kunþaz

*kunþaz (a-stem)

kunþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
kunþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
kunþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
kunþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
kunþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
kunþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
kunþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
kunþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
kunþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
kunþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
kunþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
kunþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
kunþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
kunþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
kunþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
kunþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
kunþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
kunþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
kunþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
kunþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
kunþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
kunþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
kunþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
kunþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
kunþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
kunþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
kunþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
kunþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
kunþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
kunþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
kunþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
kunþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
kunþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
kunþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
kunþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
kunþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
kunþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
kunþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
kunþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
kunþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
kunþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
kunþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
kunþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
kunþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
kunþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
kunþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
kunþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
kunþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
kunþini (dative masculine singular weak)
kunþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
kunþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
kunþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
kunþini (dative neuter singular weak)
kunþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
kunþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
kunþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
kunþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
kunþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
kunþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
kunþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kunþ
Old English: cūþ
Scots: couth
English: couth
Old Frisian: kūth
Saterland Frisian: cut
Old Saxon: kūth, *kunth
Middle Low German: kunt
Old Dutch: cunt
Middle Dutch: cont
Dutch: kond
Old High German: kund
Middle High German: kunt
German: kund

Old Norse: kunnr, kuðr

Icelandic: kunnur, kuður

Faroese: kunnur

Old Swedish: kunder

Swedish: kund

Old Danish:

Danish: kund

Gothic: 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 (kunþs)

*kunnaną (“to know”) + *-þaz. See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
From Pre-Germanic *ǵń̥h₃tos, via unexplained accent shift from Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₃tós.


dawwą

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

dawwą (nominative singular)
dawwō (nominative plural)
dawwą (singular vocative)
dawwō (plural vocative)
dawwą (accusative singular)
dawwō (accusative plural)
dawwas (genitive singular)
dawwis (genitive singular)
dawwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dawwai (dative singular)
dawwamaz (dative plural)
dawwō (instrumental singular)
dawwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dauw n
Old English: dēaw m or n
Middle English: dew, deau, deaw, deew, deu, dewe, dewȝ, dieuȝ; dæw (Ormulum)
English: dew
Scots: dew, deow, dyow
Yola: dhew
Old Frisian: dāw n
North Frisian: dauw
Saterland Frisian: Dau
West Frisian: dau
Old Saxon: *dau
Middle Low German: dow, douwe, dawe, dau
Low German: Dau
Plautdietsch: Deiw
Old Dutch: *dau, *dou
Middle Dutch: dau
Dutch: dauw
Afrikaans: dou
Berbice Creole Dutch: dau
Negerhollands: douw, dou
→ Papiamentu: dauw (dated)
Sranan Tongo: dow
Old High German: tou n or m
Middle High German: tou, tau
German: Tau
Hunsrik: Daa
Luxembourgish: Da
Yiddish: טוי (toy)

Old Norse: dǫgg f
Danish: dug
Faroese: døgg
Icelandic: dögg
Norwegian Bokmål: dugg, dogg
Norwegian Nynorsk: dogg
Swedish: dagg

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰowh₂-o-m, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, haze”). Cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰuHmás (“mist; smoke”), Lithuanian dúlis (“mist”).


managaz

managizô (comparative)
managistaz (superlative)
managaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
managai (masculine nominative plural strong)
managō (feminine nominative singular strong)
managôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
managą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
managō (neuter nominative plural strong)
managanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
managanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
managǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
managōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
managą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
managō (accusative neuter plural strong)
managas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
managaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
managaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
managaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
managas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
managaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
managammai (dative masculine singular strong)
managaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
managaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
managaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
managammai (dative neuter singular strong)
managaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
managanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
managaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
managaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
managaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
managanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
managaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
managô (masculine nominative singular weak)
managaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
managǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
managōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
managô (neuter nominative singular weak)
managōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
managanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
managanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
managōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
managōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
managô (accusative neuter singular weak)
managōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
managiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
managanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
managōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
managōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
managiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
managanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
managini (dative masculine singular weak)
managammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
managōni (dative feminine singular weak)
managōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
managini (dative neuter singular weak)
managammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
managinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
managammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
managōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
managōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
managinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
managammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*managaz (a-stem)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *manag
Old English: maniġ, maneġ, moniġ, mæniġ
Middle English: mani, mane, magnie, maini, mainie, mange, manie, manige, maniȝ, many, meine, meni, menie, monei, moni, monie, moniȝ, mony, myny
English: many
Geordie English: mony
Scots: mony, monie
Yola: many
Old Frisian: monech, manich, monich, manch
North Frisian: manag, manig, mäning
Saterland Frisian: manich, moonige, moonich
West Frisian: mannich
Old Saxon: manag, maneg
Middle Low German: mannich, mennich
Low German: männich
German Low German: männig, mennig, meng
Old Dutch: manag, *menig
Middle Dutch: mēneg, mānig, mēnig
Dutch: menig
Old High German: manag, manac
Middle High German: manec, manic, menic
Alemannic German: meng
Central Franconian: mannich, männich (older Ripuarian variant)
German: mannig (in compounds), manch
Luxembourgish: munch

Old Norse: mangr

Faroese: mangur

Norwegian Bokmål: mang, mange

Norwegian Nynorsk: mang, mange

Old Swedish: manger

Swedish: mången

Old Danish: manygh

Danish: mangen

⇒ Old Norse: margr (possibly)
Icelandic: margur
Faroese: margur
Old Swedish: margher, marghin
Swedish: marg
Old Danish: margh
→ English: marra, marrow (dialectal)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍃 (manags)

Likely from a substrate language of northwestern Europe. Or from Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂- (“large”) with a nasal infix. Proto-Celtic *menekkis, Proto-Slavic *mъnogъ, Proto-Finno-Permic *mone are probably from the same source; according to Watkins, the Germanic, Slavic, and Celtic terms could all stem from a late (Northwestern) Proto-Indo-European *monogʰos.


sumaraz

sumaraz (nominative singular)
sumarōz (nominative plural)
sumarōs (nominative plural)
sumar (singular vocative)
sumarōz (plural vocative)
sumarōs (plural vocative)
sumarą (accusative singular)
sumaranz (accusative plural)
sumaras (genitive singular)
sumaris (genitive singular)
sumarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sumarai (dative singular)
sumaramaz (dative plural)
sumarō (instrumental singular)
sumaramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sumar
Old English: sumor, sumer, sumur
Middle English: sumer, somer
English: summer
Scots: somer, sumer, simmer, simer
Yola: zimmer, zummer
Old Frisian: sumur, sumer
Saterland Frisian: Suumer
West Frisian: simmer
Old Saxon: sumar
Middle Low German: somer, sommer
Low German:
German Low German: Summer, Sommer, Sömmer
Westphalian:
Paderbornisch: Sumer
Sauerländisch: Suemer, Sūmer, Summer, Sommer
Westmünsterländisch: Sommer
Plautdietsch: Somma
Old Dutch: *sumar
Middle Dutch: sōmer
Dutch: zomer
Afrikaans: somer
Limburgish: zómmer
West Flemish: zommer
Old High German: sumar
Middle High German: sumer
German: Sommer
Hunsrik: Sommer
Luxembourgish: Summer
Mòcheno: summer
Silesian East Central German: Summer
Vilamovian: zumer
Yiddish: זומער (zumer)

Old Norse: sumar, sumarr m; somar n, somarr m
Icelandic: sumar
Faroese: summar
Norn: sommer
Norwegian Nynorsk: sumar
Jamtish: somarr, samarr
Elfdalian: såmår
Old Swedish: somar, sumar
Swedish: sommar
Old Danish: somær, sumær
Danish: sommer
Norwegian Bokmål: sommer
Scanian: sǫmmar
Gutnish: summar

From Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-h₂-ór-o-, (cf. Old Armenian ամառն (amaṙn, “summer”)), an oblique r-stem based on *s(e)m-eh₂- (“summer, year”) (cf. Tocharian A ṣme, ṣmāye, Sanskrit समा (sámā, “season, year”), thematicized differently in Proto-Celtic *samos, Old Armenian ամ (am, “year”)).


harbistaz

harbistaz (nominative singular)
harbistōz (nominative plural)
harbistōs (nominative plural)
harbist (singular vocative)
harbistōz (plural vocative)
harbistōs (plural vocative)
harbistą (accusative singular)
harbistanz (accusative plural)
harbistas (genitive singular)
harbistis (genitive singular)
harbistǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harbistai (dative singular)
harbistamaz (dative plural)
harbistō (instrumental singular)
harbistamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *harbist
Old English: hærfest
Middle English: hervest, harvest, ervest, herfest
English: harvest
Scots: hairst, harvest
Yola: hearesth, harrest
Old Frisian: herfst
Saterland Frisian: Häärst
West Frisian: hjerst
North Frisian: Hārefst (Sylt), harewst (Föhr-Amrum)
Old Saxon: herƀist
Middle Low German: hervest
Low German: Harvst
Plautdietsch: Hoafst
Old Dutch: hervist (attested in compound: heruistmanot)
Middle Dutch: hervest, herfst
Dutch: herfst
Afrikaans: herfs
Limburgish: herfs, harves
Old High German: herbist
Middle High German: herbest, herbst
Alemannic German: Herpscht
Walser: harpscht, herbscht, hérbscht
Bavarian: herbast, herbischt, hörbist
Cimbrian: herbest, hèrbest, herbust
Mòcheno: herbest
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Herrebst
Luxembourgish: Hierscht
German: Herbst
Vilamovian: hiewyst
Yiddish: האַרבסט (harbst)

Old Norse: haustr, haust (< *harbustaz)
Icelandic: haust
Faroese: heyst
Norwegian Nynorsk: haust; (dialectal) (h)yst
Old Swedish: høster
Swedish: höst
Danish: høst
Norwegian Bokmål: høst

From *harbaz, from Proto-Indo-European *kerp- (“to pluck”).


