second-person singular)
hnīgazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hnīgaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hnīgidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hnīgai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnīgadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hnīgadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hnīgaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hnīgōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hnīgaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnīgadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnīgaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnīgadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hnīgamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hnīgaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnīgandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hnīgaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hnīgid (active indicative plural second-person)
hnīgaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnīgid (active imperative plural second-person)
hnīgandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hnīgaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hnīgandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hnīgain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnīgandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hnīgandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hnīgaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hnaig (active first-person indicative singular)
hnigį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnaiht (active indicative second-person singular)
hnigīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnaig (active indicative singular third-person)
hnigī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnigū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnigīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnigudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnigīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnigum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnigīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnigud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnigīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnigun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnigīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnīgandz (active participle present)
hniganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

(Northwest Germanic) Alternative form of *hnīwaną


marhaz

marhaz (nominative singular)
marhōz (nominative plural)
marhōs (nominative plural)
marh (singular vocative)
marhōz (plural vocative)
marhōs (plural vocative)
marhą (accusative singular)
marhanz (accusative plural)
marhas (genitive singular)
marhis (genitive singular)
marhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
marhai (dative singular)
marhamaz (dative plural)
marhō (instrumental singular)
marhamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *marh
Old English: mearh, mear
Middle English: mearh
English: mare
Old Frisian: mar
Old High German: marh, march, marah
Middle High German: marc
German: Mähre

Old Norse: marr

Icelandic: mar

Gothic: *𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌷𐍃 (*marhs)

→? Albanian: magar

→? Romanian: măgar

Vandalic: *mar

→ Proto-Finnic: *marha

⇒ Proto-Finnic: *marhaminta (see there for further descendants)

Cognate with Proto-Celtic *markos. This is generally reconstructed as being from Proto-Indo-European *márkos (“horse”), but other theories exist; see that page for further discussion.


ankwô

ankwô (nominative singular)
ankwaniz (nominative plural)
ankwô (singular vocative)
ankwaniz (plural vocative)
ankwanų (accusative singular)
ankwanunz (accusative plural)
ankwiniz (genitive singular)
ankwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ankwini (dative singular)
ankwammaz (dative plural)
ankwinē (instrumental singular)
ankwammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ankwō
Old Saxon: *anko
Middle Low German: anke
Old High German: ancho, anco
Middle High German: anke
Alemannic German: Anke

From Pre-Germanic *óngʷô, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃éngʷō, collective of *h₃éngʷn̥ (“fat, oil, ointment”), from *h₃engʷ- (“anoint”). Cognate with Old Armenian օծ (ōc), Latin ungō.


kwikwaz

*kwikwaz (a-stem)

kwikwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
kwikwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
kwikwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
kwikwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
kwikwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
kwikwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
kwikwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
kwikwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
kwikwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
kwikwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
kwikwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
kwikwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
kwikwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
kwikwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
kwikwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
kwikwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
kwikwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
kwikwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
kwikwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
kwikwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
kwikwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
kwikwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
kwikwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
kwikwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
kwikwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
kwikwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
kwikwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
kwikwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
kwikwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
kwikwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
kwikwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
kwikwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
kwikwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
kwikwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
kwikwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
kwikwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
kwikwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
kwikwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
kwikwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
kwikwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
kwikwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
kwikwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
kwikwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
kwikwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
kwikwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
kwikwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
kwikwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
kwikwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
kwikwini (dative masculine singular weak)
kwikwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
kwikwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
kwikwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
kwikwini (dative neuter singular weak)
kwikwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
kwikwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
kwikwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
kwikwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
kwikwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
kwikwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
kwikwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwiku
Old English: cwic, cuc, cucu, cwicu, cwuc, cwucu
Middle English: quyk, quic, quicke, quik, quike, quikke, quycke, quyke, quykke, qwicke, qwik, qwyck, qwyk, qwyke; cwic, cwich, cwick, cwuc (Early Middle English); qwhyke, weke, whik, whike, whikk, whyk, whyke, whykke (Northern)
English: quick (dialectal wick)
→ Ido: quik
Scots: quick, queek
Old Frisian: quik
North Frisian: quick, queck
Saterland Frisian: kwik
West Frisian: kwik, kwyk
Old Saxon: quik
Middle Low German: *quik (in derivatives and compounds: e.g. quikpenninc, quikstērt, quiksilver)
German Low German: quick
→ German: quick (chiefly in quicklebendig)
Old Dutch: quic
Middle Dutch: quic
Dutch: kwik, kwiek
Old High German: quic, quec, chëch
Middle High German: quëc, këc
German: keck; (qu- in Quecksilber, erquicken)
→ Danish: kæk
→ Dutch: kek
→ Norwegian: kjekk
→ Swedish: käck

Old Norse: kvikr, kykr

Icelandic: kvikur

Faroese: kvikur, kykur

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: kvikk

Norwegian Nynorsk: kvik, kvikk

Old Swedish: qvikker

Swedish: kvick

Danish: kvik

Gothic: 𐌵𐌹𐌿𐍃 (qius)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃wós (“alive”).


hanhaną

hanhō (active first-person indicative singular)
hanhaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hanhai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hanhizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hanhaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hanh (active imperative second-person singular)
hanhazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hanhaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hanhidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hanhai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hanhadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hanhadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hanhaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hanhōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hanhaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hanhadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hanhaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hanhadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hanhamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hanhaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hanhandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hanhaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hanhid (active indicative plural second-person)
hanhaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hanhid (active imperative plural second-person)
hanhandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hanhaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hanhandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hanhain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hanhandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hanhandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hanhaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hehanh (active first-person indicative singular)
hehangį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hehanht (active indicative second-person singular)
hehangīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hehanh (active indicative singular third-person)
hehangī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hehangū (active dual first-person indicative)
hehangīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hehangudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hehangīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hehangum (active first-person indicative plural)
hehangīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hehangud (active indicative plural second-person)
hehangīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hehangun (active indicative plural third-person)
hehangīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hanhandz (active participle present)
hanganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hą̄han
Old English: hōn
Middle English: hōn, hangen, hongen (merger with hangian)
English: hang
Scots: hang
Old Frisian: huā, hwā, (merger with hangia, hongia)
Saterland Frisian: hongje
West Frisian: hingje
Old Saxon: hāhan
Middle Low German: hân, hangen (merger with hangon)
Low German: hangen
Old Dutch: *hān
Middle Dutch: hâen, hangen (merger with hangon)
Dutch: hangen
Afrikaans: hang
Berbice Creole Dutch: hanggi
Negerhollands: hang, haṅ
→ Sranan Tongo: anga
Limburgish: hange
Old High German: hāhan
Middle High German: hāhen
German: hängen (merger with hangen and hengen)

Old Norse: hanga
Icelandic: hanga
Faroese: hanga
Norwegian Nynorsk: hanga, henga (merger with hengja)
Norwegian Bokmål: henge
Swedish: hänga (merger with hengja)
Old Danish: hængæ (merger with hengja)
Danish: hænge

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽 (hāhan)

/ˈxɑ̃ː.xɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱenk- (“to hang”).


