wistiz

Proto-West Germanic: *wisti
Old English: wist
Middle English: wist, wiste, wyste
Old Saxon: wist
Middle Low German: wist
Old High German: wist
Middle High German: wist

Old Norse: vist

Icelandic: vist

Faroese: vist

Old Swedish: vist

⇒ Swedish: hemvist

Suevic or Gothic:

→ Galician: gueste

From *wesaną (“to consume, feast”) + *-þiz.


blīwiją

blīwiją (nominative singular)
blīwijō (nominative plural)
blīwiją (singular vocative)
blīwijō (plural vocative)
blīwiją (accusative singular)
blīwijō (accusative plural)
blīwijas (genitive singular)
blīwīs (genitive singular)
blīwijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blīwijai (dative singular)
blīwijamaz (dative plural)
blīwijō (instrumental singular)
blīwijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blīwī
Old Frisian: blī
Saterland Frisian: Bläi
Old Saxon: blī, *blīg
Middle Low German: blî, blig, blige
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: Bli
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Bluich
Lippisch: Blüch, Bluig
Sauerländisch: Bley, Blǖ, Blī
Westmünsterländisch: Blij
Plautdietsch: Blie
→ Middle English: *bli
⇒ Middle English: bligeter (“lead founder”)
Old Dutch: blī
Middle Dutch: bli
Dutch: blei, (archaic) blij
Limburgish: blie
Old High German: blīo, blīwo, blīoh (< *blīu or *blīwō)
Middle High German: blī
German: Blei
Luxembourgish: Bläi
Vilamovian: błaj
Yiddish: בלײַ (blay)

Old Norse: blý
Icelandic: blý
Faroese: blýggj, blý
Norwegian: bly
Old Swedish: blȳ
Swedish: bly
→ Finnish: lyijy
Old Danish: blȳ
Danish: bly
Scanian: blý
Elfdalian: bly
Gutnish: blöi

→ Estonian: plii

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *mliH-wó-s, perhaps from *mleh₁y- (“to be weak, weary, tired”), related to *blīþiz (“soft, mild”), cognate with Sanskrit म्लायति (mlā́yati, “to be weary”), Proto-Celtic *mlīnos (“weary, tired”), or possibly of substrate origin, compare Ancient Greek μόλῠβδος (mólubdos, “lead”), Latin plumbum (“lead”).


hufą

hufą (nominative singular)
hufō (nominative plural)
hufą (singular vocative)
hufō (plural vocative)
hufą (accusative singular)
hufō (accusative plural)
hufas (genitive singular)
hufis (genitive singular)
hufǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hufai (dative singular)
hufamaz (dative plural)
hufō (instrumental singular)
hufamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hof

desctree

Old English: hof
Middle English: *hof, *hove
Scots: hoff, howf, hoif, hoiff
⇒ Middle English: hovel, hovil, hovylle (diminutive)
English: hovel

Old Frisian: hof

North Frisian: hof, höf, haaf

Saterland Frisian: Hoaf

West Frisian: hôf, hou

Old Saxon: hof
Middle Low German: hof
German Low German: Hoff
Plautdietsch: Hoff
→ Danish: hof
→ Estonian: hoov
→ Norwegian: hoff
→ Old Swedish: hof
Swedish: hov, hof (up until the 1906 spelling reform)
→ Finnish: hovi
→ Finnish: huovi
→ Finnish: hovi

Frankish: *huf, *hof

Old Dutch: *hof
Middle Dutch: hof
Dutch: hof
Afrikaans: hof
Negerhollands: hofje, hofi, hoffie (from the diminutive)
→ Papiamentu: hòfi, hoffie (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: haof, hoof
→ Scots: howff
→ English: howff

→⇒ Old French: huvelet

Old High German: hof

Middle High German: hof

Bavarian: Hof

Cimbrian: hof, hoff

Mòcheno: hof

Central Franconian: Hoff, Hof, Hoaf

Luxembourgish: Haff

German: Hof, Hoff (in family names, otherwise obsolete)
→ English: hof

Pennsylvania German: Hof

Yiddish: הויף (hoyf)

Old Norse: hof
Icelandic: hof
Faroese: hov
Norwegian Nynorsk: hov, hov
Swedish: hov
→ English: hof

From Proto-Indo-European *kewp- (“to bend, arch, vault”).


selbaz

*selbaz (a-stem)

selbaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
selbai (masculine nominative plural strong)
selbō (feminine nominative singular strong)
selbôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
selbą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
selbō (neuter nominative plural strong)
selbanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
selbanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
selbǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
selbōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
selbą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
selbō (accusative neuter plural strong)
selbas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
selbaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
selbaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
selbaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
selbas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
selbaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
selbammai (dative masculine singular strong)
selbaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
selbaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
selbaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
selbammai (dative neuter singular strong)
selbaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
selbanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
selbaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
selbaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
selbaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
selbanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
selbaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
selbô (masculine nominative singular weak)
selbaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
selbǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
selbōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
selbô (neuter nominative singular weak)
selbōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
selbanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
selbanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
selbōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
selbōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
selbô (accusative neuter singular weak)
selbōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
selbiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
selbanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
selbōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
selbōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
selbiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
selbanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
selbini (dative masculine singular weak)
selbammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
selbōni (dative feminine singular weak)
selbōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
selbini (dative neuter singular weak)
selbammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
selbinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
selbammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
selbōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
selbōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
selbinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
selbammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: self, seolf, sylf, selfa

Middle English: self, silf, sulf

Scots: sel

English: self

Old Frisian: self, selva

North Frisian: selv, siälv

desc

Saterland Frisian: säärm, sälven, sääuwen

West Frisian: sels

Old Saxon: self, selvo

Middle Low German: self, sulf

German Low German: sülvst

Low German: sulv

desctree

Old Dutch: selvo
Middle Dutch: selve
Dutch: zelf
Afrikaans: self
Limburgish: zèlf

Old High German: selb, selbo

Middle High German: sëlb, sëlp

Bavarian: söbe, söber

German: selbst, selb, selbe, selber

Luxembourgish: selwer

Yiddish: זעלב (zelb)

Old Norse: sjalfr, *sealfʀ — Old East Norse; sjálfr — younger western form
Icelandic: sjálfur
Faroese: sjálvur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sjølv; (dialectal) sjølv'u, sjålv, sjav'e, sjåv, sjelv
Norwegian Bokmål: sjøl
Elfdalian: siuov
Old Swedish: sialver, siælver, sialfr, siælfr
Swedish: själv, (dialectal, Finland) sjölv
Old Danish: sialfær, sialf, siælf, sælf
Scanian: sælver
Danish: selv
Norwegian Bokmål: selv
Jutish: sjæl

Gutnish: självar

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰 (silba)

From Proto-Indo-European *selbʰ- (“one's own”), from the reflexive pronoun *swé (“self”). Compared with Venetic sselb-.


silubrą

silubrą (nominative singular)
silubrō (nominative plural)
silubrą (singular vocative)
silubrō (plural vocative)
silubrą (accusative singular)
silubrō (accusative plural)
silubras (genitive singular)
silubris (genitive singular)
silubrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
silubrai (dative singular)
silubramaz (dative plural)
silubrō (instrumental singular)
silubramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *silubr
Old English: seolfor, seolfer, seolofor, siolfor, siolufr, silofr, sylfor; sylfur — Mercian
Middle English: silver, selver, seolver, sulver, sylver
English: silver, ☽, ☾ (alchemy)
Jamaican Creole: silva
→ Maori: hiriwa
→ Zulu: isiliva
Scots: silver, siller
Old Frisian: selover, selver
North Frisian: Salwer (Amrum)
Saterland Frisian: Sälver
West Frisian: sulver
Old Saxon: siluvar
Middle Low German: selver, sulver
German Low German: Sülver, Silver
Plautdietsch: Selwa
Old Dutch: silver
Middle Dutch: silver
Dutch: zilver
Afrikaans: silwer
Negerhollands: silver, zelva, selvu
Skepi Creole Dutch: solfer
→ Caribbean Javanese: silfer
→ Loup A: sinibat, chinebat, chinibat
→ Mahican: sehnpatt, senpett
→ Munsee: shulpul
→ Sranan Tongo: sorfu, solfru, sorfru
→ Saramaccan: sólófu, sóófu
→ Unami: silpël
Limburgish: zèlver
Old High German: silbar, silabar
Middle High German: silber
Bavarian: Süber, Suiber
Cimbrian: silbar
Mòcheno: silber
German: Silber
Kölsch: Seleve
Luxembourgish: Sëlwer
Pennsylvania German: Silwer
Vilamovian: zyłwer
Yiddish: זילבער (zilber)

Old Norse: silfr, sylfr
Icelandic: silfur
Faroese: silvur
Norwegian: sylv; (dialectal) silv
Old Swedish: silver, sylver, sølver
Swedish: silver
Old Danish: silf, sylf, sølf
Danish: sølv
Norwegian Bokmål: sølv
Elfdalian: silver
Gutnish: sylvar
Scanian: sølver

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌱𐍂 (silubr)

Crimean Gothic: silvir

→ Proto-Samic: *silpë (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. Likely a Wanderwort of non-Indo-European origin. Compare Proto-Slavic *sьrebro, Latvian sudrabs, Lithuanian sidabras, Latgalian sudobrys, Basque zilar, Proto-Berber *a-ẓrəf, Celtiberian silabur "money".
A Semitic origin has been suggested (Akkadian 𒀫𒁍𒌝 (ṣur-pu-um /ṣurpum/, “silver”), from 𒍝𒊏𒁍𒌝 (ṣa-ra-pu-um /ṣarāpum/, “to smelt or refine”)). However, at least one scholar has considered this phonologically and geographically improbable.
The replacement of hypothetical Pre-Germanic *urguntóm from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm in Proto-Germanic has been thought to be linked to increasing metallurgical sophistication.


