fernaz

*fernaz (a-stem)

fernaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
fernai (masculine nominative plural strong)
fernō (feminine nominative singular strong)
fernôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ferną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
fernō (neuter nominative plural strong)
fernanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
fernanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
fernǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
fernōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ferną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
fernō (accusative neuter plural strong)
fernas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
fernaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
fernaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
fernaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
fernas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
fernaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
fernammai (dative masculine singular strong)
fernaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
fernaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
fernaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
fernammai (dative neuter singular strong)
fernaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
fernanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
fernaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
fernaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
fernaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
fernanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
fernaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
fernô (masculine nominative singular weak)
fernaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
fernǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
fernōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
fernô (neuter nominative singular weak)
fernōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
fernanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
fernanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
fernōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
fernōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
fernô (accusative neuter singular weak)
fernōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ferniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
fernanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
fernōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
fernōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ferniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
fernanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
fernini (dative masculine singular weak)
fernammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
fernōni (dative feminine singular weak)
fernōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
fernini (dative neuter singular weak)
fernammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
ferninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
fernammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
fernōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
fernōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
ferninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
fernammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: firn, fyrn

Scots: fernȝere, farnȝer, fairnȝer

Old Frisian: fīr, fēr

North Frisian: fier

Saterland Frisian: fier

West Frisian: fier

Old Saxon: ferni, fern, *furn

Middle Low German: verne, vere, ver

German Low German: feern

Old Dutch: *ferni

Middle Dutch: verne

Dutch: verne

Old High German: firni

Middle High German: virne, vërne

Alemannic German: fëret, Fiire

German: firne, firn

⇒ German: Firn

→ English: firn

desctree

Old Norse: forn
Icelandic: forn
Faroese: fornur
Norwegian Nynorsk: forn
Norwegian: (dialectal) fonn, fodn
Norwegian Bokmål: forn
Old Swedish: forn
Swedish: forn
Danish: forne

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍃 (fairns)

From Proto-Indo-European *perǝm-, *perǝ- (“fore, first”), from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“forth, over, across, through”). Cognate with Lithuanian pernai (“last year”, adverb).


fagraz

*fagraz (a-stem)

fagraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
fagrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
fagrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
fagrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
fagrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
fagrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
fagranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
fagranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
fagrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
fagrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
fagrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
fagrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
fagras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
fagraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
fagraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
fagraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
fagras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
fagraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
fagrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
fagraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
fagraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
fagraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
fagrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
fagraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
fagranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
fagraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
fagraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
fagraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
fagranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
fagraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
fagrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
fagraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
fagrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
fagrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
fagrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
fagrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
fagranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
fagranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
fagrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
fagrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
fagrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
fagrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
fagriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
fagranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
fagrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
fagrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
fagriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
fagranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
fagrini (dative masculine singular weak)
fagrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
fagrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
fagrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
fagrini (dative neuter singular weak)
fagrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
fagrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
fagrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
fagrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
fagrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
fagrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
fagrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fagr
Old English: fæger, fæġer
Middle English: fager, fæȝer, feir, fayer, fayr
Scots: fair, fayr, fare
English: fair
→ Dutch: fair
→ German: fair
Old Saxon: fagar
Middle Low German: fagher
Old Dutch: *fagar, *vagar (in placenames: vagara velda)
Old High German: fagar
Middle High German: fager, vager

Old Norse: fagr
Icelandic: fagur
Faroese: fagur
Norn: feg, fåg
Norwegian Nynorsk: fager, fagr; (dialectal) fagur
Old Swedish: fagher
Swedish: fager
Danish: fager, feir, fauer, faver, favr
Norwegian Bokmål: fager

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌲𐍂𐍃 (fagrs)

→? Estonian: vapper

From pre-Germanic *ph₂ḱrós, equivalent to unattested *fahaną + *-raz, a ro-stem derived from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ḱ- (“to fasten, place”). Cognate with Umbrian pacer (“gracious, merciful, kind”), Slovak pekný (“good-looking, handsome, nice”).


awahaimaz

awahaimaz (nominative singular)
awahaimōz (nominative plural)
awahaimōs (nominative plural)
awahaim (singular vocative)
awahaimōz (plural vocative)
awahaimōs (plural vocative)
awahaimą (accusative singular)
awahaimanz (accusative plural)
awahaimas (genitive singular)
awahaimis (genitive singular)
awahaimǫ̂ (genitive plural)
awahaimai (dative singular)
awahaimamaz (dative plural)
awahaimō (instrumental singular)
awahaimamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *auhaim
Old English: ēam
Middle English: em, eam, eem, eeme, eme, heme, nem; æem, æm, eom, heam, yem (Early Middle English); eame, eyme (Late Middle English)
English: eam, eme (dialectal)
Scots: eme
Old Frisian: ām, āme, ēm
North Frisian: ohm
Saterland Frisian: Oom
West Frisian: iem, yem, yeme
Old Saxon: *ōhēm
Middle Low German: ōhem, ōm
Low German: Ohm
Münsterländisch: Low German: Öhms (plural)
Plautdietsch: Oom
Old Dutch: *ōm
Middle Dutch: ôom
Dutch: oom
Afrikaans: oom
Berbice Creole Dutch: om
Negerhollands: noom, nom, noem
→ Virgin Islands Creole: nom, noom (dated)
→ Indonesian: om
→ Papiamentu: mò, òn, òmpi (from the diminutive), mo (Aruba), òm (Aruba), omo (Aruba), oom
→ Sranan Tongo: omu
→ West Frisian: omme, omke
Limburgish: oeam
Old High German: ōheim
Middle High German: ōheim; (Central German) ōhem, ōem
German: Oheim, Ohm (partly from Low German), Oehm

From *awô (“grandfather”) + *haimaz (“home”). .


flauhaz

flauhaz (nominative singular)
flauhōz (nominative plural)
flauhōs (nominative plural)
flauh (singular vocative)
flauhōz (plural vocative)
flauhōs (plural vocative)
flauhą (accusative singular)
flauhanz (accusative plural)
flauhas (genitive singular)
flauhis (genitive singular)
flauhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flauhai (dative singular)
flauhamaz (dative plural)
flauhō (instrumental singular)
flauhamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *flauh
Old English: flēah, flēa, flǣh, fleah, flēo
Middle English: fle, flee, flei, fleigh, fley
English: flea (dialectal fleck)
Scots: flech, flaich, fle, flae
Yola: fleen (plural)
Old Frisian: *flā, *flē
Saterland Frisian: Flee
West Frisian: flie
Old Saxon: *flōh, *flō
Middle Low German: vlô
Low German: Flo, Flö, Flau, Flua
Old Dutch: *flō
Middle Dutch: vlô
Dutch: vlo
Limburgish: vlouch
Old High German: flōh, flō
Middle High German: vlōch, vlō
Bavarian: Floach
Cimbrian: vlòach, blòach (Mezzaselva)
Alemannic German: Flo
German: Floh
Luxembourgish: Flou
Yiddish: פֿלוי (floy)

Old Norse: fló
Icelandic: fló
Norwegian: flo

→ Proto-Samic: *lāffēs

Lule Sami: láffes

→ Proto-Samic: *lāvkkēs

Northern Sami: lávkkis

Uncertain. From Pre-Germanic *plówkos or *plówkeh₂, apparently formed from the Proto-Indo-European root *plewk-, but perhaps a folk-etymological or tabooistic replacement for an earlier, extinct reflex of *pusl-, *plúsis (“flea”) (from which e.g. Latin pūlex (“flea”) and Lithuanian blusa (“flea”) derive). The reformation may have developed under the influence of *fleuhaną (“to flee”).