stīganą

stīgō (active first-person indicative singular)
stīgaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stīgai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stīgizi (active indicative second-person singular)
stīgaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stīg (active imperative second-person singular)
stīgazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stīgaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stīgidi (active indicative singular third-person)
stīgai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stīgadau (active imperative singular third-person)
stīgadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stīgaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stīgōz (active dual first-person indicative)
stīgaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stīgadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stīgaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stīgadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stīgamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stīgaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stīgandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stīgaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stīgid (active indicative plural second-person)
stīgaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stīgid (active imperative plural second-person)
stīgandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stīgaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stīgandi (active indicative plural third-person)
stīgain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stīgandau (active imperative plural third-person)
stīgandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stīgaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
staig (active first-person indicative singular)
stigį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
staiht (active indicative second-person singular)
stigīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
staig (active indicative singular third-person)
stigī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stigū (active dual first-person indicative)
stigīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stigudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stigīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stigum (active first-person indicative plural)
stigīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stigud (active indicative plural second-person)
stigīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stigun (active indicative plural third-person)
stigīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stīgandz (active participle present)
stiganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *stīgan
Old English: stīgan
Middle English: stighen, stien
Scots: styan
English: sty
Old Frisian: stīga
Saterland Frisian: stiege
West Frisian: stige
Old Saxon: stīgan
Middle Low German: stîgen
German Low German: stiegen
Old Dutch: stīgan
Middle Dutch: stigen
Dutch: stijgen
Limburgish: stiege
Old High German: stīgan
Middle High German: stīgen
German: steigen
Hunsrik: steie
Luxembourgish: steigen
Yiddish: שטײַגן (shtaygn)

Old Norse: stíga
Icelandic: stíga
Faroese: stíga
Norwegian Nynorsk: stiga, stige
Norwegian Bokmål: stige
Elfdalian: staiga
Old Swedish: stīgha
Swedish: stiga
Scanian: stíğa, stǽğa
Old Danish: stīghæ
Danish: stige
Gutnish: steige

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (steigan)

From Proto-Indo-European *stéygʰeti, from *steygʰ- (“to walk”). Cognate with Ancient Greek στείχω (steíkhō, “I go”) and Old Church Slavonic стигнѫ (stignǫ, “I come”).


anadz

anadz (nominative singular)
anadiz (nominative plural)
anad (singular vocative)
anadiz (plural vocative)
anadų (accusative singular)
anadunz (accusative plural)
anadiz (genitive singular)
anadǫ̂ (genitive plural)
anadi (dative singular)
anadumaz (dative plural)
anadē (instrumental singular)
anadumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *anad, *anud, *anid
Old English: ened, enid, æned, ænid
Middle English: ende, enede, hende, henede, heynd
Scots: ennet, annet, annot
English: ende, ennet, annet, annot
Old Frisian: *ened, *aned
Saterland Frisian: Oante, Oande
West Frisian: ein
Old Saxon: anud
Middle Low German: aned, ēnde
German Low German: Aant
Plautdietsch: Ent
Old Dutch: ened
Middle Dutch: ent, eent, eynt
Dutch: eend
Afrikaans: eend
Jersey Dutch: êntśe (from the diminutive)
Old High German: anut, aneta, enita
Middle High German: anet, ant, ente
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Ent
Luxembourgish: Int
Rhine Franconian: Ent, Int
Frankfurterisch: IPA [ent]
German: Ente
Alemannic German: Ant, Anete
Vilamovian: ant

Old Norse: ǫnd
Icelandic: önd
Faroese: ont
Norwegian Nynorsk: and, ond
Norwegian: (dialectal) ònd, ånd, ønd, ånt
Norwegian Bokmål: and
Old Swedish: and
Swedish: and
Old Danish: *and (attested plural)
Danish: and

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂ts (“duck”). Cognate with Latin anas (“duck, drake”), Lithuanian ántis (“duck, mallard”), and Proto-Slavic *ǫty (“duck”).


swegrō

swegrō (nominative singular)
swegrôz (nominative plural)
swegrō (singular vocative)
swegrôz (plural vocative)
swegrǭ (accusative singular)
swegrōz (accusative plural)
swegrōz (genitive singular)
swegrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swegrōi (dative singular)
swegrōmaz (dative plural)
swegrō (instrumental singular)
swegrōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swegru
Old English: sweġer
Middle English: sweȝer
Old Frisian: *sweger, *sweier
⇒ Saterland Frisian: Sweegermuur
Old Saxon: *swegar, *swigar
Middle Low German: swēger
German Low German: Sweger, Swegermoder
Old Dutch: *sweger
Middle Dutch: swēger
Dutch: zweger
Old High German: swigar
Middle High German: swiger
German: Schwieger (obsolete)
⇒ German: Schwiegermutter, Schwiegervater, Schwiegertochter, Schwiegersohn
Yiddish: שוויגער (shviger)

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍂𐍉 (swaihrō)

From Proto-Indo-European *sweḱrúh₂ (“mother-in-law”).


swehuraz

swehuraz (nominative singular)
swehurōz (nominative plural)
swehurōs (nominative plural)
swehur (singular vocative)
swehurōz (plural vocative)
swehurōs (plural vocative)
swehurą (accusative singular)
swehuranz (accusative plural)
swehuras (genitive singular)
swehuris (genitive singular)
swehurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swehurai (dative singular)
swehuramaz (dative plural)
swehurō (instrumental singular)
swehuramiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: swēor

Middle English: sweor

Old Frisian: swire, *swiār

⇒ Old Frisian: swiāring

Old Saxon: swiri

desc

Middle Low German: swēher, schwēher, swēger

German Low German: Sweger

→ Saterland Frisian: Sweeger

Old Dutch: *sweor, *swēr

Middle Dutch: sweer

Dutch: zweer

Old High German: swehur

Middle High German: sweher, swēr, swæher, sweger

German: Schwäher (obsolete)

Yiddish: שווער (shver)

Old Norse: *svær

Old Swedish: svær

Swedish: svär-

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍂𐌰 (swaihra)

From Proto-Indo-European *swéḱuros (“father-in-law”).


haftaz

*haftaz (a-stem)

haftaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
haftai (masculine nominative plural strong)
haftō (feminine nominative singular strong)
haftôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
haftą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
haftō (neuter nominative plural strong)
haftanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
haftanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
haftǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
haftōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
haftą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
haftō (accusative neuter plural strong)
haftas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
haftaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
haftaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
haftaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
haftas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
haftaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
haftammai (dative masculine singular strong)
haftaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
haftaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
haftaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
haftammai (dative neuter singular strong)
haftaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
haftanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
haftaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
haftaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
haftaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
haftanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
haftaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
haftô (masculine nominative singular weak)
haftaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
haftǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
haftōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
haftô (neuter nominative singular weak)
haftōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
haftanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
haftanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
haftōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
haftōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
haftô (accusative neuter singular weak)
haftōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
haftiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
haftanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
haftōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
haftōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
haftiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
haftanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
haftini (dative masculine singular weak)
haftammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
haftōni (dative feminine singular weak)
haftōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
haftini (dative neuter singular weak)
haftammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
haftinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
haftammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
haftōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
haftōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
haftinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
haftammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haft
Old English: hæft
Old Saxon: -haft
Old Dutch: -haft
Middle Dutch: -acht, -achtig
Dutch: -achtig
Old High German: haft
Middle High German: -haft
German: -haft
→ Dutch: -haftig

Old Norse: haptr

Icelandic: haftur

Old Swedish: hapt

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍃 (hafts)

From Proto-Indo-European *kh₂ptós (“grabbed”).


ub

From Proto-Indo-European *upó. Cognate with Latin sub, Ancient Greek ὑπό (hupó), Sanskrit उप (úpa).


ub

Proto-West Germanic: *ob
Old English: ob-, of-
>? Old English: ufe-, ofe-
Old Saxon: of
>? Middle Low German: uf
Old Dutch: of
Old High German: ob, oba
Middle High German: ob, obe
German: ob

Gothic: 𐌿𐍆 (uf)


mizdō

mizdō (nominative singular)
mizdôz (nominative plural)
mizdō (singular vocative)
mizdôz (plural vocative)
mizdǭ (accusative singular)
mizdōz (accusative plural)
mizdōz (genitive singular)
mizdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mizdōi (dative singular)
mizdōmaz (dative plural)
mizdō (instrumental singular)
mizdōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *miʀdu
Old English: mēd, meord; ᛗᛖᛞᚢ (medu) — Runic
Middle English: mede, meede
English: meed
Scots: med
Old Saxon: mēda
Middle Low German: mêde
Low German: Meed
Old Dutch: *miada, *mieda
Middle Dutch: miede
Dutch: miede
Old High German: miata
Middle High German: miete
German: Miete
Luxembourgish: Mit
Lombardic: mēta

