babalōną

babalō (active first-person indicative singular)
babalǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
babalōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
babalōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
babalōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
babalō (active imperative second-person singular)
babalōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
babalōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
babalōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
babalō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
babalōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
babalōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
babalōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
babalōs (active dual first-person indicative)
babalōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
babalōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
babalōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
babalōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
babalōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
babalōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
babalōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
babalōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
babalōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
babalōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
babalōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
babalōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
babalōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
babalōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
babalōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
babalōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
babalōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
babalōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
babalōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
babalōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
babalōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
babalōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
babalōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
babalōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
babalōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
babalōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
babalōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
babalōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
babalōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
babalōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
babalōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
babalōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
babalōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
babalōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
babalōndz (active participle present)
babalōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *babalōn, *bablōn, *wablōn

Old English: *bablian, *bæblian, *bæflian, wæflian

Middle English: bablen, babelen; *waffelen

Scots: bable, babil

English: babble, waffle

Old Frisian: *babelia

Saterland Frisian: babbelje, bale

West Frisian: babbelje

Old Saxon: *bablōn

Middle Low German: babbelen; brabbelen, brabbeln

Low German: babbeln

Plautdietsch: baublen

→ German: brabbeln

Old Dutch: *bablon

Middle Dutch: babbelen

Dutch: babbelen

Afrikaans: babbel

→ Old French: babiller

Middle French: babiller

French: babiller

→ Latin: babellare

Old High German: *papalōn, *babalōn; blabazzen

Middle High German: *papelen, *babelen; blabezen, blebezen, blebzen

German: pappeln, bappeln, babbeln; plappern

Old Norse: babbla

Icelandic: babla

Faroese: babla

Norwegian: bable

Swedish: babbla

Danish: bable, bavle

Gutnish: båbble, babble

Scanian: bebla

/ˈbɑ.βɑ.lɔː.nɑ̃/

From *baba- + *-lōną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰa-bʰa-, perhaps a reduplication of Proto-Indo-European *bʰā- (“to say”), or a variant of onomatopoeic *baba- (“to talk vaguely, mumble”), or a merger of the two.


hlandą

hlandą (nominative singular)
hlandą (singular vocative)
hlandą (accusative singular)
hlandas (genitive singular)
hlandis (genitive singular)
hlandai (dative singular)
hlandō (instrumental singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hland
Old English: hland, hlond
Middle English: *land
Scots: lint
English: land, lant
Old Dutch: *land
Middle Dutch: lant

Old Norse: hland

Icelandic: hland

Faroese: land

Norwegian: land

Old Swedish: land

→? Finnish: lanta


skarpaz

*skarpaz (a-stem)

skarpaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
skarpai (masculine nominative plural strong)
skarpō (feminine nominative singular strong)
skarpôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
skarpą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
skarpō (neuter nominative plural strong)
skarpanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
skarpanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
skarpǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
skarpōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
skarpą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
skarpō (accusative neuter plural strong)
skarpas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
skarpaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
skarpaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
skarpaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
skarpas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
skarpaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
skarpammai (dative masculine singular strong)
skarpaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
skarpaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
skarpaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
skarpammai (dative neuter singular strong)
skarpaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
skarpanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
skarpaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
skarpaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
skarpaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
skarpanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
skarpaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
skarpô (masculine nominative singular weak)
skarpaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
skarpǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
skarpōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
skarpô (neuter nominative singular weak)
skarpōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
skarpanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
skarpanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
skarpōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
skarpōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
skarpô (accusative neuter singular weak)
skarpōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
skarpiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
skarpanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
skarpōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
skarpōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
skarpiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
skarpanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
skarpini (dative masculine singular weak)
skarpammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
skarpōni (dative feminine singular weak)
skarpōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
skarpini (dative neuter singular weak)
skarpammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
skarpinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
skarpammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
skarpōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
skarpōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
skarpinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
skarpammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *skarp
Old English: sċarp, sċearp
Middle English: scharp
Scots: scharp
English: sharp
Old Frisian: skerp, skarp
Saterland Frisian: skärp, skäärp, schäärp
West Frisian: skerp
Old Saxon: skarp
Middle Low German: scharp
Low German: scharp
Old Dutch: scarp
Middle Dutch: scharp
Dutch: scherp
Limburgish: sjèrp
Old High German: scarf, scarph
Middle High German: scharpf
Alemannic German: scharpf
Bavarian: scharf
Central Franconian: schärp, scharp (eastern Ripuarian); scharf (Moselle Franconian; now alternatively in Ripuarian via German)
German: scharf
Hunsrik: schaaref
Luxembourgish: schaarf
Yiddish: שאַרף (sharf)
→ Old Catalan: escarp
Catalan: esquerp

Old Norse: skarpr
Icelandic: skarpur
Faroese: skarpur
Norwegian Bokmål: skarp
Norwegian Nynorsk: skarp
Old Swedish: skarper
Swedish: skarp
Danish: skarp

Gothic: *𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐍀𐍃 (*skarps)

⇒ Gothic: *𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐍀𐌰 (*skarpa)

→? Italian: scarpa (see there for further descendants)

An o-grade adjective derived from *skerpaną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerb-, from *(s)ker- (“to cut”).


nakwadaz

*nakwadaz (a-stem)

nakwadaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
nakwadai (masculine nominative plural strong)
nakwadō (feminine nominative singular strong)
nakwadôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
nakwadą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
nakwadō (neuter nominative plural strong)
nakwadanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
nakwadanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
nakwadǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
nakwadōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
nakwadą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
nakwadō (accusative neuter plural strong)
nakwadas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
nakwadaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
nakwadaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
nakwadaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
nakwadas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
nakwadaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
nakwadammai (dative masculine singular strong)
nakwadaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
nakwadaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
nakwadaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
nakwadammai (dative neuter singular strong)
nakwadaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
nakwadanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
nakwadaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
nakwadaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
nakwadaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
nakwadanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
nakwadaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
nakwadô (masculine nominative singular weak)
nakwadaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
nakwadǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
nakwadōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
nakwadô (neuter nominative singular weak)
nakwadōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
nakwadanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
nakwadanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
nakwadōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
nakwadōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
nakwadô (accusative neuter singular weak)
nakwadōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
nakwadiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
nakwadanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
nakwadōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
nakwadōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
nakwadiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
nakwadanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
nakwadini (dative masculine singular weak)
nakwadammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
nakwadōni (dative feminine singular weak)
nakwadōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
nakwadini (dative neuter singular weak)
nakwadammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
nakwadinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
nakwadammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
nakwadōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
nakwadōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
nakwadinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
nakwadammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *nak(k)wad
Old English: nacod
Middle English: naked, nakit
Scots: nakit, naikit, nakkit
English: naked
Old Frisian: nakad, naked
Saterland Frisian: noakend
West Frisian: neaken
Old Saxon: *nakod
Middle Low German: naket
Low German: naakd, naked
Old Dutch: nakot
Middle Dutch: naket, naect
Dutch: naakt
Old High German: nackot, nachot
Middle High German: nacket
German: nackt (variants: nackend, nackert, nackicht, nackig)

Old Norse: nakinn, nǫkkviðr (possibly derived from an unattested verb, or else reanalysed as though it were)

Icelandic: nakinn

Faroese: nakin

Norwegian Nynorsk: naken, nakin

Norwegian Bokmål: naken

Elfdalian: nakun

Old Swedish: nakin; nakudher, naqvidher

Swedish: naken

Old Danish: nøkæn

Danish: nøgen; (dialectal) nagen

Norwegian Bokmål: nøken

desc

Gutnish: naken, nakuer, nåkur, nåkvar, nåkugur, nåkagur

Scanian: nægen, nǫgen

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐌵𐌰𐌸𐍃 (naqaþs)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *negʷ- (“naked, bare”); see there for the cognates.


wundō

wundō (nominative singular)
wundôz (nominative plural)
wundō (singular vocative)
wundôz (plural vocative)
wundǭ (accusative singular)
wundōz (accusative plural)
wundōz (genitive singular)
wundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wundōi (dative singular)
wundōmaz (dative plural)
wundō (instrumental singular)
wundōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wundu

desctree

Old English: wund
Middle English: wund, wonde, wound
English: wound
Scots: wond, wound

