frijaz

frijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
frijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
frijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
frijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
friją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
frijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
frijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
frijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
frijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
frijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
friją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
frijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
frijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
frīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
frijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
frijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
frijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
frijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
frīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
frijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
frijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
frijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
frijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
frijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
frijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
frijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
frijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
frijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
frijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
frijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
frijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
frijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
frijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
frijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
frijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
frijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
frijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
frijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
frijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
frijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
frijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
frijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
frijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
frijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
frīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
frijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
frijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
frijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
frīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
frijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
frīni (dative masculine singular weak)
frijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
frijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
frijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
frīni (dative neuter singular weak)
frijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
frīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
frijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
frijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
frijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
frīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
frijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *frī
Old English: frēo, frīo, freoh, frioh, friġ, frī, frȳ
Middle English: fre, vri, vry
English: free
→ Fiji Hindi: firii
Scots: fre
Old Frisian: frī
Saterland Frisian: fräi
West Frisian: frij
Old Saxon: frī
Middle Low German: vri, vrîg
Low German: fri, free, frigg
→ Danish: fri
→ Estonian: prii
→ Faroese: fríur
→ Latvian: brīvs
→ Livonian: brī
→ Norwegian: fri
→ Swedish: fri
Old Dutch: frī
Middle Dutch: vri
Dutch: vrij
Negerhollands: vri, vrie, fri
→ Aukan: felei
→ Caribbean Javanese: frèi, prèi, pré
→ Indonesian: prei (“holiday, free, doing nothing”)
→ Sundanese: peré
Old High German: frī
Middle High German: vrī
German: frei
Luxembourgish: fräi
Vilamovian: frȧj
Yiddish: פֿרײַ (fray)

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (freis)

From Proto-Indo-European *priHós (“beloved”). The original meaning was probably something like “from one's own clan”, from which a meaning “being a free man, not a serf” developed.


ab

Proto-West Germanic: *ab(a), *af(a)

Old English: ob, æf, af, of

Middle English: of, off

Scots: of, off, af, aff

English: of, off

Old Frisian: af, of

Saterland Frisian: oawe, ou

West Frisian: af, ôf

Old Saxon: af

Middle Low German: af

Low German: af, of

Plautdietsch: auf

Old Dutch: ava, af-

Middle Dutch: ave, af

Dutch: af (but also ave- in averechts)

Limburgish: aaf, aof

West Flemish: of

Old High German: aba; (rarely) ab; (northern) ava, af

Middle High German: abe, ab; (northern) ave, af

German: ab

Norwegian Bokmål: ab

Luxembourgish: of

Yiddish: אָפּ (op)

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛒ (*ab)

Old Norse: af
Icelandic: af
Faroese: av
Norn: av
Elfdalian: åv
Old Swedish: af, āf, aff
Swedish: av, af (pre-1906 spelling; remains in surnames)
Danish: af
Norwegian Bokmål: av

Gothic: 𐌰𐍆 (af)


nu

Proto-West Germanic: *nū
Old English: nū
Middle English: nu, nou
Scots: noo, nou
English: now
Northumbrian: noo
Old Frisian: nū
Saterland Frisian: nu
West Frisian: no
Old Saxon: nū
Middle Low German: nū
Low German: nu
Old Dutch: nū
Middle Dutch: nu
Dutch: nu
Limburgish: noe
Old High German: nu, nū
Middle High German: nu, nū, nun, nūn
German: nun, nu
Esperanto: nun

Old Norse: nú, ᚾᚢ (nu), ᚿᚢ (nu)
Icelandic: nú, núna
Faroese: nú, núgv
Norwegian Nynorsk: no; (chiefly dialectal) nå
Norwegian Bokmål: nå
Jamtish: nú
Elfdalian: nų
Old Swedish: nū
Swedish: nu
Danish: nu
Norwegian Bokmål: nu

Gothic: 𐌽𐌿 (nu)

From Proto-Indo-European *nu (“now”). Cognate with Lithuanian nù (“now, well now”), Lithuanian nūnái (“now, today, nowadays”), Latin num (“now”), Latin nunc (“now, soon, today, nowadays”), Sanskrit नु (nu), नू (nū, “now”), Old Irish no-, Russian ны́не (nýne).


in

Proto-West Germanic: *in

desctree

Old English: in, ᛁᚾ (in) — Franks Casket
Middle English: in
English: in
Scots: in

Old Frisian: in

North Frisian:

Mooring: önj

Sylt: ön

Saterland Frisian: in

West Frisian: yn

Old Saxon: in

Middle Low German: in

Old Dutch: in

Middle Dutch: in

Dutch: in

Afrikaans: in

Limburgish: in

Old High German: in
Middle High German: in
Bavarian: i
Cimbrian: inn, in (preposition)
Central Franconian: en, ön, on
German: in
Luxembourgish: an
Rhine Franconian: in, en
Pennsylvania German: in
Yiddish: אין (in)

Old Norse: í
Icelandic: í
Faroese: í, íggj
Norn: i
Norwegian Nynorsk: i
Norwegian Bokmål: i
Elfdalian: i
Old Swedish: ī
Swedish: i
Danish: i

Gothic: 𐌹𐌽 (in)


after

From the locative form of Pre-Germanic *h₂ep(o)teros, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“away, off, from”) + *-teros.


