frijahalsaz

*frijahalsaz (a-stem)

frijahalsaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
frijahalsai (masculine nominative plural strong)
frijahalsō (feminine nominative singular strong)
frijahalsôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
frijahalsą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
frijahalsō (neuter nominative plural strong)
frijahalsanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
frijahalsanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
frijahalsǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
frijahalsōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
frijahalsą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
frijahalsō (accusative neuter plural strong)
frijahalsas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
frijahalsaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
frijahalsaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
frijahalsaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
frijahalsas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
frijahalsaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
frijahalsammai (dative masculine singular strong)
frijahalsaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
frijahalsaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
frijahalsaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
frijahalsammai (dative neuter singular strong)
frijahalsaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
frijahalsanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
frijahalsaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
frijahalsaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
frijahalsaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
frijahalsanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
frijahalsaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
frijahalsô (masculine nominative singular weak)
frijahalsaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
frijahalsǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
frijahalsōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
frijahalsô (neuter nominative singular weak)
frijahalsōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
frijahalsanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
frijahalsanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
frijahalsōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
frijahalsōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
frijahalsô (accusative neuter singular weak)
frijahalsōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
frijahalsiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
frijahalsanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
frijahalsōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
frijahalsōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
frijahalsiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
frijahalsanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
frijahalsini (dative masculine singular weak)
frijahalsammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
frijahalsōni (dative feminine singular weak)
frijahalsōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
frijahalsini (dative neuter singular weak)
frijahalsammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
frijahalsinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
frijahalsammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
frijahalsōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
frijahalsōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
frijahalsinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
frijahalsammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *frijahals

Old English: frēols

Middle English: freols

Old Norse: frjáls

Icelandic: frjáls

Faroese: frælsur

Old Gutnish: frels

Old Swedish: fræls

Old Danish: fræls

desc

⇒ Old Norse: frjálsi, frelsi m (“rescue”)

Icelandic: frjálsi, frelsi

Faroese: frælsi

Norwegian: frelse

Swedish: frälse
→ Finnish: rälssi

Danish: frelse


fardiz

fardiz (nominative singular)
fardīz (nominative plural)
fardi (singular vocative)
fardīz (plural vocative)
fardį (accusative singular)
fardinz (accusative plural)
fardīz (genitive singular)
fardijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fardī (dative singular)
fardimaz (dative plural)
fardī (instrumental singular)
fardimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fardi
Old English: ferd, feord, fierd, fyrd
Middle English: ferd, verd, færd, værde, varde
>? English: ferd
>? Scots: ferd, fard, faird
→ English: fyrd
Old Frisian: ferd
Old Saxon: fard
Middle Low German: vart
→ Danish: fart
→ Icelandic: fart
→ Faroese: fart
→ Norwegian Bokmål: fart
→ Swedish: fart
Old Dutch: farth, fard
Middle Dutch: vart, vāert
Dutch: vaart
→ West Frisian: feart
→ Walloon: vårt
Old High German: fart, vart
Middle High German: fart
German: Fahrt (“journey”), Fährte (“trail”)
→ Saterland Frisian: Foart
→ Danish: fært
Luxembourgish: Faart

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: ferð

Icelandic: ferð

Faroese: ferð

Norwegian: ferd

Old Swedish: færþ

Swedish: färd

Old Danish: færth

Danish: færd

A ti-stem derived from *faraną (“to go, travel”), representing Pre-Germanic *portís.


ganistiz

ganistiz (nominative singular)
ganistīz (nominative plural)
ganisti (singular vocative)
ganistīz (plural vocative)
ganistį (accusative singular)
ganistinz (accusative plural)
ganistīz (genitive singular)
ganistijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ganistī (dative singular)
ganistimaz (dative plural)
ganistī (instrumental singular)
ganistimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: ginist

Old High German: *ginist

Middle High German: genist

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (ganists)

From *ga- + *nesaną (“to save”) + *-þiz.


kundiz

(Ablaut and Verner variant) Alternative form of *kinþiz


graftuz

graftuz (nominative singular)
graftiwiz (nominative plural)
graftu (singular vocative)
graftiwiz (plural vocative)
graftų (accusative singular)
graftunz (accusative plural)
graftauz (genitive singular)
graftiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
graftiwi (dative singular)
graftumaz (dative plural)
graftū (instrumental singular)
graftumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: græft

Middle English: græf, graf, grave (partially)

Old Frisian: greft

Saterland Frisian: Grääft

West Frisian: grêft

Old Saxon: *graft

Middle Low German: graft, gracht

German Low German: Gracht

Old Dutch: *graft (in placenames)

desc

Middle Dutch: gracht, graft, grecht, greft

Dutch: gracht

→ German: Gracht

Old High German: graft

Middle High German: graft; (northwestern) graht, *greht

German: Graft (archaic)

Luxembourgish: Griecht, Gruecht

Old Norse: grǫptr, grǫftr

Icelandic: gröftur


kinþiz

kinþiz (nominative singular)
kinþīz (nominative plural)
kinþi (singular vocative)
kinþīz (plural vocative)
kinþį (accusative singular)
kinþīnz (accusative plural)
kundīz (genitive singular)
kundijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kundī (dative singular)
kundimaz (dative plural)
kundī (instrumental singular)
kundimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kundi

Old English: cynd

Middle English: cunde, kunde, kynde

English: kind

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *gakundi

Old English: ġecynd

Old High German: gikunt

Old Norse: kind

Icelandic: kind

Faroese: kind

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁tis, oblique *ǵn̥h₁tí-.


kindą

kindą (nominative singular)
kindō (nominative plural)
kindą (singular vocative)
kindō (plural vocative)
kindą (accusative singular)
kindō (accusative plural)
kindas (genitive singular)
kindis (genitive singular)
kindǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kindai (dative singular)
kindamaz (dative plural)
kindō (instrumental singular)
kindamiz (instrumental plural)


slahtuz

slahtuz (nominative singular)
slahtiwiz (nominative plural)
slahtu (singular vocative)
slahtiwiz (plural vocative)
slahtų (accusative singular)
slahtunz (accusative plural)
slahtauz (genitive singular)
slahtiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
slahtiwi (dative singular)
slahtumaz (dative plural)
slahtū (instrumental singular)
slahtumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sliht, sleaht, sleht, slieht, slyht, slīet
Middle English: slaht, slæht, slauȝt, slaught, slehte, sleȝte, sleiȝt
English: slaught

Old Norse: sláttr

Icelandic: sláttur

Old Swedish: slāt f

Swedish: slåtter

From *slahaną (“to hit, strike”) + *-þuz.


nēmiz

nēmiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
nēmijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
nēmī (feminine nominative singular strong)
nēmijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
nēmį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
nēmijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
nēmijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
nēmijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
nēmijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
nēmijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
nēmį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
nēmijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
nēmijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
nēmīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
nēmijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
nēmijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
nēmijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
nēmijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
nēmīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
nēmijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
nēmijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
nēmijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
nēmijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
nēmijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
nēmijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
nēmijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
nēmijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
nēmijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
nēmijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
nēmijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
nēmijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
nēmijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
nēmijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
nēmijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
nēmijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
nēmijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
nēmijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
nēmijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
nēmijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
nēmijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
nēmijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
nēmijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
nēmijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
nēmijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
nēmīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
nēmijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
nēmijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
nēmijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
nēmīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
nēmijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
nēmīni (dative masculine singular weak)
nēmijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
nēmijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
nēmijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
nēmīni (dative neuter singular weak)
nēmijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
nēmīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
nēmijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
nēmijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
nēmijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
nēmīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
nēmijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *nāmī
Old Saxon: *nāmi, *nēmi
Old High German: nāmi

desc

Old Norse: næmr (“talented”), -næmr (“takeable”)

