diganą

digō (active first-person indicative singular)
digaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
digai (first-person indicative passive singular)
digizi (active indicative second-person singular)
digaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dig (active imperative second-person singular)
digazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
digaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
digidi (active indicative singular third-person)
digai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
digadau (active imperative singular third-person)
digadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
digaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
digōz (active dual first-person indicative)
digaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
digadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
digaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
digadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
digamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
digaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
digandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
digaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
digid (active indicative plural second-person)
digaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
digid (active imperative plural second-person)
digandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
digaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
digandi (active indicative plural third-person)
digain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
digandau (active imperative plural third-person)
digandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
digaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
daig (active first-person indicative singular)
digį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
daiht (active indicative second-person singular)
digīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
daig (active indicative singular third-person)
digī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
digū (active dual first-person indicative)
digīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
digudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
digīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
digum (active first-person indicative plural)
digīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
digud (active indicative plural second-person)
digīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
digun (active indicative plural third-person)
digīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
digandz (active participle present)
diganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (digan)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to knead”).


wiganą

wigō (active first-person indicative singular)
wigaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wigai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wigizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wigaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wig (active imperative second-person singular)
wigazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wigaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wigidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wigai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wigadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wigadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wigaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wigōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wigaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wigadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wigaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wigadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wigamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wigaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wigandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wigaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wigid (active indicative plural second-person)
wigaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wigid (active imperative plural second-person)
wigandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wigaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wigandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wigain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wigandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wigandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wigaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
waih (active first-person indicative singular)
wigį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waiht (active indicative second-person singular)
wigīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waih (active indicative singular third-person)
wigī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wigū (active dual first-person indicative)
wigīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wigudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wigīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wigum (active first-person indicative plural)
wigīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wigud (active indicative plural second-person)
wigīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wigun (active indicative plural third-person)
wigīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wigandz (active participle present)
wiganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wīgan
Old English: wīgan
Old Dutch: *wigan
Middle Dutch: wigen
Dutch: wijgen
Old High German: wīgan

Old Norse: viga, vega

Icelandic: vega

Old Swedish: vægha

desc

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽 (weihan), 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉 (andwaihandō) (< continuing the original present stem)

Originally a zero-grade present, from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to fight”). Related to Latin vincō (“to conquer”), Old Irish fichid (“to fight”). Likely related to English weaken (“make yield”).


stikaną

stikō (active first-person indicative singular)
stikaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stikai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stikizi (active indicative second-person singular)
stikaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stik (active imperative second-person singular)
stikazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stikaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stikidi (active indicative singular third-person)
stikai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stikadau (active imperative singular third-person)
stikadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stikaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stikōz (active dual first-person indicative)
stikaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stikadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stikaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stikadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stikamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stikaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stikandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stikaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stikid (active indicative plural second-person)
stikaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stikid (active imperative plural second-person)
stikandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stikaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stikandi (active indicative plural third-person)
stikain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stikandau (active imperative plural third-person)
stikandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stikaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
staik (active first-person indicative singular)
stikį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
staiht (active indicative second-person singular)
stikīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
staik (active indicative singular third-person)
stikī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stikū (active dual first-person indicative)
stikīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stikudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stikīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stikum (active first-person indicative plural)
stikīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stikud (active indicative plural second-person)
stikīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stikun (active indicative plural third-person)
stikīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stikandz (active participle present)
stikanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stekan
Old Frisian: steka (class 5)
West Frisian: stekke
Old Saxon: stekan
Middle Low German: stēken
German Low German: steken
Old Dutch: *stecan
Middle Dutch: steken
Dutch: steken
Old High German: stehhan, stechan
Middle High German: stechen
German: stechen
Luxembourgish: stiechen
Yiddish: שטעכן (shtekhn)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to be sharp, to stab, to goad, to puncture”).


snīþaną

snīþō (active first-person indicative singular)
snīþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snīþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
snīþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
snīþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snīþ (active imperative second-person singular)
snīþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
snīþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
snīþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
snīþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snīþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
snīþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
snīþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
snīþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
snīþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snīþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snīþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snīþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
snīþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
snīþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snīþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
snīþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
snīþid (active indicative plural second-person)
snīþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snīþid (active imperative plural second-person)
snīþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
snīþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
snīþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
snīþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snīþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
snīþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
snīþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
snaiþ (active first-person indicative singular)
snidį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snaist (active indicative second-person singular)
snidīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snaiþ (active indicative singular third-person)
snidī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snidū (active dual first-person indicative)
snidīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snidudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snidīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snidum (active first-person indicative plural)
snidīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snidud (active indicative plural second-person)
snidīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snidun (active indicative plural third-person)
snidīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snīþandz (active participle present)
snidanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *snīþan
Old English: snīþan
Middle English: snithen
English: snithe
⇒ English: snide
Old Frisian: snītha
Saterland Frisian: sniede
West Frisian: snije
Old Saxon: snīthan
Middle Low German: snîden
German Low German: snieden
Low German: snieden
Old Dutch: snīthan
Middle Dutch: sniden
Dutch: snijden
Limburgish: snieje
Old High German: snīdan
Middle High German: snīden
German: schneiden
Luxembourgish: schneiden
Yiddish: שנײַדן (shnaydn)

Old Norse: sníða (*sniðka, snikka)

Icelandic: sníða (snikka)

Faroese: sníða

Swedish: snida

Danish: snide

Gothic: 𐍃𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽 (sneiþan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *niittädäk (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *sneyt- (“to cut”).


blewwaną

blewwō (active first-person indicative singular)
blewwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blewwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bliwwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
blewwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bleww (active imperative second-person singular)
blewwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blewwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bliwwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
blewwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blewwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
blewwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blewwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blewwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
blewwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blewwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blewwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blewwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blewwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blewwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blewwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blewwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bliwwid (active indicative plural second-person)
blewwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bliwwid (active imperative plural second-person)
blewwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blewwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blewwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
blewwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blewwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
blewwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blewwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
blau (active first-person indicative singular)
blauw (active first-person indicative singular)
bluwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blaut (active indicative second-person singular)
blauwt (active indicative second-person singular)
bluwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blau (active indicative singular third-person)
blauw (active indicative singular third-person)
bluwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bluwū (active dual first-person indicative)
bluwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bluwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bluwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bluwum (active first-person indicative plural)
bluwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bluwud (active indicative plural second-person)
bluwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bluwun (active indicative plural third-person)
bluwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blewwandz (active participle present)
bluwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bleuwan
Old Saxon: bliuwan
Middle Low German: blǖwen, bluwen
→ Middle English: blēwe, northern and East Midlands blowe, blaw
Scots: blaw
English: blow
Old Dutch: *bliuwan
Middle Dutch: blouwen
Dutch: blouwen
Old High German: bliuwan
Middle High German: bliuwen, blūwen, blouwen, bliugen, pliuwen, pliugen
German: bleuen, bläuen

Gothic: 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽 (bliggwan)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *mléw-e-, from Proto-Indo-European *mlew-. Related to Ancient Greek ἀμβλύς (amblús, “blunt; dim, faint”), Avestan 𐬨𐬭𐬎𐬙𐬀 (mruta, “crushed (?), weak”).