smakkuz

smakkuz (nominative singular)
smakkiwiz (nominative plural)
smakku (singular vocative)
smakkiwiz (plural vocative)
smakkų (accusative singular)
smakkunz (accusative plural)
smakkauz (genitive singular)
smakkiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smakkiwi (dative singular)
smakkumaz (dative plural)
smakkū (instrumental singular)
smakkumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *smakku, *smak, *smakk
Old English: smæċ
Middle English: smak, smac, smach, smech, ssmak; smacche, smake, smatche; smacc
English: smack
Scots: smack
⇒? Scots: smick
Old Frisian: *smak, smekk, smek
Saterland Frisian: Smoak
West Frisian: smaak
Old Saxon: *smakk, *smak
Middle Low German: smak
German Low German: Smakk, Smack
→ Danish: smag
→ Norwegian Bokmål: smak
→ Polish: smak
→ Belarusian: смак (smak)
→ Russian: смак (smak)
→ Ukrainian: смак (smak)
→ Swedish: smak
→? Faroese: smakkur
Old Dutch: smak
Middle Dutch: smac
Dutch: smaak (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *smakō)
Old High German: smak, smac
Middle High German: smac, smach
German: Schmack
Yiddish: שמעק (shmek)
⇒ Old High German: gismac, gismah
Middle High German: gesmac, gesmacke
Bavarian: Gschmåckn, Gschmåch, Gschmåcha, Gschmo
Cimbrian: gasmékh
German: Geschmack, Geschmeck
Luxembourgish: Geschmaach

>? Old Norse: smekkr (possibly a borrowing)

Icelandic: smekkur

⇒? Gothic: 𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌺𐌺𐌰 (smakka)

→ Proto-Slavic: *smakъ (mainly West Slavic, later borrowed into East Slavic)

From Proto-Indo-European *smeg- (“taste”). Cognate with Lithuanian smagùs (“fun, jolly, pleasant”), Lithuanian smaguris (“a foodie, gourmand”).


mildijaz

mildijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
mildijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
mildijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
mildijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
mildiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
mildijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
mildijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
mildijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
mildijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
mildijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
mildiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
mildijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
mildijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
mildīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
mildijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
mildijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
mildijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
mildijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
mildīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
mildijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
mildijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
mildijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
mildijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
mildijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
mildijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
mildijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
mildijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
mildijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
mildijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
mildijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
mildijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
mildijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
mildijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
mildijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
mildijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
mildijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
mildijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
mildijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
mildijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
mildijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
mildijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
mildijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
mildijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
mildijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
mildīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
mildijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
mildijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
mildijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
mildīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
mildijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
mildīni (dative masculine singular weak)
mildijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
mildijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
mildijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
mildīni (dative neuter singular weak)
mildijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
mildīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
mildijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
mildijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
mildijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
mildīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
mildijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: milde

Middle English: milde

Scots: mild, myld

English: mild

Old Frisian: milde

Saterland Frisian: milde, mild

West Frisian: myld

Old Saxon: mildi

Middle Low German: milde

Low German: milde

desctree

Old Dutch: mildi
Middle Dutch: milde
Dutch: mild

Old High German: milti

Middle High German: milte, milde

German: milde, mild

Luxembourgish: mëll

Vilamovian: myłd

Old Norse: mildr

Icelandic: mildur

Norwegian: mild

Old Swedish: milder

Swedish: mild

Old Danish:

Danish: mild

desc

𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌰𐌸𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌰𐌸𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 (friaþwamildeis), 𐌿𐌽𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 (unmildeis)

From Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“to beat, pound, grind, mill”). Cognate with Latin mollis (“soft, gentle”).


twinaz

From Proto-Indo-European *dwino- (“twin”), from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ (“two”). Cognate with Lithuanian dvynys (“twin”), Russian дво́йня (dvójnja, “twin”).


twinaz

twinaz (nominative singular)
twinōz (nominative plural)
twinōs (nominative plural)
twin (singular vocative)
twinōz (plural vocative)
twinōs (plural vocative)
twiną (accusative singular)
twinanz (accusative plural)
twinas (genitive singular)
twinis (genitive singular)
twinǫ̂ (genitive plural)
twinai (dative singular)
twinamaz (dative plural)
twinō (instrumental singular)
twinamiz (instrumental plural)

⇒ Old English: twin, twinn, tƿin

Middle English: twinne, twynne

Scots: twin, twyn

English: twin

⇒ Old English: *twinling

Middle English: twynlynge

English: twinling

⇒ Old English: ġetwin, ġetwinn, ġetƿin (< *twinjaz)

Old Frisian: twina, twine

⇒ Old Frisian: *twinling, *twilling

Saterland Frisian: Twilling

West Frisian: twilling

→ English: twinling

⇒ Old Saxon: *twenling

Middle Low German: twēlink

(German Low German: Twennel)

⇒ Old Dutch: *twinling

desc

Middle Dutch: twiling, twilling, tweiling, tweilinc, tweelinc

Dutch: tweeling

Old High German: zwinal, zwenel

⇒ Old High German: zwiniling

Middle High German: zwineling, zwinling, zwillinc

German: Zwilling

Old Norse: tvinnr, tvennr (< *twinjaz)

Icelandic: tvennur

⇒ Icelandic: tvenna

Faroese: tvinnur

Norwegian Nynorsk: tvenn, tvinn

⇒ Old Norse: tvinnir (plural), tvennir (plural)

Icelandic: tvennir

Faroese: tvennir

Norwegian Nynorsk: tvenne

Old Swedish: tvænne

Swedish: tvenne

Old Danish: twænnæ, twinnæ

Danish: tvende

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tvenne, tvende

⇒ Old Norse: *tvinlingr

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: tvilling

Norwegian Nynorsk: tvilling

Old Swedish: tvinlinger

Swedish: tvilling

Old Danish: tvinling

Danish: tvilling


irzijaz

irzijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
irzijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
irzijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
irzijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
irziją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
irzijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
irzijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
irzijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
irzijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
irzijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
irziją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
irzijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
irzijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
irzīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
irzijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
irzijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
irzijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
irzijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
irzīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
irzijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
irzijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
irzijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
irzijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
irzijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
irzijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
irzijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
irzijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
irzijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
irzijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
irzijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
irzijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
irzijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
irzijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
irzijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
irzijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
irzijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
irzijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
irzijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
irzijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
irzijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
irzijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
irzijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
irzijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
irzijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
irzīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
irzijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
irzijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
irzijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
irzīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
irzijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
irzīni (dative masculine singular weak)
irzijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
irzijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
irzijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
irzīni (dative neuter singular weak)
irzijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
irzīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
irzijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
irzijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
irzijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
irzīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
irzijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *irʀī
Old English: eorre, ierre, yrre
Middle English: eorre, erre, irre
Old Frisian: irre, īre
Saterland Frisian: íer
Old Saxon: *erri, irri
Middle Low German: erre, irre
Old Dutch: *erri, *irri
Middle Dutch: erre, irre, arre
Dutch: ar
Old High German: *erri, irri
Middle High German: ërre, irre
German: irre

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌶𐌴𐌹𐍃 (airzeis)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ers-. Cognate with Latin errō (“to wander, roam, stray, lose one's way”), Lithuanian įširsti (“to become angry, fly into passion”), Lithuanian aršùs (“fierce”).


brōks

brōks (nominative singular)
brōkiz (nominative plural)
brōk (singular vocative)
brōkiz (plural vocative)
brōkų (accusative singular)
brōkunz (accusative plural)
brōkiz (genitive singular)
brōkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brōki (dative singular)
brōkumaz (dative plural)
brōkē (instrumental singular)
brōkumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *brōk
Old English: brōc
Middle English: brek, breke, brech, breche, breech
English: breech, breeches, britches
→ Irish: bríste
→ Welsh: britis
Scots: breke, breik, breek, britchin
→ Scottish Gaelic: briogais
Old Frisian: brōk
Saterland Frisian: Breek
West Frisian: broek
Old Saxon: brōk
Middle Low German: brôk
Low German: Brook
Old Dutch: *bruoc
Middle Dutch: broec
Dutch: broek
Old High German: pruoh, bruoh, bruohha
Middle High German: bruoch
Alemannic German: Bruech
German: Bruch (obsolete)

Old Norse: brók
Icelandic: brók
Faroese: brók
Norwegian Nynorsk: brok
Old Swedish: brōk
Swedish: brok
Danish: brog
→ Old Irish: bróc
Irish: bróg
Scottish Gaelic: bròg
Manx: braag

→ Transalpine Gaulish: *brāca

→ Latin: brāca (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *rook'ëh

Finnish: ruoke

From earlier *brāks, from Pre-Germanic *bʰrāg-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreg- (“to break, crack, split”). Cognate with Latin frangō.


mihstaz

mihstaz (nominative singular)
mihstōz (nominative plural)
mihstōs (nominative plural)
mihst (singular vocative)
mihstōz (plural vocative)
mihstōs (plural vocative)
mihstą (accusative singular)
mihstanz (accusative plural)
mihstas (genitive singular)
mihstis (genitive singular)
mihstǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mihstai (dative singular)
mihstamaz (dative plural)
mihstō (instrumental singular)
mihstamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mist

