stūpaną

stūpō (active first-person indicative singular)
stūpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stūpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stūpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
stūpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stūp (active imperative second-person singular)
stūpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stūpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stūpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
stūpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stūpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
stūpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stūpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stūpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
stūpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stūpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stūpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stūpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stūpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stūpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stūpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stūpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stūpid (active indicative plural second-person)
stūpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stūpid (active imperative plural second-person)
stūpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stūpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stūpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
stūpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stūpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
stūpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stūpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
staup (active first-person indicative singular)
stupį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stauft (active indicative second-person singular)
stupīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
staup (active indicative singular third-person)
stupī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stupū (active dual first-person indicative)
stupīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stupudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stupīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stupum (active first-person indicative plural)
stupīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stupud (active indicative plural second-person)
stupīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stupun (active indicative plural third-person)
stupīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stūpandz (active participle present)
stupanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *stūpan

Old Dutch: *stūpan

Middle Dutch: stupen

Dutch: stuipen

Old Norse: stúpa

Icelandic: stúpa

Norwegian:

Bokmål: stupe

Nynorsk: stupa, stupe

Swedish: stupa

Proto-Indo-European phonology#Labials and coronals

Related to *staupaz (“steep”) and *staupijaną (“to pour”), thus seeming to reflect a pre-Germanic root *stewb-. However, the rarity of *b in Proto-Indo-European and cognates such as Latin stupeō (“to be stunned”) make it more likely that the root was *stewp- (“to push, hit, knock”) with a semantic shift to “fall (over)”, and so Germanic *steup-, *stūp- could have been back-formed from earlier *stupp-, from pre-Germanic *stup-né(h₂)-; this process has been used to explain many other instances of root-final *p in Germanic. Compare also Proto-Germanic *stubbô, *stubbaz (“stump, stub”).


skrīkijaną

skrīkijō (active first-person indicative singular)
skrīkijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrīkijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skrīkīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skrīkijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrīkī (active imperative second-person singular)
skrīkijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skrīkijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skrīkīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skrīkijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrīkijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skrīkijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skrīkijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skrīkijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skrīkijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrīkijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrīkijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrīkijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skrīkijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skrīkijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrīkijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skrīkijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skrīkīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skrīkijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrīkīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skrīkijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skrīkijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skrīkijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skrīkijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrīkijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skrīkijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skrīkijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skrīkidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skrīkidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrīkidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skrīkidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrīkidē (active indicative singular third-person)
skrīkidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrīkidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skrīkidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrīkidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrīkidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrīkidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skrīkidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrīkidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skrīkidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrīkidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skrīkidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrīkijandz (active participle present)
skrīkidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skrīkijan
Old English: *sċrīċan
Middle English: schrichen

Old Norse: skríkja

Icelandic: skríkja

Norwegian:

Bokmål: skrike

Nynorsk: skrika, skrike

Swedish: skrika

Danish: skrige

→ Middle English: skriken (perhaps from skrækja instead)

English: shriek, screech

Related to *skrīhaną (“to shout, scream”)


hūlōną

hūlō (active first-person indicative singular)
hūlǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hūlōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hūlōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hūlōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hūlō (active imperative second-person singular)
hūlōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hūlōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hūlōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hūlō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hūlōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hūlōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hūlōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hūlōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hūlōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hūlōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hūlōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hūlōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hūlōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hūlōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hūlōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hūlōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hūlōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hūlōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hūlōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hūlōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hūlōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hūlōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hūlōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hūlōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hūlōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hūlōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hūlōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hūlōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hūlōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hūlōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hūlōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hūlōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hūlōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hūlōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hūlōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hūlōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hūlōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hūlōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hūlōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hūlōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hūlōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hūlōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hūlōndz (active participle present)
hūlōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

From Proto-Indo-European *kū-, *kew- (“to howl, scream”).


glīpaną

glīpō (active first-person indicative singular)
glīpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glīpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
glīpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
glīpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glīp (active imperative second-person singular)
glīpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
glīpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
glīpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
glīpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glīpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
glīpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
glīpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
glīpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
glīpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glīpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glīpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glīpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
glīpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
glīpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glīpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
glīpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
glīpid (active indicative plural second-person)
glīpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glīpid (active imperative plural second-person)
glīpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
glīpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
glīpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
glīpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glīpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
glīpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
glīpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
glaip (active first-person indicative singular)
glipį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glaift (active indicative second-person singular)
glipīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glaip (active indicative singular third-person)
glipī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glipū (active dual first-person indicative)
glipīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glipudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glipīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glipum (active first-person indicative plural)
glipīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glipud (active indicative plural second-person)
glipīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glipun (active indicative plural third-person)
glipīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glīpandz (active participle present)
glipanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *glīpan

Old High German: *glīfan

Middle High German: glīfen

Old Norse: glípa

Norwegian:

Nynorsk: glipa

Swedish: glipa

Unknown. Possibly related to *glīdaną or *glūpaną


skellaną

skellō (active first-person indicative singular)
skellaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skellai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skillizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skellaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skell (active imperative second-person singular)
skellazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skellaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skillidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skellai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skelladau (active imperative singular third-person)
skelladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skellaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skellōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skellaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skelladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skellaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skelladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skellamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skellaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skellandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skellaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skillid (active indicative plural second-person)
skellaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skillid (active imperative plural second-person)
skellandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skellaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skellandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skellain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skellandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skellandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skellaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skall (active first-person indicative singular)
skullį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skallt (active indicative second-person singular)
skullīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skall (active indicative singular third-person)
skullī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skullū (active dual first-person indicative)
skullīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skulludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skullīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skullum (active first-person indicative plural)
skullīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skullud (active indicative plural second-person)
skullīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skullun (active indicative plural third-person)
skullīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skellandz (active participle present)
skullanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skellan
Old English: scellan, scillan
Old Saxon: *skellan
Middle Low German: schellen
Old Dutch: skellan
Middle Dutch: schellen
Dutch: schellen
Old High German: skellan
Middle High German: schellen
German: schellen