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌶𐌳𐍉 (mizdō)

From Proto-Indo-European *misdʰéh₂ (“reward”).


spurnaną

spurnō (active first-person indicative singular)
spurnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spurnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
spurnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
spurnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spurn (active imperative second-person singular)
spurnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
spurnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
spurnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
spurnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spurnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
spurnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
spurnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
spurnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
spurnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spurnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spurnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spurnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
spurnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
spurnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spurnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
spurnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
spurnid (active indicative plural second-person)
spurnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spurnid (active imperative plural second-person)
spurnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
spurnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
spurnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
spurnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spurnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
spurnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
spurnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sparn (active first-person indicative singular)
spurnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sparnt (active indicative second-person singular)
spurnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sparn (active indicative singular third-person)
spurnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spurnū (active dual first-person indicative)
spurnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spurnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spurnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spurnum (active first-person indicative plural)
spurnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spurnud (active indicative plural second-person)
spurnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spurnun (active indicative plural third-person)
spurnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spurnandz (active participle present)
spurnanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: spurnan, spornan
Middle English: spurnen, sporne, spornen, spournen, spurn, spurne, spyrnen
English: spurn
Scots: spurn

Old Frisian: spurna

Old Saxon: spurnan

Old High German: spurnan

German: anspornen

Old Norse: sporna

Icelandic: sporna

Old Swedish: spiærna (remodeled after other class III verbs)

Swedish: spjärna

From Proto-Indo-European *sperH- (“to kick”).


snuzō

snuzō (nominative singular)
snuzôz (nominative plural)
snuzō (singular vocative)
snuzôz (plural vocative)
snuzǭ (accusative singular)
snuzōz (accusative plural)
snuzōz (genitive singular)
snuzǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snuzōi (dative singular)
snuzōmaz (dative plural)
snuzō (instrumental singular)
snuzōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *snuʀu
Old English: snoru
Middle English: snore
Old Frisian: snore
West Frisian: snoar
Old Saxon: *snura, *snora
Middle Low German: snare, snāre, snōre, snōr
⇒ Middle Low German: snōreke, snǖreke, snorche, snoirche, snurche, snurghe
Old Dutch: *snura
Middle Dutch: snore, snoere, snare
Dutch: snaar, snoer
Old High German: snura
Middle High German: snuor, snur
Alemannic German: Schnuer
German: Schnur (obsolete)
Luxembourgish: Schnauer
Yiddish: שנור (shnur)

Old Norse: snor, snør
Icelandic: snör

Crimean Gothic: schuos (presumably a misspelling of *schnos)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *snusós (“daughter-in-law”). The remaking to an ō-stem (for an expected a-stem) is linked to the disappearance of feminine thematic stems in Germanic. Compare Proto-Slavic *snъxa (formally identical; both possibly from Proto-Indo-European *snuséh₂) and Latin nurus (remade as an u-stem).


trudaną

trudō (active first-person indicative singular)
trudaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
trudai (first-person indicative passive singular)
trudizi (active indicative second-person singular)
trudaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
trud (active imperative second-person singular)
trudazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
trudaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
trudidi (active indicative singular third-person)
trudai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
trudadau (active imperative singular third-person)
trudadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
trudaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
trudōz (active dual first-person indicative)
trudaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
trudadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
trudaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
trudadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
trudamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
trudaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
trudandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
trudaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
trudid (active indicative plural second-person)
trudaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
trudid (active imperative plural second-person)
trudandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
trudaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
trudandi (active indicative plural third-person)
trudain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
trudandau (active imperative plural third-person)
trudandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
trudaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
trad (active first-person indicative singular)
trēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
trast (active indicative second-person singular)
trēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
trad (active indicative singular third-person)
trēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
trēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
trēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
trēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
trēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
trēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
trēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
trēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
trēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
trēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
trēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
trudandz (active participle present)
trudanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *tredan
Old English: tredan
Middle English: treden
Scots: trad, tred
English: tread
Old Frisian: treda
Saterland Frisian: treede
West Frisian: trêdzje
Old Saxon: *tredan
Middle Low German: trēden
Low German: treden
→ Swedish: träda
→ Danish: træde
→ Faroese: træða, treða
Old Dutch: tredan
Middle Dutch: trēden
Dutch: treden
Limburgish: traeje
Old High German: tretan
Middle High German: treten
Central Franconian: tredde, träde, treade
Bavarian: tretn
Hunsrik: trede
Luxembourgish: trieden
German: treten
⇒ German: Trotte
→ Medieval Latin: trottō, trotō
Old French: trotter, troter
French: trotter
→ English: trot
Italian: trottare
Spanish: trotar
Portuguese: trotar
Occitan: trotar

Old Norse: troða, truða
Icelandic: troða
Faroese: troða
Norwegian Nynorsk: trå, trø
Elfdalian: troðå
Old Swedish: troþa, trudha
Swedish: tråda, trå, (träda)
Danish: trå, tråde (træde)
Norwegian Bokmål: trå
Medelpadian: trö

Gothic: 𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽 (trudan)

Probably originally a root aorist, present singular *tred-, non-singular *trud-, from a possible Pre-Germanic *dret-, which could theoretically be an extension of Proto-Indo-European *dr-, compare *drem- and *dreh₂-. Akin to Proto-Slavic *dьrtěti (“to degrade, to age”).


bergaz

bergaz (nominative singular)
bergōz (nominative plural)
bergōs (nominative plural)
berg (singular vocative)
bergōz (plural vocative)
bergōs (plural vocative)
bergą (accusative singular)
berganz (accusative plural)
bergas (genitive singular)
birgis (genitive singular)
bergǫ̂ (genitive plural)
birgai (dative singular)
bergamaz (dative plural)
bergō (instrumental singular)
bergamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *berg
Old English: beorg, beorh, berg
Middle English: bergh, berȝ, beruȝ, beruh, berw
English: barrow; bargh (Northern England)
Scots: burrae
Middle English: berȝe, beryhe, berye (via beorge (genitive))
English: berry
Old Frisian: berch
North Frisian: beerg
Saterland Frisian: Bíerig
West Frisian: berch
Old Saxon: berg, berag
Middle Low German: berch
German Low German: Barg
Plautdietsch: Boajch
Old Dutch: berg
Middle Dutch: berch
Dutch: berg
Afrikaans: berg
→ English: berg
Berbice Creole Dutch: berki
Jersey Dutch: bêrix
Negerhollands: berg, bergi
→ Virgin Islands Creole: berg, bergi
→ Aukan: beligi
→ Sranan Tongo: bergi
→ Caribbean Javanese: bérgi
Limburgish: berg
Old High German: berg
Middle High German: bërc
Alemannic German: Bäärg, Bärg, Bèèrg, Bërg
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: pèrge
Mòcheno: pèrg
Central Franconian: Berch
Eifel: Bersch
Hunsrik: Berrich
East Central German: Barg (Erzgebirgisch)
German: Berg
Luxembourgish: Bierg
Pennsylvania German: Barig
Yiddish: באַרג (barg)

< *bergą <abbr title="neuter gender">n</abbr>

Old Norse: berg, bjarg (< *bergą n)
Icelandic: berg, bjarg
Faroese: berg, bjarg, bjørg
Norwegian: berg
→ Danish: berg (also from German)
Norwegian Bokmål: berg
Elfdalian: bjärr, bjärg-, bjärgs-, bjärrs-
Old Swedish: biærgh, bærgh
Swedish: berg
Old Danish: biargh, biærgh, bærgh
Scanian: bjærğ
Danish: bjerg
Norwegian Bokmål: bjerg
Gutnish: berg, bjerg, bjerr
→ Scots: berg

Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐍃 (*bairgs)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌴𐌹 (bairgahei)


marhijō

marhijō (nominative singular)
marhijôz (nominative plural)
marhijō (singular vocative)
marhijôz (plural vocative)
marhijǭ (accusative singular)
marhijōz (accusative plural)
marhijōz (genitive singular)
marhijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
marhijōi (dative singular)
marhijōmaz (dative plural)
marhijō (instrumental singular)
marhijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *marhijā
Old English: mīere, mȳre, mīre
Middle English: mere, mare
English: mare
Scots: meir, mere, mear
Old Frisian: merie
North Frisian: mar
Saterland Frisian: Märe
West Frisian: merje
Old Saxon: meriha
Middle Low German: mēre, mērie
Old Dutch: *meria, merie
Middle Dutch: merie
Dutch: merrie
Afrikaans: merrie
Negerhollands: merri, mėri
Old High German: meriha
Middle High German: meriche, merhe
Alemannic German: Märe
German: Mähre

Old Norse: merr
Icelandic: meri
Faroese: mer
Norwegian Bokmål: merr
Norwegian Nynorsk: merr
Jamtish: már
Old Swedish: mær
Swedish: märr
Danish: mær


wiftiz

wiftiz (nominative singular)
wiftīz (nominative plural)
wifti (singular vocative)
wiftīz (plural vocative)
wiftį (accusative singular)
wiftinz (accusative plural)
wiftīz (genitive singular)
wiftijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiftī (dative singular)
wiftimaz (dative plural)
wiftī (instrumental singular)
wiftimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wift

Middle English: wefte, weft, wyft
English: weft
Scots: waft
Yola: weft

Old High German: giwift


webaną

webō (active first-person indicative singular)
webaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
webai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wibizi (active indicative second-person singular)
webaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
web (active imperative second-person singular)
webazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
webaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wibidi (active indicative singular third-person)
webai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
webadau (active imperative singular third-person)
webadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
webaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
webōz (active dual first-person indicative)
webaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
webadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
webaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
webadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
webamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
webaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
webandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
webaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wibid (active indicative plural second-person)
webaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wibid (active imperative plural second-person)
webandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
webaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
webandi (active indicative plural third-person)
webain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
webandau (active imperative plural third-person)
webandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
webaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wab (active first-person indicative singular)
wēbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waft (active indicative second-person singular)
wēbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wab (active indicative singular third-person)
wēbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wēbū (active dual first-person indicative)
wēbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wēbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wēbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wēbum (active first-person indicative plural)
wēbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wēbud (active indicative plural second-person)
wēbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wēbun (active indicative plural third-person)
wēbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
webandz (active participle present)
webanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *weban
Old English: wefan
Middle English: weven
Scots: weve, weive, weif, wyf
English: weave
Old Frisian: weva
Saterland Frisian: weeuwe
West Frisian: weve
Old Saxon: weƀan, wevan
Middle Low German: weven
German Low German: weven
Old Dutch: wevan
Middle Dutch: wēven
Dutch: weven
Limburgish: waeve
Old High German: weban
Middle High German: weben
German: weben
Luxembourgish: wiewen
Yiddish: וועבן (vebn)

Old Norse: vefa
Icelandic: vefa
Faroese: veva
Norwegian: veve
Old Swedish: væva
Swedish: väva, väfva (pre-1906 spelling)
Danish: væve

From Proto-Indo-European *webʰ- (“to weave”).


gaskaftiz

gaskaftiz (nominative singular)
gaskaftīz (nominative plural)
gaskafti (singular vocative)
gaskaftīz (plural vocative)
gaskaftį (accusative singular)
gaskaftinz (accusative plural)
gaskaftīz (genitive singular)
gaskaftijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaskaftī (dative singular)
gaskaftimaz (dative plural)
gaskaftī (instrumental singular)
gaskaftimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gaskafti
Old English: ġesċeaft, ġesċæft, ġesċeft
Middle English: ȝescafte, iscefte, ishafte, ishaft
Old High German: giscaft
Middle High German: gescheft
Alemannic German: Geschäft
Bavarian: Gschäft
German: Geschäft
Hunsrik: Gescheft
Luxembourgish: Geschäft
Vilamovian: gysieft
Yiddish: געשעפֿט (gesheft)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍃 (gaskafts)


druhtiz

druhtiz (nominative singular)
druhtīz (nominative plural)
druhti (singular vocative)
druhtīz (plural vocative)
druhtį (accusative singular)
druhtinz (accusative plural)
druhtīz (genitive singular)
druhtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
druhtī (dative singular)
druhtimaz (dative plural)
druhtī (instrumental singular)
druhtimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *druhti
Old English: dryht
English: dright
Old Frisian: drecht, dracht
North Frisian: dregte
Old Saxon: *druht
Middle Low German: drucht
Old Dutch: druht
Middle Dutch: drucht
Old High German: truht
Middle High German: truht

Old Norse: drótt

Icelandic: drótt

Gothic: *𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃 (*drauhts) (in 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃 (gadrauhts))


hnīwaną

hnīwō (active first-person indicative singular)
hnīwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnīwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hnīwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hnīwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnīw (active imperative second-person singular)
hnīwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hnīwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hnīwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hnīwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnīwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hnīwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hnīwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hnīwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hnīwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnīwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnīwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnīwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hnīwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hnīwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnīwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hnīwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hnīwid (active indicative plural second-person)
hnīwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnīwid (active imperative plural second-person)
hnīwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hnīwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hnīwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hnīwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnīwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hnīwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hnīwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hnaiw (active first-person indicative singular)
hniwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnaiwt (active indicative second-person singular)
hniwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnaiw (active indicative singular third-person)
hniwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnigū (active dual first-person indicative)
hniwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnigudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hniwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnigum (active first-person indicative plural)
hniwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnigud (active indicative plural second-person)
hniwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnigun (active indicative plural third-person)
hniwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnīwandz (active participle present)
hniwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hnīgan
Old English: hnīgan
Old Frisian: hnīga
Old Saxon: hnīgan
Middle Low German: nîgen
Old Dutch: *nīgan
Middle Dutch: nigen
Dutch: nijgen
Limburgish: niege
Old High German: nīgan
Middle High German: nīgen
German: neigen (merged with *hnaigijaną)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: hníga
Icelandic: hníga
Faroese: níga
Norwegian Bokmål: nige
Old Swedish: nīgha
Swedish: niga
→ Finnish: niiata

Gothic: 𐌷𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽 (hneiwan)

From Proto-Indo-European *kneygʷʰ- (“to bend, to droop”). Perhaps cognate with Latin coniveo (“to close up the eyes; to connive, turn a blind eye”) due to matching phonetics, but the semantic gap is wide.


ganhtiz

ganhtiz (nominative singular)
ganhtīz (nominative plural)
ganhti (singular vocative)
ganhtīz (plural vocative)
ganhtį (accusative singular)
ganhtinz (accusative plural)
ganhtīz (genitive singular)
ganhtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ganhtī (dative singular)
ganhtimaz (dative plural)
ganhtī (instrumental singular)
ganhtimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *gīht, *gīhte (in compounds: ġebedgīht, sunngīhte)

Old High German: *gāht (in compounds: bettigāht)

Middle High German: giht

desctree

Old Norse: gátt, gætt
Icelandic: gátt, gætt
Faroese: gátt
Norwegian Nynorsk: gått; (dialectal) gótt, gøtt
Elfdalian: gą̊t

desc

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌲𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (framgāhts), 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐍄𐌲𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (innatgāhts)


driftiz

driftiz (nominative singular)
driftīz (nominative plural)
drifti (singular vocative)
driftīz (plural vocative)
driftį (accusative singular)
driftinz (accusative plural)
driftīz (genitive singular)
driftijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
driftī (dative singular)
driftimaz (dative plural)
driftī (instrumental singular)
driftimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *drifti
Old English: *drift
Middle English: drift
Scots: drift
English: drift
Old Frisian: drift (in compounds)
North Frisian: drift
Saterland Frisian: Drift
Old Saxon: drift, thrift
Middle Low German: drift
Low German: Drift
→ German: Drift
Old Dutch: *drift
Middle Dutch: drift, *dricht
Dutch: drift
Old High German: trift
Middle High German: trift
German: Trift