Old Frisian: wunde, unde

Saterland Frisian: Wuunde

West Frisian: wûne

Old Saxon: wunda
Middle Low German: wunde
German Low German: Wunn

Old Dutch: wunda

Middle Dutch: wunde, wonde

Dutch: wond, (Belgium) wonde
Afrikaans: wond
Negerhollands: wond

Limburgish: wónj

Old High German: wunta

Middle High German: wunde

Cimbrian: bunta

German: Wunde

Luxembourgish: Wonn

Yiddish: וווּנד (vund)

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᚢᛞᚢ (*wudu /wundu/)

Old Norse: und

Icelandic: und

Old Swedish: und

Danish: vunde (influenced by Low German)

Gothic: *𐍅𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰 (*wunda) (attested in compound 𐍅𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 (wundufni))

From *wundaz (“wounded”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wn̥tós (“wounded”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wen- (“to strike, injure, hurt”).


kūts

kūts (nominative singular)
kūtiz (nominative plural)
kūt (singular vocative)
kūtiz (plural vocative)
kūtų (accusative singular)
kūtunz (accusative plural)
kūtiz (genitive singular)
kūtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kūti (dative singular)
kūtumaz (dative plural)
kūtē (instrumental singular)
kūtumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kūt

Old Dutch: *kūt

>? Middle Dutch: kuut, cuut, coet

Dutch: koet

⇒ Dutch: meerkoet

desc

→ Middle English: cote, coote, cute, cuytt

English: coot

Scots: coot, quet, queet

Old High German: *kūz

Middle High German: kūz, kiuzelīn, kützlīn

German: Kauz

→ German Low German: Kauz, Kauter

→ Middle Low German: kûtz

⇒ Middle Low German: kü̂tzken

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gewH-d- (“to call, cry out, cry, screech”), but in any case ultimately onomatopoeic.


þurstiz

þurstiz (nominative singular)
þurstīz (nominative plural)
þursti (singular vocative)
þurstīz (plural vocative)
þurstį (accusative singular)
þurstinz (accusative plural)
þurstīz (genitive singular)
þurstijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þurstī (dative singular)
þurstimaz (dative plural)
þurstī (instrumental singular)
þurstimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þursti
Old English: þurst, þyrst
English: thirst
Old Frisian: thorst
West Frisian: toarst
Old Saxon: thurst
Old Dutch: thurst
Middle Dutch: dorst
Dutch: dorst
Old High German: durst
German: Durst
Luxembourgish: Duuscht

Old Norse: þyrstr (attested as an adjective)

Faroese: tystur

Icelandic: þyrstur

Norwegian Bokmål: tørst

Norwegian Nynorsk: tyrst, tørst

Old Swedish: þyrster

Swedish: törst

Old Danish: thyrst, thørst

Danish: tørst

From Proto-Indo-European *térstis (with the oblique stem generalized), from *ters- (“dry”). Equivalent to *þersaną + *-þiz.

dryness, thirst (lack of/need for water)


þursuz

þursuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
þursijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
þursī (feminine nominative singular strong)
þursijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
þursų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
þursijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
þursijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
þursijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
þursijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
þursijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
þursų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
þursijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
þursijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
þursīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
þursijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
þursijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
þursijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
þursijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
þursīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
þursijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
þursijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
þursijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
þursijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
þursijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
þursijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
þursijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
þursijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
þursijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
þursijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
þursijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
þursijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
þursijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
þursijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
þursijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
þursijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
þursijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
þursijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
þursijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
þursijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
þursijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
þursijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
þursijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
þursijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
þursijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
þursīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
þursijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
þursijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
þursijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
þursīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
þursijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
þursīni (dative masculine singular weak)
þursijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
þursijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
þursijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
þursīni (dative neuter singular weak)
þursijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
þursīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
þursijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
þursijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
þursijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
þursīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
þursijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *þurʀī
Old English: þyrre
Old Saxon: thurri
Middle Low German: dorri
Old Dutch: *thurri
Middle Dutch: dorre
Dutch: dor
Afrikaans: dor
Negerhollands: dor
Limburgish: dór
Old High German: durri, thurri
Middle High German: durre, dürre
Cimbrian: dórre
German: dürr
Luxembourgish: dier
Vilamovian: dyrr

Old Norse: þurr, þyrr

Old Danish: thur, thiur, thyr

Danish: tør

Norwegian: tørr

Faroese: turrur

Icelandic: þurr

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: turr, tørr, torr, tyrr, tør, tjørr

Old Swedish: þør, þor

Swedish: torr

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌿𐍃 (þaursus)

From Proto-Indo-European *térs-u-s, from *ters- (“dry”).


ganuhtiz

ganuhtiz (nominative singular)
ganuhtīz (nominative plural)
ganuhti (singular vocative)
ganuhtīz (plural vocative)
ganuhtį (accusative singular)
ganuhtinz (accusative plural)
ganuhtīz (genitive singular)
ganuhtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ganuhtī (dative singular)
ganuhtimaz (dative plural)
ganuhtī (instrumental singular)
ganuhtimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ganuhti
Old English: ġenyht
Old Saxon: ginuht
Middle Low German: genuchte, genöchte
Old Dutch: ginuhti (reformed as īn-stem)
Middle Dutch: genuchte, genochte
Dutch: genucht
Old High German: ginuht
Middle High German: genuht

Old Norse: gnótt, gnœtt

Icelandic: gnótt, gnætt


inkô

inkô (nominative singular)
inkaniz (nominative plural)
inkô (singular vocative)
inkaniz (plural vocative)
inkanų (accusative singular)
inkanunz (accusative plural)
inkiniz (genitive singular)
inkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
inkini (dative singular)
inkammaz (dative plural)
inkinē (instrumental singular)
inkammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *inkō

Old English: inca
Middle English: inke
⇒ Middle English: inklen, inclen
English: inkle
⇒ Middle English: *ynklyng, nyngkiling
English: inkling
Scots: inklin

desc

⇒ Old Frisian: ink, jinc (“irritated”, adj)

Old Norse: ekki

Icelandic: ekki

Faroese: ekki

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁engō, from *h₁eng-. Cognate with Old Church Slavonic ѧꙃа (ędza, “illness, disease”) (whence Serbo-Croatian је́за/jéza (“horror, shiver”), Slovene jẹ́za (“anger”) and dialectal Bulgarian енза (enza, “sickness”)), Lithuanian éngti (“to press, strangle”).


gēbǭ

gēbǭ (nominative singular)
gēbōniz (nominative plural)
gēbǭ (singular vocative)
gēbōniz (plural vocative)
gēbōnų (accusative singular)
gēbōnunz (accusative plural)
gēbōniz (genitive singular)
gēbōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gēbōni (dative singular)
gēbōmaz (dative plural)
gēbōnē (instrumental singular)
gēbōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gābā
Old Saxon: *gāva
Middle Low German: gāve
Low German:
German Low German: Gaav
Westphalian:
Suerländer-Märkisch: Gaabe
Westmünsterländisch: Gaabe
Plautdietsch: Gow
Old Dutch: *gāva
Middle Dutch: gāve
Dutch: gave
Old High German: *gāba
Middle High German: gābe
German: Gabe
Luxembourgish: Gof
Yiddish: גאָב (gob)

q

Old Norse: gáfa (late, possibly borrowed from Middle Low German)

Icelandic: gáfa

Faroese: gáva

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: gave

Norwegian Nynorsk: gåve

Swedish: gāva

Swedish: gåva

Danish: gave (likely borrowed or influenced by Middle Low German)


walkaną

walkō (active first-person indicative singular)
walkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
walkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
walkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
walkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
walk (active imperative second-person singular)
walkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
walkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
walkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
walkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
walkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
walkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
walkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
walkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
walkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
walkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
walkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
walkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
walkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
walkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
walkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
walkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
walkid (active indicative plural second-person)
walkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
walkid (active imperative plural second-person)
walkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
walkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
walkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
walkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
walkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
walkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
walkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wewalk (active first-person indicative singular)
wewalkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wewalht (active indicative second-person singular)
wewalkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wewalk (active indicative singular third-person)
wewalkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wewalkū (active dual first-person indicative)
wewalkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wewalkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wewalkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wewalkum (active first-person indicative plural)
wewalkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wewalkud (active indicative plural second-person)
wewalkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wewalkun (active indicative plural third-person)
wewalkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
walkandz (active participle present)
walkanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *walkan
Old English: wealcan
Middle English: walken, walk, walke, walkyn, wolken (conflated with wealcian)
English: walk, waulk
Scots: walk
Old Saxon: *walkan
Middle Low German: walken
Low German: walken
Old Dutch: *walcan
Middle Dutch: walken
Dutch: walken
Old High German: walcan, walkan, walchan
Middle High German: walchen, walken
Bavarian: wålchn, wålgn, woika, woikn
Cimbrian: balchan
German: walken
→ Italian: gualcare
→ Old French: gauchier
Middle French: gauchier, gaucher, gauchir
French: gauchir
Walloon: wauquier
Old French: gauchie, guauche
Middle French: gauche, gaulche
French: gauche
→ English: gauche
Norman: gauche
Walloon: gôche

