sweraną

swerō (active first-person indicative singular)
sweraų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swerai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swirizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sweraiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swer (active imperative second-person singular)
swerazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sweraizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swiridi (active indicative singular third-person)
swerai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sweradau (active imperative singular third-person)
sweradai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sweraidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swerōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sweraiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sweradiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sweraidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sweradiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sweramaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sweraim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swerandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sweraindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swirid (active indicative plural second-person)
sweraid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swirid (active imperative plural second-person)
swerandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sweraindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swerandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swerain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swerandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swerandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sweraindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swar (active first-person indicative singular)
swērį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swart (active indicative second-person singular)
swērīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swar (active indicative singular third-person)
swērī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swērū (active dual first-person indicative)
swērīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swērudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swērīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swērum (active first-person indicative plural)
swērīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swērud (active indicative plural second-person)
swērīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swērun (active indicative plural third-person)
swērīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swerandz (active participle present)
suranaz (active participle past subjunctive)
swuranaz (active participle past subjunctive)

(Old English: swor; swarnian, swārnian, swornian)

Old Saxon: *sweran

Middle Low German: swēren

Old Dutch: *sweran

Middle Dutch: swēren

Dutch: zweren

Old High German: sweran; (swero; swerado, swerdo)

Middle High German: swërn; (swere, swer, geswer; swerde)

German: schwären; (Geschwür)

From Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to ache, fester”). Possibly related to Avestan 𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬀 (xᵛara, “wound, hurt”).


sweruz

sweruz (nominative singular)
swiriwiz (nominative plural)
sweru (singular vocative)
swiriwiz (plural vocative)
swerų (accusative singular)
swerunz (accusative plural)
swerauz (genitive singular)
swiriwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swiriwi (dative singular)
swerumaz (dative plural)
swerū (instrumental singular)
swerumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sweor, swier, swyr; sweora, swira, swyra, swura

Middle English: sweor

Old High German: *swiri, *swir (found in derivative swirōn (verb)); *swiro

Middle High German: swir

Alemannic German: Schwiren

Bavarian: Schwirren

From Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“stick, pole”).


þakwōną

þakwō (active first-person indicative singular)
þakwǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þakwōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
þakwōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
þakwōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þakwō (active imperative second-person singular)
þakwōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þakwōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þakwōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þakwō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þakwōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þakwōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þakwōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þakwōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þakwōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þakwōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þakwōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þakwōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þakwōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þakwōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þakwōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þakwōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þakwōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þakwōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þakwōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þakwōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þakwōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þakwōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þakwōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þakwōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þakwōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þakwōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þakwōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þakwōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þakwōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þakwōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þakwōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
þakwōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þakwōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þakwōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þakwōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þakwōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þakwōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þakwōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þakwōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þakwōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þakwōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þakwōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þakwōndz (active participle present)
þakwōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þakwōn, *þakkōn

desctree

Old English: þaccian
Middle English: thakken
Scots: thack, thwak
English: thack, thwack

Old Saxon: *thakkōn, *thakōn

⇒ Old Saxon: thakolōn

Old Dutch: *thakon

Middle Dutch: daken

Old Norse: þjökka, þjaka

Faroese: *tjaka

⇒ Faroese: tjakast

Icelandic: þjaka

Norwegian: tjåka

/ˈθɑ.kʷɔː.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *teh₂g- (“to touch”), either derived from a u-stem derivative of the root + *-ōną, or, if the alternative reconstruction *þakkōną is correct, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *th₂gnéh₂ti and thus formally cognate with Latin tangō (“touch”, verb). Further cognate with Ancient Greek τεταγών (tetagṓn, “having seized”), τάσσω (tássō, “arrange”) and Latin taxō (“touch, feel”, verb).


murgnagebō

murgnagebō (nominative singular)
murgnagebôz (nominative plural)
murgnagebō (singular vocative)
murgnagebôz (plural vocative)
murgnagebǭ (accusative singular)
murgnagebōz (accusative plural)
murgnagebōz (genitive singular)
murgnagebǫ̂ (genitive plural)
murgnagebōi (dative singular)
murgnagebōmaz (dative plural)
murgnagebō (instrumental singular)
murgnagebōmiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *morgnagebu, *morgnagēbǭ

Old English: morgenġiefu, morgenġifu

Middle English: morgengive, morhȝive, marheȝive

Scots: morning-gift

English: morning gift

Old Saxon: *morgangeva, *morgangāva

Middle Low German: morgengâve

Low German: Morgengaav

→ Old Swedish: morghongava

Swedish: morgongåva

Old Dutch: *morgangeva, *morgangāva

Middle Dutch: morgengave

Dutch: morgengave

Old High German: morgangeba, *morgangāba, (Lombardic) morgingab

Middle High German: morgengābe

German: Morgengabe

desctree

Old Norse: morgingjǫf, morgungjǫf
Icelandic: morgungjöf
Old Swedish: morghongāva, morghongæf, morghongiæf, ᛘᚮᚱᚵᚼᚮᚿᚵᛆᚠᛆ (-giæf is native, -gāva from Low German)
Swedish: morgongåva

→ Latin: morganāticus

→ English: morganatic

→ French: morganatique

→ German: morganatisch

→ Ido: morganatika

→ Italian: morganatico

→ Portuguese: morganático

desc

морганати́ческий

→ Russian: морганати́ческий (morganatíčeskij)

→ Spanish: morganático

морганати́чний

→ Ukrainian: морганати́чний (morhanatýčnyj)

From *murginaz (“morning”) + *gebō (“gift”).


murginaz

murginaz (nominative singular)
murginōz (nominative plural)
murginōs (nominative plural)
murgin (singular vocative)
murginōz (plural vocative)
murginōs (plural vocative)
murginą (accusative singular)
murginanz (accusative plural)
murginas (genitive singular)
murginis (genitive singular)
murginǫ̂ (genitive plural)
murginai (dative singular)
murginamaz (dative plural)
murginō (instrumental singular)
murginamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *morgin, *morgan
Old English: morgen, margen — Mercian; merġen, mergen, meriġen, merien, myrġen
Middle English: morwe, morȝen, morwen, morn
English: morrow; morn
Scots: morrow, morra; morn
Old Frisian: morgen, mergen, morn, mern
North Frisian: miern
Saterland Frisian: Mäiden
West Frisian: moarn
Old Saxon: morgan
Middle Low German: morgen
German Low German: Mörgen
German Low German: Morgen, Morrn
Dutch Low Saxon: morgen, morren
Old Dutch: morgan, *margan, *mergin
Middle Dutch: morgen, morghen, margen, marghen, mergen
Dutch: morgen
Old High German: morgan
Middle High German: morgen, morn
Alemannic German: moorn, moore (Glarus, Uri, Unterwalden); mooru (Valais), moore
Alsatian: Müggen
Swabian: Morga, Moriga
Walser: morge
Bavarian: Morgen, Muagn, Muang
Cimbrian: mòrng, morgan, mòrgont
Mòcheno: morng
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Meuend
Luxembourgish: Mueren, Moien
German: Morgen
→ English: morgen
→ Polish: morga, mórg
Hessian: Mojje
Vilamovian: miügia
Yiddish: מאָרגן (morgn)

Old Norse: morginn, morgunn, merginn, myrginn, myrgunn
Icelandic: morgunn
Faroese: morgun
Norwegian Nynorsk: morgon
Jamtish: morgę
Elfdalian: morgun
Old Swedish: morghin, morghon, morghan
Swedish: morgon
Old Danish: morghæn, morwæn
Danish: morgen
Norwegian Bokmål: morgen
Scanian: marğen
Gutnish: mårgen, mårren

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐌽𐍃 (maurgins)

→ Proto-Finnic: *murkina

From Proto-Indo-European *merkʷ- (“to flicker, twinkle, darken”), from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to flicker, twinkle”). Cognate with Lithuanian mérkti (“to wink”), Russian мрак (mrak, “gloom, darkness, shadow”), Sanskrit मर्क (marká, “solar eclipse”).