Old Norse: skjalla

Icelandic: skella

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: skjella, skjelle

Norwegian Bokmål: skjelle

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kel-, from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁- (“to call, to shout, to sound”) with a s-mobile.
Cognate with Latvian skaļš (“loud; noisy”) and Russian скули́ть (skulítʹ, “to whine”).


gleupaną

gleupō (active first-person indicative singular)
gleupaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gleupai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gliupizi (active indicative second-person singular)
gleupaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gleup (active imperative second-person singular)
gleupazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gleupaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gliupidi (active indicative singular third-person)
gleupai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gleupadau (active imperative singular third-person)
gleupadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gleupaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gleupōz (active dual first-person indicative)
gleupaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gleupadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gleupaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gleupadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gleupamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gleupaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gleupandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gleupaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gliupid (active indicative plural second-person)
gleupaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gliupid (active imperative plural second-person)
gleupandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gleupaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gleupandi (active indicative plural third-person)
gleupain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gleupandau (active imperative plural third-person)
gleupandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gleupaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
glaup (active first-person indicative singular)
glupį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glauft (active indicative second-person singular)
glupīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glaup (active indicative singular third-person)
glupī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glupū (active dual first-person indicative)
glupīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glupudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glupīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glupum (active first-person indicative plural)
glupīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glupud (active indicative plural second-person)
glupīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glupun (active indicative plural third-person)
glupīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gleupandz (active participle present)
glupanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *glūpan
Old Frisian: glūpa
West Frisian: glupe
Old Saxon: *glūpan
Middle Low German: glūpen
Old Dutch: *glūpan
Middle Dutch: glupen
Dutch: gluipen

Old Norse: *gljopa, *glúpa

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: gljupa, glupa

Elfdalian: glaupa

Swedish: gliopa, glupa

Unknown. Possibly related to Proto-Slavic *glupъ.


gulbą

gulbą (nominative singular)
gulbō (nominative plural)
gulbą (singular vocative)
gulbō (plural vocative)
gulbą (accusative singular)
gulbō (accusative plural)
gulbas (genitive singular)
gulbis (genitive singular)
gulbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gulbai (dative singular)
gulbamaz (dative plural)
gulbō (instrumental singular)
gulbamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: golf

Icelandic: gólf

Faroese: gólv

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: golv; (dialectal) gølv, góv, gæłv

→ Norwegian Bokmål: golv

Swedish: golv

Old Danish: gulf

Danish: gulv

Norwegian Bokmål: gulv

→ Proto-Samic: *kuolpē (see there for further descendants)


kreukaną

kreukō (active first-person indicative singular)
kreukaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kreukai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kriukizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kreukaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kreuk (active imperative second-person singular)
kreukazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kreukaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kriukidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kreukai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kreukadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kreukadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kreukaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kreukōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kreukaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kreukadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kreukaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kreukadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kreukamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kreukaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kreukandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kreukaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kriukid (active indicative plural second-person)
kreukaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kriukid (active imperative plural second-person)
kreukandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kreukaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kreukandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kreukain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kreukandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kreukandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kreukaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
krauk (active first-person indicative singular)
krukį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
krauht (active indicative second-person singular)
krukīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
krauk (active indicative singular third-person)
krukī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krukū (active dual first-person indicative)
krukīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krukudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krukīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krukum (active first-person indicative plural)
krukīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krukud (active indicative plural second-person)
krukīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krukun (active indicative plural third-person)
krukīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kreukandz (active participle present)
krukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kreukan

Old Frisian: *krūka

West Frisian: krûke

Old High German: kriochan

Middle High German: kriechen

German: kriechen

Old Norse: *krjúka

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: krjuke

Norwegian Nynorsk: krjuke, krjuka

According to Kroonen the verb was associated with *kreupaną (“to crawl”) from an early stage. He suggests that the root final -k to arose from an earlier geminate -kk, which was adopted from the iterative verb *krukkōną. Related to Old Irish gruc (“wrinkle”).


kernô

kernô (nominative singular)
kernaniz (nominative plural)
kernô (singular vocative)
kernaniz (plural vocative)
kernanų (accusative singular)
kernanunz (accusative plural)
kirniniz (genitive singular)
kernanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kirnini (dative singular)
kernammaz (dative plural)
kirninē (instrumental singular)
kernammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *kerna m, *kerne f, *kern n

Saterland Frisian: Kädden n

West Frisian: kearn m or f

Old Saxon: kerno m, *kern m, *kerna f

Middle Low German: kerne, kern, karne, karn m or f

German Low German: Keern m

Old Dutch: *kerno m, *kerna f

Middle Dutch: kerne, keerne f

Dutch: keern, kern f

Old High German: kerno, kern m

Middle High German: kerne, kern

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Kern

German: Kern

Luxembourgish: Kär

Old Norse: kjarni

Icelandic: kjarni

Faroese: kjarni

Norwegian Bokmål: kjerne

Old Swedish: kiärne

Swedish: kärna (from the oblique), kärne (obsolete or dialectal)

Danish: kerne


kirnijaną

kirnijō (active first-person indicative singular)
kirnijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kirnijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kirnīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kirnijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kirnī (active imperative second-person singular)
kirnijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kirnijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kirnīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kirnijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kirnijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kirnijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kirnijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kirnijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kirnijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kirnijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kirnijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kirnijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kirnijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kirnijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kirnijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kirnijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kirnīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kirnijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kirnīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kirnijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kirnijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kirnijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kirnijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kirnijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kirnijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kirnijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kirnidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kirnidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kirnidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kirnidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kirnidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kirnidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kirnidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kirnidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kirnidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kirnidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kirnidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kirnidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kirnidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kirnidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kirnidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kirnidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kirnijandz (active participle present)
kirnidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kirnijan
Old English: cernan
Middle English: chernen
English: churn
Old Dutch: *kirnen
Middle Dutch: kernen, carnen
Dutch: karnen
Old Saxon: *kirnian
Middle Low German: kernen, karnen
Low German: karnen
Old High German: *kirnen
Middle High German: *kirnen
Central Franconian: kiere, kierne, keene, kerne
German: kirnen (rare, regional)