Old English: mist

Middle English: mist

English: mist

→ Norwegian Bokmål: mist

Scots: mist

Old Frisian: *mist

West Frisian: mist

Old Saxon: *mist

Middle Low German: mist

German Low German: Mist

Old Dutch: *mist

Middle Dutch: mist, mest

Dutch: mist

Old Norse: mistr

Icelandic: mistur

>? Norn: most

Swedish: mist

Danish: mist

From *mig- (“light rain, drizzle”), from Proto-Indo-European *migʰ-, *migʰ-lo- (“drizzle, fog”), from Proto-Indo-European *meygʰ-, *h₃meygʰ- (“to flicker, blink, be dark; cloud, mist”). Cognate with Lithuanian miglà (“fog”), Russian мгла (mgla, “fog, haze”).


bragz

bragz (nominative singular)
bragiz (nominative plural)
brag (singular vocative)
bragiz (plural vocative)
bragų (accusative singular)
bragunz (accusative plural)
bragiz (genitive singular)
bragǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bragi (dative singular)
bragumaz (dative plural)
bragē (instrumental singular)
bragumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bregu, brego, breogo

Old Norse: bragr; bragi, Bragi, bragnar

Icelandic: bragur

Faroese: bragg n (“bragging”)

⇒ Faroese: bragga (“to brag”)

Norwegian: brag

→ Middle English: brag

⇒ Middle English: braggen

English: brag

Scots: bragge, braig

→⇒ Old French: braguer

Middle French: braguer

Uncertain. Hypotheses include:
* From *breh- (“to flash, move quickly”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreḱ-, *bʰreǵ- (“to shine, shimmer”).
* Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *mrekʷ- or *mregʷ- (“to shimmer”). If so, then cognate with Lithuanian mirkčioti (“to blink, flicker, wink, twinkle, shimmer, sparkle”), Russian морга́ть (morgátʹ, “to blink, wink”).

cog

One who is first or foremost, a premier, chief, leader, prince


bregdaną

bregdō (active first-person indicative singular)
bregdaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bregdai (first-person indicative passive singular)
brigdizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bregdaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bregd (active imperative second-person singular)
bregdazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bregdaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brigdidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bregdai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bregdadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bregdadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bregdaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bregdōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bregdaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bregdadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bregdaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bregdadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bregdamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bregdaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bregdandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bregdaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brigdid (active indicative plural second-person)
bregdaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brigdid (active imperative plural second-person)
bregdandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bregdaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bregdandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bregdain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bregdandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bregdandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bregdaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bragd (active first-person indicative singular)
brugdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brahst (active indicative second-person singular)
brugdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bragd (active indicative singular third-person)
brugdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brugdū (active dual first-person indicative)
brugdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brugdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brugdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brugdum (active first-person indicative plural)
brugdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brugdud (active indicative plural second-person)
brugdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brugdun (active indicative plural third-person)
brugdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bregdandz (active participle present)
brugdanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bregdan
Old English: breġdan, brēdan
Middle English: breiden, breden
English: braid
Scots: breed, brade, braid, bray
Old Frisian: breida, brēda, brīda
North Frisian: brüjen
Saterland Frisian: braidje
West Frisian: breidzje
Old Saxon: bregdan
Middle Low German: breiden
Low German: breien, breiden
Old Dutch: *bregdan
Middle Dutch: breiden
Dutch: breien
Afrikaans: brei
Old High German: brettan
Middle High German: brëtten
German: bretten (obsolete)

Old Norse: bregða

Icelandic: bregða

Faroese: bregða

Old Swedish: breghþa

Danish: brejde, bebrejde

→ Scots: bregd, breg; braith, brath

From *breh- (“to flash, move quickly”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrēḱ-, *bʰrēǵ- (“to shine, shimmer”).
An alternative etymology derives *breh- from Proto-Indo-European *mrekʷ-, *merǝkʷ-, *merǝgʷ- (“to shimmer”). If so, then cognate with Lithuanian mirkčioti (“to blink, flicker, wink, twinkle, shimmer, sparkle”), Russian морга́ть (morgátʹ, “to blink, wink”).

cog

to flicker, flutter, jerk, tug (on), twitch, flinch, move, swing


aibraz

*aibraz (a-stem)

aibraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
aibrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
aibrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
aibrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
aibrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
aibrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
aibranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
aibranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
aibrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
aibrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
aibrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
aibrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
aibras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
aibraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
aibraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
aibraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
aibras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
aibraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
aibrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
aibraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
aibraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
aibraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
aibrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
aibraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
aibranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
aibraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
aibraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
aibraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
aibranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
aibraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
aibrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
aibraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
aibrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
aibrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
aibrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
aibrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
aibranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
aibranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
aibrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
aibrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
aibrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
aibrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
aibriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
aibranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
aibrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
aibrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
aibriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
aibranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
aibrini (dative masculine singular weak)
aibrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
aibrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
aibrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
aibrini (dative neuter singular weak)
aibrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
aibrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
aibrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
aibrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
aibrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
aibrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
aibrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *aibr

Old English: ābor, āfor

Old Frisian:

→ Dutch: aver

desc

Old High German: eibar, eivar, eifar, aipar, eipar, eiber, eiver, eifir

Old Norse: æfr (possibly also from *abraz)

Icelandic: æfur

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍂𐍃 (aifrs)

→ Old Occitan: affre

→ Middle French: affre

French: affres

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eybʰros (“sharp, severe, astringent”). Cognate with dialectal Lithuanian aibrùmas (“waters in the mouth”).


abraz

*abraz (a-stem)

abraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
abrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
abrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
abrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
abrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
abrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
abranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
abranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
abrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
abrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
abrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
abrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
abras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
abraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
abraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
abraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
abras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
abraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
abrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
abraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
abraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
abraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
abrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
abraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
abranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
abraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
abraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
abraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
abranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
abraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
abrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
abraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
abrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
abrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
abrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
abrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
abranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
abranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
abrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
abrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
abrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
abrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
abriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
abranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
abrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
abrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
abriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
abranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
abrini (dative masculine singular weak)
abrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
abrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
abrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
abrini (dative neuter singular weak)
abrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
abrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
abrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
abrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
abrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
abrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
abrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: afar (in compounds); æfr (possibly also from *aibraz)

Icelandic: afar

Gothic: 𐌰𐌱𐍂𐍃 (abrs)

From Pre-Germanic *h₃(e)prós, equivalent to the lost strong verb *afaną + *-raz.

strong, severe, exceeding, immense, great, huge, terrible


hulþaz

*hulþaz (a-stem)

hulþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hulþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hulþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hulþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hulþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hulþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hulþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hulþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hulþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hulþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hulþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hulþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hulþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hulþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hulþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hulþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hulþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hulþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hulþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hulþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hulþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hulþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hulþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hulþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hulþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hulþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hulþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hulþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hulþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hulþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hulþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hulþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hulþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hulþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hulþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hulþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hulþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hulþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hulþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hulþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hulþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hulþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hulþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hulþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hulþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hulþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hulþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hulþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hulþini (dative masculine singular weak)
hulþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hulþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hulþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hulþini (dative neuter singular weak)
hulþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hulþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hulþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hulþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hulþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hulþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hulþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: hold

Middle English: hold, holde

English: hold

Old Frisian: hold, houd

Saterland Frisian: hold

Old Saxon: hold

Middle Low German: hold, hōlt, hult

Old Dutch: hold

Middle Dutch: holt, hout

Dutch: hou

Old High German: hold

Middle High German: holt

German: hold

Yiddish: האָלט האָבן (holt hobn)

Old Norse: hollr

Icelandic: hollur

Faroese: hollur

Norwegian Nynorsk: holl

Old Swedish: hulder, holder

Swedish: hull (obsolete), huld

Danish: huld

Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌸𐍃 (hulþs)

From Proto-Indo-European *kelH-, *ḱel- (“to tend, lean, incline, bend, tip”). Cognate with Latin auscultō (“incline one's ear, listen, listen in, heed”).


