slēpaną

slēpō (active first-person indicative singular)
slēpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slēpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
slēpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
slēpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slēp (active imperative second-person singular)
slēpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
slēpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
slēpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
slēpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slēpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
slēpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
slēpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
slēpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
slēpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slēpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slēpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slēpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
slēpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
slēpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slēpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
slēpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
slēpid (active indicative plural second-person)
slēpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slēpid (active imperative plural second-person)
slēpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
slēpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
slēpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
slēpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slēpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
slēpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
slēpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sezlēp (active first-person indicative singular)
sezlēpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sezlēft (active indicative second-person singular)
sezlēpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sezlēp (active indicative singular third-person)
sezlēpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sezlēpū (active dual first-person indicative)
sezlēpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sezlēpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sezlēpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sezlēpum (active first-person indicative plural)
sezlēpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sezlēpud (active indicative plural second-person)
sezlēpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sezlēpun (active indicative plural third-person)
sezlēpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slēpandz (active participle present)
slēpanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *slāpan
Old English: slǣpan, slēpan, slāpan
Middle English: slepen, slæpen, sleepen, slepe
English: sleep
Sranan Tongo: sribi
Scots: sleep, sleip, slepe
Old Frisian: slēpa
North Frisian: sliepe
Saterland Frisian: släipe
West Frisian: sliepe
Old Saxon: slāpan
Middle Low German: slâpen
German Low German: slapen
Low German: slapen
Old Dutch: slāpan
Middle Dutch: slâpen
Dutch: slapen
Afrikaans: slaap
Negerhollands: slaap, slap, slaep
Skepi Creole Dutch: slapi, slappe
Limburgish: slaope
Zealandic: slaepe
Old High German: slāfan
Middle High German: slāfen
Alemannic German: schlaaffe, schlooffe
Badisch: schlofe
Italian Walser: schloafe, schloafen, schlofe, schlàfu, schlaafä
Bavarian:
Central Bavarian: schloffa
Cimbrian: slaafan, slafan, slavan
Mòcheno: schloven
South Tyrolean: schlofn, sghlofn
Central Franconian: schlofe
Hunsrik: schlofe
Luxembourgish: schlofen
German: schlafen
Rhine Franconian: schlofe
Pennsylvania German: schlofe
Yiddish: שלאָפֿן (shlofn)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌻𐌴𐍀𐌰𐌽 (slēpan)

Crimean Gothic: schlipen

Unclear. May be related to *slapaz (“weak, lax”), itself of unclear origin, or possibly back-formed to *slabōną/*slappōną.
Possibly from a hypothetical base *slē‑, extended in pre-Germanic as *slēb-, from earlier Proto-Indo-European *sleh₁‑, which could be related to *(s)leh₁g-; see also Latin langueō (“to be faint, listless”), Old English slæc (“lazy”).

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


sunuz

sunuz (nominative singular)
suniwiz (nominative plural)
sunu (singular vocative)
suniwiz (plural vocative)
sunų (accusative singular)
sununz (accusative plural)
sunauz (genitive singular)
suniwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
suniwi (dative singular)
sunumaz (dative plural)
sunū (instrumental singular)
sunumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sunu
Old English: sunu
Middle English: sone, sune
English: son
Scots: son
Old Frisian: sunu
Saterland Frisian: Súun
West Frisian: soan
Old Saxon: sunu
Middle Low German: sune, sȫne
Low German:
German Low German: Söhn
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Suhne m
Ravensbergisch: Suone
Sauerländisch: Suen, Seyen, Sōn
Westmünsterländisch: Sönn, Sonn, Sonne
Plautdietsch: Sän
Old Dutch: *sunu
Middle Dutch: sōne
Dutch: zoon
Afrikaans: seun
Jersey Dutch: zőn
Limburgish: zoon, zoean
West Flemish: zeune
Old High German: sunu, sun
Middle High German: sun, suon, sūn, son
Alemannic German:
Italian Walser: su, ŝchu
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: zun, sun, sunn
Mòcheno: su'
Udinese: sun, sunn, suun
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Sohn
German: Sohn
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Soh
Yiddish: זון (zun)

Old Norse: sonr, sunr
Icelandic: sonur, -son
Faroese: sonur, -son
Norn: son
Norwegian Nynorsk: son, -son; (dialectal) sun’e, sun
Elfdalian: sun
Old Swedish: sun, son
Swedish: son, -son
Danish: søn, -sen
Norwegian Bokmål: sønn
German: -sen
Gutnish: sun
→ Middle English: *-son
English: -son

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿𐍃 (sunus)

From Proto-Indo-European *suHnús, with a long vowel contraction in a pre-stressed position.


sagjaną

sagjō (active first-person indicative singular)
sagjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sagaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
sagjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sagai (active imperative second-person singular)
sagaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sagjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sagjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sagjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sagjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sagjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sagjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sagjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sagjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sagjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sagaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sagjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sagaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sagjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sagjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sagjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sagdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sagdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sagdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sagdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sagdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sagdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sagdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sagdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sagdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sagdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sagdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sagdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sagdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sagdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sagdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sagdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sagjandz (active participle present)
sagdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *saggjan
Old English: seċġan
Middle English: seggen, seyen, sayen
Scots: say, sa
English: say
Old Frisian: sedza, sidza
North Frisian: seja, siie
West Frisian: sizze
Old Saxon: seggian
Middle Low German: seggen
Low German: seggen
Old Dutch: seggen
Middle Dutch: seggen
Dutch: zeggen
Afrikaans: sê
Javindo: seg, seggen, sèè
Jersey Dutch: sääxxe
Petjo: sehhen
Limburgish: zègke
Old High German: sagen
Middle High German: sagen
Alemannic German: säge
Alsatian: soeje (near Fränkisch areas, in Northern Alsace), sawe (Central), sàge (South)
Swabian:
Sathmar Swabian: sage
Walser: sägä, séege, ŝchegi, ŝchége
Bavarian: sogn, sågn; song (phonetic spelling); soon (Timau), sång
Central Franconian: sage
German: sagen
Luxembourgish: soen
Vilamovian: ziön
Yiddish: זאָגן (zogn)

Old Norse: segja
Icelandic: segja
Faroese: siga
Norwegian Nynorsk: seia, segja
Jamtish: segi
Elfdalian: saja
Old Swedish: sæghia, sighia
Swedish: säga
Old Danish: sæghiæ, sighæ
Danish: sige
Norwegian Bokmål: si
Scanian: siğa, sæğa
Old Gutnish: segia
Gutnish: säge

From Proto-Indo-European *sokʷ-h₁-yé-, from a derivative of *sekʷ- (“to say”).


habjaną

habjō (active first-person indicative singular)
habjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
habaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
habjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
habai (active imperative second-person singular)
habaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
habjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
habjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
habjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
habjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
habjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
habjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
habjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
habjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
habjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
habaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
habjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
habaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
habjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
habjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
habjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
habdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
habdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
habdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
habdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
habdē (active indicative singular third-person)
habdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
habdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
habdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
habdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
habdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
habdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
habdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
habdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
habdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
habdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
habdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
habjandz (active participle present)
habdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *habbjan (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hafa
Icelandic: hafa
Faroese: hava
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: have, ha
Norwegian Nynorsk: hava, have, ha
Elfdalian: åvå
Old Swedish: hava, hafwa, haffwa, haffua
Swedish: ha, hava, hafva (pre-1906 spelling)
Old Danish: hafa, hauæ
Danish: have
Old Gutnish: hafa

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽 (haban)

From an innovated post-Indo-European stative present *kh₂ph₁yé-, from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂p- (“to seize”).


habjaną

habjō (active first-person indicative singular)
habjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
habjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
habisi (active indicative second-person singular)
habjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
habi (active imperative second-person singular)
habjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
habjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
habiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
habjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
habjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
habjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
habjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
habjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
habjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
habjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
habjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
habjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
habjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
habjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
habjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
habjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
habiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
habjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
habiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
habjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
habjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
habjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
habjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
habjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
habjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
habjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hōf (active first-person indicative singular)
hōbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hōft (active indicative second-person singular)
hōbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hōf (active indicative singular third-person)
hōbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hōbū (active dual first-person indicative)
hōbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hōbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hōbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hōbum (active first-person indicative plural)
hōbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hōbud (active indicative plural second-person)
hōbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hōbun (active indicative plural third-person)
hōbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
habjandz (active participle present)
habanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *habbjan
Old English: hebban, heffan
Middle English: heven, heiven, heoven, hefen, hewen, hebben
English: heave (see there for further descendants)
Scots: heave, heve, hewe
Yola: heve, hev
Old Frisian: heva, hebba, heffa
Saterland Frisian: hieuwje
West Frisian: heffe
Old Saxon: hebbian, heffian
Middle Low German: hēven, heffen
Low German: heven
Old Dutch: heffen
Middle Dutch: heffen
Dutch: heffen
Afrikaans: hef
Limburgish: höffe
Old High German: heffen, hevan, heven
Middle High German: heben, heven
Cimbrian: höoban
German: heben
Luxembourgish: hiewen

Old Norse: hefja
Icelandic: hefja
Faroese: hevja
Norwegian Nynorsk: hevja, hevje (e infinitive)
Old Swedish: hæfia
Swedish: häva
Danish: hæve
Norwegian Bokmål: heve

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐍆𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hafjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *kh₂pyéti, from the root *keh₂p- (“to seize”).


helpaną

helpō (active first-person indicative singular)
helpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
helpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hilpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
helpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
help (active imperative second-person singular)
helpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
helpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hilpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
helpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
helpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
helpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
helpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
helpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
helpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
helpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
helpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
helpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
helpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
helpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
helpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
helpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hilpid (active indicative plural second-person)
helpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hilpid (active imperative plural second-person)
helpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
helpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
helpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
helpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
helpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
helpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
helpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
halp (active first-person indicative singular)
hulpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
halft (active indicative second-person singular)
hulpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
halp (active indicative singular third-person)
hulpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hulpū (active dual first-person indicative)
hulpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hulpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hulpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hulpum (active first-person indicative plural)
hulpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hulpud (active indicative plural second-person)
hulpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hulpun (active indicative plural third-person)
hulpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
helpandz (active participle present)
hulpanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *helpan
Old English: helpan
Middle English: helpen, help, elp, helpi, healpe, heolpe, halpen, hælpan
English: help
Scots: help
Yola: help
Old Frisian: helpa
North Frisian: heelpe, halep
Sylt: help
Saterland Frisian: hälpe
West Frisian: helpe
Old Saxon: helpan
Middle Low German: helpen
German Low German: helpen, hölpen
Old Dutch: helpan
Middle Dutch: helpen
Dutch: helpen
Afrikaans: help
Berbice Creole Dutch: helpu
Javindo: helpen
Jersey Dutch: hälpe
Negerhollands: help
Skepi Creole Dutch: halp
→ Caribbean Javanese: hèlep, ngèlep
Limburgish: hèlpe
Old High German: helfan
Middle High German: helfen
Central Franconian: hellepe
Cimbrian: hölfan
German: helfen
Luxembourgish: hëllefen
Yiddish: העלפֿן (helfn)

Old Norse: hjalpa
Icelandic: hjálpa
Faroese: hjálpa
Norwegian Nynorsk: hjelpa; (dialectal) hjalpa, hjålpa, hjølpa, hjòlpa, helpa
Norwegian Bokmål: hjelpe
Old Swedish: hiælpa
Swedish: hjälpa
Danish: hjælpe

Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐌰𐌽 (hilpan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *këlbat'ak (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱelb- (“help”), *ḱelp-. Cognate with Lithuanian šelpti (“to help, support”).


maganą

mag (active first-person indicative singular)
magį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
maht (active indicative second-person singular)
magīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mag (active indicative singular third-person)
magī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
magū (active dual first-person indicative)
magīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
magudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
magīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
magum (active first-person indicative plural)
magīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
magud (active indicative plural second-person)
magīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
magun (active indicative plural third-person)
magīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mahtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
mahtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mahtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
mahtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mahtē (active indicative singular third-person)
mahtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mahtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
mahtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mahtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mahtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mahtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
mahtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mahtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
mahtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mahtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
mahtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
magandz (active participle present)
mahtaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *magan
Old English: magan, *mugan, *meġan
Middle English: mowen (mostly from analogical *mugan)
English: may
Scots: mey, may, ma
Yola: mye, mey, mai, maa, ma; meigh
Old Frisian: muga
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: mei
Mooring: mooge
Saterland Frisian: muuge
West Frisian: meie
Old Saxon: mugan
Middle Low German: mogen, mögen
Low German: mögen, mägen
German Low German: mögen
Old Dutch: mugan
Middle Dutch: mōgen
Dutch: mogen
Afrikaans: mag
Limburgish: moge
Old High German: mugan
Middle High German: mugen, mogen, magen, megen, mügen, mögen
Alemannic German: möge
Central Franconian: mugge
Cimbrian: mögan, möng (Luserna)
German: mögen
→ Central Franconian: müjje
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: meege
Yiddish: מעגן (megn)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: mega
Icelandic: mega
Faroese: mega
Norwegian Nynorsk: moga; (dialectal) mågå, måga, mòge
Old Swedish: magha, mugha, mogha
Swedish: må
⇒ Old Norse: mátti
Norwegian Nynorsk: måtta (infinitive), måtte
Norwegian Bokmål: måtte (also infinitive)
Old Swedish: mātte, māte
Swedish: måtte
Danish: måtte (also infinitive)
⇒ Old Norse: má
Icelandic: má
Faroese: má
Norwegian Nynorsk: må
Norwegian Bokmål: må
Old Swedish: mā
Swedish: må
Danish: må

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽 (magan)

/ˈmɑ.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *(me)mógʰe, from *megʰ-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *moťi.


kunnaną

kann (active first-person indicative singular)
kunnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kannt (active indicative second-person singular)
kunnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kann (active indicative singular third-person)
kunnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kunnū (active dual first-person indicative)
kunnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kunnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kunnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kunnum (active first-person indicative plural)
kunnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kunnud (active indicative plural second-person)
kunnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kunnun (active indicative plural third-person)
kunnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kunþǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kunþēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kunþēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kunþēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kunþē (active indicative singular third-person)
kunþēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kunþēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kunþēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kunþēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kunþēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kunþēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kunþēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kunþēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kunþēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kunþēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kunþēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kunnandz (active participle present)
kunþaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kunnan
Old English: cunnan
Middle English: cunnen, can, canne, conne, connen, cun, cunne, kanne
English: can, con, cun, could, cunning, canny
Scots: can, cun, cunning
Yola: canna, cou
Old Frisian: kunna
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: kön
Hallig: kune
Helgoland: kan
Mooring: koone
Sylt: ken
Saterland Frisian: konne
West Frisian: kinne
Old Saxon: kunnan
Middle Low German: künnen, kynnen, kunnen, konnen, können, kȫnen, konen
Low German: könen
Plautdietsch: kjanen
Old Dutch: cunnan
Middle Dutch: connen
Dutch: kunnen, (dialectal) kennen, konnen
Afrikaans: kan (from inflected form kan)
Berbice Creole Dutch: kan (from inflected form kan)
Javindo: ken
Negerhollands: kan, ka (from inflected form kan)
Petjo: kan, ken
Skepi Creole Dutch: can (from inflected form kan)
Limburgish: kónne
West Flemish: keunn
Old High German: kunnan
Middle High German: kunnen, künnen
Alemannic German: chöne, chönne (Uri)
Swabian: kenna
Sathmar Swabian: kenne
Central Franconian: kenne, könne, künne (Ripuarian)
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: kènn
Upper Saxon German: gönn
German: können
Luxembourgish: kënnen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: kenne
Vilamovian: kenna
Yiddish: קענען (kenen)

