tuhtiz

tuhtiz (nominative singular)
tuhtīz (nominative plural)
tuhti (singular vocative)
tuhtīz (plural vocative)
tuhtį (accusative singular)
tuhtinz (accusative plural)
tuhtīz (genitive singular)
tuhtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tuhtī (dative singular)
tuhtimaz (dative plural)
tuhtī (instrumental singular)
tuhtimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: tyht; tohte

Middle English: tüht, tuhtle

desc

Old Frisian: tuchte, tucht, tochte, tocht

Saterland Frisian: Tucht

West Frisian: tocht

Old Saxon: tuht

Middle Low German: tucht

German Low German: Tocht

→ Old Norse: tykt

Icelandic: tykt

Danish: tugt

Norwegian: tukt

Swedish: tukt

Old Dutch: *tuht

Middle Dutch: tocht, tucht

Dutch: tocht, tucht

→ Danish: togt

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: tokt

Old High German: zuht

Middle High German: zuht

German: Zucht

Gothic: *𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃 (*tauhts), 𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃 (ustauhts)


felgō

felgō (nominative singular)
felgôz (nominative plural)
felgō (singular vocative)
felgôz (plural vocative)
felgǭ (accusative singular)
felgōz (accusative plural)
felgōz (genitive singular)
felgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
felgōi (dative singular)
felgōmaz (dative plural)
felgō (instrumental singular)
felgōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: felg, fielg; felġe (< *felgǭ)

Middle English: felȝe, felwe, fely

Scots: fely

English: felly, felloe

Old Frisian: *felg; *felge

Saterland Frisian: Feelge

West Frisian: felling

Old Saxon: felga

Middle Low German: velge

→ Danish: fælg, fælge

→ Icelandic: felga

→ Faroese: felga

→ Swedish: fälg (possibly from German Felge; see below)

Old Dutch: *felga

Middle Dutch: velge

Dutch: velg

Old High German: felga

Middle High German: vëlge

desctree

German: Felge
→ Polish: felga
→ Serbo-Croatian: felga

Luxembourgish: Felg

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pelǵʰ-, cognate with Russian по́лоз (póloz, “skid, runner”). Alternatively, it could be connected with Proto-Germanic *felhaną (“to go, proceed”).


mōþuz

mōþuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
mōþijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
mōþī (feminine nominative singular strong)
mōþijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
mōþų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
mōþijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
mōþijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
mōþijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
mōþijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
mōþijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
mōþų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
mōþijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
mōþijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
mōþīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
mōþijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
mōþijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
mōþijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
mōþijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
mōþīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
mōþijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
mōþijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
mōþijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
mōþijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
mōþijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
mōþijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
mōþijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
mōþijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
mōþijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
mōþijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
mōþijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
mōþijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
mōþijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
mōþijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
mōþijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
mōþijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
mōþijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
mōþijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
mōþijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
mōþijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
mōþijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
mōþijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
mōþijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
mōþijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
mōþijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
mōþīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
mōþijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
mōþijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
mōþijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
mōþīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
mōþijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
mōþīni (dative masculine singular weak)
mōþijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
mōþijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
mōþijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
mōþīni (dative neuter singular weak)
mōþijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
mōþīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
mōþijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
mōþijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
mōþijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
mōþīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
mōþijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mōþī
Old English: mēþe
Old Frisian: mōthe
Saterland Frisian: moud
Old Saxon: mōthi
Middle Low German: möde
German Low German: mööd, mööi
Old Dutch: muothi
Middle Dutch: moede
Dutch: moede, moe
Afrikaans: moeg
Limburgish: meug
Old High German: muodi
Middle High German: müede, muode
Alemannic German: müed
Bavarian: miad
Central Franconian: möd, mööch, med, mied
Hunsrik: mied
Luxembourgish: midd
German: müde, müd
Rhine Franconian: miid
Pennsylvania German: mied
Yiddish: מיד (mid)

Old Norse: móðr

Icelandic: móður

Faroese: móður

Norwegian: mo

Old Swedish: mōþer

Swedish: mod

Danish: mod

From Pre-Germanic *méh₃tus, tu-stem adjective to *mōjaną (“to tire”), from Proto-Indo-European *meh₃-.


saidaz

saidaz (nominative singular)
saidōz (nominative plural)
saidōs (nominative plural)
said (singular vocative)
saidōz (plural vocative)
saidōs (plural vocative)
saidą (accusative singular)
saidanz (accusative plural)
saidas (genitive singular)
saidis (genitive singular)
saidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
saidai (dative singular)
saidamaz (dative plural)
saidō (instrumental singular)
saidamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: seiðr
Icelandic: seiður
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: seid (learned)
→ Swedish: sejd (learned)
→ Danish: sejd (learned)
Norwegian Bokmål: seid
→ Proto-Samic: *siejtē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *soytós, from *seyt-. Compare also Etymology 2 below.


saidaz

Proto-West Germanic: *said m

Old English: sāda

Old High German: seita m, seid, seit n
Middle High German: seite
German: Saite

Old Norse: seiðr (“band”)

Either directly from Proto-Indo-European *soh₂itos ~ *sh₂oytos, cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *sáiˀtas m (“tie; net”) and Latin saeta f (“bristle, mane”), or reformed as an a-stem from *saidô (an-stem from the same root). Ultimately from the root *sh₂ey- (“to tie together, link”).

cog

Alternative form of *saidô (“band, cord; snare”)


arwaz

*arwaz (a-stem)

arwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
arwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
arwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
arwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
arwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
arwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
arwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
arwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
arwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
arwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
arwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
arwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
arwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
arwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
arwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
arwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
arwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
arwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
arwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
arwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
arwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
arwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
arwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
arwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
arwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
arwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
arwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
arwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
arwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
arwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
arwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
arwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
arwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
arwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
arwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
arwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
arwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
arwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
arwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
arwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
arwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
arwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
arwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
arwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
arwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
arwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
arwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
arwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
arwini (dative masculine singular weak)
arwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
arwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
arwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
arwini (dative neuter singular weak)
arwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
arwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
arwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
arwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
arwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
arwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
arwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: earu

Old Saxon: aru

Old Norse: ǫrr

Icelandic: ör

qualifier

Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌾𐍉 (arwjō) (related adverb, not a direct descendant)

From Pre-Germanic *Herwos, which could come from either Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“to order, arrange, fit”) or *h₃er- (“to set in motion”).


arwaz

arwaz (nominative singular)
arwizō (nominative plural)
arwaz (singular vocative)
arwizō (plural vocative)
arwaz (accusative singular)
arwizō (accusative plural)
arwiziz (genitive singular)
arwizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arwizi (dative singular)
arwizumaz (dative plural)
arwizē (instrumental singular)
arwizumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *narwo; *narwa

Middle Low German: narwe, nare

Old Dutch: *narwo; *narwa

Middle Dutch: *narwe, nerwe

Dutch: nerf

Old High German: narwo; narwa, narawa

Middle High German: narwe, nare, nar

German: Narbe

→ Luxembourgish: Narb

Luxembourgish: Naarf (obsolete)

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚱᚹᛁᛉ (*arwiʀ)

Old Norse: ǫrr, ǫr, ørr, ør, ęr, *ęrr

Icelandic: ör

Faroese: arr, err, ør

Danish: ar

Old Swedish: ær, ar

Swedish: ärr

Scots: aur

→ Proto-Finnic: *arpi

An old s-stem continuing Proto-Indo-European *Hérus. Compare Sanskrit अरुस् (arus, “wound”). Probably cognate to Proto-Germanic *reufaną.


audanaz

*audanaz (a-stem)

audanaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
audanai (masculine nominative plural strong)
audanō (feminine nominative singular strong)
audanôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
audaną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
audanō (neuter nominative plural strong)
audananǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
audananz (accusative masculine plural strong)
audanǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
audanōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
audaną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
audanō (accusative neuter plural strong)
audanas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
audanaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
audanaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
audanaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
audanas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
audanaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
audanammai (dative masculine singular strong)
audanaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
audanaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
audanaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
audanammai (dative neuter singular strong)
audanaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
audananō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
audanaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
audanaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
audanaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
audananō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
audanaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
audanô (masculine nominative singular weak)
audananiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
audanǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
audanōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
audanô (neuter nominative singular weak)
audanōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
audananų (accusative masculine singular weak)
audananunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
audanōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
audanōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
audanô (accusative neuter singular weak)
audanōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
audaniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
audananǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
audanōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
audanōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
audaniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
audananǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
audanini (dative masculine singular weak)
audanammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
audanōni (dative feminine singular weak)
audanōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
audanini (dative neuter singular weak)
audanammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
audaninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
audanammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
audanōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
audanōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
audaninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
audanammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: ēaden