Old Norse: kirna

Icelandic: kirna

Swedish: kärna

Danish: kærne


þūtaną

þūtō (active first-person indicative singular)
þūtaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þūtai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þūtizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þūtaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þūt (active imperative second-person singular)
þūtazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þūtaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þūtidi (active indicative singular third-person)
þūtai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þūtadau (active imperative singular third-person)
þūtadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þūtaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þūtōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þūtaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þūtadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þūtaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þūtadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þūtamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þūtaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þūtandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þūtaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þūtid (active indicative plural second-person)
þūtaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þūtid (active imperative plural second-person)
þūtandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þūtaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þūtandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þūtain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þūtandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þūtandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þūtaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þaut (active first-person indicative singular)
þutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þaust (active indicative second-person singular)
þutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þaut (active indicative singular third-person)
þutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þutū (active dual first-person indicative)
þutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þutum (active first-person indicative plural)
þutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þutud (active indicative plural second-person)
þutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þutun (active indicative plural third-person)
þutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þūtandz (active participle present)
þutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)


kirnijǭ

kirnijǭ (nominative singular)
kirnijōniz (nominative plural)
kirnijǭ (singular vocative)
kirnijōniz (plural vocative)
kirnijōnų (accusative singular)
kirnijōnunz (accusative plural)
kirnijōniz (genitive singular)
kirnijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kirnijōni (dative singular)
kirnijōmaz (dative plural)
kirnijōnē (instrumental singular)
kirnijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kirnijā
Old English: ċirin, ċyrin
Middle English: chyrne, cherine, cherne, cheyrne, chirne, kirne, kyrn, kyrne
English: churn, kern
Scots: kirn, kern, kurn, curn
Old Frisian: *tzerne
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: saaren
Halligen: seern
Karrharde: scharn
Mooring: scharn
Wiedingharde: scharn
East Frisian:
Saterland Frisian: Säddene
Wangerooge Frisian: sjënn
West Frisian: tsjerne
Hindeloopen: serne
Schiermonnikoog: tjen
Old Saxon:
Middle Low German: kerne, kirne, karne
Low German: Karne
→ German: Karn, Kirne, Kerne
→ Latvian: ķērne
Old Dutch:
Middle Dutch: kerne, keerne
Dutch: karn
Afrikaans: karring
→ Walloon: serene

Old Norse: kirna

Icelandic: kirna

Faroese: kirna

Norwegian: kinne

Old Swedish: kirna, kerna

Swedish: kärna

→ Finnish: kirnu

Danish: kærne (kjærne, kjerne)

Derived from Proto-Germanic *kernǭ (“creme”)? Alternatively, the latter word is a backformation from this one. Possibly, they are related to *kernô (“core”), which is related to *kurną (“corn, grain”); yet this is disputed.


drūpaną

drūpō (active first-person indicative singular)
drūpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
drūpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
drūpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
drūpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drūp (active imperative second-person singular)
drūpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
drūpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
drūpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
drūpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drūpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
drūpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
drūpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
drūpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
drūpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drūpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drūpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drūpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
drūpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
drūpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drūpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
drūpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
drūpid (active indicative plural second-person)
drūpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
drūpid (active imperative plural second-person)
drūpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
drūpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
drūpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
drūpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
drūpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
drūpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
drūpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
draup (active first-person indicative singular)
drupį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
drauft (active indicative second-person singular)
drupīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
draup (active indicative singular third-person)
drupī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drupū (active dual first-person indicative)
drupīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drupudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drupīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drupum (active first-person indicative plural)
drupīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drupud (active indicative plural second-person)
drupīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
drupun (active indicative plural third-person)
drupīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
drūpandz (active participle present)
drupanaz (active participle past subjunctive)


būganą

būgō (active first-person indicative singular)
būgaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
būgai (first-person indicative passive singular)
būgizi (active indicative second-person singular)
būgaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
būg (active imperative second-person singular)
būgazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
būgaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
būgidi (active indicative singular third-person)
būgai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
būgadau (active imperative singular third-person)
būgadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
būgaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
būgōz (active dual first-person indicative)
būgaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
būgadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
būgaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
būgadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
būgamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
būgaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
būgandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
būgaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
būgid (active indicative plural second-person)
būgaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
būgid (active imperative plural second-person)
būgandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
būgaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
būgandi (active indicative plural third-person)
būgain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
būgandau (active imperative plural third-person)
būgandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
būgaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
baug (active first-person indicative singular)
bugį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bauht (active indicative second-person singular)
bugīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baug (active indicative singular third-person)
bugī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bugū (active dual first-person indicative)
bugīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bugudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bugīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bugum (active first-person indicative plural)
bugīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bugud (active indicative plural second-person)
bugīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bugun (active indicative plural third-person)
bugīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
būgandz (active participle present)
buganaz (active participle past subjunctive)


rōkiþō

rōkiþō (nominative singular)
rōkiþôz (nominative plural)
rōkiþō (singular vocative)
rōkiþôz (plural vocative)
rōkiþǭ (accusative singular)
rōkiþōz (accusative plural)
rōkiþōz (genitive singular)
rōkiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rōkiþōi (dative singular)
rōkiþōmaz (dative plural)
rōkiþō (instrumental singular)
rōkiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: rœkt