þiudiskaz

*þiudiskaz (a-stem)

þiudiskaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
þiudiskai (masculine nominative plural strong)
þiudiskō (feminine nominative singular strong)
þiudiskôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
þiudiską (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
þiudiskō (neuter nominative plural strong)
þiudiskanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
þiudiskanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
þiudiskǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
þiudiskōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
þiudiską (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
þiudiskō (accusative neuter plural strong)
þiudiskas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
þiudiskaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
þiudiskaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
þiudiskaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
þiudiskas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
þiudiskaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
þiudiskammai (dative masculine singular strong)
þiudiskaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
þiudiskaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
þiudiskaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
þiudiskammai (dative neuter singular strong)
þiudiskaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
þiudiskanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
þiudiskaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
þiudiskaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
þiudiskaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
þiudiskanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
þiudiskaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
þiudiskô (masculine nominative singular weak)
þiudiskaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
þiudiskǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
þiudiskōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
þiudiskô (neuter nominative singular weak)
þiudiskōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
þiudiskanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
þiudiskanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
þiudiskōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
þiudiskōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
þiudiskô (accusative neuter singular weak)
þiudiskōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
þiudiskiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
þiudiskanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
þiudiskōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
þiudiskōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
þiudiskiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
þiudiskanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
þiudiskini (dative masculine singular weak)
þiudiskammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
þiudiskōni (dative feminine singular weak)
þiudiskōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
þiudiskini (dative neuter singular weak)
þiudiskammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
þiudiskinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
þiudiskammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
þiudiskōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
þiudiskōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
þiudiskinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
þiudiskammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *þiudisk
Old English: þēodisc, þīodisċ
Middle English: thedisch, þedisch, þeodisc
→ English: thedish, theodish (learned)
Old Frisian: thiōsk
West Frisian: Tsjutsk (“German”) (obsolete)
Old Saxon: thiudisk
Middle Low German: düdesch
Low German:
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: dütsch
Bremisch: dütsch
Dithmarsisch: dütsch
Hamburgisch: dütsch, düütsch
Eastphalian: duitsch
Westphalian:
Münsterländisch: dütsk; Dütsk
Osnabrückisch: düütsk
Lippisch: duitsk
Paderbornisch: duitsk
Ravensbergisch: duütsk
Sauerländer-Märkisch: duͤdsk
Sauerländisch: duitsk
Westmünsterländisch: düüts, düütsk
Plautdietsch: dietsch
→ Saterland Frisian: düütsk
Old Dutch: *thiudisc
Middle Dutch: dietsch, duutsch
Dutch: Diets (“Middle Dutch”)
Dutch: Duits (“German”), (obsolete) Duitsch, Duytsch
Afrikaans: Duits
Negerhollands: dutsch
→ Japanese: ドイツ (Doitsu)
→ English: Doitsu
→ Korean: 독일 (dogil)
Limburgish: Dutsj
→ Middle English: Duch, Duche, Deuche, Dusche, Dewche, Dowche, duch, duche, deuche, dusche
English: Dutch
Scots: Dutch
→ West Frisian: Dútsk
Old High German: diutisk, diutisc
Middle High German: diutsc
Alemannic German: tüütsch, dütsch, düütsch, Dütsch, Ditsch, Dytsch
Swabian: deitsch, daitsch
Walser: töitsch, titsch, tittschu, titzsch
Bavarian: daitsch, deitsch, taitsch
Cimbrian: tòiz, tauč, taütsch, taütsch
Gottscheerish: taitš
Mòcheno: taitsch
Central Franconian: dütsch, döksch, deitsch
Hunsrik: Deitsch, taytx
Kölsch: duetsch
East Central German: deitsch
Silesian East Central German: deitsch, doitsch (Glätzisch)
Upper Saxon German: Deitsch, deidsch
German: deutsch; Deutsch
→ English: Deutsch
→ Mandarin: 德意志 (Déyìzhì)
→ Cantonese: 德意志 (dak1 ji3 zi3)
Luxembourgish: däitsch; Däitsch
Rhine Franconian: daitsch, deitsch
Pennsylvania German: deitsch; Deitsch
Vilamovian: daojć
Yiddish: דײַטש (daytsh), טײַטש (taytsh)
Latin: theodiscus, theotiscus, thiotiscus
French: thiois, tudesque
Friulian: todesc
Italian: tedesco
Ladin: tudësch
Portuguese: tedesco
Romanian: tudesc
Romansch: tudestg
Sardinian: tedescu
Sicilian: tudiscu
Spanish: tudesco
Venetian: todesco

Old Norse: þýzkr, þýskr, þýðskr, þýðiskr
Icelandic: þýskur
Faroese: týskur
Norwegian Nynorsk: tysk, tydsk
Old Swedish: þȳþisker, þȳzker
Swedish: tysk
→ Elfdalian: tysk
Old Danish: thȳthæsk, thȳzk
Danish: tysk
Norwegian Bokmål: tysk
Scanian: týzker
Gutnish: töiskar
→ Northern Sami: Duiska (from a Germanic, probably North Germanic, language)

⇒ Old Norse: þýðverskr, þýðerskr, þýðeskr
Icelandic: þýðverskur

Gothic: *𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (*þiudisks) (in 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 (þiudiskō, adverb))

desc

→ Medieval Latin: theodiscus, theotiscus, thiotiscus (see there for further descendants)


jērą

jērą (nominative singular)
jērō (nominative plural)
jērą (singular vocative)
jērō (plural vocative)
jērą (accusative singular)
jērō (accusative plural)
jēras (genitive singular)
jēris (genitive singular)
jērǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jērai (dative singular)
jēramaz (dative plural)
jērō (instrumental singular)
jēramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *jār
Old English: ġēar, ġǣr, ġēr — Anglian
Middle English: yeer, here, yere, ȝere
English: year
Jamaican Creole: ier
Tok Pisin: yia
→ Chuukese: ier
→ Japanese: イヤー (iyā)
→ Volapük: yel
Scots: year
Old Frisian: jēr, jār, iēr
North Frisian: juar, jäär, iir
Saterland Frisian: Jíer
West Frisian: jier
Old Saxon: jār, gēr
Middle Low German: jâr, jaer
German Low German: Jåhr, Jahr, Johr
Plautdietsch: Joa
Old Dutch: jār
Middle Dutch: jâer
Dutch: jaar
Afrikaans: jaar
Berbice Creole Dutch: jari
Jersey Dutch: jâr
Negerhollands: jaer, jaar, yer
→ Aukan: yali
→ Sranan Tongo: yari
→ Caribbean Javanese: yari
→ Saramaccan: jáa
Limburgish: jaor
West Flemish: joar
Zealandic: jaer, jaor
Old High German: jār
Middle High German: jār
Alemannic German: Jòòr, Jààr
Bavarian: Jåhr, Joar, Joa
Cimbrian: jaar, djar (Luserna)
Mòcheno: jor
Central Franconian: Johr
Hunsrik: Joher
Luxembourgish: Joer
German: Jahr
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Johr, Yaahr
Swabian: Joar, Johr
Sathmar Swabian: Johr
Vilamovian: jür
Yiddish: יאָר (yor)

Proto-Norse: *ᛃᚨᚱᚨ (*jara), ᛃ (j) — abbreviation
Old Norse: ár n
Icelandic: ár
Faroese: ár
Norwegian Nynorsk: år
Russenorsk: aart
Norwegian Bokmål: år
Elfdalian: år
Old Swedish: ār
Swedish: år, åra
Old Danish: aar
Danish: år

Gothic: 𐌾𐌴𐍂 (jēr)


skeutaną

skeutō (active first-person indicative singular)
skeutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skeutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skiutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skeutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skeut (active imperative second-person singular)
skeutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skeutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skiutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skeutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skeutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skeutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skeutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skeutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skeutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skeutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skeutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skeutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skeutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skeutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skeutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skeutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skiutid (active indicative plural second-person)
skeutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skiutid (active imperative plural second-person)
skeutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skeutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skeutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skeutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skeutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skeutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skeutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skaut (active first-person indicative singular)
skutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skaust (active indicative second-person singular)
skutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skaut (active indicative singular third-person)
skutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skutū (active dual first-person indicative)
skutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skutum (active first-person indicative plural)
skutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skutud (active indicative plural second-person)
skutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skutun (active indicative plural third-person)
skutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skeutandz (active participle present)
skutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skeutan
Old English: sċēotan
Middle English: shoten, shuten, sheten
English: shoot, skeet
Scots: schute, schuit, schote, schoot, schete
Yola: zhoult
Old Frisian: skiata
West Frisian: sjitte
Old Saxon: skiotan
Middle Low German: scheten
Low German: scheten
Old Dutch: skietan
Middle Dutch: schieten
Dutch: schieten
Afrikaans: skiet
Berbice Creole Dutch: skiti
Jersey Dutch: sxjite
Negerhollands: skud, skit, skiet
→ Indonesian: sekip
→ Papiamentu: skit
Limburgish: sjete
Old High German: sciozzan
Middle High German: schiezzen
Bavarian:
Viennese: schiaßen
Alemannic German: schieße
Central Franconian: schieße, scheeße (Ripuarian, northern Moselle Franconian)
German: schießen
Hunsrik: schiese
Luxembourgish: schéissen
Vilamovian: śisa
Yiddish: שיסן (shisn)

Old Norse: skjóta
Icelandic: skjóta
Faroese: skjóta
Norwegian Nynorsk: skjota, skyta
Jamtish: skjǿte
Elfdalian: stjuota
Old Swedish: skiūta
Swedish: skjuta
Old Danish: skiūtæ
Danish: skyde
→ Norwegian Bokmål: skyte
Scanian: skjúda, skúda
Old Gutnish: skiauta
Gutnish: skjaute, skiauta

Crimean Gothic: schieten


meluks

meluks (nominative singular)
melukiz (nominative plural)
meluk (singular vocative)
melukiz (plural vocative)
melukų (accusative singular)
melukunz (accusative plural)
melukiz (genitive singular)
melukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
meluki (dative singular)
melukumaz (dative plural)
melukē (instrumental singular)
melukumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *meluk
Old English: meolc, meoloc, meoluc, milc
Middle English: milk, milke, milc; melke, melc (chiefly Kent & Southern West); mulk, mulc (chiefly Southern & Southern West)
English: milk
Scots: milk, melk, mylk
Yola: mulk
Old Frisian: melok
North Frisian: molke
Saterland Frisian: Moalk, Molk
West Frisian: molke
Old Saxon: miluk
Middle Low German: melik, melk
Dutch Low Saxon: melk
German Low German: Melk
Plautdietsch: Malkj
Old Dutch: miluc
Middle Dutch: melc
Dutch: melk
Afrikaans: melk
Berbice Creole Dutch: meleke
Jersey Dutch: määlk
Negerhollands: melk
→ Aukan: meliki
→ Caribbean Javanese: mèleg, mèrki
→ Munsee: mălák
→ Saramaccan: meíki
→ Sranan Tongo: merki
→ Kari'na: meliki
→ Tok Pisin: melek
Limburgish: mèlk
Old High German: miluh
Middle High German: milich, milch
Alemannic German: Möuch, Melch
Swabian: Milk
Walser: milch, meljch, mélläch
Bavarian: Muich, Milli, milch, milach, milich
Cimbrian: milch, milach
Hianzisch: Müli
Mòcheno: milch
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Millich
Luxembourgish: Mëllech
German: Milch
→ Tok Pisin: milis
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Millich
Vilamovian: myłich
Yiddish: מילך (milkh)

Old Norse: mjǫlk, mjolk, mjólk; miolk — Old East Norse
Icelandic: mjólk
Faroese: mjólk
Norwegian Nynorsk: mjølk; (dialectal) mjolk, mjelk
→ Norwegian Bokmål: mjølk
Elfdalian: mjok
Old Swedish: miolk, miølk
Swedish: mjölk
Old Danish: mialk, miælk, mælk, miølk
Danish: mælk
Norwegian Bokmål: melk
Scanian: milk, mjælk
Gutnish: mjalk, mjälk, mjölk

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 (miluks)

