skitiz

skitiz (nominative singular)
skitīz (nominative plural)
skiti (singular vocative)
skitīz (plural vocative)
skitį (accusative singular)
skitinz (accusative plural)
skitīz (genitive singular)
skitjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skitī (dative singular)
skitimaz (dative plural)
skitī (instrumental singular)
skitimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skiti, *skīt, *skīti
Old English: *sċite
Middle English: schite, Schit, schute, schyt
English: shite, shit
Scots: schit, shit
⇒ Old English: sċitel, sċytel
Old Frisian: *skite
North Frisian: skitj
Saterland Frisian: Skiete; Skiet m
West Frisian: skyt
Old Saxon: *skiti
Middle Low German: schite, schît, schîte, schete, schēte
German Low German: Schitte, Schiete, Schiet
→ German: Schitte; Schiet- (chiefly in Schietwetter)
→ Early Modern Danish: schijt
Danish: skidt
Norwegian Bokmål: skitt
Plautdietsch: Schiet
Old Dutch: *skiti, scite (attested in placenames)
Middle Dutch: scite, schite, schete
Dutch: schijt, schit (dialectal)
Old High German: *skizi, *skizzi, *skīz
Middle High German: schīze, schīz
Alemannic German: Schiss
Swabian: Scheiß
Bavarian: Scheissa, Scheißn, Schaisn, Schaisa
Central Franconian: Schiss, Schess, Schass, Scheß, Schet
Hunsrik: Scheis
German: Schiss, Scheiße, Scheiß
→ Danish: scheisse
→ English: scheisse, Scheiss, Scheisse, Scheiße, scheiss, scheiße, shize
Luxembourgish: Schäiss
Pennsylvania German: Schiss
Rhine Franconian: Schiss
Palatine German: Schiss, Schisse
Vilamovian: śajs

Old Norse: skítr (< *skītaz)

Icelandic: skítur

Faroese: skítur

Norwegian Nynorsk: skit

Swedish: skit

Danish: skid

→ Middle English: skyt, skytte, skytt

English: skite

Scots: skyte, skite

From Proto-Indo-European *skeyd- (“to part, divide”).


rammaz

*rammaz (a-stem)

rammaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
rammai (masculine nominative plural strong)
rammō (feminine nominative singular strong)
rammôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
rammą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
rammō (neuter nominative plural strong)
rammanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
rammanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
rammǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
rammōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
rammą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
rammō (accusative neuter plural strong)
rammas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
rammaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
rammaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
rammaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
rammas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
rammaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
rammammai (dative masculine singular strong)
rammaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
rammaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
rammaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
rammammai (dative neuter singular strong)
rammaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
rammanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
rammaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
rammaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
rammaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
rammanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
rammaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
rammô (masculine nominative singular weak)
rammaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
rammǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
rammōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
rammô (neuter nominative singular weak)
rammōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
rammanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
rammanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
rammōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
rammōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
rammô (accusative neuter singular weak)
rammōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ramminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
rammanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
rammōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
rammōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ramminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
rammanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
rammini (dative masculine singular weak)
rammammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
rammōni (dative feminine singular weak)
rammōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
rammini (dative neuter singular weak)
rammammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
ramminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
rammammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
rammōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
rammōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
ramminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
rammammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *ramm

desc

Old Norse: rammr, ramr (“strong; bitter”)

Icelandic: rammur

Faroese: ramur

Old Swedish: ramber

Swedish: ram

Danish: ram

Unknown; perhaps related to Old Church Slavonic рамѣнъ (raměnŭ, “severe”).


spiką

spiką (nominative singular)
spikō (nominative plural)
spiką (singular vocative)
spikō (plural vocative)
spiką (accusative singular)
spikō (accusative plural)
spikas (genitive singular)
spikis (genitive singular)
spikǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spikai (dative singular)
spikamaz (dative plural)
spikō (instrumental singular)
spikamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *spik
Old English: spiċ
Middle English: spik, spyk, spike, spich
Scots: spick, spect
English: speck
Old Frisian: spek
Saterland Frisian: Späk
West Frisian: spek
Old Saxon: spek, spekk
Middle Low German: spek, speck
German Low German: Speck
→ Norwegian: spekk
→ Danish: spæk
→ Swedish: späck
Old Dutch: spek
Middle Dutch: spec
Dutch: spek
Old High German: spek, spec
Middle High German: spëc
German: Speck
Luxembourgish: Speck
Yiddish: שפּעק (shpek)

Old Norse: spik

Icelandic: spik

Faroese: spik

From Proto-Indo-European *spēy- (“to stretch; thrive; succeed”).


awô

awô (nominative singular)
awaniz (nominative plural)
awô (singular vocative)
awaniz (plural vocative)
awanų (accusative singular)
awanunz (accusative plural)
awiniz (genitive singular)
awanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
awini (dative singular)
awammaz (dative plural)
awinē (instrumental singular)
awammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: afi, ái (possibly; alternatively from Proto-Germanic *anô)

Icelandic: afi, ái

Faroese: avi

⇒ Faroese: abbi

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂ō, an on-stem variant of *h₂éwh₂os. Compare in particular Proto-Celtic *awon-tīr (“uncle”) and Latin avunculus (“~ maternal uncle”).


stauraz

stauraz (nominative singular)
staurōz (nominative plural)
staurōs (nominative plural)
staur (singular vocative)
staurōz (plural vocative)
staurōs (plural vocative)
staurą (accusative singular)
stauranz (accusative plural)
stauras (genitive singular)
stauris (genitive singular)
staurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staurai (dative singular)
stauramaz (dative plural)
staurō (instrumental singular)
stauramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Middle Low German: stūr

desctree

Old Norse: staurr
Danish: stør
Faroese: steyrur
Icelandic: staur
→ Middle English: stoure
English: stour (“stake”)
Norwegian Nynorsk: staur
Norwegian Bokmål: staur
Old Swedish: stūr
Swedish: stör

→ Proto-Finnic: *sapra (see there for further descendants)

From *stu-, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”).


stauraz

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *staur
Old Dutch: *stōr
Middle Dutch: stoor

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)towr-o-s, from *(s)tewrH-, *(s)twerH- (“to stir up, agitate”).


pukô

pukô (nominative singular)
pukaniz (nominative plural)
pukô (singular vocative)
pukaniz (plural vocative)
pukanų (accusative singular)
pukanunz (accusative plural)
pukiniz (genitive singular)
pukanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pukini (dative singular)
pukammaz (dative plural)
pukinē (instrumental singular)
pukammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *pokō, *pokkō
Old English: pohha, pocca
Middle English: pogh, pouge, poc, pok
English: poke (merged with Anglo-Norman cognate)
Scots: poke, poik (merged with Anglo-Norman cognate)
Old Saxon: *poko, *puko; *pukil
Middle Low German: pok m; pocke, poche f; pukel, pockel
German Low German: Puckel
Old Dutch: *poko; *poka
Middle Dutch: poke
Dutch: pook (obsolete)
Old High German: *pfohho, *pfocho
Middle High German: pfoch
German: Pfoche (dialectal)
→ Vulgar Latin: *poca, *pocca
Old French: puche, poche, pouche; pochete (diminutive)
Middle French: poche; pochete, poucette, pochette
French: poche; pochette
Middle English: pouch
English: pouch
Old Northern French: poque, poke; poket, poquet, poquete (diminutive)
Picard: poque
Norman: pouque; pouquette
Middle English: poc, poke, pooke; pocket
English: poke (regional); pocket
Scots: pok, poke, polk, poik
Old Occitan: pocha; pocheta
Occitan: pòcha; pocheta

Old Norse: poki

Icelandic: poki

Faroese: poki

From Proto-Indo-European *bew-, *bʰew- (“to blow; inflate; swell”).


kōluz

kōluz (masculine nominative singular strong)
kōlijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
kōlī (feminine nominative singular strong)
kōlijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
kōlų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
kōlijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
kōlijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
kōlijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
kōlijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
kōlijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
kōlų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
kōlijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
kōlijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
kōlīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
kōlijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
kōlijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
kōlijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
kōlijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
kōlīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
kōlijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
kōlijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
kōlijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
kōlijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
kōlijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
kōlijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
kōlijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
kōlijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
kōlijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
kōlijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
kōlijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
kōlijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
kōlijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
kōlijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
kōlijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
kōlijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
kōlijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
kōlijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
kōlijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
kōlijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
kōlijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
kōlijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
kōlijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
kōlijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
kōlijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
kōlīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
kōlijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
kōlijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
kōlijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
kōlīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
kōlijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
kōlīni (dative masculine singular weak)
kōlijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
kōlijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
kōlijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
kōlīni (dative neuter singular weak)
kōlijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
kōlīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
kōlijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
kōlijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
kōlijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
kōlīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
kōlijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *kōl(ī)
Old English: cōl, *cœ̄l, *cēl
Middle English: col, coul, cool
English: cool (see there for further descendants)
⇒ English: coolth
Scots: cule, cuill, kuil, ceul, kül, queel
⇒ Scots: queelie, kjöl (“coolness”)
⇒ Old English: cōlnes, cœ̄lnes, cēlnes
Middle English: colnesse
English: coolness
Old Frisian: *kōl
Saterland Frisian: köil
West Frisian: koel (possibly borrowed from Dutch)
Old Saxon: *kōli, *kōl
Middle Low German: kôle, kôl, kȫl
German Low German: köhl
Low German: kool, kööl, köhl
Old Dutch: *kuol
Middle Dutch: coel
Dutch: koel
Limburgish: keul, kool
Old High German: kuoli, chuali, chuoli, kuali
Middle High German: küele, küel, kůl, kule
Alemannic German: chüel
Alsatian: kiahl
Swabian: kiahl
Bavarian:
Hianzisch: kiahl
Central Franconian: köhl, kehl, kiehl
Hunsrik: kiel
Luxembourgish: kill
German: kühl
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: kihl, koil
Palatine German: kihl
Pennsylvania German: kiehl
Vilamovian: kīł

