lausijaną

lausijō (active first-person indicative singular)
lausijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lausijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lausīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
lausijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lausī (active imperative second-person singular)
lausijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lausijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lausīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
lausijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lausijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
lausijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lausijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lausijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
lausijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lausijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lausijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lausijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lausijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lausijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lausijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lausijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lausīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
lausijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lausīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
lausijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lausijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lausijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
lausijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lausijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
lausijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lausijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lausidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
lausidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lausidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
lausidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lausidē (active indicative singular third-person)
lausidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lausidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
lausidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lausidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lausidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lausidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
lausidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lausidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
lausidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lausidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
lausidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lausijandz (active participle present)
lausidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lausijan
Old English: līesan
Middle English: lesen
Scots: leese, lease
English: leese, lease
Old Frisian: lēsa
Saterland Frisian: leze
Old Saxon: lōsian
Middle Low German: lôsen, lö̂sen, loesen, loysen, lössen
German Low German: lösen
Old Dutch: lōsen
Middle Dutch: lôsen
Dutch: lozen
Old High German: lōsen, lossan
Middle High German: losen
German: lösen
Luxembourgish: léisen
Yiddish: לייזן (leyzn)

Old Norse: leysa

Icelandic: leysa

Faroese: loysa

Norwegian Nynorsk: løysa

→ Norwegian Bokmål: løyse

Old Swedish: lø̄sa

Swedish: lösa

Old Danish: løsæ

Danish: løse

Norwegian Bokmål: løse

→ Finnish: löysä

Gutnish: lausa

Ostrobothnian: löis’

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (lausjan)


līkāną

līkō (active first-person indicative singular)
līkaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
līkai (active imperative second-person singular)
līkāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
līkaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
līkāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
līkāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
līkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
līkāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
līkāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
līkāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
līkānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
līkaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
līkaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
līkānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
līkānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
līkānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
līkānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
līkadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
līkadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
līkadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
līkadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
līkadē (active indicative singular third-person)
līkadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
līkadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
līkadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
līkadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
līkadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
līkadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
līkadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
līkadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
līkadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
līkadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
līkadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
līkāndz (active participle present)
līkadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *līkēn
Old English: līcian
Middle English: liken, lyken
Scots: like
English: like
→ Welsh: leicio, licio
→ German: liken
→ Dutch: liken
→ French: liker
→ Spanish: likear
Old Frisian: līkia
Saterland Frisian: liekje
West Frisian: lykje
Old Saxon: līkōn
Middle Low German: liken
Low German: lieken
Old Dutch: līcon
Middle Dutch: liken
Dutch: lijken
Old High German: līhhēn
Middle High German: līchen
German: leichen

Old Norse: líka

Icelandic: líka

Faroese: líka

Norwegian: like

Swedish: lika

Danish: lige (archaic)

Gothic: 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽 (leikān)

to please (+ dative object), to like (impersonal) (+ dative subject)


hataz

hataz (nominative singular)
hatizō (nominative plural)
hataz (singular vocative)
hatizō (plural vocative)
hataz (accusative singular)
hatizō (accusative plural)
hatiziz (genitive singular)
hatizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hatizi (dative singular)
hatizumaz (dative plural)
hatizē (instrumental singular)
hatizumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hati m
Old English: hete
Middle English: hete, het; hate, ate, haate, hat, hatte (influenced by the verb)
English: hate
Scots: hate, hait, heit
Old Frisian: hat
West Frisian: haat
Old Saxon: *hat, heti
Middle Low German: hat, hāte
German Low German: Haat
Plautdietsch: Hot
Old Dutch: *hat
Middle Dutch: hat, hāte
Dutch: haat
Afrikaans: haat
Limburgish: haat
Old High German: haz
Middle High German: haz
German: Hass
Luxembourgish: Haass
Yiddish: האַס (has)
→ Vulgar Latin: *hatina
Old French: haine, haïne; haïnus, haïnos
Bourguignon: haine
Middle French: haine; haineux, haigneux
French: haine; haineux
→ Middle English: heinous, hainous
English: heinous

Old Norse: hatr n

Icelandic: hatur

Faroese: hatur

Norwegian: hat

Old Swedish: hat

Swedish: hat

Danish: had

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐍄𐌹𐍃 (hatis)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱh₂d-es-, from *ḱeh₂d- (“strong emotion”).


garwijaną

garwijō (active first-person indicative singular)
garwijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
garwijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
garwīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
garwijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
garwī (active imperative second-person singular)
garwijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
garwijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
garwīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
garwijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
garwijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
garwijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
garwijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
garwijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
garwijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
garwijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
garwijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
garwijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
garwijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
garwijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
garwijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
garwijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
garwīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
garwijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
garwīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
garwijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
garwijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
garwijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
garwijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
garwijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
garwijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
garwijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
garwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
garwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
garwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
garwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
garwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
garwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
garwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
garwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
garwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
garwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
garwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
garwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
garwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
garwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
garwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
garwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
garwijandz (active participle present)
garwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *garwijan
Old English: ġierwan, ġyrwan — Late West Saxon
⇒ Middle English: bigeored
Old Saxon: gerwian, garwian
Middle Low German: gerwen
→ Danish: garve
→ Norwegian Bokmål: garve
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: garve, garva
→ Swedish: garva
Old Dutch: gerwen
Middle Dutch: gerwen, geerwen, geruwen, gaerwen
Dutch: gerven
Old High German: garwen, garawen
Middle High German: gerwen, garwen, gerben
German: gerben
Luxembourgish: gierwen

Old Norse: gera, gerva, gøra, gørva, gjǫra, gjǫrva, gǫra, gǫrva
Icelandic: gjöra, gera
Faroese: gera
Norwegian Nynorsk: gjera; (dialectal) gjårå, gjara, gjøra, gjørå, gjørø
Jamtish: gjara
Elfdalian: djärå
Old Swedish: gø̄ra, gæra, giora
Swedish: göra
Old Danish: gøræ
Danish: gøre
Norwegian Bokmål: gjøre
Scanian: gøra
Old Gutnish: giera
Gutnish: gyre, gäre
→ Middle English: gerren, garren, garen
English: gar
Scots: gar

From *garwaz (“ready, prepared”) + *-janą.


furhtijaną

furhtijō (active first-person indicative singular)
furhtijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
furhtijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
furhtīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
furhtijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
furhtī (active imperative second-person singular)
furhtijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
furhtijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
furhtīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
furhtijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
furhtijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
furhtijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
furhtijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
furhtijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
furhtijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
furhtijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
furhtijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
furhtijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
furhtijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
furhtijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
furhtijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
furhtijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
furhtīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
furhtijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
furhtīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
furhtijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
furhtijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
furhtijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
furhtijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
furhtijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
furhtijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
furhtijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
furhtidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
furhtidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
furhtidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
furhtidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
furhtidē (active indicative singular third-person)
furhtidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
furhtidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
furhtidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
furhtidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
furhtidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
furhtidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
furhtidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
furhtidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
furhtidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
furhtidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
furhtidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
furhtijandz (active participle present)
furhtidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *furhtijan
Old English: fyrhtan
Middle English: fyrten
Old Saxon: forhtian
Old Dutch: *forhten, *furhten
Middle Dutch: vruchten
Dutch: vruchten
Old High German: furhten, forhten, forahten
German: fürchten
Luxembourgish: fäerten