Old Norse: kunna

Icelandic: kunna

Faroese: kunna

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: kunne

Norwegian Nynorsk: kunne, kunna

Old Swedish: kunna
Swedish: kunna

Old Danish: kunnæ

Danish: kunne

Elfdalian: kunna

Gutnish: kunne

Gothic: 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (kunnan)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥néh₃ti, from *ǵneh₃- (“to know”).

to know, to be familiar with, to recognise


witaną

wait (active first-person indicative singular)
witį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waist (active indicative second-person singular)
witīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wait (active indicative singular third-person)
witī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
witū (active dual first-person indicative)
witīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
witudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
witīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
witum (active first-person indicative plural)
witīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
witud (active indicative plural second-person)
witīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
witun (active indicative plural third-person)
witīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wissǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wissēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wissēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wissēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wissē (active indicative singular third-person)
wissēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wissēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wissēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wissēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wissēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wissēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wissēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wissēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wissēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wissēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wissēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
witandz (active participle present)
wissaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *witan
Old English: witan, weotan
Middle English: witen, wete, weten, wetyn, wite, witenn, witten, wyett, wyt, wyte, wyten; woten
English: wit, weet
Scots: wit
Old Frisian: wita
Saterland Frisian: wíete
West Frisian: wite, witte
Old Saxon: witan
Middle Low German: wēten, wetten
German Low German: wetten, wieten
Old Dutch: witan
Middle Dutch: wēten
Dutch: weten
Afrikaans: weet
Limburgish: weite, wiete
Old High German: wizzan
Middle High German: wizzen
Alemannic German: wüsse
Cimbrian: bizzan
Central Franconian: wesse, wösse, wosse (Eifel)
Hunsrik: wisse
Luxembourgish: wëssen
German: wissen
Vilamovian: wysa
Yiddish: וויסן (visn)
→ Old French: guier (see there for further descendants)
→ Old Occitan: guidar
Catalan: guidar
Occitan: guidar
→ Basque: gidatu
→ Asturian: guiar
→ Old French: guide (see there for further descendants)
→ Italian: guidare
→ Piedmontese: guidé
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: guiar
Galician: guiar
Portuguese: guiar
→ Spanish: guiar

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᚨᛁᛏ (*wait)

Old Norse: vita
Icelandic: vita
Faroese: vita
Norwegian Nynorsk: vita, veta (dialectal) væta, vætæ, vata, våtå, vytå, vøtå, voto, veita, vessta
Elfdalian: witå
Old Swedish: vita, ᚠᛁᛏᛆ (Runic)
Swedish: veta
Old Danish: witæ
Danish: vide
Norwegian Bokmål: vite
Scanian: veda
Gutnish: vite

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (witan)

From Proto-Indo-European *wóyde, from *weyd- (“to know; see”).


wiljaną

wiljų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wilīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wilī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wilīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wilīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wilīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wilīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wilīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
weldǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
weldēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
weldēz (active indicative second-person singular)
weldēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
weldē (active indicative singular third-person)
weldēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
weldēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
weldēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
weldēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
weldēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
weldēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
weldēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
weldēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
weldēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
weldēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
weldēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wiljandz (active participle present)

Proto-West Germanic: *willjan
Old English: willan, wyllan
Middle English: willen, wil, wille, wilen, welin, wole, wolle; willian, wullen (early southwest Midlands)
English: will
Scots: will, wil
Yola: woul, wull, weel, will, ill, well
Old Frisian: willa, wella
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum, Sylt: wel
Mooring: wale
Saterland Frisian: wolle
West Frisian: wolle
Old Saxon: willian
Middle Low German: willen, wellen
Low German: wüllen
Old Dutch: willen
Middle Dutch: willen
Dutch: willen
Afrikaans: wil
Negerhollands: wil, wel
Skepi Creole Dutch: wel, well, will
Limburgish: wille
Old High German: wellen, willen; wollen, wollen (conflated with *waljaną)
Middle High German: wellen, wollen
Alemannic German: welle, wella, wölla
Swabian: wella
Bavarian: woian
Apetlonerisch: walln
Cimbrian: bölln, béllan (Sette Comuni)
Central Franconian: welle
German: wollen
Luxembourgish: wëllen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: wolle
Yiddish: וועלן (veln)

Old Norse: vilja
Icelandic: vilja
Faroese: vilja
Norwegian Nynorsk: vilja; (dialectal) vi(j)a, vyljå, vyå, velja, vi, ve
Jamtish: vili
Elfdalian: wila
Old Swedish: vilia
Swedish: vilja
Old Danish: willæ
Danish: ville
Norwegian Bokmål: ville
Scanian: villa
Old Gutnish: wilia
Gutnish: ville, vila

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wiljan)

From Proto-Indo-European *wélyoyt, optative of *wélyeti, from *welh₁- (“to choose, to want”).


hlaþaną

hlaþō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlaþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlaþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hlaþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlaþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlaþ (active imperative second-person singular)
hlaþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlaþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hlaþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlaþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlaþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlaþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlaþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hlaþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hlaþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlaþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlaþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlaþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlaþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlaþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlaþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlaþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hlaþid (active indicative plural second-person)
hlaþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlaþid (active imperative plural second-person)
hlaþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlaþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hlaþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlaþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlaþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlaþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlaþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hlōþ (active first-person indicative singular)
hlōdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlōst (active indicative second-person singular)
hlōdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlōþ (active indicative singular third-person)
hlōdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlōdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hlōdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlōdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlōdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlōdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hlōdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlōdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hlōdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlōdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hlōdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlaþandz (active participle present)
hladanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hlaþan
Old English: hladan
Middle English: laden
Scots: lade, laid
English: lade
Old Saxon: hladan
Middle Low German: lāden
Low German: laden
Old Dutch: *ladan
Middle Dutch: lāden
Dutch: laden
Afrikaans: laai
Old High German: hladan, ladan
Middle High German: laden
Alemannic German: lade
German: laden
Luxembourgish: lueden
→ Polish: ładować

Old Norse: hlaða
Icelandic: hlaða
Faroese: laða
Norwegian Nynorsk: la, lade, lada
Elfdalian: leða
Old Swedish: laþa
Swedish: ladda
Danish: lade
Norwegian Bokmål: lade, la

Gothic: *𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌽 (*hlaþan)

→ Proto-Finnic:

Estonian: laduma

Finnish: latoa

Votic: latoa

From Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂- (“to put, lay out”). Cognate with Lithuanian klṓti (“to lay, lay out, spread, pave”), Russian клад (klad, “treasure”).