Old Norse: dript

Icelandic: drift

Faroese: drift

Norwegian: drift

Swedish: drift

Danish: drift


skītaną

skītō (active first-person indicative singular)
skītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skīt (active imperative second-person singular)
skītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skītid (active indicative plural second-person)
skītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skītid (active imperative plural second-person)
skītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skait (active first-person indicative singular)
skitį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skaist (active indicative second-person singular)
skitīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skait (active indicative singular third-person)
skitī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skitū (active dual first-person indicative)
skitīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skitudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skitīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skitum (active first-person indicative plural)
skitīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skitud (active indicative plural second-person)
skitīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skitun (active indicative plural third-person)
skitīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skītandz (active participle present)
skitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skītan
Old English: sċītan
Middle English: schiten, schite, schyte, schytyn, shyte, shytyn
English: shit, shite
Scots: shit
Old Frisian: skīta
Saterland Frisian: skiete
West Frisian: skite
Old Saxon: skītan
Middle Low German: schīten
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: schieten
Plautdietsch: schieten
Old Dutch: *skītan
Middle Dutch: schiten
Dutch: schijten
Limburgish: sjiete
Old High German: skīzan
Middle High German: schīzen
German: scheißen
Hunsrik: scheise
Luxembourgish: schäissen

Old Norse: skíta
Icelandic: skíta
Faroese: skíta
Norwegian Bokmål: skite
Norwegian Nynorsk: skita, skite
Old Swedish: skīta
Swedish: skita
Danish: skide
→ Middle English: skiten, skyten
Scots: skite

From Proto-Indo-European *skéydt, from *skeyd- (“to cut off”). Cognates include Lithuanian šikti (“to defecate, shit”), Proto-Slavic *cěditi (“to strain, filter”).


burdą

burdą (nominative singular)
burdō (nominative plural)
burdą (singular vocative)
burdō (plural vocative)
burdą (accusative singular)
burdō (accusative plural)
burdas (genitive singular)
burdis (genitive singular)
burdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
burdai (dative singular)
burdamaz (dative plural)
burdō (instrumental singular)
burdamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bord
Old English: bord
→ Cornish: bord
Middle English: bord
English: board
Scots: buird
Yola: borde
→ Old Irish: bord
Middle Irish: bord
Irish: bord
Manx: boayrd
Scottish Gaelic: bòrd
→ Middle Welsh: bort
Welsh: bord
→ Middle Welsh: bwrð
Welsh: bwrdd
Old Frisian: bord
Saterland Frisian: Boud
West Frisian: board
Old Saxon: bord
Middle Low German: bōrt
German Low German: Boord
Old Dutch: *bort
Middle Dutch: bort
Dutch: bord
Old High German: bort
Middle High German: bort
German: Bord
→ Medieval Latin: bordum (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: borð
Icelandic: borð
Faroese: borð
Norn: børd
Norwegian Nynorsk: bord
Elfdalian: buord
Old Swedish: borþ
Swedish: bord
Danish: bord
Norwegian Bokmål: bord
Gutnish: bord, bor, bård
→ Norman: bord (Jersey)

Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳 (*baurd)

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳 (fōtubaurd)

desc

→ Proto-Finnic: *pordas, *purci, *purdëh (see there for further descendants)

Of uncertain origin; possibly from earlier *brezdą ~ *burzdnaz (“edge, board”) (whence also Old High German borto, Faroese breddi), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰérsdʰ-ō ~ *bʰr̥sdʰ-nés, from *bʰers- (“tip, edge”) + *-dʰh₁eti (compare Sanskrit: भृस्ति (bhṛstí, “tip, edge”)). Alternatively perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHdʰ-, from *bʰerH- (“to strike, pierce; to work with sharp tools”) + *-dʰh₁eti. Possible cognate with Proto-Slavic *bьrdo (“comb, reed”). Or, compare instead Lithuanian bartà (“board”). Note that all of these explanations require the e-grade byform *bredą to be back-formed, when a root *bred- would otherwise be the simplest explanation.

bruzdaz

point, tip, shoot, edge?; probably, per Kroonen's theory


wulgī

wulgī (nominative singular)
wulgijôz (nominative plural)
wulgī (singular vocative)
wulgijôz (plural vocative)
wulgijǭ (accusative singular)
wulgijōz (accusative plural)
wulgijōz (genitive singular)
wulgijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wulgijōi (dative singular)
wulgijōmaz (dative plural)
wulgijō (instrumental singular)
wulgijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: ylgr
Icelandic: ylgur

From earlier *wulgwī, from Proto-Indo-European *wl̥kʷíh₂s (“she-wolf”), though with the suffix replaced with the ablauting *-ih₂. The delabialization is probably triggered by following *j, though the expected interference of Siever's Law may complicate this explanation. Compare Proto-West Germanic *wulbi.


suhtiz

suhtiz (nominative singular)
suhtīz (nominative plural)
suhti (singular vocative)
suhtīz (plural vocative)
suhtį (accusative singular)
suhtinz (accusative plural)
suhtīz (genitive singular)
suhtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
suhtī (dative singular)
suhtimaz (dative plural)
suhtī (instrumental singular)
suhtimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *suhti

Old English: suht

Middle English: suht, souȝt, soght; golsouȝt; lungessouth

Scots: gulsoch; lungasüte

Old Frisian: sechte, *siochte

Saterland Frisian: Sucht

West Frisian: sjochte

Old Saxon: suht

Middle Low German: sucht

German Low German: Sücht

Old Dutch: suhti

Middle Dutch: suchte

Dutch: zucht

Old High German: suht

Middle High German: suht

German: Sucht

Luxembourgish: Sucht

Old Norse: sótt

Icelandic: sótt

Faroese: sótt

Danish: sot

Norwegian: sott

Old Swedish: sōt

Swedish: sot

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃 (sauhts)


samdaz

samdaz (nominative singular)
samdōz (nominative plural)
samdōs (nominative plural)
samd (singular vocative)
samdōz (plural vocative)
samdōs (plural vocative)
samdą (accusative singular)
samdanz (accusative plural)
samdas (genitive singular)
samdis (genitive singular)
samdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
samdai (dative singular)
samdamaz (dative plural)
samdō (instrumental singular)
samdamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *samd, *sand

Old English: sand

desctree

Middle English: sand, sande, sond, sonde, saunde
English: sand
Scots: sand
Yola: zoane

Old Frisian: sand

North Frisian:

Föhr: sun

Hallig: söön

Heligoland: Sun

Mooring: sönj

Saterland Frisian: Sound

West Frisian: sân

Old Saxon: sand

Middle Low German: sant

Low German: Sand

Plautdietsch: Saunt

Old Dutch: *sant
Middle Dutch: sant
Dutch: zand

Old High German: sant, *samt
Middle High German: sant; sampt, sambt
German: Sand
Luxembourgish: Sand
Vilamovian: zaond
Yiddish: זאַמד (zamd)

Old Norse: sandr
Icelandic: sandur
→ English: sandur
→ German: Sander
Faroese: sandur
Norn: sand
Norwegian Bokmål: sand
Norwegian Nynorsk: sand
Old Swedish: sander
Swedish: sand
Old Danish: sand
Danish: sand
Elfdalian: sand
Gutnish: sand

From Proto-Indo-European *sámh₂dʰos (“sand”), likely borrowed from a Western European substrate. Cognate with Ancient Greek ψᾰ́μμος (psámmos), ἄμαθος (ámathos, “sand”), Latin sabulum (“coarse sand, gravel”).


