rīkijaz

*rīkijaz (ja-stem)

rīkijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
rīkijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
rīkijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
rīkijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
rīkiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
rīkijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
rīkijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
rīkijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
rīkijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
rīkijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
rīkiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
rīkijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
rīkijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
rīkijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
rīkijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
rīkijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
rīkijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
rīkijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
rīkijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
rīkijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
rīkijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
rīkijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
rīkijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
rīkijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
rīkijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
rīkijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
rīkijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
rīkijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
rīkijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
rīkijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
rīkijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
rīkijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
rīkijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
rīkijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
rīkijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
rīkijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
rīkijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
rīkijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
rīkijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
rīkijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
rīkijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
rīkijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
rīkīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
rīkijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
rīkijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
rīkijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
rīkīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
rīkijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
rīkīni (dative masculine singular weak)
rīkijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
rīkijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
rīkijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
rīkīni (dative neuter singular weak)
rīkijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
rīkīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
rīkijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
rīkijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
rīkijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
rīkīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
rīkijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *rīkī
Old English: rīċe
Middle English: riche, rech, reche, rich, ruche, rych, ryche; reke, rik, rike (Northern); rice (Early Middle English)
English: rich
Scots: rich
Yola: reeche
Old Frisian: rīke
North Frisian: rijck
Saterland Frisian: riek
West Frisian: ryk
Old Saxon: rīki
Middle Low German: rîk, rîke, rîch
German Low German: riek
Low German: rik, rike
Plautdietsch: rikj
Old Dutch: rīki
Middle Dutch: rike
Dutch: rijk
Afrikaans: ryk
Limburgish: riek
Old High German: rīhhi
Middle High German: rīche
Alemannic German: riich
Central Franconian: rich, riech, reich
Luxembourgish: räich
German: reich
Yiddish: רײַך (raykh)
→ Italian: ricco
→ Sicilian: riccu
→ Vulgar Latin: *rīcius, *rīcus
Old French: riche (see there for further descendants)
Old Occitan: ric (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Norse: *ᚱᛁᚲᛁᚨᛉ (*rikiaʀ)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛁᚹᚨᚱᛁᚲᛁᚨᛉ (*aiwarikiaʀ)

Old Norse: ríkr

Icelandic: ríkur

Faroese: ríkur

Norwegian: rik

Old Swedish: rīker

Swedish: rik

Danish: rig

Elfdalian: raik

Gutnish: reikar, reikur

→ Middle English: rike

Scots: rik

English: rike

Gothic: 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃 (reikeis)

→ Vulgar Latin: *riccus

Friulian: ric

Italian: ricco

Sicilian: riccu

Venetian: rico

Occitan: ric

Catalan: ric

Spanish: rico

Portuguese: rico

→ Proto-Finnic: *rik'as (see there for further descendants)

→ Lithuanian: rikis


wurdą

wurdą (nominative singular)
wurdō (nominative plural)
wurdą (singular vocative)
wurdō (plural vocative)
wurdą (accusative singular)
wurdō (accusative plural)
wurdas (genitive singular)
wurdis (genitive singular)
wurdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wurdai (dative singular)
wurdamaz (dative plural)
wurdō (instrumental singular)
wurdamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *word
Old English: word
Middle English: word, wurd, weord
Scots: wird, wourd
English: word
Old Frisian: word, werd, wird
North Frisian:
Föhr: wurd
Helgoland: Wür
Mooring: uurd
Saterland Frisian: Woud, Wud (Strukelje)
West Frisian: wurd
Old Saxon: word
Middle Low German: wort
German Low German: Woord
Old Dutch: wort
Middle Dutch: wort
Dutch: woord
Afrikaans: woord
Limburgish: waord
Old High German: wort
Middle High German: wort
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Wort
Italian Walser: wort, wourd, wuart, wòrt, wört
Swabian: Wort
Bavarian: Wort, Wurt
Cimbrian: bóart, bort (Luserna, Tredici Comuni)
Mòcheno: bourt
Udinese: boart, bort, bört
Central Franconian: Woot, Wort (Moselle Franconian; some dialects of Ripuarian)
Hunsrik: Wort
German: Wort
Luxembourgish: Wuert
Vilamovian: wiüt
Yiddish: וואָרט (vort)

Old Norse: orð
Icelandic: orð
Faroese: orð
Norwegian Nynorsk: ord
Norwegian Bokmål: ord
Elfdalian: uord
Old Swedish: orþ, ordh
Swedish: ord
Old Danish: orth
Danish: ord
Scanian: orð
Old Gutnish: orþ
Gutnish: ård

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳 (waurd)


karō

karō (nominative singular)
karôz (nominative plural)
karō (singular vocative)
karôz (plural vocative)
karǭ (accusative singular)
karōz (accusative plural)
karōz (genitive singular)
karǫ̂ (genitive plural)
karōi (dative singular)
karōmaz (dative plural)
karō (instrumental singular)
karōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *karu
Old English: caru, ċearu
Middle English: care
Scots: care, cair
English: care
Old Frisian: kara
Old Saxon: kara
Old Dutch: *cara
Middle Dutch: cāre
Old High German: chara, kara
Middle High German: kar
⇒ Middle High German: karvrītac (“Good Friday”)
Cimbrian: Kalbraitag
German: Karfreitag
Luxembourgish: Karfreideg
⇒ Cimbrian: kartag

Old Norse: kǫr

Icelandic: kör

Norwegian: kor

Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰 (kara)

From Pre-Germanic *ǵh̥₂reh₂ or *ǵeh₂réh₂, *ǵoh₂réh₂ with pretonic shortening, according to Kroonen; from Proto-Indo-European *ǵeh₂r- (“voice, exclamation”). Cognate with Latin garriō (“to prate, chatter”), Ancient Greek γῆρυς (gêrus, “voice, call, sound”).


karō

Old High German: *kara, *chara

⇒ Old High German: ubarkara, ubarchara

⇒ Old Norse: *kara

desc

⇒ Icelandic: kar n (“dirt, filth, waste litter”)

Norwegian: kara, karra (“to scrape, sweep”)

From Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to scrape”).


rūmōniz

rūmōniz (nominative singular)
rūmōnīz (nominative plural)
rūmōni (singular vocative)
rūmōnīz (plural vocative)
rūmōnį (accusative singular)
rūmōninz (accusative plural)
rūmōnīz (genitive singular)
rūmōnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rūmōnī (dative singular)
rūmōnimaz (dative plural)
rūmōnī (instrumental singular)
rūmōnimiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐍃 (rūmōns)

Back-formed from the plural *Rūmōnīz, from Latin Rōmānī, itself the plural of Rōmānus.
At the time of borrowing, *ō was still pronounced as a more open vowel ā, probably /ɒː/. Since Proto-Germanic did not possess a long *ō at that time, the closest vowel to the Latin ō was Proto-Germanic *ū. Therefore, the word was probably borrowed from Latin as *Rūmānīz. At that time, Proto-Germanic had not yet completed the full shift from ā to ō, since the shift affected this loanword as well when it did occur, changing *Rūmānīz to *Rūmōnīz. This provides evidence that the shift occurred around or shortly after the first contact between Romans and Germanic tribes, which cannot have been later than the Battle of Noreia in 112 BCE.


Rīnaz

Rīnaz (nominative singular)
Rīnanz (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Rīn
Old English: Rīn
English: Rhine
Old Dutch: *Rīn
Middle Dutch: Rijn
Dutch: Rijn, Rhijn
Afrikaans: Ryn
Limburgish: Rien
Old High German: Rīn
Middle High German: Rīn
Alemannic German: Rhy
Swabian: Rhãẽ
Central Franconian: Rheng, Rhing, Rhien, Rhein
Luxembourgish: Rhäin
German: Rhein
Rhine Franconian: Rhoi, Rhei, Rhein, Rhien

Old Norse: Rín

Icelandic: Rín

Faroese: Rín

Norwegian: Rhinen

Swedish: Rhen (based on the Ancient Greek word, displaced the native word, which would have been R(h)in)

Danish: Rhinen

Borrowed from Gaulish *Rēnos, from Proto-Celtic *rēnos (“river, waterway”).


Rūmō

Rūmō (nominative singular)
Rūmō (singular vocative)
Rūmō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Rūmu
Old English: Rōm, Rūm
Middle English: Rome
English: Rome
Scots: Roum, Rome
Old Frisian: Rūme
Old Saxon: Rūma
Middle Low German: Rōme, Rōm
Dutch Low Saxon: Rome
Old Dutch: *Rōma
Middle Dutch: rōme
Dutch: Rome
Afrikaans: Rome
Limburgish: Roeme
Old High German: Rūma, Rōma
Middle High German: Rōme
German: Rom
Luxembourgish: Roum
Yiddish: רוים (roym)

Old Norse: Rúm

Icelandic: Róm

Faroese: Róm

⇒ Old Norse: Rúmaborg (+ *burgz)

Icelandic: Rómaborg, Rúmaborg

Gothic: 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰 (rūma)

→ Proto-Slavic: *Rimъ (likely from a Germanic language)

From Latin Rōma, possibly through Proto-Celtic *Rūmā.