Icelandic: rækt

Faroese: røkt

Norwegian Nynorsk: røkt

Old Swedish: røkt, rykt

Swedish: rykt

Danish: røgt

Norwegian Bokmål: røkt

⇒ Old Norse: rœkta

Icelandic: rækta

Faroese: røkta

Norwegian Nynorsk: røkta

Old Swedish: røkta, rykta

Swedish: rykta

Danish: røgte

Norwegian Bokmål: røkte


skrimpaną

skrimpō (active first-person indicative singular)
skrimpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrimpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skrimpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skrimpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrimp (active imperative second-person singular)
skrimpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skrimpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skrimpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skrimpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrimpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skrimpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skrimpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skrimpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skrimpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrimpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrimpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrimpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skrimpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skrimpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrimpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skrimpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skrimpid (active indicative plural second-person)
skrimpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrimpid (active imperative plural second-person)
skrimpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skrimpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skrimpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skrimpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrimpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skrimpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skrimpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skramp (active first-person indicative singular)
skrumpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skramft (active indicative second-person singular)
skrumpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skramp (active indicative singular third-person)
skrumpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrumpū (active dual first-person indicative)
skrumpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrumpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrumpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrumpum (active first-person indicative plural)
skrumpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrumpud (active indicative plural second-person)
skrumpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrumpun (active indicative plural third-person)
skrumpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrimpandz (active participle present)
skrumpanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skrimpan
Old Dutch: *scrimpan
Middle Dutch: schrimpen
Dutch: schrimpen
Old High German: *skrimpfan
Middle High German: schrimpfen
German: schrimpfen, schrümpfen (obsolete), schrumpfen (alternatively a zero-grade, see *skrumpōną)

A variant of *skrimbaną, the root final -p- was adopted from the iterative *skrumpōną, from Pre-Germanic *skrembʰ-, related to Lithuanian skrèbti and skrembù (“to shrink”).


skrumpōną

skrumpō (active first-person indicative singular)
skrumpǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrumpōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skrumpōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skrumpōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrumpō (active imperative second-person singular)
skrumpōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skrumpōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skrumpōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skrumpō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrumpōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skrumpōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skrumpōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skrumpōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skrumpōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrumpōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrumpōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrumpōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skrumpōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skrumpōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrumpōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skrumpōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skrumpōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skrumpōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrumpōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skrumpōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skrumpōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skrumpōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skrumpōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrumpōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skrumpōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skrumpōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skrumpōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skrumpōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrumpōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skrumpōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrumpōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skrumpōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrumpōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skrumpōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrumpōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrumpōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrumpōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skrumpōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrumpōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skrumpōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrumpōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skrumpōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrumpōndz (active participle present)
skrumpōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skrumpōn
Old Dutch: *scrumpon
Middle Dutch: *schrompen
⇒ Middle Dutch: schrompelen
Dutch: schrompelen, verschrompelen
Old High German: *skrumpfon
Middle High German: *schrumpfen
German: schrumpfen (possibly)
⇒ German: schrumpeln (with Central/Low German consonantism)

From Pre-Germanic *skrm̥bʰ-néh₂-, an iterative verb related to *skrimbaną and *skrimpaną.


skrimbaną

skrimbō (active first-person indicative singular)
skrimbaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrimbai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skrimbizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skrimbaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrimb (active imperative second-person singular)
skrimbazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skrimbaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skrimbidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skrimbai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrimbadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skrimbadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skrimbaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skrimbōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skrimbaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrimbadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrimbaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrimbadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skrimbamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skrimbaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrimbandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skrimbaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skrimbid (active indicative plural second-person)
skrimbaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrimbid (active imperative plural second-person)
skrimbandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skrimbaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skrimbandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skrimbain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrimbandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skrimbandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skrimbaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skramb (active first-person indicative singular)
skrumbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skramft (active indicative second-person singular)
skrumbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skramb (active indicative singular third-person)
skrumbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrumbū (active dual first-person indicative)
skrumbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrumbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrumbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrumbum (active first-person indicative plural)
skrumbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrumbud (active indicative plural second-person)
skrumbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrumbun (active indicative plural third-person)
skrumbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrimbandz (active participle present)
skrumbanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skrimman

Old English: sċrimman
Middle English: *schrymmen
English: shrim

From Pre-Germanic *skrembʰ-, related to Lithuanian skrèbti and skrembù (“to shrink”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerbʰ- (“to turn around, curve”), an extension of *(s)ker- (“to turn”), related to Latin corbis (“basket”), Old Norse skreppa (“scrip”), German Scherbe (“fragment”).


glintaną

glintō (active first-person indicative singular)
glintaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glintai (first-person indicative passive singular)
glintizi (active indicative second-person singular)
glintaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glint (active imperative second-person singular)
glintazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
glintaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
glintidi (active indicative singular third-person)
glintai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glintadau (active imperative singular third-person)
glintadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
glintaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
glintōz (active dual first-person indicative)
glintaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glintadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glintaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glintadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
glintamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
glintaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glintandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
glintaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
glintid (active indicative plural second-person)
glintaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glintid (active imperative plural second-person)
glintandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
glintaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
glintandi (active indicative plural third-person)
glintain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glintandau (active imperative plural third-person)
glintandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
glintaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
glant (active first-person indicative singular)
gluntį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glanst (active indicative second-person singular)
gluntīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glant (active indicative singular third-person)
gluntī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gluntū (active dual first-person indicative)
gluntīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gluntudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gluntīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gluntum (active first-person indicative plural)
gluntīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gluntud (active indicative plural second-person)
gluntīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gluntun (active indicative plural third-person)
gluntīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glintandz (active participle present)
gluntanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *glintan
Old High German: *glinzan
Middle High German: glinzen

Old Norse: *gletta, *glinta

Norwegian Bokmål: gletta

Swedish: glinta

→ Middle English: glenten

English: glint

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰlend-, related to Proto-Slavic *ględati.


haganą

hagō (active first-person indicative singular)
hagaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hagai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hagizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hagaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hag (active imperative second-person singular)
hagazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hagaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hagidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hagai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hagadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hagadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hagaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hagōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hagaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hagadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hagaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hagadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hagamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hagaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hagandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hagaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hagid (active indicative plural second-person)
hagaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hagid (active imperative plural second-person)
hagandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hagaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hagandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hagain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hagandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hagandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hagaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hōg (active first-person indicative singular)
hōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hōht (active indicative second-person singular)
hōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hōg (active indicative singular third-person)
hōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
hōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
hōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
hōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
hōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hagandz (active participle present)
haganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hagan
Old Saxon: hagan
Old High German: hagan