→ Proto-Samic: *mielkkē (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Slavic: *melko (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ-. Cognate with Latin mulgeō (“milk”, verb).
The presence of *-u- in the second syllable is aberrant, as it was not present in the PIE root or even in the related Germanic verb *melkaną. However, the evidence of all descendants speaks unambiguously in favour of its presence. Aside from being directly attested in most of them, it is also implied by Old Norse u-mutation in case forms where it would not be expected, in the raising of e to i before u in the non-Ingvaeonic West Germanic languages, and in the High German shift /k/ → /x/.
Possible theories of origin of the disputed *-u-:
* According to Kümmel, the vowel *u is an anaptyctic vowel, inserted after the resonant to ease the complicated cluster of three consonants *VRCs#.
* According to Szemerenyi (1992: 1125) it is the result of contamination of the full- and zero-grade in an ablauting paradigm */melk-z/, genitive */mulk-iz/, but this leaves the Schwebeablaut unexplained.
* According to Bammesberger (1990: 196f) this */u/ represents a schwa that arose between the */l/ and the */k/ in the nominative */melk-z/. However, this solution fails to explain why the same did not happen in e.g *alhs (“temple”).
* According to Kroonen, *-u- originates from the strong verb *mel(u)kaną (“to milk”), whence this archaic root noun likely derives. This does not answer the ultimate origin of the u however.


skōhaz

skōhaz (nominative singular)
skōhōz (nominative plural)
skōhōs (nominative plural)
skōh (singular vocative)
skōhōz (plural vocative)
skōhōs (plural vocative)
skōhą (accusative singular)
skōhanz (accusative plural)
skōhas (genitive singular)
skōhis (genitive singular)
skōhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skōhai (dative singular)
skōhamaz (dative plural)
skōhō (instrumental singular)
skōhamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skōh
Old English: sċōh
Middle English: sho, shoo
Scots: shae
English: shoe
Old Frisian: skōch, skō
Saterland Frisian: Skou, Schou
West Frisian: skoech
Old Saxon: skōh
Middle Low German: schō
German Low German: Schoh
Old Dutch: *scuoh, *scuo
Middle Dutch: scoech, scoe
Dutch: schoen
Afrikaans: skoen
Limburgish: sjoon
Old High German: skuoh, scūoh, skūo
Middle High German: schuoch, schuo
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Schüe
Swabian: Schuah
Central Franconian: Schohn, Schuh, Schoh (Moselle Franconian)
German: Schuh
Luxembourgish: Schong
Yiddish: שוך (shukh)

Old Norse: skór
Icelandic: skór
Faroese: skógvur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sko; (dialectal) skór'e, skór
Old Swedish: skō(r)
Swedish: sko
Danish: sko
Norwegian Bokmål: sko

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌷𐍃 (skōhs)

Uncertain. Perhaps derived from *skehaną (“to move quickly”), from Proto-Indo-European *skek- (“to move quickly, jump”). A derivation from an alleged Proto-Indo-European verb *skewk-, supposedly from *(s)kewH- (“to cover”) (compare Proto-Germanic *skiwô (“cloud cover; cloud; sky”)), proposed in older literature, is dubious and not mentioned in Kroonen.


skipą

skipą (nominative singular)
skipō (nominative plural)
skipą (singular vocative)
skipō (plural vocative)
skipą (accusative singular)
skipō (accusative plural)
skipas (genitive singular)
skipis (genitive singular)
skipǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skipai (dative singular)
skipamaz (dative plural)
skipō (instrumental singular)
skipamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skip
Old English: sċip, sċyp
Middle English: schip, schup
Scots: ship, schip
English: ship
→ Esperanto: ŝipo
Old Frisian: skip
North Frisian: schap (Mooring), Skep (Sylt)
Saterland Frisian: Skip, Schip
West Frisian: skip
Old Saxon: skip
Middle Low German: schip, schep
Low German: Schipp
German Low German: Schipp, Schip
Plautdietsch: Schepp
Old Dutch: *skip, scip
Middle Dutch: schip, schep
Dutch: schip
Afrikaans: skip
Limburgish: sjeep
Old High German: skif, skef
Middle High German: schif, schef
Bavarian: Schiff, Scheff
Central Franconian: Scheff, Schöff, Schoff (all < MHG schif)
Luxembourgish: Schëff
German: Schiff
Yiddish: שיף (shif)
→ Old Italian: schifo
Italian: schifo
⇒ English: skeevy
⇒ English: skeeve
→ Middle French: esquif
French: esquif
→ Middle English: skif
English: skiff
→ Russian: скиф (skif)

Old Norse: skip
Icelandic: skip
Faroese: skip
Norwegian Nynorsk: skip
Old Swedish: skip
Swedish: skepp
Old Danish: skip
Danish: skib
Norwegian Bokmål: skip
Scanian: śevv
→ Irish: scib
→ Scottish Gaelic: sgioba

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀 (skip)

Uncertain etymology.
One theory derives it from Proto-Indo-European *skēi-b-, *ski-b-. Compare Lithuanian skiẽbti (“to rip up”), Latvian škibît (“to cut, lop”). (Proto-Germanic *skapjaną has been considered related as well, but the phonetics pose difficulties.) The original meaning inherited from Proto-Indo-European was likely “hollowed tree”, and all daughter languages agree in the meaning “ship”, thus the specified meaning “ship” is assumed for Proto-Germanic, however the Old High German word also had the meaning “hollow object” and described various vessels and containers, so the Proto-Germanic word could also have been used in a more generic fashion. Moreover, one meaning does not have to exclude the other by rule. Compare the development of Old Norse skeið (“sheath; spoon; ship”), also from an extension of *skey-; cf. also unrelated Latin vās (“hollow object”), source of French vaisseau (“vessel”).
Kroonen instead claims that this word would rather be a loanword from Latin scyphus (“drinking vessel”).

(possibly) any hollow or concave manmade object


hwītaz

*hwītaz (a-stem)

hwītaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hwītai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hwītō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hwītôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hwītą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hwītō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hwītanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hwītanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hwītǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hwītōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hwītą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hwītō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hwītas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hwītaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hwītaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hwītaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hwītas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hwītaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hwītammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hwītaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hwītaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hwītaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hwītammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hwītaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hwītanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hwītaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hwītaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hwītaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hwītanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hwītaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hwītô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hwītaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hwītǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hwītōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hwītô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hwītōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hwītanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hwītanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hwītōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hwītōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hwītô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hwītōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hwītiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hwītanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hwītōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hwītōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hwītiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hwītanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hwītini (dative masculine singular weak)
hwītammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hwītōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hwītōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hwītini (dative neuter singular weak)
hwītammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hwītinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hwītammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hwītōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hwītōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hwītinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hwītammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwīt
Old English: hwīt
Middle English: whit, hwit, white, whyte, whitt, whytt, whyt, whiȝt, qwyght, ȝwijt, wyghte, whiyt, whijt
English: white (see there for further descendants)
Scots: quhite, fyte, fite, whyte, white
Yola: whit
Old Frisian: hwīt, wīt
North Frisian: wit, witj
Saterland Frisian: wiet
West Frisian: wyt
Old Saxon: hwīt
Middle Low German: wit
German Low German: witt
Low German: witt
Plautdietsch: witt
Old Dutch: wīt
Middle Dutch: wit
Dutch: wit
Afrikaans: wit
Limburgish: wiet
Old High German: wīz
Middle High German: wīz, wīs
Alemannic German: wiiss
Italian Walser: wiss, wéiss
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: baiz, baizz, bais
Mòcheno: bais
Udinese: bais, baiss
Central Franconian: wieß
Kirchröadsj Ripuarian: wies
German: weiß
Luxembourgish: wäiss
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: weiss
Vilamovian: wȧjs
Yiddish: ווײַס (vays)

Old Norse: hvítr
Icelandic: hvítur
Faroese: hvítur
Norn: hvid
Norwegian Nynorsk: kvit, (dialectal) kvit’u, kvit’e
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kvit
Elfdalian: wait
Old Swedish: hvīter
Swedish: vit, hvit (pre-1906 spelling)
Danish: hvid
Norwegian Bokmål: hvit
Old Gutnish: huit
Gutnish: veitar, veita, veit

Gothic: 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 (ƕeits)

⇒ Crimean Gothic: wichtgata

Kroonen notes a possible derivation from Proto-Indo-European *ḱweytōr, genitive *ḱwitnós, a heteroclitic byform of *ḱweytos (“bright; shine”). The oblique stem, used to form *ḱwitnós would create a voiceless geminate stop tt assuming Kluge's law, which would be reduced to a single t after the heavy first syllable once the consonantism was analogically extended to other cases. Compare Proto-Slavic *světъ.


swartaz

*swartaz (a-stem)

swartaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
swartai (masculine nominative plural strong)
swartō (feminine nominative singular strong)
swartôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
swartą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
swartō (neuter nominative plural strong)
swartanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
swartanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
swartǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
swartōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
swartą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
swartō (accusative neuter plural strong)
swartas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
swartaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
swartaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
swartaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
swartas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
swartaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
swartammai (dative masculine singular strong)
swartaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
swartaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
swartaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
swartammai (dative neuter singular strong)
swartaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
swartanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
swartaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
swartaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
swartaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
swartanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
swartaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
swartô (masculine nominative singular weak)
swartaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
swartǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
swartōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
swartô (neuter nominative singular weak)
swartōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
swartanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
swartanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
swartōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
swartōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
swartô (accusative neuter singular weak)
swartōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
swartiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
swartanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
swartōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
swartōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
swartiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
swartanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
swartini (dative masculine singular weak)
swartammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
swartōni (dative feminine singular weak)
swartōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
swartini (dative neuter singular weak)
swartammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
swartinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
swartammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
swartōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
swartōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
swartinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
swartammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *swart
Old English: sweart, swart, swært
Middle English: swart
English: swart, swarth
Scots: swart
Old Frisian: swart, swert
North Frisian: suart, suurt
Saterland Frisian: swot, swoot
West Frisian: swart
Old Saxon: swart
Middle Low German: swart
Low German:
German Low German: swart, schwart
Hamburgisch: swatt
Westphalian:
Münsterländisch: swatt
Paderbornisch: schwart
Lippisch: schwart
Ravensbergisch: swārt, swat
Sauerländisch: schwart, schwatt, schwuat, schwoart, schwuart, schwoert
Westmünsterländisch: schwatt, schwott, schwart
→ German: schwatt
Plautdietsch: schwoat
→ Danish: sværte (“black dye”)
Old Dutch: *swart
Middle Dutch: swart
Dutch: zwart
Afrikaans: swart
Limburgish: zwart
West Flemish: zwort
Old High German: swarz
Middle High German: swarz
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: schwàrz
Swabian: schwardds
Bavarian: schwoarz
Cimbrian: sbartz
Mòcheno: schbòrz
Central Franconian: schwatz, zjwats
Hunsrik: schwarz
German: schwarz
Luxembourgish: schwaarz
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: schwoaz
Pennsylvania German: schwatz
Vilamovian: świöc
Yiddish: שוואַרץ (shvarts)