Old Norse: *kól (in derivatives)

⇒ Old Norse: kœla (< *kōlijaną)

⇒ Old Norse: kólna (< *kōlnaną)

→? Proto-Finnic: *kolëda (see there for further descendants)

Vṛddhi gerundive of *kalaną (“to be cold”).


hakô

hakô (nominative singular)
hakaniz (nominative plural)
hakô (singular vocative)
hakaniz (plural vocative)
hakanų (accusative singular)
hakanunz (accusative plural)
hakiniz (genitive singular)
hakanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hakini (dative singular)
hakammaz (dative plural)
hakinē (instrumental singular)
hakammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hakō

Old English: haca, hæca

Middle English: *hake

English: hake

Scots: hake, haik

⇒ Old English: hæċċe f (< *hakjǭ)

Old Frisian: haka

Saterland Frisian: Hoake

West Frisian: heak

Old Saxon: haco, hako

Middle Low German: hāke

German Low German: Hake, Haak

Old Dutch: *hako

desctree

Middle Dutch: hake
Dutch: haak
Afrikaans: haak
Berbice Creole Dutch: haki
Negerhollands: huk
→ Indonesian: hak
→ Papiamentu: hak, haak
→ Sranan Tongo: aka
→ Caribbean Javanese: akah
Limburgish: haok

Old High German: haho, hako

Middle High German: hake; (hāke, hāken) (through confluence with forms from *hēkô)

(German: Haken)

Old Norse: haki

Icelandic: haki

Faroese: haki

Norwegian Bokmål: hake

Norwegian Nynorsk: hake

Elfdalian: atji

Old Swedish: haki

Swedish: hake

Danish: hage

From Proto-Indo-European *keg-, *keng- (“peg; hook”).


hulþô

hulþô (nominative singular)
hulþaniz (nominative plural)
hulþô (singular vocative)
hulþaniz (plural vocative)
hulþanų (accusative singular)
hulþanunz (accusative plural)
hulþiniz (genitive singular)
hulþanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hulþini (dative singular)
hulþammaz (dative plural)
hulþinē (instrumental singular)
hulþammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: holda

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: houde

Dutch: houd

Old High German: holdo

German: Holde


unhulþô

unhulþô (nominative singular)
unhulþaniz (nominative plural)
unhulþô (singular vocative)
unhulþaniz (plural vocative)
unhulþanų (accusative singular)
unhulþanunz (accusative plural)
unhulþiniz (genitive singular)
unhulþanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
unhulþini (dative singular)
unhulþammaz (dative plural)
unhulþinē (instrumental singular)
unhulþammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *unholþō
Old English: unholda
Old Saxon: unholdo
Old Dutch: unholdo
Middle Dutch: onhoude
Dutch: onhoud
Old High German: unholdo
Middle High German: unholde
German: Unhold

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌸𐌰 (unhulþa)

Substantivised form of *unhulþaz. Compare *hulþô.


unhulþaz

*unhulþaz (a-stem)

unhulþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
unhulþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
unhulþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
unhulþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
unhulþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
unhulþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
unhulþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
unhulþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
unhulþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
unhulþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
unhulþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
unhulþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
unhulþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
unhulþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
unhulþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
unhulþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
unhulþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
unhulþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
unhulþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
unhulþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
unhulþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
unhulþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
unhulþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
unhulþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
unhulþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
unhulþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
unhulþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
unhulþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
unhulþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
unhulþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
unhulþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
unhulþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
unhulþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
unhulþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
unhulþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
unhulþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
unhulþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
unhulþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
unhulþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
unhulþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
unhulþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
unhulþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
unhulþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
unhulþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
unhulþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
unhulþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
unhulþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
unhulþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
unhulþini (dative masculine singular weak)
unhulþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
unhulþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
unhulþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
unhulþini (dative neuter singular weak)
unhulþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
unhulþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
unhulþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
unhulþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
unhulþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
unhulþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
unhulþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: unhold

Old Saxon: unhold

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: onhout

Dutch: onhoud

Old High German: unhold

German: unhold

Old Norse: *úhollr, *óhollr

Icelandic: óhollur


efþau

Old English: oþþe, eþþa, ofþe, oððe, oþþon; oþþa — Mercian
Middle English: oththe, other, or
English: or
Scots: or

desc

Old Frisian: ieftha, ioftha, ofte, jova, jof, jef, of

Saterland Frisian: af, of

West Frisian: of

desctree

Old Saxon: eftha, eftho, efdo, ettho
Middle Low German: efte, afte, ufte, uft, uf
German Low German: of (Westmünsterlandisch)
Sauerland Low German: of, o'
Middle Low German: edder, odder

Old Dutch: *oftho, *ofto

Middle Dutch: ofte, ochte

Dutch: ofte, of

Old High German: odo

Middle High German: od, ode

⇒ Old High German: odar, odor (in analogy with abur (“but”), wedar (“which”))
Middle High German: oder
Cimbrian: òdar, odar (Luserna)
German: oder
Luxembourgish: oder
Yiddish: אָדער (oder)

Old Norse: eða, eðr

Icelandic: eða, eður

Old Danish: æthæ, eth

Old Gutnish: eþa

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 (aiþþau)

Ultimately thought to be a Germanic suffixed dual form of the base of if. See also Proto-Germanic *ehþau for an alternative reconstruction.


hrespaną

hrespō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrespaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrespai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrispizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrespaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hresp (active imperative second-person singular)
hrespazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrespaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrispidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrespai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrespadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrespadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrespaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrespōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hrespaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrespadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrespaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrespadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrespamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrespaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrespandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrespaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrispid (active indicative plural second-person)
hrespaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrispid (active imperative plural second-person)
hrespandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrespaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrespandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrespain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrespandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrespandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrespaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hrasp (active first-person indicative singular)
hruspį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrasft (active indicative second-person singular)
hruspīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrasp (active indicative singular third-person)
hruspī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hruspū (active dual first-person indicative)
hruspīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hruspudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hruspīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hruspum (active first-person indicative plural)
hruspīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hruspud (active indicative plural second-person)
hruspīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hruspun (active indicative plural third-person)
hruspīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrespandz (active participle present)
hruspanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrespan
⇒ Old English: ġehrespan
Old Frisian: hrespa
Old High German: hrespan, respan
Middle High German: rëspen

From earlier *hrepspaną, *hrepsaną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreb-, *(s)krebʰ- (“to turn; bend; shrink”), from *(s)ker- (“to turn; bend”).


dukkǭ

dukkǭ (nominative singular)
dukkōniz (nominative plural)
dukkǭ (singular vocative)
dukkōniz (plural vocative)
dukkōnų (accusative singular)
dukkōnunz (accusative plural)
dukkōniz (genitive singular)
dukkōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dukkōni (dative singular)
dukkōmaz (dative plural)
dukkōnē (instrumental singular)
dukkōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dokkā
Old English: *docce
Middle English: *dokke, dok (merger with Old Norse *dokkr)
English: dock
Scots: dok
⇒? Old English: docga (“stocky breed of dog”) (see there for descendants)
⇒ Old English: fingerdocce
Old Frisian: *dokke
Saterland Frisian: Dokke
West Frisian: dok
Old Saxon: dokka
Middle Low German: docke
German Low German: Docke, Dock
Old Dutch: *dokka
Middle Dutch: docke
Dutch: dok
Old High German: tokka, tocka
Middle High German: tocke
German: Docke

Old Norse: dokka

Icelandic: dokka

Danish: dukke

→ Icelandic: dúkka

Norwegian: dukke

Swedish: docka

From pre-Germanic *dʰugʰ-néh₂-, from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰewgʰ- (“to produce; to be strong”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *dugь (“strength, power”), Old Armenian յանդուգն (yandugn, “headstrong”).


raihô

raihô (nominative singular)
raihaniz (nominative plural)
raihô (singular vocative)
raihaniz (plural vocative)
raihanų (accusative singular)
raihanunz (accusative plural)
raihiniz (genitive singular)
raihanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raihini (dative singular)
raihammaz (dative plural)
raihinē (instrumental singular)
raihammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *raihō, *raih
Old English: rāha, rāa, rā m (rǣġe f)
Middle English: ro, roo, ra, raa, roa
English: roe
Scots: ra, rae
Old Frisian: *rāha, *rē, *rā
>? Saterland Frisian: Räi n (possibly via Middle Low German)
West Frisian: ree
Old Saxon: rēho m; *rēh n
Middle Low German: rē n
German Low German: Reh
Plautdietsch: Ree
Old Dutch: reio m
Middle Dutch: ree, re
Dutch: ree
Afrikaans: ree
Limburgish: rieë
Old High German: rēho m; rēh n (reiga, rēia f)
Middle High German: rēch n, rē n
German: Reh
Hunsrik: Reh
Luxembourgish: Réi
Mòcheno: reach

Proto-Norse: ᚱᚨᛇᚺᚨᚾ (raïhan)
Old English: rāha, rāa, rā m (rǣġe f)
Middle English: ro, roo, ra, raa, roa
English: roe
Scots: ra, rae
Old Norse: rá f
Icelandic: rá
Faroese: rá
Norwegian: rå
Old Swedish: rā
Swedish: rå
Danish: rå

From Proto-Indo-European *róyko-, from Proto-Indo-European *rey- (“spotted, streaked”). Compare Irish riabh (“stripe; streak”), Latvian ràibs (“spotted”), Russian рябо́й (rjabój, “mottled fur”).