laidijaną

laidijō (active first-person indicative singular)
laidijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laidijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
laidīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
laidijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laidī (active imperative second-person singular)
laidijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
laidijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
laidīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
laidijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laidijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
laidijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
laidijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
laidijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
laidijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laidijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laidijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laidijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
laidijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
laidijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laidijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
laidijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
laidīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
laidijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laidīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
laidijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
laidijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
laidijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
laidijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laidijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
laidijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
laidijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laididǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
laididēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laididēz (active indicative second-person singular)
laididēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laididē (active indicative singular third-person)
laididēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laididēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
laididēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laididēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laididēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laididēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
laididēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laididēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
laididēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laididēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
laididēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laidijandz (active participle present)
laididaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *laidijan
Old English: lǣdan
Middle English: leden
Scots: lede, leid
English: lead
Old Frisian: lēda
Saterland Frisian: leede
West Frisian: liede
Old Saxon: lēdian
Middle Low German: lêden, leiden
German Low German: leden, leiden
Old Dutch: leiden
Middle Dutch: leiden
Dutch: leiden
Limburgish: leide, leie, lèèje
Old High German: leiten
Middle High German: leiten
German: leiten
Luxembourgish: leeden

Old Norse: leiða

Icelandic: leiða

Faroese: leiða

Norwegian Nynorsk: leia, leida

Old Swedish: lēþa

Swedish: leda

Danish: lede

Norwegian Bokmål: lede

→ Proto-Samic: *lājδëjëtēk


līþaną

līþō (active first-person indicative singular)
līþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
līþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
līþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
līþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
līþ (active imperative second-person singular)
līþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
līþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
līþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
līþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
līþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
līþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
līþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
līþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
līþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
līþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
līþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
līþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
līþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
līþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
līþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
līþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
līþid (active indicative plural second-person)
līþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
līþid (active imperative plural second-person)
līþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
līþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
līþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
līþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
līþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
līþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
līþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laiþ (active first-person indicative singular)
lidį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laist (active indicative second-person singular)
lidīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laiþ (active indicative singular third-person)
lidī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lidū (active dual first-person indicative)
lidīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lidudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lidīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lidum (active first-person indicative plural)
lidīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lidud (active indicative plural second-person)
lidīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lidun (active indicative plural third-person)
lidīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
līþandz (active participle present)
lidanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *līþan
Old English: līþan
Middle English: liþen (early)
Old Frisian: lītha
Saterland Frisian: liede
West Frisian: lyen, lye, lit, lije
Old Saxon: līthan
Middle Low German: lîden
German Low German: lieden
Old Dutch: līthan
Middle Dutch: liden
Dutch: lijden
Afrikaans: ly
Negerhollands: lyd, lyden, lijden, leiden
Limburgish: lieje
Old High German: līdan
Middle High German: līden
Alemannic German: liide, lide
German: leiden
Hunsrik: leide
Luxembourgish: leiden

Old Norse: líða

Icelandic: líða

Faroese: líða

Norwegian: lide

Old Swedish: līþa

Swedish: lida

Danish: lide

→ Scots: lide

Gothic: *𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽 (*leiþan)

From Proto-Indo-European *leyt- (“to go, depart, die”). Cognate with Tocharian A litā- (“to pass on”), Avestan 𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬚𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (ⁱriθiieⁱti, “to die, pass away”), Ancient Greek λοίτη (loítē, “tomb”), Latin lītus (“shore, beach”).


keusaną

keusō (active first-person indicative singular)
keusaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
keusai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kiusizi (active indicative second-person singular)
keusaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
keus (active imperative second-person singular)
keusazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
keusaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kiusidi (active indicative singular third-person)
keusai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
keusadau (active imperative singular third-person)
keusadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
keusaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
keusōz (active dual first-person indicative)
keusaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
keusadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
keusaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
keusadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
keusamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
keusaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
keusandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
keusaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kiusid (active indicative plural second-person)
keusaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kiusid (active imperative plural second-person)
keusandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
keusaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
keusandi (active indicative plural third-person)
keusain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
keusandau (active imperative plural third-person)
keusandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
keusaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kaus (active first-person indicative singular)
kuzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kaust (active indicative second-person singular)
kuzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kaus (active indicative singular third-person)
kuzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kuzū (active dual first-person indicative)
kuzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kuzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kuzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kuzum (active first-person indicative plural)
kuzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kuzud (active indicative plural second-person)
kuzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kuzun (active indicative plural third-person)
kuzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
keusandz (active participle present)
kuzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *keusan
Old English: ċēosan
Middle English: chesen, chees, cheese, cheesen, chese, chesyn, cheose, cheys, chiese, chiesen, chyese, chose, chuse; cesen, cheosen
English: choose
Scots: chuise, cheese
Old Frisian: kiāsa, ziāsa
North Frisian: kese
Saterland Frisian: kjoze
West Frisian: kieze
Old Saxon: kiosan
Middle Low German: kêsen, kîsen
German Low German: kiesen
Low German: kesen
→ Old Swedish: kesa
Swedish: kesa
→ Danish: kejse
→ Scanian: késa
Old Dutch: *kiesan
Middle Dutch: kiesen
Dutch: kiezen
Afrikaans: kies
Old High German: kiosan, chiosan
Middle High German: kiesen
German: kiesen

Old Norse: kjósa

Icelandic: kjósa

Faroese: kjósa

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: kjose

Old Swedish: kiūsa

Swedish: tjusa

Danish: kyse

Gothic: 𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 (kiusan)

→ Proto-Slavic: *kousiti

desc

Old Church Slavonic: въкоусити (vŭkusiti)

→ Russian: вкуси́ть (vkusítʹ)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kiusat'ak

Finnish: kiusata

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵéwseti, from *ǵews- (“to taste, try”). Cognate with Ancient Greek γεύω (geúō), Sanskrit जोषति (jóṣati).


wesaną

immi (active first-person indicative singular)
sijǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
izi (active indicative second-person singular)
sijēs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wes (active imperative second-person singular)
isti (active indicative singular third-person)
sijē (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wesadau (active imperative singular third-person)
izū (active dual first-person indicative)
sīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
izudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sīþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wesadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
izum (active first-person indicative plural)
sīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
izud (active indicative plural second-person)
sīþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wisid (active imperative plural second-person)
sindi (active indicative plural third-person)
sīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wesandau (active imperative plural third-person)
was (active first-person indicative singular)
wēzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wast (active indicative second-person singular)
wēzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
was (active indicative singular third-person)
wēzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wēzū (active dual first-person indicative)
wēzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wēzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wēzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wēzum (active first-person indicative plural)
wēzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wēzud (active indicative plural second-person)
wēzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wēzun (active indicative plural third-person)
wēzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wesandz (active participle present)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wesan
Old English: wesan
>? Middle English: wesen (“to tend flocks, pasture”)
Old Frisian: wēsa
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: wees
Halligen: weese
Helgoland: wees
Mooring: weese
Saterland Frisian: weze
West Frisian: wêze
Old Saxon: wesan
Middle Low German: wēsen
Dutch Low Saxon: waen
German Low German: wesen, ween
Old Dutch: wesan, weson
Middle Dutch: wēsen
Dutch: wezen
Afrikaans: wees
Jersey Dutch: wêze
Negerhollands: wees, wis
Limburgish: waeze
Old High German: wesan
Middle High German: wësen

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: vesa (early), vera
Icelandic: vera
Faroese: vera
Norwegian Nynorsk: vera; (dialectal) vè, vårå, vørå, vørrø, vara, va
Jamtish: vara, ve
Elfdalian: wårå
Old Swedish: vara, væra, væræ
Swedish: vara
Old Danish: wæræ, waræ
Danish: være
Norwegian Bokmål: være
Old Gutnish: wara