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (faurhtjan)

Factitive from *furhtaz (“fearful, afraid”) + *-janą and denominative *furhtō (“fright, fear”) + *-janą.


warmijaną

warmijō (active first-person indicative singular)
warmijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
warmijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
warmīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
warmijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
warmī (active imperative second-person singular)
warmijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
warmijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
warmīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
warmijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
warmijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
warmijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
warmijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
warmijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
warmijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
warmijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
warmijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
warmijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
warmijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
warmijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
warmijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
warmijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
warmīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
warmijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
warmīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
warmijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
warmijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
warmijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
warmijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
warmijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
warmijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
warmijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
warmidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
warmidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
warmidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
warmidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
warmidē (active indicative singular third-person)
warmidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
warmidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
warmidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
warmidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
warmidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
warmidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
warmidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
warmidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
warmidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
warmidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
warmidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
warmijandz (active participle present)
warmidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *warmijan
Old English: wierman
Old Saxon: wermian
Old Dutch: *wermen
Middle Dutch: wermen, warmen
Dutch: warmen
Old High German: wermen
Middle High German: wermen
German: wärmen
Hunsrik: wäärme
Luxembourgish: wiermen

Old Norse: verma

Icelandic: verma

Faroese: verma

Old Swedish: værma

Swedish: värma

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (warmjan)


karōną

karō (active first-person indicative singular)
karǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
karōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
karōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
karōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
karō (active imperative second-person singular)
karōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
karōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
karōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
karō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
karōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
karōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
karōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
karōs (active dual first-person indicative)
karōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
karōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
karōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
karōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
karōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
karōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
karōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
karōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
karōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
karōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
karōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
karōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
karōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
karōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
karōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
karōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
karōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
karōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
karōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
karōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
karōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
karōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
karōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
karōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
karōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
karōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
karōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
karōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
karōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
karōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
karōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
karōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
karōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
karōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
karōndz (active participle present)
karōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *karōn
Old English: carian
Scots: care, cair
English: care
Old Saxon: karōn
Old High German: karōn, charōn
Middle High German: karen, karn (“to mourn, wail, lament”)

Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐍉𐌽 (karōn)

From *karō (“complaint, lament, worry”) + *-ōną.


sibjōną

sibjō (active first-person indicative singular)
sibjǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sibjōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
sibjōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sibjōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sibjō (active imperative second-person singular)
sibjōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sibjōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sibjōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sibjō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sibjōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sibjōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sibjōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sibjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sibjōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sibjōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sibjōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sibjōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sibjōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sibjōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sibjōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sibjōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sibjōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sibjōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sibjōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sibjōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sibjōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sibjōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sibjōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sibjōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sibjōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sibjōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sibjōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sibjōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sibjōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sibjōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sibjōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sibjōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sibjōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sibjōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sibjōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sibjōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sibjōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sibjōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sibjōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sibjōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sibjōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sibjōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sibjōndz (active participle present)
sibjōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sibbjōn
Old English: sibbian
Middle English: *sibben, *sibbien
English: sib
Old High German: sibbon
Middle High German: sippen
German: sippen

Gothic: *𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌾𐍉𐌽 (*sibjōn)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌾𐍉𐌽 (gasibjōn)

From *sibjō (“friendship, kinship”) + *-ōną.


laþō

laþō (nominative singular)
laþôz (nominative plural)
laþō (singular vocative)
laþôz (plural vocative)
laþǭ (accusative singular)
laþōz (accusative plural)
laþōz (genitive singular)
laþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laþōi (dative singular)
laþōmaz (dative plural)
laþō (instrumental singular)
laþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *laþu

Old English: *laþu

⇒ Old English: frēondlaþu

⇒ Old English: nēodlaþu

⇒ Old English: wordlaþu

Old High German: *lada

⇒ Old High German: ladalīh

⇒ Old High German: inladalīh

Proto-Norse: ᛚᚨᚦᚢ (laþu)
Old Norse: lǫð
Icelandic: löð

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌸𐌰 (laþa)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂lot-eh₂, an isogloss that only appears to be found in Germanic and Hittite. Anatolian cognates include Luwian [script needed] (ḫalta, “to call”), Hittite [script needed] (halzai, “to invoke, recite, call out”), both from Proto-Anatolian *halt-. Not related to *hlōaną (“to shout”).

cog

Brill Publishers
Friedrich Kluge
John Francis Davis


hazjaną

hazjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hazjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hazjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hazisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hazjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hazi (active imperative second-person singular)
hazjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hazjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
haziþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hazjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hazjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hazjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hazjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hazjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hazjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hazjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hazjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hazjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hazjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hazjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hazjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hazjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
haziþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hazjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haziþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hazjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hazjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hazjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hazjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hazjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hazjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hazjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hazidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hazidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hazidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hazidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hazidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hazidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hazidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hazidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hazidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hazidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hazidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hazidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hazidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hazidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hazidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hazidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hazjandz (active participle present)
hazidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haʀjan
Old English: herian
Middle English: herien, heryen
English: herry
⇒ Middle English: hersen
Old English: hyrian
Old Saxon: *herian
Middle Low German: hēren
Old High German: heren

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌶𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hazjan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌶𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (hazeins)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱh₁s-ié, derived from *ḱeh₁s- (“to call, to command, to instruct”).
Related to Sanskrit शस्ति (śasti, “praise, command”), Avestan 𐬯𐬁𐬯𐬙𐬎 (sāstu, “to teach”) and Old Armenian սաստ (sast, “scolding, rebuke”).


sibjō

sibjō (nominative singular)
sibjôz (nominative plural)
sibjō (singular vocative)
sibjôz (plural vocative)
sibjǭ (accusative singular)
sibjōz (accusative plural)
sibjōz (genitive singular)
sibjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sibjōi (dative singular)
sibjōmaz (dative plural)
sibjō (instrumental singular)
sibjōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sibbju
Old English: sibb
Middle English: sibbe, sib
English: sib
Scots: sib
→ Norn: sib (?)
Old Frisian: sibbe
West Frisian: sibbe
Old Saxon: sibbia
Middle Low German: sibbe
Old Dutch: *sibba
Middle Dutch: sibbe
Dutch: sibbe (possibly a loanword from Frisian)
Old High German: sippea, sibba, sippa
Middle High German: sippe
German: Sippe

Old Norse: Sif; sifjar pl

Icelandic: Sif; sifjar pl

Faroese: Siv

Old Swedish: sif (in compounds, e.g. guþsif)

Danish: Sif

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰 (sibja)

Likely derived from pre-Germanic *sebʰi/*sebʰyo, dative singular of reflexive pronoun Proto-Indo-European *s(w)e.