rafsijaną

rafsijō (active first-person indicative singular)
rafsijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rafsijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rafsīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
rafsijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rafsī (active imperative second-person singular)
rafsijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rafsijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rafsīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rafsijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rafsijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rafsijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rafsijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rafsijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rafsijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rafsijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rafsijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rafsijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rafsijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rafsijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rafsijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rafsijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rafsīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rafsijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rafsīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rafsijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rafsijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rafsijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rafsijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rafsijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rafsijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rafsijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rafsidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rafsidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rafsidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rafsidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rafsidē (active indicative singular third-person)
rafsidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rafsidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rafsidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rafsidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rafsidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rafsidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rafsidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rafsidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rafsidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rafsidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rafsidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rafsijandz (active participle present)
rafsidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rafsijan, *rafisijan, *rafisōn; *rabsijan, *rabsōn
Old English: refsan, ræpsan, ræfsan, repsan
Old Frisian: *repsa, respa, *respja
West Frisian: rispje
Old Saxon: repsian, ripsōn
Middle Low German: *rispen
Low German: rispen
Old Dutch: respen, *repsen
Middle Dutch: *respen
⇒ Middle Dutch: berepsen, berespen, berispen
Dutch: berispen
→ English: berisp
Old High German: rafsjan, refsen, repsen, respen
Middle High German: refsen, respen

Old Norse: refsa, repsa

Icelandic: refsa

Faroese: revsa

Norwegian: refse

Old Swedish: ræfsa, ræpsa

Swedish: räfsa

Danish: revse

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁rep- (“to rip, snatch, tear, pinch”).


hweraz

hweraz (nominative singular)
hwerōz (nominative plural)
hwerōs (nominative plural)
hwer (singular vocative)
hwerōz (plural vocative)
hwerōs (plural vocative)
hwerą (accusative singular)
hweranz (accusative plural)
hweras (genitive singular)
hwiris (genitive singular)
hwerǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwirai (dative singular)
hweramaz (dative plural)
hwerō (instrumental singular)
hweramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hwer
Old English: hwer
Middle English: hwer, wher
Old High German: hwer, wer

Old Norse: hverr

Icelandic: hver

Gothic: *𐍈𐌰𐌹𐍂 (*ƕair)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷer-, *kʷern- (“bowl, vessel”). Cognate with Welsh pair (“cauldron”), Old Irish coire (“kettle”), Russian ча́ра (čára, “bowl”), Sanskrit चरु (carú, “bowl”).


hūnaz

hūnaz (nominative singular)
hūnōz (nominative plural)
hūnōs (nominative plural)
hūn (singular vocative)
hūnōz (plural vocative)
hūnōs (plural vocative)
hūną (accusative singular)
hūnanz (accusative plural)
hūnas (genitive singular)
hūnis (genitive singular)
hūnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hūnai (dative singular)
hūnamaz (dative plural)
hūnō (instrumental singular)
hūnamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *hūn (attested in derivatives and personal names: Hūnbald, Ælfhūn, etc.)

Middle English: hun, hune, houn, hownde (also possibly from Old Norse)

Scots: hun, hune, huin

English: hune, hound

⇒ Old English: sċealdhūn

Old Dutch: *hūn

Middle Dutch: hūn, hūne

Dutch: huin

Old High German: Hūn- (in personal names)

Alsatian: hünsch

Old Norse: húnn

Icelandic: húnn

Norwegian: hun

Old Swedish: hūn

→ Old French: hune

Middle French: hune

French: hune

Vandalic: *hūna- (in personal names)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱūnós (“swollen”), whence also Sanskrit शुन (śuná, “thriving”), from an n-stem or heteroclitic r/n-stem derived from the root *ḱewh₁-, *ḱweh₁- (“to swell, spread out, enlarge, be strong”). Further cognate with Lithuanian šūsnis (“stack, pile, heap”), Latin inciēns (“with child, pregnant”).


hwōstōną

hwōstō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwōstǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwōstōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwōstōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwōstōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwōstō (active imperative second-person singular)
hwōstōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwōstōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwōstōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwōstō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwōstōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwōstōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwōstōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwōstōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hwōstōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwōstōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwōstōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwōstōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwōstōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwōstōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwōstōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwōstōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwōstōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hwōstōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwōstōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hwōstōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwōstōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwōstōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwōstōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwōstōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwōstōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwōstōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwōstōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hwōstōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwōstōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hwōstōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwōstōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hwōstōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwōstōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwōstōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwōstōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwōstōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwōstōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwōstōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwōstōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwōstōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwōstōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwōstōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwōstōndz (active participle present)
hwōstōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwōstōn

Old English: *hwōstian, (hwōstan); (*hwēstan (< *hwōstijaną))

Middle English: hōsten; hwēsten

Scots: whost, whust

English: whoost, hoost (dialectal)

Old Frisian: *hwōstia, *hōstia

Saterland Frisian: hoostje

West Frisian: hoastje

Old Saxon: *hwōstōn, *hōstōn

Middle Low German: hôsten

German Low German: hoosten

Low German: hosten

Old Dutch: *huoston

Middle Dutch: hoesten

Dutch: hoesten

Old High German: huostōn

Middle High German: huosten

Bavarian: huasdn

Luxembourgish: houschten

Old Norse: hósta

Icelandic: hósta

Faroese: hosta

Norwegian: hoste

Old Swedish: hōsta

Swedish: hosta

Old Danish: hōstæ

Danish: hoste

Elfdalian: ųosta

Gutnish: hokste

→ Middle English: *hosten

Scots: host, hoist

English: hoast

/ˈxʷɔːs.tɔː.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂s- (“to cough”). Equivalent to *hwōstô (“cough”) + *-ōną. Cognate with Lithuanian kṓsēti (“to cough”), Russian ка́шлять (kášljatʹ, “to cough”), Sanskrit कासते (kā́sate).


banō

banō (nominative singular)
banôz (nominative plural)
banō (singular vocative)
banôz (plural vocative)
banǭ (accusative singular)
banōz (accusative plural)
banōz (genitive singular)
banǫ̂ (genitive plural)
banōi (dative singular)
banōmaz (dative plural)
banō (instrumental singular)
banōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *banu

Old Frisian: *bane

Saterland Frisian: Boan

West Frisian: baan

Old Saxon: *bana

Middle Low German: bāne

German Low German: Bahn

→ Danish: bane

→ Norwegian: bane

→ Swedish: bana

Old Dutch: *bana

desctree

Middle Dutch: bāne
Dutch: baan
Afrikaans: baan
→ Indonesian: ban
Limburgish: baan

Old High German: *bana

Middle High German: bane, ban

Bavarian: Båhn

Cimbrian: pån

German: Bahn

Luxembourgish: Bunn

Yiddish: באַן (ban)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰon-eh₂, from *gʷʰen- (“to strike, kill”).


krukjō

krukjō (nominative singular)
krukjôz (nominative plural)
krukjō (singular vocative)
krukjôz (plural vocative)
krukjǭ (accusative singular)
krukjōz (accusative plural)
krukjōz (genitive singular)
krukjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krukjōi (dative singular)
krukjōmaz (dative plural)
krukjō (instrumental singular)
krukjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *krukkju
Old English: cryċċ, criċċ, cryċ
Middle English: crucche, croch, croche, crouch, cruche
English: crutch
Scots: crutch
Old Frisian: *krukk, *krekk, *krek
Saterland Frisian: Krukke, Kruke (possibly from Low German)
West Frisian: kruk (possibly from Dutch)
Old Saxon: krukka
Middle Low German: krucke, krocke, krücke
German Low German: Krück
Low German: krukke, Krükke, Krück
→ Danish: krykke
→ Old Swedish: krykkia
Swedish: krycka
→ Norwegian: krykke, krykkje
Old Dutch: *krukka
Middle Dutch: crucke, cricke, crocke
Dutch: kruk (see there for further descendants)
Old High German: krucka
Middle High German: krücke
Cimbrian: khrukha
German: Krücke
Lombardic: *krukkja
→ Italian: gruccia
→ Latin: crucia, crucea, cruccia, crucca, croccia
Franco-Provençal: crosse, croche
Italo-Dalmatian
Italian: croccia (Tuscan and central dialects)
Neapolitan: croccia, corcia, crocia
Sicilian: crozza
Piedmontese: cròssa
Old French: crosse
Middle French: crosse
French: crosse
→ Portuguese: crossa
Old Occitan: cròça
Occitan: cròça