waldaną

waldō (active first-person indicative singular)
waldaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waldai (first-person indicative passive singular)
waldizi (active indicative second-person singular)
waldaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wald (active imperative second-person singular)
waldazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
waldaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
waldidi (active indicative singular third-person)
waldai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waldadau (active imperative singular third-person)
waldadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
waldaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
waldōz (active dual first-person indicative)
waldaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waldadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waldaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waldadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
waldamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
waldaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waldandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
waldaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
waldid (active indicative plural second-person)
waldaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waldid (active imperative plural second-person)
waldandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
waldaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
waldandi (active indicative plural third-person)
waldain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waldandau (active imperative plural third-person)
waldandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
waldaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wewald (active first-person indicative singular)
wewaldį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wewalst (active indicative second-person singular)
wewaldīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wewald (active indicative singular third-person)
wewaldī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wewaldū (active dual first-person indicative)
wewaldīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wewaldudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wewaldīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wewaldum (active first-person indicative plural)
wewaldīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wewaldud (active indicative plural second-person)
wewaldīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wewaldun (active indicative plural third-person)
wewaldīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waldandz (active participle present)
waldanaz (active participle past subjunctive)
wulþǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wulþēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wulþēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wulþēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wulþē (active indicative singular third-person)
wulþēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wulþēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wulþēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wulþēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wulþēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wulþēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wulþēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wulþēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wulþēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wulþēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wulþēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wulþaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *waldan
Old English: wealdan
Middle English: welden, weld, welde, weldon, wielde, wild, wilde, wold, wolde, wolden, weld, welde; weild, weilde, veild (northwest Midlands); weild, weilde, veild, wald, walde (Northern); walden, wælden (early southwest Midlands); wald, walde, wealde, wealden, uelden (Early Middle English)
English: wield, English: wald
Scots: wield, Scots: wald
Old Frisian: walda (weak verb)
Old Saxon: waldan
Middle Low German: wolden
Low German: wolden
Old Dutch: waldan
⇒ Middle Dutch: gewouden (strong verb)
Old High German: waltan
Middle High German: walten, walden
German: walten (weak verb)
→ Danish: valte

Old Norse: valda
Icelandic: valda
Faroese: valda
Norwegian: valda
Elfdalian: uolda
Old Swedish: valda, valla, volda
Swedish: vålla
Old Danish: waldæ
Danish: volde
Old Gutnish: walda
Gutnish: valde

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽 (waldan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *valdit'ak (see there for further descendants)

Kroonen supposes a back-formation from the preterite *wulþǭ (compare Old Norse past olla), which continues an extended aorist root, Pre-Proto-Germanic *h₂wl̥h₁-t-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁- (“to rule, be strong”).
LIV² posits a *-dʰ-present *wélH-dʰe-ti to the root (there reconstructed as Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to be strong, hold sway”)), from which a Pre-Proto-Germanic iterative *we-wólH-dʰe-ti was derived, in which case it is close cognate to Lithuanian veldėti (“to inherit, possess, govern”) and Old Church Slavonic власти (vlasti, “to rule”).

cog

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


balþijaną

balþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
balþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
balþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
balþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
balþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
balþī (active imperative second-person singular)
balþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
balþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
balþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
balþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
balþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
balþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
balþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
balþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
balþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
balþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
balþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
balþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
balþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
balþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
balþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
balþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
balþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
balþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
balþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
balþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
balþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
balþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
balþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
balþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
balþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
balþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
balþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
balþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
balþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
balþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
balþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
balþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
balþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
balþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
balþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
balþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
balþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
balþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
balþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
balþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
balþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
balþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
balþijandz (active participle present)
balþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *balþijan
Old English: bieldan, byldan, bildan
Middle English: bēlden, beelden
Scots: belde, beild, bield
English: bield
Old Saxon: beldian
Old High German: belden
Middle High German: belden, balden

Old Norse: bella

Elfdalian: bella

Icelandic: bella

Norwegian Nynorsk: belle

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (balþjan)


baþōną

baþō (active first-person indicative singular)
baþǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
baþōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
baþōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
baþōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baþō (active imperative second-person singular)
baþōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
baþōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
baþōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
baþō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
baþōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
baþōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
baþōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
baþōs (active dual first-person indicative)
baþōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
baþōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
baþōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
baþōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
baþōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
baþōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
baþōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
baþōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
baþōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
baþōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
baþōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
baþōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
baþōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
baþōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
baþōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
baþōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
baþōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
baþōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
baþōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
baþōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
baþōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
baþōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baþōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
baþōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
baþōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
baþōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
baþōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
baþōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
baþōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
baþōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
baþōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
baþōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
baþōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
baþōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
baþōndz (active participle present)
baþōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *baþōn
Old English: baþian, baðian — edh spelling
Middle English: bathen, baathe, bathe, bathien, baþen, baþie, baþiȝe; baðien, beaðien (Early Middle English)
English: bathe
Scots: bathe, baith, bauthe
Old Frisian: *bathia
Saterland Frisian: boadje
West Frisian: baaie
Old Saxon: *bathōn
Middle Low German: bāden
German Low German: baden
Plautdietsch: boden
Old Dutch: bathon
Middle Dutch: bāden
Dutch: baden
Limburgish: bejje
Old High German: badōn
Middle High German: baden
Central Franconian: bade, boade
Hunsrik: baade
Luxembourgish: bueden
German: baden
Yiddish: באָדן (bodn)

Old Norse: baða; (baðask, baðast, mediopassive)

Icelandic: baða

Faroese: baða

Norwegian: bade

Old Swedish: badha, bada, baþa
Swedish: bada

Danish: bade

Gutnish: bade

→ English: bask

/ˈbɑ.θɔː.nɑ̃/


budōną

budō (active first-person indicative singular)
budǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
budōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
budōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
budōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
budō (active imperative second-person singular)
budōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
budōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
budōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
budō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
budōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
budōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
budōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
budōs (active dual first-person indicative)
budōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
budōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
budōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
budōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
budōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
budōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
budōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
budōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
budōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
budōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
budōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
budōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
budōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
budōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
budōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
budōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
budōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
budōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
budōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
budōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
budōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
budōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
budōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
budōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
budōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
budōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
budōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
budōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
budōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
budōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
budōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
budōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
budōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
budōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
budōndz (active participle present)
budōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bodōn
Old English: bodian
Middle English: bōdien, boden
Scots: bode, bod
English: bode
Old Frisian: bodia
Old Saxon: *bodōn
Middle Low German: bōden
Old Dutch: *bodon
Middle Dutch: bōden
Dutch: boden (dialectal)
Old High German: *botōn
Middle High German: boten, poten
⇒ Old High German: forabotōn
⇒ Old High German: inbotōn

Old Norse: boða

Icelandic: boða

Faroese: boða

Old Swedish: buþa, bodha

Swedish: båda

Norwegian Nynorsk: bode

From *budą (“message”) + *-ōną or *budô (“messenger”) + *-ōną.


blōþijaną

blōþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
blōþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blōþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blōþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
blōþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blōþī (active imperative second-person singular)
blōþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blōþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blōþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
blōþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blōþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
blōþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blōþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blōþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
blōþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blōþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blōþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blōþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blōþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blōþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blōþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blōþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blōþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
blōþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blōþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
blōþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blōþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blōþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
blōþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blōþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
blōþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blōþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
blōþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
blōþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blōþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
blōþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blōþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
blōþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blōþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
blōþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blōþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blōþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blōþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
blōþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blōþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
blōþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blōþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
blōþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blōþijandz (active participle present)
blōþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *blōdijan
Old English: blœ̄dan, blēdan
Middle English: bleden
Scots: blede, bleid
English: bleed
Old Frisian: blēda
North Frisian: blädje
Saterland Frisian: bläide
West Frisian: bliede
Old Saxon: *blōdian
Middle Low German: blṏden
German Low German: bloden, blöden
Low German: blöden
Old Dutch: *bluoden
Middle Dutch: bloeden
Dutch: bloeden
Old High German: bluoten; bluotēn (weak 3)
Middle High German: bluoten
Bavarian: bliatn
German: bluten
Luxembourgish: bludden