after

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aftar, *after
Old English: æfter
Middle English: æfter, efter, after
Scots: efter
English: after
Old Frisian: efter, after
North Frisian: efter
Saterland Frisian: ätter
West Frisian: efter; after, achter
Old Saxon: aftar, after
Middle Low German: after, achter, echter
Low German: achter, aster
German Low German: achter; ächter (Münsterländisch & Paderbornisch)
Old Dutch: after, aftir
Middle Dutch: after, affter, achter, echter
Dutch: achter; after (dialectal)
Old High German: after, aftar; ahter (northern)
Middle High German: after; *ahter, *achter
German: after; After
Luxembourgish: uechter (“throughout”)

desc

Proto-Norse: ᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ (after), ᛡᚠᚨᛏᛉ (ᴀfatʀ /afᵃtr/)

desctree

Old Norse: eptir, ept, at; ᛁᚠᛏᛁᛦ (iftiʀ), ᛁᚠᛏᛁᚱ (iftir), ᛁᛒᛏᛁᛦ (ibtiʀ), ᛅᚠᛏᛁᛦ (aftiʀ), ᚬᚠᛏᛁᛦ (ąftiʀ), ᛅᛒᛏᛁᛦ (abtiʀ)
Icelandic: eftir
Faroese: eftir
Norn: efter
Middle Norwegian: ettir
Norwegian Nynorsk: etter
→ Norwegian Bokmål: etter
Old Jamtish: efti
Jamtish: ette
Elfdalian: etter
Old Swedish: æptir, æftir, ættir
Swedish: efter
Old Danish: æftær, æftir
Danish: efter
Norwegian Bokmål: efter (unofficial, riksmål)
Scanian: ætte
Old Gutnish: eptir, aktr, ebtir, efter, eftir, epter
Gutnish: etta, ettar, yttur (fårö)


bai

bai (masculine nominative plural)
bōz (feminine nominative plural)
bō (neuter nominative plural)
banz (accusative masculine plural)
bōz (accusative feminine plural)
bō (accusative neuter plural)
bajjǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
bajjǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
bajjǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
baimaz (dative masculine plural)
baimaz (dative feminine plural)
baimaz (dative neuter plural)
baimiz (instrumental masculine plural)
baimiz (feminine instrumental plural)
baimiz (instrumental neuter plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: bœ̄ġen, bēġen, bēġġen (< Proto-West Germanic *bōjain, a compound formed from *bō + *jain)

desc

Middle English: beȝenn, beigene, beine, beie, beye, bey

desctree

Old Norse: beggja (genitive)
Icelandic: beggja
Faroese: beggja
Norwegian Nynorsk: begge
Old Swedish: bæggia, begge, bæggias, bægges, beggiars, bæggers
Swedish: bägge
Danish: begge

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌹 (bai)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: bā þā

desc

Middle English: baþe, boþe, bayth, bothe

English: both

Scots: bathe, baith

Old Frisian: bēthe

Saterland Frisian: bee

West Frisian: beide

Old Saxon: bēthia

Middle Low German: bêde, beide, beyde

German Low German: beide, beid

Old Dutch: beithe

Middle Dutch: beide

Dutch: beide

Old High German: beidē

Middle High German: beide, bēde

German: beide

desctree

Old Norse: báðir
Icelandic: báðir
Faroese: báðir
Norwegian Bokmål: både
Norwegian Nynorsk: både; båe
Elfdalian: båðer
Old Swedish: bāþir, bāþe
Swedish: både; båda
Danish: både

Compare Lithuanian abu (“both”), Proto-Slavic *oba, Sanskrit उभय (ubhaya), Latin (am)bō; from a common Proto-Indo-European *bʰoh₁, reflected in the neuter form *bō.


at

Old English: ot, æt

Middle English: at, et, ed
English: at
Scots: at
Yola: adh, ad

Old Frisian: et, it

North Frisian: et, it, äät, äit

Old Saxon: at

Old Dutch: at

Old High German: az, ez

Old Norse: at

Danish: at, ad

Elfdalian: að

Faroese: at

Icelandic: að

Norwegian Nynorsk: åt, at, å

Old Swedish: at, āt

Swedish: att, åt

Gothic: 𐌰𐍄 (at)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd (“near, at”). Cognate with Latin ad (“to”).


gans

gans (nominative singular)
gansiz (nominative plural)
gans (singular vocative)
gansiz (plural vocative)
gansų (accusative singular)
gansunz (accusative plural)
gansiz (genitive singular)
gansǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gansi (dative singular)
gansumaz (dative plural)
gansē (instrumental singular)
gansumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gans
Old English: gōs
Middle English: goos, goce, gos, gose, gosse
English: goose
Scots: guse
Old Frisian: *gōs
North Frisian:
Most dialects: gus
Sylt: Guus
Wiedingharde: goos
Saterland Frisian: Gous
West Frisian: goes
Old Saxon: *gās, *gōs
Middle Low German: gās, gōs, gūs
Low German: Goos
⇒ Middle Low German: *gösel
Low German: Gössel
→ German: Gössel
Old Dutch: *gans, *gōs
Middle Dutch: gans, goes
Dutch: gans, goes (dialectal)
Afrikaans: gans
→ Xhosa: urhanisi
→ Zulu: ihansi
Jersey Dutch: xânz
Negerhollands: gans
→ Lokono: kansa
→ Caribbean Hindustani: hans
→ Papiamentu: gans (dated)
→ Sranan Tongo: gansi
→ Aukan: gansi
→ Saramaccan: gánsi
Old High German: gans, kans
Middle High German: gans, gas
Alemannic German: Gaas, Gants (Uri)
German: Gans
Luxembourgish: Gäns, Gaus
Vilamovian: gaons
Yiddish: גאַנדז (gandz)