Gothic: 𐌺𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌺𐌾𐌰 (krukkja)

From Proto-Indo-European *grewg- (“bend, wrinkle”), from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to bend, turn”).


basją

basją (nominative singular)
basjō (nominative plural)
basją (singular vocative)
basjō (plural vocative)
basją (accusative singular)
basjō (accusative plural)
basjas (genitive singular)
basis (genitive singular)
basjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
basjai (dative singular)
basjamaz (dative plural)
basjō (instrumental singular)
basjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *basi

Old Dutch: besi

Middle Dutch: bes, beze, bezie (a long vowel in certain dialects)

Dutch: bes, bees, bezie (a long vowel in certain dialects)

⇒ Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌰𐍃𐌹 (weinabasi)

Uncertain; perhaps from a pre-Indo-European substrate word. Otherwise, outside of Germanic, it may be related to Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to shine, glisten”) or to Sanskrit बभस्ति (babhasti, “to chew, eat”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰes-. However, also compare Latin baca (“berry”), or fascis (“bundle”).

cog

berry; a small fruit, of any one of many varieties


bazją

bazją (nominative singular)
bazjō (nominative plural)
bazją (singular vocative)
bazjō (plural vocative)
bazją (accusative singular)
bazjō (accusative plural)
bazjas (genitive singular)
bazis (genitive singular)
bazjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bazjai (dative singular)
bazjamaz (dative plural)
bazjō (instrumental singular)
bazjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *baʀi
Old English: berġe, berie, beriġe
Middle English: berye, berȝe, berie, bery, byry, beriye
English: berry
Scots: berie, bery, berrie, berry
Yola: kraanberry
Old Frisian: *berie
Saterland Frisian: Bäie
West Frisian: bei (possibly from Dutch, ultimately from Old French and bāca)
Old Saxon: beri
Middle Low German: bere
German Low German: Beer
Plautdietsch: Bäa
Old Dutch: *beri
Middle Dutch: bere
Dutch: bère, bèr (dialectal)
West Flemish: beier
Old High German: beri
Middle High German: ber
Alemannic German: Berri
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: per
Mòcheno: per
German: Beere
Hunsrik: Beer
Luxembourgish: Bier
Pennsylvania German: Beer
Vilamovian: bjēr

Old Norse: ber
Icelandic: ber
Faroese: ber
Norwegian: bær
Old Swedish: bær
Swedish: bär
Danish: bær

Unknown. Thought to be from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to shine, glisten”) or *bʰes- (“to blow, chew, rub”).


brinkaz

brinkaz (nominative singular)
brinkōz (nominative plural)
brinkōs (nominative plural)
brink (singular vocative)
brinkōz (plural vocative)
brinkōs (plural vocative)
brinką (accusative singular)
brinkanz (accusative plural)
brinkas (genitive singular)
brinkis (genitive singular)
brinkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brinkai (dative singular)
brinkamaz (dative plural)
brinkō (instrumental singular)
brinkamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *brink

Saterland Frisian: Brink

West Frisian: brink

Old Saxon: *brink

Middle Low German: brink

German Low German: Brink

→ German: Brink

→ Danish: brink

q

→ Middle English: brinke (also from Old Norse *brenka, *brinka; see below)

→ Swedish: brink

Old Dutch: brink

Middle Dutch: brinc

Dutch: brink

Old High German:

⇒ German: Brunkel (dialectal)

desctree

Old Norse: *brenka, *brinka, brekka, *brenka
Icelandic: brekka
Faroese: brekka
Norwegian: brekke
Swedish: bräkka, brikka
→ Middle English: brinke, brynke, brenk, brink, brynkke, brynk, brenke, bryncke (also from Middle Low German brink)
English: brink
Scots: brink

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰren- (“project”) . Compare Tocharian B prenke (“island”), Irish braine (“prow”).


sumpaz

sumpaz (nominative singular)
sumpōz (nominative plural)
sumpōs (nominative plural)
sump (singular vocative)
sumpōz (plural vocative)
sumpōs (plural vocative)
sumpą (accusative singular)
sumpanz (accusative plural)
sumpas (genitive singular)
sumpis (genitive singular)
sumpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sumpai (dative singular)
sumpamaz (dative plural)
sumpō (instrumental singular)
sumpamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sump

Old English: *sump

Middle English: sumpe (possibly, attested 1240)

Old Frisian: *sump

Saterland Frisian: Sump

West Frisian: sompe, somp

Old Saxon: *sump

Middle Low German: sump

German Low German: Sump

Plautdietsch: Somp

→ Norwegian: sump

Old Dutch: *sump

Middle Dutch: sump, somp

Dutch: zomp

→ Middle English: (or from Middle Low German) sompe; swamp (a blend of sompe and swam)

English: sump; swamp (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: *sumpf

Middle High German: sumpf

Czech: žumpa

German: Sumpf
→ Swedish: sump
→ Finnish: sumppu

Polish: żąp

Old Norse: soppr

Friedrich Kluge
John Francis Davis
Nicoline van der Sijs

Compare *swammaz (“sponge, fungus”); both along with the variant *swambaz may derive from an earlier n-stem *swambô (nom.sg.) ~ *sumppaz (gen.sg.). It is unclear whether both words are of Indo-European origin or wanderworts.


leuhsaz

*leuhsaz (a-stem)

leuhsaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
leuhsai (masculine nominative plural strong)
leuhsō (feminine nominative singular strong)
leuhsôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
leuhsą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
leuhsō (neuter nominative plural strong)
leuhsanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
leuhsanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
leuhsǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
leuhsōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
leuhsą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
leuhsō (accusative neuter plural strong)
leuhsas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
leuhsaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
leuhsaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
leuhsaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
leuhsas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
leuhsaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
leuhsammai (dative masculine singular strong)
leuhsaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
leuhsaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
leuhsaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
leuhsammai (dative neuter singular strong)
leuhsaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
leuhsanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
leuhsaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
leuhsaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
leuhsaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
leuhsanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
leuhsaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
leuhsô (masculine nominative singular weak)
leuhsaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
leuhsǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
leuhsōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
leuhsô (neuter nominative singular weak)
leuhsōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
leuhsanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
leuhsanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
leuhsōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
leuhsōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
leuhsô (accusative neuter singular weak)
leuhsōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
leuhsiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
leuhsanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
leuhsōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
leuhsōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
leuhsiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
leuhsanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
leuhsini (dative masculine singular weak)
leuhsammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
leuhsōni (dative feminine singular weak)
leuhsōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
leuhsini (dative neuter singular weak)
leuhsammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
leuhsinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
leuhsammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
leuhsōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
leuhsōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
leuhsinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
leuhsammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: ljóss
Icelandic: ljós
Faroese: ljósur
Norwegian Nynorsk: ljos
Elfdalian: liuos
Old Swedish: liūs
Swedish: ljus
Danish: lys
Norwegian Bokmål: lys
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: lys

From Proto-Indo-European *lewk-so-, from *lewk-.


kwerruz

kwirrizô (comparative)
kwirristaz (superlative)
kwerruz (masculine nominative singular strong)
kwirrijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
kwirrī (feminine nominative singular strong)
kwirrijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
kwerrų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
kwirrijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
kwirrijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
kwirrijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
kwirrijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
kwirrijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
kwerrų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
kwirrijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
kwirrijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
kwirrīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
kwirrijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
kwirrijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
kwirrijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
kwirrijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
kwirrīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
kwirrijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
kwirrijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
kwirrijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
kwirrijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
kwirrijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
kwirrijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
kwirrijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
kwirrijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
kwirrijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
kwirrijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
kwirrijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
kwirrijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
kwirrijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
kwirrijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
kwirrijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
kwirrijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
kwirrijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
kwirrijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
kwirrijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
kwirrijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
kwirrijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
kwirrijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
kwirrijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
kwirrijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
kwirrijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
kwirrīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
kwirrijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
kwirrijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
kwirrijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
kwirrīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
kwirrijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
kwirrīni (dative masculine singular weak)
kwirrijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
kwirrijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
kwirrijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
kwirrīni (dative neuter singular weak)
kwirrijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
kwirrīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
kwirrijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
kwirrijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
kwirrijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
kwirrīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
kwirrijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwirrī

Old Saxon: *kwerri

Middle Low German: quēre, quēr

Old High German: *quirri, *querri

Middle High German: kurre, kürre, kirre

German: kirre

Old Norse: kyrr, kvirr
Icelandic: kyrr, kjur
Faroese: kyrrur, kvirrur, kúrrur
Norwegian Nynorsk: kyrr, kjørr, kurr, kverr, kvar
Old Swedish: qvar, qvær
Swedish: kvar, (dialectal) kvär
Old Danish: kwær, kwar
Danish: kvær, kvar
Norwegian Bokmål: kvar
→ Middle English: querte, quarte
English: quart
Scots: quert, quart
⇒ Scots: querty

Gothic: 𐌵𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌿𐍃 (qairrus)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷerh₂- (“heavy”). Related to Latvian gurst and Lithuanian gurti.


smeuganą

smeugō (active first-person indicative singular)
smeugaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smeugai (first-person indicative passive singular)
smiugizi (active indicative second-person singular)
smeugaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smeug (active imperative second-person singular)
smeugazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
smeugaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
smiugidi (active indicative singular third-person)
smeugai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smeugadau (active imperative singular third-person)
smeugadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
smeugaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
smeugōz (active dual first-person indicative)
smeugaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smeugadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smeugaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smeugadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
smeugamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
smeugaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smeugandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
smeugaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
smiugid (active indicative plural second-person)
smeugaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smiugid (active imperative plural second-person)
smeugandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
smeugaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
smeugandi (active indicative plural third-person)
smeugain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smeugandau (active imperative plural third-person)
smeugandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
smeugaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
smaug (active first-person indicative singular)
smugį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smauht (active indicative second-person singular)
smugīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smaug (active indicative singular third-person)
smugī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smugū (active dual first-person indicative)
smugīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smugudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smugīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smugum (active first-person indicative plural)
smugīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smugud (active indicative plural second-person)
smugīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smugun (active indicative plural third-person)
smugīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smeugandz (active participle present)
smuganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *smeugan, *smūgan
Old English: smūgan
Middle English: smuȝen
Scots: smue, smow, smoo
Old Frisian: *smūga
⇒ Old Frisian: smūginge
Old Dutch: *smūgan, *smiogan
Middle Dutch: *smugen, *smiegen
Dutch: smuigen, smiegen, smoegen
Old High German: smiogan
Middle High German: smiegen
German: schmiegen

Old Norse: smjúga

Icelandic: smjúga

Faroese: smúgva

Danish: smyge

Old Swedish: smiūgha

Swedish: smyga

Norwegian Nynorsk: smyga, smyge

From Proto-Indo-European *smewk- (“to slip, slide”), *smewg- (“to slip, glide; be slimy”) with -g- instead of expected -h-, likely due to influence from the causative or iterative formations.


mihstuz

mihstuz (nominative singular)
mihstiwiz (nominative plural)
mihstu (singular vocative)
mihstiwiz (plural vocative)
mihstų (accusative singular)
mihstunz (accusative plural)
mihstauz (genitive singular)
mihstiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mihstiwi (dative singular)
mihstumaz (dative plural)
mihstū (instrumental singular)
mihstumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mihstu
Old Saxon: mist
Middle Low German: mist, mest
German Low German: Mess
Old Dutch: *mist
Middle Dutch: mest
Dutch: mest
Old High German: mist
Middle High German: mist
German: Mist
Luxembourgish: Mëscht

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃 (maihstus)


hugiz

hugiz (nominative singular)
hugīz (nominative plural)
hugi (singular vocative)
hugīz (plural vocative)
hugį (accusative singular)
huginz (accusative plural)
hugīz (genitive singular)
hugijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hugī (dative singular)
hugimaz (dative plural)
hugī (instrumental singular)
hugimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hugi
Old English: hyġe, hiġe
Middle English: hige, huȝe, huiȝe, hiȝe, huie, hiȝ, hie
Old Frisian: hei
North Frisian: huwggje
Old Saxon: hugi
Middle Low German: hoge, höge
Low German: Höög
Old Dutch: *hugi
Middle Dutch: hōge, huege
Dutch: heug
→ West Frisian: heuch
Old High German: *hugi
Middle High German: huge, hoge, hüge

Old Norse: hugr
Icelandic: hugur
Faroese: hugur
Norwegian Nynorsk: hug
Old Swedish: hugher, hogher
Swedish: hug c, håg c
Old Danish: hugh
Danish: hu c, (dialectal) hov c

Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐌲𐍃 (hugs)

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱk-í-s ~ *ḱk-éy-s, from *ḱek- (“to be able, capable”), whence Proto-Germanic *hagaz (“skilled, abled”), Old Irish cécht (“might”), Sanskrit शकत् (śákat, “to be able”), Younger Avestan 𐬯𐬁𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬌 (sācaiiaṇti, “to learn, understand”), Younger Avestan 𐬯𐬀𐬱𐬐𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬆𐬨𐬀 (saškuštəma, “the best understanding”).
Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeḱ- (“to see, look”), or perhaps Proto-Indo-European *ḱewk- (“flare up, glow”), whence Sanskrit शुच्यति (śúcyati, “to glow, shine; to hurt”).


targijaną

targijō (active first-person indicative singular)
targijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
targijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
targīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
targijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
targī (active imperative second-person singular)
targijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
targijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
targīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
targijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
targijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
targijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
targijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
targijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
targijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
targijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
targijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
targijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
targijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
targijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
targijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
targijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
targīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
targijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
targīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
targijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
targijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
targijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
targijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
targijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
targijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
targijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
targidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
targidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
targidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
targidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
targidē (active indicative singular third-person)
targidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
targidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
targidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
targidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
targidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
targidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
targidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
targidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
targidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
targidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
targidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
targijandz (active participle present)
targidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *targijan

desc

Old English: tergan, tiergan, tyrgan, tirgan, tirian; tierwan

Middle English: terien, tarien, taryen; terȝen

Scots: tarrow

English: tarry

Old Frisian: *tergia, *targia

Saterland Frisian: taagje (possibly from Low German)

West Frisian: tergje

Old Saxon: *targian, *tergian

Middle Low German: tergen, targen

German Low German: targen

→ Danish: tærge

→ Norwegian: terge

→ Swedish: targa

Old Dutch: *tergen

Middle Dutch: tergen, terghen

Dutch: tergen

Old High German: zergen

Middle High German: *zergen

German: zergen

Lombardic: *zergen

→ Vulgar Latin: *zergō

Italian: zerigare (Tuscan)

⇒ Venetian: inzeregà

⇒ Italian: zerga (“anger”)

⇒ Italian: inzergassi

From Proto-Indo-European *derHgʰ- (“to pull, tug, irritate”). Cognate with Russian дёргать (djórgatʹ, “to pull, yank, jerk, pluck up”).


skallijaną

skallijō (active first-person indicative singular)
skallijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skallijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skallīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skallijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skallī (active imperative second-person singular)
skallijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skallijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skallīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skallijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skallijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skallijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skallijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skallijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skallijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skallijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skallijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skallijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skallijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skallijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skallijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skallijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skallīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skallijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skallīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skallijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skallijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skallijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skallijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skallijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skallijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skallijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skallidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skallidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skallidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skallidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skallidē (active indicative singular third-person)
skallidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skallidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skallidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skallidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skallidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skallidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skallidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skallidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skallidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skallidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skallidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skallijandz (active participle present)
skallidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: sċiellan, sċillan

Middle English: schillen

Scots: schil, shill

English: shill

(Old Dutch: *skallen merged with byform skellan)

(Middle Dutch: schallen, scellen)

(Dutch: schellen)