Old Norse: blǿða, blœða
Icelandic: blæða
Faroese: bløða
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: blø
Norwegian Nynorsk: blø, bløde, bløda
Old Swedish: blø̄þa
Swedish: blöda
Old Danish:
Danish: bløde


sundrōną

sundrō (active first-person indicative singular)
sundrǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sundrōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
sundrōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sundrōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sundrō (active imperative second-person singular)
sundrōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sundrōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sundrōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sundrō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sundrōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sundrōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sundrōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sundrōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sundrōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sundrōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sundrōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sundrōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sundrōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sundrōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sundrōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sundrōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sundrōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sundrōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sundrōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sundrōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sundrōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sundrōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sundrōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sundrōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sundrōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sundrōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sundrōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sundrōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sundrōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sundrōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sundrōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sundrōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sundrōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sundrōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sundrōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sundrōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sundrōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sundrōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sundrōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sundrōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sundrōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sundrōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sundrōndz (active participle present)
sundrōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sundrōn
Old English: sundrian
Middle English: sundren
English: sunder
Scots: sunder, sinder
Old Frisian: *sundria
Saterland Frisian: sunnerje
West Frisian: sûnderje
Old Saxon: *sundrōn
Middle Low German: sunderen, sönderen, sünderen (merged with descendant of Proto-Germanic *sundrijaną)
German Low German: sünnern
Plautdietsch: sondren
Old Dutch: *sundron
Middle Dutch: sonderen
Dutch: zonderen
Old High German: suntarōn
Middle High German: sundern
German: sondern

Old Norse: sundra

Icelandic: sundra

From *sundraz (“separate, isolated, alone”) + *-ōną.


wrēþuz

wrēþuz (nominative singular)
wrēþiwiz (nominative plural)
wrēþu (singular vocative)
wrēþiwiz (plural vocative)
wrēþų (accusative singular)
wrēþunz (accusative plural)
wrēþauz (genitive singular)
wrēþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wrēþiwi (dative singular)
wrēþumaz (dative plural)
wrēþū (instrumental singular)
wrēþumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wrǣþ, wrǣd

Old Norse: *vráðr; (>*vráði, ráði)

Old Danish: vrāth

Gothic: 𐍅𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 (wriþus)

From Proto-Indo-European *wrēto- (“multitude, crowd, troop, company”), from Proto-Indo-European *wer-, *wrē- (“to string, put in a row”). Cognate with Sanskrit व्रात (vrā́ta, “crowd, troop, company”).


sundraz

*sundraz (a-stem)

sundraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sundrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sundrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sundrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sundrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sundrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sundranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sundranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sundrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sundrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sundrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sundrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sundras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sundraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sundraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sundraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sundras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sundraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sundrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sundraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sundraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sundraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sundrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sundraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sundranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sundraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sundraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sundraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sundranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sundraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sundrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sundraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sundrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sundrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sundrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sundrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sundranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sundranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sundrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sundrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sundrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sundrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sundriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sundranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sundrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sundrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sundriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sundranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sundrini (dative masculine singular weak)
sundrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sundrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sundrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sundrini (dative neuter singular weak)
sundrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sundrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sundrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sundrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sundrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sundrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sundrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *sundr

desctree

Old English: sundor, sunder, synder
Middle English: sunder
English: sunder
Scots: sinder

Old Frisian: sunder

Saterland Frisian: sunder, sunner

West Frisian: sûnder

Old Saxon: sundar

Middle Low German: sunder, sonder

Old Dutch: sunder

Middle Dutch: sonder
Dutch: zonder
Afrikaans: sonder
Berbice Creole Dutch: sondro
Jersey Dutch: zonder
Negerhollands: sonder, sondu
→ Aukan: sondee
→ Caribbean Javanese: sonder
→ Malay: sonder
→ Indonesian: sonder, zonder
→ Saramaccan: sondò
→ Sranan Tongo: sondro
Limburgish: zónger

Old High German: suntar

Middle High German: sunder

⇒ German: sondern, sonder-

Old Norse: sundr
Icelandic: sundur
Faroese: sundur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sund, sunder
Old Swedish: sunder, synder
Swedish: sönder
Danish: sønder
Norwegian Bokmål: sund, sønder

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 (sundrō)

From Proto-Indo-European *sn̥Htros, from *senH- (“apart, without, for oneself”). Cognate with Sanskrit सनितुर् (sanitúr), Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬭𐬆 (hanar^ə).


twīflaz

twīflaz (nominative singular)
twīflōz (nominative plural)
twīflōs (nominative plural)
twīfl (singular vocative)
twīflōz (plural vocative)
twīflōs (plural vocative)
twīflą (accusative singular)
twīflanz (accusative plural)
twīflas (genitive singular)
twīflis (genitive singular)
twīflǫ̂ (genitive plural)
twīflai (dative singular)
twīflamaz (dative plural)
twīflō (instrumental singular)
twīflamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *twīfl
Old Frisian: twīfil, twīvel
Saterland Frisian: Twieuwel
West Frisian: twivel
Old Saxon: *twīfal
Middle Low German: twīvel, twīfel
→ Danish: tvivl
→ Swedish: tvivel
→ Norwegian Bokmål: tvil
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: tvil
Old Dutch: twīfal
Middle Dutch: twivel, twifel
Dutch: twijfel
Limburgish: twiefel
Old High German: zwīfal
Middle High German: zwīvel
German: Zweifel
Luxembourgish: Zweiwel

q

Gothic: 𐍄𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍆𐌻 ? (tweifl) (accusative singular, lemma form ambiguous: see entry)

From Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ (“two”). Identical with Ancient Greek διπλόος (diplóos, “double”) and Latin duplus.


bōtō

bōtō (nominative singular)
bōtôz (nominative plural)
bōtō (singular vocative)
bōtôz (plural vocative)
bōtǭ (accusative singular)
bōtōz (accusative plural)
bōtōz (genitive singular)
bōtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bōtōi (dative singular)
bōtōmaz (dative plural)
bōtō (instrumental singular)
bōtōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bōtu
Old English: bōt
Middle English: bot, bote, boote
English: boot
→ English: bote
Scots: bute, buit
Old Frisian: bōte
Saterland Frisian: Boate
West Frisian: boete
Old Saxon: bōta
Middle Low German: bote, bôte, bute
Low German: Bote
Old Dutch: *buota
Middle Dutch: boete
Dutch: boete
Old High German: buoza, buoz
Middle High German: buoze
German: Buße
Luxembourgish: Bouss

Old Norse: bót

Icelandic: bót

Faroese: bót

Norwegian Nynorsk: bot

Old Swedish: bōt

Swedish: bot

Danish: bod

Norwegian Bokmål: bot

Gothic: 𐌱𐍉𐍄𐌰 (bōta)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰed-, *bʰeHd- (“good”).


batāną

batō (active first-person indicative singular)
bataisi (active indicative second-person singular)
batai (active imperative second-person singular)
batāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bataiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
batāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
batāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
batōs (active dual first-person indicative)
batāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
batāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
batāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
batānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bataiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bataiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
batānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
batānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
batānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
batānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
batadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
batadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
batadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
batadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
batadē (active indicative singular third-person)
batadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
batadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
batadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
batadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
batadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
batadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
batadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
batadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
batadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
batadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
batadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
batāndz (active participle present)
batadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *batēn
Old English: batian
Middle English: *baten
Scots: bat
⇒ Middle English: batful, badful
English: batful
⇒ Old English: *batol
Middle English: *batel
English: batell, battle
Scots: baittle, bettle
Old Frisian: batia
Saterland Frisian: baatje
West Frisian: bate, baatsje
Old Saxon: *batōn
Middle Low German: baten
Low German: batten
→ Danish: batte, både
→ Swedish: båta
Old Dutch: *batēn, *batōn
Middle Dutch: baten
Dutch: baten
Old High German: bazzēn


fatą

fatą (nominative singular)
fatō (nominative plural)
fatą (singular vocative)
fatō (plural vocative)
fatą (accusative singular)
fatō (accusative plural)
fatas (genitive singular)
fatis (genitive singular)
fatǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fatai (dative singular)
fatamaz (dative plural)
fatō (instrumental singular)
fatamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fat
Old English: fæt
Middle English: fat, fet, vat, vet
Scots: fat, vat, vautt
English: fat, vat
Old Frisian: fet
Saterland Frisian: Fät
West Frisian: fet
Old Saxon: fat
Middle Low German: vat
German Low German: Fatt
Low German: Vat
Old Dutch: fat, vat
Middle Dutch: vat
Dutch: vat, vaat
Old High German: faz
Middle High German: vaz, vas
Cimbrian: vass, bass (Mezzaselva)
German: Fass
Luxembourgish: Faass