/ˈxɑ.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/

Unknown. Possibly related to *hagōną (“to please, comfort”)


gawjaną

gawjō (active first-person indicative singular)
gawjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gawjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gawisi (active indicative second-person singular)
gawjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gawi (active imperative second-person singular)
gawjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gawjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gawiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gawjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gawjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gawjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gawjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gawjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gawjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gawjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gawjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gawjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gawjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gawjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gawjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gawjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gawiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gawjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gawiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gawjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gawjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gawjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gawjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gawjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gawjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gawjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gōw (active first-person indicative singular)
gōwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gōwt (active indicative second-person singular)
gōwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gōw (active indicative singular third-person)
gōwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gōwū (active dual first-person indicative)
gōwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gōwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gōwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gōwum (active first-person indicative plural)
gōwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gōwud (active indicative plural second-person)
gōwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gōwun (active indicative plural third-person)
gōwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gawjandz (active participle present)
gawanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *gauwjan, *gauijan
Old English: ġēġan, ġēn, ġǣn
Middle English: ȝeȝen, ȝeiȝen, ȝeien, yeyen
Old Frisian: *gēia
>? West Frisian: geie
⇒ Old High German: *gouwezzen
Middle High German: *gouezen, *gouzen
German: gauzen
⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *gauwōn, *gauōn
Old English: *ġēowian, ġēoian, ġōian

Old Norse: geyja
Icelandic: geyja
Faroese: goyggja
Norwegian Bokmål: gjø
Norwegian Nynorsk: gøy
Danish: gø

/ˈɣɑu̯.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Unclear. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰewH- (“to call, invoke”), related to Proto-Slavic *zъvati (“to call”).
Or from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₂w- (“to gape, yawn”), related to Lithuanian gomurỹs (“palate”).


flaihaną

flaihō (active first-person indicative singular)
flaihaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flaihai (first-person indicative passive singular)
flaihizi (active indicative second-person singular)
flaihaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flaih (active imperative second-person singular)
flaihazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
flaihaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
flaihidi (active indicative singular third-person)
flaihai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flaihadau (active imperative singular third-person)
flaihadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
flaihaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
flaihōz (active dual first-person indicative)
flaihaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flaihadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flaihaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flaihadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
flaihamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
flaihaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flaihandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
flaihaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
flaihid (active indicative plural second-person)
flaihaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flaihid (active imperative plural second-person)
flaihandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
flaihaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
flaihandi (active indicative plural third-person)
flaihain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flaihandau (active imperative plural third-person)
flaihandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
flaihaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
feflaih (active first-person indicative singular)
feflaihį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
feflaiht (active indicative second-person singular)
feflaihīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
feflaih (active indicative singular third-person)
feflaihī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
feflaihū (active dual first-person indicative)
feflaihīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
feflaihudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
feflaihīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
feflaihum (active first-person indicative plural)
feflaihīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
feflaihud (active indicative plural second-person)
feflaihīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
feflaihun (active indicative plural third-person)
feflaihīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flaihandz (active participle present)
flaihanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *flaihan
Old Saxon: *flēhan
Middle Low German: vlên
Old Dutch: *flēn
Middle Dutch: vlêen
Old High German: flēhan
Middle High German: flēhen
German: flehen

Gothic: *𐌸𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽 (*þlaihan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽 (gaþlaihan)

Unknown. Possibly related to *flaihaz (“insidious, deceitful”)


klinaną

klinō (active first-person indicative singular)
klinaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klinai (first-person indicative passive singular)
klinizi (active indicative second-person singular)
klinaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klin (active imperative second-person singular)
klinazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
klinaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
klinidi (active indicative singular third-person)
klinai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klinadau (active imperative singular third-person)
klinadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
klinaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
klinōz (active dual first-person indicative)
klinaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klinadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klinaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klinadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
klinamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
klinaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klinandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
klinaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
klinid (active indicative plural second-person)
klinaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klinid (active imperative plural second-person)
klinandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
klinaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
klinandi (active indicative plural third-person)
klinain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klinandau (active imperative plural third-person)
klinandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
klinaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
klain (active first-person indicative singular)
klinį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klaint (active indicative second-person singular)
klinīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klain (active indicative singular third-person)
klinī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klinū (active dual first-person indicative)
klinīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klinudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klinīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klinum (active first-person indicative plural)
klinīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klinud (active indicative plural second-person)
klinīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klinun (active indicative plural third-person)
klinīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klinandz (active participle present)
klinanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *klenan
Old Saxon: *klenan
⇒ Old Saxon: biklenan (“to spread, stain”)
Old High German: klenan
Middle High German: klenen

gl

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*klinjaną</i>

⇒ Old Norse: klina (weak verb) (< *klinjaną)

Icelandic: klína

Faroese: klína

Norwegian Bokmål: kline

Norwegian Nynorsk: klina, kline

From Proto-Indo-European *gleh₁y- (“to smear, glue”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *glināti (“to glue”).


slūkaną

slūkō (active first-person indicative singular)
slūkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slūkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
slūkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
slūkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slūk (active imperative second-person singular)
slūkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
slūkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
slūkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
slūkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slūkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
slūkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
slūkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
slūkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
slūkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slūkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slūkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slūkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
slūkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
slūkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slūkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
slūkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
slūkid (active indicative plural second-person)
slūkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slūkid (active imperative plural second-person)
slūkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
slūkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
slūkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
slūkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slūkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
slūkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
slūkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
slauk (active first-person indicative singular)
slukį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slauht (active indicative second-person singular)
slukīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slauk (active indicative singular third-person)
slukī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slukū (active dual first-person indicative)
slukīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slukudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slukīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slukum (active first-person indicative plural)
slukīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slukud (active indicative plural second-person)
slukīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slukun (active indicative plural third-person)
slukīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slūkandz (active participle present)
slukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *slūkan
Old Saxon: slūkan
Middle Low German: sluken
→ Norwegian:
→ Norwegian Bokmål: sluke
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: sluka, sluke
→ Swedish: sluka
Old Dutch: slūkan
Middle Dutch: sluken
Old Dutch: *slūhan
Middle Dutch: slūchen
German: schlauchen