Old High German: scellen, skellen

Middle High German: schellen

German: schellen

Luxembourgish: schellen

Old Norse: skella

Icelandic: skella

Old Swedish: skælla

Swedish: skälla

(→ Scots: skelloch)

(→ English: skell (dialectal))

Causative of *skellaną, from Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to sound, resound”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁- (“to call, shout, scream, make a sound”).

der

to make a sound; cause (one) to sound; ring


skehaną

skehō (active first-person indicative singular)
skehaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skehai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skihizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skehaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skeh (active imperative second-person singular)
skehazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skehaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skihidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skehai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skehadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skehadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skehaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skehōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skehaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skehadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skehaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skehadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skehamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skehaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skehandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skehaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skihid (active indicative plural second-person)
skehaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skihid (active imperative plural second-person)
skehandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skehaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skehandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skehain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skehandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skehandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skehaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skah (active first-person indicative singular)
skēhį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skaht (active indicative second-person singular)
skēhīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skah (active indicative singular third-person)
skēhī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skēhū (active dual first-person indicative)
skēhīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skēhudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skēhīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skēhum (active first-person indicative plural)
skēhīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skēhud (active indicative plural second-person)
skēhīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skēhun (active indicative plural third-person)
skēhīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skehandz (active participle present)
skehanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skehan
Old English: sċēon
Middle English: sen
Old Frisian: skiā, schiā
North Frisian: skie
Old Saxon: skehan
Middle Low German: schēn
Low German: schehn
→ Danish: ske
Norwegian Bokmål: skje
→ Icelandic: ske
→ Faroese: ske
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skje; (dialectal) ski
→ Old Swedish: ske
Swedish: ske
Old Dutch: *skian
Middle Dutch: schien
Limburgish: sjeeje, sji-jje
Old High German: skehan, scehan
Middle High German: schëhen
German: geschehen

From Proto-Indo-European *skek- (“to move quickly, jump”).

der

(West Germanic) to emerge; come up; happen


ernustuz

ernustuz (nominative singular)
ernustiwiz (nominative plural)
ernustu (singular vocative)
ernustiwiz (plural vocative)
ernustų (accusative singular)
ernustunz (accusative plural)
ernustauz (genitive singular)
ernustiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ernustiwi (dative singular)
ernustumaz (dative plural)
ernustū (instrumental singular)
ernustumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: eornust, eornost, eornest

Middle English: eornest, ernest

Scots: ernist, ernyst

English: earnest

Old Frisian: ernst

Saterland Frisian: Iedenst

West Frisian: earnst

Old Saxon: ernust, ernist

Middle Low German: ērnest, ērnst

German Low German: Eernst

Old Dutch: ernust, ernost

desctree

Middle Dutch: ernst, ernest
Dutch: ernst
Afrikaans: erns
Negerhollands: ernst
Limburgish: èrns

Old High German: ernust
→ Czech: Arnošt
Middle High German: ërnest, ërnst
Alemannic German: Èèrnscht, Ärnscht
German: Ernst
→ English: Ernst, Ernest
Luxembourgish: Eescht

From a derivative of *arniz (“efficient, capable, diligent, sure”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to move, stir; to rise, spring”).

der

seriousness; earnest; strength; solidity


semōną

semō (active first-person indicative singular)
semǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
semōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
semōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
semōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
semō (active imperative second-person singular)
semōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
semōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
semōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
semō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
semōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
semōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
semōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
semōs (active dual first-person indicative)
semōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
semōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
semōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
semōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
semōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
semōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
semōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
semōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
semōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
semōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
semōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
semōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
semōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
semōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
semōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
semōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
semōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
semōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
semōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
semōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
semōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
semōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
semōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
semōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
semōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
semōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
semōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
semōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
semōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
semōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
semōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
semōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
semōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
semōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
semōndz (active participle present)
semōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: semian, seomian

From Proto-Indo-European *sēy- (“to linger”).


skaggiją

skaggiją (nominative singular)
skaggijō (nominative plural)
skaggiją (singular vocative)
skaggijō (plural vocative)
skaggiją (accusative singular)
skaggijō (accusative plural)
skaggijas (genitive singular)
skaggīs (genitive singular)
skaggijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skaggijai (dative singular)
skaggijamaz (dative plural)
skaggijō (instrumental singular)
skaggijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skaggō (< Proto-Germanic *skaggô)

Old English: sċeacga

Middle English: *schagge, *shagge

Scots: schage, schaig, schagg

English: shag

Old Norse: skegg

Icelandic: skegg

Faroese: skegg

Norwegian: skjegg

Old Swedish: skæg

Swedish: skägg

Danish: skæg

From *skag- (“to emerge, stick out”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kek-, *(s)keg- (“to jump, skip, move, hurry”) + *-gją, *-gjô, *-gô.

Coordinate term: *keluz


bewwu

bewwu (nominative singular)
bewwū (nominative plural)
bewwu (singular vocative)
bewwū (plural vocative)
bewwu (accusative singular)
bewwū (accusative plural)
bewwauz (genitive singular)
biwwiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
biwwiwi (dative singular)
bewwumaz (dative plural)
bewwū (instrumental singular)
bewwumiz (instrumental plural)

Alternative form of *bewwą (“crops; barley”)


bērō

bērō (nominative singular)
bērôz (nominative plural)
bērō (singular vocative)
bērôz (plural vocative)
bērǭ (accusative singular)
bērōz (accusative plural)
bērōz (genitive singular)
bērǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bērōi (dative singular)
bērōmaz (dative plural)
bērō (instrumental singular)
bērōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bāru
Old English: bēr, bǣr
Middle English: bere, beere, beer
Scots: bere, beir
English: bier
Old Frisian: bēre
North Frisian: beer, baar
Saterland Frisian: Beere
West Frisian: berje, bier, baar
Old Saxon: bāra
Middle Low German: bāre
German Low German: Bahr
Old Dutch: *bāra
Middle Dutch: bâre
Dutch: baar
Old High German: bāra
Middle High German: bāre
German: Bahre
→ Italian: bara
→ Vulgar Latin: *bera
Old French: bere, biere
Middle French: biere
French: bière
Old Occitan: bera

Old Norse: bár, bára
Danish: båre
Faroese: bára
Icelandic: bára
Norwegian Bokmål: båre, bår
Norwegian Nynorsk: båre
Old Swedish: bār
Swedish: bår
→ Middle English: bare
English: bore
Scots: boar, bore
Norman : barre

that which bears or carries; stretcher, bier


daigaz

*daigaz (a-stem)

daigaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
daigai (masculine nominative plural strong)
daigō (feminine nominative singular strong)
daigôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
daigą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
daigō (neuter nominative plural strong)
daiganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
daiganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
daigǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
daigōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
daigą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
daigō (accusative neuter plural strong)
daigas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
daigaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
daigaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
daigaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
daigas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
daigaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
daigammai (dative masculine singular strong)
daigaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
daigaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
daigaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
daigammai (dative neuter singular strong)
daigaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
daiganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
daigaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
daigaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
daigaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
daiganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
daigaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
daigô (masculine nominative singular weak)
daiganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
daigǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
daigōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
daigô (neuter nominative singular weak)
daigōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
daiganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
daiganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
daigōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
daigōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
daigô (accusative neuter singular weak)
daigōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
daiginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
daiganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
daigōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
daigōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
daiginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
daiganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
daigini (dative masculine singular weak)
daigammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
daigōni (dative feminine singular weak)
daigōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
daigini (dative neuter singular weak)
daigammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
daiginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
daigammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
daigōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
daigōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
daiginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
daigammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Saxon: *dēg, *dēh

Middle Low German: dêch

Old Dutch: *deig, *deih

Middle Dutch: deech

Old High German: *teic

Middle High German: teic, teig

Vilamovian: tāgj

Old Norse: deigr

Icelandic: deigur

Faroese: deigur

Old Danish: degh

Danish: dej, deg

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to build, mold, form, knead”). Cognate with Latin fingō (“mold”, verb).