þerbaz

*þerbaz (a-stem)

þerbaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
þerbai (masculine nominative plural strong)
þerbō (feminine nominative singular strong)
þerbôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
þerbą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
þerbō (neuter nominative plural strong)
þerbanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
þerbanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
þerbǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
þerbōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
þerbą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
þerbō (accusative neuter plural strong)
þerbas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
þerbaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
þerbaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
þerbaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
þerbas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
þerbaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
þerbammai (dative masculine singular strong)
þerbaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
þerbaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
þerbaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
þerbammai (dative neuter singular strong)
þerbaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
þerbanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
þerbaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
þerbaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
þerbaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
þerbanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
þerbaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
þerbô (masculine nominative singular weak)
þerbaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
þerbǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
þerbōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
þerbô (neuter nominative singular weak)
þerbōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
þerbanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
þerbanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
þerbōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
þerbōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
þerbô (accusative neuter singular weak)
þerbōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
þerbiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
þerbanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
þerbōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
þerbōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
þerbiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
þerbanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
þerbini (dative masculine singular weak)
þerbammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
þerbōni (dative feminine singular weak)
þerbōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
þerbini (dative neuter singular weak)
þerbammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
þerbinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
þerbammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
þerbōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
þerbōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
þerbinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
þerbammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Old English: þeorf, þorof
Middle English: therf, tharf, tharfe, therfe, þarf, þerf, þerfe; þeorrf (Ormulum)
English: tharf (obsolete)
Scots: tharf, therf

Old Frisian: therf, derf; therve, derve

North Frisian: terew, serew

Old Saxon: thervi, tharvi

Middle Low German: derve

Old Dutch: *therf

Middle Dutch: derf

Dutch: derf (obsolete)

Old High German: derb, derp
Middle High German: derp
German: derb

Old Norse: þjarfr
Icelandic: þjarfur
Norwegian Bokmål: tjerv
Norwegian Nynorsk: tjerv
Swedish: kärv

From Proto-Indo-European *terp- (“to be stiff”). Cognate with Lithuanian tir̃pti (“to stiffen”), Latin torpeō (“to be stiff”), Old Church Slavonic трупети (trupeti, “to suffer”).
Older theories derive the root from Proto-Indo-European *(s)terbʰ- (“rigid; stiff; restricted; tight”), from *(s)ter- (“stiff”).


snarkijaną

snarkijō (active first-person indicative singular)
snarkijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snarkijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
snarkīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
snarkijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snarkī (active imperative second-person singular)
snarkijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
snarkijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
snarkīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
snarkijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snarkijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
snarkijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
snarkijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
snarkijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
snarkijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snarkijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snarkijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snarkijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
snarkijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
snarkijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snarkijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
snarkijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
snarkīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
snarkijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snarkīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
snarkijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
snarkijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
snarkijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
snarkijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snarkijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
snarkijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
snarkijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
snarkidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
snarkidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snarkidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
snarkidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snarkidē (active indicative singular third-person)
snarkidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snarkidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
snarkidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snarkidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snarkidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snarkidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
snarkidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snarkidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
snarkidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snarkidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
snarkidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snarkijandz (active participle present)
snarkidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *snarkijan

Old English: *snerċan, *snierċan

Middle English: *snerchen, snarchen

Old Norse: snerkja

Icelandic: snerkja

Faroese: snerkja

(Norwegian: snyrkja)

Old Swedish: snærkia

→ Middle English: *snerken

Scots: snirk; snirkle

English: snirket (ppt) (dialectal)

to draw together; contract; shrink; constrict


snerkaną

snerkō (active first-person indicative singular)
snerkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snerkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
snirkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
snerkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snerk (active imperative second-person singular)
snerkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
snerkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
snirkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
snerkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snerkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
snerkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
snerkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
snerkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
snerkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snerkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snerkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snerkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
snerkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
snerkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snerkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
snerkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
snirkid (active indicative plural second-person)
snerkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snirkid (active imperative plural second-person)
snerkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
snerkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
snerkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
snerkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snerkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
snerkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
snerkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
snark (active first-person indicative singular)
snurkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snarht (active indicative second-person singular)
snurkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snark (active indicative singular third-person)
snurkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snurkū (active dual first-person indicative)
snurkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snurkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snurkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snurkum (active first-person indicative plural)
snurkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snurkud (active indicative plural second-person)
snurkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snurkun (active indicative plural third-person)
snurkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snerkandz (active participle present)
snurkanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *snerkan

Old English: *sneorcan

desctree

⇒ Old English: ġesneorcan
>? Middle English: *snerchen, snarchen (alternatively from Old English *snerċan, *snierċan, from Proto-West Germanic *snarkijan)

Old Norse: *snerka; *snorkinn; snorkil (noun)

Icelandic: snorkinn (ppt)

Norwegian: snerka, snerke (dialectal)

Old Swedish: snorkin

→ Middle English: *snirken; snorkil

Scots: snirk (intransitive senses)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)nerg-, *(s)nerk- (“to turn; wind; lace; shrink; shrivel”).


tainijǭ

tainijǭ (nominative singular)
tainijōniz (nominative plural)
tainijǭ (singular vocative)
tainijōniz (plural vocative)
tainijōnų (accusative singular)
tainijōnunz (accusative plural)
tainijōniz (genitive singular)
tainijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tainijōni (dative singular)
tainijōmaz (dative plural)
tainijōnē (instrumental singular)
tainijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tainijā

Old Frisian: *tēne

Saterland Frisian: Täine

Old Saxon: *tēna

Middle Low German: têne

Old High German: zeina, zeinna
Middle High German: zeine
Alemannic German: Zeine
German: Zaine, Zeine
→ Italian: zaino
⇒ Lombardic: *zainjā
→ Italian: zana

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *tainīl

Old English: tǣnel, tēnil
Middle English: tenel, tenell
English: teanel (dialectal)

Old High German: *zeinīl

Middle High German: zeinel

desc

⇒ Middle High German: zeinelære, zeinler

German: Zainler (“basket-maker”)

Old Norse: teina

Icelandic: teinur

Faroese: teinur

Norwegian: teine

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐍉 (tainjō)

→ Proto-Finnic: *tainijo (see there for further descendants)


Raginawaldaz

Raginawaldaz (nominative singular)
Raginawald (singular vocative)
Raginawaldą (accusative singular)
Raginawaldai (dative singular)
Raginawaldō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: Ræġnald

Old High German: Raginoald, Raginald, Reginwald

German: Reinhold

→ Norwegian: Reinold

desctree

Old Norse: Rǫgnvaldr
Icelandic: Rögnvaldur
Faroese: Røgnvaldur
Norwegian: Ragnvald
Old Swedish: Ragnvalder
Swedish: Ragnvald
→ Old East Slavic: Рогъволодъ (Rogŭvolodŭ)
→ English: Ronald
→ Italian: Ronaldo
→ Spanish: Ronaldo
→ Portuguese: Ronaldo
→ Old Irish: Ragnall
Irish: Raghnall
Scottish Gaelic: Raghnall
→ Scots: Ranald
→ English: Ranald

→ Latin: Reginaldus

Catalan: Reginald

Anglo-Norman: Reinald, Reynaud, Reinold

→ English: Reynold

French: Renaud, Renault

→ French: Reginald

→ English: Renault

→ English: Reginald

Italian: Rinaldo, Reginaldo

Portuguese: Reinaldo

Spanish: Reinaldo

→ Dutch: Reinoud

→ Old High German: Regnald

From *raginą (“decision, advice, counsel”) + *waldaz (“ruler”).


drūgiz

drūgiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
drūgijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
drūgī (feminine nominative singular strong)
drūgijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
drūgį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
drūgijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
drūgijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
drūgijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
drūgijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
drūgijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
drūgį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
drūgijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
drūgijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
drūgīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
drūgijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
drūgijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
drūgijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
drūgijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
drūgīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
drūgijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
drūgijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
drūgijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
drūgijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
drūgijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
drūgijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
drūgijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
drūgijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
drūgijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
drūgijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
drūgijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
drūgijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
drūgijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
drūgijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
drūgijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
drūgijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
drūgijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
drūgijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
drūgijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
drūgijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
drūgijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
drūgijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
drūgijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
drūgijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
drūgijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
drūgīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
drūgijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
drūgijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
drūgijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
drūgīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
drūgijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
drūgīni (dative masculine singular weak)
drūgijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
drūgijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
drūgijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
drūgīni (dative neuter singular weak)
drūgijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
drūgīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
drūgijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
drūgijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
drūgijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
drūgīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
drūgijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *drūgī
Old English: drȳġe, drīġe (or < *draugī)
Middle English: drye, drie, dri, drige, dryge, drüȝe
English: dry
Scots: dry, drey
Old Frisian: *drūge, *drēge, *drūch;
North Frisian: drüg, driig
Saterland Frisian: druuch
Old Saxon: *drūgi
Middle Low German: drûge, drüge
Old Dutch: *drūgi
Middle Dutch: drughe, drueghe
Limburgish: druug
Old High German: *drūgi (northern, attested as drūgon (dat.pl.))
Middle High German: trǖge, drǖge
Central Franconian: drüch, dreich, drei
Luxembourgish: dréchen (merged with *drukn)
East Central German: treiche
German: treuge (obsolete)

Possible vṛddhi gerundive of otherwise unattested *drugijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰr̥ǵʰ-yé-ti, from *dʰerǵʰ- (“to strengthen”), from *dʰer- (“to hold, hold fast, support”).