walhiskaz

*walhiskaz (a-stem)

walhiskaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
walhiskai (masculine nominative plural strong)
walhiskō (feminine nominative singular strong)
walhiskôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
walhiską (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
walhiskō (neuter nominative plural strong)
walhiskanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
walhiskanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
walhiskǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
walhiskōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
walhiską (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
walhiskō (accusative neuter plural strong)
walhiskas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
walhiskaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
walhiskaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
walhiskaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
walhiskas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
walhiskaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
walhiskammai (dative masculine singular strong)
walhiskaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
walhiskaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
walhiskaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
walhiskammai (dative neuter singular strong)
walhiskaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
walhiskanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
walhiskaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
walhiskaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
walhiskaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
walhiskanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
walhiskaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
walhiskô (masculine nominative singular weak)
walhiskaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
walhiskǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
walhiskōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
walhiskô (neuter nominative singular weak)
walhiskōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
walhiskanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
walhiskanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
walhiskōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
walhiskōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
walhiskô (accusative neuter singular weak)
walhiskōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
walhiskiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
walhiskanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
walhiskōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
walhiskōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
walhiskiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
walhiskanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
walhiskini (dative masculine singular weak)
walhiskammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
walhiskōni (dative feminine singular weak)
walhiskōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
walhiskini (dative neuter singular weak)
walhiskammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
walhiskinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
walhiskammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
walhiskōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
walhiskōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
walhiskinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
walhiskammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *walhisk
Old English: wǣlisċ, wēlisċ, wīlisċ, wȳlisċ, wīelisċ
Middle English: Walsch, Welische
Scots: Welsche, Welch
English: Welsh, Welch
→ Dutch: Wels
Old Dutch: *walisc
Middle Dutch: walsch, *wāalsch
Dutch: waals, Waals
Old High German: walask, walahisk, welisk
Middle High German: welisc
Alemannic German:
Italian Walser: wälsch, wailsch, walts, wältsch
Bavarian:
Mòcheno: balsch
Cimbrian: bèllos, belisch, belesch
German: welsch
Yiddish: וועליש (velish)
→ English: Vellish
→ Old French: gualeis, walois
Middle French: gaulois
French: gaulois

Old Norse: valskr
Icelandic: valskur
Norwegian Nynorsk: valsk, velsk (Possibly from Middle Low German)
Old Swedish: valsker
Swedish: välsk
Danish: vælsk (Possibly from Middle Low German)
Norwegian Bokmål: velsk

From *walhaz + *-iskaz. Compare Proto-Slavic *volšьskъ (“Roman”).

foreign, non-Germanic (Celtic, later also Roman)


warjaz

warjaz (nominative singular)
warjōz (nominative plural)
warjōs (nominative plural)
wari (singular vocative)
warjōz (plural vocative)
warjōs (plural vocative)
warją (accusative singular)
warjanz (accusative plural)
warjas (genitive singular)
waris (genitive singular)
warjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
warjai (dative singular)
warjamaz (dative plural)
warjō (instrumental singular)
warjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-wari
Old English: -ware
Middle English: -ere
Scots: -ar, -er
English: -er
Old Frisian: -ere
Saterland Frisian: -er
West Frisian: -er
Old Saxon: *-āri
Middle Low German: -ære, -er
German Low German: -er
→ Old Norse: -ari
Faroese: -ari
Old Swedish: -are
Swedish: -are
Old Dutch: *-āri
Middle Dutch: -ere
Dutch: -er
Old High German: -āri, -eri, -wari
Middle High German: -āre, -ære, -er
German: -er

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (*warjaʀ)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᛚᚨᛞᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (ladawarijaʀ)

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᛒᛁᛞᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (bidawarijaʀ)

ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (stainawarijaʀ)

Old Norse: Steinarr

Old Norse: -verr, -verjar, -verir, (in given names) -arr

Icelandic: -verji

Faroese: -verji

Norwegian Nynorsk: -ver, -vær (lomvær, vikvær, skjåkvær, øyvær), ⇒ -væring (lofotværing, ofotværing, senjaværing, saltværing, altaværing, ranværing)

→ Latin: -variī (in ancient Germanic tribal names)

Derived from *warjaną (“to hinder, defend”).


mainą

mainą (nominative singular)
mainō (nominative plural)
mainą (singular vocative)
mainō (plural vocative)
mainą (accusative singular)
mainō (accusative plural)
mainas (genitive singular)
mainis (genitive singular)
mainǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mainai (dative singular)
mainamaz (dative plural)
mainō (instrumental singular)
mainamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: mān; mānāþ (compounded with *aiþaz); mānswerian

Middle English: man, mon; manað, mon-oð; mansweren

English: manswear

Scots: mansweir

Old Frisian: mēn; *mēnēth (compounded with *aiþaz)

Saterland Frisian: Meeneed

West Frisian: meineed

Old Saxon: mēn; mēnēth (compounded with *aiþaz)

Middle Low German: mênêde, meinnêt

German Low German: Meeneed

Old Dutch: *mēn, *mein; *mēnēth (compounded with *aiþaz)

Middle Dutch: mên, mein; meynede, meeneet

Dutch: meineed

Old High German: mein; meineid (compounded with *aiþaz)

Middle High German: mein; meineit

German: Meineid

desctree

Old Norse: mein
Icelandic: mein
Faroese: mein
Norwegian Nynorsk: mein
→ Norwegian Bokmål: mein
Old Swedish: mēn
Swedish: men
Danish: men
Norwegian Bokmål: men

→ Proto-Samic: *mājnē (see there for further descendants)

From the same ultimate source as *mainijaną (“to think, mean”), evolved from an earlier sense of "false oath."


mainaz

*mainaz (a-stem)

mainaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
mainai (masculine nominative plural strong)
mainō (feminine nominative singular strong)
mainôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
mainą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
mainō (neuter nominative plural strong)
mainanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
mainanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
mainǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
mainōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
mainą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
mainō (accusative neuter plural strong)
mainas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
mainaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
mainaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
mainaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
mainas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
mainaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
mainammai (dative masculine singular strong)
mainaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
mainaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
mainaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
mainammai (dative neuter singular strong)
mainaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
mainanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
mainaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
mainaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
mainaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
mainanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
mainaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
mainô (masculine nominative singular weak)
mainaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
mainǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
mainōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
mainô (neuter nominative singular weak)
mainōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
mainanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
mainanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
mainōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
mainōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
mainô (accusative neuter singular weak)
mainōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
maininiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
mainanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
mainōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
mainōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
maininiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
mainanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
mainini (dative masculine singular weak)
mainammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
mainōni (dative feminine singular weak)
mainōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
mainini (dative neuter singular weak)
mainammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
maininē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
mainammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
mainōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
mainōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
maininē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
mainammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *main

Old English: mān

Middle English: man, mon, mone; (mene)

(English: mean)

(Scots: mene, mein)

Old Frisian: mēn

Saterland Frisian: meen; (gemeen)

West Frisian: mien; (gemien)

Old Saxon: *mēn

Middle Low German: mên, mein; (gemêne, gemeine)

(German Low German: gemeen)

Old Dutch: *mēn

Middle Dutch: meen, mein; (gemeene)

(Dutch: gemeen)

(Afrikaans: gemeen)

Old High German: mein

Middle High German: mein, meine; (gemein)

German: mein (arhcaic); (gemein)

Old Norse: meinn

Icelandic: meinn

Faroese: meinur

Norwegian Nynorsk: mein, mein-

From Proto-Indo-European *meh₂y-, which could be reduced from *meh₂- (“to beckon”) + *-yeti. See also Latin maereo (“I am mournful”), Sanskrit मेनि (meni, “wrath, punishment”), Proto-Slavic *mamiti (“to deceive”).


waikwijaną

waikwijō (active first-person indicative singular)
waikwijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waikwijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
waikwīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
waikwijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waikwī (active imperative second-person singular)
waikwijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
waikwijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
waikwīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
waikwijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waikwijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
waikwijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
waikwijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
waikwijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
waikwijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waikwijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waikwijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waikwijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
waikwijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
waikwijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waikwijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
waikwijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
waikwīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
waikwijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waikwīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
waikwijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
waikwijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
waikwijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
waikwijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waikwijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
waikwijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
waikwijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
waikwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
waikwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waikwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
waikwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waikwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
waikwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waikwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
waikwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waikwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waikwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waikwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
waikwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waikwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
waikwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waikwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
waikwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waikwijandz (active participle present)
waikwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *waikwijan
Old English: wǣcan
Old Frisian: wēka
Old Saxon: *wēkian
Middle Low German: weiken
Old Dutch: wēken
Middle Dutch: wēken, weiken
Dutch: weken
Afrikaans: week
Limburgish: weike
Old High German: weihhen
Middle High German: weichen
Cimbrian: bòochan
German: weichen
Luxembourgish: weechen
→ Old French: avachir
Middle French: avachir
French: avachir

Old Norse: veikja

Icelandic: veikja

Faroese: veikja

Old Swedish: vēkia

From *waikwaz (“weak”) + *-janą or *wīkwaną (“to yield, to fold”) + *-janą, which would make the original sense of this word 'to cause to yield'.


wadą

wadą (nominative singular)
wadō (nominative plural)
wadą (singular vocative)
wadō (plural vocative)
wadą (accusative singular)
wadō (accusative plural)
wadas (genitive singular)
wadis (genitive singular)
wadǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wadai (dative singular)
wadamaz (dative plural)
wadō (instrumental singular)
wadamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wæd, wæþ

Scots: wath

English: wath

Old Frisian: *wed

West Frisian: waad, wâd

Old Saxon: *wad

Middle Low German: wat

→ German: Watt

Frankish: *wad

Old Dutch: wad (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: wat

Dutch: wad

q

possibly confused with <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">vadum</i>

→ Vulgar Latin: *uadam (possibly confused with vadum)

Old French: gué

Middle French: gué

French: gué

Occitan: ga, guá

Italian: guado

desctree

Old High German: wat
Middle High German: *wat, *wate (perhaps)
German: Wate f (dialectal; may also be deverbal)

Old Norse: vað

Icelandic: vað

Faroese: vað

Norwegian: vad

Old Swedish: vaþ

Swedish: vad

Danish: vad

→ Middle English: wath, wathe, weth (mostly in placenames, in part)

Scots: wath

English: wath

From Proto-Indo-European *wadʰom, *wh₂dʰóm, from *weh₂dʰ-. Cognate with Latin vadum (“ford”).