daigaz

daigaz (nominative singular)
daigōz (nominative plural)
daigōs (nominative plural)
daig (singular vocative)
daigōz (plural vocative)
daigōs (plural vocative)
daigą (accusative singular)
daiganz (accusative plural)
daigas (genitive singular)
daigis (genitive singular)
daigǫ̂ (genitive plural)
daigai (dative singular)
daigamaz (dative plural)
daigō (instrumental singular)
daigamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *daig

Old English: dāg, dāh

Middle English: dagh, dogh, dow

Scots: daich, dauch

English: dough, duff (dialectal)

Yola: doaugh, dhoaugh

Old Frisian: *dāch

Saterland Frisian: Deech, Dee

West Frisian: daai

Old Saxon: *dēg

Middle Low German: dêch, deech

German Low German: Deeg

Plautdietsch: Dieech

Old Dutch: *deig

Middle Dutch: deech

Dutch: deeg

Afrikaans: deeg

Old High German: teig, teic

Middle High German: teic, teig

Bavarian: Doag

Luxembourgish: Deeg

German: Teig

Yiddish: טייג (teyg)

Old Norse: deig n

Icelandic: deig n

Faroese: deiggj n

Norn: djag n

Norwegian: deig m

Old Swedish: dēgher m

Swedish: deg c

Old Danish: degh

Danish: dej c, dejg c

Gutnish: daig

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌲𐍃 (daigs)

desctree

→ Proto-Finnic: *taikina
Estonian: taigen
Finnish: taikina
Ingrian: taikina
Karelian:
North Karelian: taikina
South Karelian: taigina
Livonian: ⇒ tāigandõks
Livvi: taigin
Ludian: taigin
Veps: taigin
>? Võro: taignõ
Votic: taitšinõ


barwijǭ

barwijǭ (nominative singular)
barwijōniz (nominative plural)
barwijǭ (singular vocative)
barwijōniz (plural vocative)
barwijōnų (accusative singular)
barwijōnunz (accusative plural)
barwijōniz (genitive singular)
barwijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
barwijōni (dative singular)
barwijōmaz (dative plural)
barwijōnē (instrumental singular)
barwijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *barwijā

Old English: bearwe

Middle English: barowe, barwe, barow

Scots: barow, barrow

English: barrow

→ Zulu: ibhala

Old Frisian: *berwe, *barwe

desc

Saterland Frisian: Berve, Barve, Barfe, Barf

West Frisian: berje

Old Saxon: *berwia, *beria; *barwa (< *barwǭ)

Middle Low German: bāre, bōre, berwe, bȫrwe, bȫrje

German Low German: Barv

Low German: Böre, Bör, Berwe, Berf

→ Swedish: bör

→ Danish: bør

Old Dutch: *beria

Middle Dutch: berie, berrie

Dutch: berrie

→ Old French: barot, baroueste

Middle French: broüette

French: brouette; barou, barrô, barotte (dialectal)

→ Italian: baroccio

→ French: birouchette

Old High German: bera

Middle High German: bere

German: Bere (dialectal)

Old Norse: barar, barir

Icelandic: börur

Faroese: børa

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to carry”).


fadōną

fadō (active first-person indicative singular)
fadǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fadōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
fadōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fadōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fadō (active imperative second-person singular)
fadōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fadōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fadōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fadō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fadōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fadōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fadōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fadōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fadōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fadōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fadōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fadōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fadōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fadōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fadōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fadōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fadōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fadōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fadōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fadōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fadōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fadōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fadōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fadōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fadōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fadōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fadōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fadōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fadōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fadōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fadōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
fadōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fadōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fadōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fadōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fadōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fadōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fadōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fadōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fadōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fadōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fadōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fadōndz (active participle present)
fadōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fadōn

>? Old English: fadian (“to guide, direct, order”)

Middle English: faden

>? English: fad

Old High German: fatōn (in past part kavatōt)

Middle High German: vetten (partially)

German: fetten

Luxembourgish: fetten

⇒ Old High German: fatunga

⇒ Old High German: giunfatōn

/ˈɸɑ.ðɔː.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“protect, guard, graze, feed”).


fatōną

fatō (active first-person indicative singular)
fatǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fatōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
fatōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fatōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fatō (active imperative second-person singular)
fatōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fatōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fatōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fatō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fatōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fatōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fatōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fatōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fatōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fatōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fatōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fatōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fatōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fatōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fatōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fatōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fatōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fatōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fatōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fatōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fatōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fatōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fatōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fatōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fatōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fatōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fatōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fatōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fatōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fatōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fatōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
fatōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fatōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fatōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fatōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fatōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fatōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fatōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fatōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fatōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fatōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fatōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fatōndz (active participle present)
fatōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: fatian, fetian, feċċan

desc

Middle English: facchen, fecchen, fetchen, fochen; feten, fetten

Scots: fatch, fesh, fetch; fet

English: fatch, fetch; fet

Old Frisian: fatia

Saterland Frisian: foatje

West Frisian: fetsje

Old Saxon: *fatōn

Middle Low German: vāten

Low German: faten

→ Danish: fatte

→ Icelandic: fatta

→ Swedish: fatta

→ Norwegian: fatte

Old Dutch: *faton

Middle Dutch: vaten, vatten

Dutch: vatten

Old High German: fazzōn

Middle High German: vazzen

Cimbrian: vassan, bassan (Mezzaselva)

German: fassen

→ Polish: fasować

→ Russian: фасова́ть (fasovátʹ)

Luxembourgish: faassen

Old Norse: fata

Icelandic: fata

Faroese: fata

Old Swedish: fata

/ˈɸɑ.tɔː.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *ped- (“to walk, stumble, fall”).


nutiz

nutiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
nutjai (masculine nominative plural strong)
nutī (feminine nominative singular strong)
nutjôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
nutį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
nutjō (neuter nominative plural strong)
nutjanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
nutjanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
nutjǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
nutjōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
nutį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
nutjō (accusative neuter plural strong)
nutjas (genitive masculine singular strong)
nutis (genitive masculine singular strong)
nutjaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
nutjaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
nutjaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
nutjas (genitive neuter singular strong)
nutis (genitive neuter singular strong)
nutjaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
nutjammai (dative masculine singular strong)
nutjaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
nutjaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
nutjaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
nutjammai (dative neuter singular strong)
nutjaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
nutjanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
nutjaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
nutjaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
nutjaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
nutjanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
nutjaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
nutjô (masculine nominative singular weak)
nutjaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
nutjǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
nutjōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
nutjô (neuter nominative singular weak)
nutjōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
nutjanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
nutjanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
nutjōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
nutjōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
nutjô (accusative neuter singular weak)
nutjōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
nutiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
nutjanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
nutjōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
nutjōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
nutiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
nutjanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
nutini (dative masculine singular weak)
nutjammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
nutjōni (dative feminine singular weak)
nutjōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
nutini (dative neuter singular weak)
nutjammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
nutinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
nutjammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
nutjōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
nutjōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
nutinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
nutjammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *nuti
Old English: nytt
Middle English: nūt
English: nait
Old Frisian: nette
Old Saxon: nutti
Old High German: nuzzi
German: nütze, nutze

Proto-Norse: *ᚾᚢᛏᛁᛉ (*nutiʀ)

Old Norse: nytr

⇒ Old Norse: málnytr

Old Swedish: nyter

Swedish: nyter


brūkiz

brūkiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
brūkijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
brūkī (feminine nominative singular strong)
brūkijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
brūkį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
brūkijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
brūkijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
brūkijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
brūkijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
brūkijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
brūkį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
brūkijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
brūkijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
brūkīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
brūkijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
brūkijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
brūkijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
brūkijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
brūkīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
brūkijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
brūkijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
brūkijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
brūkijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
brūkijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
brūkijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
brūkijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
brūkijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
brūkijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
brūkijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
brūkijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
brūkijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
brūkijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
brūkijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
brūkijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
brūkijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
brūkijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
brūkijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
brūkijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
brūkijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
brūkijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
brūkijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
brūkijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
brūkijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
brūkijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
brūkīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
brūkijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
brūkijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
brūkijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
brūkīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
brūkijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
brūkīni (dative masculine singular weak)
brūkijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
brūkijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
brūkijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
brūkīni (dative neuter singular weak)
brūkijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
brūkīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
brūkijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
brūkijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
brūkijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
brūkīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
brūkijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *brūkī
Old English: brȳċe (“useful”)
Middle English: bryche, briche
Old High German: brūhhi