Old Norse: svartr
Icelandic: svartur
Faroese: svartur
Norn: svart
Norwegian Nynorsk: svart, (dialectal) svart’u, svart’e
→ Norwegian Bokmål: svart
Elfdalian: swart
Old Swedish: svarter, svorter
Swedish: svart
Scanian: svárter
Old Danish: swart, swort, sort
Danish: sort
Norwegian Bokmål: sort
Gutnish: svartar

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 (swarts)

From Proto-Indo-European *swerd- (“dirty, dark, black”) (compare Latin sordēs, Russian сор (sor) and Northern Kurdish xwelî).


grōniz

grōnizô (comparative)
grōnistaz (superlative)
grōniz (masculine nominative singular strong)
grōnijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
grōnī (feminine nominative singular strong)
grōnijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
grōnį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
grōnijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
grōnijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
grōnijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
grōnijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
grōnijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
grōnį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
grōnijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
grōnijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
grōnīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
grōnijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
grōnijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
grōnijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
grōnijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
grōnīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
grōnijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
grōnijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
grōnijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
grōnijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
grōnijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
grōnijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
grōnijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
grōnijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
grōnijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
grōnijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
grōnijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
grōnijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
grōnijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
grōnijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
grōnijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
grōnijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
grōnijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
grōnijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
grōnijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
grōnijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
grōnijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
grōnijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
grōnijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
grōnijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
grōnijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
grōnīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
grōnijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
grōnijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
grōnijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
grōnīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
grōnijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
grōnīni (dative masculine singular weak)
grōnijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
grōnijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
grōnijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
grōnīni (dative neuter singular weak)
grōnijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
grōnīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
grōnijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
grōnijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
grōnijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
grōnīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
grōnijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *grōnī
Old English: grēne, grœ̄ne, grœ̄ni
Middle English: grene, greene
English: green (see there for further descendants)
Scots: green
Yola: green
Old Frisian: grēne
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: green
Saterland Frisian: gräin
West Frisian: grien
Old Saxon: grōni
Middle Low German: grōne, gröne
Low German: grön, gröön, green
Plautdietsch: jreen
→ Polabian: grönĕ
Old Dutch: gruoni
Middle Dutch: groene
Dutch: groen
Afrikaans: groen
Berbice Creole Dutch: grun
Negerhollands: groen, grun
Skepi Creole Dutch: gruin
Sranan Tongo: grun
Aukan: guun
Saramaccan: guúun
Limburgish: greun, gruuen
West Flemish: groene
Old High German: gruoni
Middle High German: grüene
Alemannic German: grüen
Swabian: grea, grien
Walser: geriénts, grien, gréén, grün
Bavarian: grian, gri͡an (alternative spelling, e.g. Styria); grean (most dialects); grien (Sappada, Sauris), grea
Apeltonerisch: gria
Cimbrian: gruan, grümma, grüun
Mòcheno: grea'
Central Franconian: jrön, green, grien
Hunsrik: grien
Luxembourgish: gréng
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: grin
East Franconian:
German: grün
Rhine Franconian: grie, grien, griene
Frankfurterisch: IPA [kʀĩː]
Pennsylvania German: grie
Yiddish: גרין (grin)

Old Norse: grǿnn, grœnn
Icelandic: grænn
Faroese: grønur
Norn: grøn
Norwegian Nynorsk: grøn; (dialectal) grøn’u, grøn’e
Norwegian Bokmål: grønn
Elfdalian: gryön
Old Swedish: grø̄n
Swedish: grön
Danish: grøn
Gutnish: gröinar

→ Proto-Samic: *(k)ruonë
Western Samic:
Southern Sami: kroenes
Lule Sami: ruodnat / ruoddnis, ruonas
Northern Sami: ruonas
Eastern Samic:
Inari Sami: ruonâs
Skolt Sami: ruânn
Kildin Sami: руэнн (ruenn)
Ter Sami: rïenn

From Pre-Germanic *groh₁-ni-s, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰreh₁- (“to grow, become green”).


skauniz

skaunizô (comparative)
skaunistaz (superlative)
skauniz (masculine nominative singular strong)
skaunijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
skaunī (feminine nominative singular strong)
skaunijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
skaunį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
skaunijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
skaunijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
skaunijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
skaunijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
skaunijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
skaunį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
skaunijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
skaunijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
skaunīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
skaunijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
skaunijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
skaunijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
skaunijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
skaunīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
skaunijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
skaunijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
skaunijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
skaunijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
skaunijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
skaunijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
skaunijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
skaunijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
skaunijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
skaunijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
skaunijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
skaunijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
skaunijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
skaunijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
skaunijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
skaunijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
skaunijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
skaunijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
skaunijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
skaunijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
skaunijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
skaunijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
skaunijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
skaunijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
skaunijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
skaunīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
skaunijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
skaunijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
skaunijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
skaunīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
skaunijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
skaunīni (dative masculine singular weak)
skaunijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
skaunijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
skaunijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
skaunīni (dative neuter singular weak)
skaunijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
skaunīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
skaunijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
skaunijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
skaunijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
skaunīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
skaunijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skaunī
Old English: sċīene, sċēne, sċēone, sċīne, sċīone, sċȳne
Middle English: schene, schen, schone, shone
English: sheen
Scots: schene, scheine
Old Frisian: skēne
North Frisian: schien
Saterland Frisian: skeen
West Frisian: skjin
Old Saxon: skōni
Middle Low German: schö̂ne
Low German: schöön
Altmärkisch: schön
Bremisch: schön (substantivised: (dat) Schöne n)
Dithmarsisch: schön
Hamburgisch: scheun
Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch: schön
Ostfälisch: schöne (schön)
Westfälisch:
Lippisch: scheun
Münsterländisch: schön
Paderbornisch: schoin
Ravensbergisch: schåün
Sauerländisch: schoine, scho̊n
Westmünsterländisch: schöön
Plautdietsch: scheen
→ Old Swedish: skön
Swedish: skön
→ Danish: skøn
→ Norwegian Bokmål: skjønn
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skjønn
Old Dutch: scōni
Middle Dutch: schône
Dutch: schoon
Afrikaans: skoon
→ West Frisian: skoan
Limburgish: sjoen, sjoean, sjuun, sjun
Old High German: scōni
Middle High German: schœne
Bavarian: schee
Cimbrian: söon, schümma (Luserna)
Mòcheno: schea'
Central Franconian: schün
Hunsrik: scheen
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: scheene
Volhynian German: scheen
East Franconian: schee
German: schön
→ Central Franconian: schön, schien
Luxembourgish: schéin
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: schee
Palatine German: schee, schää, schään
Pennsylvania German: schee
Yiddish: שיין (sheyn)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌽𐍃 (skauns)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kaunis (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *skowh₁nis, a verbal adjective originally meaning "watchable", derived from a lost strong verb *skawaną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁- (“to perceive, pay attention”).


blēwaz

*blēwaz (a-stem)

blēwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
blēwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
blēwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
blēwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
blēwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
blēwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
blēwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
blēwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
blēwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
blēwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
blēwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
blēwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
blēwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
blēwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
blēwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
blēwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
blēwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
blēwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
blēwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
blēwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
blēwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
blēwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
blēwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
blēwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
blēwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
blēwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
blēwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
blēwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
blēwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
blēwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
blēwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
blēwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
blēwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
blēwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
blēwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
blēwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
blēwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
blēwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
blēwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
blēwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
blēwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
blēwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
blēwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
blēwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
blēwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
blēwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
blēwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
blēwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
blēwini (dative masculine singular weak)
blēwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
blēwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
blēwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
blēwini (dative neuter singular weak)
blēwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
blēwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
blēwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
blēwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
blēwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
blēwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
blēwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blāu
Old English: blāw, blēo, *blǣ(w) (only attested with i-mutation in blǣhǣwen and blǣwen), possibly in placenames (Blauuefelda , Blafelda, Blowedoune, Blouhulle)
Middle English: bloo, blo
English: blow
Old Frisian: blāu, blāw
North Frisian: bla, blö
Saterland Frisian: blau
West Frisian: blau
Old Saxon: blāo, blāu
Middle Low German: blâ, blâw, blauwe
Low German: blau, blaag, bloe (dialectal)
Dutch Low Saxon: blauw
German Low German: blaag, blag, blau, blaug, blo', blao
Plautdietsch: bleiw
Old Dutch: *blāo
Middle Dutch: blau
Dutch: blauw, blaauw
Afrikaans: blou
Berbice Creole Dutch: blau
Jersey Dutch: blāu
Negerhollands: blauw, blou, blau
Petjo: blaoe, blauw, blauwe
→ Lokono: barautho
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bláu
→ Indonesian: belau
→ Papiamentu: blou, blaauw
→ Sranan Tongo: blaw
Aukan: baaw
→ Caribbean Javanese: blau
→ Saramaccan: baáu
→ Warao: hebulau, jeburau
Limburgish: blów
Old High German: blāo
Middle High German: blā
Alemannic German: blaaw
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: plabe
Gottscheerish: blūb
Central Franconian: bloo, blau
Hunsrik: blau
Luxembourgish: blo
German: blau
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: bloh
Vilamovian: błöw
Yiddish: בלאָ (blo), בלוי (bloy)
→ Spanish: blao
→ Old French: bloe, blou, bleu, blu, blef, bleve
Bourguignon: blieu
Middle French: bleu
French: bleu
Haitian Creole: ble
→ Greek: μπλε (ble)
→ Italian: blu
→ Ladino: blu
Louisiana Creole: blé, ble
→ Dutch: bleu
Norman: bliû (Jersey), bllu, blleu
Walloon: bleu, bleuwe, blåwe
→ Middle English: blewe, blew, bleu, blue, blwe, blw, blyu
Scots: blew, blue
English: blue, blew, blewe (obsolete)
Tok Pisin: blu
→ Fiji Hindi: bulu
→ Shona: bhuluu
→ Somali: buluug
→ Swahili: bluu, buluu
→ Tooro: bururu
→ Sicilian: blu
→ Vulgar Latin: blāvus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: blár
Icelandic: blár
Faroese: bláur
Norn: blå
Norwegian Nynorsk: blå; (dialectal) blår, blår’e, blå’u
Norwegian Bokmål: blå
Jamtish: błá
Elfdalian: blå
Old Swedish: blār
Swedish: blå
Old Danish: blā
Danish: blå
Gutnish: blåar, blaar
Scanian: bláer
→ Middle English: bla, blaa, blo, bloo
Scots: blae, bla
English: blae

From Pre-Germanic *bʰleh₁wos, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₁-. Kroonen reconstructs an ablauting u-stem, *bʰléh₁-, *bʰl̥h₁- in order to reconcile the vowels of the Germanic word with Latin flāvus (“yellow”).