Old Norse: gás (gȧs)
Icelandic: gás, ⇒ gæs (analogously after plural gæss)
Faroese: gás
Norwegian Nynorsk: gås
Elfdalian: gą̊s
Old Swedish: gās, ᚵᛆᛋ
Swedish: gås
Old Danish: gās
Danish: gås
Norwegian Bokmål: gås
Scanian: gás
Gutnish: gas

Gothic: *𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍃 (*gans)

→ Asturian: gansu

→ Galician: ganso

→ Portuguese: ganso

→ Spanish: ganso

→? Proto-Slavic: *gǫ̑sь (see there for further descendants)

→ Latin: ganta

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns (compare Irish gé, Latin ānser, Latvian zùoss, Russian гусь (gusʹ), Albanian gatë, Ancient Greek χήν (khḗn), Avestan 𐬰𐬁 (zā), Sanskrit हंस (haṃsá)). Proto-Slavic *gǫ̑sь, however, does not exhibit the regular satem development as Baltic does and is therefore better explained as a Germanic loan, or at least influenced by the Germanic cognate.


an

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂én (“up, on high”), but the exact formation is disputed due to the final vowel in descendants that reflect *ana. According to Kroonen, who derives both *an and *ana from a pre-Germanic *h₂enh̥₂, the final vowel was lost by regular sound change but remained in compound forms, whence it was restored in some of the daughter languages. Alternative explanations for the final vowel include a fossilized suffix *-o/*-ó of uncertain (allative?) function, as in *anda.


an

Proto-West Germanic: *an, *ana

desctree

Old English: an, on
Middle English: an, on, one, onne, hon, ane; an (before initial h or vowel); æn (Early Middle English); one, onne, an
English: on
Scots: an, on
Yola: on

Old Frisian: on, an

North Frisian: a

Saterland Frisian: an, oun

West Frisian: oan

Old Saxon: ana, an

Middle Low German: an

Low German: an

Old Dutch: ana, an, in

Middle Dutch: āne, āen, an
Dutch: aan, (unstressed pronunciation spelling) an
Afrikaans: aan
Jersey Dutch: ân
Negerhollands: aan, an
Skepi Creole Dutch: an
Limburgish: aan

Old High German: ana
Middle High German: ane, an
Cimbrian: å
German: an
Hunsrik: aan
Luxembourgish: un
Pennsylvania German: aa
Yiddish: אָן (on)

Proto-Norse: ᚨᚾ (an), ᚨᚾᚨ (ana)
Old Norse: á
Icelandic: á
Faroese: á
Norwegian Nynorsk: å (dialectal)
Elfdalian: ą̊
Old Swedish: ā
Swedish: å, a (dialectal)
Old Danish: ā
Danish: å (dialectal)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌰 (ana)

→ Proto-Finnic: *ani (see there for further descendants)


wet

ek (unstr. *ik) (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
*se- (nominative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mek (unstr. *mik) (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þek (unstr. *þik) (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miz (dative first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
þiz (dative instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
siz (dative instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīnaz (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīnaz (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīnaz (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wet (unstr. *wit) (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jut (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
*se- (dual nominative personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkiz (dative dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
inkwiz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
siz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
unkeraz (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkweraz (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wīz (unstr. *wiz) (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jūz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jīz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
*se- (nominative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsiz (dative first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
siz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unseraz (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
izweraz (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wit
Old English: wit
Middle English: wit
Old Frisian: wit
North Frisian: wat
Old Saxon: wit

Old Norse: vit, mit
Icelandic: við
Faroese: vit
Middle Norwegian: mið
Norwegian Nynorsk: me, mid; (dialectal) mið
Jamtish: mæð
Elfdalian: wįð
Old Swedish: vit

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐍄 (wit)

According to Ringe (2017), from Proto-Indo-European *wé-dwo. Ringe, in turn, cites Cowgill (1985b: 15-16 with references). Cf. Lithuanian mùdu.


bi

Proto-West Germanic: *bī
Old English: bi, be
Middle English: by, be, bi
English: by
→ Mandarin: by (bāi), BY (bāi)
Scots: by, bye, bi', be, b'
Yola: bee, bie, be, by
Old Frisian: bi, be
North Frisian: bi
Saterland Frisian: bie
West Frisian: by
Old Saxon: bi, bī
Middle Low German: bi
Low German: bi
→ Swedish: bi
Old Dutch: bī
Middle Dutch: bi
Dutch: bij
Limburgish: bie
Old High German: bī, pī
Middle High German: bī
Alemannic German: bii
German: bei
Vilamovian: by
Yiddish: בײַ (bay)

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹 (bi)

From Pre-Germanic *h₁pi, zero-grade of Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi, with voicing due to Verner's law. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἐπί (epí, “on, at”).

near, around [with accusative or dative]


ta

Old English: ta, te

Middle English: ta, te

Old Frisian: te, ti

North Frisian: ta

(West Frisian: ta); te

Old Saxon: te, ti

Middle Low German: te

Old Dutch: te (with *tō also tuote)