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (wisan)

From two different Proto-Indo-European roots:
* The present tense from *h₁ésti, from *h₁es-.
* The past tense from *h₂wes-.


wesaną

wesō (active first-person indicative singular)
wesaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wesai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wisizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wesaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wes (active imperative second-person singular)
wesazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wesaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wisidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wesai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wesadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wesadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wesaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wesōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wesaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wesadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wesaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wesadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wesamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wesaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wesandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wesaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wisid (active indicative plural second-person)
wesaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wisid (active imperative plural second-person)
wesandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wesaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wesandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wesain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wesandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wesandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wesaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
was (active first-person indicative singular)
wēzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wast (active indicative second-person singular)
wēzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
was (active indicative singular third-person)
wēzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wēzū (active dual first-person indicative)
wēzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wēzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wēzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wēzum (active first-person indicative plural)
wēzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wēzud (active indicative plural second-person)
wēzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wēzun (active indicative plural third-person)
wēzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wesandz (active participle present)
wezanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wesan

>? Old English: wesan (“to feast”)

desc

>? Middle English: wesen (“to tend, pasture”)

Old High German: *wesan

⇒ Old High German: ferwesan (“to waste, consume”) (only in glosses)

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (wisan)

From Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“to graze”). Related to Proto-Celtic *westā (“food, feast”), Latin vēscor (“to make use of”).


būaną

būō (active first-person indicative singular)
būaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
būai (first-person indicative passive singular)
būizi (active indicative second-person singular)
būaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bū (active imperative second-person singular)
būazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
būaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
būidi (active indicative singular third-person)
būai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
būadau (active imperative singular third-person)
būadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
būaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
būōz (active dual first-person indicative)
būaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
būadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
būaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
būadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
būamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
būaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
būandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
būaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
būid (active indicative plural second-person)
būaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
būid (active imperative plural second-person)
būandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
būaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
būandi (active indicative plural third-person)
būain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
būandau (active imperative plural third-person)
būandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
būaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
būdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
būdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
būdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
būdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
būdē (active indicative singular third-person)
būdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
būdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
būdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
būdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
būdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
būdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
būdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
būdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
būdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
būdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
būdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
būandz (active participle present)
būdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *būan

Old English: būan, būwan

⇒ Old English: ġebūan

Middle English: ȝebuen, ibuen, iboen

desctree

Old Saxon: būan, būwan
Middle Low German: bûwen
Low German: boen

Old Dutch: *būan, buuuan, buwan

Middle Dutch: bouwen
Dutch: bouwen
Afrikaans: bou
Jersey Dutch: bāue
Negerhollands: bou, bau, bow
→ Aukan: bow
→ Papiamentu: bouw (dated)
→ Sranan Tongo: bow
→ Lokono: bowdun
→ Caribbean Javanese: ngebau
Limburgish: boewe

Old High German: būan, būwan, pūan
Middle High German: būwen, biuwen, bouwen
Alemannic German: buue, puue
German: bauen
→ Saterland Frisian: baue
Luxembourgish: bauen
Yiddish: בויען (boyen)

Old Norse: búa
Icelandic: búa
Faroese: búgva
Norwegian Nynorsk: bu, bua
→ Norwegian Bokmål: bu
Old Swedish: bōa, bō
Swedish: bo
Danish: bo
Norwegian Bokmål: bo
→ Middle English: buen

⇒ Old Norse: búinn (past participle)

Icelandic: búinn

Norwegian Nynorsk: buen

→ Middle English: bun, bune, boun

Scots: boun

English: boun

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽 (bauan)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰúHt, from *bʰuH-.


bringaną

bringō (active first-person indicative singular)
bringaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bringai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bringizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bringaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bring (active imperative second-person singular)
bringazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bringaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bringidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bringai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bringadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bringadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bringaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bringōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bringaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bringadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bringaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bringadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bringamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bringaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bringandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bringaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bringid (active indicative plural second-person)
bringaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bringid (active imperative plural second-person)
bringandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bringaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bringandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bringain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bringandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bringandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bringaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
branhtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
branhtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
branhtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
branhtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
branhtē (active indicative singular third-person)
branhtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
branhtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
branhtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
branhtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
branhtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
branhtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
branhtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
branhtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
branhtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
branhtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
branhtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bringandz (active participle present)
branhtaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bringan
Old English: bringan, brenġan
Middle English: bryngen
English: bring
Scots: bring
Old Frisian: brenga, bringa, branga, brendza
North Frisian:
Helgoland, Föhr-Amrum, Sylt: bring
Mooring: bränge
Saterland Frisian: brange
West Frisian: bringe
Old Saxon: brengian, brengan, bringan
Middle Low German: bringen, brengen
Low German: bringen, brängen
→ Danish: bringe
→ Norwegian: bringe, bringa
→ Swedish: bringa
Old Dutch: bringan
Middle Dutch: bringen
Dutch: brengen
Afrikaans: bring
Berbice Creole Dutch: bringgi
Negerhollands: breng, bring, briṅ
Skepi Creole Dutch: brink
→? Sranan Tongo: bringi
Limburgish: bringe
West Flemish: bringen
Old High German: bringan
Middle High German: bringen
Alemannic German: bringe
Cimbrian: prengen
Central Franconian: brenge
Hunsrik: bringe
Luxembourgish: bréngen
German: bringen
Rhine Franconian: brenge, bringe
Frankfurterisch: [pʀiŋg̥ə], (older) [pʀeŋə]
Pennsylvania German: bringe
Vilamovian: brengia
Yiddish: ברענגען (brengen)

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (briggan)

Probably from a Pre-Germanic *bʰrenḱ-, a compound root from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to carry”) + *h₁n(e)ḱ- (“to bring”) or *h₂n(e)ḱ- (“to reach, attain”). The past tense stem came from *bʰronḱ-, o-grade of *bʰrenḱ-, similar to class III strong verbs (mixed weak (dental) and strong (ablauted) past tense forms are very unusual in Proto-Germanic, and this is the only known case). Compare Proto-Brythonic *hembrüngɨd (“to accompany”).


þunkijaną

þunkijō (active first-person indicative singular)
þunkijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þunkijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þunkīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
þunkijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þunkī (active imperative second-person singular)
þunkijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þunkijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þunkīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þunkijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þunkijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þunkijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þunkijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þunkijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þunkijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þunkijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þunkijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þunkijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þunkijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þunkijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þunkijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þunkijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þunkīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þunkijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þunkīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þunkijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þunkijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þunkijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þunkijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þunkijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þunkijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þunkijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þunhtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þunhtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þunhtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þunhtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þunhtē (active indicative singular third-person)
þunhtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þunhtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þunhtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þunhtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þunhtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þunhtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þunhtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þunhtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þunhtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þunhtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þunhtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þunkijandz (active participle present)
þunkidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þunkijan
Old English: þyncan, þynċean
Middle English: thynken, thunken, thunchen
Scots: think, me-think
English: think (“to seem”), methinks
Old Frisian: thinka, thinza, thinsza, tinsa
Saterland Frisian: tinke
West Frisian: tinckje, tinkje
Old Saxon: thunkian
Middle Low German: dünken, dunken
Low German: dünken
Old Dutch: thunken
Middle Dutch: dunken
Dutch: dunken
Limburgish: dönke
Old High German: dunken
Middle High German: dunken, tunken
German: dünken
Luxembourgish: dénken

Old Norse: þykkja

Icelandic: þykja, samþykkja

Faroese: samtykkja (only in compounds)

Norwegian Nynorsk: tykkja

Jamtish: tykkje

Old Swedish: þykkia, þykia

Swedish: tycka, tyckas

Danish: tykkes, samtykke

Gothic: 𐌸𐌿𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þugkjan)

Zero-grade ye-present, pre-Germanic *tn̥g-ye/o-, from Proto-Indo-European *teng-.