wagnaz

wagnaz (nominative singular)
wagnōz (nominative plural)
wagnōs (nominative plural)
wagn (singular vocative)
wagnōz (plural vocative)
wagnōs (plural vocative)
wagną (accusative singular)
wagnanz (accusative plural)
wagnas (genitive singular)
wagnis (genitive singular)
wagnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wagnai (dative singular)
wagnamaz (dative plural)
wagnō (instrumental singular)
wagnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wagn
Old English: wæġn, wæġen, wǣn
Middle English: wayn, wain, wein, weyne, weine, wayne, wayen, wene, wen, waȝȝn, waynne, wane
English: wain
Scots: wain, wayn, wane
Old Frisian: wain, wein
North Frisian: wajen
Saterland Frisian: Woain
West Frisian: wein
Old Saxon: wagan
Middle Low German: wagen
Low German: Wagen
Old Dutch: *wagan
Middle Dutch: wagen
Dutch: wagen
Afrikaans: wa
Jersey Dutch: wâxe
→ Lokono: wagen
→ Sranan Tongo: wagi
→ Aukan: wagi
→ Caribbean Javanese: wagé
→ Saramaccan: wági
Limburgish: wage
Old High German: wagan
Middle High German: wagen
German: Wagen
Central Franconian: Woon
Hunsrik: Waan
Luxembourgish: Won
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: baago
Yiddish: וואָגן (vogn)

Old Norse: vagn

Faroese: vagnur

Icelandic: vagn

Norwegian: vogn

Old Swedish: vaghn
Swedish: vagn
→ Finnish: vaunu

Danish: vogn
→ Faroese: vognur

Crimean Gothic: waghen

→? Proto-Finnic: *vatnas (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *wóǵʰnos, from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ-.


wēdiz

wēdiz (nominative singular)
wēdīz (nominative plural)
wēdi (singular vocative)
wēdīz (plural vocative)
wēdį (accusative singular)
wēdinz (accusative plural)
wēdīz (genitive singular)
wēdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wēdī (dative singular)
wēdimaz (dative plural)
wēdī (instrumental singular)
wēdimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wǣd

Scots: weed, weid

English: weed, weeds

Old Frisian: wēd, wēde

Old Saxon: wād

Old Dutch: *wāt

Dutch: gewaad, watten

Old High German: wāt

German: Wat, Watte

Old Norse: váð
Icelandic: voð
Faroese: váð
Old Swedish: vāþ
Swedish: våd
→ English: wad
⇒ Old Norse: váðmál, vaðmál (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finnic: *vaat'ëk (< NW *wādiz)

Finnish: vaate

Ingrian: vaate

Presumedly the vṛddhi gerundive of *wedaną (“to join, bind, tie”) via an unattested adjective *wēdiz (“bound, joint, tied, sewn together”).


wēnijaną

wēnijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wēnijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wēnijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wēnīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wēnijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wēnī (active imperative second-person singular)
wēnijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wēnijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wēnīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wēnijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wēnijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wēnijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wēnijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wēnijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wēnijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wēnijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wēnijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wēnijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wēnijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wēnijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wēnijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wēnijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wēnīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wēnijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wēnīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wēnijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wēnijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wēnijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wēnijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wēnijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wēnijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wēnijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wēnidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wēnidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wēnidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wēnidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wēnidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wēnidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wēnidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wēnidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wēnidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wēnidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wēnidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wēnidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wēnidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wēnidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wēnidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wēnidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wēnijandz (active participle present)
wēnidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wānijan
Old English: wǣnan, wēnan
Middle English: wenen
Scots: wen, wene, ween
English: ween
Old Frisian: wēna
Old Saxon: wānian
Middle Low German: wânen
Old Dutch: wānen
Middle Dutch: wânen
Dutch: wanen
Old High German: wānen
Middle High German: wænen
German: wähnen

Old Norse: væna

Icelandic: væna, í vændum

Faroese: væna

Old Swedish: vǣna

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wēnjan)

From *wēniz (“hope, expectation”) + *-janą.


wībą

wībą (nominative singular)
wībō (nominative plural)
wībą (singular vocative)
wībō (plural vocative)
wībą (accusative singular)
wībō (accusative plural)
wības (genitive singular)
wībis (genitive singular)
wībǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wībai (dative singular)
wībamaz (dative plural)
wībō (instrumental singular)
wībamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wīb
Old English: wīf
Middle English: wif, wyf
English: wife
Sranan Tongo: wefi
→ Japanese: ワイフ (waifu)
→ English: waifu
Scots: wife
Old Frisian: wīf
North Frisian: wüf
Saterland Frisian: Wieuw
West Frisian: wiif, wyf
Old Saxon: wīf
Middle Low German: wîf
German Low German: Wiev
Low German: Wief
Old Dutch: wīf
Middle Dutch: wijf
Dutch: wijf
Afrikaans: wyf
Sranan Tongo: wefi
Old High German: wīb
Middle High German: wīp; (northwestern) wīf
Alemannic German:
Italian Walser: wib
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: baip, baibe (Luserna)
Mòcheno: baib
Udinese: baip, baib
Central Franconian: Wiev, Wivv, Weiv
German: Weib
Yiddish: ווײַב (vayb)

Old Norse: víf
Icelandic: víf
Faroese: vív
Norwegian Nynorsk: viv
Norwegian Bokmål: viv m or n
Old Swedish: vīf
Swedish: viv, vif (pre-1906 spelling)
Danish: viv

Unknown, with a number of disputed suggestions. One suggestion connects Tocharian A/B kip/kwīpe (“genitals, female pudenda”) (perhaps also Albanian cipë (“sense of shame, membrane”)), for a hypothetical Proto-Indo-European *gʰwíbʰ- (“pudenda”).
Another suggestion connects Old English wǣfan (“wrap, clothe”), Old Norse vífa (“wrap, veil”) for a suggested original motive of "married woman wearing a scarf".
Yet another suggestion connects Old High German weibon (“move to and fro”), Old Norse veifa (“swing, throw”), for a motive of "one who is moving busily; housekeeper, maidservant" (c.f. German Weibel (“manservant, usher”)).


wīsaz

*wīsaz (a-stem)

wīsaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wīsai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wīsō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wīsôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wīsą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wīsō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wīsanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wīsanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wīsǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wīsōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wīsą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wīsō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wīsas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wīsaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wīsaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wīsaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wīsas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wīsaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wīsammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wīsaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wīsaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wīsaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wīsammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wīsaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wīsanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wīsaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wīsaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wīsaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wīsanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wīsaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wīsô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wīsaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wīsǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wīsōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wīsô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wīsōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wīsanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wīsanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wīsōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wīsōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wīsô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wīsōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wīsiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wīsanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wīsōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wīsōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wīsiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wīsanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wīsini (dative masculine singular weak)
wīsammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wīsōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wīsōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wīsini (dative neuter singular weak)
wīsammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wīsinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wīsammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wīsōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wīsōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wīsinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wīsammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Old English: wīs
Middle English: wis, wys
Scots: wis, wise
English: wise
⇒ English: wizard

Old Frisian: wīs

Saterland Frisian: wies

West Frisian: wys, wiis

Old Saxon: wīs
Middle Low German: wīs
Low German:
German Low German: wies
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: wuise, wuis
Sauerländisch: weyse, wüse, wīse, wuise
Westmünsterländisch: wiese
Plautdietsch: weis

Old Dutch: wīs
Middle Dutch: wijs

Old High German: wīs
Middle High German: wīse
German: weise
⇒ Old High German: wīsi

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᛁᛊᚨᛉ (*wīsaʀ)

Old Norse: víss

Icelandic: vís

Faroese: vísur

Norwegian: vis

Old Swedish: vīs

Swedish: vis

Danish: vis

→ Proto-Finnic: *viisas

Finnish: viisas

→ Proto-Samic: *vijsēs

Northern Sami: viissis

Southern Sami: vijsies

Gothic: *𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 (*weis)

Vandalic: *wīsa- (in personal names)

From Proto-Indo-European *weydtos (“knowledgeable”), from *weyd-.


arô

arô (nominative singular)
arniz (nominative plural)
arô (singular vocative)
arniz (plural vocative)
arnų (accusative singular)
arnunz (accusative plural)
arniz (genitive singular)
arnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arni (dative singular)
arnumaz (dative plural)
arnē (instrumental singular)
arnumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *arō, *arn
Old English: earn
Middle English: ern, arn, aryn, eerne, eren, erne, eron; ærn, earn (Early Middle English)
English: erne
Scots: earn, ern, erne
Old Frisian: *ern
North Frisian: earn, iarn
West Frisian: earn
Old Saxon: aro, *arn, *aran
Middle Low German: ārn, arne, arnt, arndt, aren, ārent
Low German: Aar, Arend
Old Dutch: *aro, *aran
Middle Dutch: āer, āren
Dutch: aar, arend
Old High German: aro, arn, arin
Middle High German: are, ar
German: Aar (poetic)

Old Norse: ari, ǫrn
Icelandic: örn
Faroese: ørn
Norwegian Nynorsk: ørn
Elfdalian: örn
Old Swedish: ørn
Swedish: örn
Old Danish: ørn
Danish: ørn
Norwegian Bokmål: ørn
Scanian: ǫrn
Gutnish: ann, örn

Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌰 (ara)


wahsą

wahsą (nominative singular)
wahsō (nominative plural)
wahsą (singular vocative)
wahsō (plural vocative)
wahsą (accusative singular)
wahsō (accusative plural)
wahsas (genitive singular)
wahsis (genitive singular)
wahsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wahsai (dative singular)
wahsamaz (dative plural)
wahsō (instrumental singular)
wahsamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: weax, wæx, wex
Middle English: wax, vax, vex, waxe, waxs, wex, wexe, wexs
English: wax
Scots: wax