laistijaną

laistijō (active first-person indicative singular)
laistijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laistijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
laistīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
laistijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laistī (active imperative second-person singular)
laistijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
laistijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
laistīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
laistijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laistijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
laistijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
laistijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
laistijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
laistijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laistijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laistijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laistijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
laistijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
laistijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laistijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
laistijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
laistīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
laistijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laistīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
laistijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
laistijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
laistijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
laistijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laistijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
laistijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
laistijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laistidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
laistidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laistidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
laistidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laistidē (active indicative singular third-person)
laistidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laistidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
laistidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laistidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laistidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laistidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
laistidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laistidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
laistidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laistidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
laistidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laistijandz (active participle present)
laistidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *laistijan
Old English: lǣstan
Middle English: lasten, lesten
English: last
Scots: lest
Old Frisian: lāsta, lēsta
North Frisian: laste
Old Saxon: lēstian
Middle Low German: lêsten, leisten
German Low German: leisten
Old Dutch: *lēsten
Middle Dutch: lêesten
Dutch: leesten
Old High German: leisten
Middle High German: leisten
German: leisten
Luxembourgish: leeschten

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (laistjan)

From *laistaz (“track, trace, footprint”) + *-janą.


salbō

salbō (nominative singular)
salbôz (nominative plural)
salbō (singular vocative)
salbôz (plural vocative)
salbǭ (accusative singular)
salbōz (accusative plural)
salbōz (genitive singular)
salbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
salbōi (dative singular)
salbōmaz (dative plural)
salbō (instrumental singular)
salbōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *salbu
Old English: sealf
Middle English: salve, salf, salfe, salff, salffe, salwe, selve; scealfe, sealfe, sealve (Early Middle English); sallfe (Ormulum)
English: salve
Scots: saw
Old Frisian: *salf; *salve (suggested by derivative salva)
West Frisian: salve
Old Saxon: salva
Middle Low German: salve
→ Old Swedish: salva
Swedish: salva
→ Danish: salve
→ Icelandic: salvi
→ Faroese: salva, sálva
Old Dutch: salba, salva
Middle Dutch: salve
Dutch: zalf
Afrikaans: salf
Negerhollands: salv
→ Caribbean Javanese: salep
→ Indonesian: salep
Old High German: salba
Middle High German: salp
German: Salbe
Hunsrik: Salleb
Luxembourgish: Sallef
Yiddish: זאַלב (zalb)

From Proto-Indo-European *solp-éh₂, from *selp- (“salve, ointment”). Cognate with Sanskrit सर्पिस् (sarpís), Ancient Greek ἔλπος (élpos).


siwjaną

siwjō (active first-person indicative singular)
siwjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
siwjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
siwisi (active indicative second-person singular)
siwjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
siwi (active imperative second-person singular)
siwjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
siwjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
siwiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
siwjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
siwjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
siwjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
siwjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
siwjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
siwjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
siwjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
siwjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
siwjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
siwjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
siwjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
siwjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
siwjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
siwiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
siwjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
siwiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
siwjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
siwjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
siwjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
siwjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
siwjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
siwjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
siwjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
siwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
siwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
siwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
siwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
siwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
siwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
siwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
siwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
siwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
siwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
siwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
siwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
siwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
siwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
siwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
siwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
siwjandz (active participle present)
siwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *siuwjan
Old English: siwian, seowian, sēowan
Middle English: sewen, seowen, sowen
English: sew
→ Akolet: sewim
Scots: sew
Old Frisian: sīa
North Frisian: saie, seie, siie, sei
Saterland Frisian: säie
Old Saxon: siuwian
Middle Low German: suwen
Old High German: siuwen
Middle High German: siuwen

Old Norse: sýja
Danish: sy
Norwegian: sy
Swedish: sy

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽 (siujan)

From Proto-Indo-European *syewh₁- (“to sew”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *šiti, whence Russian шить (šitʹ) and with Lithuanian siūti.


huljaną

huljō (active first-person indicative singular)
huljaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
huljai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hulisi (active indicative second-person singular)
huljais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
huli (active imperative second-person singular)
huljasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
huljaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
huliþi (active indicative singular third-person)
huljai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
huljaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
huljaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
huljaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
huljōs (active dual first-person indicative)
huljaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
huljaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
huljaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
huljaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
huljamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
huljaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
huljanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
huljainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
huliþ (active indicative plural second-person)
huljaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
huliþ (active imperative plural second-person)
huljanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
huljainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
huljanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
huljain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
huljanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
huljanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
huljainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hulidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hulidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hulidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hulidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hulidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hulidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hulidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hulidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hulidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hulidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hulidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hulidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hulidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hulidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hulidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hulidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
huljandz (active participle present)
hulidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hulljan
Old English: hyllan
Old Frisian: hella
Old Saxon: *hullian
German Low German: hüllen
Old Dutch: *hullen
Middle Dutch: hullen
Dutch: hullen
Afrikaans: hul
Old High German: hullen
German: hüllen

Old Norse: hylja

Icelandic: hylja

Faroese: hylja

Old Swedish: hylia

Swedish: hölja

Old Danish: hyliæ, hylæ, hyllæ

Danish: hylle

Gutnish: hyla

→ Middle English: hilen
English: hill

Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (huljan)

Zero-grade present, pre-Germanic *ḱl̥ye/o-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to hide”), the root of *helaną (“to hide, conceal”).


laþōną

laþō (active first-person indicative singular)
laþǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laþōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
laþōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
laþōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laþō (active imperative second-person singular)
laþōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
laþōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
laþōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
laþō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laþōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
laþōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
laþōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
laþōs (active dual first-person indicative)
laþōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laþōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laþōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laþōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
laþōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
laþōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laþōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
laþōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
laþōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
laþōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laþōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
laþōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
laþōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
laþōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
laþōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laþōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
laþōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
laþōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laþōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
laþōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laþōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
laþōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laþōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
laþōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laþōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
laþōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laþōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laþōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laþōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
laþōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laþōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
laþōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laþōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
laþōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laþōndz (active participle present)
laþōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *laþōn
Old English: laþian
Middle English: lathen
English: lathe, laith
Old Frisian: lathia, ladia
Saterland Frisian: leede (in íenleede)
Old Saxon: lathon, laðon, laðian
Middle Low German: lāden
Low German: laden
Old Dutch: lathon
Middle Dutch: lāden
Dutch: laden
Old High German: ladōn
Middle High German: laden
German: laden (chiefly einladen, vorladen) (fully conflated with *hlaþaną)

Old Norse: laða

Icelandic: laða

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌸𐍉𐌽 (laþōn)

/ˈlɑ.θɔː.nɑ̃/


laistaz

laistaz (nominative singular)
laistōz (nominative plural)
laistōs (nominative plural)
laist (singular vocative)
laistōz (plural vocative)
laistōs (plural vocative)
laistą (accusative singular)
laistanz (accusative plural)
laistas (genitive singular)
laistis (genitive singular)
laistǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laistai (dative singular)
laistamaz (dative plural)
laistō (instrumental singular)
laistamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *laist
Old English: lāst
Middle English: last
English: last
Scots: last
Old Frisian: *lāst, *lēst
Saterland Frisian: Läist
West Frisian: least
Old Saxon: *lēst
Middle Low German: lêst, leist
Old Dutch: *lēst
Middle Dutch: lêest
Dutch: leest
Old High German: leist
Middle High German: leist
German: Leisten

Old Norse: leistr

Icelandic: leistur

Faroese: leistur

Norwegian Nynorsk: leist

Swedish: läst

Danish: læst

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (laists) (i-stem)

From Proto-Indo-European *loystos, from the root *leys- (“to track, pursue; track, furrow, trace, trail”) (see there for cognates). Along with *laistiz, has been often compared to Ancient Greek λοῖσθος (loîsthos, “left behind, last, utmost”), but this etymology for the Greek word has no formal explanation.