Hrōþiberhtaz

Hrōþiberhtaz (nominative singular)
Hrōþiberht (singular vocative)
Hrōþiberhtą (accusative singular)
Hrōþibirhtai (dative singular)
Hrōþiberhtō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Hrōþiberht

Old English: Hrōþberht, Hrōdberht

Old High German: Hruodperht

Middle High German: Ruoperht, Ruopreht

German: Rupert, Ruprecht

→ Dutch: Robrecht

→ English: Rupert

→ Latin: Robertus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: Hróbjartr

Icelandic: Hróbjartur

Faroese: Róðbjartur

From *hrōþiz (“fame”) + *berhtaz (“bright, shining”).


ūdarą

ūdarą (nominative singular)
ūdarō (nominative plural)
ūdarą (singular vocative)
ūdarō (plural vocative)
ūdarą (accusative singular)
ūdarō (accusative plural)
ūdaras (genitive singular)
ūdaris (genitive singular)
ūdarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ūdarai (dative singular)
ūdaramaz (dative plural)
ūdarō (instrumental singular)
ūdaramiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ūder

Middle English: udder, uddyr, iddyr

English: udder

Scots: udder, uther, ether

Old Frisian: ūder, jāder

desc

Saterland Frisian: Jadder, Jader (Skäddel, Strukelje)

West Frisian: jaar

Old Saxon: ūder, ioder, ieder, geder

Middle Low German: ûder, jeder

German Low German: Jüdder, Jidder, Jadder

Dutch Low Saxon:

→ Dutch: jadder

Old Dutch: *ūdar

Middle Dutch: uder, uyder, uider

Dutch: uier

Afrikaans: uier

desctree

Old High German: ūter, ūtar, ūtaro, ūtiro
Middle High German: ūter, iuter
Cimbrian: autar
German: Euter
Luxembourgish: Auder

Old Norse: *júðr, júgr, júr (< *eudur)

Icelandic: júgur

Faroese: júgur

Norwegian: jur

Old Swedish: iūgher, iūver

Swedish: juver

Old Danish: *iūghær

Danish: yver

Elfdalian: juor

Gutnish: jaur

Scanian: ýr

→ Middle English: ȝowre

→ Scots: ure, ewer

→ English: ewer, yure (dialectal)

/ˈuː.ðɑ.rɑ̃/

Thematicized variant of Proto-Indo-European *h₁ówHdʰr̥ (“udder”). Cognate with Latin ūber.


hammō

hammō (nominative singular)
hammôz (nominative plural)
hammō (singular vocative)
hammôz (plural vocative)
hammǭ (accusative singular)
hammōz (accusative plural)
hammōz (genitive singular)
hammǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hammōi (dative singular)
hammōmaz (dative plural)
hammō (instrumental singular)
hammōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hamm, ham, hom
Middle English: hamme
English: ham
Scots: hamb, ham

Old Saxon: *hama, *hamma

desc

Middle Low German: ham, hame, hamme, amme

Old Dutch: *hama, *hamma

Middle Dutch: hame, hamme

Dutch: ham

Old High German: hama, hamma

Middle High German: hamme

Alemannic German: Hamme

German: Hamme

Luxembourgish: Ham

desctree

Old Norse: hǫm
Icelandic: höm
Norwegian Bokmål: homme
Swedish: hamboge
Danish: hambugt

Uncertain. Perhaps from earlier *hanmō, from Proto-Indo-European *kónh₂méh₂-, from Proto-Indo-European *kónh₂m (“leg”), and thus cognate with Old Irish cnáim (“bone”) and Ancient Greek κνήμη (knḗmē, “tibia”).


glawwaz

*glawwaz (a-stem)

glawwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
glawwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
glawwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
glawwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
glawwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
glawwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
glawwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
glawwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
glawwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
glawwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
glawwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
glawwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
glawwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
glawwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
glawwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
glawwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
glawwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
glawwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
glawwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
glawwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
glawwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
glawwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
glawwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
glawwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
glawwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
glawwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
glawwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
glawwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
glawwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
glawwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
glawwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
glawwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
glawwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
glawwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
glawwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
glawwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
glawwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
glawwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
glawwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
glawwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
glawwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
glawwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
glawwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
glawwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
glawwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
glawwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
glawwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
glawwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
glawwini (dative masculine singular weak)
glawwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
glawwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
glawwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
glawwini (dative neuter singular weak)
glawwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
glawwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
glawwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
glawwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
glawwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
glawwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
glawwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *glauw
Old English: glēaw
Middle English: gleaw, glæu, gleu, glew
Old Saxon: glau
Old Dutch: *glao
Dutch: glouw, glooi (dialectal)
Old High German: glou, glau, klau
Middle High German: *glou (in glouheit)
German: glau (dialectal)

Old Norse: glǫggr, gløggr

Icelandic: glöggur

Faroese: gløggur

Norwegian Nynorsk: gløgg

Norwegian Bokmål: gløgg

→ Middle English: gleg

Scots: gleg

desc

Gothic: *𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 (*glaggws), *𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌿𐍃 (*glaggus) (in derivatives)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰlewH- (“clear, sharp”); cognate with Old Irish gluair (“clear, clean”) and perhaps *glūnēn- (“to peer”), whence dialectal Swedish gluna (“to stare, peer”) and Latvian glũnêt (“to lour”).


maiską

maiską (nominative singular)
maiskō (nominative plural)
maiską (singular vocative)
maiskō (plural vocative)
maiską (accusative singular)
maiskō (accusative plural)
maiskas (genitive singular)
maiskis (genitive singular)
maiskǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maiskai (dative singular)
maiskamaz (dative plural)
maiskō (instrumental singular)
maiskamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: māsc

English: mash

Old Saxon: mēsk

Middle Low German: mēsch

→ Swedish: mäsk

Old High German: meisk

Middle High German: meisch

German: Maisch

From earlier *maihską, from Proto-Indo-European *moiḱ-sḱ-o/eh₂-, from *meyḱ- (“mix”).


spadô

spadô (nominative singular)
spadaniz (nominative plural)
spadô (singular vocative)
spadaniz (plural vocative)
spadanų (accusative singular)
spadanunz (accusative plural)
spadiniz (genitive singular)
spadanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spadini (dative singular)
spadammaz (dative plural)
spadinē (instrumental singular)
spadammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: spada

Middle English: spade

Scots: spade, spaid

desctree

English: spade
→ Scottish Gaelic: spaid
→ Fiji Hindi: sipi

→ Irish: spád, spáid

Old Frisian: spada

North Frisian: spade

Saterland Frisian: Spoade

West Frisian: *spa, *spar (in stikelspa, stikelspar)

Old Saxon: spado

Middle Low German: spāde

German Low German: Spaa

Old Dutch: *spado

Middle Dutch: spade

Dutch: spade, spa

Old High German: *spato (possibly)

i

Middle High German: spade, spate (rare or northern word, possibly from Old Saxon)

German: Spaten

Luxembourgish: Spuet

Old Norse: spaði; járnspaði (possibly from Low German)

Icelandic: spaði

Faroese: spaði

Norwegian: spade

Old Swedish: spadhi

Swedish: spade

Danish: spade

From Proto-Indo-European *sph₂-dʰ-. Cognate with Ancient Greek σπάθη (spáthē, “blade”), Hittite [script needed] (išpatar, “spear”).


spōlǭ

spōlǭ (nominative singular)
spōlōniz (nominative plural)
spōlǭ (singular vocative)
spōlōniz (plural vocative)
spōlōnų (accusative singular)
spōlōnunz (accusative plural)
spōlōniz (genitive singular)
spōlōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spōlōni (dative singular)
spōlōmaz (dative plural)
spōlōnē (instrumental singular)
spōlōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *spōle

Middle English: spole (also possibly from Dutch)

Scots: spule, spuil

English: spool

Old Frisian: *spōle

Saterland Frisian: Spoule

West Frisian: spoel

Old Saxon: spōla

Middle Low German: spōle

German Low German: Spool

Plautdietsch: Spool

Old Dutch: *spuola, *spōla

Middle Dutch: spoele

Dutch: spoel

→ Old French: spole, espole

French: espole, espoule; espolin

→ Italian: spola, spuola

→ Spanish: espolin

Old High German: spuola

Middle High German: spuole f

German: Spule

→ Polish: szpula

Luxembourgish: Spull

Yiddish: שפּול (shpul)

Old Norse: spóla

Icelandic: spóla

(Faroese: spóli m)

Norwegian: spole

Old Swedish: spōle m

Swedish: spole

Danish: spole

/ˈspɔː.lɔ̃ː/

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)pel- (“to split; cleave; rend; tear”).


turbz

turbz (nominative singular)
turbiz (nominative plural)
turb (singular vocative)
turbiz (plural vocative)
turbų (accusative singular)
turbunz (accusative plural)
turbiz (genitive singular)
turbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
turbi (dative singular)
turbumaz (dative plural)
turbē (instrumental singular)
turbumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *turb
Old English: turf f
Middle English: turf, turfe, torf, tourfe
English: turf
Scots: turr, truff
Yola: thrive
Old Frisian: turf
>? Saterland Frisian: Toarks
West Frisian: turf (also possibly from Dutch)
Old Saxon: *torf, turf m
Middle Low German: torf m
German Low German: Torf
→ German: Torf
Polish: torf
Portuguese: turfa
Russian: торф (torf)
→ Abkhaz: а-то́рф (a-tʼórf)
→ Armenian: տորֆ (torf)
→ Azerbaijani: torf
→ Georgian: ტორფი (ṭorpi)
→ Ossetian: торф (torf)
→ Old French: torbe
French: tourbe
→ Italian: torba
Old Dutch: *torf, *turf
Middle Dutch: turf, torf m
Dutch: turf m
>? Old High German: zurft f (doubtful; singularily attested and phonetically irregular)

Old Norse: torf n, torfa f

Icelandic: torf n

Faroese: torv n

Norwegian:

Norwegian: torv n or m

Norwegian Nynorsk: torv n or f

Old Swedish: torf n or f, törf n or f

Swedish: torv c, torva c

Danish: tørv c

→ Norman: torve f

→ Proto-Finnic: *turbëh, *turbas (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“tuft, grass”).
Don Ringe argues that the lack of a-mutation in Old High German shows that zurba must have originally been a consonant stem. In addition, Old English turf clearly shows a consonant-stem declension.
In many of the descendants, the noun was thematized early on enough to cause a-mutation in the descendant forms.