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐍃 (brūks)

Vṛddhi gerundive of *brūkaną (“to to make use of”).


grimmaz

*grimmaz (a-stem)

grimmaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
grimmai (masculine nominative plural strong)
grimmō (feminine nominative singular strong)
grimmôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
grimmą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
grimmō (neuter nominative plural strong)
grimmanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
grimmanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
grimmǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
grimmōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
grimmą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
grimmō (accusative neuter plural strong)
grimmas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
grimmaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
grimmaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
grimmaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
grimmas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
grimmaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
grimmammai (dative masculine singular strong)
grimmaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
grimmaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
grimmaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
grimmammai (dative neuter singular strong)
grimmaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
grimmanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
grimmaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
grimmaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
grimmaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
grimmanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
grimmaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
grimmô (masculine nominative singular weak)
grimmaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
grimmǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
grimmōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
grimmô (neuter nominative singular weak)
grimmōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
grimmanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
grimmanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
grimmōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
grimmōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
grimmô (accusative neuter singular weak)
grimmōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
grimminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
grimmanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
grimmōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
grimmōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
grimminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
grimmanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
grimmini (dative masculine singular weak)
grimmammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
grimmōni (dative feminine singular weak)
grimmōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
grimmini (dative neuter singular weak)
grimmammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
grimminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
grimmammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
grimmōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
grimmōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
grimminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
grimmammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *grimm
Old English: grimm, grim
Middle English: grim
English: grim
Scots: grim
Old Frisian: grimm, grim
Saterland Frisian: grimm
West Frisian: grym
Old Saxon: grim
Middle Low German: grim
German Low German: grimm
Old Dutch: grim
Middle Dutch: grim
Dutch: grim
Old High German: grim
Middle High German: grim, grimme
German: grimm (archaic)

Old Norse: grimmr

Icelandic: grimmur

Faroese: grimmur, grimur

Norn: grimm

Norwegian: grim

Old Swedish: grimber, grumber, grymber

Swedish: grym

Old Danish: grim

Danish: grim

Elfdalian: grymm

Gutnish: greimuar, greimugur

Gothic: *𐌲𐍂𐌹𐌼𐌼𐍃 (*grimms)

→ Spanish: grima

→ Portuguese: grima

→ Galician: grima

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰrem-nó-s or *ǵʰrem-wó-s, from *ǵʰrem- (“to vex; to be angry”).

inh

Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


būą

būą (nominative singular)
būō (nominative plural)
būą (singular vocative)
būō (plural vocative)
būą (accusative singular)
būō (accusative plural)
būas (genitive singular)
būis (genitive singular)
būǫ̂ (genitive plural)
būai (dative singular)
būamaz (dative plural)
būō (instrumental singular)
būamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bū

Middle English: bi, by

Old Saxon: bū

Old Norse:

Old West Norse: bú

Norwegian Nynorsk: bu

→ Norwegian Bokmål: bu

Icelandic: bú

Faroese: bú, búgv

Old East Norse: bó

Danish: bo

Norwegian Bokmål: bo

Old Swedish: bō

Swedish: bo


framjaną

framjō (active first-person indicative singular)
framjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
framjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
framisi (active indicative second-person singular)
framjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frami (active imperative second-person singular)
framjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
framjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
framiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
framjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
framjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
framjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
framjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
framjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
framjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
framjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
framjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
framjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
framjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
framjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
framjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
framjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
framiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
framjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
framiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
framjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
framjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
framjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
framjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
framjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
framjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
framjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
framidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
framidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
framidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
framidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
framidē (active indicative singular third-person)
framidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
framidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
framidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
framidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
framidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
framidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
framidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
framidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
framidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
framidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
framidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
framjandz (active participle present)
framidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *frammjan
Old English: fremman
Middle English: fremmen
English: frame
→ Dutch: frame
→ German: framen
Scots: frame
Old Frisian: frema, fremma
Old Saxon: fremmian
Old Dutch: fremmen
Middle Dutch: vrēmen
Old High German: fremmen

Old Norse: fremja
Icelandic: fremja
Faroese: fremja
Old Swedish: fræmia, fræmmia
Swedish: främja
Old Danish: fræmdær (past participle)
Middle Danish: fræmmæ, fræmiæ
Danish: fremme
Norwegian Bokmål: fremme
Norwegian Nynorsk: fremja

From *framaz + *-janą, from Proto-Indo-European *pró-mo-s, from *pró (“toward, leading to”). Compare Latin framea (“spear”) probably from *framjō (literally “forward going one”).


flatją

flatją (nominative singular)
flatjō (nominative plural)
flatją (singular vocative)
flatjō (plural vocative)
flatją (accusative singular)
flatjō (accusative plural)
flatjas (genitive singular)
flatis (genitive singular)
flatjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flatjai (dative singular)
flatjamaz (dative plural)
flatjō (instrumental singular)
flatjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *flatti

Old English: flett, flet

Middle English: flet

Scots: flet

→ English: flat

→ Dutch: flat

English: flet

Old Frisian: flett, flet

Saterland Frisian: Flät

Old Saxon: fletti, flett, flet

Middle Low German: vlette, vlet

Low German: Flet

→ German: Flett

Old Dutch: *fletti

Middle Dutch: vlette, vlet

Dutch: vlet

Old High German: flezzi

Middle High German: vletze, vlez

German: Fletz, Flötz

Proto-Norse: *ᚠᛚᚨᛏᛃᚨ (*flatja)

Old Norse: flet

Icelandic: flet, fleti

Faroese: flet f

Norwegian: flet

Old Swedish: flæt, flat

Old Danish: flæt

Danish: fled

→ Proto-Finnic: *lattija (see there for further descendants)


flōkaną

flōkō (active first-person indicative singular)
flōkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flōkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
flōkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
flōkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flōk (active imperative second-person singular)
flōkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
flōkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
flōkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
flōkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flōkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
flōkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
flōkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
flōkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
flōkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flōkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flōkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flōkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
flōkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
flōkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flōkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
flōkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
flōkid (active indicative plural second-person)
flōkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flōkid (active imperative plural second-person)
flōkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
flōkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
flōkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
flōkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flōkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
flōkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
flōkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
feflōk (active first-person indicative singular)
feflōkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
feflōht (active indicative second-person singular)
feflōkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
feflōk (active indicative singular third-person)
feflōkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
feflōkū (active dual first-person indicative)
feflōkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
feflōkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
feflōkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
feflōkum (active first-person indicative plural)
feflōkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
feflōkud (active indicative plural second-person)
feflōkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
feflōkun (active indicative plural third-person)
feflōkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flōkandz (active participle present)
flōkanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *flōkan
Old English: flōcan
Old Frisian: flōka
West Frisian: flokke, floke
Old Saxon: flōkan
Middle Low German: vlôken
Low German: floken, flöken
Old Dutch: *fluokan
Middle Dutch: vloeken
Dutch: vloeken
Afrikaans: vloek
Old High German: fluohhan
Middle High German: vluochen
German: fluchen
Luxembourgish: fluchen
Vilamovian: fłücha

Gothic: 𐍆𐌻𐍉𐌺𐌰𐌽 (flōkan)

/ˈɸlɔː.kɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂g-, *pleh₂k- (“to beat, strike”). Kroonen suggests there is no need to reconstruct *ploh₂g-, in which case the 'k' was restored to *flōk- by analogy with the iterative derived from it. Cognate with Ancient Greek πλάζω (plázō), πλήσσω (plḗssō), Latin plango, Old Church Slavonic плакати (plakati).