sweglō

sweglō (nominative singular)
sweglôz (nominative plural)
sweglō (singular vocative)
sweglôz (plural vocative)
sweglǭ (accusative singular)
sweglōz (accusative plural)
sweglōz (genitive singular)
sweglǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sweglōi (dative singular)
sweglōmaz (dative plural)
sweglō (instrumental singular)
sweglōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sweglu
Old English: *sweġel, *sweġl
⇒ Old English: sweġelhorn, sweġlhorn
Old High German: swegala
Middle High German: swegele, swegel
German: Schwegel

Gothic: *𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌻𐌰 (*swigla)

→? Proto-Finnic: *šuilu

Finnish: huilu


saljaną

saljō (active first-person indicative singular)
saljaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
saljai (first-person indicative passive singular)
salisi (active indicative second-person singular)
saljais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sali (active imperative second-person singular)
saljasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
saljaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
saliþi (active indicative singular third-person)
saljai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
saljaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
saljaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
saljaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
saljōs (active dual first-person indicative)
saljaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
saljaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
saljaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
saljaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
saljamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
saljaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
saljanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
saljainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
saliþ (active indicative plural second-person)
saljaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
saliþ (active imperative plural second-person)
saljanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
saljainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
saljanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
saljain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
saljanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
saljanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
saljainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
salidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
salidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
salidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
salidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
salidē (active indicative singular third-person)
salidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
salidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
salidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
salidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
salidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
salidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
salidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
salidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
salidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
salidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
salidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
saljandz (active participle present)
salidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *salljan (“to hand over, sell”)
Old English: sellan, siellan, syllan
Middle English: sellen
English: sell
→ Dutch: sellen
Scots: sell
Old Frisian: sella
North Frisian: selle
Old Saxon: sellian (“to offer, give”)
Middle Low German: sellen
Low German: sellen
Old Dutch: *sellen
Middle Dutch: sellen
Old High German: sellen (“to hand over, betray”)
Middle High German: sellen
German: sellen (obsolete)

Old Norse: selja (“to hand over, sell”)

Icelandic: selja

Faroese: selja (“to sell, let go of”)

Norwegian Bokmål: selge

Norwegian Nynorsk: selja, selje

Russenorsk: sælom

Old Swedish: sælia

Swedish: sälja

Old Danish: sæliæ, sælæ

Danish: sælge

Elfdalian: sela

Gutnish: säle

desc

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (saljan, “to pay tribute, offer”)

→ Proto-Finnic: *sallidak (“to allow”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *selh₁- (“to take”), either inherited from Proto-Indo-European *solh₁-éye-ti (“to let take”, causative) or derived within Proto-Germanic from an unattested *selaną (“to take”) + *-janą (causative suffix).


sweglōną

sweglō (active first-person indicative singular)
sweglǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sweglōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
sweglōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sweglōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sweglō (active imperative second-person singular)
sweglōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sweglōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sweglōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sweglō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sweglōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sweglōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sweglōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sweglōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sweglōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sweglōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sweglōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sweglōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sweglōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sweglōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sweglōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sweglōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sweglōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sweglōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sweglōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sweglōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sweglōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sweglōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sweglōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sweglōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sweglōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sweglōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sweglōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sweglōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sweglōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sweglōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sweglōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sweglōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sweglōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sweglōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sweglōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sweglōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sweglōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sweglōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sweglōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sweglōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sweglōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sweglōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sweglōndz (active participle present)
sweglōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sweglōn
Old High German: *swegalōn
Middle High German: swegelen, sweglen
German: schwegeln

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌻𐍉𐌽 (swiglōn)


aþalaz

*aþalaz (a-stem)

aþalaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
aþalai (masculine nominative plural strong)
aþalō (feminine nominative singular strong)
aþalôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
aþalą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
aþalō (neuter nominative plural strong)
aþalanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
aþalanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
aþalǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
aþalōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
aþalą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
aþalō (accusative neuter plural strong)
aþalas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
aþalaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
aþalaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
aþalaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
aþalas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
aþalaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
aþalammai (dative masculine singular strong)
aþalaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
aþalaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
aþalaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
aþalammai (dative neuter singular strong)
aþalaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
aþalanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
aþalaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
aþalaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
aþalaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
aþalanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
aþalaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
aþalô (masculine nominative singular weak)
aþalaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
aþalǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
aþalōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
aþalô (neuter nominative singular weak)
aþalōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
aþalanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
aþalanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
aþalōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
aþalōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
aþalô (accusative neuter singular weak)
aþalōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
aþaliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
aþalanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
aþalōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
aþalōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
aþaliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
aþalanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
aþalini (dative masculine singular weak)
aþalammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
aþalōni (dative feminine singular weak)
aþalōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
aþalini (dative neuter singular weak)
aþalammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
aþalinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
aþalammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
aþalōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
aþalōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
aþalinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
aþalammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: æþele

Old High German: adal

Old Norse: aðall

Icelandic: aðall

Faroese: aðal


aljanōną

aljanō (active first-person indicative singular)
aljanǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aljanōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
aljanōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
aljanōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aljanō (active imperative second-person singular)
aljanōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
aljanōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
aljanōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
aljanō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aljanōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
aljanōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
aljanōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
aljanōs (active dual first-person indicative)
aljanōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aljanōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aljanōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aljanōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
aljanōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
aljanōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aljanōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
aljanōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
aljanōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
aljanōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aljanōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
aljanōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
aljanōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
aljanōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
aljanōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aljanōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
aljanōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
aljanōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
aljanōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
aljanōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aljanōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
aljanōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aljanōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
aljanōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aljanōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
aljanōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aljanōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aljanōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aljanōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
aljanōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aljanōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
aljanōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aljanōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
aljanōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aljanōndz (active participle present)
aljanōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *alljanōn
Old English: elnian
Middle English: elnen
English: elne
Old High German: ellanōn, ellenōn, *ellinōn
⇒ Old High German: ellanāri, ellināri

Old Norse: elna

Icelandic: elna

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍉𐌽 (aljanōn)


warjaną

warjō (active first-person indicative singular)
warjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
warjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
warisi (active indicative second-person singular)
warjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wari (active imperative second-person singular)
warjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
warjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wariþi (active indicative singular third-person)
warjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
warjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
warjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
warjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
warjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
warjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
warjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
warjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
warjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
warjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
warjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
warjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
warjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wariþ (active indicative plural second-person)
warjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wariþ (active imperative plural second-person)
warjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
warjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
warjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
warjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
warjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
warjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
warjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
waridǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
waridēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waridēz (active indicative second-person singular)
waridēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waridē (active indicative singular third-person)
waridēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waridēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
waridēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waridēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waridēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waridēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
waridēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waridēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
waridēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waridēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
waridēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
warjandz (active participle present)
waridaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *warjan
Old English: werian
Middle English: werien
English: weir, wear (“to guard, watch, defend”)
Scots: were, wer, weir
Old Saxon: werian
Middle Low German: weren
→ Polabian: varo
Old Dutch: *werien
Middle Dutch: weren
Dutch: weren
Limburgish: waere
Old High German: werien
Middle High German: weren, wern
Cimbrian: bèaran
German: wehren
Luxembourgish: wieren
→ Vulgar Latin: *wariō
Old French: guarir (see there for further descendants)
Piedmontese: guarì, varì
Italian: guarire
Old Occitan: garir, guarir
Old Catalan: guarir, garir, guayrir, gorir
Catalan: guarir
Occitan: garir
West Iberian
Old Galician-Portuguese: guarir
Galician: gorir, guarir
Old Spanish: guarir
Spanish: guarir
→ Vulgar Latin: *warantus
Old French: garant (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Vulgar Latin: *warantire
Old French: guarantir (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Vulgar Latin: *warantia
Old French: guarantie (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: verja
Icelandic: verja
Faroese: verja
Norwegian Nynorsk: verja
Old Swedish: væria
Swedish: värja
Old Danish: wæriæ
Danish: værge
Norwegian Bokmål: verge