landą

landą (nominative singular)
landō (nominative plural)
landą (singular vocative)
landō (plural vocative)
landą (accusative singular)
landō (accusative plural)
landas (genitive singular)
landis (genitive singular)
landǫ̂ (genitive plural)
landai (dative singular)
landamaz (dative plural)
landō (instrumental singular)
landamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *land
Old English: land, lond, lænd
Middle English: lond
English: land
Scots: laund, land
Yola: lhoan, lone
Old Frisian: land, lond
North Frisian:
Fohr: lun
Hallig: löön
Heligoland: Lun
Mooring: lönj
Saterland Frisian: Lound
West Frisian: lân
Old Saxon: land
Middle Low German: lant
Dutch Low Saxon: laand
German Low German: Land
Plautdietsch: Launt
Old Dutch: lant
Middle Dutch: lant
Dutch: land
Afrikaans: land
Berbice Creole Dutch: alanda, landi
Negerhollands: land, lant, lan
Skepi Creole Dutch: land, lantta
→ Sranan Tongo: lanti (see there for further descendants)
>? Javanese: ꦭꦤ꧀ (lan)
Limburgish: landj
Zealandic: land
Old High German: lant
Middle High German: lant
Alemannic German: Land, Lånd
Swabian: Lahnd
Bavarian: Lånd
Cimbrian: lant, lånt (Luserna)
Central Franconian: Land, Lannt
Hunsrik: Land
Luxembourgish: Land
German: Land (see there for further descendants)
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Lond
Pennsylvania German: Land, Lond
Vilamovian: łaond
Yiddish: לאַנד (land)

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᛚᚨᛞᚨ (*lada), *ᛚᚨᚾᛞ (*land)

desctree

Old Norse: land
Icelandic: land
Faroese: land
Norn: land
Norwegian Nynorsk: land
Russenorsk: лань (lanʹ)
Old Swedish: land
Elfdalian: land
Swedish: land
Old Danish: land
Danish: land
Norwegian Bokmål: land
Scanian: lann
Old Gutnish: land
Gutnish: land, lande, landi

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (land)

From Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ- (“land, heath”).


masōną

masō (active first-person indicative singular)
masǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
masōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
masōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
masōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
masō (active imperative second-person singular)
masōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
masōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
masōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
masō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
masōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
masōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
masōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
masōs (active dual first-person indicative)
masōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
masōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
masōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
masōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
masōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
masōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
masōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
masōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
masōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
masōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
masōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
masōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
masōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
masōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
masōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
masōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
masōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
masōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
masōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
masōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
masōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
masōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
masōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
masōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
masōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
masōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
masōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
masōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
masōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
masōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
masōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
masōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
masōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
masōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
masōndz (active participle present)
masōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *masōn

Old English: *masian

Middle English: masen

English: maze, amaze

⇒ English: bemaze

Scots: maze, amase

⇒ Old English: āmasian

Middle English: *amasen (found in past participle amased)

English: amaze

Scots: amase

Old Norse: masa

Icelandic: masa

Faroese: masa

Norwegian Nynorsk: masa

Swedish: masa

Danish: mase

Norwegian Bokmål: mase

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)meh₂- (“to beckon, enchant”), related to Bulgarian мая (maja, “to hesitate, be amazed”).


teldą

teldą (nominative singular)
teldō (nominative plural)
teldą (singular vocative)
teldō (plural vocative)
teldą (accusative singular)
teldō (accusative plural)
teldas (genitive singular)
tildis (genitive singular)
teldǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tildai (dative singular)
teldamaz (dative plural)
teldō (instrumental singular)
teldamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *teld

Old English: teld

Middle English: teld, tield, telte

Scots: tild, tyld, teill

English: teld, tilt

⇒ Old English: ġeteld

→ English: geteld

Old Frisian: *teld, *telt

Saterland Frisian: Tält; Tälte f

Old Saxon: *teld

Middle Low German: telt

German Low German: Telt

→ Norwegian: telt

→ Swedish: tält

→ Finnish: teltta

→ Danish: telt

→ Middle English: telte (possibly)

English: tilt

Old Dutch: *telt

Middle Dutch: telt, telde

Old High German: zelt

Middle High German: zëlt

German: Zelt

Luxembourgish: Zelt

Old Norse: tjald

Icelandic: tjald

Faroese: tjald

Norwegian Nynorsk: tjeld

Old Swedish: tiæld

Swedish: tjäll

Danish: tjæld

Norwegian Bokmål: tjeld

Finland lects: tjäld (Northern Quark islands)

→ Proto-Finnic: *tëlta

Finnish: telta


unwedrą

unwedrą (nominative singular)
unwedrō (nominative plural)
unwedrą (singular vocative)
unwedrō (plural vocative)
unwedrą (accusative singular)
unwedrō (accusative plural)
unwedras (genitive singular)
unwidris (genitive singular)
unwedrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
unwidrai (dative singular)
unwedramaz (dative plural)
unwedrō (instrumental singular)
unwedramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *unwedr
Old English: unweder
Middle English: unweder
English: unweather
Old Frisian: unweder
Saterland Frisian: Uunweeder
West Frisian: ûnwaar
Old Saxon: unwedar
Old Saxon: unweder
Low German: unweder
Old Dutch: *unwedar
Middle Dutch: onweder
Dutch: onweder, onweer
Old High German: unwetar
Middle High German: unweter, unwiter
German: Unwetter

Old Norse: úveðr, óveðr

Icelandic: óveður

Faroese: óveður

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: uvær

Norwegian Nynorsk: uvêr

Old Swedish: ovædher

Swedish: oväder

Danish: uvejr


siduz

siduz (nominative singular)
sidiwiz (nominative plural)
sidu (singular vocative)
sidiwiz (plural vocative)
sidų (accusative singular)
sidunz (accusative plural)
sidauz (genitive singular)
sidiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sidiwi (dative singular)
sidumaz (dative plural)
sidū (instrumental singular)
sidumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sidu
Old English: sidu, seodu
Middle English: side
Old Frisian: side
North Frisian: side, sede
Saterland Frisian: Sidde
West Frisian: sede
Old Saxon: sidu
Middle Low German: side
Old Dutch: sido
Middle Dutch: sēde
Dutch: zede
Afrikaans: sede
Old High German: situ
Middle High German: site
German: Sitte
Luxembourgish: Sitt

Old Norse: siðr
Icelandic: siður
Faroese: siður
Norwegian: sed
Jamtish: sið
Old Swedish: siþer, sedher
Swedish: sed
Danish: sæd

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍃 (sidus)

Uncertain. On the suggestion that the meaning "custom" developed from "band, bond", Kroonen tentatively reconstructs Pre-Germanic *sh₂itús (“bond, rule, tradition”), from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ey- (“to bind”).
Another possibility, though implausible because it would require *swid-, lies in derivation from Proto-Indo-European *swedʰ- (“wont, habit, custom”), cognate with Ancient Greek ἦθος (êthos, “character; custom, habit”), Sanskrit स्वधा (svadhā, “wont, custom, pleasure”), Latin suēscō (“grow accustomed, habituate, acclimate, train”), Latin sodālis (“mate, companion, comrade”).


hangistaz

hangistaz (nominative singular)
hangistōz (nominative plural)
hangistōs (nominative plural)
hangist (singular vocative)
hangistōz (plural vocative)
hangistōs (plural vocative)
hangistą (accusative singular)
hangistanz (accusative plural)
hangistas (genitive singular)
hangistis (genitive singular)
hangistǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hangistai (dative singular)
hangistamaz (dative plural)
hangistō (instrumental singular)
hangistamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hangist
Old English: hengest, hengst
⇒ Middle English: henxman, henxtman, henshman
English: henchman
→ Scots: hanchman
Scots: hensman, henceman (obsolete)
Old Frisian: hengst, hangst, hanxt, hingst
North Frisian: hingst
Saterland Frisian: Houngst, Hoangst
West Frisian: hynst
⇒ West Frisian: hynder
Old Saxon: hengist
Middle Low German: hengest, hingest, hengst, hingst
German Low German: Hingst
→ Danish: hingst
→ Lower Sorbian: hengist
→ Norwegian: hingst
→ Old Swedish: hingist
Swedish: hingst
Old Dutch: hengist
Middle Dutch: hengest, hinxt, henxt
Dutch: hengst
Afrikaans: hings
Old High German: hengist
Middle High German: hengest, hengst
Alemannic German: Hengscht
German: Hengst
Luxembourgish: Hengscht
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Hengscht

desc

Proto-Norse: ᚺᚨᚷᛖᛋᛏᚢᛗᛦ (hagestumʀ /hangistumʀ/) (dative plural)

desctree

Old Norse: hestr (< *hanhistaz)
Icelandic: hestur
Faroese: hestur
Norn: hest
Middle Norwegian: hester
Norwegian Nynorsk: hest; (dialectal) hest’e, heist
Elfdalian: est
Old Swedish: hæster
Swedish: häst
Old Danish: hæst
Danish: hest
Norwegian Bokmål: hest
→ Greenlandic: hiisti, hesti
Scanian: hæst
Gutnish: häst
→ Scots: hest, hesten

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱanḱest-, *kankest- (“horse”). Cognate with Welsh caseg (“mare”), and Persian خنگ (xeng, “gray horse”). Compare also *hanhaz.


spīwaną

spīwō (active first-person indicative singular)
spīwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spīwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
spīwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
spīwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spīw (active imperative second-person singular)
spīwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
spīwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
spīwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
spīwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spīwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
spīwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
spīwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
spīwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
spīwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spīwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spīwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spīwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
spīwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
spīwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spīwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
spīwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
spīwid (active indicative plural second-person)
spīwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spīwid (active imperative plural second-person)
spīwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
spīwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
spīwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
spīwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spīwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
spīwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
spīwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
spaiw (active first-person indicative singular)
spiwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spaiwt (active indicative second-person singular)
spiwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spaiw (active indicative singular third-person)
spiwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spiwū (active dual first-person indicative)
spiwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spiwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spiwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spiwum (active first-person indicative plural)
spiwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spiwud (active indicative plural second-person)
spiwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spiwun (active indicative plural third-person)
spiwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spīwandz (active participle present)
spiwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *spīwan
Old English: spīwan
Middle English: spewen, speouwen, spew, spewe, spiewen, spiwan, spue, spuen, spuwe
English: spew
Scots: spew
Old Frisian: spīa
Saterland Frisian: späie
West Frisian: spije
Old Saxon: spīwan
Middle Low German: spîgen, spîen, spiggen
Low German: spiien, speen
Plautdietsch: spieen
Old Dutch: *spīwan
Middle Dutch: spuwen
Dutch: spuwen, spouwen, spuien, spugen
Limburgish: spieje
Old High German: spīwan
Middle High German: spīen
Alemannic German: spiiwe
German: speien
Yiddish: שפּײַען (shpayen)

Old Norse: spýja, *spía
Icelandic: spýja
Faroese: spýggja
Norwegian: spy
Old Swedish: spȳia
Swedish: spy
Old Danish: spȳ, spī
Danish: spy, spi
Elfdalian: spaja
Gutnish: spöi
Scanian: spý, spí