Old Saxon: ōdan

Old Norse: auðinn

Icelandic: auðið

Faroese: eyðin

Old Swedish: ø̄dhin

Swedish: öde (“fate”)

Past participle to a lost verb *audaną (“to grant”), probably related to Latin uber (“fruitfulness”) and thus *ūdarą.


knōdiz

knōdiz (nominative singular)
knōdīz (nominative plural)
knōdi (singular vocative)
knōdīz (plural vocative)
knōdį (accusative singular)
knōdinz (accusative plural)
knōdīz (genitive singular)
knōdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
knōdī (dative singular)
knōdimaz (dative plural)
knōdī (instrumental singular)
knōdimiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: knuot

Gothic: 𐌺𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 (knōþs)

From Pre-Germanic *ǵnoh₁tís, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₁-, variant of *ǵenh₁-.


fleutaną

fleutō (active first-person indicative singular)
fleutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fleutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fliutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fleutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fleut (active imperative second-person singular)
fleutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fleutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fliutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fleutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fleutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fleutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fleutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fleutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fleutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fleutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fleutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fleutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fleutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fleutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fleutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fleutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fliutid (active indicative plural second-person)
fleutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fliutid (active imperative plural second-person)
fleutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fleutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fleutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fleutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fleutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fleutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fleutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
flaut (active first-person indicative singular)
flutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flaust (active indicative second-person singular)
flutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flaut (active indicative singular third-person)
flutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flutū (active dual first-person indicative)
flutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flutum (active first-person indicative plural)
flutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flutud (active indicative plural second-person)
flutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flutun (active indicative plural third-person)
flutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fleutandz (active participle present)
flutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fleutan
Old English: flēotan
Middle English: fleten, fleoten, flete, fleetyn, fleete
English: fleet
Scots: fleet
Old Frisian: fliāta
Saterland Frisian: fljoote
Old Saxon: fliotan
Middle Low German: vlêten
Low German: flieten
Old Dutch: flietan
Middle Dutch: vlieten
Dutch: vlieten
Old High German: fliozan
Middle High German: vliezen
German: fließen
Luxembourgish: fléissen
Yiddish: פֿליסן (flisn)

Old Norse: fljóta
Icelandic: fljóta
Faroese: fljóta, flóta
Norwegian Nynorsk: fljota, flyta
Elfdalian: fliuota
Old Swedish: flȳta, fliūta
Swedish: flyta
Old Danish: flytæ
Danish: flyde
Norwegian Bokmål: flyte
Gutnish: flauta

From Proto-Indo-European *plewd- (“to flow, run”).


sturkiz

sturkiz (nominative singular)
sturkīz (nominative plural)
sturki (singular vocative)
sturkīz (plural vocative)
sturkį (accusative singular)
sturkinz (accusative plural)
sturkīz (genitive singular)
sturkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sturkī (dative singular)
sturkimaz (dative plural)
sturkī (instrumental singular)
sturkimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: styrkr
Icelandic: styrkur
Faroese: styrkur
Norwegian Bokmål: styrke
Norwegian Nynorsk: styrke
Old Swedish: styrker m, styrk f
Swedish: styrka
Danish: styrke

From Pre-Germanic *str̥gis, an i-stem created from the strong verb *sterkaną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)terg-.


stuþs

stuþs (nominative singular)
stuþiz (nominative plural)
stuþ (singular vocative)
stuþiz (plural vocative)
stuþų (accusative singular)
stuþunz (accusative plural)
studiz (genitive singular)
studǫ̂ (genitive plural)
studi (dative singular)
studumaz (dative plural)
studē (instrumental singular)
studumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stuþ
Old English: studu, stuþu
Middle English: stude
English: stud
Scots: stuit
Old High German: *stud
Middle High German: stud
Alemannic German: Stud
German: (obsolete) Stud, Studt

Old Norse: stoð, stuð

Icelandic: stoð

Old Swedish: stuþ, stoþ, stydh (late)

Swedish: stöd

Likely from Pre-Germanic *stút-s, root noun from Proto-Indo-European *stut-, extension of *stew- (“firm”). Compare Latvian stute (“prop, support”).


haidraz

*haidraz (a-stem)

haidraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
haidrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
haidrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
haidrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
haidrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
haidrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
haidranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
haidranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
haidrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
haidrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
haidrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
haidrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
haidras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
haidraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
haidraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
haidraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
haidras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
haidraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
haidrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
haidraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
haidraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
haidraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
haidrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
haidraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
haidranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
haidraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
haidraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
haidraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
haidranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
haidraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
haidrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
haidraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
haidrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
haidrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
haidrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
haidrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
haidranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
haidranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
haidrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
haidrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
haidrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
haidrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
haidriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
haidranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
haidrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
haidrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
haidriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
haidranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
haidrini (dative masculine singular weak)
haidrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
haidrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
haidrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
haidrini (dative neuter singular weak)
haidrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
haidrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
haidrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
haidrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
haidrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
haidrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
haidrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *haidr
Old English: hādor, hǣdor
Old Saxon: hēdar
Old Dutch: *hēder
⇒ Old Dutch: hēderhēd
Old High German: heitar
Middle High German: heiter
Cimbrian: hòotar
German: heiter

Old Norse: heiðr

Icelandic: heiður

Faroese: heiður

Probably from unattested *haiþaną + *-raz, equivalent to *koyt-ró-s, from Proto-Indo-European *keyt- (“to shine”). Compare the zero-grade form found in Sanskrit चित्र (citrá, “bright, variegated”).


mairiją

mairiją (nominative singular)
mairijō (nominative plural)
mairiją (singular vocative)
mairijō (plural vocative)
mairiją (accusative singular)
mairijō (accusative plural)
mairijas (genitive singular)
mairīs (genitive singular)
mairijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mairijai (dative singular)
mairijamaz (dative plural)
mairijō (instrumental singular)
mairijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: mǣre, landgemǣre

Middle English: mēre

English: mere

Old Dutch: *mēri

Middle Dutch: mere, meer

Dutch: meerpaal

Old Norse: *mæri, landamæri

Icelandic: landamæri

Old Swedish: landamǣre

Swedish: landamäre

From Pre-Germanic *moyryom, from Proto-Indo-European *moyro-, from *mey- (“to build”). Cognate with Latin mūrus (“wall”), pōmērium (“bounds, limits”).


stallaz

stallaz (nominative singular)
stallōz (nominative plural)
stallōs (nominative plural)
stall (singular vocative)
stallōz (plural vocative)
stallōs (plural vocative)
stallą (accusative singular)
stallanz (accusative plural)
stallas (genitive singular)
stallis (genitive singular)
stallǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stallai (dative singular)
stallamaz (dative plural)
stallō (instrumental singular)
stallamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stall
Old English: steall, stall, stæll
Middle English: stal
English: stall
Scots: stal, staw
Old Frisian: stall, stal
Saterland Frisian: Staal
West Frisian: stâl
Old Saxon: *stall
Middle Low German: stal
German Low German: Stall
Old Dutch: *stal
Middle Dutch: stal
Dutch: stal
Limburgish: stal
Old High German: stal
Middle High German: stal
German: Stall
Hunsrik: Stall
Luxembourgish: Stall
Mòcheno: stòll
→ Medieval Latin: stallum, staullum, stallus, stalla (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: stallr

Icelandic: stallur

Faroese: stallur

Norwegian: stall

Old Swedish: stalder

Swedish: stall

Danish: stald

→? Finnish: talla (“sole, runner”)

→? Proto-Finnic: *taloi, *talas (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *sth₂-dʰló-, from *steh₂- (“to stand (up)”).


dingwaną

dingwō (active first-person indicative singular)
dingwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dingwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dingwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dingwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dingw (active imperative second-person singular)
dingwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dingwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dingwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dingwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dingwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dingwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dingwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dingwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dingwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dingwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dingwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dingwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dingwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dingwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dingwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dingwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dingwid (active indicative plural second-person)
dingwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dingwid (active imperative plural second-person)
dingwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dingwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dingwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dingwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dingwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dingwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dingwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dangw (active first-person indicative singular)
dungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
danht (active indicative second-person singular)
dungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dangw (active indicative singular third-person)
dungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dungū (active dual first-person indicative)
dungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dungum (active first-person indicative plural)
dungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dungud (active indicative plural second-person)
dungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dungun (active indicative plural third-person)
dungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dingwandz (active participle present)
dunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *dingan

Middle English: dingen

English: ding

Old Swedish: diunga

/ˈdiŋʷ.ɡʷɑ.nɑ̃/

From pre-Germanic *dʰengʷʰ-, probably of onomatopoeic origin.