skīnaną

skīnō (active first-person indicative singular)
skīnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skīnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skīnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skīnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skīn (active imperative second-person singular)
skīnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skīnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skīnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skīnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skīnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skīnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skīnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skīnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skīnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skīnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skīnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skīnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skīnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skīnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skīnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skīnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skīnid (active indicative plural second-person)
skīnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skīnid (active imperative plural second-person)
skīnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skīnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skīnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skīnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skīnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skīnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skīnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skain (active first-person indicative singular)
skinį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skaint (active indicative second-person singular)
skinīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skain (active indicative singular third-person)
skinī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skinū (active dual first-person indicative)
skinīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skinudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skinīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skinum (active first-person indicative plural)
skinīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skinud (active indicative plural second-person)
skinīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skinun (active indicative plural third-person)
skinīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skīnandz (active participle present)
skinanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skīnan
Old English: sċīnan
Middle English: shinen, schinen
English: shine
Old Frisian: skīna
Saterland Frisian: skiene
West Frisian: skine, skyne
Old Saxon: skīnan
Low German: schienen
Old Dutch: skīnan
Middle Dutch: schinen
Dutch: schijnen
Limburgish: sjiene
Old High German: skīnan
Middle High German: schīnen
German: scheinen
→ Esperanto: ŝajni
Hunsrik: scheine
Luxembourgish: schéngen
Yiddish: שײַנען (shaynen)

Old Norse: skína
Icelandic: skína
Faroese: skína
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: skinne
Norwegian Nynorsk: skina, skine
Old Swedish: skīna
Swedish: skina
Danish: skinne

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽 (skeinan)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₁y- (“to shine, shimmer”).


kleubaną

kleubō (active first-person indicative singular)
kleubaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kleubai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kliubizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kleubaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kleub (active imperative second-person singular)
kleubazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kleubaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kliubidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kleubai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kleubadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kleubadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kleubaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kleubōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kleubaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kleubadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kleubaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kleubadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kleubamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kleubaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kleubandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kleubaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kliubid (active indicative plural second-person)
kleubaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kliubid (active imperative plural second-person)
kleubandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kleubaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kleubandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kleubain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kleubandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kleubandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kleubaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
klaub (active first-person indicative singular)
klubį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klauft (active indicative second-person singular)
klubīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klaub (active indicative singular third-person)
klubī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klubū (active dual first-person indicative)
klubīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klubudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klubīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klubum (active first-person indicative plural)
klubīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klubud (active indicative plural second-person)
klubīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klubun (active indicative plural third-person)
klubīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kleubandz (active participle present)
klubanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kleuban
Old English: clēofan
Middle English: cleven
English: cleave
Scots: cleave
Old Saxon: kliovan
Middle Low German: klûven (with alternative present-tense vowel)
Old Dutch: *clievan
Middle Dutch: clieven
Dutch: klieven
Limburgish: kleive
Old High German: klioban
Middle High German: klieben
Cimbrian: khliipan
German: klieben

Old Norse: kljúfa
Icelandic: kljúfa
Faroese: klúgva
Norwegian Nynorsk: kljuva, kluva, kløyva; (dialectal) kljuga, kluba
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kløyve
Elfdalian: kliuova
Old Swedish: klȳva
Swedish: klyva
Old Danish: klȳuæ
Scanian: kløva
Danish: kløve
Norwegian Bokmål: kløve
Old Gutnish: kliaufa
Gutnish: klaue

From Proto-Indo-European *glewbʰ- (“to split”).


hnewwaną

hnewwō (active first-person indicative singular)
hnewwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnewwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hniwwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hnewwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hneww (active imperative second-person singular)
hnewwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hnewwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hniwwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hnewwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnewwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hnewwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hnewwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hnewwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hnewwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnewwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnewwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnewwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hnewwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hnewwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnewwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hnewwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hniwwid (active indicative plural second-person)
hnewwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hniwwid (active imperative plural second-person)
hnewwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hnewwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hnewwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hnewwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnewwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hnewwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hnewwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hnau (active first-person indicative singular)
hnauw (active first-person indicative singular)
hnuwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnaut (active indicative second-person singular)
hnauwt (active indicative second-person singular)
hnuwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnau (active indicative singular third-person)
hnauw (active indicative singular third-person)
hnuwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnuwū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnuwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnuwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnuwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnuwum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnuwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnuwud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnuwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnuwun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnuwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnewwandz (active participle present)
hnuwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hneuwan
Old High German: hniuwan, niuwan
Middle High German: niuwen


bītaną

bītō (active first-person indicative singular)
bītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bīt (active imperative second-person singular)
bītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bītid (active indicative plural second-person)
bītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bītid (active imperative plural second-person)
bītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bait (active first-person indicative singular)
bitį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
baist (active indicative second-person singular)
bitīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bait (active indicative singular third-person)
bitī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bitū (active dual first-person indicative)
bitīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bitudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bitīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bitum (active first-person indicative plural)
bitīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bitud (active indicative plural second-person)
bitīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bitun (active indicative plural third-person)
bitīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bītandz (active participle present)
bitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bītan
Old English: bītan
Middle English: biten
English: bite
Scots: bite
Old Frisian: bīta
Saterland Frisian: biete
West Frisian: bite
Old Saxon: bītan
Middle Low German: bîten
Low German: bieten
Old Dutch: *bītan
Middle Dutch: biten
Dutch: bijten
Afrikaans: byt
Berbice Creole Dutch: biti
Skepi Creole Dutch: bet, bit
→? Sranan Tongo: beti
Limburgish: biete
Old High German: bīzan
Middle High German: bīzen
German: beißen
Hunsrik: beise
Luxembourgish: bäissen
Rhine Franconian: beiße
Vilamovian: bȧjsa
Yiddish: בײַסן (baysn)

Old Norse: bíta
Icelandic: bíta
Faroese: bíta
Norwegian Nynorsk: bita
Norwegian Bokmål: bite
Elfdalian: baita
Old Swedish: bīta
Swedish: bita
Scanian: bída
Old Danish: bītæ
Danish: bide
Gutnish: bäite

Gothic: 𐌱𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (beitan)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰéydt, from *bʰeyd- (“to split”).

biti

*bitiz (“bite”, noun); Proto-West Germanic


þersaną

þersō (active first-person indicative singular)
þersaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þersai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þirsizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þersaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þers (active imperative second-person singular)
þersazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þersaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þirsidi (active indicative singular third-person)
þersai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þersadau (active imperative singular third-person)
þersadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þersaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þersōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þersaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þersadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þersaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þersadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þersamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þersaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þersandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þersaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þirsid (active indicative plural second-person)
þersaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þirsid (active imperative plural second-person)
þersandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þersaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þersandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þersain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þersandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þersandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þersaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þars (active first-person indicative singular)
þurzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þarst (active indicative second-person singular)
þurzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þars (active indicative singular third-person)
þurzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þurzū (active dual first-person indicative)
þurzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þurzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þurzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þurzum (active first-person indicative plural)
þurzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þurzud (active indicative plural second-person)
þurzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þurzun (active indicative plural third-person)
þurzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þersandz (active participle present)
þurzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: *𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍃𐌰𐌽 (*þairsan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍃𐌰𐌽 (gaþairsan)