Middle Dutch: te, tote, toet, tot

Dutch: te, tot

Afrikaans: te, tot

Old High German: za, ze, zi

Middle High German: ze

East Central German: ze

East Franconian: ze

i

merged with MHG <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmh">zuo</i> in spelling

German: zu (merged with MHG zuo in spelling)

From Proto-Indo-European *do (“to”). Cognate with Russian до (do, “to”), Latvian da (“until, to”).


un-

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *un-
Old English: un-, on-
Middle English: un-
Scots: un-
English: un-
Old Frisian: un-
North Frisian: ün-
Saterland Frisian: uun-
West Frisian: ûn-, on-
Old Saxon: un-
Low German: on-, un-
Old Dutch: un-
Middle Dutch: on-
Dutch: on-
Afrikaans: on-
Limburgish: ón-
Old High German: un-
Middle High German: un-
Alemannic German: o-, u-
German: un-
Luxembourgish: un-
Yiddish: אומ־ (um-)

Proto-Norse: ᚢᚾ- (un-)
Old Norse: ú-, ó-
Icelandic: ó-
Faroese: ó-
Norwegian Nynorsk: u-, o-
Old Swedish: ō-
Swedish: o-
Danish: u-
Norwegian Bokmål: u-

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽- (un-)

Vandalic: *un-


ne

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: ne
Middle English: ne, ny, ni (rare)
English: ne (obsolete)
Scots: ne (obsolete)

Old Frisian: ne, ni

Old Saxon: ne, ni
Middle Low German: ne, en

Old Dutch: ne

Middle Dutch: ne
Dutch: n- (prefix)

Old High German: ni, ne
Middle High German: ne
German: nee (dialectal)

Proto-Norse: ᚾᛁ (ni) (unstressed)

Old Norse: ne, né

Gothic: 𐌽𐌹 (ni)


-ist

Old English: -est, -st

Middle English: -est

English: -st

Old Frisian: -ist

Old Dutch: -ist

Middle Dutch: -st

Dutch: -st

Old High German: -ist

German: -st

Old Norse: -st

Icelandic: -st

Faroese: -st

Gothic: -𐌹𐍃𐍄 (-ist)

-est. Forms the superlative of certain adverbs.


idi

Gothic: 𐌹𐌸 (iþ)

From an unstressed variety of Proto-Indo-European *éti. Cognate with Latin et.


ja

Proto-West Germanic: *jā
Old English: ġēa, iā; ġē
Middle English: ȝea, ye, ya
Scots: ya, yea, ay, aye, yo
English: ya, yea, yo
Old Frisian: jē, gē; jā, jē, jō
Saterland Frisian: ja, jee
West Frisian: ja
Old Saxon: jā, giā; ge, gi, gie, gia
Middle Low German: ja, jâ
German Low German: ja
Old Dutch: jā
Middle Dutch: jâ
Dutch: ja
Afrikaans: ja
Limburgish: jao
Old High German: jā; joh, ioh
Middle High German: ja, jā; joch
Alemannic German: ja, jaa, jòò, jä
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: ja
Viennese: jå
German: ja (standard); jo, joa (informal); joch (dialectal)
Polish: jo
Luxembourgish: jo
Yiddish: יאָ (yo)

Old Norse: já
Icelandic: já
Faroese: ja
Norwegian Nynorsk: ja
Norwegian Bokmål: ja
Old Swedish: iā
Swedish: ja
Danish: ja, jo

Gothic: 𐌾𐌰 (ja), 𐌾𐌰𐌹 (jai)

Ideophonic for paralingual expression of agreement, compare typologically Arabic يَه (yah) developed with the exact same meaning at the Yemenite Red Sea coast.


bi-

Old English: be-
Middle English: bi-, be-, by-; b- (in certain words)
English: be-
Scots: be-

Old Frisian: bi-, be-

Saterland Frisian: bi-

West Frisian: be-

Old Saxon: bi-

Middle Low German: bi-, be-

Low German: be-

→ Danish: be-

→ Swedish: be-

→ Norwegian: be-

Old Dutch: bi-, be-

Middle Dutch: be-, bi-

Dutch: be-

Afrikaans: be-

Old High German: bi-

Middle High German: bi-, be-

German: be-

Luxembourgish: be-

Yiddish: באַ־ (ba-)

Vilamovian: by-

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹- (bi-)


und

Old English: *und, *un; *un-

Middle English: un- (in until, unto)

English: until, unto

Old Frisian: und

North Frisian: ond

Old Saxon: und, unt; untat, unthat, untthat, antthat

Old Dutch: unt, untes

Old High German: unz

Middle High German: unz

German: unz

Old Norse: unz (< *und es)

Icelandic: uns

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐌳 (und)

From Pre-Germanic *h₂n̥tó, original allative to *h₂énts, *h₂ent- (“front”).