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeic

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


dreusaną

dreusō (active first-person indicative singular)
dreusaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dreusai (first-person indicative passive singular)
driusizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dreusaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dreus (active imperative second-person singular)
dreusazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dreusaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
driusidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dreusai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dreusadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dreusadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dreusaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dreusōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dreusaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dreusadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dreusaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dreusadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dreusamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dreusaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dreusandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dreusaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
driusid (active indicative plural second-person)
dreusaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
driusid (active imperative plural second-person)
dreusandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dreusaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dreusandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dreusain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dreusandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dreusandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dreusaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
draus (active first-person indicative singular)
druzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
draust (active indicative second-person singular)
druzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
draus (active indicative singular third-person)
druzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
druzū (active dual first-person indicative)
druzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
druzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
druzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
druzum (active first-person indicative plural)
druzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
druzud (active indicative plural second-person)
druzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
druzun (active indicative plural third-person)
druzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dreusandz (active participle present)
druzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dreusan
Old English: drēosan
Middle English: drēsen
English: drowse
Old Saxon: driosan
Middle Low German: *drusen
Low German: drusen, drusken
Old Dutch: *driosan
⇒ Middle Dutch: druschen, druyschen
Dutch: druisen

Old Norse: *drjósa

Norwegian Bokmål: drysse

Norwegian Nynorsk: drjose, drysse

Old Danish: drysa

Danish: drysse

Swedish: drösa

Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 (driusan)


swultiz

swultiz (nominative singular)
swultīz (nominative plural)
swulti (singular vocative)
swultīz (plural vocative)
swultį (accusative singular)
swultinz (accusative plural)
swultīz (genitive singular)
swultijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swultī (dative singular)
swultimaz (dative plural)
swultī (instrumental singular)
swultimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: swylt

Old Norse: sultr
Icelandic: sultur
Faroese: svultur
Norwegian Nynorsk: svolt; (dialectal) svolte, svult, sult, sylt
Danish: sult
Norwegian Bokmål: sult
Gutnish: sult


erpaz

*erpaz (a-stem)

erpaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
erpai (masculine nominative plural strong)
erpō (feminine nominative singular strong)
erpôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
erpą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
erpō (neuter nominative plural strong)
erpanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
erpanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
erpǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
erpōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
erpą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
erpō (accusative neuter plural strong)
erpas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
erpaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
erpaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
erpaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
erpas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
erpaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
erpammai (dative masculine singular strong)
erpaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
erpaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
erpaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
erpammai (dative neuter singular strong)
erpaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
erpanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
erpaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
erpaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
erpaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
erpanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
erpaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
erpô (masculine nominative singular weak)
erpaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
erpǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
erpōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
erpô (neuter nominative singular weak)
erpōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
erpanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
erpanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
erpōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
erpōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
erpô (accusative neuter singular weak)
erpōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
erpiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
erpanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
erpōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
erpōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
erpiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
erpanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
erpini (dative masculine singular weak)
erpammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
erpōni (dative feminine singular weak)
erpōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
erpini (dative neuter singular weak)
erpammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
erpinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
erpammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
erpōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
erpōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
erpinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
erpammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: eorp, earp

Old Dutch: *erpa; no direct attestations, but found in the toponym: Erpapa

Middle Dutch: only indirect descendants, e.g., erpel, the toponym Erpe (<Old Dutch Erpapa) and the patronym Erpe (<Old Dutch *Erpo)

Dutch: only indirect descendants, e.g., erpel, raaphoen, Erps-Kwerps

Old High German: erpf

Old Norse: jarpr, definite jarpi m (“the brown one; the hazel grouse”)

Icelandic: jarpur

Faroese: jarpur

Swedish: järpe c (“hazel grouse”)

desc

Norwegian: jerpe m or f (“hazel grouse”)

→ Danish: hjerpe, jærpe c (“hazel grouse”)

From Pre-Germanic *erppaz, earlier *h₁erbʰnós, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁erbʰ-. Cognate with Ancient Greek ὀρφνός (orphnós, “dark brown”) (< o-grade *h₁orbʰnós).


dangijaną

dangijō (active first-person indicative singular)
dangijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dangijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dangīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
dangijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dangī (active imperative second-person singular)
dangijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dangijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dangīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dangijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dangijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dangijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dangijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dangijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dangijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dangijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dangijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dangijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dangijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dangijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dangijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dangijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dangīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dangijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dangīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dangijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dangijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dangijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dangijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dangijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dangijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dangijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dangidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dangidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dangidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dangidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dangidē (active indicative singular third-person)
dangidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dangidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dangidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dangidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dangidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dangidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dangidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dangidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dangidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dangidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dangidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dangijandz (active participle present)
dangidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dangijan
Old English: denċġan, denġan
Middle English: dingen
English: dinge
Old High German: *tengen
Middle High German: tengen

Old Norse: dengja

Icelandic: dengja

Faroese: deingja

Old Swedish: dængia

Swedish: dänga

Elfdalian: daindja

→ Proto-Samic: *tāmčëtēk (see there for further descendants)

From *dingwaną + *-janą; apparently with delabialization of -gw- caused by following what was originally a round vowel and coming before the suffix -j-.


arbaz

arbaz (nominative singular)
arbōz (nominative plural)
arbōs (nominative plural)
arb (singular vocative)
arbōz (plural vocative)
arbōs (plural vocative)
arbą (accusative singular)
arbanz (accusative plural)
arbas (genitive singular)
arbis (genitive singular)
arbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arbai (dative singular)
arbamaz (dative plural)
arbō (instrumental singular)
arbamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: arfr

From Pre-Germanic *h₃órbʰos (“orphan”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-.
The inherited meaning "orphan" likely gave way to "worker", probably from orphans being used for forced labor by their caretakers, which is also implied by the Slavic meaning "servant, slave". In this context it is not hard to see a connection with Proto-Germanic *arbaidiz (“labor, toil”), probably through a verb *arbijaną.


dulþiz

dulþiz (nominative singular)
dulþīz (nominative plural)
dulþi (singular vocative)
dulþīz (plural vocative)
dulþį (accusative singular)
dulþinz (accusative plural)
dulþīz (genitive singular)
dulþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dulþī (dative singular)
dulþimaz (dative plural)
dulþī (instrumental singular)
dulþimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dulþi

Old High German: tuld

Middle High German: tult, dult

German: Dult

Gothic: 𐌳𐌿𐌻𐌸𐍃 (dulþs)

Uncertain. Possibly from *dwelaną + *-þiz, an early ti-stem based on the root's original meaning of "to lose one's senses".


lahaną

lahō (active first-person indicative singular)
lahaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lahai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lahizi (active indicative second-person singular)
lahaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lah (active imperative second-person singular)
lahazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lahaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lahidi (active indicative singular third-person)
lahai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lahadau (active imperative singular third-person)
lahadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lahaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lahōz (active dual first-person indicative)
lahaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lahadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lahaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lahadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lahamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lahaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lahandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lahaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lahid (active indicative plural second-person)
lahaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lahid (active imperative plural second-person)
lahandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lahaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lahandi (active indicative plural third-person)
lahain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lahandau (active imperative plural third-person)
lahandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lahaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lōg (active first-person indicative singular)
lōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lōht (active indicative second-person singular)
lōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lōg (active indicative singular third-person)
lōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
lōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
lōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
lōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
lōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lahandz (active participle present)
laganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lahan
Old English: lēan
Middle English: *lēen (attested in past tense lough)
Old Saxon: lahan
Old High German: lahan

Old Norse: *lá

Icelandic: lá

⇒? Proto-Finnic: *laittadak

From Proto-Indo-European *lok-. Compare Old Irish locht (“fault, vice”).


kumbraz

kumbraz (nominative singular)
kumbrōz (nominative plural)
kumbrōs (nominative plural)
kumbr (singular vocative)
kumbrōz (plural vocative)
kumbrōs (plural vocative)
kumbrą (accusative singular)
kumbranz (accusative plural)
kumbras (genitive singular)
kumbris (genitive singular)
kumbrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kumbrai (dative singular)
kumbramaz (dative plural)
kumbrō (instrumental singular)
kumbramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: kummer