Old Norse: fat

Icelandic: fat

Faroese: fat

Norwegian Bokmål: fat

Norwegian Nynorsk: fat

Old Swedish: fat

Swedish: fat

Danish: fad

From Proto-Indo-European *pod- (“vessel, container”). Cognate with Lithuanian púodas (“pot, saucepan”).


salą

salą (nominative singular)
salō (nominative plural)
salą (singular vocative)
salō (plural vocative)
salą (accusative singular)
salō (accusative plural)
salas (genitive singular)
salis (genitive singular)
salǫ̂ (genitive plural)
salai (dative singular)
salamaz (dative plural)
salō (instrumental singular)
salamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sæl

Middle English: sal, sale

English: sale

Old Frisian: *sal, *sel (in compounds)

Saterland Frisian: Soal

West Frisian: seal

Old Saxon: *sal

Middle Low German: sel (n)

Old High German: sal (n)

Middle High German: sal (n)

→ Italian: sala (alternatively < *saliz)

→ Portuguese: sala (alternatively < *saliz)

→ Spanish: sala (alternatively < *saliz)

Suevic / Gothic: *sala

→ Portuguese: Sá

→ Galician: Sa, Saa (place names)

From Proto-Indo-European *sel- (“human settlement, village, dwelling”). Cognate with Old Church Slavonic село (selo, “courtyard, village”), Lithuanian sala (“village”).


hradjaną

hradjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hradjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hradjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hradisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hradjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hradi (active imperative second-person singular)
hradjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hradjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hradiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hradjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hradjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hradjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hradjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hradjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hradjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hradjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hradjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hradjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hradjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hradjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hradjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hradjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hradiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hradjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hradiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hradjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hradjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hradjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hradjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hradjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hradjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hradjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hradidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hradidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hradidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hradidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hradidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hradidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hradidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hradidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hradidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hradidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hradidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hradidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hradidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hradidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hradidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hradidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hradjandz (active participle present)
hradidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hraddjan
Old English: hreddan
Middle English: redden, redde; reddenn (Ormulum)
English: redd, red; rid
Scots: redd, red
Old Frisian: hredda, reda
Saterland Frisian: rädje
West Frisian: rêde
Old Saxon: *hreddian
Middle Low German: redden
Low German: redden
→ Danish: redde
→ Icelandic: redda
→ Swedish: rädda
→ Norwegian: redde
Old Dutch: *redden
Middle Dutch: redden
Dutch: redden
Afrikaans: red
Old High German: retten
Middle High German: retten
German: retten
Luxembourgish: retten

From Proto-Indo-European *kret- (“to shake, jostle”). Equivalent to *hradaz (“fast”) + *-janą.

der

(West Germanic) to loosen; set free; deliver; rescue; save


bukkô

bukkô (nominative singular)
bukkaniz (nominative plural)
bukkô (singular vocative)
bukkaniz (plural vocative)
bukkanų (accusative singular)
bukkanunz (accusative plural)
bukkiniz (genitive singular)
bukkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bukkini (dative singular)
bukkammaz (dative plural)
bukkinē (instrumental singular)
bukkammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bukkō

desctree

Old English: bucca
Middle English: bukke, bucke, buk, bocke, bucce, boke, buc
English: buck
Scots: buk, buke, buik
Yola: buch

Old Norse: bokki

Icelandic: bokki

Norwegian Nynorsk: bokke


hallō

hallō (nominative singular)
hallôz (nominative plural)
hallō (singular vocative)
hallôz (plural vocative)
hallǭ (accusative singular)
hallōz (accusative plural)
hallōz (genitive singular)
hallǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hallōi (dative singular)
hallōmaz (dative plural)
hallō (instrumental singular)
hallōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hallu
Old English: heall
Middle English: halle, hall, hal, hale, alle, hawle, haule
English: hall (see there for further descendants)
Scots: haw
Yola: haul
Old Frisian: *hall, *hell
Saterland Frisian: Halle
West Frisian: hille
Old Saxon: halla
Middle Low German: halle
German Low German: Hall
Low German: Hall
Old Dutch: *halla
Middle Dutch: halle
Dutch: hal
Old High German: halla
Middle High German: halle
German: Halle
Luxembourgish: Hal
→ Italian: alla
→ Medieval Latin: halla (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᛚᚢ (*halu)

Old Norse: hǫll
Icelandic: höll
Faroese: høll
Norwegian Bokmål: hall
Norwegian Nynorsk: hall
Old Swedish: hal
Swedish: hall
Danish: hal

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱolnó-, *ḱelnó- (“room”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱol-, *ḱel- (“to hide, cover, conceal, protect”). Cognate with Latin cella (“room, cell”), Sanskrit शाला (śā́lā, “house, mansion, hall”).


saliz

saliz (nominative singular)
salīz (nominative plural)
sali (singular vocative)
salīz (plural vocative)
salį (accusative singular)
salinz (accusative plural)
salīz (genitive singular)
saljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
salī (dative singular)
salimaz (dative plural)
salī (instrumental singular)
salimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sali, *salr (z-stem)
Old English: sele; salor (< *salr)
Middle English: sele; sal, sale, *saler
Scots: salur, saller, sellar
Old Frisian: *sele
Saterland Frisian: Selscop, Sälskup
West Frisian: seale
Old Saxon: seli, *sali
Middle Low German: sel, sal, sāl
German Low German: Saal
Old Dutch: *sali, *seli
Middle Dutch: sāle, sāel
Dutch: zaal
Afrikaans: saal
Old High German: sali
Middle High German: sal
German: Saal
→ Russian: зал (zal)
Hunsrik: Saal
Luxembourgish: Sall
→ Asturian: sala
→ Catalan: sala
→ Italian: sala, ⇒ salone
→ Middle French: salon
French: salon
→ English: salon, saloon
→ Dutch: saloon
→ Dutch: salon
→ Galician: saa, sáa
→ Occitan: sala
→ Portuguese: sala
→ Spanish: sala
→ Old French: sale
Middle French: salle
French: salle

Proto-Norse: *ᛊᚨᛚᛁᛉ (*saliʀ)

Old Norse: salr
Icelandic: salur
Faroese: salur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sal
Old Swedish: sal
Swedish: sal
Danish: sal
Norwegian Bokmål: sal

Gothic: *𐍃𐌰𐌻𐍃 (*sals) (in derivatives)

→ Finnish: sali

From Proto-Indo-European *sol-, *sel- (“human settlement, village, dwelling”). Cognate with Old Church Slavonic село (selo, “courtyard, village”), Lithuanian sala (“village”).


hungruz

hungruz (nominative singular)
hungriwiz (nominative plural)
hungru (singular vocative)
hungriwiz (plural vocative)
hungrų (accusative singular)
hungrunz (accusative plural)
hungrauz (genitive singular)
hungriwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hungriwi (dative singular)
hungrumaz (dative plural)
hungrū (instrumental singular)
hungrumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hungr
Old English: hungor
Middle English: hunger, hunngerr, hungor, hungær; hunguer, honguer, honger, hungre, hongre, hungere, hongur, hounger, hounguer, hungir, hungyr, hungur
English: hunger
Scots: hounger, hunger
Old Frisian: hunger
West Frisian: honger, hûnger
⇒ Saterland Frisian: Geehunger
Old Saxon: hungar
Middle Low German: hunger
German Low German: Hunger
Old Dutch: hunger
Middle Dutch: honger
Dutch: honger
Afrikaans: honger
Berbice Creole Dutch: hungru
Skepi Creole Dutch: hunger
→? Sranan Tongo: angri, hangri
→ Saramaccan: hángi, ángi
Limburgish: hónger
Old High German: hungar
Middle High German: hunger
Cimbrian: hungar, hummar (Luserna)
German: Hunger
Luxembourgish: Honger
Yiddish: הונגער (hunger)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: hungr
Icelandic: hungur
Norwegian: hunger
Old Swedish: hunger
Swedish: hunger
Danish: hunger

Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐌷𐍂𐌿𐍃 (hūhrus)

From earlier *hunhruz, from Proto-Indo-European *kank-, *kenk- (“to burn, dry, pain, desire, hunger, thirst”). Cognate with Lithuanian kenkti (“to damage, blight”), Sanskrit काङ्क्षति (kāṅkṣati, “he wishes, desires”).