From Proto-Indo-European *welk-, *welg-, extended form of *welH- (“to turn, to wind, roll”).


fahsą

fahsą (nominative singular)
fahsō (nominative plural)
fahsą (singular vocative)
fahsō (plural vocative)
fahsą (accusative singular)
fahsō (accusative plural)
fahsas (genitive singular)
fahsis (genitive singular)
fahsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fahsai (dative singular)
fahsamaz (dative plural)
fahsō (instrumental singular)
fahsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fahs
Old English: feax
Middle English: fax
Scots: fax
English: fax
Old Frisian: fax
Old Saxon: fahs
Old Dutch: *fahs
Middle Dutch: vas
Dutch: vas
Old High German: fahs
Middle High German: vahs
Alemannic German: Fachs

Old Norse: fax
Icelandic: fax
Faroese: faks
Norwegian: faks
→ Scots: fax (foam-topped wave, swell)

From Proto-Indo-European *poḱsom (“hair”, literally “that which is combed, shorn, or plucked”), from Proto-Indo-European *peḱ- (“to comb, shear, pluck”). Cognate with Sanskrit पक्ष्मन् (pákṣman, “eyelash, hair, filament”).


hrītaną

hrītō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrīt (active imperative second-person singular)
hrītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hrītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrītid (active indicative plural second-person)
hrītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrītid (active imperative plural second-person)
hrītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hrait (active first-person indicative singular)
hritį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hraist (active indicative second-person singular)
hritīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrait (active indicative singular third-person)
hritī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hritū (active dual first-person indicative)
hritīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hritudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hritīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hritum (active first-person indicative plural)
hritīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hritud (active indicative plural second-person)
hritīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hritun (active indicative plural third-person)
hritīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrītandz (active participle present)
hritanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrītan
Old Frisian: *hrīta
Saterland Frisian: riete
West Frisian: rite
Old Saxon: hrītan
Middle Low German: rîten
German Low German: rieten
Low German: rīten
Old Dutch: *rītan
Middle Dutch: riten
Dutch: rijten
Limburgish: riete
Old High German: rīzan
Middle High German: rīzen
German: reißen
Luxembourgish: räissen

Old Norse: hríta

Icelandic: ríta

Faroese: ríta

Norwegian: rita

Old Swedish: hrīta

Swedish: rita


sīganą

sīgō (active first-person indicative singular)
sīgaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sīgai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sīgizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sīgaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sīg (active imperative second-person singular)
sīgazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sīgaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sīgidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sīgai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sīgadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sīgadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sīgaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sīgōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sīgaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sīgadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sīgaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sīgadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sīgamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sīgaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sīgandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sīgaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sīgid (active indicative plural second-person)
sīgaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sīgid (active imperative plural second-person)
sīgandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sīgaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sīgandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sīgain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sīgandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sīgandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sīgaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
saig (active first-person indicative singular)
sigį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
saiht (active indicative second-person singular)
sigīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
saig (active indicative singular third-person)
sigī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sigū (active dual first-person indicative)
sigīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sigudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sigīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sigum (active first-person indicative plural)
sigīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sigud (active indicative plural second-person)
sigīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sigun (active indicative plural third-person)
sigīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sīgandz (active participle present)
siganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sīgan
Old English: sīġan
Middle English: sien
English: sie, sye
Old Frisian: sīga
North Frisian: siuken
West Frisian: sige
Old Saxon: sīgan
Middle Low German: sîgen
Old Dutch: *sīgan
Middle Dutch: sigen
Dutch: zijgen
Limburgish: ziege
Old High German: sīgan
Middle High German: sīgen
German: seigen

Old Norse: síga

Icelandic: síga

Faroese: síga

Norwegian: sige

Old Swedish: sīgha

Swedish: siga

Old Danish: sighæ

Danish: sige

According to Orel, a variant of *sīhwaną, which is from Proto-Indo-European *seykʷ- (“to pour out; gush; flow; run; trickle”).


wrīþaną

wrīþō (active first-person indicative singular)
wrīþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wrīþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wrīþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wrīþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wrīþ (active imperative second-person singular)
wrīþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wrīþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wrīþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wrīþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wrīþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wrīþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wrīþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wrīþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wrīþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wrīþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wrīþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wrīþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wrīþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wrīþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wrīþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wrīþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wrīþid (active indicative plural second-person)
wrīþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wrīþid (active imperative plural second-person)
wrīþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wrīþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wrīþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wrīþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrīþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wrīþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wrīþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wraiþ (active first-person indicative singular)
wridį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wraist (active indicative second-person singular)
wridīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wraiþ (active indicative singular third-person)
wridī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wridū (active dual first-person indicative)
wridīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wridudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wridīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wridum (active first-person indicative plural)
wridīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wridud (active indicative plural second-person)
wridīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wridun (active indicative plural third-person)
wridīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrīþandz (active participle present)
wridanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wrīþan
Old English: wrīþan
Middle English: writhen, wrythen
Scots: wryth, writhe
English: writhe
Old Dutch: *wrīthan
Middle Dutch: writen (with -t- by influence of an iterative *writtōną)
Old High German: wrīdan, rīdan, *rīdan (Lombardic)
Middle High German: rīden
German: reiden; (wrideln)
→ Old French: rider
Middle French: rider
French: rider
→ Italian: riddare

Old Norse: vríða, ríða
Elfdalian: rwaiða, wraiða, waiða
Old Swedish: vrīþa
Swedish: vrida
Old Danish: writhæ
Danish: vride
Scanian: vriða
Norwegian Bokmål: vri
Norwegian Nynorsk: vri
Norwegian Nynorsk: vride
Gutnish: bräida

From Proto-Indo-European *wreyt- (“to twist, writhe”).


līkahamô

līkahamô (nominative singular)
līkahamaniz (nominative plural)
līkahamô (singular vocative)
līkahamaniz (plural vocative)
līkahamanų (accusative singular)
līkahamanunz (accusative plural)
līkahaminiz (genitive singular)
līkahamanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
līkahamini (dative singular)
līkahamammaz (dative plural)
līkahaminē (instrumental singular)
līkahamammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *līkahamō
Old English: līchama, līchoma, līcema
Middle English: likame, licame, lichame
Scots: lekame
English: likam
Old Frisian: līkama, līkoma, līkkoma, līkma
Saterland Frisian: licman (obsolete)
West Frisian: lichem
Old Saxon: līkhamo
Middle Low German: licham, lickham, likam, lîkem
Low German: Liekam, Luikem
Old Dutch: līkamo m; līknamo m
Middle Dutch: lichāme m or n
Dutch: lichaam n
Afrikaans: liggaam
Old High German: līhhamo, līchamo, līhhinhamo, līhhinamo
Middle High German: līcham, līchame; līchname
German: Leichnam

Old Norse: líkami, líkamr; líkhami; líkhamr
Faroese: likamur m, likam n
Icelandic: líkami, líkamur
Danish: legeme
→ Norwegian Bokmål: legeme
Norwegian Nynorsk: lekam
Old Swedish: līkami, likamin
Swedish: lekamen


garaznô

garaznô (nominative singular)
garaznaniz (nominative plural)
garaznô (singular vocative)
garaznaniz (plural vocative)
garaznanų (accusative singular)
garaznanunz (accusative plural)
garazniniz (genitive singular)
garaznanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
garaznini (dative singular)
garaznammaz (dative plural)
garazninē (instrumental singular)
garaznammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: granni
Icelandic: granni
Faroese: granni
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: granne
Norwegian Nynorsk: granne
Old Swedish: granne
Swedish: granne c
Old Danish: grannæ
Danish: grande c
→ Kven: kranni
→ Northern Sami: kránnjá
→ Southern Sami: kraanna

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 (garazna)