Audawarduz

Audawarduz (nominative singular)
Audawardu (singular vocative)
Audawardų (accusative singular)
Audawardauz (genitive singular)
Audawardū (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Audawardu

Old English: Ēadweard

Middle English: Edward

English: Edward

→ Norwegian: Edvard

→ Swedish: Edvard

→ Danish: Edvard

→ Icelandic: Eðvarð

→ Faroese: Edvard (or possibly directly from English)

→ Old Norse: Játvarðr

Icelandic: Játvarður

Faroese: Jatvarður

Old Swedish: Jedvard

→ Old French: Edward

Middle French: Edward

French: Édouard

→ German: Eduard

→ Latin: Edwardus, Eduardus

Italian: Edoardo, Eduardo

Spanish: Eduardo

Portuguese: Eduardo

→ Irish: Éadbhard

Old Norse: Auðvarðr

Faroese: Eyðvarður

Norwegian: Audvard

From *audaz (“wealth, riches”) + *warduz (“guard”).


gaitīnaz

*gaitīnaz (a-stem)

gaitīnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gaitīnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gaitīnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
gaitīnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gaitīną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gaitīnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gaitīnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gaitīnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gaitīnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gaitīnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gaitīną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gaitīnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gaitīnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
gaitīnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gaitīnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gaitīnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gaitīnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
gaitīnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gaitīnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gaitīnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gaitīnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gaitīnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gaitīnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gaitīnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gaitīnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gaitīnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gaitīnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gaitīnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gaitīnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gaitīnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gaitīnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gaitīnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gaitīnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gaitīnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gaitīnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gaitīnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gaitīnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gaitīnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gaitīnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gaitīnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gaitīnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gaitīnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gaitīniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gaitīnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gaitīnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gaitīnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gaitīniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gaitīnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gaitīnini (dative masculine singular weak)
gaitīnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gaitīnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gaitīnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gaitīnini (dative neuter singular weak)
gaitīnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gaitīninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gaitīnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gaitīnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gaitīnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gaitīninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gaitīnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gaitīn
Old English: gǣten
Middle English: *geten, *gaiten, *goten
English: goaten (vowel restored by analogy)
Old High German: geizīn
Middle High German: geizīn
German: geißen

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽 (gaitein) (< *gaitīną)

From *gaits + *-īnaz. Cognate with Latin haedīnus.

Of or relating to goats; goatlike; caprine


sparōną

sparō (active first-person indicative singular)
sparǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sparōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
sparōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sparōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sparō (active imperative second-person singular)
sparōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sparōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sparōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sparō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sparōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sparōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sparōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sparōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sparōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sparōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sparōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sparōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sparōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sparōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sparōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sparōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sparōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sparōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sparōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sparōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sparōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sparōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sparōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sparōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sparōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sparōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sparōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sparōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sparōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sparōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sparōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sparōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sparōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sparōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sparōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sparōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sparōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sparōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sparōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sparōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sparōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sparōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sparōndz (active participle present)
sparōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)


funsijaną

funsijō (active first-person indicative singular)
funsijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
funsijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
funsīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
funsijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
funsī (active imperative second-person singular)
funsijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
funsijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
funsīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
funsijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
funsijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
funsijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
funsijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
funsijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
funsijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
funsijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
funsijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
funsijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
funsijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
funsijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
funsijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
funsijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
funsīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
funsijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
funsīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
funsijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
funsijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
funsijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
funsijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
funsijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
funsijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
funsijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
funsidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
funsidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
funsidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
funsidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
funsidē (active indicative singular third-person)
funsidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
funsidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
funsidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
funsidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
funsidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
funsidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
funsidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
funsidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
funsidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
funsidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
funsidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
funsijandz (active participle present)
funsidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *funsijan
Old English: fȳsan, fȳsian; fēsan, fēsian — Anglian
Middle English: füsen, fesen (with unexpected /ɛː/)
English: feeze, fease, faze
Scots: faize
Old Saxon: fūsian

Old Norse: fýsa

Icelandic: fýsa

Faroese: fýsa

Norwegian Nynorsk: fysa

Norwegian Bokmål: fyse

From *funsaz (“ready, willing”) + *-janą.

to predispose; make favourable; make ready


tibǭ

tibǭ (nominative singular)
tibōniz (nominative plural)
tibǭ (singular vocative)
tibōniz (plural vocative)
tibōnų (accusative singular)
tibōnunz (accusative plural)
tibōniz (genitive singular)
tibōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tibōni (dative singular)
tibōmaz (dative plural)
tibōnē (instrumental singular)
tibōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tibā
Old English: tife
Old Frisian: *tive, *teve
Saterland Frisian: Tieuwe
Old Saxon: *tiva
Middle Low German: teve, tiffe
German Low German: Teve, Teev, Tiff
→ Old Norse: tefja
Danish: tæve
Swedish: täva; (täfsa (dialectal))
Old Dutch: *tiva
Middle Dutch: tēve
Dutch: teef
Afrikaans: teef
→ West Frisian: teef
>? Old High German: *zibba
>? Middle High German: *zibbe, *zippe
>? German: Zibbe, Zippe (attetsted 19th c.)

Unknown. Perhaps related to the root of Old Norse tík (“bitch”). A geminate byform *tibbǭ gave German dialectal Zippe, Zibbe (“ewe; doe (hare, rabbit)”), Icelandic tebba (“vixen”), and possibly English tib (“working-class woman”).


tigulǭ

tigulǭ (nominative singular)
tigulōniz (nominative plural)
tigulǭ (singular vocative)
tigulōniz (plural vocative)
tigulōnų (accusative singular)
tigulōnunz (accusative plural)
tigulōniz (genitive singular)
tigulōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tigulōni (dative singular)
tigulōmaz (dative plural)
tigulōnē (instrumental singular)
tigulōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tigulā, *tēgulā
Old English: tigele, tigule, tigle, tiegle, tighele, tygele
Middle English: tigel, tighele, teghell, teȝele, tiȝel, tyle, tile
English: tile (see there for further descendants)
Scots: tyl, tild
Old Frisian: *tigel, *tichel
Saterland Frisian: Tichel
West Frisian: tichel, tegel, teil (possibly from Dutch)
Old Saxon: tiegla
Middle Low German: tēgel, tichel
German Low German: Tichel
Plautdietsch: Tieejel
Old Dutch: tegela
Middle Dutch: tigele, tegel, tichel
Dutch: tegel, tichel
Afrikaans: teël
Old High German: ziagala, ziagal
Middle High German: ziegel
German: Ziegel
→ Serbo-Croatian: cígla
Hunsrik: Zieghel
Luxembourgish: Zill
→ Czech: cihla
→ Polish: cegła
→ Belarusian: цэ́гла (céhla)
→ Ukrainian: це́гла (céhla)

Old Norse: tigl

Icelandic: tigl

Faroese: tigul

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: tigl, tegl; (dialectal) tægl

Old Swedish: tighl

Swedish: tegel

→ Finnish: tiili

Danish: tegl

Norwegian Bokmål: tegl

Gutnish: tigel, tigul


sparāną

sparō (active first-person indicative singular)
sparaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
sparai (active imperative second-person singular)
sparāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sparaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sparāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sparāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sparōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sparāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sparāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sparāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sparānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sparaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sparaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sparānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sparānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sparānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sparānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sparadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sparadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sparadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sparadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sparadē (active indicative singular third-person)
sparadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sparadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sparadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sparadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sparadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sparadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sparadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sparadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sparadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sparadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sparadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sparāndz (active participle present)
sparadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sparēn
Old English: sparian
Middle English: sparien, sparen
Scots: spar, spair
English: spare
Old Frisian: sparia, spara
Saterland Frisian: spoarje
West Frisian: sparje
Old Saxon: sparōn
Middle Low German: sparen
German Low German: sparen
→ Old Dutch: *sparon
Middle Dutch: sparen
Dutch: sparen
Old High German: sparēn, sparōn
Middle High German: sparn
German: sparen
Yiddish: שפּאָרן (shporn)
Esperanto: ŝpari
Luxembourgish: spueren
→ Vulgar Latin: sparāniō (attested in the Reichenau Glossary)
Italo-Romance:
Italian: sparagnare ⇒ risparmiare
Central dialects: sparagnà ⇒ risparagnà, resparagnà, risparmià, risparambià
Neapolitan: sparagnà
Sicilian: sparagnari
Padanian:
Emilian: sparmier, sparer ⇒ rasparar, arsparmier
Lombard: spargnar, sparmir
Piedmontese: spargné
Romagnol: sparmier, sparanear ⇒ arpsamear
Northern Gallo-Romance:
Franc-Comtois: éparmaî
Franco-Provençal: épargnèr, éparmar
Valdôtain: éparmir
Old Bourgignon: arsparmer, esparmer
⇒ Bourguignon: reparmer
Old French: espargnier, esparigner, esparnier, esparnir, esparner, aperner
French: épargner
Walloon: spârgnî
Southern Gallo-Romance:
Occitan: esparnhar