Middle Dutch: commer, comber

Dutch: kommer

Middle High German: kumber, kummer

German: Kummer

Luxembourgish: Kommer

From Pre-Germanic *gm̥ros, from Proto-Indo-European *gem-. Cognate with Ancient Greek γέμω (gémō, “to be full”). An uncertain reconstruction; note that many etymologists view the given descendants as being derived from Latin or a Celtic language (see the etymology at German Kummer).


fanē

Old Frisian: fon, fan, fen

North Frisian: foon

Saterland Frisian: fon

West Frisian: fan

Old Saxon: fan, fana, fon
Middle Low German: van, von
Dutch Low Saxon: van
German Low German: van, von, vun

Old Dutch: fan
Middle Dutch: van
Dutch: van
Afrikaans: van
Berbice Creole Dutch: fan
Javindo: fan
Jersey Dutch: vān, fān, f'n
Negerhollands: van, fan, fa
→ Virgin Islands Creole: fam
Skepi Creole Dutch: fan
Limburgish: ven

Old High German: fon, fana, fona
Middle High German: von, vone
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: bon
Mòcheno: va
German: von
Luxembourgish: vun
Vilamovian: fon
Yiddish: פֿון (fun)

From Pre-Germanic *h₂poneh₁, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó, allative form of a root noun *h₂epo + *-neh₁ an ablative suffix. But see von for another theory.


kubô

kubô (nominative singular)
kubaniz (nominative plural)
kubô (singular vocative)
kubaniz (plural vocative)
kubanų (accusative singular)
kubanunz (accusative plural)
kubiniz (genitive singular)
kubanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kubini (dative singular)
kubammaz (dative plural)
kubinē (instrumental singular)
kubammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kobō

Old English: cofa

Middle English: cove

English: cove

Scots: cove

Old Frisian: *kova

Saterland Frisian: Koowe

West Frisian: kouwe, kou

Old Saxon: *kovo

Middle Low German: kōve, kōven

(German Low German: Kübbe, Kübb ?; cf. Old High German kubisi)

Old Dutch: *kovo

Middle Dutch: kove

Dutch: koof

Old High German: *kobo

Middle High German: kobe

German: Koben

Old Norse: kofi

Icelandic: kofi

Faroese: kovi

Norwegian: kove

Old Swedish: kovi

Swedish: kova, kove (dialectal), kuvi (dialectal)

Danish: kove

Uncertain. Close to Ancient Greek γῡ́πη (gū́pē, “den, hole”), possibly sharing a substrate origin, but Kroonen finds it hard to reconcile the vowels.


draugaz

draugaz (nominative singular)
draugōz (nominative plural)
draugōs (nominative plural)
draug (singular vocative)
draugōz (plural vocative)
draugōs (plural vocative)
draugą (accusative singular)
drauganz (accusative plural)
draugas (genitive singular)
draugis (genitive singular)
draugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
draugai (dative singular)
draugamaz (dative plural)
draugō (instrumental singular)
draugamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: draugr

Icelandic: draugur

Faroese: dreygur

Norn: drog

Norwegian Bokmål: draug

Norwegian Nynorsk: draug

→? Proto-Finnic: *raukka (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *rāvkë (see there for further descendants)

Derived from *dreuganą (“to mislead, deceive”).

(North Germanic) apparition, ghost, delusion


warhą

warhą (nominative singular)
warhō (nominative plural)
warhą (singular vocative)
warhō (plural vocative)
warhą (accusative singular)
warhō (accusative plural)
warhas (genitive singular)
warhis (genitive singular)
warhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
warhai (dative singular)
warhamaz (dative plural)
warhō (instrumental singular)
warhamiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: warah

Middle High German: warch

German: Warch

Old Norse: var

Icelandic: var

Norwegian: var

Old Swedish: var

Swedish: var

From Pre-Germanic *wórkom, o-grade derivation from Proto-Indo-European *werk- (“to cry”). Compare Lithuanian verkti (“to cry”).


ferudi

Old High German:

Middle High German: vert

Alemannic German: fëret

Cimbrian: vèart, bèart (Mezzaselva)

German: fert

desctree

Old Norse: fjǫrð, fjorð, fjörð
Old Norse: í fjǫrð
Icelandic: í fyrra
Faroese: í fjør
Norwegian: i fjor
Old Swedish: fiordh
Swedish: i fjol, i fjor
Danish: i fjor

From Proto-Indo-European *peruti (“last year”), from a compound of *per (“across, on the other side”) + *uti, locative singular to *wet- (“year”). Compare Ancient Greek πέρυσι (pérusi, “last year”), Sanskrit परुत् (parut, “last year”).


drabaz

drabaz (nominative singular)
drabizō (nominative plural)
drabaz (singular vocative)
drabizō (plural vocative)
drabaz (accusative singular)
drabizō (accusative plural)
drabiziz (genitive singular)
drabizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drabizi (dative singular)
drabizumaz (dative plural)
drabizē (instrumental singular)
drabizumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *dræf

Middle English: draf

English: draff

Old Dutch: draf

Middle Dutch: draf

Dutch: draf

Old High German: *trab, trebir (pl.)

Middle High German: treber

German: Treber

Old Norse: draf

Icelandic: draf

Faroese: drav

Old Swedish: draf

Swedish: drav

→ Proto-Finnic: *rapa (see there for further descendants)

An s-stem possibly derived from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrobʰ-, o-grade of *dʰrebʰ-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *droba (“sediment”) and possibly related to Ancient Greek τρέφω (tréphō, “to thicken, curdle”).
Given the lack of certain cognates, M. Philippa suspects non-IE substrate origin.


dreugaz

dreugaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
driugai (masculine nominative plural strong)
dreugō (feminine nominative singular strong)
dreugôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
dreugą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
dreugō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dreuganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dreuganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
dreugǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
dreugōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
dreugą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
dreugō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dreugas (genitive masculine singular strong)
driugis (genitive masculine singular strong)
driugaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
driugaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
driugaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dreugas (genitive neuter singular strong)
driugis (genitive neuter singular strong)
driugaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
dreugammai (dative masculine singular strong)
driugaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
driugaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
driugaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
dreugammai (dative neuter singular strong)
driugaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dreuganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
driugaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
driugaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
driugaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dreuganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
driugaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
dreugô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dreuganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
dreugǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
dreugōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
dreugô (neuter nominative singular weak)
dreugōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dreuganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dreuganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
dreugōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
dreugōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
dreugô (accusative neuter singular weak)
dreugōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
driuginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dreuganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
dreugōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
dreugōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
driuginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dreuganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
driugini (dative masculine singular weak)
dreugammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
dreugōni (dative feminine singular weak)
dreugōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
driugini (dative neuter singular weak)
dreugammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
driuginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
dreugammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
dreugōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
dreugōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
driuginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
dreugammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dreug
Old English: *drēog
Middle English: dregh, dreȝ, dryȝ
English: dree, dreigh
Scots: dreich
Old Frisian:
Saterland Frisian: dreg
West Frisian: dreech

Old Norse: drjúgr
Icelandic: drjúgur
Faroese: drjúgvur, drúgvur
Norwegian Nynorsk: dryg
Elfdalian: driuog
Old Swedish: drȳgher
Swedish: dryg
Scanian: dryğer
Old Danish: drȳgh, drø̄gh
Danish: drøj
Norwegian Bokmål: drøy
Gutnish: draugar, dravvur

Derived from *dreuganą (“to serve, be loyal”).


drōbuz

drōbuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
drōbijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
drōbī (feminine nominative singular strong)
drōbijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
drōbų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
drōbijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
drōbijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
drōbijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
drōbijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
drōbijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
drōbų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
drōbijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
drōbijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
drōbīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
drōbijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
drōbijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
drōbijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
drōbijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
drōbīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
drōbijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
drōbijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
drōbijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
drōbijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
drōbijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
drōbijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
drōbijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
drōbijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
drōbijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
drōbijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
drōbijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
drōbijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
drōbijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
drōbijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
drōbijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
drōbijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
drōbijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
drōbijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
drōbijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
drōbijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
drōbijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
drōbijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
drōbijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
drōbijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
drōbijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
drōbīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
drōbijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
drōbijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
drōbijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
drōbīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
drōbijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
drōbīni (dative masculine singular weak)
drōbijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
drōbijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
drōbijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
drōbīni (dative neuter singular weak)
drōbijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
drōbīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
drōbijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
drōbijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
drōbijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
drōbīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
drōbijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *drōbī
Old English: drōf, *drēfe
Middle English: drof, drove, dref
English: droff (dialectal)
Old Frisian: drēve
Old Saxon: drōbi
Middle Low German: drôve
Old Dutch: *druovi
Middle Dutch: droeve
Dutch: droef
Old High German: truobi
Middle High German: truobe, trüebe
German: trüb, trübe
→ English: trub