Cognate with Old Irish sluccim (“to swallow”) and Ancient Greek λύζω (lúzō, “to hiccup”).


heufaną

heufō (active first-person indicative singular)
heufaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
heufai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hiufizi (active indicative second-person singular)
heufaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
heuf (active imperative second-person singular)
heufazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
heufaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hiufidi (active indicative singular third-person)
heufai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
heufadau (active imperative singular third-person)
heufadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
heufaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
heufōz (active dual first-person indicative)
heufaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
heufadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
heufaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
heufadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
heufamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
heufaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
heufandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
heufaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hiufid (active indicative plural second-person)
heufaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hiufid (active imperative plural second-person)
heufandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
heufaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
heufandi (active indicative plural third-person)
heufain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
heufandau (active imperative plural third-person)
heufandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
heufaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hauf (active first-person indicative singular)
hubį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hauft (active indicative second-person singular)
hubīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hauf (active indicative singular third-person)
hubī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hubū (active dual first-person indicative)
hubīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hubudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hubīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hubum (active first-person indicative plural)
hubīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hubud (active indicative plural second-person)
hubīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hubun (active indicative plural third-person)
hubīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
heufandz (active participle present)
hubanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *heufan, *heuban

Old English: hēofan

Old Saxon: hiovan, heovan, hioƀan

⇒ Old Saxon: hofna f

Old High German: hiofan, hiufan, hioban

⇒ Old High German: hiufina f

⇒ Old Norse: hjúfra

Icelandic: hjúfra

Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐌿𐍆𐌰𐌽 (hiufan)

From Proto-Indo-European *kew- (“to howl, scream”). Possibly related to Lithuanian šaukiù and šaũkti (“shout, yell, cry”).


hlīdaną

hlīdō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlīdaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlīdai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hlīdizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlīdaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlīd (active imperative second-person singular)
hlīdazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlīdaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hlīdidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlīdai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlīdadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlīdadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlīdaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hlīdōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hlīdaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlīdadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlīdaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlīdadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlīdamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlīdaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlīdandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlīdaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hlīdid (active indicative plural second-person)
hlīdaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlīdid (active imperative plural second-person)
hlīdandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlīdaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hlīdandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlīdain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlīdandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlīdandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlīdaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hlaid (active first-person indicative singular)
hlidį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlaist (active indicative second-person singular)
hlidīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlaid (active indicative singular third-person)
hlidī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlidū (active dual first-person indicative)
hlidīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlidudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlidīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlidum (active first-person indicative plural)
hlidīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlidud (active indicative plural second-person)
hlidīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlidun (active indicative plural third-person)
hlidīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlīdandz (active participle present)
hlidanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hlīdan
Old English: hlīdan
Old Frisian: hlīda
Old Saxon: *hlīdan
⇒ Old Saxon: bihlīdan

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (“to shelter, cover”).


kelaz

kelaz (nominative singular)
kilizō (nominative plural)
kelaz (singular vocative)
kilizō (plural vocative)
kelaz (accusative singular)
kilizō (accusative plural)
kiliziz (genitive singular)
kilizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kilizi (dative singular)
kilizumaz (dative plural)
kilizē (instrumental singular)
kilizumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċeolor, ċeoler; ċeosol, ċesol (“maw, gullet”) (through metathesis ?)

Middle English: *cholere

desc

Scots: chollare, choler, choller, chuller, chiller

Old High German: kelur, kelor; kelura; keluro, keloro

From Proto-Indo-European *gel-, *gʷel- (“to swallow; throat”).


setą

setą (nominative singular)
setō (nominative plural)
setą (singular vocative)
setō (plural vocative)
setą (accusative singular)
setō (accusative plural)
setas (genitive singular)
sitis (genitive singular)
setǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sitai (dative singular)
setamaz (dative plural)
setō (instrumental singular)
setamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *set

Old English: set

Middle English: set, sette

English: set

Old Saxon: *set

Middle Low German: set, sette

Old Dutch: *set

Middle Dutch: set, zet

Dutch: zet

Old High German: sez

Middle High German: sëz

Old Norse: set

Icelandic: set

From Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”).


silô

silô (nominative singular)
silaniz (nominative plural)
silô (singular vocative)
silaniz (plural vocative)
silanų (accusative singular)
silanunz (accusative plural)
siliniz (genitive singular)
silanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
silini (dative singular)
silammaz (dative plural)
silinē (instrumental singular)
silammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *silō

Old Frisian: *sil

North Frisian: selle

Saterland Frisian: Siele

West Frisian: sile

⇒ Old Frisian: silrāp

Old Saxon: *silo

Middle Low German: sele

Old High German: silo

Middle High German: sil, sile

German: Siele

desctree

Old Norse: seli, sili
Norwegian Bokmål: sele
Norwegian Nynorsk: sele
Danish: sele
Swedish: sele

From Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ey- (“to bind, fetter”).


saidô

saidô (nominative singular)
saidaniz (nominative plural)
saidô (singular vocative)
saidaniz (plural vocative)
saidanų (accusative singular)
saidanunz (accusative plural)
saidiniz (genitive singular)
saidanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
saidini (dative singular)
saidammaz (dative plural)
saidinē (instrumental singular)
saidammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *saidō

Old English: sāda m

desc

Old High German: seito, seita m, seid, seit n
Middle High German: seite
German: Saite

Old Norse: seiðr

→ Proto-Finnic: *häici (see there for further descendants)


sailijaną

sailijō (active first-person indicative singular)
sailijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sailijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sailīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sailijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sailī (active imperative second-person singular)
sailijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sailijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sailīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sailijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sailijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sailijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sailijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sailijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sailijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sailijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sailijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sailijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sailijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sailijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sailijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sailijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sailīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sailijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sailīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sailijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sailijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sailijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sailijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sailijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sailijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sailijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sailidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sailidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sailidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sailidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sailidē (active indicative singular third-person)
sailidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sailidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sailidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sailidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sailidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sailidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sailidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sailidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sailidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sailidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sailidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sailijandz (active participle present)
sailidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sailijan
Old English: sǣlan
English: seal
Old Frisian: sēla
Old Saxon: *sēlian
Middle Low German: sêlen
⇒ Old Saxon: andsēlian
Old Dutch: *selen, *seilen
Middle Dutch: selen, seilen
Dutch: zelen
Old High German: *seilen
Middle High German: seilen