Old Norse: spara

Icelandic: spara

Faroese: spara

Norwegian Nynorsk: spara

Old Swedish: spara

Swedish: spara

Danish: spare

Norwegian Bokmål: spare

From *sparaz (“sparing, frugal”) + *-āną

to be thrifty; be conservative; be sparing


sōkniz

sōkniz (nominative singular)
sōknīz (nominative plural)
sōkni (singular vocative)
sōknīz (plural vocative)
sōknį (accusative singular)
sōkninz (accusative plural)
sōknīz (genitive singular)
sōknijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sōknī (dative singular)
sōknimaz (dative plural)
sōknī (instrumental singular)
sōknimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sōkni

Old English: sōcn, sōcen
Middle English: soken
English: soken
→ Medieval Latin: sōca
Old French: soc
⇒ Old French: socage, soccage, sokage
→ Middle English: sokage
English: socage, soccage
→ Middle English: soke

gl

dissimilated from Old Saxon <i class="Latn mention" lang="osx">*sōkni</i> ?

>? Old Saxon: *sōki (dissimilated from Old Saxon *sōkni ?)

Middle Low German: souke, sö̂ke

German Low German: Söke, Söök

desc

Old High German: sōhnī, suohnī, suohhinī, suochinī

⇒ Old High German: ursōhnī, ursuohnī, ursuohhinī

⇒ Old High German: ursuohhinōn, ursuochinōn, ursuohhanōn, ursuochanōn

gl

dissimilated from Old High German <i class="Latn mention" lang="goh">suohhnī</i> ?

>? Old High German: suohhī, suochī (dissimilated from Old High German suohhnī ?)

merged with descendant of Old High German <i class="Latn mention" lang="goh">suohha</i>

Middle High German: suoche (merged with descendant of Old High German suohha)

German: Suche

Old Norse: sókn

Icelandic: sókn

Faroese: sókn

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: sokn, sogn

Norwegian Nynorsk: sokn

Old Swedish: sōkn

Swedish: socken

Old Danish: sōkn

Danish: sogn

Elfdalian: sokken

Jamtish: sókn

Gutnish: sokken

Scanian: sóğn

Gothic: 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌽𐍃 (sōkns)

From *sōkijaną (“to seek, look for; to dispute”) + *-niz.

af

investigation; probe; examination; inquiry

dispute; quarrel; contest; struggle; fight


hwatjaną

hwatjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwatjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwatjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwatisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwatjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwati (active imperative second-person singular)
hwatjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwatjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwatiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwatjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwatjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwatjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwatjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwatjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hwatjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwatjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwatjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwatjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwatjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwatjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwatjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwatjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwatiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hwatjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwatiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hwatjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwatjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwatjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwatjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwatjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwatjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwatjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwatidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hwatidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwatidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hwatidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwatidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hwatidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwatidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwatidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwatidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwatidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwatidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwatidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwatidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwatidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwatidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwatidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwatjandz (active participle present)
hwatidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hwattjan
Old English: hwettan
Middle English: whetten, qwete, whett, whette, whettyn; whætte (Early Middle English)
English: whet
Scots: what
Yola: what
Old Frisian: *hwetta; *hwettia
Saterland Frisian: wätje
West Frisian: hwetsje, hotsje
Old Saxon: *hwettian
Middle Low German: wetten
German Low German: wetten
Old Dutch: *wetten
Middle Dutch: wetten
Dutch: wetten
Old High German: hwezzen, wezzen
Middle High German: wetzen
Cimbrian: bétzan
German: wetzen

Old Norse: hvetja

Icelandic: hvetja

Faroese: hvøtja

Norwegian: kvetja

Old Swedish: hvætia

Swedish: vättja, hvättja (dialectal)

Danish: hvæde, hvætte (dialectal)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍈𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaƕatjan)

From *hwataz (“quick, sharp, brave”) + *-janą.


habą

habą (nominative singular)
habō (nominative plural)
habą (singular vocative)
habō (plural vocative)
habą (accusative singular)
habō (accusative plural)
habas (genitive singular)
habis (genitive singular)
habǫ̂ (genitive plural)
habai (dative singular)
habamaz (dative plural)
habō (instrumental singular)
habamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hab

Old English: hæf, heaf

Old Frisian: *haf, hef

North Frisian: haf, haft, heef

Old Saxon: *haf

Middle Low German: haf

German Low German: Haff

desctree

→ German: Haff
→ Dutch: haf
→ Polish: haf

Old Dutch: haf

Old High German: *hab

Middle High German: hap (genitive: habes)

Old Norse: haf

Icelandic: haf

Faroese: hav

Norn: hav

Norwegian: hav

Old Swedish: haf

Swedish: hav

Danish: hav

Gutnish: hav, av

→ Scots: haaf

→ English: haaf

→ Proto-Samic: *āpē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂p- (“to seize; take up; lift”).


habą

Proto-West Germanic: *hab

Old English: *haf, *hæf

desc

⇒? Middle English: haftre (“support beam”)

Old High German: *hab

⇒ Old High German: urhab n or m

Middle High German: urhap

German: Urhab

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *habattjan

>? Old English: hafettan

⇒? Old English: hafetian

gl

⇒? Old English: *hafu (possibly a back-formation from the neuter plural)

⇒ Old English: *āhafu

⇒ Old English: ūpāhafu

Old Norse: *haf

desctree

⇒ Old Norse: upphaf
Icelandic: upphaf
Faroese: upphav
Norwegian Nynorsk: opphav, upphav (until 1938)
Old Danish: ophav
Danish: ophav
Norwegian Bokmål: opphav
Old Swedish: uphof
Swedish: upphov, upphof (until 1906)


telguz

telguz (nominative singular)
tilgiwiz (nominative plural)
telgu (singular vocative)
tilgiwiz (plural vocative)
telgų (accusative singular)
telgunz (accusative plural)
telgauz (genitive singular)
tilgiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tilgiwi (dative singular)
telgumaz (dative plural)
telgū (instrumental singular)
telgumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *telgu

Old English: telga; telġe

Middle English: *telȝe, *tilȝe, *telwe, *tilwe

English: tillow

Old Frisian: *telch; *telge

Saterland Frisian: Teelge, Tälge

West Frisian: telch

Old Saxon: *telgo

Middle Low German: telge, telch

German Low German: Telg

Old Dutch: telg (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: telch
Dutch: telg
Afrikaans: telg

Old High German: zelga

Middle High German: zëlge, zëlch

German: Zelge

Old Norse: tjalga; tollurr; tjalgr

Icelandic: tjálgur

From Proto-Indo-European *delh₁gʰ- (“to split; carve; hew”).


Þeudōbalþaz

Þeudōbalþaz (nominative singular)
Þeudōbalþ (singular vocative)
Þeudōbalþą (accusative singular)
Þeudōbalþas (genitive singular)
Þeudōbalþis (genitive singular)
Þeudōbalþai (dative singular)
Þeudōbalþō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Þeudubalþ

Old English: Þēodbald

English: Theobald

→ Latin: Theobaldus

Old French: Tibaut

French: Thibault

→ German: Thibaut

Italian: Teobaldo

Spanish: Teobaldo

Old High German: Theudobald, Dietbald

Old Norse:

Norwegian: Teovald

/ˈθeu̯.ðɔː.ˌbɑl.θɑz/

From *þeudō (“people, nation”) + *balþaz (“strong, bold”).


Þeudōberhtaz

Þeudōberhtaz (nominative singular)
Þeudōberht (singular vocative)
Þeudōberhtą (accusative singular)
Þeudōberhtas (genitive singular)
Þeudōbirhtis (genitive singular)
Þeudōbirhtai (dative singular)
Þeudōberhtō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Þeuduberht

Old English: *Þeodberht

desc

Old High German: *Diotberaht, *Diotberht

Middle High German: *Dietberht

German: Dietbert

→ Old French:

Middle French: Thibert

French: Thibert

→ Medieval Latin: Theudebertus

→ English: Theudebert

→ German: Theudebert

Icelandic: Þjóðbjartur (recoined as a translation)

Visigothic/Suevic/Vandalic:

→ Late Latin: Theodibertus

Galician: Toiberde (place name)

From *þeudō (“people, nation”) + *berhtaz (“bright, shining”).


