sanþaz

*sanþaz (a-stem)

sanþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sanþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sanþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sanþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sanþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sanþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sanþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sanþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sanþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sanþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sanþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sanþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sanþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sanþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sanþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sanþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sanþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sanþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sanþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sanþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sanþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sanþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sanþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sanþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sanþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sanþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sanþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sanþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sanþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sanþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sanþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sanþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sanþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sanþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sanþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sanþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sanþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sanþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sanþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sanþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sanþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sanþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sanþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sanþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sanþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sanþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sanþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sanþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sanþini (dative masculine singular weak)
sanþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sanþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sanþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sanþini (dative neuter singular weak)
sanþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sanþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sanþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sanþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sanþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sanþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sanþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *sanþ
Old English: sōþ
Middle English: soth
English: sooth
Scots: suthe, suith
Old Frisian: sōth
Old Saxon: sōth

Old Norse: sannr, saðr
Icelandic: sannur, saður
Faroese: sannur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sann m (dialectal) sonn f, satt n
Norwegian Bokmål: sann
Old Swedish: sander
Swedish: sann
Danish: sand

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁s-ónt-s (“being, existing”), the present participle of *h₁es- (“to be”) (from which the present forms of *wesaną). Compare also *sundī (“guilt, misdeed”), an abstract noun derived from *h₁sóntih₂, genitive *h₁sn̥tyéh₂s, the feminine form of the participle.


ainafalþaz

*ainafalþaz (a-stem)

ainafalþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
ainafalþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
ainafalþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
ainafalþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ainafalþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
ainafalþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
ainafalþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
ainafalþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
ainafalþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
ainafalþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ainafalþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
ainafalþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
ainafalþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
ainafalþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
ainafalþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
ainafalþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
ainafalþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
ainafalþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
ainafalþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
ainafalþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
ainafalþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
ainafalþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
ainafalþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
ainafalþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
ainafalþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
ainafalþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
ainafalþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
ainafalþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
ainafalþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
ainafalþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ainafalþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
ainafalþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
ainafalþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
ainafalþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
ainafalþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
ainafalþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
ainafalþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
ainafalþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
ainafalþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
ainafalþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
ainafalþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
ainafalþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ainafalþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
ainafalþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
ainafalþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
ainafalþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ainafalþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
ainafalþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
ainafalþini (dative masculine singular weak)
ainafalþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
ainafalþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
ainafalþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
ainafalþini (dative neuter singular weak)
ainafalþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
ainafalþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
ainafalþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
ainafalþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
ainafalþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
ainafalþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
ainafalþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ainfald
Old English: ānfeald
Middle English: anfald, onfold
English: onefold
Scots: aefauld, aefald, aefaul (noun); ae-fald, ae-faul (adj); afawld, afald
Old Frisian: ēnfald
⇒ Saterland Frisian: eenfooldig, eenfooldich, eenfooltich, eenfoltig
⇒ West Frisian: ienfâldich
Old Saxon: ēnfald
Middle Low German: ênvālt, ênvōlt
German Low German: Eenfold (noun)
⇒ German Low German: eenfoldig
Old Dutch: *ēnfalt
Middle Dutch: eenvout
⇒ Middle Dutch: eenvoude (noun)
Dutch: eenvoud
⇒ Middle Dutch: einvoldeg, eenvuldich, eenvoudich
⇒ Dutch: eenvoudig
Old High German: einfalt
Middle High German: einvalt, einfalt
German: einfältig (Einfalt is a back-formation)

Old Norse: einfaldr

Icelandic: einfaldur

Faroese: einfaldur

Old Swedish: ēnfalder

Swedish: enfaldig

Danish: enfoldig

Gutnish: ainfaldur, ainfalduar

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃 (ainfalþs)

/ˈɑi̯.nɑ.ˌɸɑl.θɑz/

From *ainaz + *-falþaz. Compare Latin simplex (“folded once”).


hairaz

*hairaz (a-stem)

hairaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hairai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hairō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hairôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hairą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hairō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hairanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hairanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hairǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hairōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hairą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hairō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hairas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hairaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hairaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hairaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hairas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hairaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hairammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hairaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hairaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hairaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hairammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hairaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hairanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hairaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hairaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hairaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hairanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hairaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hairô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hairaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hairǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hairōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hairô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hairōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hairanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hairanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hairōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hairōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hairô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hairōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hairiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hairanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hairōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hairōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hairiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hairanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hairini (dative masculine singular weak)
hairammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hairōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hairōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hairini (dative neuter singular weak)
hairammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hairinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hairammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hairōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hairōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hairinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hairammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *hair
Old English: hār
Middle English: hor
English: hoar
Scots: hare, hair
Old Frisian: hār
Old Dutch: hēr
Middle Dutch: heer
⇒ Middle Dutch: herlic
Dutch: heerlijk
Old High German: hēr
Middle High German: hēr
German: hehr

Old Norse: hárr, hærr
Icelandic: hár
Danish: hǫr
→? Old French: haraz (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: herru

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃- (“grey, dark”). Cognate with Old Irish cīar (“dark”), probably Proto-Slavic *śěrъ (“gray”).

der

(figurative) aged; old; lofty; distinguished


swēraz

*swēraz (a-stem)

swēraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
swērai (masculine nominative plural strong)
swērō (feminine nominative singular strong)
swērôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
swērą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
swērō (neuter nominative plural strong)
swēranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
swēranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
swērǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
swērōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
swērą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
swērō (accusative neuter plural strong)
swēras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
swēraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
swēraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
swēraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
swēras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
swēraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
swērammai (dative masculine singular strong)
swēraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
swēraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
swēraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
swērammai (dative neuter singular strong)
swēraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
swēranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
swēraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
swēraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
swēraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
swēranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
swēraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
swērô (masculine nominative singular weak)
swēraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
swērǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
swērōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
swērô (neuter nominative singular weak)
swērōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
swēranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
swēranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
swērōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
swērōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
swērô (accusative neuter singular weak)
swērōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
swēriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
swēranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
swērōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
swērōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
swēriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
swēranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
swērini (dative masculine singular weak)
swērammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
swērōni (dative feminine singular weak)
swērōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
swērini (dative neuter singular weak)
swērammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
swērinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
swērammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
swērōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
swērōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
swērinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
swērammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swār
Old English: swǣr
Middle English: swere, swær, swar, sware, swer, suere
English: sweer, swear, sweir, swere
Scots: sweir, sweer, swere
Old Frisian: swēr, swēre
North Frisian: swier
Saterland Frisian: sweer
West Frisian: swier
Old Saxon: swār, swāri
Middle Low German: swâr
German Low German: swar, swaar, swor; swer
→ Danish: svar
Old Dutch: *swār
Middle Dutch: swâer
Dutch: zwaar
Afrikaans: swaar
Berbice Creole Dutch: swari
Negerhollands: swaar, swar
Limburgish: zwaor
Zealandic: zwaer
Old High German: swār
Middle High German: swær, swǣre, swār, swēre, swēr
Alemannic German:
Swabian: schwär
Bavarian: schwar
German: schwer
Luxembourgish: schwéier
Vilamovian: świer
Yiddish: שווער (shver)

Old Norse: svárr

Icelandic: svár, sver (probably influenced by German schwer)

Faroese: svárur

Old Swedish: svār

Swedish: svår

Danish: svær (probably influenced by German schwer)

Norwegian: svær (probably influenced by German schwer)

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍂𐍃 (swērs)

Vṛddhi gerundive of an otherwise unattested strong verb *sweraną, from Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“heavy”). Cognate with Lithuanian sver̃ti (“to weigh, balance”), Latvian svars (“weight”).


talō

talō (nominative singular)
talôz (nominative plural)
talō (singular vocative)
talôz (plural vocative)
talǭ (accusative singular)
talōz (accusative plural)
talōz (genitive singular)
talǫ̂ (genitive plural)
talōi (dative singular)
talōmaz (dative plural)
talō (instrumental singular)
talōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *talu
Old English: talu
Middle English: tale, tal, talle; taile, taille (chiefly Northern ME)
English: tale
Scots: tale
Yola: taale
Old Frisian: tale, tele
Saterland Frisian: Taal
West Frisian: taal
Old Saxon: tala
Middle Low German: tāle, tal
German Low German: Tahl, Tall
Old Dutch: *tala
Middle Dutch: tāle
Dutch: taal
Afrikaans: taal
West Flemish: toale
Old High German: zala
Middle High German: zale
German: Zahl
Hunsrik: Zaal
Luxembourgish: Zuel
Vilamovian: caoł
Yiddish: צאָל (tsol)

Old Norse: tala

Icelandic: tala

Faroese: tala

Norwegian: tale

Old Swedish: tala

Swedish: tala

Danish: tale

From Proto-Indo-European *dolH-éh₂ (“reckoning, calculation, fraud”), from the root *delH- (“to reckon, calculate”). Compare Ancient Greek δόλος (dólos, “trick(ery), deceit; bait”), Hittite talliije/azi (“to pray to, evoke (a deity)”), and Old Armenian տող (toł, “line, row”).


barną

barną (nominative singular)
barnō (nominative plural)
barną (singular vocative)
barnō (plural vocative)
barną (accusative singular)
barnō (accusative plural)
barnas (genitive singular)
barnis (genitive singular)
barnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
barnai (dative singular)
barnamaz (dative plural)
barnō (instrumental singular)
barnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *barn
Old English: bearn, bern
Middle English: barn, bern, bearn, bærn, barne, berne, baren
English: barn (obsolete, dialectal)
Geordie English: bairn
Scots: bairn
→ English: bairn
Yola: barrn
Old Frisian: barn, bern
North Frisian: bjarn
Saterland Frisian: Bäiden, Bidden (Strukelje)
West Frisian: barn, bern
Old Saxon: barn
Old Dutch: *barn
Middle Dutch: baren
Old High German: barn, parn
Middle High German: barn

Old Norse: barn
Icelandic: barn
Faroese: barn
Norwegian Nynorsk: badn, barn, bonn, bån
Norwegian Bokmål: barn
Jamtish: bǫ́rn
Old Swedish: barn
Swedish: barn
Old Danish: barn
Danish: barn
Gutnish: ban

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽 (barn)

Crimean Gothic: baar

→ Proto-Samic: *pārnē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-. Cognate with Latvian bērns (“child”), Lithuanian bérnas (“lad, servant”), berniukas (“boy”).


drugą

drugą (nominative singular)
drugō (nominative plural)
drugą (singular vocative)
drugō (plural vocative)
drugą (accusative singular)
drugō (accusative plural)
drugas (genitive singular)
drugis (genitive singular)
drugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drugai (dative singular)
drugamaz (dative plural)
drugō (instrumental singular)
drugamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *drog
Old Frisian: *droch
North Frisian: drōch
Saterland Frisian: Drog m
Old Saxon: *drog
Middle Low German: droch
Westphalian:
Suerländer-Märkisch: Drǫg
Old Dutch: *drog
Middle Dutch: droch
⇒ Dutch: drogreden
⇒ Dutch: droggrond
⇒ Dutch: droglicht
Old High German: *trug, *trog
Middle High German: truc, troc m
German: Trug

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrugʰ-o-m, thematicized from *dʰréwk-s ~ *dʰrugʰ-és, from *dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive”) + *-s. Cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰrúkš (“lie, deceit”), and perhaps Proto-Celtic *drukos (“bad”).


hanapiz

hanapiz (nominative singular)
hanapīz (nominative plural)
hanapi (singular vocative)
hanapīz (plural vocative)
hanapį (accusative singular)
hanapinz (accusative plural)
hanapīz (genitive singular)
hanapijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hanapī (dative singular)
hanapimaz (dative plural)
hanapī (instrumental singular)
hanapimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hanapi
Old English: henep, hænep
Middle English: hanep, henep, henepe, henpe, hempe, hemp
English: hemp
Scots: hemp, hempt
Old Frisian: *hanep, *hānp, *henep, *henp
Saterland Frisian: Hoamp
West Frisian: himp
Old Saxon: hanap, hanup
Middle Low German: hennep, hennip, hēnep, henp
German Low German: Hämp
Westphalian:
Münsterländer: Hannop (Westmünsterländisch)
East Westphalian: Hamp (Ravensberger)
Old Dutch: *hanap, *henep
Middle Dutch: hannep, hennep, hanep, hennip
Dutch: hennep, hennip (obsolete)
Afrikaans: hennep
Old High German: hanaf, hanif
Middle High German: hanef, hanif, hanf
Alemannic German: Hamf
German: Hanf
→ Luxembourgish: Hanf
→ Low German: Hanf, Hannef
Luxembourgish: Hunnef (dated)
Yiddish: האַנף (hanf)

Old Norse: hampr

Icelandic: hampur

Faroese: hampur

Norwegian: hamp

Old Swedish: hamper, hampa

Swedish: hampa
→ Finnish: hamppu

Elfdalian: ampa

Danish: hamp

Gutnish: hamp, amp

A Kulturwort of unknown ultimate origin. See Ancient Greek κάνναβις (kánnabis) for more. Although a loanword, it was borrowed early enough for the word to be affected by Grimm's law, shifting *k to *h and *b to *p.

unk

unknown


breutaną

breutō (active first-person indicative singular)
breutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
breutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
briutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
breutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
breut (active imperative second-person singular)
breutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
breutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
briutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
breutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
breutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
breutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
breutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
breutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
breutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
breutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
breutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
breutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
breutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
breutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
breutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
breutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
briutid (active indicative plural second-person)
breutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
briutid (active imperative plural second-person)
breutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
breutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
breutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
breutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
breutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
breutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
breutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
braut (active first-person indicative singular)
brutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
braust (active indicative second-person singular)
brutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
braut (active indicative singular third-person)
brutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brutū (active dual first-person indicative)
brutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brutum (active first-person indicative plural)
brutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brutud (active indicative plural second-person)
brutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brutun (active indicative plural third-person)
brutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
breutandz (active participle present)
brutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *breutan
Old English: brēotan
Middle English: breten
Old High German: *briozan
Middle High German: briezen

desc

Proto-Norse: ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ (bᴀriutiþ /bᵃriutiþ/), ᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ (bᴀrutʀ /bᵃrȳtʀ/)

desctree

Old Norse: brjóta, ᛒᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁ (briuti) — Runic form, 3rd singular present subjunctive
Icelandic: brjóta
Faroese: bróta
Norwegian Nynorsk: brjota, bryta
Jamtish: brǿte
Elfdalian: briuota
Old Swedish: brȳta
Swedish: bryta
Old Danish: brȳtæ
Danish: bryde
Norwegian Bokmål: bryte
Scanian: brýda
Gutnish: braute

Suevic or Gothic: *𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (*briutan) (based on evidence from loanwords)

→ Galician: britar

→ Portuguese: britar

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewd-, related to Old East Slavic бръснути (brŭsnuti, “rake”), Old English brȳsan (“to break”), Latin frustum (“piece, crumb”).


lamjaną

lamjō (active first-person indicative singular)
lamjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lamjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lamisi (active indicative second-person singular)
lamjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lami (active imperative second-person singular)
lamjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lamjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lamiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
lamjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lamjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
lamjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lamjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lamjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
lamjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lamjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lamjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lamjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lamjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lamjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lamjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lamjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lamiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
lamjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lamiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
lamjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lamjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lamjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
lamjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lamjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
lamjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lamjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lamidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
lamidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lamidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
lamidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lamidē (active indicative singular third-person)
lamidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lamidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
lamidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lamidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lamidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lamidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
lamidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lamidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
lamidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lamidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
lamidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lamjandz (active participle present)
lamidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lammjan
Old English: lemman, lemian
Middle English: lemen
Old Frisian: lemma, lamma
Old Saxon: *lemmian
Middle Low German: lemmen, lēmen
⇒ Old Saxon: bilemmian
Old Dutch: *lemmen
Middle Dutch: lemmen, lēmen
Dutch: lemmen (obsolete)
Old High German: lemmen
Middle High German: lemmen, lemen
German: lähmen

Old Norse: lemja

Icelandic: lemja

Faroese: lemja

Norwegian Nynorsk: lemje

Old Danish: læmiæ

Danish: læmme

Old Swedish: læmia

Swedish: lämma, läma

From *lamaz (“lame”) + *-janą. Cognate with Old Church Slavonic ломити (lomiti) and Old Prussian limtwei.


leubaz

*leubaz (a-stem)

leubaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
leubai (masculine nominative plural strong)
leubō (feminine nominative singular strong)
leubôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
leubą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
leubō (neuter nominative plural strong)
leubanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
leubanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
leubǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
leubōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
leubą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
leubō (accusative neuter plural strong)
leubas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
leubaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
leubaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
leubaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
leubas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
leubaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
leubammai (dative masculine singular strong)
leubaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
leubaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
leubaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
leubammai (dative neuter singular strong)
leubaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
leubanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
leubaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
leubaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
leubaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
leubanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
leubaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
leubô (masculine nominative singular weak)
leubaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
leubǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
leubōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
leubô (neuter nominative singular weak)
leubōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
leubanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
leubanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
leubōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
leubōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
leubô (accusative neuter singular weak)
leubōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
leubiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
leubanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
leubōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
leubōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
leubiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
leubanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
leubini (dative masculine singular weak)
leubammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
leubōni (dative feminine singular weak)
leubōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
leubini (dative neuter singular weak)
leubammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
leubinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
leubammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
leubōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
leubōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
leubinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
leubammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *leub
Old English: lēof, leaf, līof
Middle English: lef, leve, lefe, leffe, life, live; luf (Southern or West Midlands)
English: lief; ⇒ livelong
Scots: lief, lee
⇒ Yola: liveer
Old Frisian: liāf, liēf
Saterland Frisian: ljoof, ljo
West Frisian: leaf
Old Saxon: liof
Middle Low German: lief, lêf
German Low German: leev, leiw
Plautdietsch: leef
Old Dutch: *liof
Middle Dutch: lief
Dutch: lief
Limburgish: leef
Old High German: liob, liub, liup; *liof, lief (northern)
Middle High German: liep; lief (north-western)
Alemannic German: lieb
Bavarian: liab
Central Franconian: leev, liev
East Central German: lieb
German: lieb
Luxembourgish: léif
Yiddish: ליב (lib)

Proto-Norse: ᛚᛖᚢᛒᚨᛉ (leubaʀ)
Old Norse: ljúfr
Icelandic: ljúfur
Faroese: ljúvur
Norwegian Nynorsk: ljuv
Old Swedish: liūver, liufwer
Swedish: ljuv, ljuf (pre-1906 spelling)
Old Danish: ljuv

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍃 (liufs)

From Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰos (“beloved”).


staumaz

staumaz (nominative singular)
staumōz (nominative plural)
staumōs (nominative plural)
staum (singular vocative)
staumōz (plural vocative)
staumōs (plural vocative)
staumą (accusative singular)
staumanz (accusative plural)
staumas (genitive singular)
staumis (genitive singular)
staumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staumai (dative singular)
staumamaz (dative plural)
staumō (instrumental singular)
staumamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *staum
Old English: stēam
Middle English: stēm, steem
Scots: stem, steam
English: steam
Old Frisian: *stām
Saterland Frisian: Stoom
West Frisian: steam
Old Saxon: *stōm
Middle Low German: stôm
German Low German: Stoom
Low German: stom
Old Dutch: *stōm
Middle Dutch: *stôom
Dutch: stoom
Afrikaans: stoom
→ Indonesian: setom, setum
→ Papiamentu: stoom (dated)
→ West Frisian: stoom
Limburgish: stoum

(Old Norse: *staumr; *stauma, *steyma (verb))

Norwegian: stamma (verb), stamba (verb) (dialectal)

Swedish: stimma (noun & verb), stimba (noun & verb) (dialectal)

→ Scots: stim (noun)

From earlier *staubmaz, from *staubaz (“dust”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- (“to whisk, smoke, obscure”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to whirl, waft, stink, shake; steam, haze, smoke”).


hrīnaną

hrīnō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrīnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrīnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrīnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrīnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrīn (active imperative second-person singular)
hrīnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrīnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrīnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrīnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrīnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrīnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrīnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrīnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hrīnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrīnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrīnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrīnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrīnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrīnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrīnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrīnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrīnid (active indicative plural second-person)
hrīnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrīnid (active imperative plural second-person)
hrīnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrīnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrīnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrīnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrīnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrīnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrīnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hrain (active first-person indicative singular)
hrinį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hraint (active indicative second-person singular)
hrinīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrain (active indicative singular third-person)
hrinī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrinū (active dual first-person indicative)
hrinīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrinudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrinīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrinum (active first-person indicative plural)
hrinīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrinud (active indicative plural second-person)
hrinīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrinun (active indicative plural third-person)
hrinīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrīnandz (active participle present)
hrinanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrīnan
Old English: hrīnan
Middle English: rinen
Scots: rin
English: rine
Old Saxon: hrīnan
Old Dutch: *rīnan
Middle Dutch: rinen
Old High German: hrīnan, rīnan

Old Norse: hrína
Icelandic: hrína
Faroese: rína
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: rine
Norwegian Bokmål: rine (weak)

From Proto-Indo-European *krey- (“to strip, touch”).

der

to touch, brush (against), make contact (with), graze


-gin

Old English: -ġen (hwerġen, hwærn)

Old Saxon: -gin (hwargin, hwergin)

Middle Low German: -gen (irgen, jergen, jerne)

Old Dutch: -gin (iowergin, niergen)

Middle Dutch: -gen (ergen, nergen)

Dutch: -gens (ergens, nergens)

Old High German: -gin (wergin)

Middle High German: -gen (irgen)

(German: irgend)

Old Norse: -gi

(Icelandic: hvergi, manngi, hvorki, hvorugur, einungis, enginn, vettugi, öldungis)

(Danish: hverken, ingen, ikke, aldrig, ej)

From a variant or development of the root found in Proto-Indo-European *kʷos + particle *ne.