Old Norse: seila

Icelandic: seila

Gothic: *𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*sailjan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (insailjan)


wundralīkaz

*wundralīkaz (a-stem)

wundralīkaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wundralīkai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wundralīkō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wundralīkôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wundralīką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wundralīkō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wundralīkanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wundralīkanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wundralīkǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wundralīkōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wundralīką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wundralīkō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wundralīkas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wundralīkaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wundralīkaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wundralīkaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wundralīkas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wundralīkaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wundralīkammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wundralīkaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wundralīkaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wundralīkaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wundralīkammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wundralīkaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wundralīkanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wundralīkaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wundralīkaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wundralīkaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wundralīkanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wundralīkaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wundralīkô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wundralīkaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wundralīkǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wundralīkōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wundralīkô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wundralīkōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wundralīkanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wundralīkanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wundralīkōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wundralīkōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wundralīkô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wundralīkōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wundralīkiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wundralīkanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wundralīkōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wundralīkōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wundralīkiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wundralīkanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wundralīkini (dative masculine singular weak)
wundralīkammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wundralīkōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wundralīkōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wundralīkini (dative neuter singular weak)
wundralīkammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wundralīkinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wundralīkammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wundralīkōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wundralīkōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wundralīkinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wundralīkammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *wundralīk

Old English: wundorlīċ

desc

Middle English: wunderlic, wunnderrlik, wonderlich, wonderly

English: wonderly

Scots: wondirlie, wounderlie, wonderlie

Old Frisian: wunderlik

Saterland Frisian: wunderelk, wunnerelk

West Frisian: wûnderlik

Old Saxon: wundarlīk

Middle Low German: wunderlîk

German Low German: wunnerlik

Old Dutch: wundarlīk, wunderlīc

Middle Dutch: wundirlik, wonderlec, wonderlijc

Dutch: wonderlijk

Afrikaans: wonderlik

Old High German: wuntarlīh

Middle High German: wunderlich, wonderlich

German: wunderlich

Yiddish: וווּנדערלעך (vunderlekh)

Old Norse: undrligr

Icelandic: undarlegur

Faroese: undarligur

Swedish: underlig

Norwegian: underlig

Danish: underlig


rukkijaną

rukkijō (active first-person indicative singular)
rukkijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rukkijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rukkīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
rukkijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rukkī (active imperative second-person singular)
rukkijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rukkijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rukkīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rukkijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rukkijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rukkijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rukkijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rukkijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rukkijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rukkijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rukkijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rukkijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rukkijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rukkijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rukkijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rukkijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rukkīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rukkijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rukkīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rukkijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rukkijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rukkijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rukkijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rukkijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rukkijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rukkijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rukkidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rukkidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rukkidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rukkidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rukkidē (active indicative singular third-person)
rukkidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rukkidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rukkidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rukkidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rukkidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rukkidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rukkidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rukkidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rukkidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rukkidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rukkidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rukkijandz (active participle present)
rukkidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rukkijan
Old English: *ryċċan
Middle English: ricchen, riche, ruchchen, ruchen, rycchen, rychen
Old Saxon: *rukkian
Middle Low German: rucken, rüggen, rücken
German Low German: rücken
→ Saterland Frisian: rukje, rukke
Old Dutch: *rukken
Middle Dutch: rucken
Dutch: rukken
Old High German: rucken
Middle High German: rucken, rücken
German: rücken, (rucken)

Old Norse: rykkja

Icelandic: rykkja

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: rykke

Norwegian Nynorsk: rykke, rykka

Swedish: rycka

→ Middle English: *rikken

English: rick

Scots: rick

From *rukkiz (“pull, jerk”) + *-janą. Ultimately from the same source as *rukkōną (“to rock”).


ristijaną

ristijō (active first-person indicative singular)
ristijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ristijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
ristīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
ristijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ristī (active imperative second-person singular)
ristijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ristijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ristīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
ristijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ristijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
ristijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ristijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ristijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
ristijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ristijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ristijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ristijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ristijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ristijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ristijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ristijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ristīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
ristijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ristīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
ristijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ristijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ristijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
ristijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ristijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
ristijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ristijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ristidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
ristidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ristidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
ristidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ristidē (active indicative singular third-person)
ristidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ristidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
ristidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ristidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ristidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ristidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
ristidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ristidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
ristidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ristidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
ristidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ristijandz (active participle present)
ristidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *ristijan

Old Saxon: *ristian

Middle Low German: risten

Old Norse: rista

Icelandic: rista

Norwegian:

Bokmål: riste

Nynorsk: riste, rista

Danish: riste

Most likely an intensive formation to *rīstaną.


saumijaną

saumijō (active first-person indicative singular)
saumijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
saumijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
saumīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
saumijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
saumī (active imperative second-person singular)
saumijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
saumijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
saumīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
saumijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
saumijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
saumijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
saumijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
saumijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
saumijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
saumijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
saumijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
saumijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
saumijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
saumijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
saumijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
saumijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
saumīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
saumijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
saumīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
saumijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
saumijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
saumijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
saumijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
saumijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
saumijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
saumijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
saumidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
saumidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
saumidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
saumidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
saumidē (active indicative singular third-person)
saumidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
saumidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
saumidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
saumidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
saumidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
saumidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
saumidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
saumidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
saumidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
saumidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
saumidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
saumijandz (active participle present)
saumidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *saumijan
Old Saxon: sōmian
Middle Low German: sȫmen
Old Dutch: *sōmen
Middle Dutch: sômen
Dutch: zomen
Old High German: saumen
Middle High German: säumen
German: säumen