Icelandic: næmur, -næmur

Danish: nem (“easy”)

Old Swedish: nǣmber

Gothic: *𐌽𐌴𐌼𐍃 (*nēms)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌼𐍃 (andanēms)

Vṛddhi gerundive of *nemaną (“to take”).


drōgiz

drōgiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
drōgijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
drōgī (feminine nominative singular strong)
drōgijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
drōgį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
drōgijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
drōgijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
drōgijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
drōgijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
drōgijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
drōgį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
drōgijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
drōgijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
drōgīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
drōgijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
drōgijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
drōgijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
drōgijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
drōgīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
drōgijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
drōgijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
drōgijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
drōgijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
drōgijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
drōgijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
drōgijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
drōgijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
drōgijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
drōgijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
drōgijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
drōgijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
drōgijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
drōgijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
drōgijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
drōgijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
drōgijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
drōgijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
drōgijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
drōgijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
drōgijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
drōgijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
drōgijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
drōgijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
drōgijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
drōgīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
drōgijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
drōgijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
drōgijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
drōgīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
drōgijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
drōgīni (dative masculine singular weak)
drōgijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
drōgijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
drōgijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
drōgīni (dative neuter singular weak)
drōgijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
drōgīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
drōgijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
drōgijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
drōgijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
drōgīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
drōgijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: *drǿgr, eindrǿgr

Icelandic: drægur, -drægur

Vṛddhi gerundive of *draganą (“to draw, pull”).

vrd

(North Germanic) drawing, pulling, able to be drawn


ninþaną

ninþō (active first-person indicative singular)
ninþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ninþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
ninþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
ninþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ninþ (active imperative second-person singular)
ninþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ninþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ninþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
ninþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ninþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
ninþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ninþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ninþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
ninþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ninþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ninþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ninþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ninþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ninþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ninþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ninþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ninþid (active indicative plural second-person)
ninþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ninþid (active imperative plural second-person)
ninþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ninþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ninþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
ninþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ninþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
ninþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ninþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
nanþ (active first-person indicative singular)
nundį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nanst (active indicative second-person singular)
nundīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nanþ (active indicative singular third-person)
nundī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nundū (active dual first-person indicative)
nundīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nundudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nundīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nundum (active first-person indicative plural)
nundīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nundud (active indicative plural second-person)
nundīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nundun (active indicative plural third-person)
nundīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ninþandz (active participle present)
nundanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old High German: *nindan, ginindan

From Pre-Germanic *nent-, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *nant- (“to fight, dare”). Related to Old Irish néit (“battle, combat”).


ambahtaz

ambahtaz (nominative singular)
ambahtōz (nominative plural)
ambahtōs (nominative plural)
ambaht (singular vocative)
ambahtōz (plural vocative)
ambahtōs (plural vocative)
ambahtą (accusative singular)
ambahtanz (accusative plural)
ambahtas (genitive singular)
ambahtis (genitive singular)
ambahtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ambahtai (dative singular)
ambahtamaz (dative plural)
ambahtō (instrumental singular)
ambahtamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ambaht
Old English: ambiht, ambeht, ambeaht
Old Frisian: *ambaht
West Frisian: ambacht
Old Saxon: ambaht
Old Dutch: *ambaht
Middle Dutch: ambacht
Dutch: ambacht
Old High German: ambaht
⇒ Old High German: ambatāri
Middle High German: ambahtære

Old Norse: ambátt, ambǫ́tt, ambótt (< *ambahtō)
Icelandic: ambátt
Old Swedish: ambot, ambut, ambat
Old Gutnish: ambatn
→ Middle English: ammbohht

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (andbahts)

Borrowed from Gaulish ambaxtos, from Proto-Celtic *ambaxtos.


ambahtiją

ambahtiją (nominative singular)
ambahtijō (nominative plural)
ambahtiją (singular vocative)
ambahtijō (plural vocative)
ambahtiją (accusative singular)
ambahtijō (accusative plural)
ambahtijas (genitive singular)
ambahtīs (genitive singular)
ambahtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ambahtijai (dative singular)
ambahtijamaz (dative plural)
ambahtijō (instrumental singular)
ambahtijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ambahtī
Old English: ambeht, ambiht, ambieht, ambyht
Old Frisian: ambecht, ambet, ambt
Saterland Frisian: Amt
West Frisian: ambacht
Old Saxon: ambaht, *ambehti
Middle Low German: ambacht, ambecht, ambet, ambt, amt
German Low German: Ambacht, Amt
→ Danish: amt
Old Dutch: *ambaht
Middle Dutch: ambacht
Dutch: ambacht
Afrikaans: ambag
→ Indonesian: ambah
Negerhollands: ambacht
Old High German: ambaht, ambahti, ampaht
Middle High German: ambahte, ambehte, ambet, ammet, ampt, amt
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: åmt
Mòcheno: omt
German: Amt, Ambt, Ammt, Ampt (obsolete)
Kölsch: Amp
Vilamovian: amt, aomt
→ Middle Dutch: ampt, amt
Dutch: ambt
Afrikaans: amp
Limburgish: amb

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: embætti
Danish: embede
Faroese: embæti, ambæti
Icelandic: embætti
Norwegian: embete
Old Swedish: æmbiti, æmbæti
Swedish: ämbete
→⇒ Old East Slavic: ѧбетьникъ (ębetĭnikŭ), ѩбедьникъ (jębedĭnikŭ)
Old Ruthenian: ѧбедникъ (jabednik)
Ukrainian: я́бедник (jábednyk)
⇒ Ukrainian: я́беда (jábeda)
Russian: я́бедник (jábednik)
⇒ Russian: я́беда (jábeda)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹 (andbahti)

→ Latin: ambactia (“service rendered”)

Old Occitan: ambaissa (“message”)

⇒ Old Occitan: ambaissada (“embassy”)

Catalan: ambaixada

Occitan: ambaissada, ambaishada

→ Asturian: embaxada

→ Gallurese: imbasciada

→ Old Italian: ambasciata (see there for further descendants)

→ Portuguese: embaixada

→ Sardinian: imbasciada, imbassiada

→ Sassarese: imbasciada

→ Spanish: embajada
→ Hiligaynon: embahada
→ Tagalog: embahada

>? Old Italian: ambascia (“anguish”)


fangōną

fangō (active first-person indicative singular)
fangǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fangōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
fangōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fangōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fangō (active imperative second-person singular)
fangōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fangōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fangōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fangō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fangōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fangōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fangōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fangōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fangōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fangōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fangōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fangōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fangōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fangōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fangōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fangōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fangōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fangōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fangōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fangōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fangōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fangōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fangōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fangōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fangōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fangōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fangōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fangōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fangōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fangōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fangōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
fangōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fangōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fangōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fangōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fangōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fangōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fangōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fangōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fangōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fangōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fangōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fangōndz (active participle present)
fangōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fangōn
Old English: *fangian
⇒ Old English: gefangian
Old Saxon: *fangon
Middle Low German: vangen
Old High German: *fangon
⇒ Old High German: situfangon