wōþijaz

*wōþijaz (ja-stem)

wōþijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wōþijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wōþijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wōþijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wōþiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wōþijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wōþijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wōþijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wōþijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wōþijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wōþiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wōþijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wōþijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
wōþijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wōþijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wōþijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wōþijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
wōþijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wōþijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wōþijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wōþijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wōþijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wōþijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wōþijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wōþijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wōþijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wōþijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wōþijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wōþijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wōþijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wōþijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wōþijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wōþijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wōþijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wōþijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wōþijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wōþijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wōþijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wōþijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wōþijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wōþijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wōþijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wōþīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wōþijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wōþijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wōþijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wōþīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wōþijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wōþīni (dative masculine singular weak)
wōþijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wōþijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wōþijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wōþīni (dative neuter singular weak)
wōþijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wōþīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wōþijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wōþijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wōþijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wōþīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wōþijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: wēþe

Middle English: wēthe

Old Saxon: *wōthi

Old High German: *wuodi

Gothic: 𐍅𐍉𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 (wōþeis)

Uncertain. Possibly related to *wōþaz (“feeling, song, poetry”), *wōþō (“sound, voice, song”).


skrībaną

skrībō (active first-person indicative singular)
skrībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skrībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skrībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrīb (active imperative second-person singular)
skrībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skrībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skrībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skrībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skrībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skrībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skrībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skrībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skrībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skrībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skrībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skrībid (active indicative plural second-person)
skrībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrībid (active imperative plural second-person)
skrībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skrībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skrībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skrībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skrībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skrībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skraib (active first-person indicative singular)
skribį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skraift (active indicative second-person singular)
skribīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skraib (active indicative singular third-person)
skribī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skribū (active dual first-person indicative)
skribīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skribudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skribīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skribum (active first-person indicative plural)
skribīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skribud (active indicative plural second-person)
skribīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skribun (active indicative plural third-person)
skribīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrībandz (active participle present)
skribanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skrīban (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: skrifa

Icelandic: skrifa

Faroese: skriva

Norwegian Bokmål: skrive

Norwegian Nynorsk: skriva, skrive

Old Swedish: skriva
Swedish: skriva
→ Elfdalian: skrieva

Danish: skrive


jehaną

jehō (active first-person indicative singular)
jehaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
jehai (first-person indicative passive singular)
jihizi (active indicative second-person singular)
jehaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
jeh (active imperative second-person singular)
jehazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
jehaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
jihidi (active indicative singular third-person)
jehai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
jehadau (active imperative singular third-person)
jehadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
jehaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
jehōz (active dual first-person indicative)
jehaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
jehadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
jehaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
jehadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
jehamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
jehaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
jehandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
jehaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
jihid (active indicative plural second-person)
jehaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
jihid (active imperative plural second-person)
jehandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
jehaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
jehandi (active indicative plural third-person)
jehain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
jehandau (active imperative plural third-person)
jehandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
jehaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
jah (active first-person indicative singular)
jēgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
jaht (active indicative second-person singular)
jēgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
jah (active indicative singular third-person)
jēgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
jēgū (active dual first-person indicative)
jēgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
jēgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
jēgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
jēgum (active first-person indicative plural)
jēgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
jēgud (active indicative plural second-person)
jēgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
jēgun (active indicative plural third-person)
jēgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
jehandz (active participle present)
jeganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *jehan
Old Frisian: jā
Old Saxon: *jehan; gehan, gean (<*ge-jehan)
Middle Low German: jēn, jein; gēn, gein
Old Dutch: gian
Middle Dutch: gien
Old High German: jehan, gehan
Middle High German: jëhen, gehen
German: jehen
→ Old French: gehir, geïr; gehine; gehisner
Middle French: gehir; gehenne; genner
French: gêne; gêner
Franc-Comtois: dgeinne

From Proto-Indo-European *yék-e-ti, from *yek- (“to speak”). Cognate with Sanskrit याचति (yā́cati, “to ask, entreat”), Proto-Celtic *yextis (“language”).


derbaną

derbō (active first-person indicative singular)
derbaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
derbai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dirbizi (active indicative second-person singular)
derbaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
derb (active imperative second-person singular)
derbazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
derbaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dirbidi (active indicative singular third-person)
derbai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
derbadau (active imperative singular third-person)
derbadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
derbaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
derbōz (active dual first-person indicative)
derbaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
derbadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
derbaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
derbadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
derbamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
derbaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
derbandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
derbaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dirbid (active indicative plural second-person)
derbaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dirbid (active imperative plural second-person)
derbandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
derbaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
derbandi (active indicative plural third-person)
derbain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
derbandau (active imperative plural third-person)
derbandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
derbaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
darb (active first-person indicative singular)
durbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
darft (active indicative second-person singular)
durbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
darb (active indicative singular third-person)
durbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
durbū (active dual first-person indicative)
durbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
durbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
durbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
durbum (active first-person indicative plural)
durbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
durbud (active indicative plural second-person)
durbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
durbun (active indicative plural third-person)
durbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
derbandz (active participle present)
durbanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *derban
Old English: deorfan
Middle English: derven

Old Norse: fordjarfa

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰerHbʰ- (“to work, perish, die”). Related to Lithuanian dirbti (“to work”).


skelduz

skelduz (nominative singular)
skildiwiz (nominative plural)
skeldu (singular vocative)
skildiwiz (plural vocative)
skeldų (accusative singular)
skeldunz (accusative plural)
skeldauz (genitive singular)
skildiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skildiwi (dative singular)
skeldumaz (dative plural)
skeldū (instrumental singular)
skeldumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skeldu
Old English: sċield, sċeld — Anglian, Kentish; sċild, sċyld
Middle English: scheld, sheld, shild, shelde
Scots: scheld, scheild
English: shield
Old Frisian: skeld, skild, schild
North Frisian: skilt
Saterland Frisian: Skild, Schild
West Frisian: skyld
Old Saxon: skild, skeld
Middle Low German: schilt
German Low German: Schild
Plautdietsch: Schilt
Old Dutch: skilt
Middle Dutch: schilt
Dutch: schild
Afrikaans: skild
Limburgish: sjèldj, sjildj
Old High German: skild, skilt
Middle High German: schilt
Bavarian: Schüd, Schuid, Schüld
German: Schild
→ Esperanto: ŝildo
→ Ido: shildo
Luxembourgish: Schëld
Yiddish: שילד (shild)

Old Norse: skjǫldr
Icelandic: skjöldur
Faroese: skjøldur
Norwegian Nynorsk: skjold m or n; (dialectal) skjøld m or n
Elfdalian: stjöld
Old Swedish: skiolder, skiølder
Swedish: sköld
Old Danish: skiold
Danish: skjold
Norwegian Bokmål: skjold n
Gutnish: skiåld
→ Latin: Skioldus, Skyoldus (Saxo Grammaticus)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍃 (skildus)

From pre-Germanic *skelH-tús, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to split”).

der

Skeldungōz

Scyldings; legendary Danish royal dynasty


rūmijaną

rūmijō (active first-person indicative singular)
rūmijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rūmijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rūmīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
rūmijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rūmī (active imperative second-person singular)
rūmijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rūmijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rūmīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rūmijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rūmijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rūmijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rūmijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rūmijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rūmijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rūmijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rūmijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rūmijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rūmijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rūmijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rūmijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rūmijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rūmīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rūmijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rūmīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rūmijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rūmijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rūmijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rūmijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rūmijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rūmijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rūmijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rūmidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rūmidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rūmidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rūmidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rūmidē (active indicative singular third-person)
rūmidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rūmidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rūmidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rūmidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rūmidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rūmidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rūmidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rūmidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rūmidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rūmidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rūmidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rūmijandz (active participle present)
rūmidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rūmijan
Old English: rȳman
Middle English: rimen
English: ream, rim
→ Old French: arimer
Middle French: arrimer
French: arrimer
Old Frisian: rēma
Old Saxon: rūmian
Old Dutch: *rūmen
Middle Dutch: rumen
Dutch: ruimen
>? West Frisian: romje
Old High German: rūmen
Bavarian: rama
German: räumen
Luxembourgish: raumen

Old Norse: rýma

Icelandic: rýma

Faroese: rýma

Norwegian Nynorsk: røma, ryma

Old Swedish: rȳma

Swedish: rymma

Danish: rømme

Norwegian Bokmål: rømme

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: rømma

From *rūmaz (“roomy, spacious”) + *-janą.