From Proto-Indo-European *ters- (“dry”).


kewwaną

kewwō (active first-person indicative singular)
kewwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kewwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kiwwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kewwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
keww (active imperative second-person singular)
kewwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kewwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kiwwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kewwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kewwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kewwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kewwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kewwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kewwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kewwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kewwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kewwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kewwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kewwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kewwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kewwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kiwwid (active indicative plural second-person)
kewwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kiwwid (active imperative plural second-person)
kewwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kewwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kewwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kewwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kewwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kewwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kewwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kau (active first-person indicative singular)
kauw (active first-person indicative singular)
kuwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kaut (active indicative second-person singular)
kauwt (active indicative second-person singular)
kuwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kau (active indicative singular third-person)
kauw (active indicative singular third-person)
kuwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kuwū (active dual first-person indicative)
kuwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kuwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kuwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kuwum (active first-person indicative plural)
kuwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kuwud (active indicative plural second-person)
kuwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kuwun (active indicative plural third-person)
kuwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kewwandz (active participle present)
kuwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *keuwan
Old English: ċēowan
Middle English: chewen, chewe, chyewe, cheowen, chiewe, chiewen, chiwen, chowen, chuen, chawen; chewwenn (Ormulum)
English: chew
→ Pennsylvania German: tschaae
Scots: chow, chaw
Old Frisian: *kiāwa, *kiāwja
West Frisian: kôgje, kôchje, koaie
Saterland Frisian: kauje
Old Saxon: kiuwan, kiwan
Middle Low German: keuwen, kuwen
Low German: käwwen
Old Dutch: *kiuwan, *kūwan
Middle Dutch: kewen, ceuwen, cuwen
Old High German: kiuwan
Middle High German: kiuwen, kūwen, kewen
Alemannic German: chüüwe
Bavarian: kuin
Cimbrian: khòjan
German: kauen
Hunsrik: kaue
Pennsylvania German: kaue

Old Norse: tyggja, tyggva (< *kjuwwa; t- maybe from synonym tǫgla or from dissimilation)

Icelandic: tyggja

Faroese: tyggja

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: tygge

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: tygga, tygge, tyggja, tyggje

Old Swedish: tiugga, tugga

Swedish: tugga

Danish: tygge

Dalian: tugga

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵyewh₁- (compare Latin gingīva (“gums”), Tocharian B śuwaṃ (“to eat”), Polish żuć (“to chew”), Persian جویدن (javidan), Pashto [script needed] (žovạl, “to bite, gnaw”)).


lūkaną

lūkō (active first-person indicative singular)
lūkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lūkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lūkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
lūkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lūk (active imperative second-person singular)
lūkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lūkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lūkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
lūkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lūkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
lūkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lūkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lūkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
lūkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lūkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lūkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lūkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lūkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lūkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lūkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lūkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lūkid (active indicative plural second-person)
lūkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lūkid (active imperative plural second-person)
lūkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lūkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lūkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
lūkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lūkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
lūkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lūkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lauk (active first-person indicative singular)
lukį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lauht (active indicative second-person singular)
lukīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lauk (active indicative singular third-person)
lukī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lukū (active dual first-person indicative)
lukīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lukudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lukīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lukum (active first-person indicative plural)
lukīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lukud (active indicative plural second-person)
lukīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lukun (active indicative plural third-person)
lukīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lūkandz (active participle present)
lukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lūkan, *leukan
Old English: lūcan
Middle English: luken, louken
English: lock (merged with descendant of Middle English loken, lokken)
Scots: louk, lowk
Old Frisian: lūka
⇒ Saterland Frisian: touluuke, touluke
West Frisian: lûke
Old Saxon: lūkan
⇒ Middle Low German: belûken
⇒ Middle Low German: entlûken
Old Dutch: *lūcan
Middle Dutch: luken
Dutch: luiken
Old High German: *lūhhan, *liohhan
Middle High German: lūchen, liechen
German: lauchen, liechen
⇒ Old High German: innebilūhhan
⇒ Old High German: untarlūhhan
⇒ Old High German: ūzbilūhhan

Old Norse: lúka, ljúka

Icelandic: lúka, ljúka

Faroese: lúka

Norwegian Bokmål: lukke

Norwegian Nynorsk: lukka

Old Swedish: lūka

Swedish: lucka

Gothic: *𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (*lukan) (in 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (galukan) and 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (uslukan))

From Proto-Indo-European *lewg- (“to turn, bend”).


stundō

stundō (nominative singular)
stundôz (nominative plural)
stundō (singular vocative)
stundôz (plural vocative)
stundǭ (accusative singular)
stundōz (accusative plural)
stundōz (genitive singular)
stundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stundōi (dative singular)
stundōmaz (dative plural)
stundō (instrumental singular)
stundōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stundu

Old English: stund

Middle English: stound, stounde, stond

English: stound

Scots: stound, stownd

Old Frisian: stunde

North Frisian: stuwn

Saterland Frisian: Stuunde, Stúunde (rare)

⇒ Saterland Frisian: stuuns (adverb)

West Frisian: stûne m or f

Old Saxon: stunda

Middle Low German: stunde

German Low German: Stünne, Stünn

Low German: Stünn

Old Dutch: *stunda

Middle Dutch: stonde, stont

Dutch: stond

desctree

Old High German: stunta, stunt
Middle High German: stunde, stunt
Alemannic German: Schtund, Stund (Alsatian)
Bavarian: Stund
Hunsrik: Stunn
German: Stunde
→ Kashubian: sztënia
→ Lower Sorbian: štunda
→ Yiddish: שטונדע (shtunde)
→ Latvian: stunda
→ Slovincian: sztënja
Yiddish: שטונד (shtund)

Old Norse: stund

Icelandic: stund

Faroese: stund

Norwegian Bokmål: stund

Norwegian Nynorsk: stund

Old Swedish: stund

Swedish: stund

→ Finnish: tunti

Danish: stund

Gothic: *𐍃𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰 (*stunda)

→ Vulgar Latin: *stunda

Catalan: estona

Corsican: stonda

Italian: stonda

Sardinian: istunda, stunda

From Proto-Indo-European *stut- (“prop”), from *steh₂- (“to stand”).


brannijaną

brannijō (active first-person indicative singular)
brannijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brannijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
brannīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
brannijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brannī (active imperative second-person singular)
brannijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brannijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brannīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
brannijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brannijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
brannijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brannijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brannijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
brannijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brannijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brannijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brannijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brannijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brannijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brannijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brannijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brannīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
brannijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brannīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
brannijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brannijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brannijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
brannijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brannijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
brannijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brannijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brannidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
brannidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brannidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
brannidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brannidē (active indicative singular third-person)
brannidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brannidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
brannidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brannidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brannidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brannidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
brannidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brannidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
brannidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brannidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
brannidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brannijandz (active participle present)
brannidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *brannijan
Old English: bærnan, *brænnan
Middle English: brennen
English: bren
Scots: brenn, bren, brend
Old Frisian: berna, barna
⇒ Saterland Frisian: baanje, baddenje
West Frisian: baarne, barne, brâne
Old Saxon: brennian
Middle Low German: bernen
Low German: brennen, brannen
Old Dutch: brennen
Middle Dutch: bernen, barnen
Dutch: barnen
Limburgish: borre
⇒ Middle Dutch: branden (backformation)
Dutch: branden
Limburgish: branje, brenje
Old High German: brennen
Middle High German: brennen
Bavarian: brenna
German: brennen
Luxembourgish: brennen
Yiddish: ברענען (brenen)