Swedish: drov (dialectal)


ailą

ailą (nominative singular)
ailō (nominative plural)
ailą (singular vocative)
ailō (plural vocative)
ailą (accusative singular)
ailō (accusative plural)
ailas (genitive singular)
ailis (genitive singular)
ailǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ailai (dative singular)
ailamaz (dative plural)
ailō (instrumental singular)
ailamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ail
Old English: āl

→ Proto-Finnic: *ailas (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *aidlą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éydʰ-lom, from *h₂eydʰ- (“to burn”).


aiwukiz

aiwukiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
aiwukijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
aiwukī (feminine nominative singular strong)
aiwukijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
aiwukį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
aiwukijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
aiwukijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
aiwukijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
aiwukijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
aiwukijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
aiwukį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
aiwukijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
aiwukijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
aiwukīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
aiwukijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
aiwukijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
aiwukijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
aiwukijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
aiwukīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
aiwukijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
aiwukijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
aiwukijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
aiwukijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
aiwukijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
aiwukijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
aiwukijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
aiwukijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
aiwukijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
aiwukijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
aiwukijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
aiwukijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
aiwukijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
aiwukijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
aiwukijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
aiwukijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
aiwukijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
aiwukijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
aiwukijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
aiwukijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
aiwukijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
aiwukijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
aiwukijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
aiwukijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
aiwukijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
aiwukīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
aiwukijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
aiwukijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
aiwukijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
aiwukīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
aiwukijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
aiwukīni (dative masculine singular weak)
aiwukijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
aiwukijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
aiwukijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
aiwukīni (dative neuter singular weak)
aiwukijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
aiwukīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
aiwukijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
aiwukijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
aiwukijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
aiwukīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
aiwukijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *ajukī
Old English: ǣċe, ēċe
Middle English: ece, eche
English: eche

Gothic: *𐌰𐌾𐌿𐌺𐍃 (*ajuks)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐌾𐌿𐌺𐌳𐌿𐌸𐍃 (ajukdūþs)

A derivation from *aiwaz, *aiwō. The -k- suffix is uncertain, but Kroonen favors a comparison with Latin iūgis (“continual”) and Ancient Greek ὑγιής (hugiḗs, “healthy, sound, wholesome”) from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yew-gʷih₃- and *h₂yu-gʷih₃- respectively, to assume a reconstruction of Pre-Germanic *h₂oyu-gʷih₃- with an original meaning of "ever-living".


aidiją

aidiją (nominative singular)
aidijō (nominative plural)
aidiją (singular vocative)
aidijō (plural vocative)
aidiją (accusative singular)
aidijō (accusative plural)
aidijas (genitive singular)
aidīs (genitive singular)
aidijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aidijai (dative singular)
aidijamaz (dative plural)
aidijō (instrumental singular)
aidijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: eið, eiði
Icelandic: eið, eiði
Faroese: eið, eiði
Norn: ed
Norwegian Nynorsk: eid, eide
Norwegian Bokmål: eid
Old Swedish: ēþ
Swedish: ed
→ English: eid, (dialectal)

→ Proto-Samic: *ājδē

Northern Sami: áidi

Southern Sami: aejrie

Ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to go”). Kroonen suggests nominalization of a possible gerundive *aidijaz (“passable”), from a Pre-Germanic *h₁oytyos.


niþą

niþą (nominative singular)
niþō (nominative plural)
niþą (singular vocative)
niþō (plural vocative)
niþą (accusative singular)
niþō (accusative plural)
niþas (genitive singular)
niþis (genitive singular)
niþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
niþai (dative singular)
niþamaz (dative plural)
niþō (instrumental singular)
niþamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: niþ

From Pre-Germanic *ní-to-, a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *ni (“down”).


nibilaz

*nibilaz (a-stem)

nibilaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
nibilai (masculine nominative plural strong)
nibilō (feminine nominative singular strong)
nibilôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
nibilą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
nibilō (neuter nominative plural strong)
nibilanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
nibilanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
nibilǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
nibilōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
nibilą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
nibilō (accusative neuter plural strong)
nibilas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
nibilaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
nibilaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
nibilaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
nibilas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
nibilaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
nibilammai (dative masculine singular strong)
nibilaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
nibilaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
nibilaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
nibilammai (dative neuter singular strong)
nibilaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
nibilanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
nibilaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
nibilaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
nibilaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
nibilanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
nibilaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
nibilô (masculine nominative singular weak)
nibilaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
nibilǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
nibilōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
nibilô (neuter nominative singular weak)
nibilōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
nibilanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
nibilanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
nibilōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
nibilōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
nibilô (accusative neuter singular weak)
nibilōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
nibiliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
nibilanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
nibilōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
nibilōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
nibiliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
nibilanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
nibilini (dative masculine singular weak)
nibilammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
nibilōni (dative feminine singular weak)
nibilōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
nibilini (dative neuter singular weak)
nibilammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
nibilinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
nibilammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
nibilōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
nibilōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
nibilinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
nibilammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: nifol

Old Frisian: nevil

⇒ Old Frisian: neilthiuster

Old Norse: *nifl

Icelandic: nifl

→ Faroese: nivlungar

⇒ Old Norse: Niflheimr

→ English: Niflheim

Derived from or related to *nebulaz (“fog, darkness”).


klibą

klibą (nominative singular)
klibō (nominative plural)
klibą (singular vocative)
klibō (plural vocative)
klibą (accusative singular)
klibō (accusative plural)
klibas (genitive singular)
klibis (genitive singular)
klibǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klibai (dative singular)
klibamaz (dative plural)
klibō (instrumental singular)
klibamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *klib

Old English: clif

Middle English: clyf, clif

English: cliff

Scots: clyft, clift

Old Frisian: *klif

Saterland Frisian: Klif

West Frisian: klif

Old Saxon: klif, *klib

desc

Middle Low German: klif, klēf, kleif, klēv, klēb, kleff, klē

→ German: Kliff n

⇒? Middle Low German: klippe f

German Low German: Klipp

→ Middle High German: klippe, kliffe f

German: Klippe

Old Dutch: *klif

Middle Dutch: klif, klef

Dutch: klif

Old High German: kleb, klep, klif

→ Lombard: cepp, scepp

Old Norse: klif

Icelandic: klif

Faroese: kliv

A zero-grade derivation of *klībaną (“to stick”).


melhmô

melhmô (nominative singular)
melhmaniz (nominative plural)
melhmô (singular vocative)
melhmaniz (plural vocative)
melhmanų (accusative singular)
melhmanunz (accusative plural)
milhminiz (genitive singular)
melhmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
milhmini (dative singular)
melhmammaz (dative plural)
milhminē (instrumental singular)
melhmammiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌷𐌼𐌰 (milhma)

From Pre-Germanic *mélḱmō, derived from a lost verb *melhaną, from Proto-Indo-European *melḱ- (“to cloud, overcast”).


dōgaz

*dōgaz (a-stem)

dōgaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
dōgai (masculine nominative plural strong)
dōgō (feminine nominative singular strong)
dōgôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
dōgą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
dōgō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dōganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dōganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
dōgǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
dōgōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
dōgą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
dōgō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dōgas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
dōgaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dōgaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dōgaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dōgas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
dōgaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
dōgammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dōgaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dōgaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dōgaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
dōgammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dōgaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dōganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dōgaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dōgaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dōgaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dōganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dōgaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
dōgô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dōganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
dōgǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
dōgōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
dōgô (neuter nominative singular weak)
dōgōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dōganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dōganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
dōgōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
dōgōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
dōgô (accusative neuter singular weak)
dōgōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
dōginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dōganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
dōgōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
dōgōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
dōginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dōganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
dōgini (dative masculine singular weak)
dōgammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
dōgōni (dative feminine singular weak)
dōgōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
dōgini (dative neuter singular weak)
dōgammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
dōginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
dōgammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
dōgōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
dōgōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
dōginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
dōgammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Gothic: -𐌳𐍉𐌲𐍃 (-dōgs)