Attaches to indefinite pronouns, with the suffixed word often being preceded by the particle *ne or *ni.

Attaches to indefinite adverbs, with the suffixed word often being preceded by the particle *ne or *ni.


jabai

Proto-West Germanic: *jabē, *jabu

Old English: ġef, ġif

Middle English: yef, yif

Scots: gif, gyf, gin

English: if, gin

desc

Old Frisian: gef, ief, jef, jeft, ef, of, jof, *if

Saterland Frisian: af, of

West Frisian: of

Old Saxon: ef, af, of

Middle Low German: jof, af, of, ef, if, ift, ifte, *icht, ichte, eft, aft, oft

German Low German: of

Old Dutch: of

Middle Dutch: of, ofte, ochte

Dutch: of

Old High German: ibu, oba, uba, ubi, upa, upi

Middle High German: obe, ob, op

German: ob

Yiddish: אויב (oyb)

desctree

Old Norse: ef, if
Icelandic: ef
Old Swedish: ef, em, um
Swedish: om
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: um (influenced by um < umb)
Old Danish: æf, æm, um
Danish: om
Norwegian Bokmål: om
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: om

desc

Gothic: 𐌾𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹 (jabai), 𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌹 (ibai), 𐌹𐌱𐌰 (iba);

⇒ Gothic: 𐌽𐌹𐌱𐌰 (niba), 𐌽𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌹 (nibai)

From *jabai (“on (the) condition”), dative case of *jabą (“condition, stipulation, hesitation, doubt”), from *ja, demonstrative/relative pronoun; or from Proto-Indo-European *Hyós (“already”). Cognate with Lithuanian jei (“if, when”), Albanian po.


twai

twai? *twain-? (masculine nominative plural)
twōz? *twaōz? *twaiōz? (feminine nominative plural)
twō? *twa-ō? *twai? (neuter nominative plural)
twanz? (accusative masculine plural)
twōz? *twaōz? *twaiōz? (accusative feminine plural)
twō? *twa-ō? *twai? (accusative neuter plural)
twajjǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
twajjǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
twajjǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
twaimaz (dative masculine plural)
twaimaz (dative feminine plural)
twaimaz (dative neuter plural)
twaimiz (instrumental masculine plural)
twaimiz (feminine instrumental plural)
twaimiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *twai-
Old English: twēġen m, twā f, tū, twā n
Middle English: twei, tweine, two, twa, tu
English: twain, two, tway (obsolete)
Solombala English: ту (tu)
Scots: twa, twae
Yola: twye
Old Frisian: twēne, twā
North Frisian: tou
Saterland Frisian: twäin, two
West Frisian: twa
Old Saxon: twēne, twēna m, twō, twā f, twē n
Middle Low German: twê, twî
German Low German: twee
Plautdietsch: twee
Old Dutch: twēne m, twē
Middle Dutch: twee, twe
Dutch: twee
Afrikaans: twee
Old High German: zwēne m
Middle High German: zwêne m, zwô f, zwei n
Alemannic German: zwei, zwe, zwo, zwöi, zwee, zwa, zwoi, zwea, zwuo
Bavarian: zwoa, zwo
Cimbrian:
Luserna: zboa
Sette Comuni: sbéen m or n, sbòa f
Mòcheno: zboa
Central Franconian: zwei, zwien (archaic masculine form); zwo, zwu (archaic feminine form)
Hunsrik: zweu
Luxembourgish: zwéin m, zwou f, zwee n
East Franconian: zwej
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: zwee
German: zwei, (rarer) zwo, (obsolete) zween
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: zwee
Pennsylvania German: zwee
Vilamovian: cwē
Yiddish: צוויי (tsvey)

Old Norse: tveir m
Icelandic: tveir m
Faroese: tveir m
Norwegian Nynorsk: tvo, to; tvei m
Norwegian: (dialectal) tvó, tó; två, tveir m
Dalian: tver, twèr m or f
Old Swedish: tvēr, twē, tvā m
Swedish: två
Old Danish: twā, two, to
Danish: to
Norwegian Bokmål: to
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: to
Gutnish: tweir
→ Old Frisian: twēr

Gothic: 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌹 (twai)

From Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ with plural suffix *-i. Compare *þai (“they, those”), from demonstrative root *þa-.


þan

Proto-West Germanic: *þan
Old Frisian: than
Saterland Frisian: dan, do
West Frisian: dan
Old Saxon: than
Middle Low German: dan
Old Dutch: than
Middle Dutch: dan
Dutch: dan (“then, than”)
Old High German: dan
Middle High German: dan
Cimbrian: dan
German: dann (“then”), denn (“than, for”)
Hunsrik: dann
Luxembourgish: dann

Proto-Norse: *ᚦᚨᚾ (*þan)

Old Norse: þá (“then”)
Icelandic: þá
Faroese: tá
Norwegian Nynorsk: då
Old Swedish: þā
Swedish: då, tå (obsolete)
Danish: da
Norwegian Bokmål: da
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: da

Old Norse: an (“than”)
⇒ Old Norse: en
Icelandic: en
Norwegian Nynorsk: enn
Norwegian Bokmål: enn
Old Swedish: æn
Swedish: än
Danish: end

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌽 (þan, “then”)

Unclear. Probably from demonstrative *sa + an unclear suffix, possibly an earlier *-no or *-ne. But it could also continue Proto-Indo-European *tóm, whence also Latin tum.


twalif

Old English: twelf, tuœlf — Northumbrian; tuelf
Middle English: twelve, twelfe, twelf, twælf, tuelf
English: twelve
Scots: twal, twol (obsolete twelf, twalf, tuelf)

Old Frisian: twelif, twelef

North Frisian: tweelwen

desc

Saterland Frisian: tweelif, tweelf, tweelich

West Frisian: tolve, tolf

Old Saxon: twelif, twilif, twulif

Middle Low German: twelef, tweleve, twelve, twelf, twalf

German Low German: twölf, twalf, twalv

Plautdietsch: twelf

Old Dutch: *twelif, *twalif

Middle Dutch: twelef, tweelf, twalef, twaelf

Dutch: twaalf

Afrikaans: twaalf

Limburgish: twelf

desctree

Old High German: zwelif
Middle High German: zwelef, zwelf
Central Franconian: zwällef, zwellef (alternative spelling); zwöllef (Ripuarian variant from standard German)
Cimbrian: sbölbe
German: zwölf
Luxembourgish: zwielef
Vilamovian: cwełf
Yiddish: צוועלף (tsvelf)

Old Norse: tolf, tólf, tvalf
Icelandic: tólf
Faroese: tólv
Norwegian Nynorsk: tolv; (dialectal) tølv, tøl, tóv, tælv
Norwegian Bokmål: tolv
Elfdalian: tolv
Old Swedish: tolf
Swedish: tolv, (pre-1906 spelling) tolf
Old Danish: tolf
Danish: tolv
Scanian: tølw
Gutnish: tåll, tålv

Gothic: 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍆 (twalif)

Compound of *twai (“two”) and *-lif (“left over”), from *lībaną (“to remain, be left”).


alhs

alhs (nominative singular)
alhiz (nominative plural)
alh (singular vocative)
alhiz (plural vocative)
alhų (accusative singular)
alhunz (accusative plural)
alhiz (genitive singular)
alhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
alhi (dative singular)
alhumaz (dative plural)
alhē (instrumental singular)
alhumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *alh
Old English: ealh, alh, alhn
Old Saxon: alah
Old Dutch: *al
Old High German: alah

Proto-Norse: ᚨᛚᚺ (alh), ᚨᛚᚻ (alh) alh (runic inscription)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌷𐍃 (alhs)

Cognate with Lithuanian alkas, elkas (“sanctuary, grove”), Latvian elks (“idol”). Pokorny (p. 32) proposes a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *alk- (“sacred place, sanctuary; idol”) (= *h₂elk-), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂lek- (“to defend”), whence Ancient Greek ἀλέξω (aléxō, “defend, ward off”), Ancient Greek ἀλκή (alkḗ, “defence, help, strength”), Latin ulciscor (“avenge”). Kroonen, however, doubts this, adding that “[g]iven the root noun inflection, it is conceivable that the word was adopted from a local non-I[ndo-]E[uropean] language by Germanic and Baltic after their arrival in Europe” (2013:22 s.v. *alh-).


ufta

Old English: oft

Middle English: oft, ofte, often

Scots: oft, oftin, aften

English: oft, often

→ Esperanto: ofte

→ Ido: ofte

Old Frisian: ofta, ofte

North Frisian: oft, oftem

Saterland Frisian: oafte

Old Saxon: ofto, oft

Middle Low German: ofte, oft

Low German: oft

Old Dutch: ofto

Middle Dutch: ofte

Dutch: oft (obsolete)

Old High German: ofta, ofto, oftu

Middle High German: ofte, oft, uft

German: oft

Old Norse: oft, opt

Icelandic: oft

Faroese: oft, ofta

Norwegian Bokmål: ofte

Norwegian Nynorsk: ofte

Old Swedish: opt

Danish: ofte

Gothic: 𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰 (ufta)

Uncertain; according to Kroonen, derived from *ub (“under”).