Old Norse: brenna, brinna — Old East Norse
Icelandic: brenna
Faroese: brenna
Norwegian: brenna, brenne
Elfdalian: brinna
Old Swedish: brinna
Swedish: brinna
Old Danish: brinnæ, brænnæ
Danish: brænde
Scanian: brænða
Gutnish: brinne

Gothic: *𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*brannjan)


brinnaną

brinnō (active first-person indicative singular)
brinnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brinnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
brinnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
brinnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brinn (active imperative second-person singular)
brinnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brinnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brinnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
brinnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brinnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
brinnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brinnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brinnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
brinnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brinnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brinnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brinnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brinnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brinnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brinnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brinnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brinnid (active indicative plural second-person)
brinnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brinnid (active imperative plural second-person)
brinnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brinnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brinnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
brinnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brinnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
brinnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brinnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brann (active first-person indicative singular)
brunnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brannt (active indicative second-person singular)
brunnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brann (active indicative singular third-person)
brunnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brunnū (active dual first-person indicative)
brunnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brunnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brunnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brunnum (active first-person indicative plural)
brunnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brunnud (active indicative plural second-person)
brunnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brunnun (active indicative plural third-person)
brunnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brinnandz (active participle present)
brunnanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *brinnan
Old English: biernan, byrnan, birnan, beornan
Middle English: bernen, bern, berne, birnen, brennen
English: burn
Scots: bern, brenn, bren, brend
Old Saxon: brinnan
Middle Low German: bernen, barnen, burnen
German Low German: brannen
Old Dutch: brinnan
Middle Dutch: bernen, barnen
Dutch: barnen
Limburgish: borre
⇒ Middle Dutch: branden (backformation)
Dutch: branden
Limburgish: branje, brenje
Old High German: brinnan
Middle High German: brinnen
Alemannic German: brünne (dated)
Bavarian: brinna
Cimbrian: prönnan
German: brinnen (obsolete)

Old Norse: brinna, brenna
Icelandic: brenna
Faroese: brenna
Norwegian: brenna, brenne
Elfdalian: brinna
Old Swedish: brinna
Swedish: brinna
Old Danish: brinnæ, brænnæ
Danish: brænde
Scanian: brænða
Gutnish: brinne

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (brinnan)

Kroonen reconstructs Pre-Germanic *bʰrénuh₁e-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁-.


brewwaną

brewwō (active first-person indicative singular)
brewwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brewwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
briwwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
brewwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
breww (active imperative second-person singular)
brewwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brewwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
briwwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
brewwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brewwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
brewwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brewwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brewwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
brewwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brewwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brewwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brewwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brewwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brewwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brewwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brewwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
briwwid (active indicative plural second-person)
brewwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
briwwid (active imperative plural second-person)
brewwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brewwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brewwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
brewwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brewwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
brewwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brewwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brau (active first-person indicative singular)
brauw (active first-person indicative singular)
bruwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
braut (active indicative second-person singular)
brauwt (active indicative second-person singular)
bruwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brau (active indicative singular third-person)
brauw (active indicative singular third-person)
bruwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bruwū (active dual first-person indicative)
bruwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bruwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bruwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bruwum (active first-person indicative plural)
bruwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bruwud (active indicative plural second-person)
bruwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bruwun (active indicative plural third-person)
bruwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brewwandz (active participle present)
bruwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *breuwan
Old English: brēowan
Middle English: brewen
Scots: brew
English: brew
Old Frisian: briūwa
North Frisian: bruwen
West Frisian: brouwe
Saterland Frisian: bjoue
Old Saxon: briuwan, breuwan
Middle Low German: bruwen, brouwen
Low German: bruen, bruggen, brauen, broen
Old Dutch: *breuwan, *briuwan
Middle Dutch: bruwen, brouwen
Dutch: brouwen
Afrikaans: brou
Old High German: briuwan
Middle High German: briuwen, brūwen
German: brauen
Luxembourgish: brauen

Old Norse: *bryggja (strong verb) (attested in brugginn (past participle)); brugga (weak verb)

Icelandic: brugga

Faroese: bryggja

Middle Norwegian: bryggja
Norwegian Nynorsk: bryggja

Old Swedish: bryggia

Swedish: brygga

Danish: brygge

Norwegian Bokmål: brygge

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁-, related to Ancient Greek ἀπέφρυσεν (apéphrusen, “brewed”).


brūkaną

brūkō (active first-person indicative singular)
brūkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brūkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
brūkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
brūkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brūk (active imperative second-person singular)
brūkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brūkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brūkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
brūkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brūkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
brūkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brūkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brūkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
brūkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brūkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brūkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brūkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brūkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brūkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brūkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brūkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brūkid (active indicative plural second-person)
brūkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brūkid (active imperative plural second-person)
brūkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brūkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brūkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
brūkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brūkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
brūkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brūkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brūhtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
brūhtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brūhtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
brūhtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brūhtē (active indicative singular third-person)
brūhtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brūhtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
brūhtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brūhtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brūhtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brūhtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
brūhtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brūhtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
brūhtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brūhtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
brūhtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brūkandz (active participle present)
brūhtaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *brūkan
Old English: brūcan
Middle English: brouken
English: brook
Scots: brook, brouk
Old Frisian: brūka
North Frisian: bruwcken
Saterland Frisian: bruke
West Frisian: brûke
Old Saxon: brūkan
Middle Low German: brûken
Low German: bruken
→ Danish: bruge
→ Icelandic: brúka
→ Faroese: brúka
→ Norwegian Bokmål: bruke
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bruke
→ Polabian: brükot
→ Swedish: bruka
→ Finnish: ruukata
Old Dutch: *brūkan
Middle Dutch: bruken
Dutch: bruiken (archaic)
Limburgish: broeke
Old High German: brūhhan
Middle High German: brūchen
Alemannic German: bruuche
Central Franconian: bruche, brauche
Luxembourgish: brauchen
German: brauchen
Mòcheno: prauchen

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (brūkjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰruHg- (“to make use of”). Cognate with Latin fruor (“enjoy”).