Vṛddhi gerundive of *dagāną (“to dawn; to become day”).

vrd

(East Germanic, in compounds, preceded by a number) indicating a duration of days


garnō

garnō (nominative singular)
garnôz (nominative plural)
garnō (singular vocative)
garnôz (plural vocative)
garnǭ (accusative singular)
garnōz (accusative plural)
garnōz (genitive singular)
garnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
garnōi (dative singular)
garnōmaz (dative plural)
garnō (instrumental singular)
garnōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: gǫrn
Faroese: gørn
Icelandic: görn

From Pre-Germanic *ǵʰórneh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“intestines”) or *ǵʰern-. Probably cognate with Latin hernia, Lithuanian žarna. Beekes reconstructs the PIE root with a laryngeal however, *ǵʰerH-, in relation to Ancient Greek χορδή (khordḗ, “guts, string made of gut”).


badōną

badō (active first-person indicative singular)
badǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
badōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
badōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
badōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
badō (active imperative second-person singular)
badōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
badōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
badōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
badō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
badōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
badōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
badōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
badōs (active dual first-person indicative)
badōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
badōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
badōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
badōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
badōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
badōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
badōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
badōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
badōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
badōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
badōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
badōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
badōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
badōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
badōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
badōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
badōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
badōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
badōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
badōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
badōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
badōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
badōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
badōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
badōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
badōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
badōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
badōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
badōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
badōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
badōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
badōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
badōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
badōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
badōndz (active participle present)
badōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *badōn

⇒ Old Saxon: undarbadōn

Old Norse: *baða

Norwegian: bada

/ˈbɑ.ðɔː.nɑ̃/

From *badą (“pressure, trouble, distress”) + *-ōną.


hanþaz

*hanþaz (a-stem)

hanþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hanþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hanþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hanþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hanþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hanþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hanþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hanþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hanþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hanþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hanþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hanþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hanþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hanþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hanþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hanþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hanþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hanþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hanþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hanþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hanþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hanþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hanþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hanþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hanþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hanþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hanþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hanþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hanþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hanþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hanþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hanþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hanþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hanþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hanþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hanþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hanþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hanþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hanþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hanþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hanþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hanþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hanþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hanþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hanþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hanþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hanþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hanþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hanþini (dative masculine singular weak)
hanþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hanþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hanþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hanþini (dative neuter singular weak)
hanþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hanþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hanþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hanþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hanþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hanþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hanþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: *hannr, sjónhannr

From Pre-Germanic *ḱóntos, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱent- (“to stab”).


speru

speru (nominative singular)
sperū (nominative plural)
speru (singular vocative)
sperū (plural vocative)
speru (accusative singular)
sperū (accusative plural)
sperauz (genitive singular)
spiriwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spiriwi (dative singular)
sperumaz (dative plural)
sperū (instrumental singular)
sperumiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *speru, *spiri, *spari

Old English: spere

Middle English: spere

Scots: spere, speir

English: spear

Old Frisian: spere, spiri, sper

Saterland Frisian: Speer

West Frisian: spear

Old Saxon: sper

Middle Low German: sper

Low German: Speer

Old Dutch: *speru, *sper

Middle Dutch: spēre, sper

Dutch: speer

Old High German: sper

Middle High German: sper

German: Speer

Luxembourgish: Speer

Old Norse: spjǫr, spjǫrr, spǫrr, sparr

Icelandic: spjör, sparr

From Pre-Germanic *sperHu-, from Proto-Indo-European *sperH-. Cognate with Latin sparus (“hunting spear”).


ganhuz

ganhuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
ganhwijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
ganhwī (feminine nominative singular strong)
ganhwijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ganhų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
ganhwijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
ganhwijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
ganhwijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
ganhwijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
ganhwijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ganhų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
ganhwijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
ganhwijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
ganhwīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
ganhwijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
ganhwijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
ganhwijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
ganhwijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
ganhwīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
ganhwijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
ganhwijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
ganhwijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
ganhwijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
ganhwijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
ganhwijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
ganhwijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
ganhwijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
ganhwijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
ganhwijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
ganhwijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
ganhwijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
ganhwijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ganhwijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
ganhwijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
ganhwijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
ganhwijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
ganhwijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
ganhwijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
ganhwijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
ganhwijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
ganhwijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
ganhwijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
ganhwijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
ganhwijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ganhwīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
ganhwijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
ganhwijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
ganhwijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ganhwīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
ganhwijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
ganhwīni (dative masculine singular weak)
ganhwijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
ganhwijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
ganhwijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
ganhwīni (dative neuter singular weak)
ganhwijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
ganhwīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
ganhwijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
ganhwijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
ganhwijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
ganhwīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
ganhwijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *gą̄hī

Old Frisian: gā (in gālik)

North Frisian: gau

Saterland Frisian: gau

West Frisian: gau

Old Saxon: *gāh (in derivatives: gāhun, gāhlīko)

Middle Low German: gahens, gahes, gās

Low German: gau, gai

Old Dutch: gā

Middle Dutch: ga

Dutch: gauw

Afrikaans: gou

West Flemish: gow

Old High German: gāhi; gāhes (adverb) (presumably remodelled as a ja-stem)

Middle High German: gǣhe, gāch, gā; gǣhes, gāhes, gās

Bavarian: gach

German: jäh

Luxembourgish: géi

Yiddish: גיך (gikh), געך (gekh)

Gothic: *𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌴𐌹𐍃 (*gaheis)

→ Old Occitan: gai

→ Old French: gai

Middle French: gai

French: gai

→ Middle English: gay

English: gay

Possibly derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰengʰ- (“to stride, step”), but Kroonen rejects this derivation and treats the root as having no known etymology, also rejecting connections with Lithuanian guvus (“agile, quick”).


duskaz

*duskaz (a-stem)

duskaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
duskai (masculine nominative plural strong)
duskō (feminine nominative singular strong)
duskôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
duską (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
duskō (neuter nominative plural strong)
duskanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
duskanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
duskǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
duskōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
duską (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
duskō (accusative neuter plural strong)
duskas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
duskaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
duskaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
duskaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
duskas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
duskaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
duskammai (dative masculine singular strong)
duskaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
duskaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
duskaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
duskammai (dative neuter singular strong)
duskaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
duskanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
duskaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
duskaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
duskaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
duskanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
duskaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
duskô (masculine nominative singular weak)
duskaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
duskǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
duskōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
duskô (neuter nominative singular weak)
duskōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
duskanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
duskanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
duskōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
duskōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
duskô (accusative neuter singular weak)
duskōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
duskiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
duskanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
duskōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
duskōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
duskiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
duskanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
duskini (dative masculine singular weak)
duskammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
duskōni (dative feminine singular weak)
duskōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
duskini (dative neuter singular weak)
duskammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
duskinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
duskammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
duskōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
duskōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
duskinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
duskammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: dox

Middle English: dosk, dusk

English: dusk

From Pre-Germanic *dʰuskos, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwes-. Cognate with Latin fuscus.


hurdiz

hurdiz (nominative singular)
hurdīz (nominative plural)
hurdi (singular vocative)
hurdīz (plural vocative)
hurdį (accusative singular)
hurdinz (accusative plural)
hurdīz (genitive singular)
hurdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hurdī (dative singular)
hurdimaz (dative plural)
hurdī (instrumental singular)
hurdimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hurdi
Old English: *hyrd
Middle English: hurde
Old Saxon: hurth
Middle Low German: hōrde, hōrt
Old Dutch: *hurd
Middle Dutch: hurde, huerde, horde
Dutch: horde, hor
Old High German: hurt, hurd
Middle High German: hurt
German: Hürde
→ Old French: hort, hourd, hourt, hurde
Middle French: hourd
French: hourd
→ Middle English: hord, whourde
⇒ English: hoarding
→ Medieval Latin: hurdicium, hurdicia
Old French: hordëiz, hourdeis, hurdis
Middle French: hourdis, hourdy
French: hourdis, hourdi
→ Middle English: hurdeiz, hurdis, hurdice

Old Norse: hurð

Icelandic: hurð

Faroese: hurð

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐍃 (haurds)

From Pre-Germanic *kr̥h₂tis, from Proto-Indo-European *kreh₂-. Cognate with Latin crātis (“wickerwork frame”).


fimbulaz

fimbulaz (nominative singular)
fimbulōz (nominative plural)
fimbulōs (nominative plural)
fimbul (singular vocative)
fimbulōz (plural vocative)
fimbulōs (plural vocative)
fimbulą (accusative singular)
fimbulanz (accusative plural)
fimbulas (genitive singular)
fimbulis (genitive singular)
fimbulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fimbulai (dative singular)
fimbulamaz (dative plural)
fimbulō (instrumental singular)
fimbulamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fimbul, *fimbil

Old English: fīfel

Old Norse: fífl, fífl-; fambi, fimbul-

Icelandic: fífl, fífl-; fambi, fimbul-

Swedish: fimbul-

desc

Old Swedish: fifl; fimber-, fimbul-, fimel-, fimer-, fimmel-, fimmer-, fimur-

Swedish: fimmel-, fimmer-

From Proto-Indo-European *pamp-, *bamb- (“to inflate, swell”).