þauh

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þauh
Old English: þēah, þēh
Middle English: þah, thagh, thaugh, thogh, theigh
Scots: thoch (through confluence with Old Norse þó)
English: though (through confluence with Old Norse þó)
Old Frisian: thāch
Saterland Frisian: dach, daach
West Frisian: dôch, dochs
Old Saxon: thōh
Middle Low German: doch
Low German: doch
→ Old Danish: dogh
Danish: dog
→ Norwegian Bokmål: dog
→ Swedish: dock
Old Dutch: thoh
Middle Dutch: doch, toch
Dutch: doch, toch
Old High German: thōh, dōh, doh
Middle High German: doch
Bavarian: do
German: doch
Luxembourgish: dach
Yiddish: דאָך (dokh)

Old Norse: þó
Icelandic: þó
Faroese: tó
Norwegian Nynorsk: do
Old Swedish: þō
Old Gutnish: þau

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐌷 (þauh)

From *þau (“in that case”) + *-hw (“and”).


aigin

aigin (nominative singular)
aiginþ (nominative plural)
aigin (singular vocative)
aiginþ (plural vocative)
aigin (accusative singular)
aiginþ (accusative plural)
aiginþiz (genitive singular)
aiginþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aiginþi (dative singular)
aiginþumaz (dative plural)
aiginþē (instrumental singular)
aiginþumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German: ine

Old Norse: eigin

Faroese: egi

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyként- n (part.), from the same root as *aiglaz (“barb, shoot”), but no known parallels outside Germanic.


bikjǭ

bikjǭ (nominative singular)
bikjōniz (nominative plural)
bikjǭ (singular vocative)
bikjōniz (plural vocative)
bikjōnų (accusative singular)
bikjōnunz (accusative plural)
bikjōniz (genitive singular)
bikjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bikjōni (dative singular)
bikjōmaz (dative plural)
bikjōnē (instrumental singular)
bikjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bikkjā

desctree

Old English: biċċe, biċe, biċġe
Middle English: bicche, beche, biche, bycche, byche, bikk, buche
English: bitch
→ Dutch: bitch
→? German: Betze, Bätze, Petze
→ French: bitch

Scots: bitch
→ Old French: biche (Anglo-Norman)
⇒ Middle French: bichon
French: bichon
→ English: bichon

Old Norse: bikkja f, bikki m

Icelandic: bikkja

Faroese: bikkja

Norwegian Bokmål: bikkje

Norwegian Nynorsk: bikkje

Old Swedish: bikia

Swedish: bycka

>? Swedish: -bigga in argbigga

Old Danish: bikke

→ Scots: bik

From *bikjaną (“to thrust, attack”) (compare Old Norse bikkja (“plunge into water”), Dutch bikken (“to hack”), Old High German bicchen (“to stab, attack”), Old English becca (“a beck, pick, pick-axe, mattock”)), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“to smash”).


haliþaz

haliþaz (nominative singular)
haliþōz (nominative plural)
haliþōs (nominative plural)
haliþ (singular vocative)
haliþōz (plural vocative)
haliþōs (plural vocative)
haliþą (accusative singular)
haliþanz (accusative plural)
haliþas (genitive singular)
haliþis (genitive singular)
haliþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haliþai (dative singular)
haliþamaz (dative plural)
haliþō (instrumental singular)
haliþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haliþ
Old English: hæle, hæleþ, hæleð
Middle English: heleð, haleð, hæleð; hathel (conflation with athel (“nobleman”))
English: health
Middle Scots: hathill
Old Frisian: *heleth
Saterland Frisian: Häld
West Frisian: held
Old Saxon: helith, helid
Middle Low German: helt
German Low German: Held
→ Danish: helt
→ Norwegian Bokmål: helt
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: helt
→ Swedish: hjälte
Old Dutch: *helit
Middle Dutch: helet, helt
Dutch: held
Old High German: helid
Middle High German: helt
German: Held
Yiddish: העלד (held), האָלד (hold)

Old Norse: halr, hǫldr

Icelandic: halur, höldur

Norwegian Nynorsk: hauld

Uncertain. Perhaps related to Proto-Slavic *xvala (“praise, thanks”). Kluge suggests a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *kal- (“hard”), see also Old Church Slavonic калити (kaliti, “to harden, cool”), Old Irish calath (“hard”), Sanskrit कलिका (kalikā, “bud”).


gagin

Proto-West Germanic: *gagin

desctree

Old English: ġeġn, gæġn, ġēan
Middle English: gain, ȝæn
English: gain (obsolete)
Scots: gain, gin

Old Frisian: jēn, jōn

North Frisian: jen, jien

Saterland Frisian: juun

West Frisian: jin

⇒ West Frisian: tsjin

Old Saxon: gegin, gigin, gagan
Middle Low German: gēgen, jēgen
Low German: giegen (Münsterländisch); gegen
⇒ Low German: tiegen (Münsterländisch); tegen (from to giegen, to gegen)

Old Dutch: gegin

Middle Dutch: jegen, jeghen

⇒ Middle Dutch: tegen, tjegen (from te jegen)

Dutch: tegen
Afrikaans: teen
Negerhollands: tegen, teegen
Skepi Creole Dutch: tagen
→ Caribbean Javanese: tékhe

⇒ Middle Dutch: jeghens

Dutch: jegens

Old High German: gagan
Middle High German: gegen, gagen, jegen; gein, gēn
Alemannic German: gege
Cimbrian: ghéghen
German: gegen
Hunsrik: geghe
Yiddish: קעגן (kegn)
⇒ Middle High German: gein, gēn (contraction)
German: gen (literary, dated)
Yiddish: קיין (keyn)
⇒ Luxembourgish: géint (with paragogic -t)

Old Norse: gegn

Icelandic: gegn

Faroese: gjøgn

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: gjen-

Norwegian Nynorsk: gjegn, gjen-

Old Swedish: gēn

Swedish: gen-

Danish: gen-

→ Middle English: gayn, geyn, gein, gain, gayne, gaine
English: gain (obsolete, dialectal)
Scots: gain

⇒ Old Norse: gegnum (dative) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Old Norse: í gegn

Faroese: ígjøgn

Norwegian: igjen

Jamtish: igjann

Old Swedish: ī gēn

Swedish: igen

Danish: igen

Friedrich Kluge
John Francis Davis
Nicoline van der Sijs


flōraz

flōraz (nominative singular)
flōrōz (nominative plural)
flōrōs (nominative plural)
flōr (singular vocative)
flōrōz (plural vocative)
flōrōs (plural vocative)
flōrą (accusative singular)
flōranz (accusative plural)
flōras (genitive singular)
flōris (genitive singular)
flōrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flōrai (dative singular)
flōramaz (dative plural)
flōrō (instrumental singular)
flōramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *flōr

Old English: flōr (< *flōruz)
Middle English: flor
English: floor
Scots: flure, fluir, fleur, fleer

Old Frisian: *flōr; *flēr (< *flōriz, *flōrijaz)

Saterland Frisian: Floor

West Frisian: flier

Old Saxon: *flōr

Middle Low German: vlôr

German Low German: Floor

Old Dutch: *fluor, *flōr

Middle Dutch: vloer

Dutch: vloer
Afrikaans: vloer
Berbice Creole Dutch: fluru
Negerhollands: vloer, vluer, flu
→ Sranan Tongo: flur
→ Caribbean Javanese: felur, pelur

Old High German: *fluor

Middle High German: vluor

German: Flur

Luxembourgish: Flouer

→ Old French: *flor, *flur

desc

Middle French: fleur (“surface, upper side, top layer”)

French: fleur (some senses)

⇒ French: à fleur de

⇒ French: effleurer (some senses)

desctree

Old Norse: flórr
Icelandic: flór
Faroese: flórur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: flor
Swedish: flo (also flor)
Danish: flor (obsolete except in Bornholmian)

From Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂ros (“floor”), from *pleh₂- (“flat”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *ɸlārom.


hwerbaną

hwerbō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwerbaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwerbai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwirbizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwerbaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwerb (active imperative second-person singular)
hwerbazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwerbaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwirbidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwerbai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwerbadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwerbadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwerbaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwerbōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hwerbaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwerbadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwerbaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwerbadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwerbamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwerbaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwerbandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwerbaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwirbid (active indicative plural second-person)
hwerbaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwirbid (active imperative plural second-person)
hwerbandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwerbaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwerbandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwerbain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwerbandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwerbandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwerbaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwarb (active first-person indicative singular)
hurbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwarft (active indicative second-person singular)
hurbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwarb (active indicative singular third-person)
hurbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hurbū (active dual first-person indicative)
hurbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hurbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hurbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hurbum (active first-person indicative plural)
hurbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hurbud (active indicative plural second-person)
hurbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hurbun (active indicative plural third-person)
hurbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwerbandz (active participle present)
hurbanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwerban
Old English: hweorfan
Middle English: wherven, wharven
English: wharve, wherve
Old Frisian: hwerva
Old Saxon: hwervan, hwerban
Middle Low German: warven, warben
Old Dutch: *wervan
Middle Dutch: werven
Dutch: werven
Limburgish: wèrve
Old High German: hwerban, werban
Middle High German: werben, werven
German: werben

Old Norse: hverfa

Icelandic: hverfa

Faroese: hvørva

Norwegian: kverve

Danish: hverre (partly; conflated with the causative *hwarbijaną)

Old Swedish: hværva

Swedish: värva

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 (ƕairban)

Possibly from Pre-Germanic *kʷerp-, in which case the original form would have been *hwerfaną. If so, then it might be related to Ancient Greek καρπός (karpós, “wrist”).


rōþrą

rōþrą (nominative singular)
rōþrō (nominative plural)
rōþrą (singular vocative)
rōþrō (plural vocative)
rōþrą (accusative singular)
rōþrō (accusative plural)
rōþras (genitive singular)
rōþris (genitive singular)
rōþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rōþrai (dative singular)
rōþramaz (dative plural)
rōþrō (instrumental singular)
rōþramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rōþr
Old English: rōþor
Middle English: rother, rodder, rothre, ruder, rothyr, rothir, rothar, roþer
English: rudder, rother
Scots: rudder, ruther, ruder
Old Frisian: rōther, rōder
Saterland Frisian: Ruur
West Frisian: roer
Old Saxon: *rōthar
Middle Low German: rôder
German Low German: Roor
→ Danish: ror
→ Faroese: róður
→ Norwegian: ror
→ Old Swedish: rodher
Swedish: roder
Old Dutch: *ruother
Middle Dutch: roeder
Dutch: roer
Afrikaans: roer
→ Russian: руль (rulʹ)
→ Armenian: ռուլ (ṙul)
→ Azerbaijani: rul
→ Georgian: რული (ruli)
→ Kazakh: рөл (röl)
→ Persian: رل (rol)
Old High German: ruodar, ruoder
Middle High German: ruoder
German: Ruder
Luxembourgish: Rudder
Yiddish: רודער (ruder)