felauz

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃 (filaus)


lītilaz

minnizô (comparative)
minnistaz (superlative)
lītilaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
lītilai (masculine nominative plural strong)
lītilō (feminine nominative singular strong)
lītilôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
lītilą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
lītilō (neuter nominative plural strong)
lītilanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
lītilanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
lītilǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
lītilōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
lītilą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
lītilō (accusative neuter plural strong)
lītilas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
lītilaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
lītilaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
lītilaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
lītilas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
lītilaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
lītilammai (dative masculine singular strong)
lītilaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
lītilaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
lītilaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
lītilammai (dative neuter singular strong)
lītilaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
lītilanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
lītilaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
lītilaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
lītilaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
lītilanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
lītilaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
lītilô (masculine nominative singular weak)
lītilaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
lītilǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
lītilōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
lītilô (neuter nominative singular weak)
lītilōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
lītilanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
lītilanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
lītilōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
lītilōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
lītilô (accusative neuter singular weak)
lītilōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
lītiliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
lītilanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
lītilōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
lītilōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
lītiliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
lītilanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
lītilini (dative masculine singular weak)
lītilammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
lītilōni (dative feminine singular weak)
lītilōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
lītilini (dative neuter singular weak)
lītilammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
lītilinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
lītilammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
lītilōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
lītilōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
lītilinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
lītilammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*lītilaz (a-stem)

Old Norse: lítill
Icelandic: lítill
Faroese: lítil
Norn: litel
Norwegian Nynorsk: liten
Elfdalian: litn
Old Swedish: lītil, lītin
Swedish: lilla, liten
Danish: lille, liden
Norwegian Bokmål: liten

Gothic: 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍃 (leitils)

Crimean Gothic: lista

small, little (alternative form of *lūtilaz)


stainaz

stainaz (nominative singular)
stainōz (nominative plural)
stainōs (nominative plural)
stain (singular vocative)
stainōz (plural vocative)
stainōs (plural vocative)
stainą (accusative singular)
stainanz (accusative plural)
stainas (genitive singular)
stainis (genitive singular)
stainǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stainai (dative singular)
stainamaz (dative plural)
stainō (instrumental singular)
stainamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stain
Old English: stān
Middle English: ston, stan, stane, stoan, stone, stoon, stoone
English: stone (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: styen
Scots: stane
Yola: sthoan
→ Anglo-Norman: ston
Old Frisian: stēn
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: stian
Goesharde: stiin
Halligen: stian
Heligoland: Stean
Mooring: stiinj
Sylt: Stiin
Wiedingharde: stiin
Saterland Frisian: Steen
West Frisian: stien
Old Saxon: stēn
Middle Low German: stên, stein
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Steen
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Stëin
Lippisch: Steun
Sauerländisch: Stäin, Stoin, Stǟn, Stain, Steyn
Westmünsterländisch: Steen
Plautdietsch: Steen
Old Dutch: stēn
Middle Dutch: stêen
Dutch: steen
Afrikaans: steen
→ Sotho: setene
→ Southern Ndebele: isitina
→ Zulu: isitini
Fanagalo: stin
Berbice Creole Dutch: ten
Negerhollands: steen, stin, sten
→ Virgin Islands Creole: sten (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: stene, stenna
→ Papiamentu: stenchi (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: stein
Old High German: stein
Middle High German: stein
Alemannic German: Steei
Swabian: Schdoi, Schdoa
Bavarian: Staa, Stan, Stoa, Stoan, Stuan
Central Franconian: Stään, Steen, Stein
Hunsrik: Steen, xtayn
Transylvanian Saxon: Stien
German: Stein
Luxembourgish: Steen
Vilamovian: śtan
Yiddish: שטיין (shteyn)

Proto-Norse: ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᛉ (stainaʀ)
Old Norse: steinn, ᛋᛏᛡᛁᚾ (stᴀin), ᛋᛏᛅᛁᚾ (stain), ᛋᛏᛁᚾ (stin); stæinn — Old East Norse
Icelandic: steinn
Faroese: steinur
Norn: stenn, sten
Norwegian Nynorsk: stein
→ Norwegian Bokmål: stein
Jamtish: stein
Elfdalian: stien
Old Swedish: stēn
Swedish: sten
Old Danish: stēn
Scanian: stén
Danish: sten
Norwegian Bokmål: sten
Old Gutnish: stain
Gutnish: stain
→ Middle English: steinen, steynen
English: stain

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (stains)

From Pre-Germanic *stoyh₂nos, o-grade from Proto-Indo-European *steyh₂- (“to stiffen”). Compare Proto-Slavic *stěna (“cliff, rock”) and Ancient Greek στῖον (stîon, “pebble”).


triwwiz

triwwizô (comparative)
triwwistaz (superlative)
triwwiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
triwwijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
triwwī (feminine nominative singular strong)
triwwijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
triwwį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
triwwijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
triwwijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
triwwijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
triwwijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
triwwijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
triwwį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
triwwijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
triwwijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
triwwīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
triwwijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
triwwijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
triwwijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
triwwijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
triwwīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
triwwijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
triwwijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
triwwijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
triwwijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
triwwijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
triwwijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
triwwijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
triwwijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
triwwijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
triwwijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
triwwijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
triwwijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
triwwijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
triwwijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
triwwijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
triwwijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
triwwijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
triwwijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
triwwijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
triwwijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
triwwijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
triwwijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
triwwijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
triwwijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
triwwijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
triwwīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
triwwijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
triwwijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
triwwijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
triwwīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
triwwijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
triwwīni (dative masculine singular weak)
triwwijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
triwwijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
triwwijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
triwwīni (dative neuter singular weak)
triwwijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
triwwīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
triwwijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
triwwijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
triwwijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
triwwīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
triwwijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *triuwī
Old English: trīewe, trēowe
Middle English: treowe, trewe
Scots: trew
English: true
Old Frisian: triūwe, triōwe
Saterland Frisian: trjou
West Frisian: trou
Old Saxon: triuwi
Low German: truu
Plautdietsch: tru
Low German: treu
Old Dutch: *triuwi
Middle Dutch: trouwe
Dutch: trouw
Old High German: triuwi
Middle High German: triuwe
Alemannic German: trüüw
German: treu
Luxembourgish: trei

Old Norse: tryggr

Icelandic: tryggur

Faroese: tryggur

Norwegian: trygg

Old Swedish: trygger

Swedish: trygg

Danish: tryg

→ Middle English: trig

Scots: trig

English: trig

Gothic: 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 (triggws)

From Proto-Indo-European *drew-, *deru- (“firm, hard, solid, faithful, true”).


felu

Originally the neuter singular form of older *feluz (“many”), from Proto-Indo-European *pélh₁us, derived from the root *pleh₁- (“to fill”). Cognate with Latin plūs, Ancient Greek πολύς (polús).


felu

Proto-West Germanic: *felu
Old English: fela, feola, fiolu, feolu, feolo, fala; feola — Mercian
Middle English: fele, fale, feel, fel, feole, vele; feala, fela, felæ, feola, veole (Early Middle English)
English: fele (obsolete)
Middle Scots: fele (poetic)
Old Frisian: felo, fele, fel
East Frisian:
Wangerooge Frisian: fêl, feyhl
Wursten Frisian: vlia
West Frisian: fel
Old Saxon: filu, filo
Middle Low German: vele, vil
Low German: veel
Old Dutch: filo
Middle Dutch: vele
Dutch: veel
Old High German: filu, vilu, filo, fila, vili
Middle High German: vil, vile
Alemannic German: viel
Swabian: viel
Bavarian: vui, vei, vii
Cimbrian: vil, viil, biil (Sette Comuni)
Viennese: vü
German: viel
Luxembourgish: vill
Yiddish: פֿיל (fil)

Old Norse: fjǫl-, fjǫlð (< ?)

Icelandic: fjöl-

Faroese: fjøl-

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 (filu)


mikilaz

maizô (comparative)
maistaz (superlative)
mikilaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
mikilai (masculine nominative plural strong)
mikilō (feminine nominative singular strong)
mikilôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
mikilą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
mikilō (neuter nominative plural strong)
mikilanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
mikilanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
mikilǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
mikilōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
mikilą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
mikilō (accusative neuter plural strong)
mikilas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
mikilaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
mikilaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
mikilaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
mikilas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
mikilaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
mikilammai (dative masculine singular strong)
mikilaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
mikilaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
mikilaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
mikilammai (dative neuter singular strong)
mikilaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
mikilanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
mikilaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
mikilaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
mikilaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
mikilanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
mikilaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
mikilô (masculine nominative singular weak)
mikilaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
mikilǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
mikilōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
mikilô (neuter nominative singular weak)
mikilōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
mikilanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
mikilanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
mikilōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
mikilōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
mikilô (accusative neuter singular weak)
mikilōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
mikiliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
mikilanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
mikilōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
mikilōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
mikiliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
mikilanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
mikilini (dative masculine singular weak)
mikilammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
mikilōni (dative feminine singular weak)
mikilōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
mikilini (dative neuter singular weak)
mikilammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
mikilinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
mikilammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
mikilōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
mikilōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
mikilinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
mikilammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*mikilaz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *mikil
Old English: miċel, myċel, micil
Middle English: muchel, michel, mickle, mikel, mochel, mochell, mukel; muche (apocopated form)
English: much
Geordie English: mickle, muckle
Scots: mickle, mikil, mekil, mukill, muckle
Yola: mucha, muche, much
Old Saxon: mikil
Middle Low German: mēkel, mikel, michel
⇒ Middle Low German: Mēkelenborch
German Low German: Mękelnborg
→ German: Mecklenburg, Meklenburg , Meckelnburg, Mekelnburg, Meckelenburg
Old Dutch: mikil
Middle Dutch: mēkel
Dutch: mekel (archaic)
Old High German: mihhil
Middle High German: michel
German: michel
→ Middle Low German: michel

Old Norse: mikill, mykill
Icelandic: mikill
Faroese: mikil
Norn: mikkel, mukkel
Norwegian Nynorsk: mykjen, myken (-n from acc. mikinn)
Old Swedish: mykil, mykin
Swedish: mycken (archaic)
Old Danish: mikin
Danish: megen
Norwegian Bokmål: megen
⇒ Old Norse: mikit n
Icelandic: mikið
Faroese: mikið
Norwegian Nynorsk: mykje, myket; (dialectal) mykji, mikje
Norwegian Bokmål: mye
Old Swedish: mykit
Swedish: mycket n
Old Danish: mikit n
Danish: meget
Norwegian Bokmål: meget

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍃 (mikils)

From Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂s (“big, great”) + *-ilaz. The suffix may have been added due to analogy with *lītilaz/*lūtilaz (“little”), but it also might be old: compare Proto-Celtic *maglos and Ancient Greek μεγᾰ́λος (megálos).


hwehwlą

hwehwlą (nominative singular)
hweulō (nominative plural)
hwehwlą (singular vocative)
hweulō (plural vocative)
hwehwlą (accusative singular)
hweulō (accusative plural)
hwehwlas (genitive singular)
hwihwlis (genitive singular)
hweulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwihwlai (dative singular)
hweulamaz (dative plural)
hwehwlō (instrumental singular)
hweulamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwehwl

desc

Old English: hweogl, hweogol, hweohl, hweowl, hweowol (from singular), hwēol (from plural *hweulō)