Old Frisian: wax

Saterland Frisian: Woaks

West Frisian: waaks, waachs

Old Saxon: wahs

Middle Low German: was

German Low German: Wass

Old Dutch: wahs

Middle Dutch: was

Dutch: was

Afrikaans: was

Old High German: wahs
Middle High German: wahs
Cimbrian: baks
German: Wachs
→ Russian: вакса (vaksa)
→ Armenian: վաքս (vakʻs), վակս (vaks)
→ Persian: واکس (vâks)
Luxembourgish: Wuess
Yiddish: וואַקס (vaks)

Old Norse: vax

Icelandic: vax

Faroese: vaks

Norwegian: voks

Old Swedish: vax

Swedish: vax

Old Danish: wax, wox

Danish: voks

Elfdalian: waks

Gutnish: vax

→ Proto-Finnic: *vaha (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *wáśkan (“wax”), according to Pokorny, both from Proto-Indo-European *wokso, *wos-ko- (“wax”). However, compare Latin velum (“sailcloth”) and Dutch wiek (“windmill sail”), from *weg- (“to weave”). It could instead be from a pre-Indo-European substrate.


waikwaz

*waikwaz (a-stem)

waikwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
waikwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
waikwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
waikwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
waikwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
waikwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
waikwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
waikwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
waikwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
waikwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
waikwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
waikwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
waikwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
waikwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
waikwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
waikwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
waikwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
waikwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
waikwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
waikwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
waikwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
waikwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
waikwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
waikwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
waikwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
waikwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
waikwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
waikwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
waikwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
waikwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
waikwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
waikwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
waikwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
waikwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
waikwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
waikwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
waikwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
waikwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
waikwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
waikwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
waikwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
waikwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
waikwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
waikwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
waikwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
waikwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
waikwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
waikwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
waikwini (dative masculine singular weak)
waikwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
waikwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
waikwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
waikwini (dative neuter singular weak)
waikwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
waikwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
waikwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
waikwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
waikwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
waikwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
waikwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *waikw
Old English: wāc
Middle English: wac, wake, woc, woke
Scots: wak, wake, waik (conflated with Norse borrowings)
Old Frisian: wāk
Saterland Frisian: wook
West Frisian: weak
Old Saxon: wēk
Middle Low German: wêk
Low German: week
Old Dutch: wēk (in derivatives)
Middle Dutch: wêec
Dutch: week
Old High German: weih
Middle High German: weich
German: weich
Hunsrik: weuch
Luxembourgish: weech
Yiddish: ווייך (veykh)

Old Norse: veykr, veikr

Icelandic: veikur

Faroese: veikur

Norn: vek

Norwegian Bokmål: veik

Norwegian Nynorsk: veik

Old Swedish: vēker

Swedish: vek

Danish: veg

Gutnish: vaik

→ Middle English: weik, waik

English: weak

Scots: wak, wake, waik (conflated with native forms)

→ Proto-Finnic: *vaikka (“quiet”) (see there for further descendants)

From *wīkwaną (“to yield, buckle, fold”).


wēniz

wēniz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wēnijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wēnī (feminine nominative singular strong)
wēnijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wēnį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wēnijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wēnijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wēnijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wēnijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wēnijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wēnį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wēnijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wēnijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
wēnīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
wēnijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wēnijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wēnijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wēnijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
wēnīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
wēnijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wēnijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wēnijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wēnijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wēnijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wēnijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wēnijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wēnijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wēnijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wēnijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wēnijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wēnijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wēnijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wēnijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wēnijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wēnijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wēnijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wēnijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wēnijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wēnijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wēnijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wēnijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wēnijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wēnijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wēnijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wēnīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wēnijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wēnijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wēnijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wēnīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wēnijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wēnīni (dative masculine singular weak)
wēnijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wēnijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wēnijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wēnīni (dative neuter singular weak)
wēnijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wēnīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wēnijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wēnijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wēnijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wēnīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wēnijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *wānī

Old English: *wēne

⇒ Old English: ġewēne

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *anawānī

Old Saxon: anawāni

Old High German: anawāni

Old Norse: vænn
Icelandic: vænn
Faroese: vænur
Norwegian Nynorsk: væn, ven; (dialectal) vén’e
Swedish: vän
Danish: væn
Norwegian Bokmål: ven

Possible vṛddhi gerundive of unattested *wenaną (“to be accustomed to, expect”), from Proto-Indo-European *wénh₁-e-ti, from *wenh₁- (“to love”).


wēniz

wēniz (nominative singular)
wēnīz (nominative plural)
wēni (singular vocative)
wēnīz (plural vocative)
wēnį (accusative singular)
wēninz (accusative plural)
wēnīz (genitive singular)
wēnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wēnī (dative singular)
wēnimaz (dative plural)
wēnī (instrumental singular)
wēnimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wāni
Old English: wēn
Middle English: wene, wen
English: ween
Scots: wen, wene
Old Frisian: wēn
Old Saxon: wān
Old Dutch: wān
Middle Dutch: wâen
Dutch: waan
Afrikaans: waan
Limburgish: waan
Old High German: wān
Middle High German: wān
German: Wahn
Luxembourgish: Woun

Old Norse: ván, vǫ́n, vón, ón
Icelandic: von
Faroese: vón
Norwegian: von
Old Swedish: vān
Old Danish: wān
→ Middle English: iwon, wane, wone
English: wone

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌽𐍃 (wēns)


jazjaną

jazjō (active first-person indicative singular)
jazjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
jazjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
jazisi (active indicative second-person singular)
jazjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
jazi (active imperative second-person singular)
jazjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
jazjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
jaziþi (active indicative singular third-person)
jazjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
jazjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
jazjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
jazjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
jazjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
jazjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
jazjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
jazjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
jazjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
jazjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
jazjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
jazjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
jazjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
jaziþ (active indicative plural second-person)
jazjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
jaziþ (active imperative plural second-person)
jazjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
jazjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
jazjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
jazjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
jazjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
jazjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
jazjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
jazidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
jazidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
jazidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
jazidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
jazidē (active indicative singular third-person)
jazidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
jazidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
jazidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
jazidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
jazidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
jazidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
jazidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
jazidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
jazidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
jazidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
jazidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
jazjandz (active participle present)
jazidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Dutch: *gerien

Middle Dutch: geren

desc

Old High German: jerjan, gerjan, jerien, gerien

Middle High German: jern, gern

German: gären

→ Danish: gære

→ Faroese: gera

Luxembourgish: gären


jesaną

jesō (active first-person indicative singular)
jesaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
jesai (first-person indicative passive singular)
jisizi (active indicative second-person singular)
jesaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
jes (active imperative second-person singular)
jesazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
jesaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
jisidi (active indicative singular third-person)
jesai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
jesadau (active imperative singular third-person)
jesadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
jesaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
jesōz (active dual first-person indicative)
jesaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
jesadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
jesaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
jesadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
jesamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
jesaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
jesandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
jesaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
jisid (active indicative plural second-person)
jesaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
jisid (active imperative plural second-person)
jesandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
jesaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
jesandi (active indicative plural third-person)
jesain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
jesandau (active imperative plural third-person)
jesandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
jesaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
jas (active first-person indicative singular)
jēzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
jast (active indicative second-person singular)
jēzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
jas (active indicative singular third-person)
jēzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
jēzū (active dual first-person indicative)
jēzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
jēzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
jēzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
jēzum (active first-person indicative plural)
jēzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
jēzud (active indicative plural second-person)
jēzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
jēzun (active indicative plural third-person)
jēzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
jesandz (active participle present)
jezanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Frisian: *jesa

Saterland Frisian: jeese

Old High German: jesan, gesan

Middle High German: jësen, gësen, gëren

German: gären

(Old Norse: œsa (wk))

(Icelandic: æsa)

Norwegian: asa (dialectal); (esja, æsa (wk) (dialectal))

Swedish: jäsa, esa (dialectal)

Elfdalian: jäso (str)

From Proto-Indo-European *yes- (“to well, seethe, foam, ferment”).


blōmô

blōmô (nominative singular)
blōmaniz (nominative plural)
blōmô (singular vocative)
blōmaniz (plural vocative)
blōmanų (accusative singular)
blōmanunz (accusative plural)
blōminiz (genitive singular)
blōmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blōmini (dative singular)
blōmammaz (dative plural)
blōminē (instrumental singular)
blōmammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blōmō
Old English: blōma
Middle English: blome
English: bloom
Old Frisian: blōma; *blōme f
Saterland Frisian: Bloume
West Frisian: blom, blomme
Old Saxon: blōmo; *blōma
Middle Low German: blōme
Dutch Low Saxon: bloom, bloeme
German Low German: Bloom
Plautdietsch: Bloom
Old Dutch: *bluomo; *bluoma, bluome
Middle Dutch: bloeme, blume, blome, bloem, bloom, blomme, blom
Dutch: bloem, blom, blomme (dialectal)
Afrikaans: bloem, blom
Negerhollands: bloem
→ Virgin Islands Creole: bluminstji (dated, from a diminutive form)
→ Sranan Tongo: blon (flour)
→ Aukan: bolon
→ Kari'na: polimin
→ Saramaccan: boón
→ Sranan Tongo: bromki (flower)
Aukan: boomiki
→ Kari'na: poromiki
Limburgish: bloom
West Flemish: blomme
Zealandic: blomme
Old High German: bluomo, bluoma
Middle High German: bluome
Bavarian: Blama, Bleame, Bleaml, Bloama, Bluma
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Blumm
Kölsch: Bloom
Luxembourgish: Blumm
East Central German:
East Franconian:
German: Blume
Rhine Franconian: Blum, Blumm
Frankfurterisch: [plum]
Pennsylvania German: Blumm
Yiddish: בלום (blum)

Old Norse: blóm, blómi
Icelandic: blóm, blómi
Faroese: blóma, blómi
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: blom, blome
Norwegian Nynorsk: blom, blome
Old Swedish: blōme, blōma; ᛒᛚᚮᛘᚽ (Runic)
Swedish: blomma
Old Danish: blomæ
Danish: blomme
Norwegian Bokmål: blomme
→ Middle English: blome, blom (“flower”)
English: bloom
Scots: blume, blum, bluim, bleem, blome

Gothic: 𐌱𐌻𐍉𐌼𐌰 (blōma)

Vandalic: *bluma

desc

→? Proto-Samic: *luomēn (“cloudberry”) (via Proto-Norse; see there for further descendants)

/ˈblɔː.mɔːː/


malhō

malhō (nominative singular)
malhôz (nominative plural)
malhō (singular vocative)
malhôz (plural vocative)
malhǭ (accusative singular)
malhōz (accusative plural)
malhōz (genitive singular)
malhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
malhōi (dative singular)
malhōmaz (dative plural)
malhō (instrumental singular)
malhōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *malhu
Old Saxon: malaha
Middle Low German: māle, maele, meile
Old Dutch: *mala
Middle Dutch: male, mael, maele
Dutch: maal, malie
Old High German: malaha, malha
Middle High German: malhe
→ Medieval Latin: mala [abt. 920, France] (see there for further descendants)

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *molko- (“leather pouch”) and connected with Ancient Greek μολγός (molgós, “leather bag”). However, Kroonen notes a formal mismatch between the Germanic and Hellenic terms, and suggests that both terms were borrowed from Thracian, or otherwise from some prehistoric Wanderwort.