Old Norse: róðr
Icelandic: róður
Faroese: róður
Old East Norse:
Old Swedish: roþer
Swedish: roder
⇒ Swedish: rod, Roden (“the coastal region of Uppland”)
⇒ Swedish: Roslagen
→ Proto-Finnic: *roocci (from the genitive *roþs-)
Estonian: Rootsi; roots (archaic)
Finnish: Ruotsi; ruotsi (archaic)
Meänkieli: Ruotti
Ingrian: rootsi
Karelian: ruočči, Ruočči
Livonian: rūotš, Rūotšmō
Livvi: ruočči, Ruočči
Ludian: ruoč
Veps: Ročinma
Võro: ruuts', Roodsi
Votic: roottsi
→ Northern Sami: ruošˈša, Ruošˈša; ruoŧŧa, Ruoŧŧa
→? Old East Slavic: Роусь (Rusĭ) (see there for further descendants)
→ Proto-Permic:
Komi-Permyak: роч (roć)
Komi-Zyrian: роч (roć)
Udmurt: ӟуч (dźuć)

From *rōaną (“to row”) + *-þrą (“tool, instrument”).


grunduz

grumþuz (nominative singular)
grumþiwiz (nominative plural)
grumþu (singular vocative)
grumþiwiz (plural vocative)
grumþų (accusative singular)
grumþunz (accusative plural)
grundauz (genitive singular)
grundiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
grundiwi (dative singular)
grundumaz (dative plural)
grundū (instrumental singular)
grundumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *grundu

desctree

Old English: grund
Middle English: ground, grund, grounde
English: ground
→ Fiji Hindi: garaund
→ Maltese: grawnd
Geordie English: grund, groond
Scots: grund, groond, greund
Yola: greoune, greoun, greound

Old Frisian: grund

Saterland Frisian: Gruund

West Frisian: grûn

Old Saxon: grund

Middle Low German: grunt

German Low German: Grund

Old Dutch: grunt
Middle Dutch: gront
Dutch: grond

Old High German: grunt
Middle High German: grunt
Cimbrian: grund, grumf (< with epenthetic -f- *grumfþuz)
German: Grund
Luxembourgish: Grond
→ Old Polish: grunt
Masurian: grunt
Polish: grunt, gront, grąt (Middle Polish)
→ Kashubian: gruńt, grëńt
Silesian: grōnt
→ Russian: грунт (grunt)
→ Serbo-Croatian: грунт
Yiddish: גרונט (grunt)

Old Norse: *grundr, grunnr

Icelandic: grunnur, grund

Faroese: grunnur, grund

Norwegian Nynorsk: grunn

Old Swedish: grunder

Swedish: grund

Danish: grund, grundet
Norwegian Bokmål: grunn

Gothic: *𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (*grundus) (in 𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌿𐍃 (grunduwaddjus))

From pre-Germanic *gʰrm̥tús, a tu-stem derived from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem-. Kroonen connects Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰarmyám (“permanent building”), which would imply the root to be *ǵʰrem- ~ *ǵʰerm-. Less likely related to Lithuanian pã-grindas (“lake bottom”, literally “under-floorboard”) (pace Orel), for which see *grindiz (“fence made of bars”), Proto-Indo-European *gʰrendʰ- (“beam, plank”).

m+

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


dalą

dalą (canonical)
dalaz (canonical masculine neuter)
dalą (nominative singular)
dalō (nominative plural)
dalą (singular vocative)
dalō (plural vocative)
dalą (accusative singular)
dalō (accusative plural)
dalas (genitive singular)
dalis (genitive singular)
dalǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dalai (dative singular)
dalamaz (dative plural)
dalō (instrumental singular)
dalamiz (instrumental plural)
dalaz (nominative singular)
dalōz (nominative plural)
dalōs (nominative plural)
dal (singular vocative)
dalōz (plural vocative)
dalōs (plural vocative)
dalą (accusative singular)
dalanz (accusative plural)
dalas (genitive singular)
dalis (genitive singular)
dalǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dalai (dative singular)
dalamaz (dative plural)
dalō (instrumental singular)
dalamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dal n or m
Old English: dæl n
Middle English: dale, dæle, deale
English: dale
Scots: dale, daal
Old Frisian: *dal, del n
North Frisian: dal, dalle, dol
Saterland Frisian: Doal
West Frisian: delle (<? *dalljā)
Old Saxon: dal n
Middle Low German: dal
Low German: dal, daal
German Low German: Daal
Old Dutch: dal n
Middle Dutch: dal
Dutch: dal
Afrikaans: dal
Limburgish: daal
Old High German: tal m or n
Middle High German: tal
Alemannic German: Tall
German: Tal
Hunsrik: Daal
Luxembourgish: Dall
Mòcheno: tol
Pennsylvania German: Daal
Yiddish: טאָל (tol)
→? Middle Welsh: dol

Old Norse: dalr m
Faroese: dalur
Icelandic: dalur
Norwegian Nynorsk: dal; (dialectal) dal'e
Old Swedish: dal
Swedish: dal
Danish: dal
Norwegian Bokmål: dal
→ Scottish Gaelic: dail

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌻 (dal), *𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃 (*dals) ?

→? Proto-Slavic: *dolъ (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; suggested to be cognate with Proto-Slavic *dolъ (“below, down; valley, pit”), and Middle Welsh dôl (“meadow, dale”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰól(h₂)os, however, if not borrowed from Germanic themselves, is most likely a substrate loanword. Also speculated here are Ancient Greek θόλος (thólos, “round building”), and θάλαμος (thálamos, “chamber, room”), though this is largely rejected.

noncog

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


werpaną

werpō (active first-person indicative singular)
werpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
werpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wirpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
werpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
werp (active imperative second-person singular)
werpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
werpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wirpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
werpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
werpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
werpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
werpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
werpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
werpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
werpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
werpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
werpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
werpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
werpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
werpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
werpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wirpid (active indicative plural second-person)
werpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wirpid (active imperative plural second-person)
werpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
werpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
werpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
werpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
werpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
werpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
werpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
warp (active first-person indicative singular)
wurpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
warft (active indicative second-person singular)
wurpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
warp (active indicative singular third-person)
wurpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wurpū (active dual first-person indicative)
wurpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wurpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wurpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wurpum (active first-person indicative plural)
wurpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wurpud (active indicative plural second-person)
wurpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wurpun (active indicative plural third-person)
wurpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
werpandz (active participle present)
wurpanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *werpan
Old English: weorpan, wurpan
Middle English: werpen
English: warp
Scots: warp
Old Frisian: werpa
North Frisian: werpe
West Frisian: werpe
Old Saxon: werpan
Middle Low German: werpen
Low German: warpen
Old Dutch: werpan
Middle Dutch: werpen
Dutch: werpen
Afrikaans: werp
Limburgish: wèrpe
Old High German: werfan, ƿerpan — Manuscript spelling
Middle High German: wërfen
German: werfen

Old Norse: verpa
Icelandic: verpa
Faroese: verpa
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: verpe
Norwegian Nynorsk: verpe, verpa
Old Swedish: værpa
Swedish: värpa
Old Danish: wærpæ
Danish: værpe

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍀𐌰𐌽 (wairpan)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *werb- (“to turn, bend”).


seglą

seglą (nominative singular)
seglō (nominative plural)
seglą (singular vocative)
seglō (plural vocative)
seglą (accusative singular)
seglō (accusative plural)
seglas (genitive singular)
siglis (genitive singular)
seglǫ̂ (genitive plural)
siglai (dative singular)
seglamaz (dative plural)
seglō (instrumental singular)
seglamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *segl
Old English: seġl, seġel
Middle English: seyl, seil, sayle, saile
Scots: sail, saill, sale
English: sail
→ Old Irish: séol
Irish: seol
Manx: shiaull
Scottish Gaelic: seòl
→ Proto-Brythonic: *huɨl
Breton: gouel
Welsh: hwyl
Old Frisian: seil
Saterland Frisian: Sail
West Frisian: seil
Old Saxon: segal, segel
Middle Low German: segel; segelstēn
Low German: Seil, Segel
Plautdietsch: Säajel
→ Icelandic: segulsteinn, segull
Old Dutch: segil
Middle Dutch: sēgel, seil
Dutch: zeil
Old High German: segal
Middle High German: sëgel
German: Segel
→ Luxembourgish: Seegel
→ Polish: żagiel

Old Norse: segl
Icelandic: segl
Faroese: segl
Norn: segel
Norwegian Nynorsk: segl
→ Norwegian Bokmål: segl
Old Swedish: sæghl
Swedish: segel
Old Danish: seyl
Danish: sejl
Norwegian Bokmål: seil
Scanian: seğl
Gutnish: segel, sjägel, sigel, sjägul
→ Old French: sigle, seigle

desc

→? Proto-Celtic: *siglom (“sail; course, run”)

Proto-Brythonic: *hɨɣl (“sail; course, run”)

Old Welsh: huil

Middle Welsh: hwyl

Welsh: heol

desctree

Old Irish: séol
Middle Irish: seól
Irish: seol
Scottish Gaelic: seòl
Manx: shiaull
⇒ Middle Irish: seólaid
Irish: seol
Manx: shiauill
Scottish Gaelic: seòl

Unknown; possibly:
* cognate with obsolete Lithuanian sāgė (“warp, shawl”), from Proto-Indo-European *segʰ-;
* from earlier *siglą, cognate with Proto-Celtic *siglom, whence Old Irish séol (“sail; quilt; course”), Old Welsh huil (“sail”), if not themselves Germanic borrowings; according to Schrijver, the Celtic being inherited would require Proto-Indo-European *sigʰ-;
* cognate with Hittite 𒊺𒅅𒉡𒌋 (še-ek-nu-u /šeknu/, “cloak”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *sek(h₁)-ló-m, from *sek(h₁)- (“to cut”), though semantically unconvincing;
* cognate with Latin sagum, sagus (“coarse woolen coat, soldier's coat”), allegedly borrowed from Gaulish *sagos (“wool cloak”);
* or perhaps related to Icelandic segl, Faroese sigli (“piece of wood in the eye of a grinding mill”), implying an original meaning of “mast”.