þankijaną

þankijō (active first-person indicative singular)
þankijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þankijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þankīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
þankijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þankī (active imperative second-person singular)
þankijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þankijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þankīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þankijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þankijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þankijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þankijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þankijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þankijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þankijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þankijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þankijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þankijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þankijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þankijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þankijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þankīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þankijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þankīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þankijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þankijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þankijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þankijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þankijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þankijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þankijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þanhtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þanhtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þanhtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þanhtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þanhtē (active indicative singular third-person)
þanhtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þanhtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þanhtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þanhtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þanhtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þanhtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þanhtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þanhtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þanhtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þanhtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þanhtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þankijandz (active participle present)
þankidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þankijan
Old English: þenċan, þenċean
Middle English: thinken, thenchen, thenken, thynken, thinke, think
English: think
Scots: think, thynk
Old Frisian: thenka
North Frisian: teenk, taanke, tanke, tånke
Saterland Frisian: toanke
West Frisian: tinke
Old Saxon: thenkian
Middle Low German: denken
Low German: denken, dinken
→ Old Norse: þenkja
Faroese: teinkja
Norwegian: tenke
Old Swedish: þænkia
Swedish: tänka
Old Danish: thænkæ
Danish: tænke
Elfdalian: taintja
Gutnish: tänke
Scanian: tæńḱa
→ Polabian: denkot
Old Dutch: thenken
Middle Dutch: denken
Dutch: denken
Afrikaans: dink, denk
Jersey Dutch: dänke
Negerhollands: denk, dink, diṅk, diṅg, diṅ
→ Aukan: denki
→ Sranan Tongo: denki
→ Caribbean Javanese: dèngki
→ Saramaccan: tínga
Limburgish: dinke
Old High German: denken
Middle High German: denken
Alemannic German: tenke
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: dénkhan
Mòcheno: denken
German: denken
Yiddish: דענקען (denken)

Old Norse: þekkja

Icelandic: þekkja

Faroese: tekkja

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þagkjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *teng- (“to think, feel, perceive, know”). Cognate with Latin tongeō (“know”).


sehwaną

sehwō (active first-person indicative singular)
sehwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sehwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sihwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sehwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sehw (active imperative second-person singular)
sehwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sehwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sihwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sehwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sehwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sehwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sehwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sehwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sehwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sehwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sehwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sehwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sehwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sehwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sehwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sehwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sihwid (active indicative plural second-person)
sehwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sihwid (active imperative plural second-person)
sehwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sehwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sehwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sehwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sehwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sehwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sehwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sahw (active first-person indicative singular)
sēwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
saht (active indicative second-person singular)
sēwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sahw (active indicative singular third-person)
sēwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sēgū (active dual first-person indicative)
sēwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sēgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sēwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sēgum (active first-person indicative plural)
sēwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sēgud (active indicative plural second-person)
sēwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sēgun (active indicative plural third-person)
sēwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sehwandz (active participle present)
sewanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sehwan
Old English: sēon
Middle English: seen, sein, sien; seon, son, suen (chiefly early and West); zi (Kent)
English: see
Scots: se, sie, see
Yola: zee, zey, zie, ze, sau
Old Frisian: siā
Saterland Frisian: sjo
West Frisian: sjen
Old Saxon: sehan
Middle Low German: sēn
Low German: sehn
Old Dutch: sian
Middle Dutch: sien
Dutch: zien
Afrikaans: sien
Javindo: sien, siet
Jersey Dutch: zîn, zîne
Limburgish: zeen
Old High German: sehan
Middle High German: sëhen; sēn (chiefly East Central); sien (West Central)
Central Franconian: sehn, senn, siehn, sinn
Hunsrik: sihn
German: sehen
Mòcheno: sechen
Pennsylvania German: sehne
Vilamovian: zaon
Yiddish: זען (zen)

Old Norse: sjá (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽 (saiƕan)

From *sekʷ-e-ti, thematic root present of Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to see, notice”), possibly related to *sagjaz (“companion, friend”, literally “follower”).


bugjaną

bugjō (active first-person indicative singular)
bugjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bugjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bugisi (active indicative second-person singular)
bugjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bugi (active imperative second-person singular)
bugjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bugjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bugiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bugjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bugjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bugjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bugjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bugjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bugjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bugjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bugjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bugjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bugjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bugjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bugjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bugjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bugiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bugjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bugiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bugjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bugjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bugjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bugjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bugjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bugjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bugjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
buhtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
buhtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
buhtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
buhtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
buhtē (active indicative singular third-person)
buhtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
buhtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
buhtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
buhtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
buhtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
buhtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
buhtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
buhtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
buhtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
buhtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
buhtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bugjandz (active participle present)
bugidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *buggjan
Old English: byċġan, biċġan
Middle English: byen, bien, biggen, buggen
English: buy
Scots: by
Yola: bidge
Old Saxon: buggian, buggean
Old High German: *buggen
⇒ Old High German: bugidi
⇒ Old High German: bugihaft

desc

Old Norse: byggja (“to marry; to rent out (land, a farm, etc.)”)

Faroese: byggja

Icelandic: byggja

Norwegian Nynorsk: byggje (“to rent out; to hire (servants, workers)”)

Old Swedish: byggia (“to rent”)

Gothic: 𐌱𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bugjan)

Orel derives the root from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewgʰ- (“to bend; curve, arch”), with semantic shift "to bend" > "to take away, deliver" > "to deal, buy" comparable to that seen in Ancient Greek πέλω (pélō, “to turn, move”) > πωλέω (pōléō, “to sell”). Kroonen is skeptical of the proposed semantics, and leaves the origin open.


ligjaną

ligjō (active first-person indicative singular)
ligjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ligjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
ligisi (active indicative second-person singular)
ligjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ligi (active imperative second-person singular)
ligjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ligjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ligiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
ligjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ligjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
ligjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ligjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ligjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
ligjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ligjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ligjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ligjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ligjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ligjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ligjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ligjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ligiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
ligjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ligiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
ligjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ligjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ligjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
ligjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ligjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
ligjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ligjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lag (active first-person indicative singular)
lēgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laht (active indicative second-person singular)
lēgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lag (active indicative singular third-person)
lēgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lēgū (active dual first-person indicative)
lēgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lēgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lēgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lēgum (active first-person indicative plural)
lēgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lēgud (active indicative plural second-person)
lēgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lēgun (active indicative plural third-person)
lēgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ligjandz (active participle present)
leganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *liggjan
Old English: liċġan
Middle English: lien
English: lie, lig
Scots: lie
Yola: lee, lidge
Old Frisian: lidzia
West Frisian: lizze (merger with ledza)
Old Saxon: liggian
Dutch Low Saxon: liggen
German Low German: liggen
Old Dutch: liggen
Middle Dutch: liggen
Dutch: liggen
Afrikaans: lê (merger with leggen)
Jersey Dutch: lixxe
Negerhollands: lee, lei, lej
→ Papiamentu: lèg
Limburgish: ligke
Old High German: ligan, liggan
Middle High German: ligen, licken
Alemannic German: ligge
Central Franconian: lijje
German: liegen
Luxembourgish: leien
Yiddish: ליגן (lign)