īsarną

īsarną (nominative singular)
īsarnō (nominative plural)
īsarną (singular vocative)
īsarnō (plural vocative)
īsarną (accusative singular)
īsarnō (accusative plural)
īsarnas (genitive singular)
īsarnis (genitive singular)
īsarnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
īsarnai (dative singular)
īsarnamaz (dative plural)
īsarnō (instrumental singular)
īsarnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *īsarn
Old English: īsern, īren, īsen
Middle English: iren, eren, irne, iron, isen
English: iron
→ Marshallese: aen
Scots: airn, ern; irne
Yola: eeren
Old Frisian: īsern
North Frisian: jaarn
Saterland Frisian: Iersen
West Frisian: izer
Old Saxon: īsarn
Middle Low German: îsen, îsern, îseren
Low German: Isen
Plautdietsch: Iesa
Old Dutch: *īsarn
Middle Dutch: iser
Dutch: ijzer
Afrikaans: yster
Berbice Creole Dutch: isiri
Jersey Dutch: äize
Negerhollands: iser, izu
Skepi Creole Dutch: isir
→ Aukan: insii
→ Sranan Tongo: isri
→ Caribbean Hindustani: isri
→ Caribbean Javanese: isri
Limburgish: iezer
West Flemish: yzer
Old High German: īsarn
Middle High German: īsern, īser, īsen
Alemannic German: Iise
Vorarlbergerisch: Iisa, Oasa
Bavarian: Eisn
Cimbrian: aizarn
Mòcheno: aisn
Central Franconian: Ieser, Iese, Eise
Hunsrik: Eise
Luxembourgish: Eisen
German: Eisen, Eiser
Vilamovian: ȧjza
Yiddish: אײַזן (ayzn)

Old Norse: járn, ísarn, jarn, éarn
Icelandic: járn
Faroese: jarn
Norwegian Nynorsk: jarn
Jamtish: járn
Elfdalian: ienn
Old Swedish: iærn, iarn
Swedish: järn
Old Danish: jarn, iærn, iarn
Danish: jern, jærn
Norwegian Bokmål: jern
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: jern (partially from dialects with j-umlaut)
Scanian: jærn
Gutnish: jan

Gothic: 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽 (eisarn)

Borrowed from Proto-Celtic *īsarnom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”).


arsaz

arsaz (nominative singular)
arsōz (nominative plural)
arsōs (nominative plural)
ars (singular vocative)
arsōz (plural vocative)
arsōs (plural vocative)
arsą (accusative singular)
arsanz (accusative plural)
arsas (genitive singular)
arsis (genitive singular)
arsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arsai (dative singular)
arsamaz (dative plural)
arsō (instrumental singular)
arsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ars
Old English: ears, ærs
Middle English: ars, arce, ers, eres, hars, hers, aars
English: arse, ass
Scots: ers, airse
Old Frisian: ers
Saterland Frisian: Iers
West Frisian: ears
Old Saxon: ars
Middle Low German: ars
Dutch Low Saxon: ars, ors
German Low German: Aars
⇒ by rebracketing:
Dutch Low Saxon: nors, mors
German Low German: Maars, Moors, Narsch, Närsch, Närs
Plautdietsch: Noasch
Old Dutch: *ars
Middle Dutch: āers
Dutch: aars
Afrikaans: aars
Old High German: ars
Middle High German: ars
Bavarian: Oasch
Cimbrian: aars
German: Arsch
Hunsrik: Aarsch
Luxembourgish: Aasch
Pennsylvania German: Aarsch

Old Norse: ars, rass
Icelandic: ars
Faroese: arsur
Old Swedish: ars
⇒ Swedish: arsel, arsle

⇒ Old Norse: rass (via metathesis)
Icelandic: rass
Faroese: rassur
Norwegian Bokmål: rass
Norwegian Nynorsk: rass

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁órs-o-s (“rear-end”). Compare Ancient Greek ὄρρος (órrhos), Hittite 𒅈𒊏𒀸 (ar-ra-aš /arraš/), Old Irish err, Albanian rrëzë, and Old Armenian ոռ (oṙ).


baukną

baukną (nominative singular)
bauknō (nominative plural)
baukną (singular vocative)
bauknō (plural vocative)
baukną (accusative singular)
bauknō (accusative plural)
bauknas (genitive singular)
bauknis (genitive singular)
bauknǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bauknai (dative singular)
bauknamaz (dative plural)
bauknō (instrumental singular)
bauknamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *baukn
Old English: bēacn, bēacen, bīecen; bēcen, bēcon, bēcun — Anglian
Middle English: beken, beeken, beekne, bekene, bekne, bekyn, biken
English: beacon
Scots: beikin, bekin
Old Frisian: bāken, bēken
North Frisian: biike, baake, beken
Saterland Frisian: Baake, Boake
West Frisian: beaken
→ Middle Dutch: baken, bakin, beke, beken
Dutch: baken, baak
→ Middle Low German: bāke (possibly, or from southern Eastphalian, which is a Low German dialect, see below)
Low German: Bāke
→ Danish: båke
→ German: Bake
→ Norwegian: båk, båke
→ Swedish: båk
→ Old Norse: bákn, báken
Danish: bavn
Faroese: bákn
Icelandic: bákn
Old Saxon: bōkan
Middle Low German: bâken, bâke (from southern Eastphalian, or a conflation of grammatical paradigms with the borrowing from Old Frisian, see above)
Dutch Low Saxon: boake (“(Easter) fire sign”)
Old Dutch: *bōcan
Middle Dutch: bokin, boken, boekin, boeken, boekijn
Old High German: bouhhan, bouchan, pouhhan, pouchan
Middle High German: bouchen
Alemannic German: Pauchen, Böchen
Swabian: Bauchen
→ Old French: boue, buie
Middle French: bouee, boue
French: bouée
→ Catalan: boia
→ Middle Dutch: boye, boeye
Dutch: boei
→ Danish: bøje
→ Icelandic: bauja
→ Middle English: buoy, boye
English: buoy
→ German: Boje
→ Polish: boja
→ Galician: boia
→ Spanish: boya

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to glow, light, shine”).


baunō

baunō (nominative singular)
baunôz (nominative plural)
baunō (singular vocative)
baunôz (plural vocative)
baunǭ (accusative singular)
baunōz (accusative plural)
baunōz (genitive singular)
baunǫ̂ (genitive plural)
baunōi (dative singular)
baunōmaz (dative plural)
baunō (instrumental singular)
baunōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *baunu
Old English: bēan, bīen
Middle English: bene, beane, beene, beyn, ben, bean
English: bean
Scots: bein, bene
Yola: beanès, beanes, baanès, baanes, banès (plural)
Old Frisian: bāne
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: buan
Saterland Frisian: Boone
West Frisian: bean, beane, beanne
Old Saxon: bōna
Middle Low German: bône
German Low German: Bohn
Plautdietsch: Boon
Old Dutch: *bōna
Middle Dutch: bône
Dutch: boon
Afrikaans: boon
→ Xhosa: imbotyi (from the diminutive)
Berbice Creole Dutch: bono
Negerhollands: bontśi, boontje, boonschi (from the diminutive)
→ Virgin Islands Creole: bontsi (archaic)
→ Caribbean Javanese: bontyis (from the diminutive plural)
→ Indonesian: buncis (from the diminutive plural)
→ Petjo: bontjies, boontjies
→ Javanese: buncis (from the diminutive plural)
→ Papiamentu: bonchi, boontsje (from the diminutive)
→ Sranan Tongo: bonki (from the diminutive)
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bongki
Limburgish: boean
Old High German: bōna
Middle High German: bōne
Alemannic German: Bone
Central Franconian: Bunn, Buhn, Bohn
Hunsrik: Bohn
Luxembourgish: Boun
German: Bohne
Rhine Franconian: Bohn
Frankfurterisch: [b̥õːn]
Pennsylvania German: Bohn, Buhn

Old Norse: baun
Icelandic: baun
Norwegian Nynorsk: bauna; (dialectal) bogna (aun > ogn)
Old Swedish: bø̄n, bø̄na
Swedish: böna (added -a under Middle Low German influence)
Danish: bønne (added -e under Middle Low German influence)
Norwegian Bokmål: bønne
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bønne
→ Faroese: bøn, bøna
→ Middle Irish: pónair (from the plural baunir)
Irish: pónaire
Manx: poanrey
Scottish Gaelic: pònair