uppai

Old English: uppe

Middle English: uppe

Old Saxon: uppa

Old High German: ūffe

Middle High German: ūfe, ūve

desctree

Old Norse: uppi
Faroese: uppi
Icelandic: uppi
Danish: oppe
Norwegian Bokmål: oppe
Norwegian Nynorsk: oppe
Old Swedish: uppe
Swedish: uppe

Gothic: 𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌰 (iupa)

From *ub + *-nai, a locative suffix, with assimilation due to Kluge's Law.


hundaradą

hundaradą (nominative singular)
hundaradō (nominative plural)
hundaradą (singular vocative)
hundaradō (plural vocative)
hundaradą (accusative singular)
hundaradō (accusative plural)
hundaradas (genitive singular)
hundaradis (genitive singular)
hundaradǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hundaradai (dative singular)
hundaradamaz (dative plural)
hundaradō (instrumental singular)
hundaradamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hundred
Middle English: hundred
English: hundred
→ Hawaiian: haneli, hanele, haneri
Scots: hunder, hunner
Yola: hindreth, hundreth, hundereth, hunderth, hunnert

Old Frisian: hundred, hunderd

desc

Saterland Frisian: hundert, hunderd, hunnert

West Frisian: hûndert

desctree

Old Saxon: hunderod
Middle Low German: hundert (alternatively, from an Old High German form of hund influenced by Old Saxon)
Dutch Low Saxon: honderd (Achterhooks)
German Low German: hunnert, hunnderd
Plautdietsch: hundat
→ Middle High German: hundert
Central Franconian: hondert, honnert (Moselle Franconian; parts of southern Ripuarian); hongert (traditional Ripuarian form, now chiefly western dialects), honnert
Cimbrian: hundart
German: Hundert
→ Lower Sorbian: hundert
Luxembourgish: Honnert
Pennsylvania German: hunnert
Vilamovian: hundyt
Yiddish: הונדערט (hundert)

Old Dutch: *hundert, *hunderd

Middle Dutch: hondert
Dutch: honderd
Afrikaans: honderd
Berbice Creole Dutch: hondrutu
Jersey Dutch: hondert
Negerhollands: hondert, honderd
Sranan Tongo: hondro, hondru
Aukan: ondoo
Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin: ondoo
→ Lokono: hundred
→ Trió: honderd
Limburgish: hóngert

Old Norse: hundrað
Icelandic: hundrað
Faroese: hundrað
Norwegian Nynorsk: hundrad
Norwegian Bokmål: hundre
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: hundre
Elfdalian: undre
Old Swedish: hundraþ
Swedish: hundra
→ Finnish: huntti
Danish: hundred, hundrede (cardinal number); hundrede (noun)
→ Greenlandic: hundredi

From *hundą (“hundred”) + *radą (“count”), a neuter variant of *radō (“row, line, series”).


smartaz

*smartaz (a-stem)

smartaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
smartai (masculine nominative plural strong)
smartō (feminine nominative singular strong)
smartôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
smartą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
smartō (neuter nominative plural strong)
smartanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
smartanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
smartǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
smartōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
smartą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
smartō (accusative neuter plural strong)
smartas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
smartaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
smartaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
smartaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
smartas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
smartaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
smartammai (dative masculine singular strong)
smartaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
smartaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
smartaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
smartammai (dative neuter singular strong)
smartaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
smartanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
smartaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
smartaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
smartaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
smartanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
smartaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
smartô (masculine nominative singular weak)
smartaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
smartǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
smartōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
smartô (neuter nominative singular weak)
smartōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
smartanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
smartanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
smartōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
smartōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
smartô (accusative neuter singular weak)
smartōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
smartiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
smartanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
smartōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
smartōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
smartiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
smartanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
smartini (dative masculine singular weak)
smartammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
smartōni (dative feminine singular weak)
smartōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
smartini (dative neuter singular weak)
smartammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
smartinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
smartammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
smartōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
smartōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
smartinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
smartammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: smeart
Middle English: smert, smart, smarte, smært, smeart, smerte
English: smart (see there for further descendants)
Scots: smert

Old Frisian: smert


twai tigiwiz

Old English: twēntiġ
Middle English: twenty
English: twenty
Tok Pisin: twenti
Scots: twinty, twenty, tuenty
Yola: dwanty

Old Frisian: twentig, twintich

Saterland Frisian: twintich

West Frisian: tweintich

Old Saxon: twentig
German Low German: twintig
Plautdietsch: twintich

Old Dutch: *twēntig

Middle Dutch: twintich, twintech
Dutch: twintig
Afrikaans: twintig
Berbice Creole Dutch: twentiki
Jersey Dutch: twäntix
Negerhollands: twentig, twintig
→ Wayana: twentëk
Limburgish: twintjig, twèntjig
Zealandic: twintig

Old High German: zweinzug
Middle High German: zweinzec, zweinzic
Alemannic German: zwenzig
Cimbrian: sbòanskh, zbuantzekh (Luserna)
German: zwanzig
Luxembourgish: zwanzeg
Yiddish: צוואַנציק (tsvantsik), צוואָנציק (tsvontsik)

Old Norse: tuttugu, tjugu, tjogu, tvittuga
Icelandic: tuttugu
Faroese: tjúgu
Norwegian Nynorsk: tjugo, tjuge, tjue
→ Norwegian Bokmål: tjue
Elfdalian: tjugu, tşugu
Old Swedish: tiughu
Swedish: tjugo
Old Danish: tiughæ, tiughu
Danish: tyve
Norwegian Bokmål: tyve

Gutnish: tjugu, tjugå, tugå, tjaugu

Gothic: 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌹 𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌾𐌿𐍃 (twai tigjus)

From *twai (“two”) + *tigiwiz, plural of *teguz (“group of ten”).


ainalif

Old English: endleofan, enlefen — Mercian; endlufon — West Saxon
Middle English: elleven, eleven, elleovene, ellevene, ellevyn, endleve, enleve, enleven
English: eleven
Middle Scots: ane-levin, alevin, ellevin, elevin, levin
Scots: eleiven, eleeven

Old Frisian: andlova, alleva, elleva
North Frisian: alwen
Saterland Frisian: alwen
West Frisian: alve

Old Saxon: ellevan
Middle Low German: elvene
Low German:
Dutch Low Saxon: elf
German Low German: elf, eleve, ölve, ölven
Hamburgisch: ülben, ölben
Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: elf, elwe, elbe, elwene, elewe, elef, elewene, elewen
Westmünsterländisch: elf
Plautdietsch: alf

Old Dutch: *ellef

Middle Dutch: ellef, elf

Dutch: elf
Afrikaans: elf
Berbice Creole Dutch: alfu, elfu
Jersey Dutch: ālf
Negerhollands: elf, elef
Skepi Creole Dutch: elk
→ Sranan Tongo: erfu
→ Aukan: elufu
→ Saramaccan: elúfu

Old High German: einlif
Middle High German: einlif, einlef, eilif, eilef, eilf
Alemannic German: eintlef, einlef
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: ölbe
Central Franconian: ellef
German: elf
Luxembourgish: eelef
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: elf
Vilamovian: alf
Yiddish: עלף (elf)

Old Norse: ellifu
Icelandic: ellefu
Faroese: ellivu
Norwegian: elleve
Jamtish: elluv
Elfdalian: ellåv
Old Swedish: ællivu, ællivo, ællevo, ælleve, ælleva, ællovo, ællova
Swedish: elva, (archaic or dialectal) ellova
Old Danish: ællifu, ællæuæ, ælløuæ, ællefue
Danish: elleve
Gutnish: elve, elvå, elvu

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌻𐌹𐍆 (ainlif)

Compound of *ainaz (“one”) and *-lif (“left over”), from *lībaną (“to remain, be left”).


swihaniskaz

*swihaniskaz (a-stem)

swihaniskaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
swihaniskai (masculine nominative plural strong)
swihaniskō (feminine nominative singular strong)
swihaniskôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
swihaniską (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
swihaniskō (neuter nominative plural strong)
swihaniskanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
swihaniskanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
swihaniskǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
swihaniskōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
swihaniską (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
swihaniskō (accusative neuter plural strong)
swihaniskas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
swihaniskaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
swihaniskaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
swihaniskaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
swihaniskas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
swihaniskaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
swihaniskammai (dative masculine singular strong)
swihaniskaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
swihaniskaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
swihaniskaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
swihaniskammai (dative neuter singular strong)
swihaniskaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
swihaniskanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
swihaniskaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
swihaniskaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
swihaniskaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
swihaniskanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
swihaniskaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
swihaniskô (masculine nominative singular weak)
swihaniskaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
swihaniskǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
swihaniskōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
swihaniskô (neuter nominative singular weak)
swihaniskōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
swihaniskanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
swihaniskanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
swihaniskōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
swihaniskōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
swihaniskô (accusative neuter singular weak)
swihaniskōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
swihaniskiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
swihaniskanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
swihaniskōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
swihaniskōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
swihaniskiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
swihaniskanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
swihaniskini (dative masculine singular weak)
swihaniskammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
swihaniskōni (dative feminine singular weak)
swihaniskōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
swihaniskini (dative neuter singular weak)
swihaniskammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
swihaniskinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
swihaniskammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
swihaniskōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
swihaniskōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
swihaniskinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
swihaniskammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: svenskr, svænskr, sǿnskr
Icelandic: svenskur, sænskur (< sǿnskr)
Faroese: svenskur
Norwegian Nynorsk: svensk
Old Swedish: svensker, svænsker
Swedish: svensk
Danish: svensk
Norwegian Bokmål: svensk


newuntēhundą

Gothic: 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳 (niuntēhund)

Perhaps a mix of te(hun and hun)dą, the long vowel with unknown origin.