/ɣɑ.ˈrɑz.nɔːː/


mōtijaną

mōtijō (active first-person indicative singular)
mōtijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mōtijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
mōtīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
mōtijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mōtī (active imperative second-person singular)
mōtijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mōtijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mōtīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
mōtijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mōtijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
mōtijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mōtijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mōtijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
mōtijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mōtijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mōtijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mōtijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mōtijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mōtijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mōtijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mōtijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mōtīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
mōtijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mōtīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
mōtijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mōtijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mōtijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
mōtijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mōtijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
mōtijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mōtijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mōtidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
mōtidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mōtidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
mōtidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mōtidē (active indicative singular third-person)
mōtidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mōtidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
mōtidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mōtidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mōtidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mōtidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
mōtidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mōtidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
mōtidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mōtidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
mōtidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mōtijandz (active participle present)
mōtidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *mōtijan
Old English: mētan
Middle English: meten, meeten
Scots: met, mete, meit, meet
English: meet
Old Frisian: mēta
North Frisian: mete
Saterland Frisian: mäite
West Frisian: moetsje
Old English: mōtian
Middle English: moten
English: moot
Old Saxon: mōtian
Middle Low German: môten, mö̂ten
Low German: möten, bemöten
⇒ Middle Low German: entmôten, entmö̂ten
Old Dutch: *muoten
Middle Dutch: moeten
Limburgish: mote
⇒ Middle Dutch: ontmoeten, entmuten, untmuten
Dutch: ontmoeten
Old High German: muozen
Middle High German: muozen, muoten
⇒ Middle High German: *entmuozen, entmuoten
German: entmuten

Old Norse: mœta

Icelandic: mæta

Faroese: møta

Norwegian Bokmål: møte

Norwegian Nynorsk: møte

Old Swedish: mø̄ta

Swedish: möta

Old Danish: møtæ

Danish: møde


murguz

murguz (masculine nominative singular strong)
murgijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
murgī (feminine nominative singular strong)
murgijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
murgų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
murgijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
murgijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
murgijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
murgijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
murgijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
murgų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
murgijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
murgijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
murgīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
murgijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
murgijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
murgijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
murgijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
murgīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
murgijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
murgijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
murgijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
murgijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
murgijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
murgijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
murgijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
murgijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
murgijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
murgijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
murgijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
murgijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
murgijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
murgijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
murgijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
murgijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
murgijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
murgijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
murgijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
murgijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
murgijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
murgijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
murgijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
murgijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
murgijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
murgīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
murgijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
murgijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
murgijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
murgīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
murgijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
murgīni (dative masculine singular weak)
murgijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
murgijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
murgijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
murgīni (dative neuter singular weak)
murgijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
murgīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
murgijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
murgijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
murgijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
murgīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
murgijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *murgī
Old English: myrġe, miriġe, murġe, myriġe, myreġe, meriġe, merġe
Middle English: mery, merie, mirie, myrie, murie, murȝe, merye, myrry, myry, miry, mirye, myriȝe, myrye, murye, miri, meri, mury
English: merry
Scots: mirry, mery
Old Dutch: *murgi, *mirgi
⇒ Old Dutch: *mirgilīk
Middle Dutch: mergelijc
Old High German: murgi, murg
Middle High German: murc
German: murk
⇒ Alemannic German: Mürggu, Mürgu n
Middle High German: murc n
⇒ Middle High German: frīmurc m
⇒? Middle High German: murz

⇒ Old Norse: *myrgill (< *murgilaz)

Norwegian: myrjel (“figurine”)

From Proto-Indo-European *mr̥ǵʰús, *mréǵʰus (“short”). Cognate with Latin brevis (“short, small, narrow, shallow”).


bremaną

bremō (active first-person indicative singular)
bremaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bremai (first-person indicative passive singular)
brimizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bremaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brem (active imperative second-person singular)
bremazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bremaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brimidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bremai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bremadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bremadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bremaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bremōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bremaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bremadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bremaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bremadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bremamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bremaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bremandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bremaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brimid (active indicative plural second-person)
bremaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brimid (active imperative plural second-person)
bremandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bremaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bremandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bremain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bremandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bremandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bremaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bram (active first-person indicative singular)
brēmį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bramt (active indicative second-person singular)
brēmīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bram (active indicative singular third-person)
brēmī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brēmū (active dual first-person indicative)
brēmīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brēmudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brēmīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brēmum (active first-person indicative plural)
brēmīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brēmud (active indicative plural second-person)
brēmīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brēmun (active indicative plural third-person)
brēmīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bremandz (active participle present)
brumanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *breman
Old Dutch: *breman
Middle Dutch: brēmen
Old High German: *breman
Middle High German: bremen
⇒ Old High German: brema (noun)
Middle High German: breme
Alemannic German: Brämme
German: Breme (archaic)
→ Galician: bremar

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrem- (“to make noise”).


brōmiz

brōmiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
brōmijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
brōmī (feminine nominative singular strong)
brōmijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
brōmį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
brōmijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
brōmijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
brōmijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
brōmijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
brōmijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
brōmį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
brōmijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
brōmijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
brōmīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
brōmijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
brōmijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
brōmijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
brōmijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
brōmīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
brōmijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
brōmijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
brōmijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
brōmijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
brōmijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
brōmijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
brōmijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
brōmijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
brōmijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
brōmijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
brōmijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
brōmijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
brōmijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
brōmijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
brōmijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
brōmijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
brōmijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
brōmijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
brōmijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
brōmijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
brōmijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
brōmijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
brōmijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
brōmijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
brōmijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
brōmīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
brōmijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
brōmijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
brōmijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
brōmīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
brōmijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
brōmīni (dative masculine singular weak)
brōmijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
brōmijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
brōmijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
brōmīni (dative neuter singular weak)
brōmijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
brōmīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
brōmijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
brōmijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
brōmijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
brōmīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
brōmijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *brōmi

desctree

Old English: brēme, brœ̄me — Northumbrian
Middle English: brem, breme
English: breme
Scots: breme

Vṛddhi gerundive of otherwise unattested *bramaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrem- (“to make noise”).


ammǭ

ammǭ (nominative singular)
ammōniz (nominative plural)
ammǭ (singular vocative)
ammōniz (plural vocative)
ammōnų (accusative singular)
ammōnunz (accusative plural)
ammōniz (genitive singular)
ammōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ammōni (dative singular)
ammōmaz (dative plural)
ammōnē (instrumental singular)
ammōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ammā

Old Saxon: *amma

Middle Low German: amme

Plautdietsch: Ooma

Old Dutch: *amma

Middle Dutch: amme

Dutch: amme, am

Old High German: amma

Middle High German: amme

German: Amme, Oma

Old Norse: amma

Icelandic: amma

Faroese: omma

Norwegian: amma

Old Swedish: amma

Swedish: amma

Danish: amme

Onomatopoeic. Compare Latin amita (“paternal aunt”).


daupijaną

daupijō (active first-person indicative singular)
daupijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
daupijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
daupīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
daupijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
daupī (active imperative second-person singular)
daupijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
daupijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
daupīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
daupijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
daupijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
daupijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
daupijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
daupijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
daupijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
daupijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
daupijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
daupijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
daupijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
daupijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
daupijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
daupijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
daupīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
daupijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
daupīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
daupijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
daupijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
daupijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
daupijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
daupijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
daupijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
daupijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
daupidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
daupidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
daupidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
daupidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
daupidē (active indicative singular third-person)
daupidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
daupidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
daupidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
daupidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
daupidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
daupidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
daupidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
daupidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
daupidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
daupidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
daupidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
daupijandz (active participle present)
daupidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *daupijan
Old English: dīepan
Middle English: depen
Scots: depe
Old Frisian: dēpa
Old Saxon: dōpian
Middle Low German: dȫpen
Low German: döpen
→ Saterland Frisian: dööpe
Old Dutch: dōpen
Middle Dutch: dôpen
Dutch: dopen
Afrikaans: doop
Limburgish: duipe, deupe
Old High German: toufen; (Central German) *doufen
Middle High German: toufen, töufen, döufen
Central Franconian: däufe, dööfe, deefe, dääfe, daafe
Hunsrik: daafe
Luxembourgish: deefen
German: taufen

Old Norse: deypa

Faroese: doypa

Norwegian Nynorsk: døype

Old Swedish: dø̄pa

Swedish: döpa

Danish: døbe

Norwegian Bokmål: døpe

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (daupjan)

Causative from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewb-, from which also *deupaz (“deep”).