Unknown; often cited as from earlier *babnō, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰabʰ- (“bean”), however this is disputed.


askǭ

askǭ (nominative singular)
askōniz (nominative plural)
askǭ (singular vocative)
askōniz (plural vocative)
askōnų (accusative singular)
askōnunz (accusative plural)
askōniz (genitive singular)
askōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
askōni (dative singular)
askōmaz (dative plural)
askōnē (instrumental singular)
askōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *askā
Old English: æsce, asċe, axe, acse, ahse, axse, æxe
Middle English: asshe, axe, aske, ash, assche, aysshe, asche, aisshe, asske, acxe, ass, esche, esk, eshe
English: ash
Scots: ess, asch, ais, as, askis
Yola: ashen, oaskean (plural)
Old Frisian: *aske, *eske
Saterland Frisian: Ääske
West Frisian: jiske
Old Saxon: aska
Middle Low German: asche
German Low German: Asch
Plautdietsch: Ausch
Old Dutch: *aska
Middle Dutch: asche
Dutch: as
Afrikaans: as
Berbice Creole Dutch: asi
Negerhollands: haschěsis, hassesje, assche, ašiši, hašiši, haši, babaši, aschies, assisje, az
Old High German: asca, aska
Middle High German: asche
Alemannic German: Äsche
Cimbrian: èssa
German: Asche
Luxembourgish: Äsch
Vilamovian: oś
Yiddish: אַש (ash)

Old Norse: aska
Icelandic: aska
Faroese: øska
Norwegian:
Bokmål: aske
Nynorsk: oske, oska
Old Swedish: aska
Swedish: aska
Old Danish: askæ
Danish: aske

Gothic: 𐌰𐌶𐌲𐍉 (azgō)

→ Proto-Finnic: *ahku, *aho (see there for further descendants)

Usually connected to Proto-Indo-European *h₂e(H)s- (“to dry, burn”), with an uncertain suffix; compare Old Armenian աճիւն (ačiwn, “ashes”). In view of the voiced cluster in Gothic 𐌰𐌶𐌲𐍉 (azgō), Kroonen suggests a compound of Proto-Indo-European *h₂ed- (“to dry”) + *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”), the first element of which is based on Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒋾 (ḫa-a-ti /ḫāti/) and Ancient Greek ἄζω (ázō), both “to dry up”. Compare also Old Polish ozd, Czech ozditi (“to dry malt”), which could point to a root *h₂esd- or compound *h₂(H)s-d-.


bankiz

bankiz (nominative singular)
bankīz (nominative plural)
banki (singular vocative)
bankīz (plural vocative)
bankį (accusative singular)
bankinz (accusative plural)
bankīz (genitive singular)
bankijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bankī (dative singular)
bankimaz (dative plural)
bankī (instrumental singular)
bankimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *banki
Old English: benċ, bænc
Middle English: benk, bench, bynk, benche, banch, binch, binche
English: bench (see there for further descendants)
Scots: bink, benk
→ Middle Irish: beinnse
Irish: binse
Old Frisian: bank, benk
Saterland Frisian: Boank, Bank
West Frisian: bank
Old Saxon: bank
Middle Low German: bank
Old Dutch: *banc
Middle Dutch: banc
Dutch: bank (see there for further descendants)
Afrikaans: bank
Limburgish: bank
Old High German: bank
Middle High German: banc, bank
Bavarian: Bånk
German: Bank
→ Danish: bank
→ Norwegian Bokmål: bank
Luxembourgish: Bänk
Pennsylvania German: Bank
→ Old French: banc
French: banc (see there for further descendants)
Norman: banc
→ Middle English: bank, banke
English: bank (see there for further descendants)
→ Galician: banco
→ Spanish: banco (see there for further descendants)
→ Old Italian: banco, banca
Italian: banco, banca (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Italian: banchetto (see there for further descendants)
→ Byzantine Greek: πάγκος (pánkos)
Greek: πάγκος (págkos)
→ Middle French: banque (see there for further descendants)
→ German: Bank (see there for further descendants)
→ Medieval Latin: bancus, banca
Lombardic: panch
→ Italian: panca

Proto-Norse:

Old West Norse: bekkr
Icelandic: bekkur
Faroese: bekkur
Norwegian Nynorsk: bekk

Old East Norse: *bænkʀ

Norn: benk

Jamtish: benk

Old Swedish: bænker

Swedish: bänk

→ Finnish: penkki

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: benk

Old Danish: bænk

Danish: bænk

Norwegian Bokmål: benk

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“to bend, curve, arch”). Cognate with Lithuanian bangà (“wave, billow, swell”).


bannaną

bannō (active first-person indicative singular)
bannaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bannai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bannizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bannaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bann (active imperative second-person singular)
bannazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bannaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bannidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bannai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bannadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bannadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bannaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bannōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bannaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bannadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bannaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bannadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bannamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bannaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bannandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bannaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bannid (active indicative plural second-person)
bannaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bannid (active imperative plural second-person)
bannandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bannaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bannandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bannain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bannandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bannandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bannaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
beban (active first-person indicative singular)
bebann (active first-person indicative singular)
bebannį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bebant (active indicative second-person singular)
bebannt (active indicative second-person singular)
bebannīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
beban (active indicative singular third-person)
bebann (active indicative singular third-person)
bebannī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bebannū (active dual first-person indicative)
bebannīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bebannudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bebannīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bebannum (active first-person indicative plural)
bebannīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bebannud (active indicative plural second-person)
bebannīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bebannun (active indicative plural third-person)
bebannīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bannandz (active participle present)
bannanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bannan
Old English: bannan
Middle English: bannen, bonnen
English: ban
Scots: ban
Old Frisian: banna
Saterland Frisian: banne
West Frisian: banne
Old Saxon: bannan
Middle Low German: bannan, *bannen
Low German: bannen
Old Dutch: *bannan
Middle Dutch: bannen
Dutch: bannen
Afrikaans: ban
Negerhollands: bannen
→ Papiamentu: ban, bant
Old High German: pannan, bannan
Middle High German: bannen
German: bannen
→ Luxembourgish: bannen
→ Late Latin: banniō (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: banna

Icelandic: banna

Faroese: banna

Norwegian Nynorsk: banna

Swedish: banna

Danish: bande

Norwegian Bokmål: banne

→ Middle English: banne(n)

Scots: ban (“to curse”)

From Pre-Germanic *bʰh₂-nw-, a zero grade nu-present form of Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to speak”), similar in form to Vedic Sanskrit भनति (bhánati). The cluster -nw- seems to have caused gemination; see *kinnuz, *þunnuz for the same development.


baumaz

baumaz (nominative singular)
baumōz (nominative plural)
baumōs (nominative plural)
baum (singular vocative)
baumōz (plural vocative)
baumōs (plural vocative)
baumą (accusative singular)
baumanz (accusative plural)
baumas (genitive singular)
baumis (genitive singular)
baumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
baumai (dative singular)
baumamaz (dative plural)
baumō (instrumental singular)
baumamiz (instrumental plural)


unkiz

Old English: unc (possibly the accusative)

Old Saxon: unk (possibly the accusative)

Old Norse: okkr

Icelandic: okkur

Faroese: okkum

Gothic: 𐌿𐌲𐌺𐌹𐍃 (ugkis)


blaikijaną

blaikijō (active first-person indicative singular)
blaikijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blaikijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blaikīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
blaikijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blaikī (active imperative second-person singular)
blaikijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blaikijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blaikīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
blaikijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blaikijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
blaikijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blaikijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blaikijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
blaikijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blaikijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blaikijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blaikijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blaikijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blaikijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blaikijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blaikijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blaikīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
blaikijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blaikīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
blaikijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blaikijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blaikijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
blaikijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blaikijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
blaikijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blaikijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
blaikidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
blaikidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blaikidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
blaikidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blaikidē (active indicative singular third-person)
blaikidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blaikidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
blaikidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blaikidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blaikidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blaikidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
blaikidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blaikidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
blaikidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blaikidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
blaikidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blaikijandz (active participle present)
blaikidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blaikijan
Old English: blǣċan
Middle English: blechen, bleken
English: bleach
Scots: bleche, bleitch
Yola: ee-blighte (ppl.)
Old Saxon: blēkian
Middle Low German: blēken, bleiken
Low German: bleken
Old Dutch: *blēken
Middle Dutch: bleken
Dutch: bleken, bleiken
Afrikaans: bleik
Old High German: bleihhen
Middle High German: bleichen
German: bleichen (merged with *blīkaną)
Luxembourgish: bleechen

Old Norse: bleikja
Icelandic: bleikja
Faroese: bleikja
Norwegian Nynorsk: bleikja
→ Norwegian Bokmål: bleike
Old Swedish: blēkia
Swedish: bleka
Danish: blege
Norwegian Bokmål: bleke

→? Proto-Finnic: *lëik'at'ak (see there for further descendants)

From *blīkaną (“to shine”) + *-janą or *blaikaz (“pale”) + *-janą.


draumaz

draumaz (nominative singular)
draumōz (nominative plural)
draumōs (nominative plural)
draum (singular vocative)
draumōz (plural vocative)
draumōs (plural vocative)
draumą (accusative singular)
draumanz (accusative plural)
draumas (genitive singular)
draumis (genitive singular)
draumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
draumai (dative singular)
draumamaz (dative plural)
draumō (instrumental singular)
draumamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *draum
Old English: drēam, drīm, drēm, *drīem, drām
Middle English: drem, dreme, dreem, dreeme; dream, dræm (Early Middle English)
English: dream
Scots: dreme
Old Frisian: drām
North Frisian: drom
Saterland Frisian: Droom
West Frisian: dream
Old Saxon: drōm
Middle Low German: drōm
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Dräum (Can we clean up⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)
Lippisch: Draum
Sauerländisch: Dräom, Draum, Dreyem, Droum, Drōem
Westmünsterländisch: Droom
Plautdietsch: Droom
Old Dutch: *drōm
Middle Dutch: drôom
Dutch: droom
Limburgish: droum
Old High German: troum
Middle High German: troum
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Draam
German: Traum
→ Hunsrik: Draum
Luxembourgish: Dram
Yiddish: טרוים (troym)