Gothic: 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽 (speiwan)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ptēiw-, *(s)ptyēw- (“to spit, vomit”). Cognate with Latin spuō (“spit”, verb), Ancient Greek πτύω (ptúō, “spit, vomit”), Old Armenian թուք (tʻukʻ), Old Church Slavonic пльвати (plĭvati), Sanskrit ष्ठीवति (ṣṭhīvati).


lubą

lubą (nominative singular)
lubō (nominative plural)
lubą (singular vocative)
lubō (plural vocative)
lubą (accusative singular)
lubō (accusative plural)
lubas (genitive singular)
lubis (genitive singular)
lubǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lubai (dative singular)
lubamaz (dative plural)
lubō (instrumental singular)
lubamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lob
Old English: lof
Middle English: lof, lofe
Scots: lofe
English: lofe, loff
Old Frisian: lof
North Frisian: lof
West Frisian: lof
Old Saxon: lof
Old Dutch: lof
Middle Dutch: lof
Dutch: lof
Old High German: lob
German: Lob
Luxembourgish: Luef

Old Norse: lof
Icelandic: lof
Faroese: lov
Norwegian Nynorsk: lov
Norwegian Bokmål: lov
Old Swedish: lof
Swedish: lov, lof (pre-1906 spelling)
Danish: lov

→ Proto-Finnic: *lupa (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *lopē (see there for further descendants)

Ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root *lewbʰ-.


lubōną

lubō (active first-person indicative singular)
lubǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lubōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
lubōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
lubōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lubō (active imperative second-person singular)
lubōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lubōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lubōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
lubō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lubōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
lubōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lubōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lubōs (active dual first-person indicative)
lubōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lubōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lubōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lubōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lubōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lubōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lubōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lubōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lubōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
lubōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lubōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
lubōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lubōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lubōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
lubōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lubōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
lubōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lubōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lubōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
lubōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lubōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
lubōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lubōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
lubōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lubōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
lubōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lubōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lubōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lubōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
lubōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lubōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
lubōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lubōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
lubōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lubōndz (active participle present)
lubōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *lobōn
Old English: lofian
Middle English: loven, love, lovon, lowe; lovien, luve, luvie, luvien (Early Middle English); lofenn (Ormulum)
English: lofe, loff, loave, love
Middle Scots: love
Scots: loave
Old Frisian: lovia
North Frisian: lowe
Saterland Frisian: loowje
West Frisian: lauwje, lauwgje; loovje (possibly from Dutch)
Old Saxon: lofōn, lovōn
Middle Low German: loven
German Low German: lowen (Westphalian), loäwen (Westphalian: Paderbornisch); loven
Old Dutch: lovon
Middle Dutch: lōven
Dutch: loven
Old High German: lobōn, lopōn
Middle High German: loben
German: loben
Hunsrik: love
Luxembourgish: luewen
Vilamovian: łöwa
Yiddish: לויבן (loybn)

Old Norse: lofa

Icelandic: lofa

Faroese: lova

Norwegian: love

Old Swedish: lova

Swedish: lova

Danish: love

Gutnish: lo, låv


wabją

wabją (nominative singular)
wabjō (nominative plural)
wabją (singular vocative)
wabjō (plural vocative)
wabją (accusative singular)
wabjō (accusative plural)
wabjas (genitive singular)
wabis (genitive singular)
wabjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wabjai (dative singular)
wabjamaz (dative plural)
wabjō (instrumental singular)
wabjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wabi
Old English: webb
Middle English: web, webb, webbe, webe, weob
English: web
Scots: wab, wob
Old Frisian: webb, wobb, web, wob
Saterland Frisian: Wäb
West Frisian: web
Old Saxon: webbi
Middle Low German: webbe, wobbe
⇒ Low German: Spinnenwebb, Spinnenwubb, Spinnenwübb
Old Dutch: *webbi
Middle Dutch: webbe
Dutch: web
Old High German: webbi, weppi
Middle High German: webbe, weppe
⇒ German: Spinnwebe

Old Norse: vefr m

Danish: væv

Faroese: vevur

Icelandic: vefur

Norwegian: vev

Old Swedish: væver

Swedish: väv


wargaz

wargaz (nominative singular)
wargōz (nominative plural)
wargōs (nominative plural)
warg (singular vocative)
wargōz (plural vocative)
wargōs (plural vocative)
wargą (accusative singular)
warganz (accusative plural)
wargas (genitive singular)
wargis (genitive singular)
wargǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wargai (dative singular)
wargamaz (dative plural)
wargō (instrumental singular)
wargamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *warg
Old English: wearg, warg, werg, wearh
Middle English: wari, weri
→ Medieval Latin: wargus, vargus
→ English: wargus
Old Saxon: warg, warag
Old Dutch: *warg
Middle Dutch: werch, warch
Dutch: warg
Old High German: warg
Middle High German: warc

Old Norse: vargr, *wargʀ — Old East Norse
Icelandic: vargur
Faroese: vargur
Norn: varg
Norwegian Nynorsk: varg
Elfdalian: warg
Old Swedish: vargher
Swedish: varg
Danish: varg
Norwegian Bokmål: varg
→ English: warg (learned)

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌲𐍃 (*wargs)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌲𐍃 (launawargs)

→ Proto-Finnic: *vargas (see there for further descendants)

An assumed inheritance supposes a Proto-Indo-European *werǵʰ- (“to turn, twist, press, constrict, strangle”), but it derives easily in Proto-Slavic *vorgъ, e.g. *izъvьrgnǫti (“to cast out”), regularly cognate to Latin urgēre and in Germanic *wrekaną (“to pursue, to persecute”). See also *argaz.


funkô

funkô (nominative singular)
funkaniz (nominative plural)
funkô (singular vocative)
funkaniz (plural vocative)
funkanų (accusative singular)
funkanunz (accusative plural)
funkiniz (genitive singular)
funkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
funkini (dative singular)
funkammaz (dative plural)
funkinē (instrumental singular)
funkammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *funkō
Old English: *funca
Middle English: funke, fonke
English: funk
Old Frisian: *funka
Saterland Frisian: Funke
West Frisian: fonk, fûnk
Old Saxon: *funko
Middle Low German: vunke
German Low German: Funk
Low German: Fonk
→ Danish: funke
→ Norwegian Bokmål: funke
Old Dutch: *funko
Middle Dutch: vonke
Dutch: vonk
Limburgish: vónk
Old High German: funko, funco
Middle High German: vunke
German: Funke
Luxembourgish: Fonk
Yiddish: פֿונק (funk)

Two possibilities have been proposed:
* From Proto-Indo-European *ph₂un-, oblique stem of *péh₂wr̥ (“fire”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *(s)peng- (“to shine”).


harpǭ

harpǭ (nominative singular)
harpōniz (nominative plural)
harpǭ (singular vocative)
harpōniz (plural vocative)
harpōnų (accusative singular)
harpōnunz (accusative plural)
harpōniz (genitive singular)
harpōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harpōni (dative singular)
harpōmaz (dative plural)
harpōnē (instrumental singular)
harpōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *harpā
Old English: hearpe
Middle English: harpe
English: harp
Scots: harpe, herp, hairp
Old Frisian: *herpe
West Frisian: harpe, harp
Old Saxon: harpa
Middle Low German: harpe
Low German: Harp
Plautdietsch: Hoap
Old Dutch: *harpa
Middle Dutch: harpe, herpe
Dutch: harp
Afrikaans: harp
Old High German: harfa, *harpha
Middle High German: harfe, harpfe
Bavarian: Harpfn
German: Harfe, Harpfe
→ Saterland Frisian: Harfe
Luxembourgish: Harf
→ Kashubian: harfa, arfa
→ Old Polish: arfa (see there for further descendants)
Rhine Franconian: Haf, Harf
Pennsylvania German: Harf
→ Czech: harfa
→ Russian: а́рфа (árfa) (see there for further descendants)
→ Serbo-Croatian: hȃrfa, ха̑рфа
→ Slovak: harfa
→ Slovene: harfa
→ Ukrainian: а́рфа (árfa)
→ Late Latin: harpa (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: harpa

Icelandic: harpa

Faroese: harpa, hørpa

Norn: harpa

Norwegian: harpe

Elfdalian: arpa

Old Swedish: harpa

Swedish: harpa

Danish: harpe

Uncertain. Probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreb- (“to turn, bend, shrink, rotate, touch, attack”), from *(s)ker- (“to turn; bend”). Compare Proto-Germanic *hrapōną (“to touch; strum”).


flaskǭ

flaskǭ (nominative singular)
flaskōniz (nominative plural)
flaskǭ (singular vocative)
flaskōniz (plural vocative)
flaskōnų (accusative singular)
flaskōnunz (accusative plural)
flaskōniz (genitive singular)
flaskōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flaskōni (dative singular)
flaskōmaz (dative plural)
flaskōnē (instrumental singular)
flaskōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *flaskā, *flahskā
Old English: flasce, flaxe
Middle English: flask, flaske (partly)
English: flask
→ Irish: fleasc
→ Welsh: fflasg
Scots: flask, flas
Old Frisian: *fleske, *flesche
West Frisian: flesse
Old Saxon: *flaska
Middle Low German: vlasche
German Low German: Fless
Old Dutch: *flasca
Middle Dutch: flassce, flesce, vlessche, vlesch, vles
Dutch: fles
Old High German: flasca, flaska
Middle High German: vlasche, flesche
Alemannic German: Fläsche
Swabian: Flasch
Central Franconian:
Kölsch: Fläsch
German: Flasche
→ Macedonian: флаша (flaša)
→ Polish: flasza
⇒ Polish: flaszka
→ Belarusian: пля́шка (pljáška)
→ Ukrainian: пля́шка (pljáška), фля́жка (fljážka)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: флаша
Latin script: flaša
→ Slovak: fľaša
Luxembourgish: Fläsch
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Flasch
Vilamovian: fłoś
Yiddish: פֿלאַש (flash)
→ Russian: фля́жка (fljážka)
→ Late Latin: flascō, flasca (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: flaska

Icelandic: flaska

Faroese: fløska

Norwegian Nynorsk: flaske, flaska

Swedish: flaska

Danish: flaske

Norwegian Bokmål: flaske

/ˈɸlɑs.kɔ̃ː/

Possibly from earlier *flahtskō, from Proto-Indo-European *pleḱ- (“to weave”).


minnisōną

minnisō (active first-person indicative singular)
minnisǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
minnisōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
minnisōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
minnisōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
minnisō (active imperative second-person singular)
minnisōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
minnisōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
minnisōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
minnisō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
minnisōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
minnisōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
minnisōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
minnisōs (active dual first-person indicative)
minnisōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
minnisōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
minnisōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
minnisōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
minnisōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
minnisōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
minnisōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
minnisōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
minnisōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
minnisōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
minnisōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
minnisōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
minnisōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
minnisōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
minnisōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
minnisōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
minnisōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
minnisōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
minnisōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
minnisōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
minnisōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
minnisōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
minnisōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
minnisōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
minnisōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
minnisōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
minnisōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
minnisōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
minnisōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
minnisōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
minnisōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
minnisōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
minnisōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
minnisōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
minnisōndz (active participle present)
minnisōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *minnisōn
Old English: minsian
Middle English: minsen, mincen
Scots: minch, minsch
English: minse, mince
Old Saxon: minsōn
→ Old French: mincer, mincier (probably)
Middle French: mincer
French: mincer

Old Norse: *minsa, *minska

Icelandic: minnka (?)