ek

Proto-West Germanic: *ik
Old English: iċ, ih, ich — Northumbrian; iċċ; ᛁᚳ (ic) — Ruthwell Cross
Southern Middle English: ich
English: ich (obsolete since 19th century)
Yola: ich (revived)
Northern Middle English: ik
Scots: ik (rare)
Later Middle English: I
English: I
Scots: A, I
Old Frisian: ik
North Frisian: ick, ik
Saterland Frisian: iek
West Frisian: ik
Old Saxon: ik
Middle Low German: ik, ek
German Low German: ik
Old Dutch: ik, ic
Middle Dutch: ic, icke
Dutch: ik
Afrikaans: ek
Berbice Creole Dutch: eke
Jersey Dutch: äk
Petjo: ik
Skepi Creole Dutch: ek
Old High German: ih
Middle High German: ich, ig
Alemannic German: ich, ig, i
Sensler: [iː]
Swabian: i
Sathmar Swabian: i
Bavarian: i
Cimbrian: ich (Setti Comuni); i (Luserna)
Gottscheerish: iχ, ī, i (unstressed); iχχe (emphatic)
Mòcheno: i
Central Franconian: ich, eich, ech
Hunsrückisch: äijsch
Hunsrik: ich [ɪç]
Britten: [æɪ̯ʃ], [ɪʃ]
Kölsch: ich
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: iech
Silesian East Central German: iech
Upper Saxon German: isch, ische
East Franconian: i, iech
German: ich
Luxembourgish: ech
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: aisch
Pennsylvania German: ich [ɪç]
Vilamovian: ych
Yiddish: איך (ikh), ich
→ Limburgish: ich, iech, ik; iich (Eupen); ech (Southeast Limburgish)

Proto-Norse: ᛖᚲ (ek), ᛖᚲᚨ (eka), ᛖᚴᛡ (ekᴀ); -ᚲᚨ (-ka), -ᚳᚨ (-ka), -ᚴᛡ (-kᴀ) — enclitic
Old Norse: ek, iak — Old East Norse; -k — enclitic
Icelandic: ég
Faroese: eg, jeg
Norn: eg
Norwegian: ej, é, eig, í, æg, æj, æ, je, jæj (dialectal)
Norwegian Nynorsk: eg
Jamtish: jeg
Dalian: ik, ig
Elfdalian: ig
Old Swedish: iak, iæk; iag, iagh, iach (late); ᛁᛆᚴ, ᛁᛅᚴ (Runic)
Swedish: jag
Old Danish: iak, iæk, iægh, æk, ak
Danish: jeg, a, æ, ja, jæ (dialectal)
Norwegian Bokmål: jeg
Scanian: jağ
Jutish: æ
Old Gutnish: iek

Gothic: 𐌹𐌺 (ik)

Crimean Gothic: ich

Vandalic: *ic


under

Proto-West Germanic: *undar
Old English: under
Middle English: under, vnder, onder
English: under
Scots: unner
Yola: unnere
Old Frisian: under
North Frisian: öner
Saterland Frisian: unner
West Frisian: ûnder
Old Saxon: undar
Middle Low German: under, ünder, ynder
Low German: ünner
Plautdietsch: unja
Old Dutch: under
Middle Dutch: onder
Dutch: onder
Afrikaans: onder
Berbice Creole Dutch: ondro
Negerhollands: onder, ondu, undu
→ Aukan: ondoo
Limburgish: ónger
Old High German: untar, undar, under
Middle High German: unter
German: unter
Hunsrik: unne
Luxembourgish: ënner
Yiddish: אונטער (unter)

Old Norse: undir
Icelandic: undir
Faroese: undir
Norn: onjder, onder
Norwegian Bokmål: under
Norwegian Nynorsk: under
Old Swedish: undir
Swedish: under
Danish: under
Gutnish: undar, unda, undur

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 (undar)

→? Old Galician-Portuguese: unter

Galician: unter, ontre

From a merger of two originally distinct prepositions as a result of Verner's law: Pre-Germanic *untér and *undʰér, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥tér (“inside”), from which also Latin inter; and *h₁n̥dʰér (“under”), whence Latin īnfrā, Sanskrit अध (adhá, “below”), Ossetian дӕлӕ (dælæ, “below”).


sa

gem-decl-adj-table

*sa (irregular)

sa (masculine nominative singular)
þai (masculine nominative plural)
sō (feminine nominative singular)
þôz (feminine nominative plural)
þat (neuter nominative singular)
þō (neuter nominative plural)
þanǭ (accusative masculine singular)
þanz (accusative masculine plural)
þǭ (accusative feminine singular)
þōz (accusative feminine plural)
þat (accusative neuter singular)
þō (accusative neuter plural)
þas (genitive masculine singular)
þaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
þaizōz (feminine genitive singular)
þaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
þas (genitive neuter singular)
þaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
þammai (dative masculine singular)
þaimaz (dative masculine plural)
þaizōi (dative feminine singular)
þaimaz (dative feminine plural)
þammai (dative neuter singular)
þaimaz (dative neuter plural)
þanō (instrumental masculine singular)
þaimiz (instrumental masculine plural)
þaizō (feminine instrumental singular)
þaimiz (feminine instrumental plural)
þanō (instrumental neuter singular)
þaimiz (instrumental neuter plural)

Nominative

*sa (nominative singular masculine; OE and OS sē derive from related *sai)

Proto-West Germanic:

desctree

Old English: sē, þē — late nom. masc. sg. form; þē — Mercian; sæ, ðē, ðæ — Northumbrian
Middle English: se, ze, sæ

Old Saxon: sē

Proto-Norse: ᛋᛡ (sᴀ)

Old Norse: sá
Icelandic: sá
Faroese: sá
Old Swedish: sa

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰 (sa)

q

⇒ (s- analogically replaced with þ- of the other forms)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: þē

desctree

Middle English: þe, the, thi, thy, þᵉ, þi, þy
English: the
Fingallian: tha
Scots: the
Yola: a