framaþiz

framaþiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
framaþijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
framaþī (feminine nominative singular strong)
framaþijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
framaþį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
framaþijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
framaþijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
framaþijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
framaþijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
framaþijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
framaþį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
framaþijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
framaþijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
framaþīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
framaþijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
framaþijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
framaþijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
framaþijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
framaþīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
framaþijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
framaþijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
framaþijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
framaþijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
framaþijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
framaþijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
framaþijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
framaþijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
framaþijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
framaþijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
framaþijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
framaþijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
framaþijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
framaþijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
framaþijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
framaþijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
framaþijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
framaþijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
framaþijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
framaþijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
framaþijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
framaþijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
framaþijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
framaþijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
framaþijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
framaþīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
framaþijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
framaþijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
framaþijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
framaþīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
framaþijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
framaþīni (dative masculine singular weak)
framaþijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
framaþijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
framaþijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
framaþīni (dative neuter singular weak)
framaþijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
framaþīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
framaþijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
framaþijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
framaþijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
framaþīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
framaþijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *framiþī
Old English: fremde, fremede, fremeþe
Middle English: fremde, fremede, fremed, fremmed, frempt, fremmid, fremmede, freomede, ffremyd, fremd
English: fremd (rare, chiefly dialectal)
Scots: fremmit, fremd, frempt, frem
Old Frisian: framede, framde, fromede, fromde
Saterland Frisian: froamd
West Frisian: frjemd, freamd
Old Saxon: fremithi, fremidi
Middle Low German: vremede, vremde, vrömede, vrömde
German Low German: frömd
Plautdietsch: framd
→ Old Norse: framandi
Icelandic: framandi
Faroese: fremmandur
>? Norn: fremd (perhaps from Old or Middle English)
Norwegian Nynorsk: framand; (dialectal) framund
Swedish: främmad (dated, poetic, dialectal), främmande
Danish: fremmed
Norwegian Bokmål: fremmed
Gutnish: främmande, främmandi
→ Middle English: fromond
Old Dutch: fremithi
Middle Dutch: vremt
Dutch: vreemd
Afrikaans: vreemd
Negerhollands: vreemd
Limburgish: vraemp
Old High German: fremidi
Middle High German: vremede, vremde
Central Franconian: fremb
Cimbrian: brömade
German: fremd
Luxembourgish: friem
Vilamovian: fremd
Yiddish: פֿרעמד (fremd)

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 (framaþeis)


felhaną

felhō (active first-person indicative singular)
felhaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
felhai (first-person indicative passive singular)
filhizi (active indicative second-person singular)
felhaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
felh (active imperative second-person singular)
felhazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
felhaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
filhidi (active indicative singular third-person)
felhai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
felhadau (active imperative singular third-person)
felhadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
felhaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
felhōz (active dual first-person indicative)
felhaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
felhadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
felhaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
felhadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
felhamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
felhaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
felhandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
felhaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
filhid (active indicative plural second-person)
felhaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
filhid (active imperative plural second-person)
felhandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
felhaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
felhandi (active indicative plural third-person)
felhain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
felhandau (active imperative plural third-person)
felhandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
felhaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
falh (active first-person indicative singular)
fulgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
falht (active indicative second-person singular)
fulgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
falh (active indicative singular third-person)
fulgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fulgū (active dual first-person indicative)
fulgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fulgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fulgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fulgum (active first-person indicative plural)
fulgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fulgud (active indicative plural second-person)
fulgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fulgun (active indicative plural third-person)
fulgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
felhandz (active participle present)
fulganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *felhan
Old English: fēolan
Middle English: felen
English: feal (“to hide”)
Old Frisian: fela
Old Saxon: felhan
Middle Low German: vēlen
Old Dutch: *felan
Middle Dutch: vēlen
Dutch: velen
Old High German: felahan, felhan
Middle High German: felhen, velhen

q

Proto-Norse: ᚠᛖᛚᛡᚺ (felᴀh), ᚠᛡᛚᛡᚺ (fᴀlᴀh) (first-person singular present/past indicative)

desctree

Old Norse: fela, *fjala
Icelandic: fela
Faroese: fjala
Old Swedish: fiæla, fiala
Swedish: fjäla (dialectal)
Old Danish: fiælæ, fialæ
Danish: fjæle
→ English: feal

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌷𐌰𐌽 (filhan)

Unknown. Possibly:
* If the sense “to go, enter” is original, related to *fulgāną (“to follow”), for which Kroonen reconstructs a Germanic-only root *pelk- (cf. Kroonen (2013), p. 159, s.v. *fulgēn-).
* If “to conceal” is original, related to Old Prussian pelkis (“cloak”), from an extension *pel-k- of Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“to cover, wrap; skin, cloth”).

m+

to put inside, to conceal, to hide, to bury


swimmaną

swimmō (active first-person indicative singular)
swimmaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swimmai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swimmizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swimmaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swimm (active imperative second-person singular)
swimmazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swimmaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swimmidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swimmai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swimmadau (active imperative singular third-person)
swimmadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swimmaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swimmōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swimmaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swimmadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swimmaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swimmadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swimmamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swimmaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swimmandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swimmaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swimmid (active indicative plural second-person)
swimmaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swimmid (active imperative plural second-person)
swimmandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swimmaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swimmandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swimmain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swimmandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swimmandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swimmaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swamm (active first-person indicative singular)
summį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swammt (active indicative second-person singular)
summīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swamm (active indicative singular third-person)
summī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
summū (active dual first-person indicative)
summīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
summudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
summīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
summum (active first-person indicative plural)
summīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
summud (active indicative plural second-person)
summīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
summun (active indicative plural third-person)
summīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swimmandz (active participle present)
summanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swimman
Old English: swimman
Middle English: swymmen, suymmyne, sweme, swemmen, swimmen, swyme, swymme; squim (Northern)
English: swim
Scots: sweem, soom
Old Frisian: swimma
Saterland Frisian: swimme
West Frisian: swimme
Old Saxon: swimman
Middle Low German: swemmen
Low German: swimmen, swemmen
Plautdietsch: schwamen
Old Dutch: *swimman
Middle Dutch: swemmen
Dutch: zwemmen
Limburgish: zwömme
Old High German: swimman
Middle High German: swimmen
Bavarian: schwimma
German: schwimmen
Luxembourgish: schwammen
Vilamovian: śwyma
Yiddish: שווימען (shvimen)

Old Norse: svimma, svima
Faroese: svimja
Icelandic: svimma, svima, symja
Norn: suma
Norwegian Nynorsk: symja, svemja
Jamtish: symi
Elfdalian: simma
Old Swedish: symma
Swedish: simma
Scanian: sømma
Old Danish: swimmæ
Danish: svømme, svemme
Norwegian Bokmål: svømme
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: svømma
Gutnish: sime

From Proto-Indo-European *swem(bʰ)- (“to be unsteady, move, swim”).


hrewwaną

hrewwō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrewwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrewwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hriwwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrewwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hreww (active imperative second-person singular)
hrewwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrewwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hriwwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrewwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrewwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrewwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrewwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrewwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hrewwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrewwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrewwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrewwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrewwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrewwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrewwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrewwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hriwwid (active indicative plural second-person)
hrewwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hriwwid (active imperative plural second-person)
hrewwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrewwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrewwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrewwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrewwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrewwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrewwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hrau (active first-person indicative singular)
hrauw (active first-person indicative singular)
hruwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hraut (active indicative second-person singular)
hrauwt (active indicative second-person singular)
hruwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrau (active indicative singular third-person)
hrauw (active indicative singular third-person)
hruwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hruwū (active dual first-person indicative)
hruwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hruwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hruwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hruwum (active first-person indicative plural)
hruwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hruwud (active indicative plural second-person)
hruwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hruwun (active indicative plural third-person)
hruwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrewwandz (active participle present)
hruwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hreuwan
Old English: hrēowan
Middle English: rewen, reowen, ruwen, ruen, reouwen, rowen, reowe, riewe, rewe
English: rue
Scots: rew
Old Frisian: *hriōwa, *hriuwa, *riouwa
West Frisian: rouwe
Old Saxon: hriuwan, hreuwan
Middle Low German: ruwen, rouwen
Low German: ruwen, rouwen, ruen
Old Dutch: *riuwan
Middle Dutch: rouwen
Dutch: rouwen
Limburgish: roewe
Old High German: hriuwan, riuwan
Middle High German: riuwen
Alemannic German: rüüwe
German: reuen