Swedish: minska

Norwegian: minske

Danish: mindske


stukkiją

stukkiją (nominative singular)
stukkijō (nominative plural)
stukkiją (singular vocative)
stukkijō (plural vocative)
stukkiją (accusative singular)
stukkijō (accusative plural)
stukkijas (genitive singular)
stukkīs (genitive singular)
stukkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stukkijai (dative singular)
stukkijamaz (dative plural)
stukkijō (instrumental singular)
stukkijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stukkī
Old English: styċċe, stiċċe
Middle English: stucche, stecche, stech, steche, sticche, stitche, stuche
Old Frisian: stekk
Saterland Frisian: Stuk
West Frisian: stik
Old Saxon: stukki
Middle Low German: stücke
German Low German: Stück
Plautdietsch: Stekj
Old Dutch: *stukki, *stikki, -stic (in toponyms)
Middle Dutch: stucke, stuc, sticke, stic
Dutch: stuk, stik (in compounds)
West Flemish: stik
→ Middle English: stic
English: stick, steck
Scots: stick, steck
Old High German: stucki, stukki, stucchi, stuhhi
Middle High German: stucke, stück, stuck
Alemannic German: Stuck, Stucke, Stucki, Stück, Stücke, Stücki
Bavarian: Stuck, Stick (latter influenced by diminutive and/or Standard German)
Central Franconian: Stöck, Steck
Luxembourgish: Stéck
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Stigg, Stigge
German: Stück
Yiddish: שטיק (shtik)
→ English: shtick
→ Old Polish: sztuka
Masurian: stuka
Polish: sztuka
→ Russian: шту́ка (štúka)
Silesian: sztuka
→ Italian: stucco
→ English: stucco
→ Spanish: estuco
→ French: stuc
→ Portuguese: estuque
→ German: Stuck

Old Norse: stykki

Icelandic: stykki

Faroese: stykki

Norwegian Bokmål: stykke

Norwegian Nynorsk: stykke

Old Swedish: stykke

Swedish: stycke

Danish: stykke

Scanian: stikke

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewg- (“to shock, butt, impact”). The geminate -kk- is assumed based on *stukkaz (“stick”) (whence Old English stocc, Old Norse stokkr). However, if an etymological connection does not exist, then the form *stukją is also possible, in which case the geminate might have arisen in North and West Germanic due to the following -j- (see West Germanic gemination).


minniz

minnizô (adjective)
minnist (superlative)

Old English: min

Middle English: min

Scots: min, myn

English: min

Old Frisian: min

Saterland Frisian: min

West Frisian: min

Old Saxon: *min

Middle Low German: min

Low German: minn

Old Dutch: min

Middle Dutch: min

Dutch: min

Old High German: min

Luxembourgish: mann

Old Norse: minnr

Old Swedish: min, minner

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃 (mins)

Comparative of Proto-Indo-European *minu-, *mey- (“small”). Cognate with Latin minor, minus.


-ê

Proto-West Germanic: *-ē

Old English: -e

Middle English: -e

Old Frisian: -e

desc

may have merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*-ô</i>

Old Norse: -a (may have merged with *-ô)

Icelandic: -a

Gothic: -𐌴 (-ē)

Unknown. Compare with Proto-Slavic *-ě and maybe Latin -ē (adverbial suffixes).

creates adverbs of manner from adjectives: -ly


jainar

Old English: ġeonre

Middle English: ȝendre, ȝondre

English: yonder

Scots: ȝondir

Old Frisian: *jenre, *jener

Saterland Frisian: junner

Old Saxon: ginuwar, genower; gendro

Middle Low German: ginder, gender

German Low German: günner, günners, günnert

Old Dutch: *gendro, *gindro

Middle Dutch: ginder

Dutch: ginder

Gothic: 𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍂 (jainar)


knēaną

knēō (active first-person indicative singular)
knēaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
knēai (first-person indicative passive singular)
knēizi (active indicative second-person singular)
knēaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
knē (active imperative second-person singular)
knēazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
knēaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
knēidi (active indicative singular third-person)
knēai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
knēadau (active imperative singular third-person)
knēadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
knēaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
knēōz (active dual first-person indicative)
knēaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
knēadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
knēaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
knēadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
knēamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
knēaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
knēandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
knēaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
knēid (active indicative plural second-person)
knēaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
knēid (active imperative plural second-person)
knēandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
knēaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
knēandi (active indicative plural third-person)
knēain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
knēandau (active imperative plural third-person)
knēandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
knēaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
keknō (active first-person indicative singular)
keknōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
keknōt (active indicative second-person singular)
keknōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
keknō (active indicative singular third-person)
keknōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
keknōū (active dual first-person indicative)
keknōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
keknōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
keknōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
keknōum (active first-person indicative plural)
keknōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
keknōud (active indicative plural second-person)
keknōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
keknōun (active indicative plural third-person)
keknōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
knēandz (active participle present)
knēanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *knāan
Old English: cnāwan
Middle English: knawen, knowen
Scots: knaw
English: know
Yola: knou, knouwe
Old Saxon: knāian
Old High German: knājan, knāen, knāan, chnāan, chnāhan

i

Old Norse: kná (present indicative form) (a defective verb; present infinitive *knega is unattested)

Icelandic: knega

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”), the same root as *kunnaną, but the exact mode of derivation is unclear. It may reflect a back-formation from an older *knō-, which could be an original perfective or stative formation.


albī

albī (nominative singular)
albijôz (nominative plural)
albī (singular vocative)
albijôz (plural vocative)
albijǭ (accusative singular)
albijōz (accusative plural)
albijōz (genitive singular)
albijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
albijōi (dative singular)
albijōmaz (dative plural)
albijō (instrumental singular)
albijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *albī

Old English: Ælf

Old High German: Elba

Middle High German: Elbe

German: Elbe

desctree

Old Norse: elfr
Icelandic: elfur, elfa
Faroese: elvur m, elv f
Norwegian Nynorsk: elv; (dialectal) alv, ålv, olv, ølv
Old Swedish: ælf
Swedish: älv, älf (pre-1906 spelling)
Danish: elv
Norwegian Bokmål: elv

→ Latin: Albia, Albis

→ Ancient Greek: Ἄλβις (Álbis)

→ Proto-Slavic: *olba

Czech: Labe

Kashubian: Łaba

Polabian: Låbü

Polish: Łaba

Russian: Ла́ба (Lába)

Serbo-Croatian: Laba

Silesian: Łaba

Slovak: Labe

Slovene: Laba

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: Łobjo

Upper Sorbian: Łobjo

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *albʰih₂, derived from *albʰós (“white”).


albiz

albiz (nominative singular)
albīz (nominative plural)
albi (singular vocative)
albīz (plural vocative)
albį (accusative singular)
albinz (accusative plural)
albīz (genitive singular)
albijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
albī (dative singular)
albimaz (dative plural)
albī (instrumental singular)
albimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *albi
Old English: ielf, ælf, ylf
Middle English: elf, elfe, helfe
English: elf (see there for further descendants)
Scots: elf
Yola: elf
Old Frisian: *alf, *elf
West Frisian: alve
Old Saxon: alf
Middle Low German: alf
Old Dutch: *alf
Middle Dutch: alf
Dutch: alf
Old High German: alb, alp
German: Alb, Alp

Old Norse: alfr, álfr
Icelandic: álfur
Faroese: álvur
Norwegian Nynorsk: alv, elv; (dialectal) alg
Norwegian Bokmål: alv, elv
Old Swedish: ælf, ælva
Swedish: älva; alf, alv (reborrowed from Old Norse)
Danish: elv (now only poetic); → alf (learned)
→ Arabic: آلْف (ʔālf)
→ English: auf, oaf
→ Scottish Gaelic: ealbhar
→ Belarusian: альв (alʹv)
→ Russian: альв (alʹv)
→ Ukrainian: альв (alʹv)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elbʰós (“white”).


twisilą

twisilą (nominative singular)
twisilō (nominative plural)
twisilą (singular vocative)
twisilō (plural vocative)
twisilą (accusative singular)
twisilō (accusative plural)
twisilas (genitive singular)
twisilis (genitive singular)
twisilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
twisilai (dative singular)
twisilamaz (dative plural)
twisilō (instrumental singular)
twisilamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: twisla, twisel

Middle English: twisel, twisil

English: twissel, twistle, twizzle

Old Saxon: *twisil

Middle Low German: twil (?)

German Low German: Twille, Twill

Old High German: *zwisila

Middle High German: zwisele, zwisel

German: Zwiesel

From Proto-Indo-European *dwis- (“twice, in two”).


þeudanaz

þeudanaz (nominative singular)
þeudanōz (nominative plural)
þeudanōs (nominative plural)
þeudan (singular vocative)
þeudanōz (plural vocative)
þeudanōs (plural vocative)
þeudaną (accusative singular)
þeudananz (accusative plural)
þeudanas (genitive singular)
þeudanis (genitive singular)
þeudanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þeudanai (dative singular)
þeudanamaz (dative plural)
þeudanō (instrumental singular)
þeudanamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þeudan
Old English: þēoden
Old Saxon: thiodan

Old Norse: þjóðann

Icelandic: þjóðann, Þjóðann

Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 (þiudans)


bataz

wela (adverb)
batizô (comparative)
batistaz (superlative)
bataz (masculine nominative singular strong)
batai (masculine nominative plural strong)
batō (feminine nominative singular strong)
batôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
batą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
batō (neuter nominative plural strong)
batanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
batanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
batǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
batōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
batą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
batō (accusative neuter plural strong)
batas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
bataizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
bataizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
bataizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
batas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
bataizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
batammai (dative masculine singular strong)
bataimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
bataizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
bataimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
batammai (dative neuter singular strong)
bataimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
batanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
bataimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
bataizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
bataimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
batanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
bataimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
batô (masculine nominative singular weak)
bataniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
batǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
batōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
batô (neuter nominative singular weak)
batōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
batanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
batanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
batōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
batōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
batô (accusative neuter singular weak)
batōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
batiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
batanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
batōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
batōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
batiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
batanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
batini (dative masculine singular weak)
batammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
batōni (dative feminine singular weak)
batōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
batini (dative neuter singular weak)
batammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
batinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
batammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
batōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
batōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
batinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
batammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*bataz (a-stem)

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *bʰed- (“good”). Cognate with Sanskrit भद्र (bhadrá).