Old Norse: liggja
Icelandic: liggja
Faroese: liggja
Norwegian Nynorsk: liggja
Elfdalian: ligga
Old Swedish: liggia
Swedish: ligga
Old Danish: liggæ
Danish: ligge
Norwegian Bokmål: ligge
Scanian: ligga
Old Gutnish: liggia
Gutnish: ligge

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (ligan)

From Proto-Indo-European *légʰyeti, from *legʰ-.


drepaną

drepō (active first-person indicative singular)
drepaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
drepai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dripizi (active indicative second-person singular)
drepaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drep (active imperative second-person singular)
drepazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
drepaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dripidi (active indicative singular third-person)
drepai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drepadau (active imperative singular third-person)
drepadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
drepaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
drepōz (active dual first-person indicative)
drepaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drepadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drepaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drepadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
drepamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
drepaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drepandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
drepaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dripid (active indicative plural second-person)
drepaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dripid (active imperative plural second-person)
drepandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
drepaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
drepandi (active indicative plural third-person)
drepain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
drepandau (active imperative plural third-person)
drepandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
drepaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
drap (active first-person indicative singular)
drēpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
draft (active indicative second-person singular)
drēpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drap (active indicative singular third-person)
drēpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drēpū (active dual first-person indicative)
drēpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drēpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drēpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drēpum (active first-person indicative plural)
drēpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drēpud (active indicative plural second-person)
drēpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
drēpun (active indicative plural third-person)
drēpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
drepandz (active participle present)
drepanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *drepan
Old English: drepan
Middle English: drepen, drepe, drep
>? English: drib, drub
>? Scots: drib, drub
Old Saxon: drepan
Middle Low German: drēpen
German Low German: drapen, dropen
Low German: drapen, drepen
Old Dutch: drepan
Middle Dutch: drēpen
Limburgish: draepe
Old High German: treffan
Middle High German: treffen
→ Czech: trefit
German: treffen
→ Danish: træffe
→ Esperanto: trafi
→ Luxembourgish: treffen
→ Norwegian Bokmål: treffe
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: treffe
→ Polish: trefić
→ Silesian: trefić
→ Swedish: träffa
→ Middle Dutch: treffen
Dutch: treffen
Afrikaans: tref
→ Polish: trafić
→ Serbo-Croatian: trefiti
→ Slovak: trafiť
Yiddish: טרעפֿן (trefn)

Old Norse: drepa
Icelandic: drepa
Faroese: drepa
Norwegian Nynorsk: drepe, drepa, dribba (dialectal)
Old Swedish: dræpa
Swedish: dräpa
Danish: dræbe
Norwegian Bokmål: drepe
Old Gutnish: drepa

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰreb- (“to grind; crush; kill”), attested only in Northern PIE (Germanic and Balto-Slavic). Likely cognate with Lithuanian drėbti (“to strike”), Latvian drêbt (“to beat”).
Due to the *p, which otherwise points to a dubious PIE *b, Kroonen assumes that ultimately the verb is a back-formation from the iterative Proto-Germanic *drappōną of Proto-Germanic *drabaną (“to hew”).


unnaną

ann (active first-person indicative singular)
unnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
annt (active indicative second-person singular)
unnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ann (active indicative singular third-person)
unnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
unnū (active dual first-person indicative)
unnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
unnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
unnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
unnum (active first-person indicative plural)
unnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
unnud (active indicative plural second-person)
unnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
unnun (active indicative plural third-person)
unnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
unþǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
unþēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
unþēz (active indicative second-person singular)
unþēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
unþē (active indicative singular third-person)
unþēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
unþēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
unþēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
unþēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
unþēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
unþēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
unþēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
unþēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
unþēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
unþēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
unþēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
unnandz (active participle present)
unþaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *unnan
Old English: unnan
Middle English: unnen, one, unne, unnon
Old Frisian: unna
Old Saxon: unnan
Old Dutch: ᚨᚾᚾ (ann, 1st/3rd person singular)
Middle Dutch: onnen, unnen
Old High German: unnan

Old Norse: unna
Icelandic: unna
Faroese: unna
Norwegian:
Bokmål: unne
Nynorsk: unna, unne
Old Swedish: unna
Swedish: unna
→ Elfdalian: unna
Old Danish: unnæ
Danish: unde
Scanian: onða

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃n̥-né-h₂-ti, from the root *h₃neh₂- (“to enjoy”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὀνίνημι (onínēmi, “to be of use, help”), ἀπόνητο (apónēto, “to have joy of something”).

cog

idiunþō

renewal, reyielding; Iðunn goddess of youth


sitjaną

sitjō (active first-person indicative singular)
sitjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sitjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sitisi (active indicative second-person singular)
sitjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
siti (active imperative second-person singular)
sitjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sitjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sitiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sitjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sitjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sitjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sitjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sitjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sitjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sitjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sitjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sitjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sitjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sitjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sitjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sitjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sitiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sitjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sitiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sitjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sitjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sitjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sitjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sitjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sitjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sitjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sat (active first-person indicative singular)
sētį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sast (active indicative second-person singular)
sētīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sat (active indicative singular third-person)
sētī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sētū (active dual first-person indicative)
sētīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sētudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sētīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sētum (active first-person indicative plural)
sētīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sētud (active indicative plural second-person)
sētīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sētun (active indicative plural third-person)
sētīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sitjandz (active participle present)
setanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sittjan
Old English: sittan
Middle English: sitten, zitten, zitte (Kent)
English: sit
Scots: sit
Yola: zit
Old Frisian: sitta
West Frisian: sitte
Old Saxon: sittian
Low German: sitten
Old Dutch: sitten
Middle Dutch: sitten
Dutch: zitten
Afrikaans: sit
Old High German: sizzen, sitten
Middle High German: sitzen
Alemannic German:
Swabian: sitza
Central Franconian: setze
Cimbrian: zètzan (suppletive; some conjugations)
German: sitzen
Luxembourgish: sëtzen
Yiddish: זיצן (zitsn)

Old Norse: sitja
Icelandic: sitja
Faroese: sita
Norwegian Nynorsk: sidda, sidde, sidja, sikia, sikje, sitja, sitje, sitta, sitte
Jamtish: siti
Elfdalian: sittja, sitta
Old Swedish: sitia
Swedish: sitta
Old Danish: sitiæ, sitæ, sittæ
Danish: sidde
Norwegian Bokmål: sitte
Scanian: seda
Old Gutnish: sitia
Gutnish: sitä, site, sitte

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (sitan)

From Proto-Indo-European *sédyeti, from the root *sed- (“to sit”). Formal cognate with Ancient Greek ἕζομαι (hézomai).


aganą

ōg (active first-person indicative singular)
agį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ōht (active indicative second-person singular)
agīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ōg (active indicative singular third-person)
agī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
agū (active dual first-person indicative)
agīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
agudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
agīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
agum (active first-person indicative plural)
agīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
agud (active indicative plural second-person)
agīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
agun (active indicative plural third-person)
agīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ahtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
ahtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ahtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
ahtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ahtē (active indicative singular third-person)
ahtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ahtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
ahtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ahtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ahtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ahtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
ahtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ahtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
ahtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ahtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
ahtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
agandz (active participle present)
ahtaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐍉𐌲𐌰𐌽 (ōgan)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₂ógʰe, from *h₂egʰ- (“to fear, be distressed”).