Old Norse: draumr
Icelandic: draumur
Faroese: dreymur
Norwegian Nynorsk: draum
Old Swedish: drømber
Swedish: dröm
Elfdalian: dröm
Old Danish: drøm
Danish: drøm
Norwegian Bokmål: drøm
Gutnish: dråim

From earlier *draugmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrówgʰmos, a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive, injure, damage”).


bladą

bladą (nominative singular)
bladō (nominative plural)
bladą (singular vocative)
bladō (plural vocative)
bladą (accusative singular)
bladō (accusative plural)
bladas (genitive singular)
bladis (genitive singular)
bladǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bladai (dative singular)
bladamaz (dative plural)
bladō (instrumental singular)
bladamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blad
Old English: blæd
Middle English: blad, blade
Scots: blad, blaud, blaid
English: blade
Old Frisian: bled
North Frisian:
Föhr: bleed
Hallig: blää
Saterland Frisian: Blääd
West Frisian: bled
Old Saxon: blad
Middle Low German: blat
Low German: Blatt
Plautdietsch: Blaut
Old Dutch: *blat
Middle Dutch: blat
Dutch: blad
Afrikaans: blad (“page”), blaar (“leaf”)
Limburgish: blaad
Old High German: blat
Middle High German: blat
Alemannic German: Blatt
Swabian:
Central Franconian: Blatt, Blat
Hunsrik: Blaat
Luxembourgish: Blat
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: błot
East Franconian:
German: Blatt
Rhine Franconian: Blaat, Blatt
Pennsylvania German: Blatt
Yiddish: בלאַט (blat)

Old Norse: blað
Icelandic: blað
Faroese: blað
Norwegian: blad
Old Swedish: blaþ, ᛒᛚᛆᚦ (Runic)
Swedish: blad
Danish: blad

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₃-tó-m, from *bʰleh₃-. Compare Tocharian A pält.

blade (flat surface of a tool or weapon)


gardaz

gardaz (nominative singular)
gardōz (nominative plural)
gardōs (nominative plural)
gard (singular vocative)
gardōz (plural vocative)
gardōs (plural vocative)
gardą (accusative singular)
gardanz (accusative plural)
gardas (genitive singular)
gardis (genitive singular)
gardǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gardai (dative singular)
gardamaz (dative plural)
gardō (instrumental singular)
gardamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gard
Old English: ġeard
Middle English: yerd, yerde, ȝerd, ȝeerd, yeerd, ȝeard, yard, yarde, yorde, ȝarde, yherde, ȝorde, ȝeorde
English: yard
Scots: yerd, yaird, yird
Old Saxon: gard
Middle Low German: gart
Old Dutch: gard
Middle Dutch: gāert
Dutch: gaard (merged with *gardô)
Old High German: gart
Middle High German: gart
→ Vulgar Latin: *gardus
Old French: jart, gart, wart
Middle French: gard, gart
⇒ Medieval Latin: hortus gardīnus (“enclosed garden”) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: garðr
Icelandic: garður
Faroese: garður
Norn: gart
Norwegian: gard; (dialectal) gard’e
→ Norwegian Bokmål: gard
Jamtish: gaoł
Old Swedish: garþer, ᚵᛆᚱᚦᚽᚱ
Swedish: gård, gål
Old Danish: garth
Danish: gård
Norwegian Bokmål: gård
→ Middle English: garth
English: garth
Scots: garthe (obsolete)
→ Middle Irish: garrda
Irish: garraí
Scottish Gaelic: gàrradh
→ Welsh: gardd

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (gards)

→ Proto-Samic: *kārtē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰórdʰos, from *gʰerdʰ-. Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *gardas (“enclosure”).


walþuz

walþuz (nominative singular)
walþiwiz (nominative plural)
walþu (singular vocative)
walþiwiz (plural vocative)
walþų (accusative singular)
walþunz (accusative plural)
walþauz (genitive singular)
walþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
walþiwi (dative singular)
walþumaz (dative plural)
walþū (instrumental singular)
walþumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *walþu
Old English: weald, wald
Middle English: wold, wald, walde, weld, welde, wolde, woolde; wæld (Early Middle English)
English: wold, weald, wald
Scots: wald
Old Frisian: wald
Saterland Frisian: Woold
West Frisian: wâld
Old Saxon: wald
Middle Low German: wôlt, wôld
Dutch Low Saxon: woold, woud
German Low German: Woolt, Woold, Wold
Plautdietsch: Woolt
Old Dutch: walt
Middle Dutch: wout
Dutch: woud
Limburgish: waadj
Old High German: wald
Middle High German: walt
Alemannic German: Wald
Swabian: Wald
Bavarian: Woid, Woold
Cimbrian: balt
Mòcheno: bòlt
Central Franconian: Wald (widely obsolete)
Hunsrik: Wald
Luxembourgish: Wal
German: Wald
Rhine Franconian: Wald, Wall
Frankfurterisch: [valt]
Yiddish: וואַלד (vald)
→ Old French: gaut (“forest, woods”)
⇒ Old French: gaudine
→ Piedmontese: vaoda, vaode

Old Norse: vǫllr
Icelandic: völlur
Faroese: vøllur
Norn: vällj, vaddl
Norwegian Nynorsk: voll; (dialectal) vøll, vodd’e
Old Swedish: valder
Swedish: vall
Old Danish: wold, wall
Danish: vold, val
Norwegian Bokmål: voll

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wel-, in which case it would be cognate with Hittite 𒌑𒂊𒂖𒇻𒍑 (wellu-š, “pasture, meadow”). Another possibility is from Proto-Indo-European *wolHt- (compare Old Irish folt (“hair”), Old Prussian wolti (“ear (of corn)”), Lithuanian váltis (“oat awn”), Serbo-Croatian vlât (“ear (of wheat)”), and possibly Ancient Greek λᾰ́σῐος (lásios, “hairy”)), but the semantic gap is wide.


sūraz

*sūraz (a-stem)

sūraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sūrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sūrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sūrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sūrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sūrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sūranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sūranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sūrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sūrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sūrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sūrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sūras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sūraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sūraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sūraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sūras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sūraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sūrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sūraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sūraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sūraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sūrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sūraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sūranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sūraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sūraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sūraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sūranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sūraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sūrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sūraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sūrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sūrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sūrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sūrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sūranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sūranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sūrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sūrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sūrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sūrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sūriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sūranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sūrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sūrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sūriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sūranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sūrini (dative masculine singular weak)
sūrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sūrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sūrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sūrini (dative neuter singular weak)
sūrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sūrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sūrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sūrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sūrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sūrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sūrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sūr
Old English: sūr
Middle English: sur, sour
English: sour
Scots: sour, soor
Old Frisian: *sūr
Saterland Frisian: suur
West Frisian: soer
Old Saxon: sūr (in compounds)
Middle Low German: sūr
Low German: suur
Plautdietsch: sua
Old Dutch: *sūr
Middle Dutch: suur
Dutch: zuur
Afrikaans: suur
Limburgish: zoer
Old High German: sūr
Middle High German: sūr
Central Franconian: suur, souer (Moselle Franconian)
German: sauer
Luxembourgish: sauer
Vilamovian: zaojwer
Yiddish: זויער (zoyer)
→ Polish: żur
→ Old French: sur [1160 CE] (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: súrr
Icelandic: súr
Faroese: súrur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sur
Norwegian Bokmål: sur
Old Swedish: sūr
Swedish: sur
Danish: sur

From Proto-Indo-European *súHros (“sour, salty, bitter”). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *sū́ˀras (“salty, bitter”), Old Prussian suris (“soured milk cheese”).


wīkwaną

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

wīkwō (active first-person indicative singular)
wīkwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wīkwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wīkwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wīkwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wīkw (active imperative second-person singular)
wīkwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wīkwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wīkwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wīkwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wīkwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wīkwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wīkwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wīkwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wīkwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wīkwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wīkwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wīkwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wīkwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wīkwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wīkwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wīkwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wīkwid (active indicative plural second-person)
wīkwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wīkwid (active imperative plural second-person)
wīkwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wīkwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wīkwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wīkwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wīkwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wīkwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wīkwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
waikw (active first-person indicative singular)
wikwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waiht (active indicative second-person singular)
wikwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waikw (active indicative singular third-person)
wikwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wikwū (active dual first-person indicative)
wikwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wikwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wikwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wikwum (active first-person indicative plural)
wikwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wikwud (active indicative plural second-person)
wikwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wikwun (active indicative plural third-person)
wikwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wīkwandz (active participle present)
wikwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wīkwan (“to yield”)
Old English: wīcan
Middle English: wiken
English: wick (“to strike aslant”)
Scots: wick
Old Frisian: wīka
Saterland Frisian: wieke
West Frisian: wike, wyke
Old Saxon: wīkan
Middle Low German: wîken
German Low German: wieken
Old Dutch: *wīcan
Middle Dutch: wiken
Dutch: wijken
Limburgish: wieke
Old High German: wīhhan
Middle High German: wīchen
Cimbrian: baichan
German: weichen

desc

Old Norse: ýkva, víkva, víkja (“to turn, move”)

Icelandic: víkja (“to yield”)

Faroese: víkja

Norwegian Bokmål: vike

Norwegian Nynorsk: vike

Old Swedish: vīka

Swedish: vika, vik

Danish: vige

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *wéygeti. Cognate with Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬘𐬀𐬧𐬙 (vaējaṇt, “swinging”, present participle), Ancient Greek εἴκω (eíkō, “to give way”), Tocharian B viśäṃ (“should stay away”, subjunctive). From root *weyg- (“to start moving; to distance oneself”).