Agilaz

Agilaz (nominative singular)
Agilai (dative singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Agilō

Old High German: Agilo, Egilo

Old Norse: Egill
Icelandic: Egill
Faroese: Egil
Norwegian: Egel, Egil, Eigil
Old Swedish: Æghil
Swedish: Egil
Old Danish: Eghil
Danish: Eigil, Ejgil
→ Greenlandic: Eikili
→ Sami: Egel

From the element *agaz (“fear; dread”) or *agjō (“edge, point ( of a weapon)”) + *-ilaz.

Egil, a famous archer of Germanic legend


þwahtuz

þwahtuz (nominative singular)
þwahtiwiz (nominative plural)
þwahtu (singular vocative)
þwahtiwiz (plural vocative)
þwahtų (accusative singular)
þwahtunz (accusative plural)
þwahtauz (genitive singular)
þwahtiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þwahtiwi (dative singular)
þwahtumaz (dative plural)
þwahtū (instrumental singular)
þwahtumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: þváttr
Icelandic: þvottur
Faroese: tváttur
Norwegian Bokmål: tvett
Old Swedish: þvǣtter
Swedish: tvätt
Danish: tvæt

→ Proto-Finnic: *vakto, *vakci

Estonian: vaht

Finnish: vaahto

Ingrian: vaahto

Livonian: vō’

Livvi: vuahti

Ludian: vuahte

Veps: vaht

Votic: vaahsi, vaassi


Batawjō

Batawjō (nominative singular)
Batawjō (singular vocative)
Batawjǭ (accusative singular)
Batawjōz (accusative plural)
Batawjōz (genitive singular)
Batawjōi (dative singular)
Batawjō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Batauwju
Old Dutch: *Batouwa, *Betuwa
Middle Dutch: *Betuwe
Dutch: Betuwe

→ Latin: Batavia
→ Dutch: Batavia
Javindo: Batafia
Petjo: Betawie
→ Caribbean Javanese: Betawi, mBetawi
→ Danish: Batavia
→ English: Batavia
→ French: Batavia
→ Indonesian: Batavia, Betawi
→ Javanese: ꦧꦠꦮꦶ (Batawi), ꦧꦼꦠꦮꦶ (Betawi)
→ Peranakan Indonesian: Betawi
→ Sundanese: Batawi
→ Old High German: Pazauwa (various forms attested)
Middle High German:
German: Passau

From *bataz (“good”) + *awjō (“island”).


gautaz

gautaz (nominative singular)
gautōz (nominative plural)
gautōs (nominative plural)
gaut (singular vocative)
gautōz (plural vocative)
gautōs (plural vocative)
gautą (accusative singular)
gautanz (accusative plural)
gautas (genitive singular)
gautis (genitive singular)
gautǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gautai (dative singular)
gautamaz (dative plural)
gautō (instrumental singular)
gautamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *Gaut

Old English: Gēat
→ English: Geat

Old Norse: gautar pl; Gautr

Icelandic: Gautur, Gauti

Norwegian Nynorsk: gaut

Old Swedish: gø̄tar pl

Swedish: göt

Gothic:

→ Latin: Gapt [Jordanes]

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Γοῦται pl (Goûtai), Γαῦτοι pl (Gaûtoi)

→ Latin: Gautae pl, Gautigothi pl

The theonym (“heiti of Odin”) is likely derived from the third-person singular past tense *gaut of the Proto-Germanic verb *geutaną (“to pour”), thus making also the mythical ancestor *Gautaz (“he who has poured (out libations)”), while the ethnonym was derived from this meaning (or vice versa). It is directly related to *gudą (“god”), *gudjô (“priest”), and *gutô (“Goth”), all being descended from the same Proto-Indo-European root as Vedic Sanskrit होतृ (hótṛ, “priest (hotr), sacrifice”).


eutaz

eutaz (nominative singular)
eutōz (nominative plural)
eutōs (nominative plural)
eut (singular vocative)
eutōz (plural vocative)
eutōs (plural vocative)
eutą (accusative singular)
eutanz (accusative plural)
eutas (genitive singular)
iutis (genitive singular)
eutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
iutai (dative singular)
eutamaz (dative plural)
eutō (instrumental singular)
eutamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *eut

Old English: Ēotas (plural)

German: Jüte

desctree

Old Norse: jótar (plural)
Icelandic: Jóti
Faroese: júti
Norwegian Nynorsk: jute
Old Danish: iutæ
Danish: jyde
Norwegian Bokmål: jyde
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: jyde
Old Swedish: iūte
Swedish: jute (pl. jutar)

→ Latin: Iutae, Iutī (both plural)

→ English: Jute

→ Dutch: Juut

Of uncertain and disputed origin, the name has been connected to several different Germanic names and words, such as Old Saxon Eucii, Old Norse jǫtunn (“jotun”), Old English eoten (“monster, giant”), from Proto-Germanic *etunaz, from Proto-Germanic *etaną (“to eat”). Or possibly related to Proto-Germanic *gautaz (“Geat”).


þeuhą

þeuhą (nominative singular)
þeuhō (nominative plural)
þeuhą (singular vocative)
þeuhō (plural vocative)
þeuhą (accusative singular)
þeuhō (accusative plural)
þeuhas (genitive singular)
þiuhis (genitive singular)
þeuhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þiuhai (dative singular)
þeuhamaz (dative plural)
þeuhō (instrumental singular)
þeuhamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þeuh
Old English: þēoh
Middle English: þigh
English: thigh
Scots: thee
Old Frisian: thiāch
West Frisian: tsjea
Old Saxon: thioh, thio
Middle Low German: dêch, dê, dee
⇒ Low German: Dickbeen
Old Dutch: thīo
Middle Dutch: dië
Dutch: dij
Afrikaans: dy
Limburgish: die, diech
Old High German: dioh
Middle High German: diech
German: Diech (obsolete)
>? German: Dickbein
Yiddish: דיך (dikh)

Old Norse: þjó
Icelandic: þjó
Faroese: tjógv
Norn: tjug
Norwegian: tjo
Helsingian: tjö
Gutnish: tiau, tjauv, tjaug


ūt

Proto-West Germanic: *ūt
Old English: ūt
Middle English: oute, out, ut, ute, uth, wt, uot
English: out
Geordie English: oot
Scots: out, oot
Yola: udh, uth, ut, out, outh
Old Frisian: ūt
Saterland Frisian: uut
West Frisian: út
Old Saxon: ūt
Middle Low German: ût
German Low German: uut
Low German: ut
Old Dutch: ūt
Middle Dutch: uut, ute
Dutch: uit
Berbice Creole Dutch: oiti
Jersey Dutch: äut
Negerhollands: ut, it, yt
Old High German: ūz
Middle High German: ūz
Alemannic German: us
Cimbrian: aus, auz (Luserna)
German: aus
Luxembourgish: aus
Yiddish: אויס (oys)

Old Norse: út

Icelandic: út

Faroese: út

Norwegian: ut

Old Swedish: ūt

Swedish: ut

Danish: ud

Gothic: 𐌿𐍄 (ūt)

From Proto-Indo-European *úd (“out, outward”).


þahsuz

þahsuz (nominative singular)
þahsiwiz (nominative plural)
þahsu (singular vocative)
þahsiwiz (plural vocative)
þahsų (accusative singular)
þahsunz (accusative plural)
þahsauz (genitive singular)
þahsiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þahsiwi (dative singular)
þahsumaz (dative plural)
þahsū (instrumental singular)
þahsumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þahs
Old Frisian: *thaks
Saterland Frisian: Taks
Old Saxon: thahs
Middle Low German: das, dasse
German Low German: Dass
Old Dutch: *thas
Middle Dutch: das
Dutch: das
Afrikaans: das, dassie
→ English: dassie
Jersey Dutch: dās
→ West Frisian: das
Limburgish: dasj
West Flemish: das
Old High German: dahs
Middle High German: dahs
Cimbrian: daks
German: Dachs
→ German Low German: Dacks
→ Luxembourgish: Dachs
→ Saterland Frisian: Daks
Hunsrik: Dachs
Luxembourgish: Duess (archaic)
Yiddish: דאַקס (daks)
→ Late Latin: taxus, taxō (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: þax, þǫx

Norwegian Nynorsk: toks

⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: svintoks

Swedish: tax

Danish: taks (obsolete)

Gothic: *𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌿𐍃 (*þahsus)

⇒ Gothic: *𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌿𐌺𐍃 (*þahsuks) (diminutive)
→ Vulgar Latin: *taxūcus (Western Hispania)
Old Galician-Portuguese:
Galician: teixugo
Portuguese: texugo
Spanish: tasugo

From Proto-Indo-European *tótḱ-us, from *tetḱ- (“to weave, braid, add, establish, construct”). Cognate with Latin texō (“weave, braid, build, compose”), Ancient Greek τίκτω (tíktō), τέχνη (tékhnē), τέκτων (téktōn). Also compare Proto-Celtic *taskos.


falaz

falaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
falai (masculine nominative plural strong)
falō (feminine nominative singular strong)
falôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
falą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
falō (neuter nominative plural strong)
falanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
falanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
falǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
falōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
falą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
falō (accusative neuter plural strong)
falas (genitive masculine singular strong)
falis (genitive masculine singular strong)
falaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
falaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
falaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
falas (genitive neuter singular strong)
falis (genitive neuter singular strong)
falaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
falammai (dative masculine singular strong)
falaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
falaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
falaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
falammai (dative neuter singular strong)
falaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
falanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
falaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
falaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
falaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
falanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
falaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
falô (masculine nominative singular weak)
falaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
falǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
falōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
falô (neuter nominative singular weak)
falōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
falanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
falanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
falōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
falōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
falô (accusative neuter singular weak)
falōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
faliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
falanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
falōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
falōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
faliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
falanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
falini (dative masculine singular weak)
falammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
falōni (dative feminine singular weak)
falōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
falini (dative neuter singular weak)
falammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
falinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
falammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
falōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
falōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
falinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
falammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old High German: fali (feil is Old High German feili)