Old Norse: fanga

Icelandic: fanga

Old Swedish: fanga

Swedish: fånga

/ˈɸɑŋ.ɡɔː.nɑ̃/


fandōną

fandō (active first-person indicative singular)
fandǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fandōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
fandōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fandōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fandō (active imperative second-person singular)
fandōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fandōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fandōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fandō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fandōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fandōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fandōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fandōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fandōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fandōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fandōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fandōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fandōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fandōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fandōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fandōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fandōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fandōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fandōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fandōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fandōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fandōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fandōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fandōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fandōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fandōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fandōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fandōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fandōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fandōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fandōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
fandōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fandōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fandōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fandōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fandōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fandōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fandōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fandōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fandōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fandōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fandōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fandōndz (active participle present)
fandōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: fandian

Middle English: fandien, fanden

English: fand

Old Frisian: fandia

→ Old Norse: fendinn (from present participle)

Norwegian: faen, fanden

Old Swedish: fændin

Swedish: fan

Danish: fanden

Old Saxon: fandon

Middle Low German: vanden

Old Dutch: *fandon

Middle Dutch: vanden

Dutch: vanden (dialectal)

Old High German: fanton

desc

Middle High German: vanten, fenden, vanden

German: fahnden

/ˈɸɑn.dɔː.nɑ̃/

An o-grade iterative derived from *finþaną (“to find”).


sadjaną

sadjō (active first-person indicative singular)
sadjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sadjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sadisi (active indicative second-person singular)
sadjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sadi (active imperative second-person singular)
sadjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sadjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sadiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sadjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sadjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sadjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sadjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sadjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sadjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sadjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sadjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sadjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sadjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sadjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sadjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sadjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sadiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sadjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sadiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sadjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sadjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sadjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sadjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sadjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sadjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sadjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sadidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sadidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sadidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sadidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sadidē (active indicative singular third-person)
sadidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sadidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sadidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sadidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sadidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sadidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sadidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sadidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sadidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sadidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sadidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sadjandz (active participle present)
sadidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *saddjan
Old Saxon: *sedian
Middle Low German: sēden
Old Dutch: *seden
Middle Dutch: sēden
Old High German: *setten
Middle High German: seten, setten

Old Norse: seðja

Icelandic: seðja


sanþōną

sanþō (active first-person indicative singular)
sanþǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sanþōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
sanþōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sanþōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sanþō (active imperative second-person singular)
sanþōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sanþōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sanþōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sanþō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sanþōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sanþōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sanþōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sanþōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sanþōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sanþōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sanþōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sanþōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sanþōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sanþōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sanþōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sanþōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sanþōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sanþōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sanþōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sanþōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sanþōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sanþōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sanþōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sanþōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sanþōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sanþōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sanþōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sanþōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sanþōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sanþōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sanþōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sanþōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sanþōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sanþōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sanþōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sanþōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sanþōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sanþōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sanþōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sanþōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sanþōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sanþōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sanþōndz (active participle present)
sanþōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sanþōn

Old English: sōþian, sōðian — edh spelling
Middle English: soþien, sothen
English: soothe
Scots: suith, sooth
⇒ Scots: soother (verb)

Old High German: sandōn

Old Norse: sanna
Icelandic: sanna
Faroese: sanna
Norwegian Nynorsk: sanna, sanne
Old Swedish: sanna
Swedish: sanna
Danish: sande

/ˈsɑn.θɔː.nɑ̃/


spellōną

spellō (active first-person indicative singular)
spellǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spellōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
spellōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
spellōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spellō (active imperative second-person singular)
spellōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
spellōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
spellōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
spellō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spellōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
spellōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
spellōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
spellōs (active dual first-person indicative)
spellōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spellōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spellōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spellōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
spellōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
spellōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spellōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
spellōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
spellōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
spellōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spellōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
spellōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
spellōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
spellōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
spellōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spellōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
spellōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
spellōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
spellōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
spellōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spellōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
spellōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spellōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
spellōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spellōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
spellōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spellōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spellōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spellōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
spellōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spellōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
spellōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spellōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
spellōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spellōndz (active participle present)
spellōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *spellōn
Old English: spellian
Middle English: spellen
English: spell
Old Frisian: *spellia
West Frisian: spelle, spjelle, speldzje
Old Dutch: *spellon
Middle Dutch: spellen
Dutch: spellen
Limburgish: spèlle
Old High German: *spellōn
Middle High German: spellen
German: spellen (obsolete; dialectal)
⇒ Old High German: gotspellōn

Old Norse: spjalla

Icelandic: spjalla

Gothic: 𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻𐌻𐍉𐌽 (spillōn)


sadulōną

sadulō (active first-person indicative singular)
sadulǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sadulōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
sadulōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sadulōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sadulō (active imperative second-person singular)
sadulōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sadulōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sadulōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sadulō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sadulōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sadulōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sadulōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sadulōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sadulōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sadulōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sadulōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sadulōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sadulōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sadulōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sadulōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sadulōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sadulōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sadulōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sadulōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sadulōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sadulōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sadulōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sadulōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sadulōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sadulōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sadulōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sadulōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sadulōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sadulōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sadulōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sadulōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sadulōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sadulōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sadulōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sadulōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sadulōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sadulōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sadulōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sadulōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sadulōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sadulōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sadulōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sadulōndz (active participle present)
sadulōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sadulōn
Old English: sadolian
Middle English: sadelien, sadelen, sadlen
Scots: sadill, saidle
English: saddle
Old Frisian: *sadelia, *sālia
Saterland Frisian: soadelje
West Frisian: sealje
Old Saxon: *sadalōn
Middle Low German: sadelen
German Low German: sadeln
Old Dutch: *sadalon
Middle Dutch: sadelen
Dutch: zadelen
Old High German: satalōn
Middle High German: satelen
German: satteln

Old Norse: sǫðla

Icelandic: söðla

Norwegian: sale

Old Swedish: saþla

Swedish: sadla

Danish: sadle

desc

Gutnish: sadle, salle, sall', sal', salla


wuldrą

wuldrą (nominative singular)
wuldrō (nominative plural)
wuldrą (singular vocative)
wuldrō (plural vocative)
wuldrą (accusative singular)
wuldrō (accusative plural)
wuldras (genitive singular)
wuldris (genitive singular)
wuldrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wuldrai (dative singular)
wuldramaz (dative plural)
wuldrō (instrumental singular)
wuldramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wuldr

Old English: wuldor, wulder

Middle English: wulder

Old High German: Vuldar

From Pre-Germanic *wl̥tróm or *wl̥dʰrom, from Proto-Indo-European *wel- (“to see”).


wulaną

wulō (active first-person indicative singular)
wulaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wulai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wulizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wulaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wul (active imperative second-person singular)
wulazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wulaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wulidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wulai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wuladau (active imperative singular third-person)
wuladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wulaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wulōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wulaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wuladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wulaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wuladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wulamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wulaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wulandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wulaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wulid (active indicative plural second-person)
wulaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wulid (active imperative plural second-person)
wulandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wulaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wulandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wulain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wulandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wulandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wulaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wal (active first-person indicative singular)
wulį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
walt (active indicative second-person singular)
wulīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wal (active indicative singular third-person)
wulī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wulū (active dual first-person indicative)
wulīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wuludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wulīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wulum (active first-person indicative plural)
wulīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wulud (active indicative plural second-person)
wulīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wulun (active indicative plural third-person)
wulīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wulandz (active participle present)
wulanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽 (wulan)

From Pre-Germanic *wl̥H-, a zero-grade present from Proto-Indo-European *welH-.


wiljô

gem-decl-noun-table

*wiljô (an-stem)

wiljô (nominative singular)
wiljaniz (nominative plural)
wiljô (singular vocative)
wiljaniz (plural vocative)
wiljanų (accusative singular)
wiljanunz (accusative plural)
wiliniz (genitive singular)
wiljanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wilini (dative singular)
wiljammaz (dative plural)
wilinē (instrumental singular)
wiljammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *willjō
Old English: willa
Middle English: wille
English: will
Scots: wil, will
Old Frisian: willa, wella
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum, Sylt: wel
Mooring: wale
Saterland Frisian: wolle
West Frisian: wolle
Old Saxon: willio
Middle Low German: wille
German Low German: Wille, Will
Old Dutch: willo
Middle Dutch: wille
Dutch: wil
Afrikaans: wil
Negerhollands: wil, wille
Limburgish: wil
Old High German: willo, willio
Middle Low German: wille
Cimbrian: bill
German: Wille
Luxembourgish: Wëllen

Old Norse: vili (stem vilj-)
Icelandic: vilji m
Faroese: vilji m
Norwegian Bokmål: vilje m
Norwegian Nynorsk: vilje m, vile m (nonstandard, dialectal)
Jamtish: vili m
Elfdalian: wile m
Old Swedish: vili m, vilie m, vilia f
Swedish: vilja f, vilje
→ Elfdalian: wila f
Old Danish: vilje, vilge, vilgie
Danish: vilje
Gutnish: vilä m

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰 (wilja)

Vandalic: *wilja- (in personal names)


langijaną

langijō (active first-person indicative singular)
langijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
langijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
langīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
langijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
langī (active imperative second-person singular)
langijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
langijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
langīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
langijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
langijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
langijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
langijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
langijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
langijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
langijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
langijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
langijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
langijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
langijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
langijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
langijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
langīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
langijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
langīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
langijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
langijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
langijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
langijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
langijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
langijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
langijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
langidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
langidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
langidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
langidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
langidē (active indicative singular third-person)
langidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
langidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
langidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
langidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
langidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
langidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
langidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
langidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
langidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
langidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
langidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
langijandz (active participle present)
langidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *langijan
Old English: lengan
Middle English: lengen
English: linge
Scots: ling
Old Frisian: lendza
West Frisian: linge
Old Saxon: *lengian
Middle Low German: lengen
Old Dutch: *lengen
Middle Dutch: lengen, lingen
Dutch: lengen
Old High German: lengen
Middle High German: lengen
German: längen

Old Norse: lengja

Icelandic: lengja

Old Swedish: længia

Swedish: länga


strangijaną

strangijō (active first-person indicative singular)
strangijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
strangijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
strangīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
strangijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
strangī (active imperative second-person singular)
strangijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
strangijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
strangīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
strangijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
strangijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
strangijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
strangijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
strangijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
strangijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
strangijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
strangijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
strangijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
strangijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
strangijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
strangijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
strangijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
strangīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
strangijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
strangīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
strangijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
strangijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
strangijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
strangijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
strangijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
strangijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
strangijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
strangidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
strangidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
strangidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
strangidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
strangidē (active indicative singular third-person)
strangidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
strangidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
strangidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
strangidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
strangidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
strangidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
strangidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
strangidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
strangidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
strangidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
strangidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
strangijandz (active participle present)
strangidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *strangijan
Old English: strengan
Middle English: strengen
English: string
Old Frisian: strenza
West Frisian: stringe, stringje
Old Saxon: *strengian
Middle Low German: strengen
Old Dutch: *strengen
Middle Dutch: strengen
Dutch: strengen
Old High German: strengen
Middle High German: strengen
German: strängen

Old Norse: strengja

Icelandic: strengja

Old Swedish: strængia


wullīnaz

*wullīnaz (a-stem)

wullīnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wullīnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wullīnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wullīnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wullīną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wullīnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wullīnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wullīnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wullīnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wullīnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wullīną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wullīnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wullīnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wullīnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wullīnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wullīnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wullīnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wullīnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wullīnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wullīnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wullīnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wullīnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wullīnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wullīnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wullīnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wullīnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wullīnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wullīnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wullīnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wullīnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wullīnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wullīnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wullīnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wullīnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wullīnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wullīnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wullīnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wullīnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wullīnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wullīnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wullīnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wullīnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wullīniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wullīnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wullīnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wullīnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wullīniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wullīnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wullīnini (dative masculine singular weak)
wullīnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wullīnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wullīnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wullīnini (dative neuter singular weak)
wullīnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wullīninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wullīnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wullīnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wullīnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wullīninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wullīnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: wyllen, wullen

Middle English: wollen, wollene, wolleyn, wollyn, wollun, wolland, wolen, wolyn, woullen, wullen, wullun, willene, wolnen, wullin
English: woollen, woolen
Scots: wollin, wolne, wowne

Old Frisian: willen, wollen

Saterland Frisian: wullen

West Frisian: wollen

Old Saxon: *wullīn

Middle Low German: wullen

German Low German: wullen

Old Dutch: *wullīn

Middle Dutch: *wollen

Dutch: wollen

→ French: vouleneau (dialectal)

Old High German: wullīn

Middle High German: wullīn, wüllīn

Bavarian: woin, wolln, wuin

German: wollen

Yiddish: וואָלן (voln)

Old Norse: *ullinn

Old Danish: ullæn

Danish: ulden

Old Swedish: ullin, *yllin

Swedish: yllen (archaic), ylle


baltijaz

baltijaz (nominative singular)
baltijōz (nominative plural)
baltijōs (nominative plural)
baltī (singular vocative)
baltijōz (plural vocative)
baltijōs (plural vocative)
baltiją (accusative singular)
baltijanz (accusative plural)
baltijas (genitive singular)
baltīs (genitive singular)
baltijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
baltijai (dative singular)
baltijamaz (dative plural)
baltijō (instrumental singular)
baltijamiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *baltī, *balti, *balt

desctree

Old English: belt
Middle English: belt
English: belt (see there for further descendants)
Scots: belt

Old Saxon: *balti

Middle Low German: *belte

Plautdietsch: Belt

Frankish: *balti, *balt

⇒ Frankish: *baltiraidī, *baltgaraidī

→ Vulgar Latin: *balterād, *balterāt

Old French: baldrei, baldré, baudré

⇒ Middle French: baudrier

French: baudrier

→ Italian: budriere

desc

→ Middle English: baudry, bauderik, baudrik

English: baldric

→ Middle High German: balderich, belderich

Old Occitan: baldrat, baldrei

→ Spanish: baldrés

→ Portuguese: baldreu

desctree

Old High German: balz, palz
>? Middle High German: balz, balzer
German: Balz (etymology disputed)

Old Norse: belti
Icelandic: belti
Faroese: belti
Danish: bælte
Norwegian: belte
Old Swedish: bælte
Swedish: bälte

An early borrowing from Latin balteus (“girdle, sword belt”), of Etruscan origin.