kluftiz

kluftiz (nominative singular)
kluftīz (nominative plural)
klufti (singular vocative)
kluftīz (plural vocative)
kluftį (accusative singular)
kluftinz (accusative plural)
kluftīz (genitive singular)
kluftijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kluftī (dative singular)
kluftimaz (dative plural)
kluftī (instrumental singular)
kluftimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *klufti

Old English: ġeclyft

Middle English: clift, clyft

English: cleft

Scots: clift, cleft, klift

Old Frisian: kleft

Old Saxon: *kluft

Middle Low German: kluft

German Low German: Kluft

Plautdietsch: Kluft

→ Saterland Frisian: Kluft

Old Dutch: *kluft

Middle Dutch: kluft, klucht

Dutch: klucht, kluft

→ West Frisian: kloft, klucht

Old High German: kluft

Middle High German: kluft

German: Kluft

Old Norse: kluft, *klyft (possibly from Middle Low German)

Faroese: kluft

Icelandic: kluft

Norwegian: kløft, kluft

Old Swedish: klyft (late Old Swedish)

Swedish: klyft, klyfta

Danish: kløft, klyft, kløfte


druhtinaz

druhtinaz (nominative singular)
druhtinōz (nominative plural)
druhtinōs (nominative plural)
druhtin (singular vocative)
druhtinōz (plural vocative)
druhtinōs (plural vocative)
druhtiną (accusative singular)
druhtinanz (accusative plural)
druhtinas (genitive singular)
druhtinis (genitive singular)
druhtinǫ̂ (genitive plural)
druhtinai (dative singular)
druhtinamaz (dative plural)
druhtinō (instrumental singular)
druhtinamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *druhtin
Old English: dryhten, drihten
Middle English: drihten, drihte
Scots: drichtin, drichtine
English: drightin, drighten, dright
Old Frisian: drochten
Old Saxon: druhtin, drohtin
Old Dutch: druhtin
Middle Dutch: drochtijn
Dutch: drochten
Old High German: truhtin, trohtin
Middle High German: trohtīn, trehtīn, trehten
German: Trechtein (obsolete)

Old Norse: dróttinn, ᛏᚱᚢᛏᛁᚾ (trutin) — Runic form, nominative singular
Icelandic: dróttinn, drottinn
Faroese: drottin
Norwegian Bokmål: drott
Norwegian Nynorsk: drott
Old Swedish: drōtin
Swedish: drotten, drotte, drott (-en perceived as definite article)
Old Danish: drotten
Danish: drot
Old Gutnish: drotin

→ Finnish: ruhtinas


knudaną

knudō (active first-person indicative singular)
knudaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
knudai (first-person indicative passive singular)
knudizi (active indicative second-person singular)
knudaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
knud (active imperative second-person singular)
knudazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
knudaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
knudidi (active indicative singular third-person)
knudai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
knudadau (active imperative singular third-person)
knudadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
knudaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
knudōz (active dual first-person indicative)
knudaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
knudadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
knudaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
knudadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
knudamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
knudaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
knudandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
knudaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
knudid (active indicative plural second-person)
knudaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
knudid (active imperative plural second-person)
knudandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
knudaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
knudandi (active indicative plural third-person)
knudain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
knudandau (active imperative plural third-person)
knudandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
knudaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
knaþ (active first-person indicative singular)
knēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
knast (active indicative second-person singular)
knēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
knaþ (active indicative singular third-person)
knēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
knēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
knēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
knēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
knēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
knēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
knēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
knēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
knēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
knēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
knēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
knudandz (active participle present)
knudanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *knedan
Old English: cnedan
Middle English: kneden, cnede, knede
English: knead
Scots: kned
Old Frisian: *kneda
Saterland Frisian: kneede
⇒ West Frisian: knetsje
Old Saxon: knedan
Middle Low German: knēden
German Low German: kneden
Old Dutch: *knedan
Middle Dutch: cnēden
Dutch: kneden
Afrikaans: knee
Old High German: knetan
Middle High German: kneten
German: kneten
Esperanto: knedi
Luxembourgish: knieden
Vilamovian: knāta
Yiddish: קנעטן (knetn)
⇒? Cimbrian: khnèttalan

Old Norse: knoða

Icelandic: hnoða

Faroese: knoða

Norwegian Nynorsk: knode

Old Swedish: knodha

Swedish: knåda

An "aorist-present", from Pre-Germanic *gnét-, *gn̥t-, with remodeling of the zero-grade after the full-grade, from Proto-Indo-European *gen- (“to compress”). Related to Proto-Slavic *gnesti (“to knead, press”) (> Old Church Slavonic гнєсти (gnesti, “to squeeze, press”)).


seukaną

seukō (active first-person indicative singular)
seukaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
seukai (first-person indicative passive singular)
siukizi (active indicative second-person singular)
seukaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
seuk (active imperative second-person singular)
seukazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
seukaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
siukidi (active indicative singular third-person)
seukai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
seukadau (active imperative singular third-person)
seukadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
seukaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
seukōz (active dual first-person indicative)
seukaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
seukadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
seukaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
seukadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
seukamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
seukaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
seukandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
seukaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
siukid (active indicative plural second-person)
seukaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
siukid (active imperative plural second-person)
seukandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
seukaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
seukandi (active indicative plural third-person)
seukain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
seukandau (active imperative plural third-person)
seukandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
seukaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sauk (active first-person indicative singular)
sukį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sauht (active indicative second-person singular)
sukīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sauk (active indicative singular third-person)
sukī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sukū (active dual first-person indicative)
sukīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sukudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sukīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sukum (active first-person indicative plural)
sukīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sukud (active indicative plural second-person)
sukīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sukun (active indicative plural third-person)
sukīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
seukandz (active participle present)
sukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (siukan)

Uncertain. Assuming that Proto-Germanic *seuk- is back-formed from the zero-grade in *sukkōną, Kroonen reconstructs a pre-Germanic *sk-néh₂- and compares Latin sēgnis (“lazy, slow”), Ancient Greek ἦκα (êka, “quietly, slowly”), and Old Irish socht (“silence”), but a precise Proto-Indo-European root for these words is lacking.
Pokorny suggests Proto-Indo-European *sewg-, *sēwg- (“ill, grievous, sad”), also adding Old Armenian հիւծանիմ (hiwcanim, “to waste away, wither”), but Kroonen rejects comparisons with the Armenian word.

cog

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


nestą

nestą (nominative singular)
nestō (nominative plural)
nestą (singular vocative)
nestō (plural vocative)
nestą (accusative singular)
nestō (accusative plural)
nestas (genitive singular)
nistis (genitive singular)
nestǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nistai (dative singular)
nestamaz (dative plural)
nestō (instrumental singular)
nestamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *nest, *nist
Old English: nest
Middle English: nest, neste, nist, nyst, neest
English: nest
Scots: nest
Yola: naesth
Old Frisian: *nest
Saterland Frisian: Nääst
West Frisian: nêst, nust
Old Saxon: *nest
Middle Low German: nest
German Low German: Nest
Plautdietsch: Nast
→ Swedish: näste
Old Dutch: nest
Middle Dutch: nest
Dutch: nest
Afrikaans: nes
Negerhollands: nest, nes
→ Papiamentu: nèshi, nèishi, nesji
⇒ Limburgish: ès (rebracketing)
Old High German: nest
Middle High German: nest, nist
Bavarian: Nest
⇒ Cimbrian: èst (rebracketing)
Central Franconian: Ness, Nest, Nöss, Nöst, Nost (all < nist)
Hunsrik: Nist
Luxembourgish: Nascht
German: Nest
Rhine Franconian: Nest, Nescht, Nischt (last < nist)
Pennsylvania German: Nescht
Vilamovian: naost
Yiddish: נעסט (nest)