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (warjan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *varjat'ak (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to heed”). Cognate with Sanskrit वृणोति (vṛṇóti).


daniz

daniz (nominative singular)
danīz (nominative plural)
dani (singular vocative)
danīz (plural vocative)
danį (accusative singular)
daninz (accusative plural)
danīz (genitive singular)
danjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
danī (dative singular)
danimaz (dative plural)
danī (instrumental singular)
danimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *Danī pl
Old English: Dene
Middle English: Dene, Dane
Old Saxon: *Denī
Middle Low German: dēne, denne
Low German: Dään
Old Dutch: *Denī
Middle Dutch: Dene
Dutch: Deen
Negerhollands: Deen
Old High German: *Tenī
Middle High German: Tene
German: Däne

Old Norse: danir pl
Icelandic: Dani
Faroese: dani
Norwegian Nynorsk: dane, dan
Old Swedish: dan, dæn
Swedish: dan (plural daner)
Danish: dan, dane
Norwegian Bokmål: dane
→ Middle English: Dane
English: Dane
→ Old Irish: danar
Irish: danar
→ Latin: Danī pl

→ Latin: Dānī pl (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *tāńčë (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰenh₂- (“run, flow”). Or possibly from the same root as den (i.e. "lowland").


fiskōną

fiskō (active first-person indicative singular)
fiskǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fiskōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
fiskōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fiskōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fiskō (active imperative second-person singular)
fiskōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fiskōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fiskōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fiskō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fiskōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fiskōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fiskōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fiskōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fiskōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fiskōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fiskōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fiskōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fiskōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fiskōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fiskōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fiskōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fiskōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fiskōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fiskōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fiskōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fiskōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fiskōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fiskōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fiskōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fiskōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fiskōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fiskōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fiskōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fiskōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fiskōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fiskōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
fiskōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fiskōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fiskōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fiskōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fiskōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fiskōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fiskōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fiskōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fiskōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fiskōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fiskōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fiskōndz (active participle present)
fiskōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fiskōn
Old English: fiscian
Middle English: fisshen, fischen, fissen
English: fish
Old Frisian: fiskia
Saterland Frisian: fiskje
West Frisian: fiskje
Old Saxon: fiskon
Middle Low German: vischen
Plautdietsch: feschen
Old Dutch: *fiscon
Middle Dutch: visschen
Dutch: vissen
Afrikaans: vis
Limburgish: vèsse
Old High German: fiskon
Middle High German: vischen
German: fischen
Luxembourgish: fëschen
Yiddish: פֿישן (fishn)

Old Norse: fiska

Icelandic: fiska

Faroese: fiska

Norwegian Nynorsk: fiska

Elfdalian: fistşa

Swedish: fiska

Danish: fiske

Norwegian Bokmål: fiske

Gutnish: fiske, fisk', fiska

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌽 (fiskōn)


markō

markō (nominative singular)
markôz (nominative plural)
markō (singular vocative)
markôz (plural vocative)
markǭ (accusative singular)
markōz (accusative plural)
markōz (genitive singular)
markǫ̂ (genitive plural)
markōi (dative singular)
markōmaz (dative plural)
markō (instrumental singular)
markōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *marku
Old English: mearc
Middle English: marke, merke, mark
English: mark
Scots: merk, mark
Old Frisian: merk
Saterland Frisian: Maak, Määrk
West Frisian: mark
Old Saxon: marka
Middle Low German: marke
German Low German: Mark
Old Dutch: *marka
Middle Dutch: marke
Dutch: mark
Old High German: marka
Middle High German: marke, march, marc
German: Mark
Suevic:
→ Galician: marco
→ Portuguese: marco
→ Medieval Latin: marca (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Norse: *ᛗᚨᚱᚲᚢ (*marku)

Old Norse: mǫrk
Icelandic: mörk
Faroese: mørk
Norwegian Nynorsk: mork, mark
Old Swedish: mark
Swedish: mark
Danish: mark
Norwegian Bokmål: mark
→ Old Irish: marg
Irish: marg

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰 (marka)

From Proto-Indo-European *morǵ- (“division; edge, boundary, border”), from *merǵ- (“to divide”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *mrogis (“region, country”), Latin margo (“border, edge”), Persian مرز (marz, “frontier”).


aljaną

aljaną (nominative singular)
aljanō (nominative plural)
aljaną (singular vocative)
aljanō (plural vocative)
aljaną (accusative singular)
aljanō (accusative plural)
aljanas (genitive singular)
aljanis (genitive singular)
aljanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aljanai (dative singular)
aljanamaz (dative plural)
aljanō (instrumental singular)
aljanamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *alljan
Old English: ellen
Middle English: ellen
English: ellen, elne
Old Saxon: ellian
Middle Low German: ellen, ellent
Old High German: ellan
Middle High German: ellen

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: eljan, eljun

Icelandic: eljan, eljun, elja

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (aljan)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“to grow, nourish”). Alternative etymology derives from *h₁elh₂- (“to spur, drive”). If so, then related to *lanō (“lane”).


aljaną

aljō (active first-person indicative singular)
aljaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aljai (first-person indicative passive singular)
alisi (active indicative second-person singular)
aljais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ali (active imperative second-person singular)
aljasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
aljaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
aliþi (active indicative singular third-person)
aljai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aljaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
aljaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
aljaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
aljōs (active dual first-person indicative)
aljaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aljaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aljaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aljaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
aljamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
aljaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aljanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
aljainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
aliþ (active indicative plural second-person)
aljaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aliþ (active imperative plural second-person)
aljanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
aljainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
aljanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
aljain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aljanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
aljanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
aljainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
alidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
alidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
alidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
alidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
alidē (active indicative singular third-person)
alidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
alidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
alidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
alidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
alidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
alidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
alidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
alidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
alidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
alidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
alidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aljandz (active participle present)
alidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (aljan)


aþalą

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

aþalą (nominative singular)
aþalō (nominative plural)
aþalą (singular vocative)
aþalō (plural vocative)
aþalą (accusative singular)
aþalō (accusative plural)
aþalas (genitive singular)
aþalis (genitive singular)
aþalǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aþalai (dative singular)
aþalamaz (dative plural)
aþalō (instrumental singular)
aþalamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aþal
Old English: æþele
Old Frisian: *athel, *ethel
Saterland Frisian: Oadel
West Frisian: adel
Old Saxon: *athal
Middle Low German: adel, adele, addel
Low German: Adel
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: iadel
→ Norwegian: adel
→ Swedish: adel
→ Finnish: aateli
Old Dutch: *athal
Middle Dutch: adel
Dutch: adel
Afrikaans: adel
→ Estonian: aadel
→ Javanese: adhel
→ Papiamentu: adel
Old High German: adal
Middle High German: adel
German: Adel
→ Estonian: aadel
Yiddish: אַדל (adl)