Old Frisian: thī, thā

North Frisian: di

Saterland Frisian: die

West Frisian: de, dy

Old Saxon: thē
Middle Low German: de
Low German: de

Old Dutch: thie
Middle Dutch: die
Dutch: de, de
Afrikaans: die
Limburgish: dae

q

Old High German: dēr (also influenced by adjective inflection)

Middle High German: der

Alemannic German: dr

Swabian: d'r

Bavarian: da

Cimbrian: dèar, dar

Mòcheno: der

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: dää

Kölsch: dä

German: der

Hessian: dè

Yiddish: דער (der)

*sō (nominative singular feminine) (see there for further descendants)

*þat (nominative/accusative singular neuter) (see there for further descendants)

*þai (nominative plural masculine) (see there for further descendants)

*þôz (nominative/accusative plural feminine)

desctree

Proto-Norse: ᚦᛡᛁᛡᛉ (þᴀiᴀʀ /þaiaʀ/)
Old West Norse: þær
Icelandic: þær
Faroese: tær
Old East Norse: þáʀ, ᚦᛆᛧ
Old Swedish: þār, þā
Old Gutnish: þar

Gothic: 𐌸𐍉𐍃 (þōs)

*þō (nominative/accusative plural neuter)

Proto-Norse: *ᚦᚨᚢᚾ (*þaun)

Old West Norse: þau

Icelandic: þau

Faroese: tey

Old East Norse: þaun, ᚦᛅᚢᚾ, ᚦᛆᚢᚿ

Old Swedish: þø̄n

Old Gutnish: þaun

Gothic: 𐌸𐍉 (þō)

Accusative

*þanǭ (accusative singular masculine)

Proto-West Germanic: *þanā

Old English: þone, ðane — Kentish; þane, þæne, þene — Mercian; ðæne, ðene — Northumbrian; þonne, þon — Northumbrian
Middle English: þone, þane
English: than (obsolete)

Old Saxon: thana, thena
Low German: den

Old Dutch: thana

Dutch: den

Limburgish: den

Old High German: then, den

Cimbrian: den

German: den

Luxembourgish: deen

Old Norse: þann
Icelandic: þann
Faroese: tann
Norwegian Nynorsk: dan, den
Russenorsk: den, dein, денъ (den)
Old Swedish: þæn, ᚦᛅᚿ
Swedish: den; then, dhen (obsolete)
Danish: den, æ
Norwegian Bokmål: den

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰 (þana)

*þǭ (accusative singular feminine)

Proto-West Germanic: *þā

Old English: þā

Middle English: þa, þo

English: tho (obsolete)

Old Saxon: thia
Low German: de

Old Dutch: thie-a

Dutch: de

Old High German: diu

Middle High German: diu

Alemannic German: d

Cimbrian: dòi

East Central German: de

German: die

Kölsch: die

Luxembourgish: déi

Yiddish: די (di)

Old Norse: þá

Icelandic: þá

Faroese: ta

Old Swedish: þā, þē

Gothic: 𐌸𐍉 (þō)

*þanz (accusative plural masculine)

Old Norse: þá

Icelandic: þá

Faroese: tá (obsolete)

Old Swedish: þā

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 (þans)

Genitive

*þas (genitive singular masculine/neuter)

Proto-West Germanic: *þas

Old English: þæs
Middle English: þæs, þas
English: thes (obsolete)

Old Saxon: thes
Low German: des

Old Dutch: thes

Dutch: des

Old High German:

German: des

Old Norse: þess

Icelandic: þess

Faroese: tess

Norwegian: dess

Old Swedish: þæs, thes, thess

Swedish: dess

Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐍃 (þis)

*þaizōz (genitive singular feminine)

Proto-West Germanic: *þaiʀā

Old English: þǣre
Middle English: þǣre

Old Saxon: thera

Old Dutch: thero

Dutch: der

Old High German:

German: der

Old Norse: þeirrar

Icelandic: þeirrar

Faroese: teirrar

Old Swedish: þēra, þærra

Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 (þizōs)

*þaizǫ̂ (genitive plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þaiʀō

Old English: þāra, þǣra
Middle English: þare

Old Saxon: thero
Low German: der

Old Dutch: thero

Dutch: der

Limburgish: dier

Old High German: dēro

Cimbrian: dar

German: der

Proto-Norse: *ᚦᚨᛁᛉᛟ (*þaiʀo /*þaizō/)

Old Norse: þeira, þeirra — Icelandic-Faroese
Icelandic: þeirra
Faroese: teirra
Norwegian Nynorsk: deira
Old Swedish: þēra
Swedish: deras
Old Danish: theræ
→ Middle English: þeir
English: their
Scots: thair

desc

Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 m or n (þizē), 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉 f (þizō)

Dative

*þammai (dative singular masculine/neuter)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: þǣm, þām

Old Saxon: thēm

Low German: dem

Old Dutch: themo

Limburgish: dem

Old High German: themu, demu

Alemannic German: em

Cimbrian: dèmme

German: dem

Luxembourgish: deem

Yiddish: דעם (dem)

Old Norse: þeim

Icelandic: þeim

Faroese: teim

Old Swedish: þēm, þæm, þø̄m, þem

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 (þamma)