Old Norse: hryggva, (younger hryggja)
Icelandic: hryggja
Faroese: ryggja
Norwegian Nynorsk: ryggja

From Proto-Indo-European *krew-, *krow-, *krows- (“to fall, beat, break, bruise”). Cognate with Lithuanian krùšti (“to smash, crash, bruise”), Russian круши́ть (krušítʹ, “to destroy”).


fōr

fōr (nominative singular)
fōr (singular vocative)
fōr (accusative singular)
funiz (genitive singular)
funi (dative singular)
funē (instrumental singular)
fōr (nominative singular)
fōr (singular vocative)
fōr (accusative singular)
fuiniz (genitive singular)
fuini (dative singular)
fuinē (instrumental singular)
fōr (nominative singular)
fōr (singular vocative)
fōr (accusative singular)
funiniz (genitive singular)
funini (dative singular)
funinē (instrumental singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fuir
Old English: fȳr
Middle English: fyr, fier, vir, fer, fur
English: fire
→ Japanese: ファイヤー (faiyā)
Sranan Tongo: faya
Scots: fyre, feier
Yola: vire, vier
Old Frisian: fiūr, fiōr
Saterland Frisian: Fjúur
West Frisian: fjoer
Old Saxon: fiur
Middle Low German: vǖr
German Low German: Füür, Füer, Für
Plautdietsch: Fia
Old Dutch: fuïr
Middle Dutch: vuur
Dutch: vuur
Afrikaans: vuur
Javindo: vier
Jersey Dutch: vuer, vîr
Negerhollands: vuur, fi, vier
Skepi Creole Dutch: fir
Limburgish: vuur
West Flemish: vier
Zealandic: vier
Old High German: fuïr (early), fiur
Middle High German: viur, viwer, viuwer
Alemannic German: Füür
Alsatian: Fiir
Swabian: Feier, Fuiet, Fuur, Feiar
Walser: fir
Bavarian: Faia, Feia
Cimbrian: vôar, bôar, vaür
Mòcheno: vaier
Central Franconian: Füür, Feier, Fouer
Hunsrik: Feier, fayer
German: Feuer
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: Feier
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Faia
Pennsylvania German: Feier
Luxembourgish: Feier
Vilamovian: faojer
Yiddish: פֿײַער (fayer)

Old Norse: fúrr, fýr, fýrir, funi

Icelandic: fúrr, fúr, fýr, fýri, funi

Faroese: fýrur

Norn: foni

Norwegian Bokmål: fyr

Norwegian Nynorsk: fyr

Swedish: fyr

Old Danish: für

Danish: fyr

Gothic: 𐍆𐍉𐌽 (fōn)
→ Portuguese: fona

From Proto-Indo-European *péh₂wr̥ ~ *ph₂wéns (“fire”).


bautaną

bautō (active first-person indicative singular)
bautaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bautai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bautizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bautaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baut (active imperative second-person singular)
bautazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bautaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bautidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bautai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bautadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bautadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bautaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bautōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bautaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bautadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bautaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bautadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bautamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bautaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bautandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bautaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bautid (active indicative plural second-person)
bautaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bautid (active imperative plural second-person)
bautandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bautaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bautandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bautain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bautandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bautandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bautaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bebaut (active first-person indicative singular)
bebautį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bebaust (active indicative second-person singular)
bebautīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bebaut (active indicative singular third-person)
bebautī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bebautū (active dual first-person indicative)
bebautīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bebautudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bebautīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bebautum (active first-person indicative plural)
bebautīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bebautud (active indicative plural second-person)
bebautīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bebautun (active indicative plural third-person)
bebautīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bautandz (active participle present)
bautanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bautan
Old English: bēatan
Middle English: beten, beete, bet, bete, betyn, beytt; beaten (Early Middle English); byete (Kent)
English: beat
→ Pennsylvania German: biede
Scots: beat, beit
Old Frisian: *bāta (in derivatives)
Old Saxon: *bōtan
Middle Low German: bôten
German Low German: boten
⇒ Middle Low German: bȫtelen
Old Dutch: *bōtan
Middle Dutch: bôten
Dutch: boten, botten, butten
West Flemish: botn
Old High German: pōzan, bōzan, bōzzan
Middle High German: bōzen, butzen
German: boßen (dialectal); bossen, possen
⇒ German: bosseln
German: Butzen (noun) (dialectal)
⇒? German: butzen, putzen (verb)
⇒ Middle High German: bōzelen, bōzeln
German: boßeln
→ Middle Low German: bōsselen
German Low German: boßeln
⇒ Old High German: anabōz (“anvil”)
Middle High German: anebōz
Cimbrian: hanapus
German: Amboss
→? Vulgar Latin: *bottō (perhaps directly borrowed into Old French, and other Romance languages borrowed from it)
Old French: bouter, boter
Anglo-Norman: boter, buter
→ Middle English: butten, bouten
English: butt
Middle French: bouter
French: bouter
Norman: bouter (Jèrriais), boutaïr (Guernésiais)
Sicilian: ammuttari (a + (i)n + *buttari)
Italian: bottare
Old Occitan: botar
Catalan: botar
Occitan: botar
West Iberian
Old Galician-Portuguese: botar
Galician: botar
Portuguese: botar
Spanish: botar
⇒? Late Latin: *botōnus, *bottonem (perhaps formed in Old French (bouter + -on), and other Romance languages borrowed from it)
Old French: boton
French: bouton
Norman: bouton
→ Middle English: botoun
English: button (see there for further descendants)
Scots: button
Yola: buththone, boththone
Italo-Dalmatian
Dalmatian: botaun
Italian: bottone
Sicilian: buttuni
Old Occitan: boton
Catalan: botó
Occitan: boton
Romansch: buttun, battung
Venetian: boton
West Iberian
Aragonese: botón
Asturian: botón
Old Galician-Portuguese:
Galician: botón
Portuguese: botão (see there for further descendants)
Spanish: botón (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: bauta

Icelandic: bauta

Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (*bautan)
→ Galician: botar
→ Portuguese: botar

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰewd- (“to beat, strike”). Cognate with Latin fūtō (“to argue”), Middle Irish búailid (“to beat, strike”), Albanian butë (“tender”).


sinnaz

sinnaz (nominative singular)
sinnōz (nominative plural)
sinnōs (nominative plural)
sinn (singular vocative)
sinnōz (plural vocative)
sinnōs (plural vocative)
sinną (accusative singular)
sinnanz (accusative plural)
sinnas (genitive singular)
sinnis (genitive singular)
sinnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sinnai (dative singular)
sinnamaz (dative plural)
sinnō (instrumental singular)
sinnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sinn
Old Frisian: sinn, sin
Saterland Frisian: Sin
West Frisian: sin
Old Saxon: *sinn
Middle Low German: sin
German Low German: Sinn
→ Danish: sind
→ Norwegian Bokmål: sinn
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: sinn
→ Old Swedish: sin
Swedish: sinne
Old Dutch: sin
Middle Dutch: sin
Dutch: zin
Afrikaans: sin
Negerhollands: sin
Limburgish: zin
Old High German: sin
Middle High German: sin
German: Sinn
Luxembourgish: Sënn
Yiddish: זין (zin)
→ Latin: *sennus, *sinnus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *sentnós, from *sent- (“to feel”).