wanatōną

wanatō (active first-person indicative singular)
wanatǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wanatōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
wanatōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wanatōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wanatō (active imperative second-person singular)
wanatōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wanatōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wanatōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wanatō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wanatōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wanatōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wanatōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wanatōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wanatōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wanatōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wanatōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wanatōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wanatōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wanatōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wanatōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wanatōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wanatōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wanatōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wanatōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wanatōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wanatōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wanatōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wanatōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wanatōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wanatōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wanatōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wanatōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wanatōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wanatōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wanatōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wanatōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
wanatōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wanatōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wanatōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wanatōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wanatōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wanatōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wanatōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wanatōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wanatōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wanatōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wanatōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wanatōndz (active participle present)
wanatōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: vanta
Icelandic: vanta
Faroese: vanta
Norwegian Nynorsk: vanta, vante
Norwegian Bokmål: vante
Old Swedish: vanta
Old Danish: vante
Danish: vante
→ Middle English: wanten, wanton, wantten
English: want
Scots: want
Yola: waant


spreutaną

spreutō (active first-person indicative singular)
spreutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spreutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
spriutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
spreutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spreut (active imperative second-person singular)
spreutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
spreutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
spriutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
spreutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spreutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
spreutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
spreutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
spreutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
spreutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spreutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spreutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spreutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
spreutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
spreutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spreutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
spreutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
spriutid (active indicative plural second-person)
spreutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spriutid (active imperative plural second-person)
spreutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
spreutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
spreutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
spreutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spreutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
spreutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
spreutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
spraut (active first-person indicative singular)
sprutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spraust (active indicative second-person singular)
sprutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spraut (active indicative singular third-person)
sprutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprutū (active dual first-person indicative)
sprutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprutum (active first-person indicative plural)
sprutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprutud (active indicative plural second-person)
sprutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprutun (active indicative plural third-person)
sprutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spreutandz (active participle present)
sprutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *spreutan
Old English: *sprēotan, sprūtan
Middle English: spruten, sprouten
English: sprout
Scots: sproot, spruit
⇒ Old English: āsprēotan
⇒ Old English: ġeondsprēot
Old Frisian: sprūta
Saterland Frisian: sprute, spruutje
West Frisian: sprûte
Old Saxon: *spriotan, *sprūtan
Middle Low German: sprêten, sprûten
German Low German: spruten
⇒ Old Saxon: ūtsprūtan
Middle Low German: ûtsprûten
German Low German: utspruten
Old Dutch: *sprūtan
Middle Dutch: spruten
Dutch: spruiten
Afrikaans: spruit
→ Papiamentu: sprùit, spreit, spruit
Old High German: *spriozan, *sprūzan
Middle High German: spriezen, sprūzen
German: sprießen
Luxembourgish: spréissen

Old Norse: *sprúta

Swedish: spruta

From Pre-Germanic *sprewd-, but also possibly back-formed from the iterative, from Proto-Indo-European *sper- (“to strew”), extended form *sprewd-. Related to Lithuanian sprausti (“to thrust”), Ancient Greek σπείρω (speírō, “I sow”).


mēgaz

mēgaz (nominative singular)
mēgōz (nominative plural)
mēgōs (nominative plural)
mēg (singular vocative)
mēgōz (plural vocative)
mēgōs (plural vocative)
mēgą (accusative singular)
mēganz (accusative plural)
mēgas (genitive singular)
mēgis (genitive singular)
mēgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mēgai (dative singular)
mēgamaz (dative plural)
mēgō (instrumental singular)
mēgamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *māg
Old English: mǣġ m or f
Middle English: mæȝ, mæi, meȝ, mei
English: may (“kinsman, person”)
⇒ Old English: māga m (“descendant, son”)
⇒ Old English: māge, mǣġe f
Old Frisian: mēch
North Frisian: meeg
Old Saxon: māg
Middle Low German: mâch
Old Dutch: *māg
Middle Dutch: mâech
Dutch: maag
Afrikaans: maag
Old High German: māg
Middle High German: māc
German: Mage

Old Norse: mágr

Icelandic: mágur

Faroese: mágur

Norwegian: måg

Old Swedish: māgher

Swedish: måg

Old Danish: māgh

Danish: måg

Gothic: 𐌼𐌴𐌲𐍃 (mēgs)

→? Proto-Finnic: *mees (“man”) (see there for further descendants)

Suggested to be related to *maguz (“boy, relative”).

son-in-law; or more generally, a relative through marriage


grētaz

grētaz (nominative singular)
grētōz (nominative plural)
grētōs (nominative plural)
grēt (singular vocative)
grētōz (plural vocative)
grētōs (plural vocative)
grētą (accusative singular)
grētanz (accusative plural)
grētas (genitive singular)
grētis (genitive singular)
grētǫ̂ (genitive plural)
grētai (dative singular)
grētamaz (dative plural)
grētō (instrumental singular)
grētamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-Norse: *ᚷᚱᚨᛏᚨᛉ (*grataʀ /grātaʀ/)

Old Norse: grátr
Icelandic: grátur
Faroese: grátur
Norwegian Bokmål: gråt m
Norwegian Nynorsk: gråt m
Old Swedish: grāter
Swedish: gråt
Danish: gråd

Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐌴𐍄𐍃 (grēts)


lahwaz

lahwaz (nominative singular)
lahwizō (nominative plural)
lahwaz (singular vocative)
lahwizō (plural vocative)
lahwaz (accusative singular)
lahwizō (accusative plural)
lahwiziz (genitive singular)
lahwizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lahwizi (dative singular)
lahwizumaz (dative plural)
lahwizē (instrumental singular)
lahwizumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lahw

Old English: lēow, læuw, lēw

Old West Norse: lær, *lāʀ — Old East Norse
Old West Norse:
Icelandic: lær, læri
Faroese: lær
Norwegian Nynorsk: lær
Old East Norse:
Norwegian Nynorsk: lår
Elfdalian: lår
Old Swedish: lār
Swedish: lår
Old Danish: lar
Danish: lår
Norwegian Bokmål: lår
Gutnish: lar

Old East Norse: *lāʀ

From Pre-Germanic *logʷʰ-es-, perhaps ultimately from the root of *lagjaz (“leg”).


haitį̄

haitį̄ (nominative singular)
haitīniz (nominative plural)
haitį̄ (singular vocative)
haitīniz (plural vocative)
haitīnų (accusative singular)
haitīnunz (accusative plural)
haitīniz (genitive singular)
haitīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haitīni (dative singular)
haitīmaz (dative plural)
haitīnē (instrumental singular)
haitīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haitī

Old English: hǣtu, hǣto, hǣte
Middle English: hete, heet, heete, heite, hette, hetee; hæte, heate (Early Middle English)
English: heat
Scots: hete, heit
Yola: het

Old Frisian: hēte

North Frisian: hiet

Saterland Frisian: Hatte

West Frisian: hjitte

Old Saxon: *hētī

Middle Low German: hête, heite

Old Dutch: *hētī

Middle Dutch: hete, heete, heite, hiete

Old High German: heizī

Middle High German: heize

German: Heiße (obsolete)


burþį̄

burþį̄ (nominative singular)
burþīniz (nominative plural)
burþį̄ (singular vocative)
burþīniz (plural vocative)
burþīnų (accusative singular)
burþīnunz (accusative plural)
burþīniz (genitive singular)
burþīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
burþīni (dative singular)
burþīmaz (dative plural)
burþīnē (instrumental singular)
burþīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *burþī
Old English: byrd
Old Frisian: berthe, berde
Old Saxon: burthi
Middle Low German: borde, bōrde, börde
Low German: Böörd
Old Dutch: *burthi, *burtha
Middle Dutch: borde
Dutch: borde
Old High German: burdī
Middle High German: burde, bürde
Alemannic German: Burdi
German: Bürde

Old Norse: byrðr

Icelandic: byrður, byrði

Faroese: byrði

Norwegian: byrde

Old Swedish: byrþ, byrþe, biurdh, børdh, ᛒᛦᚱᚦ
Swedish: börda

Old Danish: byrþi, byrthæ

Danish: byrde

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌴𐌹 (baurþei)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to carry, bear”). Direct cognate with Sanskrit भृति (bhṛti, “bearing; support”).