Old Norse: aðal
Icelandic: aðal
Faroese: aðal

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *at-al (“family, race”), from *h₂et- (“beyond, over”) + *h₂el- (“to nourish, grow”).


wrōgijaną

wrōgijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wrōgijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wrōgijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wrōgīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wrōgijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wrōgī (active imperative second-person singular)
wrōgijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wrōgijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wrōgīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wrōgijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wrōgijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wrōgijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wrōgijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wrōgijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wrōgijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wrōgijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wrōgijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wrōgijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wrōgijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wrōgijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wrōgijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wrōgijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wrōgīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wrōgijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wrōgīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wrōgijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wrōgijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wrōgijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wrōgijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrōgijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wrōgijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wrōgijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wrōgidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wrōgidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wrōgidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wrōgidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wrōgidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wrōgidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wrōgidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wrōgidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wrōgidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wrōgidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wrōgidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wrōgidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wrōgidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wrōgidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wrōgidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wrōgidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrōgijandz (active participle present)
wrōgidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wrōgijan
Old English: wrēġan
Middle English: wreyen, wrayen
Scots: wre, wry, wray
English: wray
Old Frisian: wrēia
Old Saxon: wrōgian
Middle Low German: wrȫgen, wrugen, rȫgen
German Low German: wrögen
Old Dutch: *wruogen
Middle Dutch: wroegen
Dutch: wroegen
Old High German: ruogen
Middle High German: ruogen
German: rügen

Old Norse: rœgja

Icelandic: rægja

Old Swedish: rø̄ghia

Swedish: röja

Gothic: 𐍅𐍂𐍉𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wrōhjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *wrōk- (“speech, complaint”), from Proto-Indo-European *werh₁- (“to speak, say, tell”). Cognate with Russian врать (vratʹ, “to lie, fib”).


matjaną

matjō (active first-person indicative singular)
matjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
matjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
matisi (active indicative second-person singular)
matjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mati (active imperative second-person singular)
matjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
matjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
matiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
matjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
matjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
matjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
matjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
matjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
matjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
matjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
matjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
matjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
matjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
matjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
matjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
matjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
matiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
matjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
matiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
matjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
matjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
matjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
matjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
matjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
matjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
matjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
matidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
matidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
matidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
matidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
matidē (active indicative singular third-person)
matidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
matidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
matidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
matidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
matidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
matidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
matidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
matidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
matidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
matidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
matidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
matjandz (active participle present)
matidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: metja

Icelandic: metja

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (matjan)

Vandalic: *matjan, matzia

From Proto-Indo-European *m̥h₂d-yéti ~ *m̥h₂d-yónti, from *meh₂d- (“to be wet”). Equivalent to *matiz (“food”) + *-janą.


mundō

mundō (nominative singular)
mundôz (nominative plural)
mundō (singular vocative)
mundôz (plural vocative)
mundǭ (accusative singular)
mundōz (accusative plural)
mundōz (genitive singular)
mundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mundōi (dative singular)
mundōmaz (dative plural)
mundō (instrumental singular)
mundōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mundu
Old English: mund
Middle English: mund, mound
English: mound, mund
Old Frisian: mund (“guardian, guardianship”)
Old Saxon: mund (“hand”)
Middle Low German: munt
⇒ German Low German: Vörmundskupp
Old Dutch: *mund
Middle Dutch: mond
Dutch: mond (obsolete)
Old High German: munt (“hand, protection”)
Middle High German: munt
German: Mund, Munt (“legal power of protection”)

Old Norse: mund
Icelandic: mund
Old Swedish: mund

From Proto-Indo-European *mh₂-nt-éh₂ (“the beckoning one”), from *(s)meh₂- (“to beckon”). Cognate with Proto-Italic *manus (“hand”).


nēhw

nēhwiz (comparative)
nēhwist (superlative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *nāhw
Old English: nēah, nēa, nēh, nīh
Middle English: neygh, nygh, nye, nyȝ, nighe
English: nigh
Scots: ne, ney
Yola: neeghe, nich
Old Frisian: nach, nā, nēi, nī
Saterland Frisian: nai
West Frisian: nei
Old Saxon: nāh
Middle Low German: nâch, nâ
German Low German: na, nao, nå
Old Dutch: nāh
Middle Dutch: na
Dutch: na
Limburgish: nao
Old High German: nāh
Middle High German: nāh
German: nah, nach
Luxembourgish: no

Old Norse: ná-

Icelandic: ná-

Gothic: 𐌽𐌴𐍈 (nēƕ)

Derived from the adjective *nēhwaz (“near”).


barilaz

barilaz (nominative singular)
barilōz (nominative plural)
barilōs (nominative plural)
baril (singular vocative)
barilōz (plural vocative)
barilōs (plural vocative)
barilą (accusative singular)
barilanz (accusative plural)
barilas (genitive singular)
barilis (genitive singular)
barilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
barilai (dative singular)
barilamaz (dative plural)
barilō (instrumental singular)
barilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *baril (Frankish)

→ Vulgar Latin: *barilus

Old French: baril, bareil

French: baril

→ Middle English: barrell

English: barrel

→ Dutch: barrel

gl

possible merger with Old Saxon <i class="Latn mention" lang="osx">biril</i>

→? Middle Low German: baril, barill (possible merger with Old Saxon biril)

Italian: barile

Spanish: barril

Portuguese: barril

Old High German: *barul, *parul (< *barulą, *barulaz)

Middle High German: barel, parel

⇒ Middle High German: barellīn

Old Norse: berill

Icelandic: berill

From *beraną (“to carry, transport”) + *-ilaz.

suffix

vessel for transport, container, jug; basket


ferþuz

ferþuz (nominative singular)
firþiwiz (nominative plural)
ferþu (singular vocative)
firþiwiz (plural vocative)
ferþų (accusative singular)
ferþunz (accusative plural)
ferþauz (genitive singular)
firþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
firþiwi (dative singular)
ferþumaz (dative plural)
ferþū (instrumental singular)
ferþumiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚠᛖᚱᚦᚢᛉ (*ferþuʀ), *ᚠᛡᛖᚱᚦᚢᛦ (*fᴀerþuʀ /fearþuʀ/)

desctree

Old Norse: fjǫrðr
Icelandic: fjörður
Faroese: fjørður
Norn: fjord
Norwegian: fjord (see there for further descendants)
Old Swedish: fiorþer, fiordher
Swedish: fjord
⇒ Old Swedish: fiærdher
Swedish: fjärd, (dialectal) fjäl
Old Danish: fiorth
Danish: fjord
→ Middle English: fyrth
Scots: firth
→ English: firth
Gutnish: fjäd

From Proto-Indo-European *pértus, equivalent to *feraną (“to cross”) + *-þuz. The oblique stem *pr̥téw- gave rise to *furduz.