Middle English: whel, whele, qweel

English: wheel

Scots: wheel

Old Frisian: hwēl (in compounds), fiāl, tziāl

North Frisian: weyel, weel

Saterland Frisian: Wäil, Jool

West Frisian: fjil, tsjil, tsjel

Old Saxon: hwiol

Middle Low German: wêl, wiel

German Low German: Weel

Old Dutch: *wiol

desctree

Middle Dutch: wiel, weel
Dutch: wiel
Afrikaans: wiel
Negerhollands: wiel, wil
→ Caribbean Javanese: wil
→ Papiamentu: wil
→ Sranan Tongo: wiri
Limburgish: weel
→ Old Frisian: wēl
West Frisian: wiele

Old High German: *wihil

>? Middle High German: *wihel (possibly extinct as simplex)

q

>? German: Wiel, Wiele (“whirl, vortex”, 15th c., may be from Low German, but uncertain)

desc

⇒ Old High German: wihilstein; *wihilasca

German: wihelstein; *wihelesche

German: Wielstein; Wielesche

Old Norse: hvél (from singular), hjól (from plural *hweulō)

Icelandic: hjól, hvel

Faroese: hjól, hvæl

Norwegian Bokmål: hjul

Norwegian Nynorsk: hjul, kvel

Norn: hurl

Old Swedish: hiūl, hiughl

Swedish: hjul

Danish: hjul

Elfdalian: juol

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlom (“wheel”). The plural *hweulō is from the Proto-Indo-European collective *kʷekʷléh₂ (“wheels”), and the neuter gender was likely back-formed from that.


tahrą

tahrą (nominative singular)
tagrō (nominative plural)
tahrą (singular vocative)
tagrō (plural vocative)
tahrą (accusative singular)
tagrō (accusative plural)
tahras (genitive singular)
tahris (genitive singular)
tagrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tahrai (dative singular)
tagramaz (dative plural)
tahrō (instrumental singular)
tagramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tahr
Old English: tēar, tæhher, tǣr, teagor
Middle English: teer, teere, ter, tere; tær, tear (Early Middle English); tyer, tyear, tyar (Kent)
English: tear
Middle Scots: tear, tere, teir, tichwr, tychir
Scots: tear, taer, tare, teir
Old Frisian: tār
Old High German: zahar, zahhar
Middle High German: zahar, zeher
Central Middle High German: zār ⇒ zære pl
German: Zähre sg
→ Italian: zacchera
→ Middle Low German: zâhē, zaahe

Old Norse: tár
Icelandic: tár
Faroese: tár
Norwegian Bokmål: tåre
Norwegian Nynorsk: tåre
Old Swedish: tār
Swedish: tår
Danish: tåre (“tear”), tår (“drop of liquid”)

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌲𐍂 (tagr)


krītaną

krītō (active first-person indicative singular)
krītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
krītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
krītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
krītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
krīt (active imperative second-person singular)
krītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
krītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
krītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
krītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
krītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
krītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
krītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
krītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
krītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
krītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
krītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
krītid (active indicative plural second-person)
krītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krītid (active imperative plural second-person)
krītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
krītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
krītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
krītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
krītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
krītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
krait (active first-person indicative singular)
kritį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kraist (active indicative second-person singular)
kritīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
krait (active indicative singular third-person)
kritī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kritū (active dual first-person indicative)
kritīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kritudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kritīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kritum (active first-person indicative plural)
kritīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kritud (active indicative plural second-person)
kritīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kritun (active indicative plural third-person)
kritīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krītandz (active participle present)
kritanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *krītan
Old Frisian: *krīta
Saterland Frisian: kriete
West Frisian: krite
Old Saxon: *krītan
Middle Low German: krîten
Low German: krieten
Old Dutch: *crītan
Middle Dutch: criten
Dutch: krijten
Afrikaans: kryt
Old High German: *krīzan
Middle High German: krīzen
German: kreißen

>? Crimean Gothic: eriten

From Proto-Indo-European *greyd-, *grey- (“to shout”). Cognate with Middle Irish grith (“a cry”), Welsh gryd (“a scream”), Latin gingriō (“cackle; squawk; quack”, verb). The assignment of this reconstruction to the level of Proto-Germanic rests on the Crimean Gothic hapax eriten (taken to be a misspelling of *criten or the like).


blōþą

blōþą (nominative singular)
blōdō (nominative plural)
blōþą (singular vocative)
blōdō (plural vocative)
blōþą (accusative singular)
blōdō (accusative plural)
blōþas (genitive singular)
blōþis (genitive singular)
blōdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blōþai (dative singular)
blōdamaz (dative plural)
blōþō (instrumental singular)
blōdamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blōd, *blōþ
Old English: blōd
Middle English: blood
Scots: bluid
English: blood
Old Frisian: blōd
North Frisian:
Sylt: Blör
Saterland Frisian: Bloud
West Frisian: bloed
Old Saxon: blōd
Middle Low German: blôt
German Low German: Blood, Bloot
Old Dutch: bluot
Middle Dutch: bloet
Dutch: bloed
Afrikaans: bloed
Berbice Creole Dutch: blutu
Javindo: bloet
Skepi Creole Dutch: blut
→? Sranan Tongo: brudu
→ Aukan: buulu
→ Saramaccan: buúu
Limburgish: blood
Old High German: bluot, blod, bluat, blud, bluet, bluod, bluoth, blut, bluth, pload, ploat, plot, plout, pluat, pluod, pluot, pluoth
Middle High German: bluot
Alemannic German: Bluet
Alsatian: Blüet
Swabian: Bluat
Bavarian: Bluad, Bluat
Cimbrian: pluat
Mòcheno:
Central Franconian: Blot, Blut
Hunsrik: Blud
Luxembourgish: Blutt
East Central German: Blutt (Oberlausitz; Silesian)
Vilamovian: błüt
East Franconian:
German: Blut
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Blut
Yiddish: בלוט (blut)

Old Norse: blóð
Icelandic: blóð
Faroese: blóð
Norwegian: blod
Old Swedish: blōþ, blodh
Swedish: blod
Old Danish: bloth
Danish: blod

Gothic: 𐌱𐌻𐍉𐌸 (blōþ)

Crimean Gothic: plut

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃tóm, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃- (“to bloom”), morphing into the sense of bursting or swelling out; possibly a taboo-avoidance euphemism.


gulþą

gulþą (nominative singular)
guldō (nominative plural)
gulþą (singular vocative)
guldō (plural vocative)
gulþą (accusative singular)
guldō (accusative plural)
gulþas (genitive singular)
gulþis (genitive singular)
guldǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gulþai (dative singular)
guldamaz (dative plural)
gulþō (instrumental singular)
guldamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *golþ
Old English: gold
Middle English: gold
English: gold
Scots: gowd, goold
Old Frisian: gold, goud
Saterland Frisian: Gould
West Frisian: goud
Old Saxon: gold
Middle Low German: golt
German Low German: Gold
Plautdietsch: Golt
Old Dutch: golt, gold
Middle Dutch: gout
Dutch: goud
Afrikaans: goud
Berbice Creole Dutch: gautu
Negerhollands: gaut, goud, gout
Skepi Creole Dutch: gaut
→ Sranan Tongo: gowtu
→ Caribbean Javanese: gautu
→ Saramaccan: góútu
→ Trió: koutu
Limburgish: góldj
Old High German: gold
Middle High German: golt
Alemannic German: Gold
Bavarian: Goid, Golt
Cimbrian: gold, golt (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: golt
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Gold
Luxembourgish: Gold
East Central German:
Vilamovian: gułd
East Franconian:
German: Gold
Rhine Franconian: Gold
Frankfurterisch: [g̥olt]
Pennsylvania German: Gold
Yiddish: גאָלד (gold)

Old Norse: gull
Icelandic: gull n
Faroese: gull n
Norwegian Nynorsk: gull n
Old Swedish: gull n
Swedish: gull, guld n
Old Danish:
Danish: guld n
Norwegian Bokmål: gull n
→ Greenlandic: kuulti
Gutnish: gull n

Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐌻𐌸 (gulþ)

Crimean Gothic: goltz

→ Proto-Finnic: *kulta (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *kollē (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *ǵʰĺ̥h₃tom (“gold”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“yellow; gleam; to shine”). Compare Proto-Slavic *zolto, Proto-Baltic *želtas, whence Latvian zelts. Disputed relation to *geldaną (“to pay”).


glasą

glasą (nominative singular)
glazō (nominative plural)
glasą (singular vocative)
glazō (plural vocative)
glasą (accusative singular)
glazō (accusative plural)
glasas (genitive singular)
glasis (genitive singular)
glazǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glasai (dative singular)
glazamaz (dative plural)
glasō (instrumental singular)
glazamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *glas, *glaʀ
Old English: glæs, glær
Middle English: glas, glace, glasce, glass, glasse
English: glass (see there for further descendants)
Scots: gless, glass
Old Frisian: gles
Saterland Frisian: Glääs
West Frisian: glês
Old Saxon: glas, glar
Middle Low German: glas, glār
German Low German: Glas
Plautdietsch: Glauss
→ Old Norse: *glas
Faroese: glas
Norwegian: glass, glas
Old Swedish: glas
Swedish: glas
Old Danish: glas
Danish: glas
→ Icelandic: glas

→ Finnish: lasi (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Old Norse: glaskeri
Old Dutch: glas
Middle Dutch: glas
Dutch: glas
Afrikaans: glas
Berbice Creole Dutch: glasi
Negerhollands: glas
→ Caribbean Hindustani: gilás
→ Caribbean Javanese: gelas
→ Indonesian: gelas
→ Japanese: ガラス (garasu)
→ Papiamentu: glas
→ Sranan Tongo: grasi
→ Kari'na: kalasi (or directly)
Limburgish: glaas
Old High German: glas, clas; clases (“amber”)
Middle High German: glas
Alemannic German: Glas, Glaas
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: glas
Mòcheno: glos
Central Franconian: Jlas
Hunsrik: Glaas
German: Glas
Luxembourgish: Glas
Pennsylvania German: Glaas
Vilamovian: głoos
Yiddish: גלאָז (gloz)

Old Norse: gler (< leveled *glazą)
Icelandic: gler, glær
Faroese: gler
Old Swedish: glar
Old Danish: gler, glar, glaar
Danish: glar

Traditionally derived by Pokorny from an s-extension of Proto-Indo-European *gʰel-, *ǵʰel- (“to shine, shimmer, glow”). Kroonen prefers to derive the term from an s-stem of *glōaną (“to glow”), which is likely ultimately from the same root.