Old Norse: seyma

Faroese: seyma

Icelandic: seyma, sauma

Elfdalian: söma


maþikô

maþikô (nominative singular)
maþikaniz (nominative plural)
maþikô (singular vocative)
maþikaniz (plural vocative)
maþikanų (accusative singular)
maþikanunz (accusative plural)
maþikiniz (genitive singular)
maþikanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maþikini (dative singular)
maþikammaz (dative plural)
maþikinē (instrumental singular)
maþikammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: maðkr
Icelandic: maðkur
Faroese: maðkur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: makk, mark
Norwegian Bokmål: makk, mark
Old Swedish: maþker
Swedish: matk, mask
Northern Sami: mask
Old Danish: mathk
Danish: maddike, mark
→ German Low German: Maddik, Madik, Meddik, Mett

Elfdalian: makk

Gutnish: makk

Scanian: maðk

desc

→ Middle English: mathek, mauk, mawk, magot, magat

English: maddock, mawk, maggot

Scots: maggot, mak, mauch, mauk; matlo

Old Norse: maðka

→? Finnish: matikka


klankijaną

klankijō (active first-person indicative singular)
klankijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klankijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
klankīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
klankijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klankī (active imperative second-person singular)
klankijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
klankijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
klankīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
klankijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klankijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
klankijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
klankijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
klankijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
klankijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klankijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klankijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klankijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
klankijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
klankijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klankijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
klankijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
klankīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
klankijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klankīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
klankijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
klankijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
klankijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
klankijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klankijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
klankijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
klankijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
klankidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
klankidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klankidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
klankidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klankidē (active indicative singular third-person)
klankidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klankidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
klankidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klankidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klankidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klankidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
klankidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klankidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
klankidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klankidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
klankidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klankijandz (active participle present)
klankidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *klankijan

Old English: *clenċan

Middle English: clenchen

English: clench, clinch

⇒ Old English: beclencan

Old High German: klenken

From *klinganą + *-janą. A variant of *klangijaną that arose due to the influence of an unattested iterative.


klangijaną

klangijō (active first-person indicative singular)
klangijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klangijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
klangīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
klangijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klangī (active imperative second-person singular)
klangijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
klangijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
klangīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
klangijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klangijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
klangijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
klangijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
klangijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
klangijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klangijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klangijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klangijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
klangijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
klangijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klangijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
klangijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
klangīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
klangijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klangīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
klangijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
klangijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
klangijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
klangijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klangijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
klangijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
klangijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
klangidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
klangidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klangidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
klangidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klangidē (active indicative singular third-person)
klangidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klangidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
klangidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klangidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klangidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klangidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
klangidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klangidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
klangidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klangidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
klangidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klangijandz (active participle present)
klangidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *klangijan

Old English: clenġan

Old Norse: klengja

Icelandic: klengja

Elfdalian: klaindja

Old Swedish: klengia

Swedish: klänga

From *klinganą + *-janą. This verb gave rise to the variant *klankijaną, due to influence of an unattested iterative.


gausijaną

gausijō (active first-person indicative singular)
gausijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gausijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gausīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
gausijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gausī (active imperative second-person singular)
gausijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gausijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gausīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gausijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gausijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gausijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gausijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gausijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gausijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gausijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gausijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gausijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gausijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gausijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gausijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gausijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gausīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gausijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gausīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gausijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gausijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gausijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gausijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gausijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gausijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gausijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gausidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
gausidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gausidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
gausidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gausidē (active indicative singular third-person)
gausidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gausidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gausidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gausidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gausidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gausidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gausidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gausidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gausidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gausidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gausidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gausijandz (active participle present)
gausidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: geysa

⇒ Old Norse: geysir

Icelandic: geysir

→ English: geyser

→ Swedish: gejser

Icelandic: geysa

→ Swedish: gejsa

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gausjan)


þunguz

þungizô (comparative)
þungistaz (superlative)
þunguz (masculine nominative singular strong)
þungijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
þungī (feminine nominative singular strong)
þungijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
þungų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
þungijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
þungijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
þungijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
þungijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
þungijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
þungų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
þungijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
þungijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
þungīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
þungijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
þungijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
þungijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
þungijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
þungīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
þungijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
þungijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
þungijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
þungijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
þungijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
þungijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
þungijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
þungijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
þungijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
þungijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
þungijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
þungijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
þungijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
þungijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
þungijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
þungijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
þungijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
þungijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
þungijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
þungijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
þungijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
þungijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
þungijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
þungijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
þungijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
þungīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
þungijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
þungijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
þungijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
þungīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
þungijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
þungīni (dative masculine singular weak)
þungijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
þungijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
þungijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
þungīni (dative neuter singular weak)
þungijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
þungīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
þungijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
þungijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
þungijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
þungīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
þungijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Old Norse: þungr
Icelandic: þungur
Faroese: tungur
Norwegian: tung
Swedish: tung
Danish: tung

From Proto-Indo-European *téngʰ-u-s ~ *tn̥gʰ-éw-s, cognate with Lithuanian tingùs (“heavy”), Old Church Slavonic тѧжькъ (tęžĭkŭ).


fraistōną

fraistō (active first-person indicative singular)
fraistǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraistōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
fraistōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fraistōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fraistō (active imperative second-person singular)
fraistōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fraistōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fraistōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fraistō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fraistōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fraistōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fraistōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fraistōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fraistōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fraistōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fraistōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fraistōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fraistōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fraistōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fraistōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fraistōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fraistōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fraistōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fraistōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fraistōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fraistōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fraistōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fraistōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraistōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fraistōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fraistōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fraistōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fraistōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraistōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fraistōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fraistōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
fraistōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fraistōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fraistōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fraistōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fraistōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fraistōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fraistōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fraistōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fraistōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fraistōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fraistōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraistōndz (active participle present)
fraistōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: freista

Icelandic: freista

Norwegian Nynorsk: freista

Old Swedish: fresta

Swedish: fresta

Old Danish: fræstæ

Danish: friste

Norwegian Bokmål: friste

A North Germanic variant of *fraisōną. Both forms have replaced the strong verb *fraisaną still extant in Gothic.