From Proto-Indo-European *nisdós (“seat”) with a change to the neuter gender.
The vocalism e < i (apparently from a-mutation) uncommonly prevails in most descendants, including the oldest stages (matched only by *weraz). Forms with i are attested in Middle English and Middle High German, however. These may be either old variants or analogical formations after West Germanic *nistijan (“to nest”), *ganistī (collective).


nestą

gem-decl-noun-table

*nestą (a-stem)

nestą (nominative singular)
nestō (nominative plural)
nestą (singular vocative)
nestō (plural vocative)
nestą (accusative singular)
nestō (accusative plural)
nestas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
nestǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nestai (dative singular)
nestamaz (dative plural)
nestō (instrumental singular)
nestamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: nest

Old High German: *nest

⇒ Old High German: *fartnest

⇒ Old High German: weganest, weganist

Old Norse: nest, nesti

Icelandic: nest, nesti


berô

berô (nominative singular)
birniz (nominative plural)
berô (singular vocative)
birniz (plural vocative)
bernų (accusative singular)
bernunz (accusative plural)
birniz (genitive singular)
bernǫ̂ (genitive plural)
birni (dative singular)
bernumaz (dative plural)
bernē (instrumental singular)
bernumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *berō
Old English: bera
Middle English: bere, bier, beare, beore, bore
English: bear (see there for further descendants)
Scots: beir
>? Old English: beorn
Middle English: beorn, bern, beryn, biern, byrne, burne, bourne
Old Frisian: *bera, *bara
Saterland Frisian: Boar
West Frisian: bear
Old Saxon: bero
Middle Low German: bar, bāre
German Low German: Baar, Boor
Plautdietsch: Boa
Old Dutch: *bero
Middle Dutch: bēre
Dutch: beer
Afrikaans: beer
→ Papiamentu: ber, beer
Limburgish: baer
West Flemish: beir
Zealandic: beêr
Old High German: bero
Middle High German: bër
Alemannic German: Bärr
Cimbrian: per
German: Bär
Hunsrik: Bäer
Luxembourgish: Bier
Vilamovian: baor
Yiddish: בער (ber)

Old Norse: bersi, bessi, bera, birna; bjǫrn (from oblique stem forms in *bernu-)

desc

Icelandic: bersi, bessi, bera, birna, björn

Faroese: bjørn

Norwegian: bjørn, bjønn

Old Swedish: biørn, biorn

Swedish: bjässe, björn

Old Danish: biørn, biorn

Danish: bjørn

Old Gutnish: biorn

Gutnish: bjånn

Elfdalian: byönn

Jamtish: bjenn

Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰 (*baira)

Vandalic: bera-

Conventionally from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“grey, brown”). Ringe, discrediting the existence of such a root, suggests instead *ǵʰwer- (“wild animal”). Blažek (2017) suggests *bʰerH- (“to bore, to pierce”), from which several IE terms for beehive are derived, e.g. Proto-Slavic *bъrtь (“hive of wild bees”).


banô

banô (nominative singular)
bananiz (nominative plural)
banô (singular vocative)
bananiz (plural vocative)
bananų (accusative singular)
bananunz (accusative plural)
baniniz (genitive singular)
bananǫ̂ (genitive plural)
banini (dative singular)
banammaz (dative plural)
baninē (instrumental singular)
banammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *banō

desctree

Old English: bana, bona
Middle English: bane, ban, bayn, beone, bone
English: bane
Scots: bane, baine, bain, bayn, bone

Old Frisian: bona

Old Saxon: bano

Middle Low German: bāne

Old Dutch: *bano

Middle Dutch: bāne

Old High German: bano

Middle High German: bane, ban

Old Norse: bani
Icelandic: bani
Faroese: bani
Norn: bani
Norwegian Nynorsk: bane
Old Swedish: bani
Swedish: bane
Old Danish: banæ
Danish: bane
Norwegian Bokmål: bane

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰon-ō, from *gʷʰen- (“to strike, kill”).


giftiz

giftiz (nominative singular)
giftīz (nominative plural)
gifti (singular vocative)
giftīz (plural vocative)
giftį (accusative singular)
giftinz (accusative plural)
giftīz (genitive singular)
giftijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
giftī (dative singular)
giftimaz (dative plural)
giftī (instrumental singular)
giftimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gifti

Old English: ġift
Middle English: yifte, ȝift, gift
English: gift, yift
Scots: gyft, gift
Yola: giftes (plural)

Old Frisian: jeft

West Frisian: jefte

Old Saxon: *gift

Middle Low German: gifte

German Low German: Gift, Gifte

→ Saterland Frisian: Gift

Old Dutch: *gift

Middle Dutch: gicht, ghift, gifte

Dutch: gift, gif
Afrikaans: gif
Afrikaans: gif
Negerhollands: gift

Old High German: gift

Middle High German: gift

German: Gift

Luxembourgish: Gëft

Vilamovian: gejft

Yiddish: גיפֿט (gift)

Old Norse: gipt

Icelandic: gift

Norwegian: gift

Old Swedish: gipt

Swedish: gift

Old Danish: gift

Danish: gift

→ Middle English: gift

Scots: gift, gyft

English: gift

Gothic: *𐌲𐌹𐍆𐍄𐍃 (*gifts)


ahsō

ahsō (nominative singular)
ahsôz (nominative plural)
ahsō (singular vocative)
ahsôz (plural vocative)
ahsǭ (accusative singular)
ahsōz (accusative plural)
ahsōz (genitive singular)
ahsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ahsōi (dative singular)
ahsōmaz (dative plural)
ahsō (instrumental singular)
ahsōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ahsu
Old English: eax
Old Frisian: *ax
West Frisian: as
Old Saxon: ahsa
Old Dutch: *assa
Middle Dutch: asse
Dutch: as
Afrikaans: as
Negerhollands: az
→ Indonesian: as
→ Papiamentu: as (dated)
Old High German: ahsa
Middle High German: ahse
Alemannic German: Uechs
German: Achse
→ Norwegian Bokmål: akse
Luxembourgish: Achs

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs- (“axle”).


sagjaz

sagjaz (nominative singular)
sagjōz (nominative plural)
sagjōs (nominative plural)
sagi (singular vocative)
sagjōz (plural vocative)
sagjōs (plural vocative)
sagją (accusative singular)
sagjanz (accusative plural)
sagjas (genitive singular)
sagis (genitive singular)
sagjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sagjai (dative singular)
sagjamaz (dative plural)
sagjō (instrumental singular)
sagjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sagi
Old English: seċġ
Middle English: seg, sege, segge
English: segge, seg
Scots: seg
Old Frisian: siā
Old Saxon: segg
⇒ Old High German: beinseggo

Old Norse: seggr

Icelandic: seggur

Faroese: seggur

Norwegian Nynorsk: segg

qualifier

Gothic: *𐍃𐌰𐌲- (*sag-) (uncertain lemma; possibly attested in given names)

From Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to accompany, to follow”). Cognate with Latin socius (“sharing, associated”).


sagjaz

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sagi
Old English: seċġ
Middle English: segge
English: sedge
Scots: seg
Old Frisian: *sedz, *segg
⇒ Saterland Frisian: Säggäärs, Säächgäärs
West Frisian: sigge
Old Saxon: *seggi
Middle Low German: segge
German Low German: Segge, Segg
→ German: Segge
Old Dutch: *seggi
Middle Dutch: segge
Dutch: zegge

From Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”) or Proto-Indo-European *sak- (“marsh plant”), possibly with the latter derived from the former.