bagmaz

bagmaz (nominative singular)
bagmōz (nominative plural)
bagmōs (nominative plural)
bagm (singular vocative)
bagmōz (plural vocative)
bagmōs (plural vocative)
bagmą (accusative singular)
bagmanz (accusative plural)
bagmas (genitive singular)
bagmis (genitive singular)
bagmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bagmai (dative singular)
bagmamaz (dative plural)
bagmō (instrumental singular)
bagmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *baum
Old English: bēam, bēom
Middle English: beem, beam, bem, beme, beume; beam, beame (Northern); beam, beom (Early Middle English)
English: beam
→ German: beamen
→ Japanese: ビーム
→ Dutch: beamen
Scots: beam
Old Frisian: bām, baem (Late Old Frisian)
North Frisian:
Most dialects: buum
Heligoland: Booam
Sylt: Boom
Saterland Frisian: Boom
West Frisian: beam
Old Saxon: bōm
Middle Low German: bôm
German Low German: Boom
Plautdietsch: Boom
→ Danish: bom
→ Finnish: puomi
→ Gutnish: bom
→ Norwegian Bokmål: bom
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bom
→ Swedish: bom
Old Dutch: bōm
Middle Dutch: bôom
Dutch: boom
Limburgish: boum
Old High German: boum, poum, paum
Middle High German: boum
Alemannic German: Baaum, Bum, Baim, Baum, Boum
Swabian: Boum, Boom
Walser: böim, baum, bem
Bavarian: Bam, paam, pame
Cimbrian: póom, puam, pome
Mòcheno: pa'm
Central Franconian: Boom, Baam, Baum, Boum
Hunsrik: Baam
Luxembourgish: Bam
Transylvanian Saxon: bum
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: Baam
Upper Saxon German: Boom, Baam
Vilamovian: baojm, boum
East Franconian: Baam, Bääm
German: Baum
Rhine Franconian: Baam
Pennsylvania German: Baam
Palatine German: Baam
Yiddish: בוים (boym)

Old Norse: baðmr
Icelandic: baðmur
Old Swedish: bagn

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃 (bagms)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰew- (“to grow, swell”).


luftuz

luftuz (nominative singular)
luftiwiz (nominative plural)
luftu (singular vocative)
luftiwiz (plural vocative)
luftų (accusative singular)
luftunz (accusative plural)
luftauz (genitive singular)
luftiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
luftiwi (dative singular)
luftumaz (dative plural)
luftū (instrumental singular)
luftumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *luftu, *lufti
Old English: lyft (< *lufti)
Middle English: luft, lift
English: lift
Scots: luft, lift
Old Frisian: luft, lufte, *loft
Saterland Frisian: Luft
West Frisian: loft
Old Saxon: luft
Middle Low German: lucht
Low German: lucht, luft, Luft
East Frisian Low Saxon: Loft
Plautdietsch:
Volhynian: Lift
→ Saterland Frisian: Lucht
→ Faroese: luft, luktur (“smell”)
→ Norwegian: luft, lukt (“smell”)
→ Swedish: luft, lukt (“smell”)
→ Danish: luft, lugt (“smell”)
Old Dutch: *luft
Middle Dutch: lucht, locht
Dutch: lucht
→ West Frisian: lucht
Old High German: luft; luht (northern)
Middle High German: luft; lucht
German: Luft
→ English: luft
→ Czech: luft
→ Luxembourgish: Loft
→ Kashubian: lëft
→ Polish: luft
→ Silesian: luft
Central Franconian: Luft, Loft, Loff (originally south-eastern); Luucht, Luuch, Luht, Lueht (northern and western, now only for “space”)
Hunsrik: Luft
Luxembourgish: Luucht, Lut
East Central German:
Lusatian: Luffd
Vilamovian: łöft
Pennsylvania German: Luft
Yiddish: לופֿט (luft)

Old Norse: lopt n, loft (< *luftą)
Icelandic: loft
Faroese: loft
Norwegian: loft
Swedish: loft
Danish: luft
→ Old English: loft
Middle English: lofte
Scots: loft, laft
English: loft
→ Irish: lochta, lafta, lofta, lota; lochda (obsolete)

Gothic: 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌿𐍃 (luftus)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *lewp-, *lewb-, *lewbʰ- (“to peel, break off, damage”), from Proto-Indo-European *lew- (“to cut away, remove, prune”).
According to Kroonen (2013, 342), from Proto-Indo-European *lubʰ-tu-. This may be linked to Russian луб (lub, “bast”), Old Prussian lubbo (“bast, plank”) and therefore have an original meaning of "roof".

der

roof of the earth, firmament; heavens, sky


mahtiz

mahtiz (nominative singular)
mahtīz (nominative plural)
mahti (singular vocative)
mahtīz (plural vocative)
mahtį (accusative singular)
mahtinz (accusative plural)
mahtīz (genitive singular)
mahtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mahtī (dative singular)
mahtimaz (dative plural)
mahtī (instrumental singular)
mahtimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mahti, *mahtu
Old English: meaht, meht, mieht, miht
Middle English: miht, might
Scots: micht
English: might
Yola: mought
Old Frisian: mecht, macht
North Frisian: macht
Saterland Frisian: Macht
West Frisian: macht
Old Saxon: maht
Middle Low German: macht
German Low German: Macht
Dutch Low Saxon: macht
Plautdietsch: Macht
→ Norwegian: makt
→ Swedish: makt
→ Danish: magt
→ Gutnish: mäkt
Old Dutch: *maht
Middle Dutch: macht
Dutch: macht
Afrikaans: mag
Limburgish: mach
Old High German: maht
Middle High German: maht, macht
German: Macht
Luxembourgish: Muecht
Yiddish: מאַכט (makht)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: máttr

Icelandic: máttur

Faroese: máttur

Norwegian Nynorsk: mått

→ Scots: maucht

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (mahts)

→ Finnish: mahti

From *maganą + *-þiz, corresponding to Proto-Indo-European *mógʰtis < *megʰ-.


þurpą

þurpą (nominative singular)
þurpō (nominative plural)
þurpą (singular vocative)
þurpō (plural vocative)
þurpą (accusative singular)
þurpō (accusative plural)
þurpas (genitive singular)
þurpis (genitive singular)
þurpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þurpai (dative singular)
þurpamaz (dative plural)
þurpō (instrumental singular)
þurpamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þorp
Old English: þorp, þrop
Middle English: thorp
English: thorp
Old Frisian: thorp, therp
North Frisian: torp, terp, Tarp
East Frisian: terp
Saterland Frisian: Täärp
West Frisian: terp
→ Dutch: terp
Old Saxon: thorp
Middle Low German: dorp
German Low German:
Low Prussian: Dörp, Dorp, Derp
Westphalian:
Münsterland: Duorp
Paderborn: Doärp
Sauerland: Duarp
Plautdietsch: Darp
→ German: -trop
→ West Frisian: doarp
Old Dutch: thorp
Middle Dutch: dorp
Dutch: dorp
Afrikaans: dorp
→ Fanagalo: dorop
→ Sotho: toropo
→ Tswana: toropo
→ Venda: ḓorobo
→ Xhosa: idolophu
→ Zulu: idolobha
Negerhollands: dorp
→ English: dorp
→ Papiamentu: dorp
→ Sranan Tongo: dorpu
Limburgish: dörp
→ Middle Scots: dorp, drop
Scots: dorp
Old High German: thorph, thorf, dorf; thorp (Central German)
Middle High German: dorf, dorp (northern Central German; receding)
Alemannic German: Dorf
Central Franconian: Dörp, Dorp, Dorf
German: Dorf
Luxembourgish: Duerf
Mòcheno: dorf
Vilamovian: diüf
Yiddish: דאָרף (dorf)
→ Vulgar Latin: *tropus, *troppus
Medieval Latin: troppus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: þorp
Icelandic: þorp
Faroese: torpur
Norwegian Bokmål: torp
Norwegian Nynorsk: torp
Old Swedish: þorp
Swedish: torp
Danish: torp
→ Old Northern French: torp

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍀 (þaurp)

From Proto-Indo-European *trab-, *treb- (“room, dwelling, settlement”). Cognate with Latin trabs (“beam, rafter, roof, vessel”), Lithuanian trōbà (“farmhouse”), Welsh tref (“town, home”), Albanian trevë (“country, region, village”).


bebruz

bebruz (nominative singular)
bibriwiz (nominative plural)
bebru (singular vocative)
bibriwiz (plural vocative)
bebrų (accusative singular)
bebrunz (accusative plural)
bebrauz (genitive singular)
bibriwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bibriwi (dative singular)
bebrumaz (dative plural)
bebrū (instrumental singular)
bebrumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bebru
Old English: befer, beofor, byfor, bebr, bebir, beber, befor, beofer, beuer
Middle English: bever, beauver, beever, befer, beofer, beuver, bevere, bevre, bevyr, bevyre, bewer, byvre
English: beaver
Scots: bever, baiver
→ Irish: béabhar
Old Frisian: *bever
North Frisian: biiber (or from German?)
West Frisian: bever
Old Saxon: biƀar, biƀor
Middle Low German: bēver
Low German: Bever
Plautdietsch: Bieba (or from German?)
→ Faroese: bævur
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: bever
Norwegian Nynorsk: bever
→ Old Swedish: bæver
Swedish: bäver
→ Old Danish: biauær
Danish: bæver
→ Icelandic: bifur
→ Elfdalian: bäver
→ Gutnish: bävar
Old Dutch: *bevar
Middle Dutch: bēver
Dutch: bever
Afrikaans: bewer
Limburgish: baever
Old High German: bibar, bibur
Middle High German: biber
German: Biber
→ Luxembourgish: Biber
Hunsrik: Biver
Yiddish: ביבער (biber)
→ Old French: bievre (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: bjórr
Icelandic: bjór
Norwegian Nynorsk: bjor
Elfdalian: biuor
Old Swedish: biūr
Swedish: bjur (obsolete)
Old Danish: biūr, bifær
Danish: byr (obsolete)


fulô

fulô (nominative singular)
fulaniz (nominative plural)
fulô (singular vocative)
fulaniz (plural vocative)
fulanų (accusative singular)
fulanunz (accusative plural)
fuliniz (genitive singular)
fulanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fulini (dative singular)
fulammaz (dative plural)
fulinē (instrumental singular)
fulammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *folō
Old English: fola
Middle English: fole
English: foal
Scots: fole, foill
Old Frisian: fola, folla
West Frisian: fôle, foalle
Saterland Frisian: Foole
Old Saxon: folo
Middle Low German: vōle
German Low German: Fohl
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: Fahle
Old Dutch: *folo
Middle Dutch: vōle
Dutch: vool
Old High German: folo
Middle High German: vole

Old Norse: foli

Icelandic: foli

Faroese: foli

Norwegian: fole

Old Swedish: foli

Swedish: fåle

Old Danish: folæ

Danish: fole

Elfdalian: fuoli

Gothic: 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌰 (fula)

From pre-Germanic *pl̥Hon-, from Proto-Indo-European *pelH-.