furduz

furduz (nominative singular)
furdiwiz (nominative plural)
furdu (singular vocative)
furdiwiz (plural vocative)
furdų (accusative singular)
furdunz (accusative plural)
furdauz (genitive singular)
furdiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
furdiwi (dative singular)
furdumaz (dative plural)
furdū (instrumental singular)
furdumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *furdu
Old English: ford
Middle English: ford, furd, foord
English: ford
Scots: furde, furd, fuird
⇒ English: Chelmsford (from a contraction of Ċēolmǣres + ford)
→ Proto-Brythonic: *forð (“road”) (see there for further descendants)
Old Frisian: forda
West Frisian: furde
Old Saxon: ford
Middle Low German: furd, vōrde, vōrt
German Low German: Föörd
Old Dutch: furda, *ford
Middle Dutch: vort, vōort
Dutch: voord, voort, voorde
Old High German: furt
Middle High German: vurt
German: Furt
→ Saterland Frisian: Fúurt

From Proto-Indo-European *pr̥téw-, the oblique stem of *pértus (“crossing”), equivalent to unattested *feraną (“to cross”) + *-þuz. The nominative stem gave rise to *ferþuz. In the nominative the stress fell on the root, and as such *ferþuz does not display the effects of Verner's Law seen in *furduz, which has generalized the oblique stem.


aljar

Proto-West Germanic: *alljar
Old English: ellor
Old Saxon: ellior
Old Dutch: *ellar
Middle Dutch: eller, elre, eldre
Dutch: elders

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐍂 (aljar)


linhtaz

*linhtaz (a-stem)

linhtaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
linhtai (masculine nominative plural strong)
linhtō (feminine nominative singular strong)
linhtôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
linhtą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
linhtō (neuter nominative plural strong)
linhtanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
linhtanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
linhtǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
linhtōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
linhtą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
linhtō (accusative neuter plural strong)
linhtas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
linhtaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
linhtaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
linhtaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
linhtas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
linhtaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
linhtammai (dative masculine singular strong)
linhtaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
linhtaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
linhtaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
linhtammai (dative neuter singular strong)
linhtaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
linhtanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
linhtaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
linhtaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
linhtaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
linhtanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
linhtaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
linhtô (masculine nominative singular weak)
linhtaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
linhtǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
linhtōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
linhtô (neuter nominative singular weak)
linhtōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
linhtanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
linhtanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
linhtōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
linhtōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
linhtô (accusative neuter singular weak)
linhtōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
linhtiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
linhtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
linhtōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
linhtōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
linhtiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
linhtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
linhtini (dative masculine singular weak)
linhtammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
linhtōni (dative feminine singular weak)
linhtōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
linhtini (dative neuter singular weak)
linhtammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
linhtinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
linhtammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
linhtōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
linhtōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
linhtinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
linhtammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *lį̄ht
Old English: lēoht
Middle English: liȝt, lyghte
English: light
Scots: licht
Old Frisian: licht
West Frisian: licht
Old Saxon: līht
Middle Low German: licht
Low German: licht
Old Dutch: *līht
Middle Dutch: licht
Dutch: licht
Afrikaans: lig
Limburgish: lich, leech
Old High German: līht, līhti
Middle High German: līht
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: leicht
Luxembourgish: liicht
East Central German:
Vilamovian: łajcht
German: leicht
Rhine Franconian: läicht, leicht, licht
Frankfurterisch: [laiʃt]
Pennsylvania German: leicht
Yiddish: לײַכט (laykht)

Old Norse: léttr

Icelandic: léttur

Faroese: lættur

Norwegian Bokmål: lett

Norwegian Nynorsk: lett

Old Swedish: lǣtter

Swedish: lätt

Danish: let

Gothic: 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃 (leihts)

From Pre-Germanic *h₁lengʷʰ-tos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lengʷʰ-.


aljaz

aljaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
aljai (masculine nominative plural strong)
aljō (feminine nominative singular strong)
aljôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
alją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
aljō (neuter nominative plural strong)
aljanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
aljanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
aljǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
aljōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
alją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
aljō (accusative neuter plural strong)
aljas (genitive masculine singular strong)
alis (genitive masculine singular strong)
aljaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
aljaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
aljaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
aljas (genitive neuter singular strong)
alis (genitive neuter singular strong)
aljaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
aljammai (dative masculine singular strong)
aljaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
aljaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
aljaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
aljammai (dative neuter singular strong)
aljaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
aljanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
aljaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
aljaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
aljaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
aljanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
aljaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

Proto-West Germanic: *alljas
Old English: elles
Middle English: else
English: else
Old Frisian: elles, ellis
Old Dutch: elles
Middle Dutch: els
Old High German: elles, alles

Old English: ele-, el-

Old Saxon: eli-

Old Dutch: eli-, ele-

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛚᛃᚨᛉ (*aljaʀ), ᚨᛚᛃᚨ- (alja-)

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚨᛚᛃᚨᛗᚨᚱᚲᛁᛉ (aljamarkiʀ)

Old Norse: ella (“otherwise, or”), ellar (< *aljǭ)

Icelandic: ellar, ella (“otherwise, or”)

Faroese: ella (“or”)

Middle Norwegian: ælle

Norwegian Nynorsk: eller, elder; (dialectal) eld’u, eld’e, elle (“or”)

⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: elles (“else, otherwise”)

Old Swedish: ælla, ællar (“or”)

Swedish: eller (“or”), eljest (“else, besides”)

Danish: eller (“or”)

Norwegian Bokmål: eller (“or”)

⇒ Norwegian Bokmål: ellers (“else, otherwise”)

Gutnish: ella (“or”)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌹𐍃 (aljis, “other”), 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 (alja, “but, except”) (< *aljǭ)

aljǭ

concubine; woman other than man’s main wife


rakjaną

rakjō (active first-person indicative singular)
rakjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rakjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rakisi (active indicative second-person singular)
rakjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raki (active imperative second-person singular)
rakjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rakjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rakiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rakjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rakjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rakjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rakjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rakjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rakjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rakjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rakjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rakjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rakjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rakjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rakjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rakjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rakiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rakjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rakiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rakjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rakjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rakjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rakjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rakjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rakjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rakjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rakidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rakidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rakidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rakidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rakidē (active indicative singular third-person)
rakidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rakidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rakidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rakidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rakidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rakidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rakidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rakidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rakidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rakidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rakidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rakjandz (active participle present)
rakidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rakkjan
Old English: reċċean, reċċan
Middle English: recchen
English: reche, retch
Scots: rak
Old Frisian: reka, retsa
Saterland Frisian: räkke
West Frisian: rekke
Old Saxon: rekkian
Middle Low German: recken
German Low German: recken
Old Dutch: *recken
Middle Dutch: recken
Dutch: rekken
Limburgish: rèkke
Old High German: recchen, reckian, recken
Middle High German: recken, reken
German: recken

Old Norse: rekja

Danish: række

Norwegian Bokmål: rekke

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: rekke, rekka, rekkje, rekkja

Old Swedish: rækkia, rækia

Swedish: räcka

Elfdalian: rättja

Gutnish: räkka

Helsingian: räkka

Hallandian: räkka

Scanian: rækka

Jamtish: rekje, reike

Gothic: *𐍂𐌰𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*rakjan)

Gothic: 𐌿𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ufrakjan)