salō

salō (nominative singular)
salôz (nominative plural)
salō (singular vocative)
salôz (plural vocative)
salǭ (accusative singular)
salōz (accusative plural)
salōz (genitive singular)
salǫ̂ (genitive plural)
salōi (dative singular)
salōmaz (dative plural)
salō (instrumental singular)
salōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: sala

Middle High German: sale

Old Norse: sala

Icelandic: sala

Norwegian Bokmål: salg

Norwegian Nynorsk: sal

Old Swedish: sala

Swedish: salu (from the oblique case)

Danish: salg

→ Old English: sala

Middle English: sale

Scots: sale, saill, seall

English: sale

From Proto-Indo-European *selh₁- (“to take, grab”). Cognate with Lithuanian siūlyti (“to propose, offer, upsend”).


hiwją

hiwją (nominative singular)
hiwjō (nominative plural)
hiwją (singular vocative)
hiwjō (plural vocative)
hiwją (accusative singular)
hiwjō (accusative plural)
hiwjas (genitive singular)
hiwis (genitive singular)
hiwjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hiwjai (dative singular)
hiwjamaz (dative plural)
hiwjō (instrumental singular)
hiwjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hiwi
Old English: hīew, hīw
Middle English: hewe
Scots: hew, hu, hue
English: hue

Old Norse: hý

Icelandic: hý, hé

Faroese: hýggj

Norwegian: hy

Old Swedish: hȳ

Swedish: hy

Gutnish: höi

→ Proto-Samic: *(h)uvjë (“down”) (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐍅𐌹 (hiwi)

→ Proto-Finnic: *hipjä (“skin”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *ipjë (“dust”)

Southern Sami: ïbje

desc

→ Proto-Finnic: *heben (“single hair, fluff”)

Finnish: heven, hepene

? → Proto-Finnic: *häivä (< *häwjä)

Finnish: häivä

→ Proto-Samic: *jievjë (“white (of fur, hair)”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Pre-Sami: *kepji

Proto-Samic: *këpjë (see there for further descendants)

Disputed. Either from Proto-Indo-European *kew-, *ḱew- (“skin, cuticle, hide; beauty, splendour”) or from Proto-Indo-European *ḱyeh₁- (“grey, dark shade”), or a merger of the two. Compare Sanskrit छवि (chavi, “skin, beauty”).


libarō

libarō (nominative singular)
libarôz (nominative plural)
libarō (singular vocative)
libarôz (plural vocative)
libarǭ (accusative singular)
libarōz (accusative plural)
libarōz (genitive singular)
libarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
libarōi (dative singular)
libarōmaz (dative plural)
libarō (instrumental singular)
libarōmiz (instrumental plural)


uzbīdaną

uzbīdō (active first-person indicative singular)
uzbīdaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzbīdai (first-person indicative passive singular)
uzbīdizi (active indicative second-person singular)
uzbīdaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzbīd (active imperative second-person singular)
uzbīdazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
uzbīdaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
uzbīdidi (active indicative singular third-person)
uzbīdai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzbīdadau (active imperative singular third-person)
uzbīdadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
uzbīdaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
uzbīdōz (active dual first-person indicative)
uzbīdaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzbīdadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzbīdaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzbīdadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
uzbīdamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
uzbīdaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzbīdandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
uzbīdaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
uzbīdid (active indicative plural second-person)
uzbīdaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzbīdid (active imperative plural second-person)
uzbīdandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
uzbīdaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
uzbīdandi (active indicative plural third-person)
uzbīdain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzbīdandau (active imperative plural third-person)
uzbīdandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
uzbīdaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
uzbaid (active first-person indicative singular)
uzbidį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzbaist (active indicative second-person singular)
uzbidīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzbaid (active indicative singular third-person)
uzbidī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzbidū (active dual first-person indicative)
uzbidīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzbidudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzbidīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzbidum (active first-person indicative plural)
uzbidīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzbidud (active indicative plural second-person)
uzbidīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzbidun (active indicative plural third-person)
uzbidīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzbīdandz (active participle present)
uzbidanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *uʀbīdan
Old English: ābīdan
Middle English: abyden, abiden
English: abide
Scots: abyde, abide
Old High German: irbītan
Middle High German: irbīten, erbīten

Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽 (usbeidan)


rudāną

rudō (active first-person indicative singular)
rudaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
rudai (active imperative second-person singular)
rudāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rudaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rudāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rudāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rudōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rudāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rudāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rudāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rudānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rudaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rudaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rudānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rudānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rudānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rudānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rudadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rudadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rudadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rudadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rudadē (active indicative singular third-person)
rudadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rudadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rudadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rudadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rudadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rudadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rudadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rudadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rudadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rudadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rudadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rudāndz (active participle present)
rudadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *rodēn, *rudēn
Old English: rudian
Middle English: ruden, rudden
English: rud
Old Saxon: *rodōn
Middle Low German: rȫden, rȫten
Old Dutch: *rodon
Middle Dutch: rōden
Dutch: roden
Old High German: rotēn
Middle High German: roten
German: röten

Old Norse: roða

Faroese: roða

Icelandic: roða

Norwegian: roda, rode

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁rudʰéh₁ti, from *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”) (from which also *raudaz).


hinderōną

hinderō (active first-person indicative singular)
hinderǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hinderōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hinderōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hinderōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hinderō (active imperative second-person singular)
hinderōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hinderōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hinderōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hinderō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hinderōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hinderōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hinderōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hinderōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hinderōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hinderōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hinderōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hinderōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hinderōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hinderōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hinderōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hinderōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hinderōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hinderōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hinderōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hinderōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hinderōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hinderōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hinderōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hinderōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hinderōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hinderōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hinderōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hinderōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hinderōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hinderōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hinderōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hinderōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hinderōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hinderōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hinderōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hinderōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hinderōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hinderōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hinderōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hinderōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hinderōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hinderōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hinderōndz (active participle present)
hinderōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hindarōn
Old English: hindrian
Middle English: hindren
Scots: hinder, hynder
English: hinder
Old Frisian: hinderia
Saterland Frisian: hinderje
West Frisian: hinderje
Old Saxon: *hindaron
Middle Low German: hinderen
Plautdietsch: behindren, vehindren
Old Dutch: *hindaron
Middle Dutch: hinderen, hinder
Dutch: hinderen, hinder
Old High German: hintarōn, hinderōn
Middle High German: hindern
German: hindern, behindern
Luxembourgish: hënneren, behënneren

Old Norse: hindra

Icelandic: hindra

Faroese: hindra

Norwegian: hindre

Old Swedish: hindra

Swedish: hindra

Danish: hindre

Gutnish: hindre


-skapiz

-skapiz (nominative singular)
-skapīz (nominative plural)
-skapi (singular vocative)
-skapīz (plural vocative)
-skapį (accusative singular)
-skapinz (accusative plural)
-skapīz (genitive singular)
-skapjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-skapī (dative singular)
-skapimaz (dative plural)
-skapī (instrumental singular)
-skapimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-skapi
Old English: -sċiepe
Middle English: -schippe, -shipe
English: -ship
Scots: -schip
Old Frisian: -skipe, -skip
Saterland Frisian: -skup
West Frisian: -skip
Old Saxon: -skepi
Middle Low German: -skap (likely under influence of the surrounding languages), unstressed forms: -skop, -skup
German Low German: -schop
East Frisian: -skupp
Münsterländisch: -schopp
Paderbornisch: -skop, -skopp
Old Dutch: -skap
Middle Dutch: -schap
Dutch: -schap
Afrikaans: -skap
Old High German: -skaf, -skaft
Middle High German: -schaft
German: -schaft
Yiddish: ־שאַפֿט (-shaft)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -skapr
Icelandic: -skapur
Faroese: -skapur
Norwegian Bokmål: -skap
Norwegian Nynorsk: -skap
Old Swedish: -skaper
Swedish: -skap
Danish: -skab

Suffixal use of a zero-grade i-stem noun derived from *skapjaną.