Old Norse: falr

Icelandic: falur

Faroese: falur

Swedish: fal

Danish: fal

Uncertain. Usually regarded as from a Proto-Indo-European root *pel- (“to sell”) and cognate with e.g. Lithuanian pel̃nas (“profit”), Proto-Slavic *pȇlnъ (“loot”), Ancient Greek πωλέω (pōléō, “I sell”).


būkaz

būkaz (nominative singular)
būkōz (nominative plural)
būkōs (nominative plural)
būk (singular vocative)
būkōz (plural vocative)
būkōs (plural vocative)
būką (accusative singular)
būkanz (accusative plural)
būkas (genitive singular)
būkis (genitive singular)
būkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
būkai (dative singular)
būkamaz (dative plural)
būkō (instrumental singular)
būkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *būk

Old English: būc, būcc

Middle English: bouk

Scots: bouk, bowk, buik

English: bouk

→ Anglo-Norman: buket, buquet

→ Scots: bucket

→ English: bucket

Old Frisian: būk

Saterland Frisian: Buuk

West Frisian: búk

Old Saxon: būk

Middle Low German: bûk

German Low German: Buuk

Plautdietsch: Buck

desctree

Old Dutch: būc
Middle Dutch: buuc
Dutch: buik
Afrikaans: buik
Negerhollands: buk, big, bik
Skepi Creole Dutch: buk
Limburgish: boek
West Flemish: buuk
Zealandic: buuk

→ Late Latin: *bucus

Old French: buc, bu

Middle French: bu

⇒ Old French: trebuchier

Middle French: trebucher

French: trébucher, trébuchet

Old Occitan: bu

Catalan: buc

Spanish: buque, trabuco, trabucar

Italian: buco, bucare

desc

Occitan: buc, trabucar, trabuc, trabuquet

Anglo-Norman: buc

Old High German: būh, pūch

Middle High German: būch

German: Bauch

Luxembourgish: Bauch

Yiddish: בויך (boykh)

Cimbrian: pauch

Old Norse: búkr

Icelandic: búkur

Faroese: búkur

Norwegian Bokmål: buk

Norwegian Nynorsk: buk

Old Swedish: būker

Swedish: buk

Danish: bug

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰōw- (“to swell, inflate”).


trewą

trewą (nominative singular)
trewō (nominative plural)
trewą (singular vocative)
trewō (plural vocative)
trewą (accusative singular)
trewō (accusative plural)
trewas (genitive singular)
triwis (genitive singular)
trewǫ̂ (genitive plural)
triwai (dative singular)
trewamaz (dative plural)
trewō (instrumental singular)
trewamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *treu
Old English: trēow
Middle English: tre, treo
English: tree
Scots: tree
Old Frisian: trē
North Frisian: tre, trä
Old Saxon: trio, treo
Old Dutch: *trio, *treo
Middle Dutch: tree, tere
Dutch: teer (mostly in compounds, like appelteer and elzenteer)
Old High German: *tra
⇒ Old High German: affoltra, affultra
Middle High German: affalter, apfalter
German: Affolter
Bavarian: Affalter

Old Norse: tré
Icelandic: tré
Faroese: træ
Norwegian Nynorsk: tre
Dalecarlian: trai
Old Swedish: trǣ
Swedish: trä (“wood”), träd (“tree”) (from the definite)
Scanian: træ
Danish: træ
Norwegian Bokmål: tre

Gothic: 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌿 (triu)

From pre-Germanic *dréwom, from Proto-Indo-European *dóru (specifically the oblique stem *dréw-).


faþmaz

faþmaz (nominative singular)
faþmōz (nominative plural)
faþmōs (nominative plural)
faþm (singular vocative)
faþmōz (plural vocative)
faþmōs (plural vocative)
faþmą (accusative singular)
faþmanz (accusative plural)
faþmas (genitive singular)
faþmis (genitive singular)
faþmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
faþmai (dative singular)
faþmamaz (dative plural)
faþmō (instrumental singular)
faþmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *faþm
Old English: fæþm
Middle English: fathome, fadome
Scots: faddom
English: fathom
Old Frisian: fethem, fethm
Saterland Frisian: Fäidem, Fäden
West Frisian: fiem
Old Saxon: fathm
Middle Low German: vādem
German Low German: Faam
Low German: fadem, faem
Old Dutch: *fatham
Middle Dutch: vādem, vāem (late)
Dutch: vadem, vaam
Limburgish: vaam (“thread”), vadem (“fathom”)
Old High German: fadam, fadum
Middle High German: vadem, vaden
Central Franconian: Faddem, Foadem, Fodem, Fadem, Farem
Luxembourgish: Fuedem
Cimbrian: vaadom, baadom (Mezzaselva)
German: Faden

Old Norse: faðmr
Icelandic: faðmur
Faroese: favnur
Norwegian Nynorsk: famn; (dialectal) fabn, fabm
Elfdalian: farm, fammen
Old Swedish: famn, faghn
Swedish: famn, fagn
Old Danish: fafn, fathm
Danish: favn, farm, fadm
Norwegian Bokmål: favn
Scanian: fağn
Gutnish: famn

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: fáŧmi

Southern Sami: faerhmie

From Proto-Indo-European *peth₂- (“shoulders, armful, fathom”). Cognate with Lithuanian petys (“shoulder, armpit”) and possibly Ancient Greek ποτᾰμός (potamós).


aldaz

alþizô (comparative)
alþistaz (superlative)
aldaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
aldai (masculine nominative plural strong)
aldō (feminine nominative singular strong)
aldôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
aldą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
aldō (neuter nominative plural strong)
aldanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
aldanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
aldǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
aldōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
aldą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
aldō (accusative neuter plural strong)
aldas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
aldaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
aldaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
aldaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
aldas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
aldaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
aldammai (dative masculine singular strong)
aldaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
aldaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
aldaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
aldammai (dative neuter singular strong)
aldaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
aldanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
aldaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
aldaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
aldaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
aldanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
aldaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
aldô (masculine nominative singular weak)
aldaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
aldǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
aldōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
aldô (neuter nominative singular weak)
aldōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
aldanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
aldanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
aldōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
aldōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
aldô (accusative neuter singular weak)
aldōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
aldiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
aldanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
aldōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
aldōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
aldiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
aldanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
aldini (dative masculine singular weak)
aldammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
aldōni (dative feminine singular weak)
aldōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
aldini (dative neuter singular weak)
aldammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
aldinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
aldammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
aldōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
aldōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
aldinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
aldammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*aldaz (a-stem)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ald
Old English: eald, ald, eold, æld, eld
Middle English: olde, old, ald; holde, wolde; yolde, yhold, yolle
English: old, wold (dialect)
Geordie English: awd, auld
Scots: auld
Yola: yole, yold
Old Frisian: ald
North Frisian: ual, uul, ool
Saterland Frisian: oold
West Frisian: âld
Old Saxon: ald
Middle Low German: ôlt, old
German Low German: old, oold, ol, olt
→ German: oll
Plautdietsch: oolt
Old Dutch: alt
Middle Dutch: out
Dutch: oud, (obsolete) oudt
Afrikaans: oud
Berbice Creole Dutch: hau
Jersey Dutch: āud, āut
Negerhollands: oud, ouw, houw, hou
Skepi Creole Dutch: ou, oud
West Flemish: elde
Limburgish: aad
Old High German: alt, ald — northern
Middle High German: alt
Alemannic German: altu, oalt, oalt, olt, àltà (Italian Walser)
Bavarian:
Apeltonerisch: old
Central Bavarian: oid /ɔed̥/
Cimbrian: alt
Mòcheno: òlt
Northern Bavarian: old /ɔːld̥/
Southern Bavarian: ålt /ɔltʰ/
Udinese: olt, òlt
Central Franconian: alt
Hunsrik: alt
Kirchröadsj: aod, auw
Luxembourgish: al
German: alt
Rhine Franconian: alt, all
Frankfurterisch: [ɑːl], [aːl]
Pennsylvania German: alt
Vilamovian: aołd
Yiddish: אַלט (alt)

Old Norse: aldinn

Icelandic: aldinn

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 (alþeis)

Crimean Gothic: alt

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eltós, from *h₂el- (“to grow, nourish”); equivalent to the old past participle of *alaną (“to grow”). Compare Latin altus (“tall, high”) with a similar origin.


ajją

ajją (nominative singular)
ajjō (nominative plural)
ajją (singular vocative)
ajjō (plural vocative)
ajją (accusative singular)
ajjō (accusative plural)
ajjas (genitive singular)
ajis (genitive singular)
ajjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ajjai (dative singular)
ajjamaz (dative plural)
ajjō (instrumental singular)
ajjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aij
Old English: ǣġ, ǣġer — combining form
Middle English: ey, ay, aye, ei, eye, eyȝ; æȝ (Early Middle English)
English: ey (obsolete)
⇒ Middle English: cokeney, cokenay (disputed)
English: Cockney
Old Frisian: *ei, *ai
Saterland Frisian: Oai
West Frisian: aei, aai
Old Saxon: ei, eig, egg
Middle Low German: ei, egg, eig
Low German:
German Low German: Ei
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Egg
Märkisch: Ägg
Ravensbergisch: Åich
Sauerländisch: Ai
Westmünsterländisch: Äi
Plautdietsch: Ei
Old Dutch: *ei
Middle Dutch: ei, ey
Dutch: ei
Afrikaans: eier
Berbice Creole Dutch: airi
Jersey Dutch: āi
Negerhollands: ee, eiu, eyu, eju
Limburgish: ei
Old High German: ei
Middle High German: ei
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Oi
Bavarian: Oa
Mòcheno: oi
Central Franconian: Ei, Ää, Aai
Hunsrik: Eu
Luxembourgish: Ee
German: Ei
Vilamovian: e
Yiddish: איי (ey)

Old Norse: egg
Icelandic: egg
Faroese: egg
Norwegian Bokmål: egg
Norwegian Nynorsk: egg
Elfdalian: egg
Old Swedish: æg
Swedish: ägg
Scanian: ægg
Danish: æg
→ Middle English: eg, eeg, egg, egge, egghe, eeg
English: egg, egge
→⇒ German: not the yellow from the egg
Jamaican Creole: eg
Sranan Tongo: eksi
Scots: egg
Yola: egges (plural)