(transitive) to stretch, straighten, straighten out


smītaną

smītō (active first-person indicative singular)
smītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
smītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
smītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smīt (active imperative second-person singular)
smītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
smītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
smītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
smītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
smītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
smītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
smītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
smītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
smītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
smītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
smītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
smītid (active indicative plural second-person)
smītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smītid (active imperative plural second-person)
smītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
smītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
smītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
smītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
smītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
smītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
smait (active first-person indicative singular)
smitį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smaist (active indicative second-person singular)
smitīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smait (active indicative singular third-person)
smitī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smitū (active dual first-person indicative)
smitīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smitudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smitīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smitum (active first-person indicative plural)
smitīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smitud (active indicative plural second-person)
smitīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smitun (active indicative plural third-person)
smitīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smītandz (active participle present)
smitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *smītan
Old English: smītan
Middle English: smiten
Scots: smite, smyte
English: smite
Old Frisian: smīta
Saterland Frisian: smita
Saterland Frisian: smiete
West Frisian: smite
Old Saxon: smītan
Middle Low German: smîten
Low German: smieten
Old Dutch: *smītan
Middle Dutch: smiten
Dutch: smijten
Limburgish: smiete
Old High German: smīzan
Middle High German: smīzen
German: schmeißen
Hunsrik: schmeise
Luxembourgish: schmäissen

Old Norse: smíta

Swedish: smita

Danish: smide

Gothic: *𐍃𐌼𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (*smeitan) (in 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌼𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (bismeitan) and 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌼𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (gasmeitan))

From Proto-Indo-European *smeyd- (“to smear, whick, strike, rub”).


brūnaz

*brūnaz (a-stem)

brūnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
brūnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
brūnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
brūnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
brūną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
brūnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
brūnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
brūnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
brūnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
brūnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
brūną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
brūnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
brūnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
brūnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
brūnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
brūnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
brūnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
brūnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
brūnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
brūnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
brūnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
brūnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
brūnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
brūnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
brūnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
brūnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
brūnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
brūnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
brūnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
brūnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
brūnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
brūnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
brūnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
brūnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
brūnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
brūnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
brūnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
brūnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
brūnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
brūnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
brūnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
brūnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
brūniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
brūnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
brūnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
brūnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
brūniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
brūnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
brūnini (dative masculine singular weak)
brūnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
brūnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
brūnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
brūnini (dative neuter singular weak)
brūnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
brūninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
brūnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
brūnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
brūnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
brūninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
brūnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *brūn
Old English: brūn
Middle English: broun, broyn, brown, brun, bruyn
English: brown
Bislama: braon
Tok Pisin: braun
→ Welsh: brown
→ Tongan: palauni
Geordie English: broon
Scots: broon, broun
Old Frisian: brūn
East Frisian:
Saterland Frisian: bruun
→ Latvian: brūns
West Frisian: brún
Old Saxon: brūn
Middle Low German: brûn
Dutch Low Saxon: brun, broen, bruun
German Low German: bruun, brun
Plautdietsch: brun
→ Estonian: pruun
→ Latgalian: bryuns
→ Latvian: brūns
Old Dutch: *brūn
Middle Dutch: bruun
Dutch: bruin
Afrikaans: bruin
Negerhollands: bruun, brin, bryen
→ Papiamentu: brùin, brein, bruin
→ Sranan Tongo: broin
Limburgish: broen
West Flemish: bruun
→ English: bruin
→ Latvian: brūns
Old High German: brūn
Middle High German: brūn
Alemannic German: bruun
Swabian:
Bavarian:
Central Franconian: brong, brung, broun
Hunsrik: braun
Luxembourgish: brong
East Central German:
Vilamovian: braojn
East Franconian:
German: braun
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: brau
Yiddish: ברוין (broyn)
→ Late Latin: brūnus
→ Dalmatian: broin
→ Italian: bruno
→ Old Galician-Portuguese:
Galician: brun
Portuguese: bruno
→ Old Spanish:
Spanish: bruno
⇒ Medieval Latin: brunneus
→ English: brunneous
→ Old French: brun
Middle French: brun
French: brun
→ Breton: brun
Louisiana Creole: brun
→ Romanian: brun
Norman: breun, brun (Jersey)
→ Galician: brun (archaic)

Old Norse: brúnn
Icelandic: brúnn
Faroese: brúnur
Norn: brun
Norwegian Nynorsk: brun, (dialectal) brun’u, brun’e, bron
Jamtish: brún
Elfdalian: braungen
Old Swedish: brūn
Swedish: brun
→ Elfdalian: brun
→ Estonian: pruun
Old Danish: brūn
Danish: brun
Norwegian Bokmål: brun
Gutnish: bräunar
Scanian: brúner

→ Romansch: brin, bregn, brün (from some Germanic language)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“grey, brown”).


blakaz

*blakaz (a-stem)

blakaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
blakai (masculine nominative plural strong)
blakō (feminine nominative singular strong)
blakôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
blaką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
blakō (neuter nominative plural strong)
blakanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
blakanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
blakǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
blakōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
blaką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
blakō (accusative neuter plural strong)
blakas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
blakaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
blakaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
blakaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
blakas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
blakaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
blakammai (dative masculine singular strong)
blakaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
blakaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
blakaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
blakammai (dative neuter singular strong)
blakaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
blakanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
blakaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
blakaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
blakaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
blakanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
blakaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
blakô (masculine nominative singular weak)
blakaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
blakǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
blakōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
blakô (neuter nominative singular weak)
blakōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
blakanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
blakanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
blakōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
blakōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
blakô (accusative neuter singular weak)
blakōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
blakiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
blakanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
blakōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
blakōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
blakiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
blakanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
blakini (dative masculine singular weak)
blakammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
blakōni (dative feminine singular weak)
blakōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
blakini (dative neuter singular weak)
blakammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
blakinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
blakammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
blakōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
blakōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
blakinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
blakammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *blak

Old English: blæc

Middle English: blak, blake

Scots: black

English: black

→ Dutch: blak

Yola: bhlock

Old Saxon: *blak

Middle Low German: blak, black (in combinations: blakglas; blakpulwer, blackpulwer; blakvarwe, blakverwe)

Old Dutch: blak

⇒ Old Dutch: giblakmalad

Old High German: blah, plah

Middle High German: blach

German: blach (in combinations: Blachmal Blachfrost, Blachfeld)

Uncertain. Perhaps from Pre-Germanic *bʰlogos, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleg-. Compare Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ- (“to shine, burn, scorch”).
Alternatively, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *mlagos, from Proto-Indo-European *melh₂-. Compare Ancient Greek μέλᾱς (mélās, “dark, black”).


idi-

Proto-West Germanic: *id-

Old English: ed-

Middle English: ed-

English: ed- (obsolete)

Old Frisian: et-

Old Saxon: ed-

Middle Low German: ed-

Low German: ett-

Old Dutch: *ed-, *et-

Middle Dutch: et-, at-, ad-

Dutch: et-

Old High German: id-, ida-

Middle High German: ite-

German: it- (obsolete)

Old Norse: ið-, iðja-

Icelandic: ið-

Swedish: id-

Gothic: 𐌹𐌳- (id-)

From an unstressed variety of Proto-Indo-European *éti. Cognate with Latin et.