þurstuz

þurstuz (nominative singular)
þurstiwiz (nominative plural)
þurstu (singular vocative)
þurstiwiz (plural vocative)
þurstų (accusative singular)
þurstunz (accusative plural)
þurstauz (genitive singular)
þurstiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þurstiwi (dative singular)
þurstumaz (dative plural)
þurstū (instrumental singular)
þurstumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þurstu
Old English: þurst, þyrst
Middle English: þurst, thurst, thorst, thirst
English: thirst
Scots: thrist
Old Frisian: thorst
Saterland Frisian: Toarst
West Frisian: toarst
Old Saxon: thurst
Middle Low German: dorst
German Low German: Dörst, Döst
Plautdietsch: Darscht
Old Dutch: thurst
Middle Dutch: dorst
Dutch: dorst
Afrikaans: dors
Negerhollands: dorst, dos, durst
→ Virgin Islands Creole: dos (archaic)
Old High German: thurst, durst
Middle High German: durst
Central Franconian: Dursch
Cimbrian: duarst
East Central German: Durscht (Erzgebirgisch)
German: Durst
Luxembourgish: Duuscht
Yiddish: דאָרשט (dorsht)

Old Norse: þorsti
Icelandic: þorsti
Faroese: tosti
Norwegian:
Bokmål: tørst, tørste
Nynorsk: torste, tørste
Swedish: törst
Danish: tørst

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹 (þaurstei)

From Proto-Indo-European *ters- (“dry”). Exact cognate to Proto-Celtic *tartus.


þwerhaz

*þwerhaz (a-stem)

þwerhaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
þwerhai (masculine nominative plural strong)
þwerhō (feminine nominative singular strong)
þwerhôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
þwerhą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
þwerhō (neuter nominative plural strong)
þwerhanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
þwerhanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
þwerhǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
þwerhōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
þwerhą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
þwerhō (accusative neuter plural strong)
þwerhas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
þwerhaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
þwerhaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
þwerhaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
þwerhas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
þwerhaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
þwerhammai (dative masculine singular strong)
þwerhaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
þwerhaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
þwerhaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
þwerhammai (dative neuter singular strong)
þwerhaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
þwerhanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
þwerhaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
þwerhaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
þwerhaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
þwerhanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
þwerhaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
þwerhô (masculine nominative singular weak)
þwerhaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
þwerhǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
þwerhōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
þwerhô (neuter nominative singular weak)
þwerhōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
þwerhanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
þwerhanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
þwerhōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
þwerhōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
þwerhô (accusative neuter singular weak)
þwerhōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
þwerhiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
þwerhanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
þwerhōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
þwerhōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
þwerhiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
þwerhanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
þwerhini (dative masculine singular weak)
þwerhammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
þwerhōni (dative feminine singular weak)
þwerhōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
þwerhini (dative neuter singular weak)
þwerhammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
þwerhinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
þwerhammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
þwerhōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
þwerhōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
þwerhinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
þwerhammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *þwerh
Old English: þweorh, þwerh
Middle English: thwīre, thwyre
Old Frisian: þweres (adverb)
West Frisian: twer
Old Saxon: thwerh, ðwerh
Middle Low German: dwer, dwers, queer
Low German: dweer, dwars, quars; (> verquars)
→ German: verquast
→ Middle English: dwere, dwire
→ Scots: queer
→ English: queer, qwer (Bermuda)
→ German: queer, Queer
→ Swedish: queer
Old Dutch: *thwerh, *thwerhes
Middle Dutch: dwer, dwers, dwersch, dwāers
Dutch: dwars
Old High German: dwerah
Middle High German: dwërch, twërch, twerhe, twer
Alemannic German: Twër
German: quer (Central German); zwerch (Upper German; still in Zwerchfell)
→ Swedish: kvär (dated)
→ Danish: kvær (dated)
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kvær (dated)
Luxembourgish: queesch
Vilamovian: twar

Old Norse: þverr

Icelandic: þver

Faroese: tvørur

Danish: tvær

Norwegian: tverr

Old Swedish: þvær, þvar

Swedish: tvär

⇒ Old Norse: þvert

Danish: tvært

→ Middle English: thwert

English: thwart

Gothic: 𐌸𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐍃 (þwairhs)

Presumably from Proto-Indo-European *terkʷ- (“to turn”); compare Sanskrit तर्कु (tarku, “spindle”) and Latin torqueō (“to twist”). Kroonen assumes metathesis of Pre-Germanic *térkʷos to *twérkos.


nehw

Proto-West Germanic: *nehw, *nehu, *neh

desc

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *nehwain, *nehain

Old Saxon: nihēn, niēn, nigēn

Middle Low German: nechên, gên, kein

German Low German: geen, gien, keen, kien

Old Dutch: nehein, ghein, chein

Middle Dutch: negeen, gein

Dutch: geen

→? West Frisian: gjin

Old High German: nehein, nihein

Middle High German: nehein, nihein, nechein, nichein

gl

⇒ Middle High German: kein (merger of Middle High German nechein and dechein)

German: kein

desc

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *nehwan (conjunction)

>? Old English: nefne, nemne, nymne, nemþe, nymþe, nimþe

Old Saxon: newan, niwan, nowan, newa, neva, nevo, nevu

⇒ Middle Low German: mēven

Old Dutch: novan, navo, nova

⇒ Old Dutch: novanthoh

Old High German: niwan

Middle High German: niwen, niuwen, niewen

Old Norse: né

Icelandic: né

Gothic: 𐌽𐌹𐌷 (nih)

From Proto-Indo-European *nekʷe. Equivalent to *ne + *-hw. Cognate with Latin neque (“nor”), Proto-Celtic *nekʷe.


-ją

-ją (nominative singular)
-jō (nominative plural)
-ją (singular vocative)
-jō (plural vocative)
-ją (accusative singular)
-jō (accusative plural)
-jas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
-jǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-jai (dative singular)
-jamaz (dative plural)
-jō (instrumental singular)
-jamiz (instrumental plural)
-iją (nominative singular)
-ijō (nominative plural)
-iją (singular vocative)
-ijō (plural vocative)
-iją (accusative singular)
-ijō (accusative plural)
-ijas (genitive singular)
-īs (genitive singular)
-ijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ijai (dative singular)
-ijamaz (dative plural)
-ijō (instrumental singular)
-ijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: -i

Gothic: -𐌹 (-i)

Related to the adjectival suffixes *-jaz, *-ijaz.