straumijaną

straumijō (active first-person indicative singular)
straumijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
straumijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
straumīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
straumijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
straumī (active imperative second-person singular)
straumijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
straumijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
straumīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
straumijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
straumijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
straumijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
straumijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
straumijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
straumijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
straumijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
straumijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
straumijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
straumijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
straumijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
straumijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
straumijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
straumīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
straumijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
straumīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
straumijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
straumijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
straumijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
straumijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
straumijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
straumijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
straumijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
straumidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
straumidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
straumidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
straumidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
straumidē (active indicative singular third-person)
straumidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
straumidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
straumidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
straumidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
straumidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
straumidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
straumidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
straumidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
straumidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
straumidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
straumidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
straumijandz (active participle present)
straumidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *straumijan
Old English: *strīeman
Middle English: stremen
English: stream
Old Frisian: *strēma
West Frisian: streame
Old Dutch: *strōmen
Middle Dutch: strômen
Dutch: stromen
Old High German: *stroumen
Middle High German: strömen, strümen
German: strömen

Old Norse: streyma

Icelandic: streyma

Faroese: stroyma

Swedish: strömma

Danish: strømme

From *straumaz (“stream, current”) + *-janą.


straumijaz

*straumijaz (ja-stem)

straumijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
straumijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
straumijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
straumijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
straumiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
straumijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
straumijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
straumijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
straumijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
straumijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
straumiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
straumijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
straumijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
straumijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
straumijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
straumijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
straumijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
straumijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
straumijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
straumijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
straumijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
straumijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
straumijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
straumijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
straumijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
straumijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
straumijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
straumijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
straumijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
straumijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
straumijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
straumijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
straumijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
straumijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
straumijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
straumijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
straumijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
straumijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
straumijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
straumijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
straumijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
straumijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
straumīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
straumijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
straumijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
straumijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
straumīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
straumijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
straumīni (dative masculine singular weak)
straumijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
straumijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
straumijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
straumīni (dative neuter singular weak)
straumijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
straumīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
straumijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
straumijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
straumijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
straumīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
straumijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: *strīeme, swīþstrīeme

Old Norse: streymr

Icelandic: streymur

Old Swedish: strø̄mber

Swedish: ström

Derived from either *straumijaną (“to stream, flow”) or *straumaz (“stream”).


kaisaraz

kaisaraz (nominative singular)
kaisarōz (nominative plural)
kaisarōs (nominative plural)
kaisar (singular vocative)
kaisarōz (plural vocative)
kaisarōs (plural vocative)
kaisarą (accusative singular)
kaisaranz (accusative plural)
kaisaras (genitive singular)
kaisaris (genitive singular)
kaisarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kaisarai (dative singular)
kaisaramaz (dative plural)
kaisarō (instrumental singular)
kaisaramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kaisar
Old English: cāsere, cāsaer, cāser
Middle English: casere, kasere; caser, casare, kasar (Northern)
Middle Scots: casar, casere, cazard
Old Frisian: kaiser, keiser
Saterland Frisian: Kaiser
West Frisian: keizer
Old Saxon: kēsar, *keisari
Middle Low German: *keisere
Plautdietsch: Kjeisa
→ Old Norse: keisari
Icelandic: keisari
Faroese: keisari
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: keiser
Norwegian Nynorsk: keisar
Old Swedish: keysar, keysare
Swedish: kejsare
→ Finnish: keisari
Danish: kejser
Gutnish: kaisare
Old Dutch: keiser
Middle Dutch: keiser
Dutch: keizer
Old High German: keisar, keisur
Middle High German: keiser
German: Kaiser, Kayser, Käiser, Käyser, Keiser, Keyser (obsolete)
→ Russian: ка́йзер (kájzer, kájzɛr)
→ Upper Sorbian: kejžor
Luxembourgish: Keeser
Yiddish: קייסער (keyser)
→ Middle English: kayser, caisare, caiser, caisoure, cayser, caysere, kaiser, kaisere, keiser
⇒ English: Kaiser, kaiser
→ Scots: Kaiser

Old Norse: kjárr

qualifier

→ Proto-Slavic: *cěsařь (from an uncertain Germanic language; not directly from Proto-Germanic) (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed at a post-Proto-Germanic stage from Latin Caesar. According to Ringe, the Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂 (kaisar) is an independent borrowing.


laþōniz

laþōniz (nominative singular)
laþōnīz (nominative plural)
laþōni (singular vocative)
laþōnīz (plural vocative)
laþōnį (accusative singular)
laþōninz (accusative plural)
laþōnīz (genitive singular)
laþōnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laþōnī (dative singular)
laþōnimaz (dative plural)
laþōnī (instrumental singular)
laþōnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: lathene, ladene

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌸𐍉𐌽𐍃 (laþōns)

Old Norse: *laðan, lǫðun

Icelandic: laðan, löðun

Derived from *laþōną (“to call, invite”).


sunjōniz

sunjōniz (nominative singular)
sunjōnīz (nominative plural)
sunjōni (singular vocative)
sunjōnīz (plural vocative)
sunjōnį (accusative singular)
sunjōninz (accusative plural)
sunjōnīz (genitive singular)
sunjōnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sunjōnī (dative singular)
sunjōnimaz (dative plural)
sunjōnī (instrumental singular)
sunjōnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: synjan

Icelandic: synjun, synjan

Faroese: synjan

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍃 (sunjōns)

Derived from *sunjōną (“to put right, deny a charge”).

a defense, answer, setting oneself right


-ōniz

-ōniz (nominative singular)
-ōnīz (nominative plural)
-ōni (singular vocative)
-ōnīz (plural vocative)
-ōnį (accusative singular)
-ōninz (accusative plural)
-ōnīz (genitive singular)
-ōnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ōnī (dative singular)
-ōnimaz (dative plural)
-ōnī (instrumental singular)
-ōnimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old Frisian: -ene

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -an, -un

Faroese: -an

Icelandic: -an, -un

Swedish: -an

Gothic: -𐍉𐌽𐍃 (-ōns)

From *-ō- (weak class 2 thematic vowel) + *-niz (abstract deverbal ending).

Forms abstract nouns from weak class 2 verbs.


-ōþuz

-ōþuz (nominative singular)
-ōþiwiz (nominative plural)
-ōþu (singular vocative)
-ōþiwiz (plural vocative)
-ōþų (accusative singular)
-ōþunz (accusative plural)
-ōþauz (genitive singular)
-ōþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ōþiwi (dative singular)
-ōþumaz (dative plural)
-ōþū (instrumental singular)
-ōþumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: -aþ, -oþ

Old Norse: -aðr, -naðr, -uðr?

Gothic: -𐍉𐌸𐌿𐍃 (-ōþus), -𐍉𐌳𐌿𐍃 (-ōdus) (but note the etymology at -𐌸𐌿𐍃 (-þus))

Presumably from *-ō- (weak class 2 thematic vowel) + *-þuz (deverbal suffix). But compare Latin -ātus in nouns such as senātus.

Forms nouns from weak class 2 verbs, possibly attached to other classes as well.


-īniz

-īniz (nominative singular)
-īnīz (nominative plural)
-īni (singular vocative)
-īnīz (plural vocative)
-īnį (accusative singular)
-īninz (accusative plural)
-īnīz (genitive singular)
-īnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-īnī (dative singular)
-īnimaz (dative plural)
-īnī (instrumental singular)
-īnimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: -en (fell together with *-injō)

Old Frisian: -ene

Old High German: -ī (fell together with *-į̄)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -n (only in relics)

Gothic: -𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (-eins)

From *-ij(i)- (interpreted as the weak class 1 thematic vowel) + *-niz (abstract deverbal ending).