Crimean Gothic: ada

By Holtzmann's law from *ojóm, by Dybo's law from *ōjóm, by Mahlow's law from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm.


anadô

anadô (nominative singular)
anadaniz (nominative plural)
anadô (singular vocative)
anadaniz (plural vocative)
anadanų (accusative singular)
anadanunz (accusative plural)
anadiniz (genitive singular)
anadanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
anadini (dative singular)
anadammaz (dative plural)
anadinē (instrumental singular)
anadammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *anadō
Old English: anda, onda
Middle English: ande, onde, yond
English: ande, onde, and
Scots: and, ande, aind, aynd
Old Frisian: omma, andema, ondema
Saterland Frisian: Omme
West Frisian: amme
Old Saxon: ando
Middle Low German: ande
Old Dutch: ando
Middle Dutch: ande
Old High German: anto, ando, anado
Middle High German: ande
German: Ahnd, And

Old Norse: andi
Icelandic: andi
Faroese: andi
Norwegian Nynorsk: ande, ånd
Old Swedish: ande
Swedish: ande, anda
Danish: ånde, ånd
Norwegian Bokmål: ånde

/ˈɑ.nɑ.ðɔːː/

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁-dʰō, from *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe, blow”); compare *ananą. Related to Latin anima (“breath, spirit”).


spurdz

spurdz (nominative singular)
spurdiz (nominative plural)
spurd (singular vocative)
spurdiz (plural vocative)
spurdų (accusative singular)
spurdunz (accusative plural)
spurdiz (genitive singular)
spurdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spurdi (dative singular)
spurdumaz (dative plural)
spurdē (instrumental singular)
spurdumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: spyrd

Old High German: spurt

Gothic: 𐍃𐍀𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐍃 (spaurds)

From Proto-Indo-European *sperdʰ- (“contest”).


hleftuz

hleftuz (nominative singular)
hliftiwiz (nominative plural)
hleftu (singular vocative)
hliftiwiz (plural vocative)
hleftų (accusative singular)
hleftunz (accusative plural)
hleftauz (genitive singular)
hliftiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hliftiwi (dative singular)
hleftumaz (dative plural)
hleftū (instrumental singular)
hleftumiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌹𐍆𐍄𐌿𐍃 (hliftus)


hleumô

hleumô (nominative singular)
hleumaniz (nominative plural)
hleumô (singular vocative)
hleumaniz (plural vocative)
hleumanų (accusative singular)
hleumanunz (accusative plural)
hliuminiz (genitive singular)
hleumanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hliumini (dative singular)
hleumammaz (dative plural)
hliuminē (instrumental singular)
hleumammiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌼𐌰 (hliuma)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱléwmn̥ (“hearing”), from *ḱlew- (“to hear”).


bandī

bandī (nominative singular)
bandijôz (nominative plural)
bandī (singular vocative)
bandijôz (plural vocative)
bandijǭ (accusative singular)
bandijōz (accusative plural)
bandijōz (genitive singular)
bandijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bandijōi (dative singular)
bandijōmaz (dative plural)
bandijō (instrumental singular)
bandijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bandiOld English: bænd


hleuþrą

hleuþrą (nominative singular)
hleuþrō (nominative plural)
hleuþrą (singular vocative)
hleuþrō (plural vocative)
hleuþrą (accusative singular)
hleuþrō (accusative plural)
hleuþras (genitive singular)
hliuþris (genitive singular)
hleuþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hliuþrai (dative singular)
hleuþramaz (dative plural)
hleuþrō (instrumental singular)
hleuþramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hleuþr
Old English: hlēoþor
Old High German: liodar

Old Norse: hljóðr

Icelandic: hljóður

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱléwtrom (“means of hearing”), from *ḱlew- (“to hear”).


gawissiz

gawissiz (nominative singular)
gawissīz (nominative plural)
gawissi (singular vocative)
gawissīz (plural vocative)
gawissį (accusative singular)
gawissinz (accusative plural)
gawissīz (genitive singular)
gawissijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gawissī (dative singular)
gawissimaz (dative plural)
gawissī (instrumental singular)
gawissimiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍃 (gawiss)

From *ga- + *wissiz, from Proto-Indo-European *wédʰ-ti-s (“act of joining”), from *wedʰ- (“to join”) + *-tis. Equivalent to *gawedaną (“to to join”) + *-þiz.


kwissiz

kwissiz (nominative singular)
kwissīz (nominative plural)
kwissi (singular vocative)
kwissīz (plural vocative)
kwissį (accusative singular)
kwissinz (accusative plural)
kwissīz (genitive singular)
kwissijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwissī (dative singular)
kwissimaz (dative plural)
kwissī (instrumental singular)
kwissimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kwissi
Old English: *cwiss
Middle English: quiste
⇒ Middle English: biqueste
English: bequest
⇒ Old English: andcwiss

Gothic: *𐌵𐌹𐍃𐍃 (*qiss)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷét-ti-s (“act of calling”), from *gʷet- (“to say, speak”) + *-tis. Equivalent to *kweþaną (“to say”) + *-þiz.


sessaz

sessaz (nominative singular)
sessōz (nominative plural)
sessōs (nominative plural)
sess (singular vocative)
sessōz (plural vocative)
sessōs (plural vocative)
sessą (accusative singular)
sessanz (accusative plural)
sessas (genitive singular)
sissis (genitive singular)
sessǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sissai (dative singular)
sessamaz (dative plural)
sessō (instrumental singular)
sessamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sess

Old English: sess

Old Norse: sess

Icelandic: sess

Faroese: sessur

Norwegian Nynorsk: sess

Norwegian Bokmål: sess

From Proto-Indo-European *sedtós (“seated”), from *sed- (“to sit”) + *-tós.


lungraz

*lungraz (a-stem)

lungraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
lungrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
lungrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
lungrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
lungrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
lungrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
lungranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
lungranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
lungrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
lungrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
lungrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
lungrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
lungras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
lungraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
lungraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
lungraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
lungras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
lungraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
lungrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
lungraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
lungraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
lungraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
lungrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
lungraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
lungranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
lungraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
lungraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
lungraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
lungranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
lungraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
lungrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
lungraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
lungrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
lungrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
lungrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
lungrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
lungranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
lungranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
lungrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
lungrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
lungrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
lungrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
lungriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
lungranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
lungrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
lungrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
lungriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
lungranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
lungrini (dative masculine singular weak)
lungrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
lungrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
lungrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
lungrini (dative neuter singular weak)
lungrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
lungrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
lungrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
lungrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
lungrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
lungrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
lungrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lungr
Old English: lungor
Old Saxon: lungar

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ln̥gʷʰrós (“light”).


hlefaną

hlefō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlefaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlefai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hlifizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlefaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlef (active imperative second-person singular)
hlefazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlefaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hlifidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlefai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlefadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlefadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlefaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hlefōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hlefaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlefadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlefaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlefadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlefamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlefaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlefandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlefaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hlifid (active indicative plural second-person)
hlefaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlifid (active imperative plural second-person)
hlefandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlefaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hlefandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlefain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlefandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlefandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlefaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hlaf (active first-person indicative singular)
hlēbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlaft (active indicative second-person singular)
hlēbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlaf (active indicative singular third-person)
hlēbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlēbū (active dual first-person indicative)
hlēbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlēbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlēbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlēbum (active first-person indicative plural)
hlēbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlēbud (active indicative plural second-person)
hlēbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlēbun (active indicative plural third-person)
hlēbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlefandz (active participle present)
hlebanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌽 (hlifan)

From Proto-Indo-European *klep- (“to steal”).


sēmi-

Proto-West Germanic: *sāmi-, *sām-

Old English: sām-
Middle English: sam-
English: sam

Old Saxon: sām-

Old Dutch: sām-

Old High German: sāmi-

From Proto-Indo-European *sēmi- (“half”). Cognate with Latin sēmi-, Ancient Greek ἡμι- (hēmi-).


gawedaną

gawedō (active first-person indicative singular)
gawedaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gawedai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gawidizi (active indicative second-person singular)
gawedaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gawed (active imperative second-person singular)
gawedazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gawedaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gawididi (active indicative singular third-person)
gawedai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gawedadau (active imperative singular third-person)
gawedadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gawedaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gawedōz (active dual first-person indicative)
gawedaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gawedadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gawedaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gawedadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gawedamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gawedaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gawedandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gawedaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gawidid (active indicative plural second-person)
gawedaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gawidid (active imperative plural second-person)
gawedandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gawedaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gawedandi (active indicative plural third-person)
gawedain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gawedandau (active imperative plural third-person)
gawedandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gawedaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gawad (active first-person indicative singular)
gawēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gawast (active indicative second-person singular)
gawēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gawad (active indicative singular third-person)
gawēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gawēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gawēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gawēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gawēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gawēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gawēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gawēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gawēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gawēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gawēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gawedandz (active participle present)
gawedanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old High German: giwet

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽 (gawidan)

From *ga- + *wedaną, from Proto-Indo-European *wedʰ- (“to join”).


astaz

astaz (nominative singular)
astōz (nominative plural)
astōs (nominative plural)
ast (singular vocative)
astōz (plural vocative)
astōs (plural vocative)
astą (accusative singular)
astanz (accusative plural)
astas (genitive singular)
astis (genitive singular)
astǫ̂ (genitive plural)
astai (dative singular)
astamaz (dative plural)
astō (instrumental singular)
astamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ast
Old Saxon: ast
Middle Low German: ast
Old Dutch: *ast
Middle Dutch: ast
Dutch: ast
Old High German: ast
Middle High German: ast
Cimbrian: ast
German: Ast
Luxembourgish: Aascht

Gothic: 𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍃 (asts)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃ósdos (“branch”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὄζος (ózos, “branch, twig”) and Old Armenian ոստ (ost).


-umô

gem-decl-adj-table

*-umô (an/īn-stem)

-umô (masculine nominative singular)
-umaniz (masculine nominative plural)
-umį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
-umīniz (feminine nominative plural)
-umô (neuter nominative singular)
-umōnō (neuter nominative plural)
-umanų (accusative masculine singular)
-umanunz (accusative masculine plural)
-umīnų (accusative feminine singular)
-umīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
-umô (accusative neuter singular)
-umōnō (accusative neuter plural)
-uminiz (genitive masculine singular)
-umanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
-umīniz (feminine genitive singular)
-umīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
-uminiz (genitive neuter singular)
-umanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
-umini (dative masculine singular)
-umammaz (dative masculine plural)
-umīni (dative feminine singular)
-umīmaz (dative feminine plural)
-umini (dative neuter singular)
-umammaz (dative neuter plural)
-uminē (instrumental masculine singular)
-umammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
-umīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
-umīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
-uminē (instrumental neuter singular)
-umammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-umō
Old English: -uma, -ema, -ma
English: -most (from -emest(a))

Gothic: -𐌿𐌼𐌰 (-uma)

From Pre-Germanic *-m̥Hon-, from Proto-Indo-European *-mHo-. Cognate with Latin -imus, Sanskrit -अम (-ama).