vik

Old Norse: *vik (“bend, angle”); Icelandic

vik

Old Norse: *vik (“bend, angle”); Norwegian Nynorsk

veck

Old Norse: *vik (“bend, angle”); Swedish


sēdiz

sēdiz (nominative singular)
sēdīz (nominative plural)
sēdi (singular vocative)
sēdīz (plural vocative)
sēdį (accusative singular)
sēdinz (accusative plural)
sēdīz (genitive singular)
sēdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sēdī (dative singular)
sēdimaz (dative plural)
sēdī (instrumental singular)
sēdimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sādi
Old High German: sāt
Middle High German: sāt
German: Saat

Proto-West Germanic: *sād
Old English: sǣd, sēd — Anglian
Middle English: seed, ceed, ceede, sed, sede, sedde, seede, seide, seod, seth, seyd, seyde, side, syd, zed; sad, sæd, sæt (Early Middle English)
English: seed
Scots: seed, seid, sid
Yola: zeade
Old Frisian: sēd
Saterland Frisian: Säid
West Frisian: sied
Old Saxon: sād
Middle Low German: sât
German Low German: Saad
Plautdietsch: Sot
Old Dutch: *sād
Middle Dutch: sâet
Dutch: zaad
Afrikaans: saad
Limburgish: zaod
⇒ Zealandic: zaedje

Old Norse: sáð; sæði
Icelandic: sáð
Faroese: sáð
Norwegian: sæd
Old Swedish: sǣþ
Swedish: säd
Old Danish:
Danish: sæd
Gutnish: sid

Gothic: *𐍃𐌴𐌸𐍃 (*sēþs) (in 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌴𐌸𐍃 (manasēþs))

→ Proto-Finnic: *hëëta (see there for further descendants)

From *sēaną + *-þiz, corresponding to a Proto-Indo-European *seh₁tis, from *seh₁- (“to sow”).


blankaz

*blankaz (a-stem)

blankaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
blankai (masculine nominative plural strong)
blankō (feminine nominative singular strong)
blankôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
blanką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
blankō (neuter nominative plural strong)
blankanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
blankanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
blankǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
blankōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
blanką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
blankō (accusative neuter plural strong)
blankas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
blankaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
blankaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
blankaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
blankas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
blankaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
blankammai (dative masculine singular strong)
blankaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
blankaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
blankaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
blankammai (dative neuter singular strong)
blankaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
blankanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
blankaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
blankaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
blankaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
blankanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
blankaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
blankô (masculine nominative singular weak)
blankaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
blankǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
blankōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
blankô (neuter nominative singular weak)
blankōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
blankanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
blankanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
blankōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
blankōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
blankô (accusative neuter singular weak)
blankōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
blankiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
blankanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
blankōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
blankōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
blankiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
blankanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
blankini (dative masculine singular weak)
blankammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
blankōni (dative feminine singular weak)
blankōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
blankini (dative neuter singular weak)
blankammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
blankinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
blankammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
blankōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
blankōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
blankinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
blankammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *blank
Old English: blanc
⇒ Old English: blanca, blonca (“white horse”)
Middle English: blanke, blonke
Scots: blonk (“steed”)
English: blank
Old Frisian: blank
Saterland Frisian: blonk
West Frisian: blank
Old Saxon: *blank
Middle Low German: blank
German Low German: blank
→ Old Norse: blankr
Icelandic: blankur
Faroese: blankur
Norwegian: blank
Old Swedish: blanker
Swedish: blank
Old Danish: blank
Danish: blank
Elfdalian: blaunk
Gutnish: blankar
Scanian: blánker
Old Dutch: *blanc
Middle Dutch: blanc
Dutch: blank
Limburgish: blank
Old High German: blanch, blank
Middle High German: blank
German: blank
Luxembourgish: blank
Vilamovian: błān
→ Medieval Latin: blancus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: blakkr

Icelandic: blakkur

Faroese: blakkur

Norwegian: blakk

Old Swedish: blakker

Swedish: black

Old Danish: blak

Danish: blak

Elfdalian: blokk

A late formation from *blinkaną (“to shine, blink”), with the *-i- interpreted as an e-grade vowel. Thus, its formation must have followed the raising of *e to *i before a nasal + consonant, which made this analysis possible.

bright, shining, white, gleaming, blinding


blaikaz

*blaikaz (a-stem)

blaikaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
blaikai (masculine nominative plural strong)
blaikō (feminine nominative singular strong)
blaikôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
blaiką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
blaikō (neuter nominative plural strong)
blaikanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
blaikanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
blaikǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
blaikōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
blaiką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
blaikō (accusative neuter plural strong)
blaikas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
blaikaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
blaikaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
blaikaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
blaikas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
blaikaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
blaikammai (dative masculine singular strong)
blaikaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
blaikaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
blaikaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
blaikammai (dative neuter singular strong)
blaikaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
blaikanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
blaikaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
blaikaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
blaikaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
blaikanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
blaikaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
blaikô (masculine nominative singular weak)
blaikaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
blaikǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
blaikōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
blaikô (neuter nominative singular weak)
blaikōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
blaikanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
blaikanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
blaikōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
blaikōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
blaikô (accusative neuter singular weak)
blaikōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
blaikiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
blaikanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
blaikōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
blaikōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
blaikiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
blaikanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
blaikini (dative masculine singular weak)
blaikammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
blaikōni (dative feminine singular weak)
blaikōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
blaikini (dative neuter singular weak)
blaikammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
blaikinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
blaikammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
blaikōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
blaikōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
blaikinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
blaikammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *blaik
Old English: blāc, blǣc, blǣċ
Middle English: blac, blak, bleke, bleche
English: blake, bleak, bleach
Old Saxon: blēk
Middle Low German: blek, bleik
Low German: bleek, blek, bleik
Old Dutch: *blēc
Middle Dutch: blêec
Dutch: bleek
Limburgish: bleik
Old High German: bleih, blaih
Middle High German: bleich
German: bleich
Luxembourgish: bleech
Yiddish: בלייך (bleykh)
→ Italian: biacca (from Lombardic)

Old Norse: bleikr
Icelandic: bleikur
Faroese: bleikur
Norwegian Nynorsk: bleik
→ Norwegian Bokmål: bleik
Old Swedish: blēker
Swedish: blek
Old Danish: blēk
Danish: bleg
Norwegian Bokmål: blek
Elfdalian: bliek
Gutnish: blaikar
→ Middle English: bleik
Scots: bleg; blaiken
English: blake, bleak (partly)

→ Proto-Finnic: *laikka (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *bʰloyǵ-os, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ-.


sairaz

*sairaz (a-stem)

sairaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sairai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sairō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sairôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sairą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sairō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sairanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sairanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sairǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sairōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sairą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sairō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sairas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sairaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sairaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sairaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sairas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sairaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sairammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sairaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sairaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sairaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sairammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sairaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sairanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sairaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sairaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sairaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sairanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sairaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sairô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sairaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sairǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sairōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sairô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sairōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sairanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sairanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sairōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sairōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sairô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sairōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sairiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sairanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sairōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sairōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sairiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sairanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sairini (dative masculine singular weak)
sairammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sairōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sairōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sairini (dative neuter singular weak)
sairammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sairinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sairammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sairōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sairōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sairinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sairammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *sair
Old English: sār
Middle English: sore, sar, sor
Scots: sare, sair
English: sore
Old Frisian: *sēr, *sār
Saterland Frisian: seer
West Frisian: sear
Old Saxon: sēr
Middle Low German: sēr
German Low German: sehr
Old Dutch: *sēr
Middle Dutch: sêer
Dutch: zeer
Afrikaans: seer
Old High German: sēr
Middle High German: sēr
Alemannic German: seer
German: sehr
Luxembourgish: séier
Yiddish: זייער (zeyer)

Old Norse: sárr

Icelandic: sár

Faroese: sárur

Norn: sår

Norwegian: sår

Old Swedish: sār

Swedish: sår

Old Danish: sār, saar

Danish: sår

Old Gutnish: sar

Gutnish: sarur, sårur

→ Proto-Finnic: *sairas
Finnish: sairas
→ Karelian: šairas
→ Votic: sairõz

From Proto-Indo-European *seh₂yro-, enlargement of *seh₂y- (“to be fierce, afflict”) (compare Hittite [script needed] (sāwar, “anger”), Welsh hoed (“pain”), and Latin saevus. Solmsen also connects Ancient Greek αἱμωδία (haimōdía, “sensation of having teeth on edge”) to the Proto-Germanic word as well.


Masō

Masō (nominative singular)
Masō (singular vocative)
Masō (instrumental singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Masu
Old Dutch: *masa
Middle Dutch: māse
Dutch: Maas
→ West Frisian: Maas
→ Norwegian: Maas
→ Swedish: Maas
→ Danish: Maas
→ Hungarian: Maas
→ Bulgarian: Маас (Maas)
→ Russian: Маас (Maas)
Limburgish: Maas, Maos
Old High German: Masa
Middle High German: *Mase
German: Maas
→ Czech: Máza

From a Celtic language, presumably Proto-Celtic *Mosā. Despite the obvious similarities, the name is not derived from Latin Mosa. It shows evidence of the change from of o to a; this is known to have occurred before the first contact of Germanic people with the Romans, but probably after first contact with the Celts. Most likely, Latin and Germanic both borrowed the name from Celtic independently.
Albrecht Greule writes that its ultimate origin is unclear, but could perhaps be Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d-, whence Latin madeō (“I am wet”) and Ancient Greek μεστός (mestós, “full”). Or, from Proto-Indo-European *mā- (“to stupefy”) in the sense of the river's tortuousness, cognate with Proto-Germanic *masōną (“to confound, be weary, dream”) (modern English maze), Welsh mydu (“to vault, arch”), Old Norse meis (“curvatura”).