Forms abstract nouns from weak class 1 verbs.


sunjō

sunjō (nominative singular)
sunjôz (nominative plural)
sunjō (singular vocative)
sunjôz (plural vocative)
sunjǭ (accusative singular)
sunjōz (accusative plural)
sunjōz (genitive singular)
sunjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sunjōi (dative singular)
sunjōmaz (dative plural)
sunjō (instrumental singular)
sunjōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sunnju, *sunni
Old English: synn, sinn, senn
Middle English: synne, cynne, sin, sine, sinne, sunne, syn, synn; senne, zen, zenne (Kent); seonne (Early Middle English)
English: sin
Scots: sin
Old Saxon: sunnea
Old High German: sunna, sunne
→ Late Latin: sonium (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: syn

Icelandic: syn

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 (sunja)

Derived from or related to *sunjaz (“true, real”).


fillīnaz

*fillīnaz (a-stem)

fillīnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
fillīnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
fillīnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
fillīnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
fillīną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
fillīnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
fillīnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
fillīnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
fillīnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
fillīnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
fillīną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
fillīnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
fillīnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
fillīnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
fillīnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
fillīnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
fillīnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
fillīnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
fillīnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
fillīnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
fillīnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
fillīnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
fillīnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
fillīnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
fillīnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
fillīnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
fillīnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
fillīnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
fillīnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
fillīnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
fillīnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
fillīnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
fillīnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
fillīnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
fillīnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
fillīnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
fillīnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
fillīnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
fillīnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
fillīnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
fillīnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
fillīnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
fillīniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
fillīnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
fillīnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
fillīnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
fillīniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
fillīnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
fillīnini (dative masculine singular weak)
fillīnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
fillīnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
fillīnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
fillīnini (dative neuter singular weak)
fillīnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
fillīninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
fillīnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
fillīnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
fillīnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
fillīninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
fillīnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *fillīn
Old English: fellen
Old High German: fellīn
Middle High German: vellīn
German: fellen (archaic)

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (filleins)


werþōną

werþō (active first-person indicative singular)
werþǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
werþōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
werþōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
werþōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
werþō (active imperative second-person singular)
werþōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
werþōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
werþōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
werþō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
werþōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
werþōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
werþōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
werþōs (active dual first-person indicative)
werþōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
werþōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
werþōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
werþōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
werþōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
werþōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
werþōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
werþōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
werþōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
werþōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
werþōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
werþōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
werþōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
werþōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
werþōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
werþōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
werþōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
werþōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
werþōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
werþōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
werþōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
werþōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
werþōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
werþōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
werþōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
werþōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
werþōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
werþōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
werþōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
werþōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
werþōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
werþōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
werþōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
werþōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
werþōndz (active participle present)
werþōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: weorþian

Middle English: wurthien, worthien

English: worthy

Old Frisian: werdia

Old Saxon: *werthon; giwerthon

Old High German: werdōn

Old Norse: verða

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍉𐌽 (wairþōn)

Derived from *werþaz (“worthy, valuable”) + *-ōną or *werþą (“worth, value”) + *-ōną.


sōmiz

sōmiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sōmijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sōmī (feminine nominative singular strong)
sōmijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sōmį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sōmijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sōmijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sōmijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sōmijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sōmijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sōmį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sōmijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sōmijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
sōmīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
sōmijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sōmijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sōmijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sōmijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
sōmīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
sōmijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sōmijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sōmijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sōmijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sōmijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sōmijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sōmijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sōmijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sōmijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sōmijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sōmijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sōmijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sōmijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sōmijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sōmijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sōmijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sōmijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sōmijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sōmijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sōmijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sōmijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sōmijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sōmijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sōmijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sōmijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sōmīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sōmijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sōmijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sōmijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sōmīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sōmijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sōmīni (dative masculine singular weak)
sōmijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sōmijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sōmijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sōmīni (dative neuter singular weak)
sōmijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sōmīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sōmijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sōmijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sōmijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sōmīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sōmijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *sōmī
Old English: *sōme, *sōm
⇒ Old English: ġesōm
Old Frisian: sōm
Old Saxon: sōmi
Old High German: *suomi
Middle High German: süome

Old Norse: sǿmr, sœmr
Icelandic: sæmur
Norwegian Nynorsk: søm
→ Middle English: seme

Unknown; possible vṛddhi gerundive of otherwise unattested strong verb *samaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“together, one”).


burgīniz

burgīniz (nominative singular)
burgīnīz (nominative plural)
burgīni (singular vocative)
burgīnīz (plural vocative)
burgīnį (accusative singular)
burgīninz (accusative plural)
burgīnīz (genitive singular)
burgīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
burgīnī (dative singular)
burgīnimaz (dative plural)
burgīnī (instrumental singular)
burgīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: byrġen

desc

Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (*baurgeins), 𐌱𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (bibaurgeins)

From *burgijaną (“to keep safe”) + *-īniz.


wardīniz

wardīniz (nominative singular)
wardīnīz (nominative plural)
wardīni (singular vocative)
wardīnīz (plural vocative)
wardīnį (accusative singular)
wardīninz (accusative plural)
wardīnīz (genitive singular)
wardīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wardīnī (dative singular)
wardīnimaz (dative plural)
wardīnī (instrumental singular)
wardīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: werdene, werden

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (*wardeins)

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (frawardeins)

From *wardijaną (“to corrupt”) + *-īniz.


ambô

ambô (nominative singular)
ambaniz (nominative plural)
ambô (singular vocative)
ambaniz (plural vocative)
ambanų (accusative singular)
ambanunz (accusative plural)
ambiniz (genitive singular)
ambanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ambini (dative singular)
ambammaz (dative plural)
ambinē (instrumental singular)
ambammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ambō
Old Saxon: *ambo (attested as ambon (plural))
Middle Low German: amme
Old High German: ambo, amban (< *ambanaz), ambana (< *ambanō) (secondary thematicization)
German: Amen (Hessian)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃émbʰō ~ *h₃m̥bʰnés (< *h₃énbʰ-on-), variant of *h₃nobʰ-, whence also *nabō (“nave”) and *nabalô ~ *nabulô (“navel”). Compare Latin umbō (“boss (of a shield)”) (< *h₃nbʰ-n-).


waigaz

waigaz (nominative singular)
waigōz (nominative plural)
waigōs (nominative plural)
waig (singular vocative)
waigōz (plural vocative)
waigōs (plural vocative)
waigą (accusative singular)
waiganz (accusative plural)
waigas (genitive singular)
waigis (genitive singular)
waigǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waigai (dative singular)
waigamaz (dative plural)
waigō (instrumental singular)
waigamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wāg, wāh

desc

Middle English: waȝ, wah, woȝ, wawe, wowe, wouh, wough

Scots: wauch

English: waw

Old Frisian: wāch, wāg

qualifier

Saterland Frisian: Wooge (other Eastern Frisian varieties used wāge)

Old Saxon: wēg; wēglūs

Old Dutch: *weig, *wēg

Middle Dutch: weech, weegh; weechluus, weechluys

Dutch: weeg, and weech (dialectal); weeluis

From Proto-Indo-European *uh₁ikós, from *weh₁y- (“to twist, plait; to wrap, enclose”).