lesaną

lesō (active first-person indicative singular)
lesaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lesai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lisizi (active indicative second-person singular)
lesaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
les (active imperative second-person singular)
lesazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lesaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lisidi (active indicative singular third-person)
lesai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lesadau (active imperative singular third-person)
lesadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lesaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lesōz (active dual first-person indicative)
lesaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lesadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lesaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lesadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lesamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lesaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lesandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lesaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lisid (active indicative plural second-person)
lesaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lisid (active imperative plural second-person)
lesandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lesaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lesandi (active indicative plural third-person)
lesain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lesandau (active imperative plural third-person)
lesandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lesaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
las (active first-person indicative singular)
lēzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
last (active indicative second-person singular)
lēzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
las (active indicative singular third-person)
lēzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lēzū (active dual first-person indicative)
lēzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lēzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lēzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lēzum (active first-person indicative plural)
lēzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lēzud (active indicative plural second-person)
lēzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lēzun (active indicative plural third-person)
lēzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lesandz (active participle present)
lezanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *lesan

Old English: lesan

Middle English: lesen

Scots: lease

English: lease

Old Frisian: lesa

Saterland Frisian: leze

West Frisian: lêze

Old Saxon: lesan

Middle Low German: lēsen

Dutch Low Saxon: lezen

German Low German: lesen, läsen

Plautdietsch: läsen

Old Dutch: lesan
Middle Dutch: lēsen
Dutch: lezen
Afrikaans: lees
Berbice Creole Dutch: lesi
Javindo: lesen
Jersey Dutch: lêze
Negerhollands: lees
→ Lokono: alesedin
→? Mahican: lesówu
→ Papiamentu: lesa, leza
→ Sranan Tongo: leisi
Aukan: leisi
Saramaccan: lési
→ Caribbean Javanese: lési
→ Kari'na: resima
Limburgish: laeze, leuze

Old High German: lesan
Middle High German: lësen
Alemannic German: läse, lääse
Bavarian: lesn
Cimbrian: lesan, lèzan (Sette Comuni)
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: lese
German: lesen
Luxembourgish: liesen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: lese
Vilamovian: łaoza

Old Norse: lesa

Icelandic: lesa

Faroese: lesa

Norwegian Bokmål: lese

Norwegian Nynorsk: lesa

Old Swedish: læsa

Swedish: läsa

Old Danish: læsæ

Danish: læse

Elfdalian: leså

Gutnish: läse

Scanian: læsa

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (lisan)

From Proto-Indo-European *les- (“to gather”). Cognate with Lithuanian lesti (“to pick, peck”).


þinhaną

þinhō (active first-person indicative singular)
þinhaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þinhai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þinhizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þinhaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þinh (active imperative second-person singular)
þinhazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þinhaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þinhidi (active indicative singular third-person)
þinhai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þinhadau (active imperative singular third-person)
þinhadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þinhaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þinhōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þinhaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þinhadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þinhaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þinhadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þinhamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þinhaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þinhandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þinhaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þinhid (active indicative plural second-person)
þinhaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þinhid (active imperative plural second-person)
þinhandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þinhaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þinhandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þinhain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þinhandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þinhandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þinhaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þanh (active first-person indicative singular)
þungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þanht (active indicative second-person singular)
þungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þanh (active indicative singular third-person)
þungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þungū (active dual first-person indicative)
þungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þungum (active first-person indicative plural)
þungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þungud (active indicative plural second-person)
þungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þungun (active indicative plural third-person)
þungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þinhandz (active participle present)
þunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þį̄han
Old English: þīon, þēon, ġeþingan
Middle English: theen
Scots: thee, the
English: thee
Old Frisian: thīgia
Saterland Frisian: tiegje
West Frisian: dije
Old Saxon: thīhan
Middle Low German: dîen, dîgen
Low German: deen
German Low German: dejen
→ Saterland Frisian: däie
Old Dutch: thīan
Middle Dutch: diën
Dutch: dijen
Old High German: thīhan, dīhan
Middle High German: dīhen
German: gedeihen, gediegen
Luxembourgish: gedeien
Yiddish: געדײַען (gedayen)

Gothic: 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þeihan)

/ˈθĩː.xɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *tenk- (“to be suitable”). Possibly related to Lithuanian tikti, Lithuanian patikti, Latvian tikt.


fraþjaną

fraþjō (active first-person indicative singular)
fraþjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraþjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fraþisi (active indicative second-person singular)
fraþjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fraþi (active imperative second-person singular)
fraþjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fraþjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fraþiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fraþjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fraþjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fraþjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fraþjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fraþjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fraþjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fraþjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fraþjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fraþjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fraþjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fraþjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fraþjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fraþjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fraþiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fraþjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fraþiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fraþjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fraþjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fraþjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fraþjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraþjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fraþjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fraþjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frōþ (active first-person indicative singular)
frōdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frōst (active indicative second-person singular)
frōdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frōþ (active indicative singular third-person)
frōdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frōdū (active dual first-person indicative)
frōdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frōdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frōdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frōdum (active first-person indicative plural)
frōdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frōdud (active indicative plural second-person)
frōdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frōdun (active indicative plural third-person)
frōdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraþjandz (active participle present)
fradanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fraþjan)

/ˈɸrɑθ.jɑ.nɑ̃/

From Pre-Germanic *prot-, o-grade of Proto-Indo-European *pret- (“to understand”).


stenaną

stenō (active first-person indicative singular)
stenaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stenai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stinizi (active indicative second-person singular)
stenaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sten (active imperative second-person singular)
stenazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stenaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stinidi (active indicative singular third-person)
stenai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stenadau (active imperative singular third-person)
stenadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stenaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stenōz (active dual first-person indicative)
stenaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stenadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stenaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stenadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stenamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stenaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stenandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stenaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stinid (active indicative plural second-person)
stenaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stinid (active imperative plural second-person)
stenandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stenaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stenandi (active indicative plural third-person)
stenain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stenandau (active imperative plural third-person)
stenandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stenaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stan (active first-person indicative singular)
stēnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stant (active indicative second-person singular)
stēnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stan (active indicative singular third-person)
stēnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stēnū (active dual first-person indicative)
stēnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stēnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stēnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stēnum (active first-person indicative plural)
stēnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stēnud (active indicative plural second-person)
stēnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stēnun (active indicative plural third-person)
stēnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stenandz (active participle present)
stunanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stenan
Old English: stenan, stinan
Middle English: stenen, steynen (regarded as byforms of stunien)
Old Saxon: *stenan
Middle Low German: stēnen, stȫnen (rounded form perhaps merged with *stunōną or *stunjaną)
Low German: stöhnen
→? Middle High German: stenen (northern)
German: stöhnen
Old Dutch: *stenan
Middle Dutch: stēnen
Dutch: stenen, steunen (rounded form perhaps merged with *stunōną or *stunjaną)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tenh₂- (“to crash, sound, thunder, roar, moan”). Cognate with Latin tonō (“to thunder”).