Forms comparative or superlative adjectives.


brūwō

brūwō (nominative singular)
brūwôz (nominative plural)
brūwō (singular vocative)
brūwôz (plural vocative)
brūwǭ (accusative singular)
brūwōz (accusative plural)
brūwōz (genitive singular)
brūwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brūwōi (dative singular)
brūwōmaz (dative plural)
brūwō (instrumental singular)
brūwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: brū, bruu

Middle English: browe, brou, brow

Scots: broo

English: brow

Old Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: Bruun, Oogenbruun

Old Norse: brún

Icelandic: brún

Faroese: brún

Norwegian: brun

Old Swedish: brūn (plural: brȳn)

Swedish: bryn

Danish: bryn

→ Middle English: bryne

English: brine, brim

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃bʰrúHs (“eyebrow, rim, edge”). Cognate with Lithuanian brùvē (“brow”), Old Irish brū (“edge, shore”), Russian бровь (brovʹ, “eyebrow”).


kwēniz

kwēniz (nominative singular)
kwēnīz (nominative plural)
kwēni (singular vocative)
kwēnīz (plural vocative)
kwēnį (accusative singular)
kwēninz (accusative plural)
kwēnīz (genitive singular)
kwēnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwēnī (dative singular)
kwēnimaz (dative plural)
kwēnī (instrumental singular)
kwēnimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kwāni
Old English: cwēn, cwǣn; cwœ̄n — Anglian; cœ̄n — Northumbrian
Middle English: quene, qwene, cwene, queene, quen, qween, qweene, queyne, qwenne, qwhene, kuene, quiene, queen
English: queen (see there for further descendants)
Scots: queen, wheen
Yola: queen
Old Saxon: quān
>? Middle Low German: quêne, kôn (merged with Old Saxon quena)

Old Norse: kvæn, kván

Icelandic: kván, kvon, kvæn

Norwegian: kvån (dialectal)

Old Swedish: -qvæn in broþorqvæn, sonaqvæn

Gothic: 𐌵𐌴𐌽𐍃 (qēns)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn (“woman”).


buhtiz

buhtiz (nominative singular)
buhtīz (nominative plural)
buhti (singular vocative)
buhtīz (plural vocative)
buhtį (accusative singular)
buhtinz (accusative plural)
buhtīz (genitive singular)
buhtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
buhtī (dative singular)
buhtimaz (dative plural)
buhtī (instrumental singular)
buhtimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *buhti, *buht

Old English: byht, *buht

desc

Middle English: bight, byȝt, biȝt, bought, bouȝt

Scots: bicht, becht; bucht, boucht

English: bight; bought, bowt, bout

Old Frisian: *bucht

Saterland Frisian: Bucht

West Frisian: bocht

Old Saxon: *buht

Middle Low German: bucht, bocht

Low German: Bucht

→ Icelandic: bugt

→ Faroese: bukt

→ Norwegian Bokmål: bukt

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bukt

→ Swedish: bukt

→ Danish: bugt

→ German: Bucht

Old Dutch: *buht

Middle Dutch: bucht, bocht

Dutch: bucht, bocht

Afrikaans: bocht

Old Norse: bót

Icelandic: bót


taikuraz

taikuraz (nominative singular)
taikurōz (nominative plural)
taikurōs (nominative plural)
taikur (singular vocative)
taikurōz (plural vocative)
taikurōs (plural vocative)
taikurą (accusative singular)
taikuranz (accusative plural)
taikuras (genitive singular)
taikuris (genitive singular)
taikurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
taikurai (dative singular)
taikuramaz (dative plural)
taikurō (instrumental singular)
taikuramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *taikur
Old English: tācor
Old Frisian: tāker
Old High German: zeihhur
Middle High German: zeicher

From Proto-Indo-European *dayh₂ur-o-s, thematicized from *dayh₂wḗr ~ *dayh₂ur-és (“brother-in-law”).


hwassaz

*hwassaz (a-stem)

hwassaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hwassai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hwassō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hwassôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hwassą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hwassō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hwassanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hwassanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hwassǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hwassōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hwassą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hwassō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hwassas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hwassaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hwassaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hwassaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hwassas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hwassaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hwassammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hwassaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hwassaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hwassaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hwassammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hwassaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hwassanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hwassaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hwassaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hwassaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hwassanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hwassaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hwassô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hwassaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hwassǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hwassōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hwassô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hwassōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hwassanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hwassanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hwassōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hwassōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hwassô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hwassōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hwassiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hwassanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hwassōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hwassōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hwassiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hwassanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hwassini (dative masculine singular weak)
hwassammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hwassōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hwassōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hwassini (dative neuter singular weak)
hwassammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hwassinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hwassammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hwassōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hwassōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hwassinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hwassammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwass
Old English: hwæs
Old Saxon: hwass
Old High German: was

Old Norse: hvass
Icelandic: hvass
Faroese: hvassur
Norwegian Nynorsk: kvass
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kvass
Old Swedish: hvas
Swedish: vass, (pre-1906 spelling) hvass
Danish: hvas
Norwegian Bokmål: hvass

Gothic: *𐍈𐌰𐍃𐍃 (*ƕass)

⇒ Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌱𐌰 (ƕassaba)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷh₁dtós (“sharpened”).


kundaz

kundaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
kundai (masculine nominative plural strong)
kundō (feminine nominative singular strong)
kundôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
kundą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
kundō (neuter nominative plural strong)
kundanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
kundanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
kundǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
kundōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
kundą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
kundō (accusative neuter plural strong)
kundas (genitive masculine singular strong)
kundis (genitive masculine singular strong)
kundaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
kundaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
kundaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
kundas (genitive neuter singular strong)
kundis (genitive neuter singular strong)
kundaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
kundammai (dative masculine singular strong)
kundaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
kundaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
kundaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
kundammai (dative neuter singular strong)
kundaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
kundanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
kundaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
kundaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
kundaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
kundanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
kundaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
kundô (masculine nominative singular weak)
kundaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
kundǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
kundōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
kundô (neuter nominative singular weak)
kundōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
kundanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
kundanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
kundōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
kundōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
kundô (accusative neuter singular weak)
kundōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
kundiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
kundanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
kundōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
kundōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
kundiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
kundanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
kundini (dative masculine singular weak)
kundammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
kundōni (dative feminine singular weak)
kundōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
kundini (dative neuter singular weak)
kundammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
kundinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
kundammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
kundōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
kundōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
kundinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
kundammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *kund

Old English: -cund

Middle English: -cund

Proto-Norse: *-ᚲᚢᛞᚨᛉ (*-kudaʀ)

Old Norse: -kundr

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚱᚨᚷᛁᚾᚨᚲᚢᛞᛟ (raginakudo /raginakundō/) (feminine accusative singular)

Old Norse: reginkunnr

Gothic: -𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-kunds)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁tós (“born”).


unþī

unþī (nominative singular)
unþijôz (nominative plural)
unþī (singular vocative)
unþijôz (plural vocative)
unþijǭ (accusative singular)
unþijōz (accusative plural)
unþijōz (genitive singular)
unþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
unþijōi (dative singular)
unþijōmaz (dative plural)
unþijō (instrumental singular)
unþijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *unþi
Old English: ȳþ
Middle English: ythe, ithe, uðe, uþe, uþæ, yþe
Old Saxon: ūthia
Old Dutch: *unthia, *untha
Middle Dutch: unde, onde
Dutch: onde (dialectal)
Old High German: undia
Middle High German: unde, ünde
German: Unde (obsolete, dialectal)
Yiddish: אינד (ind)

Old Norse: unnr, uðr

Icelandic: unnur

Probably from Pre-Germanic *h₂n̥tih₂, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en- (“to draw water”). Compare Ancient Greek ἄντλος (ántlos, “hold of a ship, bilgewater”), Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒉌 (ḫa-a-ni, “to draw (liquids)”). Not related to Latin unda (“wave”).


lauhaz

lauhaz (nominative singular)
lauhōz (nominative plural)
lauhōs (nominative plural)
lauh (singular vocative)
lauhōz (plural vocative)
lauhōs (plural vocative)
lauhą (accusative singular)
lauhanz (accusative plural)
lauhas (genitive singular)
lauhis (genitive singular)
lauhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lauhai (dative singular)
lauhamaz (dative plural)
lauhō (instrumental singular)
lauhamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lauh
Old English: lēah
Middle English: leye, ley, legh, lege, liegh
English: leigh, lea
Scots: le, ley, lei
>? Yola: kotlieough, cotleough
Old Frisian: lāch
Old Saxon: lōh
Middle Low German: lōch, lō
Old Dutch: *lōh, *lō
Middle Dutch: lô
Dutch: lo, loo (obsolete outside place names)
Old High German: lōh
Middle High German: lōh, lōch, lō
German: Loh, Lah, Lage (mostly in place names)

Old Norse: ló

Icelandic: ló

Norwegian Nynorsk: lo

Norwegian Bokmål: lo (mostly in place names, like Oslo)

From Proto-Indo-European *lówkos (“clearing”), which is derived from Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“bright”). Cognate with Latin lūcus (“sacred grove”).


haisiz

haisiz (nominative singular)
haisīz (nominative plural)
haisi (singular vocative)
haisīz (plural vocative)
haisį (accusative singular)
haisinz (accusative plural)
haisīz (genitive singular)
haisijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haisī (dative singular)
haisimaz (dative plural)
haisī (instrumental singular)
haisimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hǣs; behǣs; (hāt; ġehāt)

desc

Middle English: hæs, hes, heste, heest, heast, hest; behese, beheste, beheest, biheste, behest

Scots: heste, hest, heist; behest, beheist

English: hest; behest

(Old Saxon: *hēt, *heit; *bīhēt, *bīheit)

(Middle Low German: hēt, heit; behēt, beheit)

(Old High German: gaheiza; biheiz)

(Middle High German: geheize, geheiz; beheiz)

(German: Geheiß)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌹 (haiti)

From earlier *haissiz, from Proto-Indo-European *kóyd-ti-s (“act of calling”). Equivalent to *haitaną (“to call”) + *-þiz.