þiudijaz

*þiudijaz (ja-stem)

þiudijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
þiudijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
þiudijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
þiudijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
þiudiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
þiudijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
þiudijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
þiudijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
þiudijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
þiudijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
þiudiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
þiudijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
þiudijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
þiudijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
þiudijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
þiudijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
þiudijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
þiudijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
þiudijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
þiudijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
þiudijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
þiudijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
þiudijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
þiudijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
þiudijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
þiudijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
þiudijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
þiudijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
þiudijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
þiudijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
þiudijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
þiudijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
þiudijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
þiudijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
þiudijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
þiudijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
þiudijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
þiudijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
þiudijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
þiudijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
þiudijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
þiudijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
þiudīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
þiudijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
þiudijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
þiudijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
þiudīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
þiudijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
þiudīni (dative masculine singular weak)
þiudijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
þiudijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
þiudijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
þiudīni (dative neuter singular weak)
þiudijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
þiudīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
þiudijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
þiudijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
þiudijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
þiudīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
þiudijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Old Norse: þýðr
Icelandic: þýður
Faroese: týður
Norwegian Nynorsk: tyd
Norwegian Bokmål: ty

Gothic: *𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌸𐍃 (*þiuþs)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þiuþjan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌹𐌵𐌹𐍃𐍃 (þiuþiqiss)

From Proto-Indo-European *tewH-; related to Latin tueor, tūtus.
Alternatively, from *þeudō (“people, tribe”).


duniz

duniz (nominative singular)
dunīz (nominative plural)
duni (singular vocative)
dunīz (plural vocative)
dunį (accusative singular)
duninz (accusative plural)
dunīz (genitive singular)
dunjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dunī (dative singular)
dunimaz (dative plural)
dunī (instrumental singular)
dunimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *duni
Old English: dyne, dyn
Middle English: dune, dyne, dene, dine, dyn
Scots: dyn, din
English: dun, din
Old Saxon: *duni
Middle Low German: done, döne, don
Old Dutch: *duni
Middle Dutch: dōne, dōon, duene
Dutch: deun
Old High German: tuni, (Central German) *duni
Middle High German: tōn, dōn, dōne, dœne (merged with a borrowing from Latin tonus)
German: Ton

Old Norse: dynr
Icelandic: dynur
Faroese: dynur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: dønn n
Norwegian Nynorsk: døn n, dønn n
Old Swedish: dyn
Swedish: dön n, dån n, don n
Danish: døn n

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰún-is, from *dʰwen- (“to roar; boom; resound”). Cognate with Sanskrit ध्वन् (dhvan, “sound”).


uzlaubijaną

uzlaubijō (active first-person indicative singular)
uzlaubijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzlaubijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
uzlaubīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
uzlaubijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzlaubī (active imperative second-person singular)
uzlaubijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
uzlaubijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
uzlaubīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
uzlaubijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzlaubijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
uzlaubijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
uzlaubijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
uzlaubijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
uzlaubijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzlaubijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzlaubijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzlaubijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
uzlaubijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
uzlaubijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzlaubijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
uzlaubijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
uzlaubīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
uzlaubijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzlaubīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
uzlaubijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
uzlaubijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
uzlaubijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
uzlaubijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzlaubijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
uzlaubijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
uzlaubijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
uzlaubidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
uzlaubidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzlaubidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
uzlaubidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzlaubidē (active indicative singular third-person)
uzlaubidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzlaubidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
uzlaubidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzlaubidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzlaubidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzlaubidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
uzlaubidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzlaubidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
uzlaubidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzlaubidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
uzlaubidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzlaubijandz (active participle present)
uzlaubidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *uʀlaubijan

desc

Old English: ālīefan, ālȳfan, ālēfan, ālīfan

(Middle English: leven)

Old Saxon: *irlōvian, *arlōvian, *alōvian

Middle Low German: erlȫven

Low German: erloven; erlauwen (Westphalian)

Old Dutch: *irlouven

Middle Dutch: *erloven; orloven (possibly a new creation)

Dutch: oorloven

⇒ Dutch: veroorloven

→ West Frisian: feroorloovje

Old High German: arlauben, erlaupen, arlouben, irlouben

Middle High German: erlouben

German: erlauben

→ Saterland Frisian: ärlaubje

Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (uslaubjan)


mēdwō

mēdwō (nominative singular)
mēdwôz (nominative plural)
mēdwō (singular vocative)
mēdwôz (plural vocative)
mēdwǭ (accusative singular)
mēdwōz (accusative plural)
mēdwōz (genitive singular)
mēdwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mēdwōi (dative singular)
mēdwōmaz (dative plural)
mēdwō (instrumental singular)
mēdwōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mǣd
Middle English: mede, medwe
English: mead, meadow
Scots: meeda
Yola: mead

Old Frisian: mēde

North Frisian: maade

West Frisian: miede

Old Saxon: (?)

mēde (from Frisian?)

German Low German: Mede, Meed; Meedje

Old Dutch: *māda

Middle Dutch: mâde

Dutch: made

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂meh₁- (“to mow”) + *-dwō. Cognate with Latin metere (“to cut down; reap; mow”).


bērusjaz

bērusjaz (nominative singular)
bērusjōz (nominative plural)
bērusjōs (nominative plural)
bērusi (singular vocative)
bērusjōz (plural vocative)
bērusjōs (plural vocative)
bērusją (accusative singular)
bērusjanz (accusative plural)
bērusjas (genitive singular)
bērusis (genitive singular)
bērusjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bērusjai (dative singular)
bērusjamaz (dative plural)
bērusjō (instrumental singular)
bērusjamiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌱𐌴𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌾𐍉𐍃 (bērusjōs)

Derived from the feminine *bērusī or *bērusjō (“mother”), originally a perfect participle meaning "she who has borne".


teugą

teugą (nominative singular)
teugō (nominative plural)
teugą (singular vocative)
teugō (plural vocative)
teugą (accusative singular)
teugō (accusative plural)
teugas (genitive singular)
tiugis (genitive singular)
teugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tiugai (dative singular)
teugamaz (dative plural)
teugō (instrumental singular)
teugamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *teug, *tiugi

Old English: *tēog, *tēoh; *tēoġe, *tīeġe

(Middle English: toye [also possibly from Dutch])

(English: toy)

⇒ Old English: ġetēog, ġetēoh

⇒ Old English: sulhġetēog, sulhġetēoh

Old Frisian: tiūch, tiōch

North Frisian: tjug

Saterland Frisian: Tjuuch

West Frisian: túch

Old Saxon: *tiug, *tiuh; gitiuh

Middle Low German: tü̂g, tü̂ch; getü̂ch

German Low German: Tüüg

→ Old Norse: tygi
Icelandic: tygi
Danish: tøj
→ Faroese: toy
Norwegian: tøy (Bokmål), tøy (Nynorsk) n
Swedish: tyg

Old Dutch: *tiug; *gitiug

Middle Dutch: tuych; ghetuych

Dutch: tuig; getuig

→ Middle English: toye

English: toy

Old High German: ziug; giziug; giziugi

Middle High German: ziug, ziuc; giziuc

German: Zeug

Luxembourgish: Zäich

Yiddish: צײַג (tsayg); Yiddish: געצײַג (getsayg)

(collectively) tools; rigging; equipment; stuff


skardą

skardą (nominative singular)
skardō (nominative plural)
skardą (singular vocative)
skardō (plural vocative)
skardą (accusative singular)
skardō (accusative plural)
skardas (genitive singular)
skardis (genitive singular)
skardǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skardai (dative singular)
skardamaz (dative plural)
skardō (instrumental singular)
skardamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skard
Old English: sċeard
Middle English: scherd, scheard, scheord, scherde, schord, shard, sherd, sherde
English: shard, sherd
Scots: shaird
Yola: sheardhe, sheardh, shearde, sharde
Old Frisian: skerd
Saterland Frisian: Skeed
West Frisian: schird, skurd
Old Saxon: *skard
Middle Low German: schart
German Low German: Schaarde
Old Dutch: *skard
Middle Dutch: scart, scaert, schaerde, scheerde
Dutch: schaarde
→ West Frisian: skaart
Old High German: scart; *skarti
Middle High German: scharte
German: Scharte
Luxembourgish: Schaart
→ Catalan: esquerda
→ Old French: escharde, escherde
Middle French: eschardre
French: écharde
→ Old Italian: scarda
⇒ Italian: scardare
→ Basque: eskarda

Old Norse: skarð

Icelandic: skarð

Faroese: skarð

Norwegian: skård

Old Swedish: skardh

Danish: skård, skår

→ Middle English: scarth


þiubiþō

þiubiþō (nominative singular)
þiubiþôz (nominative plural)
þiubiþō (singular vocative)
þiubiþôz (plural vocative)
þiubiþǭ (accusative singular)
þiubiþōz (accusative plural)
þiubiþōz (genitive singular)
þiubiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þiubiþōi (dative singular)
þiubiþōmaz (dative plural)
þiubiþō (instrumental singular)
þiubiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þiubiþu
Old English: þīefþ, þȳfþ, þīfþ, þēofþ, þēoft
Middle English: thefte, theffte, theft, thifthe, þeefte, þeft, þeofþe, þeuft, þiefþe, þifte, þyefþe
English: theft
Scots: thift, theft
Old Frisian: thiuvethe, thiuvede, thiufthe, tiefte
Old Saxon: *thiuvitha
Middle Low German: dü̂vede, dêfte
Old Dutch: *thiuvitha
Middle Dutch: diefte
Dutch: diefte (dialectal)
Old High German: *diubida
Middle High German: diubede
German: Diebde

Old Norse: þýfð, þýft

Icelandic: þýfð, þýft

Old Swedish: þyft, þiuft

Swedish: tjuft

/ˈθiu̯.βi.θɔː/

From *þeubaz (“thief”) + *-iþō, and/or *þiubijaną (“to thieve”) + *-iþō.

the state or condition of a thief; thiefdom


lunganjō

lunganjō (nominative singular)
lunganjôz (nominative plural)
lunganjō (singular vocative)
lunganjôz (plural vocative)
lunganjǭ (accusative singular)
lunganjōz (accusative plural)
lunganjōz (genitive singular)
lunganjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lunganjōi (dative singular)
lunganjōmaz (dative plural)
lunganjō (instrumental singular)
lunganjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: lungen f