Old English: hundnigontigMiddle English: nynty

Old Saxon: antniguntigLow German: negentig


sebuntēhundą

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: hundseofontig, unseofontiġ, seofontiġ
Middle English: seventy
English: seventy

Old Saxon: antsivuntig, antsibunta; siƀuntig
Low German: söventig

Old Dutch: *antsivontig

Middle Dutch: tsēventich

Dutch: zeventig
Afrikaans: sewentig
Jersey Dutch: sœventix
Negerhollands: seventig, seeventig

Old High German: sibunzo

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳 (sibuntēhund)

Modified from earlier *seftunēhundą under the influence of *sebunt (“seven”), from earlier *seftunhundą remodeled after *fimfēhundą (“fifty”) and *sehsēhundą (“sixty”), from *seftun, from Proto-Indo-European *septḿ̥ (“seven”) + *dḱm̥t (“ten”).


ahtōutēhundą

Gothic: 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌴𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳 (ahtautēhund)

aichtie

Middle English: eiȝti, eyȝty, eiȝtety, aghty; Scots

Old Dutch: *antahtoda, *ahtodig, *antahtodig

Middle Dutch: tachtichDutch: tachtigAfrikaans: tagtigJersey Dutch: tâxentixNegerhollands: achtig

אַכציק

Middle High German: ahzec, ahtzec; Yiddish


hlautaz

hlautaz (nominative singular)
hlautōz (nominative plural)
hlautōs (nominative plural)
hlaut (singular vocative)
hlautōz (plural vocative)
hlautōs (plural vocative)
hlautą (accusative singular)
hlautanz (accusative plural)
hlautas (genitive singular)
hlautis (genitive singular)
hlautǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlautai (dative singular)
hlautamaz (dative plural)
hlautō (instrumental singular)
hlautamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hlaut
Old English: hlīet, hlȳte, hlȳt (< *hlutiz)
Middle English: lete
Old Saxon: hlōt
Middle Low German: lôt
Old Dutch: *lōt
Middle Dutch: lôot
Old High German: hlōz, lōz (mostly neuter a-stem)
Middle High German: lōz
German: Los
→ German Low German: Loos
Luxembourgish: Lous

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍄𐍃 (hlauts)

From Proto-Indo-European *klewH-d-, found with verbal function in *hleutaną.


hlutōną

hlutō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlutǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlutōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hlutōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlutōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlutō (active imperative second-person singular)
hlutōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlutōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hlutōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlutō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlutōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlutōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlutōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hlutōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hlutōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlutōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlutōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlutōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlutōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlutōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlutōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlutōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hlutōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hlutōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlutōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hlutōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlutōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hlutōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlutōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlutōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlutōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlutōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hlutōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hlutōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlutōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hlutōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlutōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hlutōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlutōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hlutōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlutōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlutōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlutōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hlutōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlutōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hlutōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlutōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hlutōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlutōndz (active participle present)
hlutōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Frisian: lotia

West Frisian: lotsje

Old Saxon: *loton

Middle Low German: loten, lotten

Old Dutch: *loton

Middle Dutch: loten

Dutch: loten

i

Old High German: (may be a recent formation from the noun)

German: losen

Old Norse: hluta

Icelandic: hluta

Faroese: luta

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: luta

Old Swedish: luta, lota

Swedish: lotta

From *hlutą (“lot, share, fate”) + *-ōną.


hleutaną

hleutō (active first-person indicative singular)
hleutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hleutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hliutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hleutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hleut (active imperative second-person singular)
hleutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hleutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hliutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hleutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hleutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hleutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hleutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hleutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hleutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hleutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hleutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hleutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hleutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hleutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hleutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hleutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hliutid (active indicative plural second-person)
hleutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hliutid (active imperative plural second-person)
hleutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hleutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hleutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hleutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hleutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hleutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hleutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hlaut (active first-person indicative singular)
hlutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlaust (active indicative second-person singular)
hlutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlaut (active indicative singular third-person)
hlutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlutū (active dual first-person indicative)
hlutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlutum (active first-person indicative plural)
hlutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlutud (active indicative plural second-person)
hlutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlutun (active indicative plural third-person)
hlutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hleutandz (active participle present)
hlutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hleutan
Old English: hlēotan
Old Saxon: hliotan
Old High German: hliozan, liozan
Middle High German: liezen

Old Norse: hljóta

Icelandic: hljóta

Faroese: ljóta

Old Swedish: liūta

Swedish: ljuta

→? Proto-Finnic: *leütädäk

The pre-Germanic root form *klewd- seems unattested outside Germanic, but it is likely an extension of the same Proto-Indo-European root *klewH- as seen in Lithuanian kliū́ti (“to stick, hang on”) and Latvian kļũt (“to become, succeed”), especially in view of Latvian kļũtas (“fate”).
Less likely from Proto-Indo-European *(s)klēh₂w- (“to shut, close, lock; to check, hamper, hem in”).


hlutą

hlutą (nominative singular)
hlutō (nominative plural)
hlutą (singular vocative)
hlutō (plural vocative)
hlutą (accusative singular)
hlutō (accusative plural)
hlutas (genitive singular)
hlutis (genitive singular)
hlutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlutai (dative singular)
hlutamaz (dative plural)
hlutō (instrumental singular)
hlutamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hlot (hlyte m < *hlutiz)

Middle English: lot

Scots: lot

English: lot

Old Frisian: hlot

North Frisian: lod

Saterland Frisian: Lot

West Frisian: lot

Old Saxon: *hlot

Middle Low German: lot, lōt n

German Low German: Lott n

Frankish: *hlot

Old Dutch: lot

Middle Dutch: lot

desctree

Dutch: lot
Negerhollands: loot, lot
→ Caribbean Javanese: lot
→ Indonesian: lot
→ Balinese: ᬮᭀᬢ᭄ (lot, “lottery”)
→ Papiamentu: lòt, lot

→ Old French: lot, aloter

French: lot, allotir (from lot, not aloter), loterie

→ Dutch: loterij
→ Caribbean Javanese: lotré
→ Indonesian: lotre
→ Russian: лотерея (lotereja)

Norman: lot (Guernésiais)

→ English: allot (from aloter)

→ Catalan: lot, loteria

→ Galician: lote, lotaría

→ Spanish: lotería

→ Italian: lotto, lotteria

→ Dutch: lotto

→ English: lotto, lottery

→ Swedish: lotto, lotteri

Old High German: hluz m (hapax)

Middle High German: luz m

Old Norse: hlutr (masculine i-stem), hluti (weak, as if from *hlutô)

Icelandic: hlutur, hluti

Faroese: lutur, luti

Norwegian Bokmål: lott

Norwegian Nynorsk: lott

Old Swedish: luter, loter

Swedish: lott

Old Danish: lot

Danish: lod

→ Norwegian Bokmål: lodd

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: lodd

Jamtish: lot

Gutnish: lut

Elfdalian: lott

From the root of *hleutaną (“to cast lots; to undergo, endure, be fated (to)”), probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *klewH-d-. Cognate with Latvian kļũtas (“fate”).


mazgą

mazgą (nominative singular)
mazgō (nominative plural)
mazgą (singular vocative)
mazgō (plural vocative)
mazgą (accusative singular)
mazgō (accusative plural)
mazgas (genitive singular)
mazgis (genitive singular)
mazgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mazgai (dative singular)
mazgamaz (dative plural)
mazgō (instrumental singular)
mazgamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *maʀg
Old English: mærh, mearh, mearg
Middle English: mary, marow, marowe, marowȝ
English: marrow
Scots: merch, mery, mairch
Old Frisian: *march, merch, merg
West Frisian: murch, march, moarch
Old Saxon: marg
Middle Low German: marg
Old Dutch: marg
Middle Dutch: march, merch
Dutch: merg
Afrikaans: murg
Old High German: marg
Middle High German: marc, march
Central Franconian: Märch, March (Moselle Franconian); Mark (many dialects via German)
German: Mark
→ Saterland Frisian: Maak
Luxembourgish: Muerch
Vilamovian: miök
Yiddish: מאַרך (markh)

Old Norse: mergr

Icelandic: mergur

Faroese: mergur

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: marg

Norwegian Nynorsk: merg

Norn: mergi

Danish: marv

Old Swedish: mærgher

Swedish: märg


þurskaz

þurskaz (nominative singular)
þurskōz (nominative plural)
þurskōs (nominative plural)
þursk (singular vocative)
þurskōz (plural vocative)
þurskōs (plural vocative)
þurską (accusative singular)
þurskanz (accusative plural)
þurskas (genitive singular)
þurskis (genitive singular)
þurskǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þurskai (dative singular)
þurskamaz (dative plural)
þurskō (instrumental singular)
þurskamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: þorskr, þoskr
Icelandic: þorskur
Faroese: toskur
Norwegian Nynorsk: torsk, tosk
Old Swedish: þorsker
Swedish: torsk
→ English: torsk
Old Danish: thorsk
Danish: torsk, tosk
Norwegian Bokmål: torsk, tosk
→ Middle Dutch: dorsch
Dutch: dors
→ Middle Low German: dorsch
German Low German: Dorsk
→ Middle High German: dorsch
German: Dorsch
→ Polish: dorsz
→ Scottish Gaelic: trosg
→ Irish: trosc
→ Welsh: torsg

→ Proto-Finnic: *turska

Estonian: tursk

Finnish: turska

Livonian: tūrska

From Proto-Indo-European *ters- (“to dry; wither; thirst”) + *-ḱos.


birkijǭ

birkijǭ (nominative singular)
birkijōniz (nominative plural)
birkijǭ (singular vocative)
birkijōniz (plural vocative)
birkijōnų (accusative singular)
birkijōnunz (accusative plural)
birkijōniz (genitive singular)
birkijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
birkijōni (dative singular)
birkijōmaz (dative plural)
birkijōnē (instrumental singular)
birkijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *birkijā
Old English: bierċe, birċe; birċiae — early
Middle English: birche, byrche, birch, birk, byrke, birke, breche
English: birch
Northumbrian: birk
Scots: birk
Old Frisian: birk
West Frisian: bjirk
Old Saxon: birka, berka
Middle Low German: berke, barke
Low German: Bark
Plautdietsch: Boakj
Old Dutch: *berka (attested in Berclar)
Middle Dutch: berke
Dutch: berk
Afrikaans: berk
Limburgish: bèrk
Old High German: birihha, birka, bircha
Middle High German: birke (< birka, bircha)
German: Birke
Luxembourgish: Bierk

Old Norse: birkja
Norwegian Nynorsk: byrkje, birkje, bjørkje


frankô

frankô (nominative singular)
frankaniz (nominative plural)
frankô (singular vocative)
frankaniz (plural vocative)
frankanų (accusative singular)
frankanunz (accusative plural)
frankiniz (genitive singular)
frankanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frankini (dative singular)
frankammaz (dative plural)
frankinē (instrumental singular)
frankammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *frankō
Old English: franca (“spear, javelin”), Franca (“Frank”)
Old English: Francan (“Franks”, plural)
Middle English: Franken (plural)
English: Frank (partially)
Old Saxon: *Franko
Middle Low German: Vranke
German Low German: Franke
Plautdietsch: Fraunk
Old Dutch: *Franko
Middle Dutch: Vranke
Dutch: Frank
Old High German: Franko
Middle High German: Franke
German: Franke
→ Latin: francus, Franci
Old French: franc
→ Middle English: *Frank (partially)
English: Frank
→ Middle English: Franci
→ Latin: Francia
Old French: France
French: France
→ English: France