Forms neuter collective nouns from other nouns, often accompanied with the collective prefix *ga-.


trakjaną

trakjō (active first-person indicative singular)
trakjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
trakjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
trakisi (active indicative second-person singular)
trakjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
traki (active imperative second-person singular)
trakjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
trakjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
trakiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
trakjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
trakjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
trakjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
trakjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
trakjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
trakjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
trakjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
trakjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
trakjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
trakjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
trakjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
trakjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
trakjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
trakiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
trakjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
trakiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
trakjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
trakjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
trakjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
trakjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
trakjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
trakjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
trakjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
trakidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
trakidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
trakidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
trakidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
trakidē (active indicative singular third-person)
trakidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
trakidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
trakidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
trakidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
trakidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
trakidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
trakidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
trakidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
trakidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
trakidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
trakidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
trakjandz (active participle present)
trakidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *trakkjan
Old Frisian: trekka
West Frisian: trekke
Old Saxon: *trekkian
Middle Low German: trecken
Low German: trecken
→ German: trecken
Plautdietsch: trakjen
→ Danish: trække
→ Norwegian: trekke
→ Icelandic: trekkja
→ Faroese: trekkja
Old Dutch: *trecken
Middle Dutch: trecken
Dutch: trekken
Afrikaans: trek
→ English: trek
Jersey Dutch: träkke
Negerhollands: trek, treek
→ Papiamentu: trèk
Old High German: trecchen
Middle High German: trechen, trecken
(German: trecken) (chiefly a Low German loan)
Central Franconian: trecke (native)


aspō

aspō (nominative singular)
aspôz (nominative plural)
aspō (singular vocative)
aspôz (plural vocative)
aspǭ (accusative singular)
aspōz (accusative plural)
aspōz (genitive singular)
aspǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aspōi (dative singular)
aspōmaz (dative plural)
aspō (instrumental singular)
aspōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aspu
Old English: æspe, æsp, æps
Middle English: aspe; aspen
English: asp; aspen
Old Saxon: *aspa
Middle Low German: aspe, espe, hespe
Low German: Äsp
Old Dutch: *aspa, *espa
Middle Dutch: espe
Dutch: esp
Old High German: aspa
Middle High German: aspe
German: Espe

Old Norse: ǫsp
Icelandic: ösp
Faroese: øsp
Norwegian Nynorsk: osp; (dialectal) øsp
Norwegian Bokmål: osp
Swedish: asp
Danish: asp
Norwegian Bokmål: asp

q

metathesized from <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*šapa</i>?

→? Proto-Finnic: *haapa (metathesized from *šapa?) (see there for further descendants)

From an apparent Proto-Indo-European *Hosp- (“aspen, poplar”), though the distribution is limited to northern languages spoken in regions where the tree inhabits. Indo-European cognates include Welsh aethnen, Latvian apse, Lithuanian ēpušė (dialectal ãpušė), Old Prussian abse and Proto-Slavic *opsa (along with its suffixed variants *osìna and Southern *esìka), all meaning “aspen”.


sīlō

sīlō (nominative singular)
sīlôz (nominative plural)
sīlō (singular vocative)
sīlôz (plural vocative)
sīlǭ (accusative singular)
sīlōz (accusative plural)
sīlōz (genitive singular)
sīlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sīlōi (dative singular)
sīlōmaz (dative plural)
sīlō (instrumental singular)
sīlōmiz (instrumental plural)


aldǭ

aldǭ (nominative singular)
aldōniz (nominative plural)
aldǭ (singular vocative)
aldōniz (plural vocative)
aldōnų (accusative singular)
aldōnunz (accusative plural)
aldōniz (genitive singular)
aldōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aldōni (dative singular)
aldōmaz (dative plural)
aldōnē (instrumental singular)
aldōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aldā

desc

⇒ Old English: ealdoþ, aldaht, aldot (“trough”)

Bavarian: Alden (“furrow”)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: alda

Icelandic: alda

Faroese: alda

Old Norse: olda (dialectal)

Swedish: ålle, ålla (dialectal)

Old Danish: aalde, olde

→ Proto-Finnic: *alto (“wave”) (see there for further descendants)

→⇒ Proto-Finnic: *aldas (“trough”) (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *Holdʰō(n), variant formation of Proto-Indo-European *Holdʰu- (“trough, (dugout) canoe”). See also Old English ealdoþ (“trough”), Proto-Slavic *oldi (“boat”).

der

(North Germanic) trough, hollow (of a tree)


medumô

gem-decl-adj-table

*medumô (an/īn-stem)

medumô (masculine nominative singular)
medumaniz (masculine nominative plural)
medumį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
medumīniz (feminine nominative plural)
medumô (neuter nominative singular)
medumōnō (neuter nominative plural)
medumanų (accusative masculine singular)
medumanunz (accusative masculine plural)
medumīnų (accusative feminine singular)
medumīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
medumô (accusative neuter singular)
medumōnō (accusative neuter plural)
meduminiz (genitive masculine singular)
medumanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
medumīniz (feminine genitive singular)
medumīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
meduminiz (genitive neuter singular)
medumanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
medumini (dative masculine singular)
medumammaz (dative masculine plural)
medumīni (dative feminine singular)
medumīmaz (dative feminine plural)
medumini (dative neuter singular)
medumammaz (dative neuter plural)
meduminē (instrumental masculine singular)
medumammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
medumīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
medumīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
meduminē (instrumental neuter singular)
medumammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *medumō
Old English: medume, medeme, meodume
Middle English: medeme
⇒ English: midmost (from the superlative)
Old High German: metemo

From the root of *midjaz (“middle”) + *-umô. Compare Sanskrit मध्यम (madhyama, “middlemost”).


þegnaz

þegnaz (nominative singular)
þegnōz (nominative plural)
þegnōs (nominative plural)
þegn (singular vocative)
þegnōz (plural vocative)
þegnōs (plural vocative)
þegną (accusative singular)
þegnanz (accusative plural)
þegnas (genitive singular)
þignis (genitive singular)
þegnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þignai (dative singular)
þegnamaz (dative plural)
þegnō (instrumental singular)
þegnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þegn
Old English: þeġn, þægn
Middle English: theyn, dain, thain, thayn, thein, þen, þein, þeyn; ðæin, þægen, þægn, þegen, þegn, þeȝn, þeign (Early Middle English)
English: thane
Scots: thane
→ Irish: taen
→ Medieval Latin: thainus
Old Saxon: thegan
Middle Low German: degen, dēgen
Old Dutch: *thegen (in derivatives and compounds)
Middle Dutch: dēgen
Dutch: degen
⇒ Old Dutch: thegenlīko (adverb)
Old High German: degan
Middle High German: dëgen
German: Degen

Old Norse: þegn
Icelandic: þegn
Old Swedish: þæghn, þiæghn
Swedish: tegn, tägn

Often compared with Ancient Greek τέκνον (téknon, “child”). Kroonen instead sees a derivation from *þigjaną (“to request, beg”).


hlaidrijō

hlaidrijō (nominative singular)
hlaidrijôz (nominative plural)
hlaidrijō (singular vocative)
hlaidrijôz (plural vocative)
hlaidrijǭ (accusative singular)
hlaidrijōz (accusative plural)
hlaidrijōz (genitive singular)
hlaidrijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlaidrijōi (dative singular)
hlaidrijōmaz (dative plural)
hlaidrijō (instrumental singular)
hlaidrijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hlaidriju
Old English: hlǣdre, hlǣder, hlædder, hlæddr-, hlædr-
Middle English: laddre, ladder, laddere, laddir, ladre, ledder, leddre, leddyr, lheddre; læddræ, læddre, leaddre (Early Middle English)
English: ladder
Scots: ledder
Old Frisian: hladder, hledder, hleder, hlērde
North Frisian: ladder
Saterland Frisian: Laadere, Laddere
West Frisian: ljedder, leider, ljerre
Old Saxon: hlēderi
Middle Low German: leddere, ledder, lēdere, lēder, leider, ladder
German Low German: Ledder
Plautdietsch: Lada
Old Dutch: *lēdara
Middle Dutch: ledere, leedre, ledder, laddere, ladere
Dutch: ladder, leer
Afrikaans: ladder; leer
Limburgish: lejjer, leier
Old High German: hleitra, hleitara, leitra, leitara
Middle High German: leiter
Bavarian: Later, Loater
German: Leiter
Hunsrik: Leeter
Luxembourgish: Leeder

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (“to lean”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κλῖμαξ (klîmax, “ladder”). Related to Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 (hleiþra, “booth, tent”, literally “that which leans”). Compare also Latin clathri (“trellis”).


nidwō

nidwō (nominative singular)
nidwôz (nominative plural)
nidwō (singular vocative)
nidwôz (plural vocative)
nidwǭ (accusative singular)
nidwōz (accusative plural)
nidwōz (genitive singular)
nidwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nidwōi (dative singular)
nidwōmaz (dative plural)
nidwō (instrumental singular)
nidwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: nið
Icelandic: nið

Gothic: 𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍅𐌰 (nidwa)

From Pre-Germanic *nitwéh₂, derived from Proto-Indo-European *ni (“down”) + *-þwō.


wīhsą

wīhsą (nominative singular)
wīhsō (nominative plural)
wīhsą (singular vocative)
wīhsō (plural vocative)
wīhsą (accusative singular)
wīhsō (accusative plural)
wīhsas (genitive singular)
wīhsis (genitive singular)
wīhsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīhsai (dative singular)
wīhsamaz (dative plural)
wīhsō (instrumental singular)
wīhsamiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐍃 (weihs)

From Proto-Indo-European *wéyḱ-s-om, from *weyḱ-.