Forms nouns denoting state, originally meaning "shaping, condition".


skaftaz

skaftaz (nominative singular)
skaftōz (nominative plural)
skaftōs (nominative plural)
skaft (singular vocative)
skaftōz (plural vocative)
skaftōs (plural vocative)
skaftą (accusative singular)
skaftanz (accusative plural)
skaftas (genitive singular)
skaftis (genitive singular)
skaftǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skaftai (dative singular)
skaftamaz (dative plural)
skaftō (instrumental singular)
skaftamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skaft
Old English: sċeaft
Middle English: schaft, scæft, scaft, shaft, sschaft, scheft, sheft, shafft, schafft, chafte, saft, shaffet, schafte, shafte
English: shaft
Scots: schaft, shaft
Old Frisian: skeft
Saterland Frisian: Schacht, Skacht
West Frisian: skaft
Old Saxon: skaft
Middle Low German: schacht, scacht
Dutch Low Saxon: schacht
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: Low German: Schecht, Schefft
Westphalian:
Dortmunder, Ravensbergisch, Westmünsterländisch: Schacht
Dortmunder, Westmünsterländisch: Schaft
Westmünsterländisch: Schach
Plautdietsch: Scheft, Schajcht
→ Middle High German: schacht
Alemannic German: Schacht
German: Schacht
→ Belarusian: шахта (šaxta)
→ Czech: šachta
→ Danish: skakt
→ Esperanto: ŝakto
→ Estonian: šaht
→ Polish: szacht
→ Russian: ша́хта (šáxta)
→ Kazakh: шахта (şaxta)
→ Serbo-Croatian: šȁht
→ Swedish: schakt
→ Ukrainian: шахта (šaxta)
Old Dutch: skaft
Middle Dutch: schacht, schaft
Dutch: schacht, schaft (archaic)
Afrikaans: skag
Old High German: skaft
Middle High German: schaft
German: Schaft

Old Norse: skapt, skaft
Icelandic: skaft
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: skaft
Norwegian Nynorsk: skaft
Old Swedish: skapt, skaft
Swedish: skaft ("pole"; forms a doublet with schakt)
Danish: skaft

From Proto-Indo-European *skeh₂p- (“rod, shaft, staff, club”), potentially from a root *(s)ke(H)p- (“to strike, beat”). Compare Proto-Slavic *kopьje (“spear, javelin”), Ancient Greek σκῆπτρον (skêptron, “staff, baton”) and Latin scapus (“shaft”), which Albanian shkop (“stick”) may also derive from or merely be cognate with.


swarmaz

swarmaz (nominative singular)
swarmōz (nominative plural)
swarmōs (nominative plural)
swarm (singular vocative)
swarmōz (plural vocative)
swarmōs (plural vocative)
swarmą (accusative singular)
swarmanz (accusative plural)
swarmas (genitive singular)
swarmis (genitive singular)
swarmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swarmai (dative singular)
swarmamaz (dative plural)
swarmō (instrumental singular)
swarmamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: swearm

Middle English: swarm

Scots: swarm

English: swarm

Old Frisian: *swarm

Saterland Frisian: Swoorm

West Frisian: swarm, swaarm

Old Saxon: swarm

Middle Low German: swarm

Old Dutch: *swarm

Middle Dutch: swaerm, swerm

Dutch: zwerm

Old High German: swarm

Middle High German: swarm

German: Schwarm

→ Esperanto: svarmo

Hunsrik: Schwaarem

Luxembourgish: Schwaarm

Old Norse: svarmr

Icelandic: svarmur

Norwegian: sverm

Old Swedish: sværmber

Swedish: svärm

Danish: sværm

From Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to buzz, hum”). Cognate with Latin susurrus (“whispering, humming, murmur”), Lithuanian surma (“a pipe”), Russian свире́ль (svirélʹ, “a pipe, reed”).


smeltaną

smeltō (active first-person indicative singular)
smeltaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smeltai (first-person indicative passive singular)
smiltizi (active indicative second-person singular)
smeltaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smelt (active imperative second-person singular)
smeltazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
smeltaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
smiltidi (active indicative singular third-person)
smeltai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smeltadau (active imperative singular third-person)
smeltadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
smeltaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
smeltōz (active dual first-person indicative)
smeltaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smeltadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smeltaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smeltadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
smeltamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
smeltaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smeltandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
smeltaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
smiltid (active indicative plural second-person)
smeltaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smiltid (active imperative plural second-person)
smeltandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
smeltaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
smeltandi (active indicative plural third-person)
smeltain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smeltandau (active imperative plural third-person)
smeltandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
smeltaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
smalt (active first-person indicative singular)
smultį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smalst (active indicative second-person singular)
smultīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smalt (active indicative singular third-person)
smultī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smultū (active dual first-person indicative)
smultīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smultudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smultīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smultum (active first-person indicative plural)
smultīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smultud (active indicative plural second-person)
smultīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smultun (active indicative plural third-person)
smultīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smeltandz (active participle present)
smultanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *smeltan
Old English: *smeltan
⇒ Old English: smelting
Old Frisian: *smelta
Saterland Frisian: smilte
West Frisian: smelte
Old Saxon: smeltan
Middle Low German: smelten
Low German: smölten
Old Dutch: *smeltan
Middle Dutch: smelten
Dutch: smelten
Afrikaans: smelt
Berbice Creole Dutch: smelti
Negerhollands: smelt
→ English: smelt
Limburgish: smöltje
Old High German: smelzan
Middle High German: smelzen
German: schmelzen
Luxembourgish: schmëlzen

Old Norse: smelta; smolt; smeltr

Icelandic: smelta

Norwegian: smelta

Norwegian Bokmål: smelte

Norwegian Nynorsk: smelta

Old Swedish: smælta

Swedish: smälta

Old Danish: smæltæ

Danish: smelte

Gutnish: smälta

Dalian: smälta

Elfdalian: smelta

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)meld- (“to melt, smelt”). Compare Ancient Greek μέλδομαι (méldomai, “to melt”).


hauniþō

hauniþō (nominative singular)
hauniþôz (nominative plural)
hauniþō (singular vocative)
hauniþôz (plural vocative)
hauniþǭ (accusative singular)
hauniþōz (accusative plural)
hauniþōz (genitive singular)
hauniþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hauniþōi (dative singular)
hauniþōmaz (dative plural)
hauniþō (instrumental singular)
hauniþōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hauniþu
Old English: hīenþu, hȳnþ, hȳnþu, hēnþo
Middle English: henthe, hinth
Old Frisian: hānethe
Old Saxon: hōnitha
Middle Low German: honede
Old Dutch: hōnitha
Middle Dutch: hôonde, hôonte
Dutch: hoonte
Old High German: hōnida
→ Medieval Latin: haunta
Old French: honte (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌸𐌰 (hauniþa)


haunijaną

haunijō (active first-person indicative singular)
haunijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haunijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
haunīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
haunijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haunī (active imperative second-person singular)
haunijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
haunijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
haunīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
haunijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haunijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
haunijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
haunijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
haunijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
haunijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haunijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haunijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haunijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
haunijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
haunijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haunijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
haunijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
haunīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
haunijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haunīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
haunijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
haunijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
haunijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
haunijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haunijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
haunijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
haunijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
haunidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
haunidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haunidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
haunidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haunidē (active indicative singular third-person)
haunidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haunidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
haunidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haunidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haunidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haunidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
haunidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haunidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
haunidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haunidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
haunidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haunijandz (active participle present)
haunidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *haunijan
Old English: hīenan
Middle English: henen
English: hean
Old Frisian: hēna
West Frisian: huynjen
Old Saxon: hōnian
Middle Low German: hônen, hönen
German Low German: höhnen
Old Dutch: *hōnen
Middle Dutch: hônen
Dutch: honen
Old High German: *hōnen
Middle High German: hōnen
German: höhnen
→ Vulgar Latin: *haunīre (see there for further descendants)

Norwegian: håna, håne

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (haunjan)

From *hauniz (“despised, poor, miserable”) + *-janą.


hauniz

hauniz (masculine nominative singular strong)
haunijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
haunī (feminine nominative singular strong)
haunijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
haunį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
haunijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
haunijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
haunijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
haunijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
haunijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
haunį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
haunijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
haunijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
haunīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
haunijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
haunijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
haunijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
haunijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
haunīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
haunijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
haunijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
haunijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
haunijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
haunijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
haunijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
haunijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
haunijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
haunijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
haunijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
haunijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
haunijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
haunijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
haunijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
haunijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
haunijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
haunijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
haunijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
haunijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
haunijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
haunijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
haunijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
haunijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
haunijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
haunijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
haunīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
haunijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
haunijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
haunijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
haunīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
haunijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
haunīni (dative masculine singular weak)
haunijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
haunijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
haunijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
haunīni (dative neuter singular weak)
haunijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
haunīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
haunijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
haunijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
haunijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
haunīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
haunijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haunī
Old English: hēan
Middle English: hene
English: hean
Old Dutch: *hōni
Middle Dutch: hône
Dutch: hoon
Old High German: hōni
Middle High German: höne
German: höhn