Old Norse: frakki, Frakki; frakka

Icelandic: frakki, Frakki; frakka

From Proto-Indo-European *preng- (“pole, stalk”).

der

a Frank (member of the confederation of the Franks)


slītaną

slītō (active first-person indicative singular)
slītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
slītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
slītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slīt (active imperative second-person singular)
slītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
slītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
slītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
slītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
slītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
slītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
slītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
slītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
slītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
slītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
slītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
slītid (active indicative plural second-person)
slītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slītid (active imperative plural second-person)
slītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
slītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
slītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
slītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
slītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
slītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
slait (active first-person indicative singular)
slitį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slaist (active indicative second-person singular)
slitīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slait (active indicative singular third-person)
slitī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slitū (active dual first-person indicative)
slitīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slitudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slitīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slitum (active first-person indicative plural)
slitīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slitud (active indicative plural second-person)
slitīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slitun (active indicative plural third-person)
slitīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slītandz (active participle present)
slitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *slītan
Old English: slītan
Middle English: sliten
English: slit, slite
Scots: slite, slyte
Old Frisian: slīta
North Frisian: slitten
Saterland Frisian: sliete
West Frisian: slite
Old Saxon: slītan
Middle Low German: slîten
German Low German: slieten
Old Dutch: *slītan
Middle Dutch: sliten
Dutch: slijten
Limburgish: sliete
Old High German: slīzan
Middle High German: slīzen
German: schleißen
Luxembourgish: schläissen
→ Old French: esclicer [1080 CE] (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: slíta

Icelandic: slíta

Faroese: slíta

Norwegian Bokmål: slite

Norwegian Nynorsk: slita, slite

Old Swedish: slīta

Swedish: slita

Danish: slide

From Proto-Indo-European *sleyd- (“to rend, injure, crumble”).


barkuz

barkuz (nominative singular)
barkiwiz (nominative plural)
barku (singular vocative)
barkiwiz (plural vocative)
barkų (accusative singular)
barkunz (accusative plural)
barkauz (genitive singular)
barkiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
barkiwi (dative singular)
barkumaz (dative plural)
barkū (instrumental singular)
barkumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *bark, *berk

Saterland Frisian: Boark

West Frisian: berk

Old Saxon: *barku

Middle Low German: barke, borke

German Low German: Bark, Borke

Plautdietsch: Boakj

→ German: Borke

→ Saterland Frisian: Boarke

Old Dutch: *bark, *berk

Middle Dutch: barc, berc

Dutch: bark

desctree

Old Norse: bǫrkr
Icelandic: börkur
Faroese: børkur, bark
Norwegian Nynorsk: bork; (dialectal) bork’e, børk
Old Swedish: barker
Swedish: bark
Old Danish: bark
Danish: bark
Norwegian Bokmål: bark
→ Old English: barc
Middle English: bark, barke
English: bark
Scots: bark
→ Kildin Sami: па̄ҏҏк (pār̥r̥k)

→ Proto-Samic: *pārkkō (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵós (source of Lithuanian béržas, Czech bříza, Ossetian бӕрз (bærz)).


bōkstabaz

bōkstabaz (nominative singular)
bōkstabōz (nominative plural)
bōkstabōs (nominative plural)
bōkstab (singular vocative)
bōkstabōz (plural vocative)
bōkstabōs (plural vocative)
bōkstabą (accusative singular)
bōkstabanz (accusative plural)
bōkstabas (genitive singular)
bōkstabis (genitive singular)
bōkstabǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bōkstabai (dative singular)
bōkstabamaz (dative plural)
bōkstabō (instrumental singular)
bōkstabamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bōkstab; *bōkstabō

Old English: bōcstæf

Middle English: bocstaff, bookstave

English: bookstaff, bookstave

Old Frisian: *bōkstaf, *bōkstef

North Frisian:

Amrum Frisian: buksteew

Föhr Frisian: buksteew

Halligen Frisian: böökstaawe

Karrharde Frisian: bouksteew

Northern Goesharde Frisian: boukstää

Sylt Frisian: Boksteev

Wiedingharde Frisian: bukstääw

Saterland Frisian: Boukstäf

Old Saxon: bōkstaf; bōkstabo

Middle Low German: bôkstaf

German Low German: Bookstaav

Plautdietsch: Buakstow

Old Dutch: buokstaf, buochstaf; *buokstavo

Middle Dutch: boecstaf; boecstave, boecstaef

Dutch: boekstaaf

Afrikaans: boekstaaf

Old High German: buohstab; *buohstabo

Middle High German: buochstap; buochstabe

German: Buchstab; Buchstabe

Hunsrik: Buchstaab

Luxembourgish: Buschtaf

Vilamovian: büchśtaow, büśtow

Yiddish: בוכשטאַב (bukhshtab)

Old Norse: bókstafr

Icelandic: bókstafur

Faroese: bókstavur

Norwegian: bokstav

Old Swedish: bōkstaver

Swedish: bokstav

Danish: bogstav

Gutnish: bokstav

From *bōks (“book”) + *stabaz (“staff, stick”).


hamaraz

hamaraz (nominative singular)
hamarōz (nominative plural)
hamarōs (nominative plural)
hamar (singular vocative)
hamarōz (plural vocative)
hamarōs (plural vocative)
hamarą (accusative singular)
hamaranz (accusative plural)
hamaras (genitive singular)
hamaris (genitive singular)
hamarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hamarai (dative singular)
hamaramaz (dative plural)
hamarō (instrumental singular)
hamaramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hamar

Old English: hamor, hamer, homer

Middle English: hamer, hamber

desc

Scots: hamer, hammer, hemer, hemmer, haimmer

English: hammer

→ Fiji Hindi: haamaa

→ Japanese: ハンマー

→ Sranan Tongo: amra

Old Frisian: hamer, homer

Saterland Frisian: Hoomer

West Frisian: hammer

Old Saxon: hamar, hamur

Middle Low German: hāmer

Low German: Hamer

Plautdietsch: Homa

Old Dutch: *hamar

Middle Dutch: hamer

Dutch: hamer

Afrikaans: hamer

West Flemish: oamer

Old High German: hamar

Middle High German: hamer

Bavarian: Håmmer

German: Hammer

Luxembourgish: Hummer

Yiddish: האַמער (hamer)

desctree

Old Norse: hamarr
Icelandic: hamar
Faroese: hamar, hamari
Norwegian Nynorsk: hamar, hammar
→ Norwegian Bokmål: hammar
Elfdalian: åmår
Old Swedish: hamar
Swedish: hammare, hammar
Old Danish: hamær, hambær
Danish: hammer
Norwegian Bokmål: hammer

Gutnish: hammare, hamar

Traditionally treated as derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱmō (“stone”) (compare Sanskrit अश्मन् (aśman, “stone”)), from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”), via a formation like *h₂eḱmoros (compare Sanskrit अश्मर (aśmará, “stony”)). But the phonology is problematic; even the metathesis of *h₂ and ḱ assumed to underlie Proto-Balto-Slavic *kā́ˀmō does not account for the Germanic short vowel. Hyllested instead suggests borrowing from Proto-Finnic *hamara (“butt of an axe, back of a knife”).


skinþą

skinþą (nominative singular)
skinþō (nominative plural)
skinþą (singular vocative)
skinþō (plural vocative)
skinþą (accusative singular)
skinþō (accusative plural)
skinþas (genitive singular)
skinþis (genitive singular)
skinþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skinþai (dative singular)
skinþamaz (dative plural)
skinþō (instrumental singular)
skinþamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *skind

Middle Dutch: *schind (attested by verb schinden)

Dutch: schinde (dialectal; and possibly from German)

Old High German: scind

Middle High German: schint

German: Schinde (dialectal)

Old Norse: skinn

Icelandic: skinn

Faroese: skinn

Norwegian Bokmål: skinn

Norwegian Nynorsk: skinn

Old Swedish: skin

Swedish: skinn

Danish: skind

→ Old English: scinn

i

Middle English: skyn, scin, skin, skinne (reinforced by Old Norse during Middle English period)

English: skin

Scots: skin

→ Old Frisian: skene

→ Middle Low German: schin

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kenH- (“skin, rind; to peel”). Cognate with Lithuanian skìnti (“to pluck, pick”), Latvian šķĩt (“to pluck leaves”).


weraldiz

weraldiz (nominative singular)
weraldīz (nominative plural)
weraldi (singular vocative)
weraldīz (plural vocative)
weraldį (accusative singular)
weraldinz (accusative plural)
weraldīz (genitive singular)
weraldijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
weraldī (dative singular)
weraldimaz (dative plural)
weraldī (instrumental singular)
weraldimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *weraldi
Old English: weorold, weorld, weoruld, woruld, worold, world, wiorld, wyrold, wiarald, wuruld
Middle English: world
English: world
Scots: warld
Old Frisian: warld, wrald
North Frisian: wrald, wrâl
Saterland Frisian: Wareld
West Frisian: wrâld
Old Saxon: werold
Middle Low German: werlt, werlde
Low German: Welt, Werlt
German Low German: Wereld, Welt
Plautdietsch: Welt
Old Dutch: werolt
Middle Dutch: wērelt
Dutch: wereld
Afrikaans: wêreld
Negerhollands: wereld, weerelt
Limburgish: wereld
Old High German: weralt
Middle High German: wërlt, wëlt
Alemannic German: Wält
Bavarian: Wejt, Wöd, Wölt
Central Franconian:
Transylvanian Saxon: Wält
German: Welt
Luxembourgish: Welt
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Welt
Vilamovian: wełt
Yiddish: וועלט (velt)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: verǫld
Icelandic: veröld
Faroese: verøld, vørild, verð
Norn: vrildan
Norwegian Nynorsk: verd f
→ Norwegian Bokmål: verd m or f
Elfdalian: wärd
Old Swedish: væruld, værald, værild, værld
Swedish: värld
Old Danish: wæræld
Danish: verden
Norwegian Bokmål: verden m
Scanian: værlð
Gutnish: värd