haihaz

*haihaz (a-stem)

haihaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
haihai (masculine nominative plural strong)
haihō (feminine nominative singular strong)
haihôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
haihą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
haihō (neuter nominative plural strong)
haihanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
haihanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
haihǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
haihōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
haihą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
haihō (accusative neuter plural strong)
haihas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
haihaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
haihaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
haihaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
haihas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
haihaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
haihammai (dative masculine singular strong)
haihaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
haihaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
haihaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
haihammai (dative neuter singular strong)
haihaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
haihanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
haihaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
haihaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
haihaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
haihanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
haihaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
haihô (masculine nominative singular weak)
haihaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
haihǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
haihōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
haihô (neuter nominative singular weak)
haihōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
haihanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
haihanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
haihōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
haihōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
haihô (accusative neuter singular weak)
haihōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
haihiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
haihanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
haihōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
haihōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
haihiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
haihanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
haihini (dative masculine singular weak)
haihammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
haihōni (dative feminine singular weak)
haihōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
haihini (dative neuter singular weak)
haihammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
haihinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
haihammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
haihōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
haihōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
haihinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
haihammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᚺᚨᛉ (*hahaʀ /Hāhaʀ/)

Old Norse: Hárr

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃 (haihs)

From Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ikos (“one-eyed”). Cognate with Latin caecus (“blind”).


amsaz

amsaz (nominative singular)
amsōz (nominative plural)
amsōs (nominative plural)
ams (singular vocative)
amsōz (plural vocative)
amsōs (plural vocative)
amsą (accusative singular)
amsanz (accusative plural)
amsas (genitive singular)
amsis (genitive singular)
amsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
amsai (dative singular)
amsamaz (dative plural)
amsō (instrumental singular)
amsamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: áss

Icelandic: ás

Faroese: ásur

Norwegian Nynorsk: ås

Elfdalian: ą̊s

Old Swedish: ās

Swedish: ås

Danish: ås

Norwegian Bokmål: ås

Gutnish: as

Gothic: 𐌰𐌼𐍃 (ams)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃émsos (“shoulder”). Compare Latin umerus, Sanskrit अंस (áṃsa).


hafraz

hafraz (nominative singular)
hafrōz (nominative plural)
hafrōs (nominative plural)
hafr (singular vocative)
hafrōz (plural vocative)
hafrōs (plural vocative)
hafrą (accusative singular)
hafranz (accusative plural)
hafras (genitive singular)
hafris (genitive singular)
hafrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hafrai (dative singular)
haframaz (dative plural)
hafrō (instrumental singular)
haframiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hafr
Old English: hæfer
Old Saxon: *havar
⇒ Middle Low German: hāverbuk, hāverbok
Old High German: *habar
Middle High German: *haber
⇒ German: Habergeiß (“folkloric caprine demon”) (dialectal)

desc

Proto-Norse: ᚺᛡᛒᛟᚱᚢᛗᛦ (hᴀborumʀ /haβᵒrumʀ/) (dative plural) [550–600 CE, Stentoften stone]

desctree

Old Norse: hafr
Icelandic: hafur
Faroese: havur

→ Proto-Finnic: *kapris (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“buck, male goat”). Cognate with Latin caper (“goat”).


gelwaz

*gelwaz (a-stem)

gelwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gelwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gelwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
gelwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gelwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gelwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gelwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gelwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gelwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gelwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gelwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gelwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gelwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
gelwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gelwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gelwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gelwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
gelwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gelwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gelwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gelwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gelwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gelwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gelwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gelwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gelwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gelwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gelwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gelwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gelwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gelwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gelwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gelwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gelwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gelwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gelwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gelwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gelwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gelwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gelwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gelwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gelwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gelwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gelwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gelwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gelwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gelwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gelwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gelwini (dative masculine singular weak)
gelwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gelwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gelwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gelwini (dative neuter singular weak)
gelwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gelwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gelwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gelwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gelwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gelwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gelwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gelu
Old English: ġeolu
Middle English: ȝelwe, ȝalow, yelow
English: yellow; yeller, yallow, yaller, yullow (dialectal)
Scots: yella, yelly, yallow
Old Frisian: *jele
Saterland Frisian: jeel
West Frisian: giel
Old Saxon: gelo, gelu
Middle Low German: gēl
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: geel
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: gial
Lippisch: gäll
Sauerländisch: giäl, geal, gail, gēäl
Westmünsterländisch: gääl, geel, gell
Plautdietsch: jäl
Old Dutch: *gelo
Middle Dutch: gēle
Dutch: geel
Old High German: gelo
Middle High German: gël (inflected gëlwe)
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: gahl, gäl
Swabian: geal
Central Franconian: gäl, jäl, jell
Cimbrian: gel, ghéel (Sette Comuni)
German: gelb; gehl (regional)
→ Hunsrik: gelleb
Luxembourgish: giel
Pennsylvania German: gehl
Vilamovian: gaoł
Yiddish: געל (gel), געלב (gelb)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃wós (“yellow”), from *ǵʰelh₃- (“to shine”) + *-wós. Cognate with Latin helvus (“light-yellow”).


dreuganą

dreugō (active first-person indicative singular)
dreugaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dreugai (first-person indicative passive singular)
driugizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dreugaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dreug (active imperative second-person singular)
dreugazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dreugaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
driugidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dreugai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dreugadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dreugadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dreugaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dreugōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dreugaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dreugadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dreugaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dreugadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dreugamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dreugaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dreugandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dreugaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
driugid (active indicative plural second-person)
dreugaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
driugid (active imperative plural second-person)
dreugandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dreugaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dreugandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dreugain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dreugandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dreugandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dreugaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
draug (active first-person indicative singular)
drugį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
drauht (active indicative second-person singular)
drugīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
draug (active indicative singular third-person)
drugī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drugū (active dual first-person indicative)
drugīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drugudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drugīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drugum (active first-person indicative plural)
drugīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drugud (active indicative plural second-person)
drugīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
drugun (active indicative plural third-person)
drugīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dreugandz (active participle present)
druganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *dreugan
Old Frisian: driāga
Saterland Frisian: drjooge
Old Saxon: driogan
Middle Low German: drêgen, drȫgen, drogen
German Low German: dregen
Old Dutch: *driegan
Middle Dutch: driegen
Dutch: bedriegen
Old High German: triogan
Middle High German: triegen, trūgen
German: trügen

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to be deceptive; damage”).


dreuganą

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dreugan
Old English: drēogan
Middle English: dreogen, dregen, dreghen, dreȝen, drehen, dryen, dreen
Scots: dre, drie, drey, dree
English: dree, drudge

Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (driugan)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to hold fast; retain; support”).


wahtwō

wahtwō (nominative singular)
wahtwôz (nominative plural)
wahtwō (singular vocative)
wahtwôz (plural vocative)
wahtwǭ (accusative singular)
wahtwōz (accusative plural)
wahtwōz (genitive singular)
wahtwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wahtwōi (dative singular)
wahtwōmaz (dative plural)
wahtwō (instrumental singular)
wahtwōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wahtu
Old Frisian: *wacht
Saterland Frisian: Wacht
West Frisian: wacht
Old Saxon: wahta
Middle Low German: wachte, wacht
German Low German: Wacht
→ Danish: vagt
→ Norwegian: vakt
→ Swedish: vakt
→ Finnish: vahti
→ Ingrian: vahti
Old Dutch: wahta
Middle Dutch: wachte
Dutch: wacht
Old High German: wahta
Middle High German: wahte
Alemannic German: Wacht
⇒ Alemannic German: Biiwacht
→ French: bivouac (see there for further descendants)
German: Wacht
→ Russian: вахта (vaxta) (see there for further descendants)
Luxembourgish: Wuecht
→ Polish: wachta
⇒ Old High German: wahtāri (see there for further descendants)
→ Medieval Latin: wacta (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍅𐌰 (*wahtwa) (or *𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍅𐍉 (*wahtwō); only the dative plural 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍅𐍉𐌼 (wahtwōm) is attested, which is ambiguous)

From *wakaną (“to wake, be awake”) + *-þwō.