walaz

walaz (nominative singular)
walōz (nominative plural)
walōs (nominative plural)
wal (singular vocative)
walōz (plural vocative)
walōs (plural vocative)
walą (accusative singular)
walanz (accusative plural)
walas (genitive singular)
walis (genitive singular)
walǫ̂ (genitive plural)
walai (dative singular)
walamaz (dative plural)
walō (instrumental singular)
walamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wal
Old English: wæl n
Middle English: wæl, wal, wel
⇒ Old Saxon: waldād
Old High German: wal m or n
Middle High German: wal m or n
German: Wal (primarily in compounds)

Old Norse: valr; valkyrja; Valhǫll

Icelandic: valur; Valhöll

→ English: Valkyrie; Valhalla, Walhalla

Norwegian: val (in compounds)

Swedish: val (archaic)

Danish: val (primarily in compounds)

From Proto-Indo-European *welh₃- (“to wound; death (in battle); slain (in battle)”). Cognate with Lithuanian vėlė (“ghost”), Czech válka (“war”).


walaz

walaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
walai (masculine nominative plural strong)
walō (feminine nominative singular strong)
walôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
walą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
walō (neuter nominative plural strong)
walanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
walanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
walǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
walōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
walą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
walō (accusative neuter plural strong)
walas (genitive masculine singular strong)
walis (genitive masculine singular strong)
walaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
walaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
walaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
walas (genitive neuter singular strong)
walis (genitive neuter singular strong)
walaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
walammai (dative masculine singular strong)
walaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
walaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
walaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
walammai (dative neuter singular strong)
walaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
walanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
walaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
walaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
walaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
walanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
walaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
walô (masculine nominative singular weak)
walaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
walǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
walōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
walô (neuter nominative singular weak)
walōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
walanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
walanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
walōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
walōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
walô (accusative neuter singular weak)
walōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
waliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
walanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
walōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
walōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
waliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
walanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
walini (dative masculine singular weak)
walammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
walōni (dative feminine singular weak)
walōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
walini (dative neuter singular weak)
walammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
walinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
walammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
walōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
walōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
walinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
walammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: valr

From pre-Germanic *wolhH-os, "turned or turning", from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn, wind”).


bukkaz

bukkaz (nominative singular)
bukkōz (nominative plural)
bukkōs (nominative plural)
bukk (singular vocative)
bukkōz (plural vocative)
bukkōs (plural vocative)
bukką (accusative singular)
bukkanz (accusative plural)
bukkas (genitive singular)
bukkis (genitive singular)
bukkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bukkai (dative singular)
bukkamaz (dative plural)
bukkō (instrumental singular)
bukkamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bukk
Old English: bucc, buc
Middle English: bukke, bucke, buk, bocke, bucce, boke, buc
English: buck
Scots: buk, buke, buik
Yola: buch
Old Frisian: *buk, *bok
Saterland Frisian: Buk
West Frisian: bok
Old Saxon: bukk, buk
Middle Low German: buk, buck, bok
Low German: Buck
Old Dutch: buc
Middle Dutch: boc, buc
Dutch: bok (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: bók
West Flemish: buk
Old High German: buk, buc, bok, boch, poch
Middle High German: boc
German: Bock
Luxembourgish: Bock
⇒ Old High German: steinbok
Middle High German: steinboc
→ Italian: stambecco
→ Dutch: steenbok
Afrikaans: steenbok
→ English: steenbok
→ Old French: estainbouc, boc estaign
Middle French: boucquin, bukestein, boucastain, bouquestain
Middle French: bouquin, bouquetin
French: bouquin, bouquetin
→ English: bouquetin
→ Medieval Latin: buccus (confluence with Gaulish *bukkos) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: bukkr, bokkr
Icelandic: bukkur, bokkur
Faroese: bukkur
Norwegian Nynorsk: bukk; (dialectal) bukk’e
Old Swedish: bukker, bokker
Swedish: bock
→ Finnish: pukki
Danish: buk
Norwegian Bokmål: bukk

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰuǵ-ko-s, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuǵ- (“goat, buck, ram”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *bukkos (“goat”), Old Armenian բուծ (buc, “lamb”), Persian بز (boz, “goat”), Avestan 𐬠𐬏𐬰𐬀 (būza, “ram”), Sanskrit बुख (bukha, “male goat”).


haswaz

*haswaz (a-stem)

haswaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
haswai (masculine nominative plural strong)
haswō (feminine nominative singular strong)
haswôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
haswą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
haswō (neuter nominative plural strong)
haswanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
haswanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
haswǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
haswōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
haswą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
haswō (accusative neuter plural strong)
haswas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
haswaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
haswaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
haswaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
haswas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
haswaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
haswammai (dative masculine singular strong)
haswaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
haswaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
haswaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
haswammai (dative neuter singular strong)
haswaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
haswanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
haswaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
haswaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
haswaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
haswanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
haswaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
haswô (masculine nominative singular weak)
haswaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
haswǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
haswōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
haswô (neuter nominative singular weak)
haswōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
haswanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
haswanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
haswōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
haswōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
haswô (accusative neuter singular weak)
haswōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
haswiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
haswanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
haswōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
haswōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
haswiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
haswanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
haswini (dative masculine singular weak)
haswammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
haswōni (dative feminine singular weak)
haswōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
haswini (dative neuter singular weak)
haswammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
haswinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
haswammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
haswōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
haswōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
haswinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
haswammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hasu, *haswī
Old English: hasu, heasu
⇒ Middle English: haswed
Old Saxon: hasu
Old High German: *haswi
Middle High German: heswe
→ Old French: *hasve, have
Middle French: have
French: hâve

Old Norse: hǫss

Icelandic: höss

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₂s- (“bright grey”). Cognate with Latin caesius (“blue-grey”), Latin cānus (“grey, silvery, hoary”), Latin cascus (“old, ancient”).

der

hasan

Proto-West Germanic: *hasn; Old High German


wiþjǭ

wiþjǭ (nominative singular)
wiþjōniz (nominative plural)
wiþjǭ (singular vocative)
wiþjōniz (plural vocative)
wiþjōnų (accusative singular)
wiþjōnunz (accusative plural)
wiþjōniz (genitive singular)
wiþjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiþjōni (dative singular)
wiþjōmaz (dative plural)
wiþjōnē (instrumental singular)
wiþjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wiþþjā

Old English: wiþþe

Middle English: withthe, witthe, wythth

Scots: widdy, widdie, weddy, wethy

English: withy; (withe, with)

Old Frisian: withthe

West Frisian: witte

Old Saxon: *withthia

Middle Low German: wedde

Old Dutch: *withtha

Middle Dutch: wisse

Dutch: wisse

Old High German: witta

⇒ Middle High German: witten (verb)

Old Norse: viðja

Danish: vidje

Faroese: viðja

Icelandic: viðja

Norwegian: vidje

Old Swedish: viþia

Swedish: vidja

→ Finnish: vitja

→ Proto-Finnic: *vicca (see there for further descendants)


wiþiz

wiþiz (nominative singular)
wiþīz (nominative plural)
wiþi (singular vocative)
wiþīz (plural vocative)
wiþį (accusative singular)
wiþinz (accusative plural)
wiþīz (genitive singular)
wiþjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiþī (dative singular)
wiþimaz (dative plural)
wiþī (instrumental singular)
wiþimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wiþe (in compounds)

Middle English: withe, wythe, with

English: with, withe

Old Saxon: *with, *witha

Middle Low German: wede

Old High German: wid

Middle High German: wid

German: Weid

Old Norse: við

Icelandic: við

From Pre-Germanic *witís, generalised from the oblique stem of Proto-Indo-European *wéh₁itis.


mailą

mailą (nominative singular)
mailō (nominative plural)
mailą (singular vocative)
mailō (plural vocative)
mailą (accusative singular)
mailō (accusative plural)
mailas (genitive singular)
mailis (genitive singular)
mailǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mailai (dative singular)
mailamaz (dative plural)
mailō (instrumental singular)
mailamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mail

Old English: māl

Middle English: mal, mole, mool

English: mole

Scots: mail, mold

Old Frisian: *māl

Saterland Frisian: Moal

Old Saxon: *mēl

Middle Low German: *mêl, meil

Old High German: meil; meila

Middle High German: meil; meile

German: Meil

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌻 (mail)

From Proto-Indo-European *mel-, *melw- (“dark, dirty; to soil”), from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to soil”). Cognate with Lithuanian miẽles (“yeast, barm, leaven”).


dīkiją

dīkiją (nominative singular)
dīkijō (nominative plural)
dīkiją (singular vocative)
dīkijō (plural vocative)
dīkiją (accusative singular)
dīkijō (accusative plural)
dīkijas (genitive singular)
dīkīs (genitive singular)
dīkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dīkijai (dative singular)
dīkijamaz (dative plural)
dīkijō (instrumental singular)
dīkijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: díki; (dík?)