ambahtijaną

ambahtijō (active first-person indicative singular)
ambahtijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ambahtijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
ambahtīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
ambahtijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ambahtī (active imperative second-person singular)
ambahtijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ambahtijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ambahtīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
ambahtijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ambahtijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
ambahtijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ambahtijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ambahtijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
ambahtijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ambahtijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ambahtijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ambahtijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ambahtijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ambahtijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ambahtijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ambahtijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ambahtīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
ambahtijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ambahtīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
ambahtijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ambahtijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ambahtijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
ambahtijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ambahtijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
ambahtijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ambahtijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ambahtidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
ambahtidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ambahtidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
ambahtidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ambahtidē (active indicative singular third-person)
ambahtidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ambahtidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
ambahtidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ambahtidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ambahtidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ambahtidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
ambahtidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ambahtidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
ambahtidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ambahtidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
ambahtidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ambahtijandz (active participle present)
ambahtidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ambahtijan
Old English: ambehtan, embehtan, embihtan, onbyhtan, embigtan
Old Saxon: *ambahtian
Middle Low German: ambachten
Old Dutch: ambahten
Middle Dutch: *ambachten
Dutch: ambachten (from an unattested Middle Dutch verb, or a more recently formed verb based on the related noun ambacht)
Old High German: ambahten
Middle High German: ambahten, ambehten, ambten
⇒ Middle High German: ambehtære

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: embætta

Icelandic: embætta

Faroese: ambæta

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (andbahtjan)


sunjaz

*sunjaz (ja-stem)

sunjaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sunjai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sunjō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sunjôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sunją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sunjō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sunjanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sunjanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sunjǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sunjōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sunją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sunjō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sunjas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sunjaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sunjaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sunjaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sunjas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sunjaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sunjammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sunjaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sunjaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sunjaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sunjammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sunjaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sunjanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sunjaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sunjaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sunjaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sunjanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sunjaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sunjô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sunjaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sunjǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sunjōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sunjô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sunjōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sunjanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sunjanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sunjōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sunjōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sunjô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sunjōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
suniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sunjanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sunjōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sunjōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
suniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sunjanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sunini (dative masculine singular weak)
sunjammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sunjōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sunjōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sunini (dative neuter singular weak)
sunjammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
suninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sunjammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sunjōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sunjōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
suninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sunjammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desc

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 (sunjis), 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌱𐌰 (sunjaba)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁s-n̥t-yós, from *h₁sónts, participial of *h₁es- (“to be”). Dentals between *-n- and *-y- regularly lost. Cognate with Sanskrit सत्य (satyá).


gaumijaną

gaumijō (active first-person indicative singular)
gaumijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaumijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gaumīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
gaumijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaumī (active imperative second-person singular)
gaumijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gaumijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gaumīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gaumijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gaumijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gaumijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gaumijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gaumijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gaumijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gaumijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gaumijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gaumijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gaumijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gaumijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gaumijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gaumijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gaumīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gaumijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gaumīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gaumijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gaumijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gaumijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gaumijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gaumijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gaumijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gaumijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gaumidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
gaumidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaumidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
gaumidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaumidē (active indicative singular third-person)
gaumidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gaumidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gaumidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gaumidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gaumidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gaumidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gaumidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gaumidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gaumidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gaumidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gaumidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gaumijandz (active participle present)
gaumidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gaumijan
Old English: ġīeman, ġīman, ġȳman
Middle English: ȝemen, yemen
English: yeme (obsolete)
Old Saxon: gōmian
Middle Low German: gômen, gȫmen
Old Dutch: *gōmen
Middle Dutch: gômen
Dutch: gomen (obsolete)
Old High German: goumen
Middle High German: goumen
Alemannic German: gaume

Old Norse: geyma

Icelandic: geyma

Faroese: goyma

Norwegian Nynorsk: gøyma

Norwegian Bokmål: gjømme

Old Swedish: gø̄ma

Swedish: gömma

desc

Old Danish: gø̄mæ, gēmæ, gǣmæ, gømmæ, gimmæ, giø̄ma

Danish: gemme

Norwegian Bokmål: gjemme

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaumjan)


gaumaz

gaumaz (nominative singular)
gaumōz (nominative plural)
gaumōs (nominative plural)
gaum (singular vocative)
gaumōz (plural vocative)
gaumōs (plural vocative)
gaumą (accusative singular)
gaumanz (accusative plural)
gaumas (genitive singular)
gaumis (genitive singular)
gaumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaumai (dative singular)
gaumamaz (dative plural)
gaumō (instrumental singular)
gaumamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gaum

Old Saxon: *gōm

Middle Low German: gôm, goum

→? Old Frisian: gōm

Old Dutch: *gōm

Middle Dutch: gôom

Dutch: goom

Old High German: *goum m; goum f

Middle High German: goum, gām m; goume f

German: Gaum f

Old Norse: gaumr, gaum

Icelandic: gaumur, gaum

Faroese: geymur, geymi

Norwegian Nynorsk: gaum, åtgaum

→ Middle English: gome

English: gaum, gorm (dialectal)

Scots: goam

→ English: gumption

Kroonen reconstructs this word from earlier *gaugmaz (compare *draumaz), and connects it with Sanskrit गूहति (gūhati, “to hide”) (with analogical -ū-), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰewǵʰ-, *gʷʰewǵʰ-, assuming the original meaning was "to heed, guard".
Alternatively, Mayrhofer connects this word with Proto-Indo-Iranian *gʰáwšas (“noise, sound”) (whence Persian گوش (gôš, “ear”) and Sanskrit घुष् (ghuṣ, “sound”)), assuming an original form of Proto-Indo-European *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰew- (“to perceive”) from which both roots derive.


sunjōną

sunjō (active first-person indicative singular)
sunjǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sunjōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
sunjōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sunjōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sunjō (active imperative second-person singular)
sunjōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sunjōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sunjōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sunjō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sunjōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sunjōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sunjōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sunjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sunjōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sunjōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sunjōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sunjōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sunjōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sunjōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sunjōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sunjōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sunjōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sunjōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sunjōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sunjōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sunjōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sunjōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sunjōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sunjōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sunjōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sunjōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sunjōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sunjōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sunjōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sunjōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sunjōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sunjōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sunjōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sunjōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sunjōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sunjōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sunjōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sunjōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sunjōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sunjōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sunjōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sunjōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sunjōndz (active participle present)
sunjōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: synja

Icelandic: synja

Faroese: synja

Old Swedish: synia

Swedish: söna (archaic)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉𐌽 (sunjōn)

(with reflexive pronoun) to put oneself in the right, excuse oneself


þurnaz

þurnaz (nominative singular)
þurnōz (nominative plural)
þurnōs (nominative plural)
þurn (singular vocative)
þurnōz (plural vocative)
þurnōs (plural vocative)
þurną (accusative singular)
þurnanz (accusative plural)
þurnas (genitive singular)
þurnis (genitive singular)
þurnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þurnai (dative singular)
þurnamaz (dative plural)
þurnō (instrumental singular)
þurnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þorn
Old English: þorn
Middle English: thorn, thorne, thron, thurne, þorn, þorne, þron
English: thorn
Scots: thorn; torn (Shetland)
Yola: thoornes, thorns, thurns
Old Frisian: thorn
North Frisian: Tuurn (Sylt)
Saterland Frisian: Touden, Tudden
West Frisian: toarne
Old Saxon: thorn
Middle Low German: dōrn
German Low German: Däörn, Doorn, Dorn, Durn
Old Dutch: thorn
Middle Dutch: dorn, dōorn, dōren
Dutch: doren, doorn
Afrikaans: doring
Negerhollands: dorn, doorn
Old High German: dorn
Middle High German: dorn
Alemannic German: Torn
Cimbrian: dòrn
German: Dorn
Hunsrik: Dorn
Luxembourgish: Dar
Yiddish: דאָרן (dorn)

Old Norse: þorn
Icelandic: þorn
Faroese: torn
Old Swedish: þorn
Swedish: torn
Norwegian: torn
Danish: torn

From Proto-Indo-European *tr̥nós from *ter-. Related to Sanskrit तृण (tṛ́ṇa, “grass”), Proto-Slavic *tьrnъ (“thorn”).