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌽𐍃 (hauns)

Derived from the Proto-Indo-European verbal root *keh₂u-, related to Lithuanian kuvetis (“to be ashamed”).


wadjōną

wadjō (active first-person indicative singular)
wadjǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wadjōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
wadjōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wadjōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wadjō (active imperative second-person singular)
wadjōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wadjōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wadjōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wadjō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wadjōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wadjōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wadjōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wadjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wadjōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wadjōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wadjōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wadjōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wadjōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wadjōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wadjōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wadjōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wadjōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wadjōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wadjōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wadjōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wadjōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wadjōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wadjōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wadjōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wadjōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wadjōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wadjōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wadjōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wadjōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wadjōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wadjōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
wadjōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wadjōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wadjōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wadjōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wadjōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wadjōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wadjōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wadjōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wadjōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wadjōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wadjōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wadjōndz (active participle present)
wadjōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *waddjōn
Old English: weddian
Middle English: wedden
Scots: wed, wod, wad
English: wed
Old Frisian: weddia
Saterland Frisian: wädje
West Frisian: wedzje
Old Saxon: *weddōn
Middle Low German: wedden
Low German: wedden
Dutch Low Saxon: wedden
Old Dutch: *weddōn
Middle Dutch: wedden
Dutch: wedden
Old High German: wettōn
Middle High German: wetten
Cimbrian: béttan
German: wetten
Luxembourgish: wetten
→ Old French: waigier, guagier, gagier
Middle French: gager
French: gager
→ Middle English: wagen; gagen
English: wage; gage

Old Norse: veðja

Icelandic: veðja

Norwegian Nynorsk: vedda

Old Swedish: væþia

Swedish: vädja

Danish: vædde

Norwegian Bokmål: vedde

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌾𐍉𐌽 (gawadjōn)

/ˈwɑð.jɔː.nɑ̃/


wadją

wadją (nominative singular)
wadjō (nominative plural)
wadją (singular vocative)
wadjō (plural vocative)
wadją (accusative singular)
wadjō (accusative plural)
wadjas (genitive singular)
wadis (genitive singular)
wadjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wadjai (dative singular)
wadjamaz (dative plural)
wadjō (instrumental singular)
wadjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wadi
Old English: wedd
Middle English: wedde, wed
Scots: wed, wod, wad
Old Frisian: wedde, wed
Saterland Frisian: Wädde
West Frisian: wet
Old Saxon: weddi
Middle Low German: wedde
German Low German: Wedde, Wedd
Old Dutch: *weddi
Middle Dutch: wedde
Dutch: wedde
Old High German: wetti
Middle High German: wette
German: Wette
Luxembourgish: Wett
Yiddish: וועט (vet)
→ Medieval Latin: wadium
→ Old French: gage, guage, gaige, wage
Middle French: gage
French: gage
→ Middle English: gage
English: gage
⇒ Old French: gager, gagier, guagier
Middle French: guagier, gager
French: gager
→ Middle English: gagen
English: gage
⇒ Old French: gageure
French: gageure, gageüre
→ Piedmontese: gagi
→ Old Northern French: wage
→ Middle English: wage
English: wage
⇒ Old Northern French: wagier
→ Middle English: wagen
English: wage
⇒ Old Northern French: wageure, wagour
→ Middle English: wager, waiour, wageour, waiowre, wagour
English: wager

Old Norse: vað, veð

Icelandic: veð

Faroese: veð

Norwegian Nynorsk: vad, vedd

Old Swedish: vaþ, væþ

Swedish: vad

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌹 (wadi)

From Pre-Germanic *(H)wodʰyom, from Proto-Indo-European *wedʰ- (“to lead”). Cognate with Latin vas.


hunslą

hunslą (nominative singular)
hunslō (nominative plural)
hunslą (singular vocative)
hunslō (plural vocative)
hunslą (accusative singular)
hunslō (accusative plural)
hunslas (genitive singular)
hunslis (genitive singular)
hunslǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hunslai (dative singular)
hunslamaz (dative plural)
hunslō (instrumental singular)
hunslamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hunsl
Old English: hūsl, hūsel
Middle English: howsil, housel, hoosyl, hosel, hosil, hosill, hosol, housil, housul, housyl, housyll, howsel, howsell, howsill, husel, husell, husul
English: housel (archaic)
Scots: hoozle, ouzle (obsolete)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: hunsl, húsl, ᚺᛟᛋᛚᛁ (ʜᴏsli) (dative singular, Rök stone)

Icelandic: húsl, husl

Old Swedish: hūsl

Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌻 (hunsl)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱwen- (“holy”) + *-slą. Cognate with Lithuanian šventas (“holy”), Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬀 (spəṇta, “holy”).


sternǭ

sternǭ (nominative singular)
sternōniz (nominative plural)
sternǭ (singular vocative)
sternōniz (plural vocative)
sternōnų (accusative singular)
sternōnunz (accusative plural)
sternōniz (genitive singular)
sternōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sternōni (dative singular)
sternōmaz (dative plural)
sternōnē (instrumental singular)
sternōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sternō, *sterrō m

Old English: steorra, stearra, stiorra, styrra, sterra
Middle English: sterre, star, starre, ster, sterrie, sturre; steorra, steorre, storre (Early Middle English)
English: star (see there for further descendants)
Scots: ster
Yola: starr, steor

Old Frisian: stēra

North Frisian: steer

West Frisian: stjer

Old Saxon: sterro
Middle Low German: stērne, stērn
German Low German: Steern
Plautdietsch: Stiern
→ Saterland Frisian: Stiern

Old Dutch: sterno, sterro

Middle Dutch: sterre, sterne
Dutch: ster
Afrikaans: ster
Negerhollands: ster
→ Indonesian: seter
Limburgish: stèr, stèrn
West Flemish: sterre

Old High German: sterno, sterro, stern
Middle High German: stërne, stërre, stërn
Alemannic German: Stern
Bavarian: Stean
Mòcheno: stern
Central Franconian: Stään, Stär, Stären, Stern
Hunsrik: Stern
Luxembourgish: Stär
German: Stern
Vilamovian: śtaom
Yiddish: שטערן (shtern)

Old Norse: stjarna
Icelandic: stjarna
Faroese: stjørna
Norn: sterna
Norwegian Bokmål: stjerne
Norwegian Nynorsk: stjerne
Old Swedish: stiærna
Swedish: stjärna
Old Danish: stiærnæ
Danish: stjerne
Elfdalian: stienna
Gutnish: stjännå, stjänne
Scanian: stjærna
→ Middle English: sterne, stern, starne, starn, sterrne, steorrne
English: starn (dialectal)
Scots: starn

East Germanic

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍉 (stairnō)

Crimean Gothic: stein

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr. According to Kroonen, the word became an n-stem in Germanic, Pre-Germanic *h₂stérōn, gen. *h₂sternés, which gave rise to two stems, *ster- and *sterr-, the latter through Kluge's law. The forms showing *stern- have reintroduced the -n- from the cases where it had not been assimilated.


niftiz

niftiz (nominative singular)
niftīz (nominative plural)
nifti (singular vocative)
niftīz (plural vocative)
niftį (accusative singular)
niftinz (accusative plural)
niftīz (genitive singular)
niftijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
niftī (dative singular)
niftimaz (dative plural)
niftī (instrumental singular)
niftimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: nift
Middle English: nyfte, nift, nifte
English: nift (obsolete)

Old Frisian: nift

West Frisian: nift (archaic)

Old Saxon: nift, *nifta

Middle Low German: nifte, nichte

Dutch Low Saxon: nicht

German Low German: Nicht

→ German: Nichte

→ Saterland Frisian: Nichte

Old Dutch: *nifta

Middle Dutch: nichte, nifte
Dutch: nicht, (obsolete, Holland) nift, nifte
Afrikaans: niggie (from the Hollandic diminutive nichie)
Negerhollands: nechi, nechtje, negje
Limburgish: nich
→ West Frisian: nicht

Old High German: nift, nifta

German: Nift, Nifte (archaic)

⇒ Old High German: niftila (diminutive)

Middle High German: niftel, niftele

Cimbrian: nüftl

German: Niftel (archaic)

Old Norse: nipt
Icelandic: nift

From Proto-Indo-European *néptih₂ (“grandchild; sister's son”). Cognate with Latin neptis (“granddaughter, niece”).