Icelandic: díki; (dík?)

Norwegian: dike

Old Swedish: dīke

Swedish: dike

Danish: dige

Elfdalian: daitje

→ Old French: dike

Norman: dic(k), dic(q) (in place-names)

Middle French: digue (also possibly from Middle Dutch)

French: digue

→ English: digue

→? Middle English: dik, dike


stainagaz

*stainagaz (a-stem)

stainagaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
stainagai (masculine nominative plural strong)
stainagō (feminine nominative singular strong)
stainagôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
stainagą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
stainagō (neuter nominative plural strong)
stainaganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
stainaganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
stainagǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
stainagōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
stainagą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
stainagō (accusative neuter plural strong)
stainagas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
stainagaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
stainagaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
stainagaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
stainagas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
stainagaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
stainagammai (dative masculine singular strong)
stainagaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
stainagaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
stainagaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
stainagammai (dative neuter singular strong)
stainagaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
stainaganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
stainagaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
stainagaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
stainagaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
stainaganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
stainagaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
stainagô (masculine nominative singular weak)
stainaganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
stainagǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
stainagōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
stainagô (neuter nominative singular weak)
stainagōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
stainaganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
stainaganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
stainagōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
stainagōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
stainagô (accusative neuter singular weak)
stainagōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
stainaginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
stainaganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
stainagōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
stainagōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
stainaginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
stainaganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
stainagini (dative masculine singular weak)
stainagammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
stainagōni (dative feminine singular weak)
stainagōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
stainagini (dative neuter singular weak)
stainagammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
stainaginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
stainagammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
stainagōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
stainagōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
stainaginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
stainagammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *stainag; *stainīg

Old English: stāniġ, stǣniġ; stāniht, stǣniht

Middle English: stani, stoni, stony

English: stony

Scots: stany

Old Frisian: stēnich

Saterland Frisian: steenich

West Frisian: stienich

Old Saxon: *stēnag

Middle Low German: stênich

German Low German: stenig

→ Swedish: stenig

Old Dutch: *steinag, *steinig

Middle Dutch: stēnig

Dutch: stenig

Old High German: steinag, steinīg

Old High German: steinec

German: steinig

Luxembourgish: stengeg

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍃 (stainahs)


dīkaz

dīkaz (nominative singular)
dīkōz (nominative plural)
dīkōs (nominative plural)
dīk (singular vocative)
dīkōz (plural vocative)
dīkōs (plural vocative)
dīką (accusative singular)
dīkanz (accusative plural)
dīkas (genitive singular)
dīkis (genitive singular)
dīkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dīkai (dative singular)
dīkamaz (dative plural)
dīkō (instrumental singular)
dīkamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dīk
Old English: dīċ
Middle English: dich
English: ditch (“trench, bank”)
>? Old English: dīc
Middle English: dic, dik (“trench, embankment”) (possibly influenced by or borrowed from Old Norse díki, Middle Dutch dijc)
Scots: dike, dyke
English: dike (“levee”)
Old Frisian: dīk
North Frisian: dijck
Saterland Frisian: Diek
West Frisian: dyk
Old Saxon: dīk (“levee, pond”)
Middle Low German: dîk
German Low German: Diek
→ German: Deich (“dam”)
→ Estonian: tiik (“pond”)
Old Dutch: dīc (“levee, wall”)
Middle Dutch: dijc
Dutch: dijk
→ Old French: diic, dike
Middle French: digue
French: digue
→ Irish: díog (“trench”)
Old High German: tīh (“dam”)
Middle High German: tīch, dīch (“small dry valley, dam, pond”) (influenced by Low German)
German: Teich (“pond”)
German: Deich (“dam”)
Yiddish: טײַך (taykh, “river”)

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language

Uncertain. Two Indo-European etymologies are plausible:
* From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeygʷ- (“to stick, stab, dig”). Cognate with Latin fīgō (“pierce, pin, fasten, fix”), Lithuanian díegti (“to plant, implant, ingraft, prickle, stab”).
* From pre-Germanic *dīkkô ~ *dīkkaz with regular reduction, via Kluge's law from a Proto-Indo-European n-stem *dʰeyǵʰ-n-, gen. *dʰeyǵʰ-nó-, from *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to form”).
Importantly, the former assumes an original meaning *“something dug out; ditch”, while the latter assumes *“something constructed”.


wagjaz

wagjaz (nominative singular)
wagjōz (nominative plural)
wagjōs (nominative plural)
wagi (singular vocative)
wagjōz (plural vocative)
wagjōs (plural vocative)
wagją (accusative singular)
wagjanz (accusative plural)
wagjas (genitive singular)
wagis (genitive singular)
wagjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wagjai (dative singular)
wagjamaz (dative plural)
wagjō (instrumental singular)
wagjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wagi, *waggi
Old English: weċġ
Middle English: wegge
English: wedge
Scots: weg, wegge, wadge, waige
Old Frisian: *wegge, *wigge
West Frisian: wigge
Old Saxon: weggi
Middle Low German: wegge
Old Dutch: *weggi
Middle Dutch: wegghe, wigghe
Dutch: weg, wegge, wig
Afrikaans: wig
Old High German: weggi, wekki, wecki
Middle High German: wegge, wecke
German: Wecke, Wecken, Weck
Hunsrik: Weck
Pennsylvania German: Weck

→? Proto-Finnic: *vakja (see there for further descendants)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ- (“to move”). Cognate with Lithuanian vãgis (“peg, hook”).


dōkaz

dōkaz (nominative singular)
dōkōz (nominative plural)
dōkōs (nominative plural)
dōk (singular vocative)
dōkōz (plural vocative)
dōkōs (plural vocative)
dōką (accusative singular)
dōkanz (accusative plural)
dōkas (genitive singular)
dōkis (genitive singular)
dōkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dōkai (dative singular)
dōkamaz (dative plural)
dōkō (instrumental singular)
dōkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dōk
>? Old English: dōc (“bastard, mongrel”) (with change in meaning)
Old Frisian: dōk
Saterland Frisian: Douk
West Frisian: doek
Old Saxon: dōk
Middle Low German: dôk, dûk
German Low German: Dook
→ Old Norse: dúkr
Icelandic: dúkur
Faroese: dúkur
Norwegian Bokmål: duk
Norwegian Nynorsk: duk
Old Swedish: dūker
Swedish: duk, dok
Danish: dug
Old Dutch: *dōk, *duoc
Middle Dutch: doec
Dutch: doek
Afrikaans: doek
→ English: doek
→ Shona: dhuku
Berbice Creole Dutch: duku
Jersey Dutch: duk
Negerhollands: doek, doekoe
→ Akan: duku
→ Nkonya: duku
→ Wali (Ghana): ’duuku
→ Akebu: ɖuku-yǝ (via an intermediary language)
→ Lokono: doko
→ Aukan: duku
→ English: duck, dook
→ Fon: dukwí
→ Indonesian: duk
→ Japanese: ズック
→ Mbelime: dukìhṵ̀ (via an intermediary language)
→ Nawdm: dukŋa (via an intermediary language)
→ Scots: dook
→ Sranan Tongo: duku
→ Caribbean Javanese: duku
→ Dutch: doekoe
Limburgish: dook
Old High German: tuoh
Middle High German: tuoch
Alemannic German: Tuech
Swabian: Tuach
Central Franconian: Duch
Cimbrian: tuach
German: Tuch
→ Esperanto: tuko
Luxembourgish: Duch
Pennsylvania German: Duch
Yiddish: טוך (tukh)
Lombardic: *tuoh
→ Lombard: toh
→ Italian: tocca, toca, tòcche
→? Spanish: toca
→ Middle French: tocque
French: toque
English: toque
→ Old High German: toh

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰwōg- (“cloth”). Cognate with Sanskrit ध्वज (dhvajá, “flag, banner”).