dūbǭ

dūbǭ (nominative singular)
dūbōniz (nominative plural)
dūbǭ (singular vocative)
dūbōniz (plural vocative)
dūbōnų (accusative singular)
dūbōnunz (accusative plural)
dūbōniz (genitive singular)
dūbōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dūbōni (dative singular)
dūbōmaz (dative plural)
dūbōnē (instrumental singular)
dūbōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dūbā
Old English: *dūfe
Middle English: douve, dove, duve, dowve, dowe, doufe, douf
English: dove
Scots: doo, dow
Old Frisian: *dūve, *dūe
Saterland Frisian: Dúve
West Frisian: do
Old Saxon: dūva
Middle Low German: dūve
Low German:
German Low German: Duuv
Dutch Low Saxon: duve, doeve
Plautdietsch: Duw, Düw, Duuv, Düüv, Duuw, Düüw, Duv, Düv
→ Estonian: tuvi
Old Dutch: dūva
Middle Dutch: duve
Dutch: duif
Afrikaans: duif
Negerhollands: dufje, difi, diffie
→ Sranan Tongo: doifi
Limburgish: doef
Old High German: tūba; (West Central German) dūva
Middle High German: tūbe, dūve
Bavarian: Taubm, Daum, Taubn
Alemannic German: Tuub, Duub; Duube; Düüwe; Daup; Taub; Tuube; Tube; Tubo
German: Taube
Central Franconian: Duuv, Dauv
Kirchröadsj: Doef
Luxembourgish: Dauf
Rhine Franconian: daup, dǫup
Pennsylvania German: Daub
Swabian: Taub, Daup
Vilamovian: tue, taoj
Yiddish: טויב (toyb)

Old Norse: dúfa

Icelandic: dúfa

Faroese: dúgva, dúva

Norwegian Bokmål: due

Norwegian Nynorsk: due

Old Swedish: dūva

Swedish: duva

Old Danish: dufæ

Danish: due

Scanian: dâwwa

Gothic: *𐌳𐌿𐌱𐍉 (*dubō)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- (“to whisk; smoke; make obscure”). According to Kroonen, derived from Proto-Germanic *dūbaną (“to dive; to sink”).


swīną

swīną (nominative singular)
swīnō (nominative plural)
swīną (singular vocative)
swīnō (plural vocative)
swīną (accusative singular)
swīnō (accusative plural)
swīnas (genitive singular)
swīnis (genitive singular)
swīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swīnai (dative singular)
swīnamaz (dative plural)
swīnō (instrumental singular)
swīnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swīn
Old English: swīn, swȳn
Middle English: swyn, sqwyne, suin, swein, sweyne, swin, swine, swiyn, swyne, swynne, zuin
English: swine
Scots: swine
Old Frisian: swīn
North Frisian: swin
Saterland Frisian: Swien
West Frisian: swyn
Old Saxon: swīn
Middle Low German: swīn
German Low German: Swien, Schwiin
Plautdietsch: Schwien
Old Dutch: *swīn
Middle Dutch: swijn
Dutch: zwijn
Afrikaans: swyn
Limburgish: zwien
Old High German: swīn
Middle High German: swīn
Alemannic German:
Walser: Schwii
Central Franconian: Schwein
Hunsrik: Schwein
Luxembourgish: Schwäin
German: Schwein
Vilamovian: śwajn

Old Norse: svín
Icelandic: svín
Faroese: svín
Norn: svin
Norwegian Nynorsk: svin; (dialectal) svingn
Jamtish: svýn
Old Swedish: svīn
Swedish: svin
Danish: svin
Norwegian Bokmål: svin

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽 (swein)

→ Proto-Samic: *svijnē (see there for further descendants)

From an adjectival neuter form *swiHnom of Proto-Indo-European *suH- (compare Latin suīnus, Proto-Slavic *svinьja, Latvian sivēns).


ēlaz

ēlaz (nominative singular)
ēlōz (nominative plural)
ēlōs (nominative plural)
ēl (singular vocative)
ēlōz (plural vocative)
ēlōs (plural vocative)
ēlą (accusative singular)
ēlanz (accusative plural)
ēlas (genitive singular)
ēlis (genitive singular)
ēlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ēlai (dative singular)
ēlamaz (dative plural)
ēlō (instrumental singular)
ēlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *āl
Old English: ǣl
Middle English: el, eel, ele, hele, iel, yele
English: eel
Scots: eel
Yola: eale
Old Frisian: ēl
Saterland Frisian: Äil
West Frisian: iel
Old Saxon: āl
Middle Low German: âl, êl
German Low German: Aal
Old Dutch: āl, ael (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: ael
Dutch: aal
Afrikaans: aal
Old High German: āl
Middle High German: āl
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Ool
Luxembourgish: Éil
German: Aal
Rhine Franconian: Ool (West Palatine)

Old Norse: áll

Icelandic: áll

Faroese: állur

Norn: ål

Norwegian: ål

Old Swedish: āl

Swedish: ål

Old Danish: āl, aal

Danish: ål

Gutnish: al

Unknown; no known cognates outside Germanic, but an obfuscated substrate origin from a Neolithic language is possible.
Kroonen tentatively compares *ēlō and *alaz (“awl”).


sparwô

sparwô (nominative singular)
sparwaniz (nominative plural)
sparwô (singular vocative)
sparwaniz (plural vocative)
sparwanų (accusative singular)
sparwanunz (accusative plural)
sparwiniz (genitive singular)
sparwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sparwini (dative singular)
sparwammaz (dative plural)
sparwinē (instrumental singular)
sparwammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sparwō
Old English: spearwa
Middle English: sparwe, sparuwe, sparowe, sparewe, speruwe, sparu, sparow
Scots: sparrowe, sparow
English: sparrow
→ Manx: sparroo
Old Saxon: *sparo; *sperling
Middle Low German: sperlink
Old High German: sparo
Middle High German: sparwe, spare, spar
Alemannic German: Spar
⇒ Middle High German: spaz, spatze (diminutive)
Alemannic German: Spatz, Schpatz
Bavarian: Spåtz
German: Spatz
→ Luxembourgish: Spatz
⇒ Old High German: sperilig
Middle High German: sperlinc
German: Sperling
Yiddish: שפּערל (shperl)

Gothic: 𐍃𐍀𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌰 (sparwa)

sparwarī

Proto-Germanic: *sparwarjaz; Proto-West Germanic


kalbaz

kalbaz (nominative singular)
kalbizō (nominative plural)
kalbaz (singular vocative)
kalbizō (plural vocative)
kalbaz (accusative singular)
kalbizō (accusative plural)
kalbiziz (genitive singular)
kalbizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kalbizi (dative singular)
kalbizumaz (dative plural)
kalbizē (instrumental singular)
kalbizumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kalb
Old English: ċealf, cælf
Middle English: calf, chelve, chalf, kelf
Scots: calf, cawf, caff, cauf
English: calf
Yola: callef
Old Frisian: *kalf, *kālch, *kāl
North Frisian: kuulew, kualew
Saterland Frisian: Koolich
West Frisian: keal
Old Saxon: kalf
Middle Low German: kalf
Low German: Kalv, Kalf
Plautdietsch: Kaulf
Old Dutch: calf
Middle Dutch: calf
Dutch: kalf
Limburgish: kalf
Old High German: kalb, chalb, chalp
Middle High German: kalp
Alemannic German: Chalp
Central Franconian: Kallev
Cimbrian: khalp, khalbe (Luserna)
German: Kalb
Luxembourgish: Kallef
Vilamovian: kołp
Yiddish: קאַלב (kalb)

Old Norse: kalfr m
Icelandic: kálfur
Faroese: kálvur
Norn: kvålv
Norwegian Nynorsk: kalv; (dialectal) kæłv, kålv’e, kåv’e
Norwegian Bokmål: kalv
Elfdalian: kåv
Old Swedish: kalver
Swedish: kalv
Danish: kalv
Gutnish: kalv

→ Proto-Samic: *kālpē (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. The connection with Proto-Indo-European *gʷelbʰ- is problematic due to the missing labiovelar in Germanic. However, *gʷl̥bʰus- or the weak stem of *gʷélbʰ-us ~ *gʷl̥bʰ-éws would yield *kulbuz-, from which the variant *kelbuz-, also attested in Germanic, could have been derived analogically as a strong stem, whose influence might explain the missing labialization in *kalbiz-.
Pokorny connects it to Latin galba (“little worm, larva; small person or animal”), itself perhaps of Gaulish origin, and proposes Proto-Indo-European *gel(e)b⁽ʰ⁾- as a labial extension of *gel- (“form into a ball; ball”); compare Old English clyppan (“to hug, embrace; to clasp”) (modern English clasp), German Klafter (“armful, fathom”), Latvian glābt (“to save”), and Latin glaeba (“clod”), globus (“round object”). However, such irregular correspondences between *kalbaz and galba would more likely point to substrate origin.
Has been compared to Mingrelian ქაბლა (kabla), itself of uncertain origin.


swanaz

swanaz (nominative singular)
swanōz (nominative plural)
swanōs (nominative plural)
swan (singular vocative)
swanōz (plural vocative)
swanōs (plural vocative)
swaną (accusative singular)
swananz (accusative plural)
swanas (genitive singular)
swanis (genitive singular)
swanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swanai (dative singular)
swanamaz (dative plural)
swanō (instrumental singular)
swanamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swan
Old English: swan, swon
Middle English: swan
Scots: swan
English: swan
Old Frisian: *swan
Saterland Frisian: Swoan, Swonne, Swoon
West Frisian: swan
Old Saxon: swan
Middle Low German: swan, swane
Low German: Swaan, Swoon, swan, swane
Plautdietsch: Schwon
→ Norwegian: svane
→ Danish: svane
Old Dutch: *swan
Middle Dutch: swan, swāne
Dutch: zwaan
Afrikaans: swaan
Limburgish: zwaan
Old High German: swan
Middle High German: swan
German: Schwan
→ Lower Sorbian: šwon
→ Luxembourgish: Schwan
Hunsrik: Schwaan
Luxembourgish: Schwunn (archaic)
Yiddish: שוואַן (shvan)

Old Norse: svanr

Icelandic: svanur

Faroese: svanur

Norwegian: svane

Old Swedish: svan

Swedish: svan

Danish: svane

From Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound, resound”). More at *swin-.


lahsaz

lahsaz (nominative singular)
lahsōz (nominative plural)
lahsōs (nominative plural)
lahs (singular vocative)
lahsōz (plural vocative)
lahsōs (plural vocative)
lahsą (accusative singular)
lahsanz (accusative plural)
lahsas (genitive singular)
lahsis (genitive singular)
lahsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lahsai (dative singular)
lahsamaz (dative plural)
lahsō (instrumental singular)
lahsamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lahs
Old English: leax
Middle English: lax
Scots: lax
English: lax
Old Saxon: lahs
Middle Low German: las
Old Dutch: *lahs
Middle Dutch: lachs, lasche, lacks, lack
Dutch: las
Old High German: lahs
Middle High German: lahs
German: Lachs
→ German Low German: Lachs
→ Saterland Frisian: Lachs
Yiddish: לאַקס (laks)
→ English: lox

Old Norse: lax
Icelandic: lax
Faroese: laksur
Norn: laks
Elfdalian: laks
Norwegian Nynorsk: laks
Norwegian Bokmål: laks
Old Swedish: lax
Swedish: lax
Old Danish: lax
Danish: laks
Gutnish: lax

From Pre-Germanic *laḱsos, from Proto-Indo-European *laḱs- (“salmon, trout”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *lososь, Ossetian лӕсӕг (læsæg, “salmon”), Tocharian B laks (“fish”). See lax and Latvian lasis for further non-Germanic cognates.