temaną

temō (active first-person indicative singular)
temaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
temai (first-person indicative passive singular)
timizi (active indicative second-person singular)
temaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tem (active imperative second-person singular)
temazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
temaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
timidi (active indicative singular third-person)
temai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
temadau (active imperative singular third-person)
temadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
temaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
temōz (active dual first-person indicative)
temaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
temadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
temaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
temadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
temamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
temaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
temandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
temaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
timid (active indicative plural second-person)
temaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
timid (active imperative plural second-person)
temandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
temaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
temandi (active indicative plural third-person)
temain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
temandau (active imperative plural third-person)
temandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
temaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tam (active first-person indicative singular)
tēmį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tamt (active indicative second-person singular)
tēmīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tam (active indicative singular third-person)
tēmī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tēmū (active dual first-person indicative)
tēmīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tēmudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tēmīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tēmum (active first-person indicative plural)
tēmīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tēmud (active indicative plural second-person)
tēmīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tēmun (active indicative plural third-person)
tēmīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
temandz (active participle present)
tumanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *teman
Old English: *teman; (temian); *tēme, *tȳme (in luftȳme, wiþertȳme)
Middle English: temen; *betemen
English: teem; beteem
Old Frisian: tima; timia
Saterland Frisian: täämelk
West Frisian: tiemje; betame, betamje
Old Saxon: teman
Middle Low German: temen; tēmelik, tâmelik
Low German: temen, tamen
Old Dutch: teman
Middle Dutch: tēmen
Old High German: zeman
Middle High German: zëmen; gezëmen
German: ziemen; geziemen; ziemlich

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (gatiman)

From Proto-Indo-European *dem- (“to put together”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δέμω (démō, “to build”).


helaną

helō (active first-person indicative singular)
helaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
helai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hilizi (active indicative second-person singular)
helaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hel (active imperative second-person singular)
helazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
helaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hilidi (active indicative singular third-person)
helai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
heladau (active imperative singular third-person)
heladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
helaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
helōz (active dual first-person indicative)
helaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
heladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
helaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
heladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
helamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
helaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
helandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
helaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hilid (active indicative plural second-person)
helaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hilid (active imperative plural second-person)
helandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
helaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
helandi (active indicative plural third-person)
helain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
helandau (active imperative plural third-person)
helandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
helaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hal (active first-person indicative singular)
hēlį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
halt (active indicative second-person singular)
hēlīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hal (active indicative singular third-person)
hēlī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hēlū (active dual first-person indicative)
hēlīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hēludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hēlīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hēlum (active first-person indicative plural)
hēlīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hēlud (active indicative plural second-person)
hēlīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hēlun (active indicative plural third-person)
hēlīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
helandz (active participle present)
hulanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *helan
Old English: helan, hœ̄lan
Middle English: helen, helien (merger with helian)
English: hele, heel
Scots: heil
Old Frisian: hela
West Frisian: hele
Old Saxon: helan
Old Dutch: *helan
Middle Dutch: hēlen
Dutch: helen
Old High German: helan
Middle High German: heln
German: hehlen
→ Swedish: häla, hälare

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱéleti, from *ḱel- (“to cover”). Cognate with Latin cēlō (“hide, cover, conceal”).


þreskaną

þreskō (active first-person indicative singular)
þreskaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þreskai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þriskizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þreskaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þresk (active imperative second-person singular)
þreskazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þreskaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þriskidi (active indicative singular third-person)
þreskai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þreskadau (active imperative singular third-person)
þreskadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þreskaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þreskōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þreskaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þreskadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þreskaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þreskadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þreskamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þreskaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þreskandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þreskaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þriskid (active indicative plural second-person)
þreskaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þriskid (active imperative plural second-person)
þreskandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þreskaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þreskandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þreskain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þreskandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þreskandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þreskaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þrask (active first-person indicative singular)
þruskį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrast (active indicative second-person singular)
þruskīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrask (active indicative singular third-person)
þruskī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þruskū (active dual first-person indicative)
þruskīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þruskudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þruskīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þruskum (active first-person indicative plural)
þruskīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þruskud (active indicative plural second-person)
þruskīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þruskun (active indicative plural third-person)
þruskīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þreskandz (active participle present)
þruskanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: þersċan, þresċan, þrexan

desc

Middle English: threshen, thresshen, threschen, thrasshen

Scots: thresch, thrash

English: thresh, thrash

Old Frisian: *therska

North Frisian: seenk (Amrum)

Saterland Frisian: täärske

West Frisian: terskje

Old Saxon: *threskan, *therskan

Middle Low German: derschen, dorschen

Low German: döschen

Frankish: *threskan

desctree

Old Dutch: *threscan
Middle Dutch: derschen
Dutch: dorsen
Afrikaans: dors

→ Vulgar Latin: *trescāre

Old French: trescher, treschier

Italian: trescare

Old High German: dreskan

desc

Middle High German: dreschen, dröschen, treschen, tröschen

German: dreschen

Luxembourgish: dreschen

Yiddish: דרעשן (dreshn)

desctree

Old Norse: þreskja
Icelandic: þreskja
Faroese: treskja
Norwegian Nynorsk: treskja, treska (dialectal) tryskja, trøskja, trøska, treiskje, trùska
Norwegian Bokmål: treske
Old Swedish: þriska, þryskja
Swedish: tröska
Danish: tærske, tæske

Gothic: 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽 (þriskan)

→ Vulgar Latin: *triscāre

Galician: triscar

Portuguese: triscar

Spanish: triscar

→ Proto-Finnic: *rehkidäk (see there for further descendants)

Probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub, turn”).


rōaną

rōō (active first-person indicative singular)
rōaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rōai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rōizi (active indicative second-person singular)
rōaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rō (active imperative second-person singular)
rōazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rōaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rōidi (active indicative singular third-person)
rōai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rōadau (active imperative singular third-person)
rōadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rōaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rōōz (active dual first-person indicative)
rōaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rōadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rōaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rōadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rōamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rōaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rōandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rōaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rōid (active indicative plural second-person)
rōaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rōid (active imperative plural second-person)
rōandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rōaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rōandi (active indicative plural third-person)
rōain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rōandau (active imperative plural third-person)
rōandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rōaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rerō (active first-person indicative singular)
rerōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rerōt (active indicative second-person singular)
rerōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rerō (active indicative singular third-person)
rerōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rerōū (active dual first-person indicative)
rerōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rerōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rerōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rerōum (active first-person indicative plural)
rerōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rerōud (active indicative plural second-person)
rerōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rerōun (active indicative plural third-person)
rerōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rōandz (active participle present)
rōanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rōan
Old English: rōwan
Middle English: rowen
Scots: row
English: row
Old Frisian: *rōia
Saterland Frisian: roie
West Frisian: roeie
Old Saxon: *rōian
Middle Low German: rōen, rōien, rōjen
Old Dutch: *ruoien
Middle Dutch: roeyen
Dutch: roeien
Afrikaans: roei
Old High German: *ruojan
Middle High German: rüejen, rüegen, ruogen
German: rojen

Old Norse: róa
Icelandic: róa
Faroese: rógva
Norwegian: ro
Old Swedish: rōa
Swedish: ro
Danish: ro

/ˈrɔː.ɑ.nɑ̃/