bidjaną

bidjō (active first-person indicative singular)
bidjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bidjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bidisi (active indicative second-person singular)
bidjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bidi (active imperative second-person singular)
bidjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bidjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bidiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bidjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bidjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bidjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bidjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bidjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bidjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bidjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bidjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bidjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bidjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bidjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bidjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bidjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bidiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bidjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bidiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bidjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bidjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bidjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bidjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bidjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bidjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bidjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bad (active first-person indicative singular)
bēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bast (active indicative second-person singular)
bēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bad (active indicative singular third-person)
bēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bidjandz (active participle present)
bedanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *biddjan
Old English: biddan
Middle English: bidden
English: bid
Scots: bid
Old Frisian: bidda
Saterland Frisian: bidje
West Frisian: bidde
Old Saxon: biddian
Middle Low German: bidden
Low German: bidden
Plautdietsch: beeden, bedden
Old Dutch: bidden
Middle Dutch: bidden
Dutch: bidden
Afrikaans: bid
Negerhollands: bed, bet, bit
Limburgish: baeje
Old High German: bitten
Middle High German: bitten
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: pittan
Mòcheno: pitten
German: bitten
Yiddish: ביטן (bitn)

Old Norse: biðja, ᛒᛁᚦᛁᛅ (biþia) — infinitive; ᛒᛅᚦ (baþ) — first/third singular past indicative
Icelandic: biðja
Faroese: biðja
Norwegian Nynorsk: bidja, beda, be
Old Swedish: biþia, bedhia
Swedish: bedja, be
Danish: bede
Norwegian Bokmål: bede, be

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bidjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰédʰyeti, from *gʷʰedʰ- (“to ask for; beseech”), or alternatively from *bʰedʰ- (“to bend, bow”) (compare the root of *bindaną). Not, as sometimes suggested, related to *bīdaną (“to wait”). More at *bedō.

(transitive, +gen) to request, ask (for something)


durzaną

dars (active first-person indicative singular)
durzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
darst (active indicative second-person singular)
durzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dars (active indicative singular third-person)
durzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
durzū (active dual first-person indicative)
durzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
durzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
durzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
durzum (active first-person indicative plural)
durzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
durzud (active indicative plural second-person)
durzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
durzun (active indicative plural third-person)
durzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
durstǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
durstēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
durstēz (active indicative second-person singular)
durstēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
durstē (active indicative singular third-person)
durstēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
durstēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
durstēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
durstēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
durstēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
durstēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
durstēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
durstēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
durstēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
durstēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
durstēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
durzandz (active participle present)
durstaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *durʀan
Old English: durran
Middle English: durren
Scots: daur
English: dare
Old Saxon: durran
Low German: dören (sometimes merged with dörven, from *þurbaną)
Old Dutch: *durran
Middle Dutch: dorren, durren
Dutch: durven (merged with *þurbaną)
Afrikaans: durf
Limburgish: derre, dórre
Old High German: turran
Middle High German: turren
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: töoran
Central Franconian: dusche (semantically identical to dürve)
German: thüren, türen (obsolete)
Yiddish: טאָרן (torn)


standaną

standō (active first-person indicative singular)
standaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
standai (first-person indicative passive singular)
standizi (active indicative second-person singular)
standaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stand (active imperative second-person singular)
standazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
standaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
standidi (active indicative singular third-person)
standai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
standadau (active imperative singular third-person)
standadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
standaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
standōz (active dual first-person indicative)
standaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
standadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
standaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
standadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
standamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
standaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
standandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
standaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
standid (active indicative plural second-person)
standaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
standid (active imperative plural second-person)
standandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
standaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
standandi (active indicative plural third-person)
standain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
standandau (active imperative plural third-person)
standandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
standaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stōþ (active first-person indicative singular)
stōdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stōst (active indicative second-person singular)
stōdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stōþ (active indicative singular third-person)
stōdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stōdū (active dual first-person indicative)
stōdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stōdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stōdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stōdum (active first-person indicative plural)
stōdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stōdud (active indicative plural second-person)
stōdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stōdun (active indicative plural third-person)
stōdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
standandz (active participle present)
stadanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *standan
Old English: standan
Middle English: standen, stande, stonde, stonden
English: stand
→ Ido: standar
→ Norman: stanner, sténer
Sranan Tongo: tan
Scots: stand
Yola: sthoane, sthone, sthoan, stoane
Old Frisian: standa, stonda
Saterland Frisian: stounde
Old Saxon: standan
Middle Low German: standen, *stenden (attested in imperative stant)
⇒ Middle Low German: *bîstanden, bîstenden
⇒ Middle Low German: entweistanden
⇒ Middle Low German: standinge
⇒ Middle Low German: ümmestanden
⇒ Middle Low German: understanden
⇒ Middle Low German: upstanden
⇒ Middle Low German: vörstenden
⇒ Middle Low German: wedderstanden
Old Dutch: *standan
Middle Dutch: standen
Dutch: standen (archaic or dialectal)
Old High German: stantan, standan
Middle High German: standen
German: standen (dialectal)

Old Norse: standa
Icelandic: standa
Faroese: standa
Norwegian Nynorsk: stande, standa (non-standard since 2012), stå
Old Swedish: standa
Swedish: stånda (poetic), stå
Old Danish:
Danish: stande (poetic), stå
Norwegian Bokmål: stå

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (standan)

The past stem derives from an innovated extended form of the root, Pre-Germanic perfect singular *stéh₂-t-, nonsingular *sth₂-t-´, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-. The process that led to this extension is unknown, however.
The present stem is an n-infixed stem derived from the innovated past tense, Pre-Germanic *sth₂-n-t-´.


lagjaną

lagjō (active first-person indicative singular)
lagjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lagjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lagisi (active indicative second-person singular)
lagjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lagi (active imperative second-person singular)
lagjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lagjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lagiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
lagjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lagjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
lagjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lagjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lagjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
lagjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lagjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lagjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lagjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lagjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lagjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lagjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lagjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lagiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
lagjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lagiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
lagjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lagjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lagjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
lagjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lagjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
lagjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lagjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lagidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
lagidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lagidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
lagidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lagidē (active indicative singular third-person)
lagidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lagidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
lagidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lagidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lagidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lagidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
lagidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lagidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
lagidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lagidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
lagidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lagjandz (active participle present)
lagidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *laggjan
Old English: leċġan
Middle English: leyen, leyn, leygen, layn, leggen, leghen, lecchen
English: lay
Scots: lay
Yola: laaye, laay
Old Frisian: ledza, lega, leia, lidza
Saterland Frisian: ledsa, lääse
West Frisian: lizze
Old Saxon: leggian
Middle Low German: leggen
German Low German: leggen
Plautdietsch: lajen
Old Dutch: leggen
Middle Dutch: leggen
Dutch: leggen
Afrikaans: lê
Berbice Creole Dutch: lek
Negerhollands: lee, leggen
Skepi Creole Dutch: lek
Limburgish: lègke
Old High German: legen, leggen
Middle High German: legen, lecken
Bavarian: leng
Cimbrian: leng
Central Franconian: läje
East Central German: lejen
German: legen
Luxembourgish: leeën
Vilamovian: łen
Yiddish: לייגן (leygn)
→ Old French: laiier (see there for further descendants)
→ Old Occitan: laihar, laiar
→ Old Italian: lagare

Old Norse: leggja
Icelandic: leggja
Faroese: leggja
Norn: legga
Norwegian Nynorsk: leggja, leggje, legga
Old Swedish: læggia
Swedish: lägga
Danish: lægge
Norwegian Bokmål: legge
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: legge
Old Gutnish: leggia
Gutnish: lägge, lägg', lägga

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (lagjan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *lagittadak (see there for further descendants)