Old Norse: þyrnirIcelandic: þyrnirFaroese: tyrni-Norwegian: tyrnerOld Swedish: thø̄rne


blōstrą

blōstrą (nominative singular)
blōstrō (nominative plural)
blōstrą (singular vocative)
blōstrō (plural vocative)
blōstrą (accusative singular)
blōstrō (accusative plural)
blōstras (genitive singular)
blōstris (genitive singular)
blōstrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blōstrai (dative singular)
blōstramaz (dative plural)
blōstrō (instrumental singular)
blōstramiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: bluostar

desc

𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌱𐌻𐍉𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌱𐌻𐍉𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (gudblōstreis)

Derived from *blōt- (“to sacrifice”) + *-þrą.


-ilaz

-ilaz (nominative singular)
-ilōz (nominative plural)
-ilōs (nominative plural)
-il (singular vocative)
-ilōz (plural vocative)
-ilōs (plural vocative)
-ilą (accusative singular)
-ilanz (accusative plural)
-ilas (genitive singular)
-ilis (genitive singular)
-ilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ilai (dative singular)
-ilamaz (dative plural)
-ilō (instrumental singular)
-ilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-il, *-ul

Old English: -el, -ol, -ul

Middle English: -el

English: -el, -le

Old Frisian:

West Frisian: -el

Old Saxon: -al, -il

Middle Low German: -el

Low German: -el

Old Dutch:

Dutch: -el

Old High German: -il

Middle High German: -el

German: -el

Old Norse: -ill, -all, -ull m, -la f

Icelandic: -ill, -all, -ull m, -la f

Faroese: -il m

Formally appears to be a thematicized variant of Proto-Indo-European *-lós.
Kroonen (2017) instead derives this from the Proto-Indo-European *-trom family of instrumental nominal suffixes, specifically the lambdacized variants Proto-Indo-European *-dʰlom and Proto-Indo-European *-tlom. The former suffix and the voiced Verner's alternant of the latter would undergo an assimilation to *-lla-. The geminate consonant would have later shortened to make *-la- which was suffixed onto stems with *-yeti, forming the Germanic agent suffix. Compare Latin -ula.

-er: suffix forming agent nouns and instrument nouns such as tools


-ilaz

Proto-West Germanic: *-il

Old English: -el, -il

Middle English: -el

English: -el, -le

Scots: -el, -il

Old High German: -il

German: -el

Old Norse: -ill m, -la f

Icelandic: -ill m, -la f

Faroese: -il m

(possibly) Gothic: -𐌹𐌻𐌰 (-ila)

From Proto-Indo-European *-elo-, thematized from Proto-Indo-European *-lós.


-ilaz

*-ilaz (a-stem)

-ilaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
-ilai (masculine nominative plural strong)
-ilō (feminine nominative singular strong)
-ilôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
-ilą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
-ilō (neuter nominative plural strong)
-ilanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
-ilanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
-ilǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
-ilōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
-ilą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
-ilō (accusative neuter plural strong)
-ilas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
-ilaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
-ilaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
-ilaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
-ilas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
-ilaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
-ilammai (dative masculine singular strong)
-ilaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
-ilaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
-ilaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
-ilammai (dative neuter singular strong)
-ilaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
-ilanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
-ilaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
-ilaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
-ilaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
-ilanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
-ilaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
-ilô (masculine nominative singular weak)
-ilaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
-ilǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
-ilōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
-ilô (neuter nominative singular weak)
-ilōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
-ilanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
-ilanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
-ilōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
-ilōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
-ilô (accusative neuter singular weak)
-ilōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
-iliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
-ilanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
-ilōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
-ilōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
-iliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
-ilanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
-ilini (dative masculine singular weak)
-ilammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
-ilōni (dative feminine singular weak)
-ilōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
-ilini (dative neuter singular weak)
-ilammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
-ilinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
-ilammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
-ilōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
-ilōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
-ilinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
-ilammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *-il

Old English: -il, -el

Middle English: -il, -el

English: -le

Scots: -il, -el

Old Frisian: -il

Saterland Frisian: -il

West Frisian: -il

Old Saxon: -il

Middle Low German: -il, -el

German Low German: -il

Old Dutch: -il

Middle Dutch: -il, -el

Dutch: -il

Old High German: -il

Middle High German: -il

German: -el

Old Norse: -ill

Icelandic: -ill

Gothic: -𐌹𐌻𐍃 (-ils)

Related to the above etymologies. Compare Latin -ilis.

forms adjectives from verbs, meaning “-ing” or “tending to …” (alternative form of *-ulaz)


rōdīniz

rōdīniz (nominative singular)
rōdīnīz (nominative plural)
rōdīni (singular vocative)
rōdīnīz (plural vocative)
rōdīnį (accusative singular)
rōdīninz (accusative plural)
rōdīnīz (genitive singular)
rōdīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rōdīnī (dative singular)
rōdīnimaz (dative plural)
rōdīnī (instrumental singular)
rōdīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: rēdene

Gothic: *𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (*rōdeins), 𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (birōdeins)

From *rōdijaną (“to speak, talk about”) + *-īniz.


kunþijaną

kunþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
kunþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kunþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kunþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kunþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kunþī (active imperative second-person singular)
kunþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kunþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kunþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kunþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kunþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kunþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kunþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kunþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kunþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kunþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kunþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kunþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kunþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kunþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kunþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kunþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kunþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kunþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kunþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kunþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kunþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kunþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kunþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kunþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kunþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kunþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kunþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kunþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kunþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kunþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kunþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kunþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kunþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kunþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kunþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kunþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kunþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kunþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kunþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kunþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kunþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kunþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kunþijandz (active participle present)
kunþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kunþijan
Old English: cȳþan
Middle English: küthen, kiþen
English: kithe
Scots: kithe
Old Frisian: kētha
Old Saxon: kūthian
Middle Low German: künden
→ Saterland Frisian: kundje
Old Dutch: cunden
Middle Dutch: conden
Dutch: konden
Old High German: kunden
Middle High German: künden, kunden
German: künden

Old Norse: kynna

Icelandic: kynna

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: kynne

Norwegian Nynorsk: kynna, kynne

Old Swedish: kynna

Swedish: kynna

Old Danish:

Danish: kynde

desc

𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽

Gothic: *𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*kunþjan), 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaswikunþjan), 𐌱𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bikunþjan)