Middle English: lunge, longe

Scots: lung, long, loung

English: lung

Old Frisian: lungene, lungen f

Saterland Frisian: Lunge

West Frisian: longe, long

Old Saxon: lungannia

Middle Low German: lungene

Old Dutch: *lunganna

Middle Dutch: lungene, longene

desc

Old High German: lunganna, lungunna, lunginna, lungina, lungun


lungô

lungô (nominative singular)
lungōnō (nominative plural)
lungô (singular vocative)
lungōnō (plural vocative)
lungô (accusative singular)
lungōnō (accusative plural)
lunginiz (genitive singular)
lunganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lungini (dative singular)
lungammaz (dative plural)
lunginē (instrumental singular)
lungammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: lunga f;

Middle Low German: lunge

German Low German: Lunge, Lung

Plautdietsch: Lung

Old Dutch: *lunga

Middle Dutch: lunge

Dutch: long

Afrikaans: long

Old High German: lunga f;

Middle High German: lunge; lungel

Bavarian: Lung

German: Lunge; Lungel

Hunsrik: Lung

Luxembourgish: Long

Old Norse: lunga n

Icelandic: lunga n

Faroese: lunga n

Norn: lunga

Norwegian: lunge f or m

Old Swedish: lunga f

Swedish: lunga c

Danish: lunge c

Gutnish: lungge, lunggå

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁lengʷʰ- (“light in weight; nimble”).


hrīþō

hrīþō (nominative singular)
hrīþôz (nominative plural)
hrīþō (singular vocative)
hrīþôz (plural vocative)
hrīþǭ (accusative singular)
hrīþōz (accusative plural)
hrīþōz (genitive singular)
hrīþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrīþōi (dative singular)
hrīþōmaz (dative plural)
hrīþō (instrumental singular)
hrīþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrīþ

Old Norse: hríð

Icelandic: hríð

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreyt- (“to wind; twist; bend”), from *(s)ker- (“to wind; twist; bend”).


ainagaz

*ainagaz (a-stem)

ainagaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
ainagai (masculine nominative plural strong)
ainagō (feminine nominative singular strong)
ainagôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ainagą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
ainagō (neuter nominative plural strong)
ainaganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
ainaganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
ainagǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
ainagōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ainagą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
ainagō (accusative neuter plural strong)
ainagas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
ainagaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
ainagaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
ainagaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
ainagas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
ainagaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
ainagammai (dative masculine singular strong)
ainagaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
ainagaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
ainagaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
ainagammai (dative neuter singular strong)
ainagaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
ainaganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
ainagaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
ainagaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
ainagaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
ainaganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
ainagaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ainagô (masculine nominative singular weak)
ainaganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
ainagǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
ainagōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
ainagô (neuter nominative singular weak)
ainagōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
ainaganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
ainaganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
ainagōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
ainagōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
ainagô (accusative neuter singular weak)
ainagōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ainaginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
ainaganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
ainagōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
ainagōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ainaginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
ainaganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
ainagini (dative masculine singular weak)
ainagammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
ainagōni (dative feminine singular weak)
ainagōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
ainagini (dative neuter singular weak)
ainagammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
ainaginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
ainagammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
ainagōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
ainagōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
ainaginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
ainagammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ainag, *ainīg
Old English: *āneġ, ǣneġ, āniġ, ǣniġ, āni (adj); ānga, ǣnga, ēnga, ǣnġe (adverb)
Middle English: aniȝ, eani, ony, eny, any
English: any
Scots: eny, ony, onie
Old Frisian: ēnig, ēnich, *ānig, ēng, āng
Saterland Frisian: enig
West Frisian: ienich
Old Saxon: ēnag, ēnig
Middle Low German: ênich
German Low German: enig
→ Danish: enig
→ Norwegian Bokmål: enig
Old Dutch: *einag, einigh
Middle Dutch: enech
Dutch: enig
Old High German: einag, einac; (einīg)
Middle High German: eineg, einec, einic
German: einig

Old Norse: einigr (adj); einga (adverb) (in compounds)

Icelandic: einigur

Faroese: einigur

Old Swedish: enigh

Swedish: enig

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍃 (ainahs)

→ Proto-Finnic: *ainaga (see there for further descendants)

/ˈɑɪ̯.nɑ.ɣɑz/

From Proto-Indo-European *oynokós, equivalent to *ainaz + *-gaz. Cognate with Latin ūnicus.


hrunþaz

hrunþaz (nominative singular)
hrunþizō (nominative plural)
hrunþaz (singular vocative)
hrunþizō (plural vocative)
hrunþaz (accusative singular)
hrunþizō (accusative plural)
hrunþiziz (genitive singular)
hrunþizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrunþizi (dative singular)
hrunþizumaz (dative plural)
hrunþizē (instrumental singular)
hrunþizumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrūþ; hrūþer, hrȳþer

Middle English: rither (coalesced with descendant of *hrinþaz); rether, reother, rother, ruther, rodder, rudder

English: rother

Old Frisian: hrēther, reder

North Frisian: redder

Saterland Frisian: Räier

Old Saxon: *hrunth, *hrund

Middle Low German: runt, ront

Old Dutch: *hrunth, *hrund, *rund

Middle Dutch: runt, ront

Dutch: rund

Zero-grade variant of *hrinþaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“summit; peak; top; head; horn”).

der

A horned beast, as in a neat or ox (alternative form of *hrinþaz)


hrinþaz

hrinþaz (nominative singular)
hrinþizō (nominative plural)
hrinþaz (singular vocative)
hrinþizō (plural vocative)
hrinþaz (accusative singular)
hrinþizō (accusative plural)
hrinþiziz (genitive singular)
hrinþizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrinþizi (dative singular)
hrinþizumaz (dative plural)
hrinþizē (instrumental singular)
hrinþizumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrinþ
Old English: hrīþ (< nom.sg.), hrīþer (< nom.pl.)
Middle English: rother, reother, rither, rether
English: rother
Old Frisian: hrīther (< nom.pl.)
North Frisian: ridder
West Frisian: rier
Old Saxon: hrīth, *hrinth, *hrind
Middle Low German: rint
Low German: Rind
Old Dutch: hrind, rind
Middle Dutch: rint, rent
Old High German: rind, hrind
Middle High German: rint
Alemannic German: Rind
Central Franconian: Rend, Renk (native in most of Ripuarian, now chiefly western dialects); Rond, Rönd (Eifel)
German: Rind
Hunsrik: Rind
Luxembourgish: Rand
Vilamovian: rynd

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *ḱrént-os ~ *ḱrn̥t-és-s, from the root *ḱer- (“head; horn”).


hnītaną

hnītō (active first-person indicative singular)
hnītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hnītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hnītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnīt (active imperative second-person singular)
hnītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hnītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hnītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hnītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hnītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hnītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hnītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hnītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hnītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hnītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hnītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hnītid (active indicative plural second-person)
hnītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnītid (active imperative plural second-person)
hnītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hnītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hnītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hnītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hnītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hnītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hnait (active first-person indicative singular)
hnitį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnaist (active indicative second-person singular)
hnitīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnait (active indicative singular third-person)
hnitī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnitū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnitīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnitudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnitīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnitum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnitīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnitud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnitīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnitun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnitīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnītandz (active participle present)
hnitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hnītan
Old English: hnītan
Middle English: *niten, *nyten
Scots: noit, knoit, note
→ English: note
Old Frisian: *hnīta
⇒ West Frisian: nytsje
Old Saxon: *hnītan
Middle Low German: nîten
German Low German: nieten
→ German: nieten
→ Danish: nitte
⇒ Old Saxon: ofhnītan
Old Dutch: *nītan
Middle Dutch: *niten
Dutch: nijten (dialectal)

Old Norse: hníta
Icelandic: hníta
Norwegian Nynorsk: nita, nite
Swedish: nita

From Proto-Indo-European *kneyd-, from *ken- (“to scratch; scrape; rub”).


furdiz

furdiz (nominative singular)
furdīz (nominative plural)
furdi (singular vocative)
furdīz (plural vocative)
furdį (accusative singular)
furdinz (accusative plural)
furdīz (genitive singular)
furdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
furdī (dative singular)
furdimaz (dative plural)
furdī (instrumental singular)
furdimiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Gothic: *𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐍃 (*faurds), 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐍃 (gafaurds)

From pre-Germanic *pr̥tís, a ti-stem formation to a lost strong verb *feraną (“to cross, come to a place”), compare *fēriz.

a crossing, going across, coming to a place


plakjō

plakjō (nominative singular)
plakjôz (nominative plural)
plakjō (singular vocative)
plakjôz (plural vocative)
plakjǭ (accusative singular)
plakjōz (accusative plural)
plakjōz (genitive singular)
plakjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
plakjōi (dative singular)
plakjōmaz (dative plural)
plakjō (instrumental singular)
plakjōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *plakkju
Old English: *plæċċ
Middle English: *placche, plecche
⇒? Middle English: pacche
English: patch
>? Middle English: placche (attested in plural as placchis (“splinters, fragments, pieces”))
Old Frisian: *plekk
Saterland Frisian: Pläk
West Frisian: plak, plek (also possibly a borrowing from Dutch)
Old Saxon: *plekkia
Middle Low German: plecke
Old Dutch: *plekka
Middle Dutch: plecke, pleecke, pleke
Dutch: plek
→ Middle English: plecke
English: pleck

Unknown. Perhaps of non-Indo-European substrate origin due to the rarity of Indo-European *b > Germanic *p.