*þaizōi (dative singular feminine)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: þǣre
Middle English: þǣre

Old Saxon: theru

Old Dutch: thero

Dutch: der

Old High German:

Alemannic German: der

Cimbrian: dèar

German: der

Luxembourgish: där

Yiddish: דער (der)

Old Norse: þeiri, þeirri

Icelandic: þeirri

Faroese: teirri

Old Swedish: þēre, þērre

Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 (þizōs)

*þaimaz (dative plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þaim

Old English: þǣm, þām

Old Saxon: them

desctree

Old Norse: þeim
Icelandic: þeim
Faroese: teimum
Norwegian Nynorsk: deim
Old Swedish: þem, them
Swedish: dem
Danish: dem
Norwegian Bokmål: dem
→ Middle English: þem
English: them, thame
Scots: thaim, them

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 (þaim)

Instrumental

*þanō (instrumental singular masculine/neuter)

Old English: þon
Middle English: þon, þan
English: than (obsolete)

*þaizō (instrumental singular feminine)

Old English: þǣre

*þaimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: þǣm, þām


wai

Proto-West Germanic: *wai
Old English: wā, wei, wǣ
Middle English: wa, wo, woo
English: woe
Scots: wa, wae
Old Frisian: wach, *wē
West Frisian: wee, wea
Old Saxon: wah, wē
Middle Low German: wach, wê
Old Dutch: *wē
Middle Dutch: wee
Dutch: wee
Old High German: wah, wa, wē
Middle High German: wāch, wē
Cimbrian: bèa
German: weh, Weh, wehe, Wehe
Yiddish: וויי (vey)
→ English: vey
→ Vulgar Latin: *wai, *guai
Catalan: guai
Emilian: ouais (Modenese)
Old French: gway, gwai, guai, way, wai
Middle French: vé, vee (merger with or from Latin vae)
French: vé (dialectical, Montbéliard)
Italian: guai
Piedmontese: guaj
Portuguese: guai (obsolete)
Old Spanish: guay
Spanish: guay, guais (plural)
Ladino: guay, uay
Sicilian: vai

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᚨᛁ (*wai), ᚹᚨᛃᛖ- (waje-)

Old Norse: vei, væ, ve-

Icelandic: vei, væ

Faroese: vei, veiggj

Norwegian: ve

Old Swedish: vē

Swedish: ve

Danish: ve

desc

→ Middle English: waȝȝ, wæi, wei, weye, wai

⇒ Middle English: weylaway, wailewaie

English: welaway, wellaway

⇒ Old Norse: væla (“to wail”)

→ Middle English: weilen, waylen (“to wail, cry, sob”)

English: wail

Icelandic: væla

Elfdalian: wäla

⇒ Old Norse: væl (“wail”, noun)

Icelandic: væl

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹 (wai)

From Proto-Indo-European *wáy. Compare Latin vae, Lithuanian vaĩ, vái, Russian увы́ (uvý, “alas”), Middle Irish fáe, Welsh gwae (“woe”), Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬫𐬋𐬌 (vayōi), Sanskrit उवे (uvé), Persian وای (vây).

woe! alas! (expression of grief or anguish)


inn

Old English: in

English: in

Old Frisian: in

Old Saxon: in

Old High German: īn

Old Norse: inn

Icelandic: inn

Faroese: inn

Norwegian Nynorsk: inn

Old Swedish: in

Swedish: in

Danish: ind

Norwegian Bokmål: inn

Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐌽 (inn)

From *in, with either the same *-n- suffix seen in the related *innai and *innanē, or by analogy with those forms.


-u

(possibly) Gothic: -𐌿 (-u)

Possibly from Pre-Germanic *-we, from Proto-Indo-European *-wē, which would make it cognate to Latin -ve, Ancient Greek ἤ (ḗ), Tocharian B wa and Sanskrit वा (vā).

Added to the end of a word in a phrase (usually the first word) to make it a question.


auk

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *auk
Old English: ēac, ek, ec — Mercian; æac
Middle English: ek, eek, eke
Scots: eik, ek
English: eke
⇒ Middle English: ekename
⇒ English: nickname (via rebracketing)
Old Frisian: āk
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: uk
Saterland Frisian: uk, ook
West Frisian: ek
Old Saxon: ōk
Middle Low German: ôk
Dutch Low Saxon: ok, ook
German Low German: ok, auk, ock, ohk, ook
Plautdietsch: uk
Old Dutch: ōk, ouk, ouch
Middle Dutch: ooc
Dutch: ook
Afrikaans: ook
Berbice Creole Dutch: oko
Jersey Dutch: ôk
Negerhollands: ook
Petjo: ook
Skepi Creole Dutch: oak
West Flemish: wok
Old High German: ouh
Middle High German: ouch
Alemannic German: au
Alemannic German: ou
Cimbrian: òch
German: auch
Luxembourgish: och
Hunsrik: aach
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: aa
Yiddish: אויך (oykh)

Old Norse: auk, ok
Icelandic: auk, og
Faroese: og
Norwegian Nynorsk: og, au, aug; (dialectal) ok, auk, ug
→ Norwegian Bokmål: au
Jamtish: og
Elfdalian: og
Old Swedish: ok, oc, och, ogh
Swedish: och, ock
Old Danish: oc
Danish: og
Norwegian Bokmål: og
→ Middle English: oc, ok
⇒ Scots: okname, ockname

Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐌺 (auk)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew (“away, again”) + *ge (intensifier); compare Ancient Greek αὖ (aû, “again”), γε (ge, “at least, at any rate”), also found as Ancient Greek αὖγε (aûge). But compare also Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg-.


hinder

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱem-tér- (“down, back, along, over, through”), from *ḱóm (“beside, near, by, with”). Cognate with Latin contrā (“back, against”), Old Welsh cant (“with, at, along”); > Modern Welsh gan (“with, by”), Ancient Greek κατά (katá, “downwards”).

der

(with accusative or dative) behind, beyond


hinder

Old English: hinder

Old Dutch: hinder

Middle Dutch: hinder (rare as simplex)

Dutch: hinder (rare as simplex)

desctree

Old High German: hintar
Middle High German: hinter
Central Franconian: henger, henner (Moselle Franconian); honner, hönner (Eifel); hinger (Kölsch)
Cimbrian: hintare
German: hinter
Luxembourgish: hanner
Yiddish: הינטער (hinter)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 (hindar)


eh

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs (“out”). Cognates include Latin ex and Ancient Greek ἐξ (ex).


twi-

Proto-West Germanic: *twi-

Old English: twi-, twio-, twy-
Middle English: twi-, twei-, twy-
English: twi-

Old Saxon: twi-

Low German: twi-

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: twee-

Old High German: zwi-

German: zwie-

Old Norse: tví-
Icelandic: tví-
Faroese: tví-
Norwegian Nynorsk: tvi-
Swedish: tve-
Danish: tve-
Norwegian Bokmål: tve-

Gothic: *𐍄𐍅𐌹- (*twi-)


ud

Old High German: dārot (only in compound with dār, "there")

German: dort

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *h₂u-te. Cognate with उत (uta, “and, also”); probably further to be connected with Latin aut, autem and Ancient Greek αὖτε (aûte) from full-grade *h₂eu-te.


sunder

Old English: sundor, sunder

Scots: sinder

English: sunder

Old Frisian: sunder

Old Saxon: sundar

Old Dutch: sunder

Dutch: zonder

Old High German: suntar

German: sondern, sonder-

Old Norse: sundr
Icelandic: sundur
Faroese: sundur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sund, sunder
Old Swedish: sunder, synder
Swedish: sönder
Danish: sønder
Norwegian Bokmål: sund, sønder

From Pre-Germanic *sn̥tér or *sn̥Htér, from Proto-Indo-European *sen-, *senH-. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄτερ (áter, “apart from, without”). Compare Sanskrit सनुतर् (sanutar, “apart from”).


mari

mari (nominative singular)
marī (nominative plural)
mari (singular vocative)
marī (plural vocative)
mari (accusative singular)
marī (accusative plural)
marīz (genitive singular)
marjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
marī (dative singular)
marimaz (dative plural)
marī (instrumental singular)
marimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mari
Old English: mere m
Middle English: mere
English: mere
Scots: mere
Old Frisian: mere n
Saterland Frisian: Meer
West Frisian: mar
Old Saxon: meri f
Middle Low German: mer n
Low German: Meer
German Low German: Meer
Plautdietsch: Mäa
Old Dutch: meri n
Middle Dutch: mēre f or n
Dutch: meer
Old High German: meri m or n
Middle High German: mer
Alemannic German: Meer
German: Meer
Luxembourgish: Mier
Mòcheno: meir
Yiddish: מער (mer)

Old Norse: marr m

Icelandic: mar

Faroese: marur

Norn: mar

Norwegian: mar- (in compounds)

Swedish: mar- (in compounds)

Danish: mar- (in compounds)

→ Scots: mar

→ Old French: mare

Middle French: mare

French: mare

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹 f (marei)


ili

ili (nominative singular)
iliþ (nominative plural)
ili (singular vocative)
iliþ (plural vocative)
ili (accusative singular)
iliþ (accusative plural)
iliþiz (genitive singular)
iliþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
iliþi (dative singular)
iliþumaz (dative plural)
iliþē (instrumental singular)
iliþumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ili
Old English: ile m
Old Frisian: ili, ile, il
Old Saxon: *ili, *ilthi
Middle Low German: īle, ēle, ēlde, ēlt n
Low German: Elt
Old Dutch: *ilti
Dutch: *ēlt
Dutch: eelt
Afrikaans: eelt

Old Norse: il f (< *iljō)
Icelandic: il
Faroese: il
Norwegian Nynorsk: il
Norwegian Bokmål: il
Old Swedish: il

Likely an old t-stem, from earlier *ilit, from Pre-Germanic *ilid.


midi

Proto-West Germanic: *midi
Old English: mid, miþ, mit
Middle English: mid
English: mid
Old Frisian: mith, mit, mei, mithi, mithe, methe
North Frisian: mits
Saterland Frisian: mäd
West Frisian: mei
Old Saxon: mid, midi, mit, met
Middle Low German: mēde, mid
Low German: mit, met
Old Dutch: mit, bit
Middle Dutch: met
Dutch: met
Limburgish: mit
Old High German: mit, miti
Middle High German: mite, mit
Bavarian: mit
Cimbrian: met
German: mit
Hunsrik: mit
Luxembourgish: mat
Vilamovian: myt
Yiddish: מיט (mit)

Old Norse: með
Icelandic: með
Faroese: með
Norwegian Nynorsk: med
Elfdalian: min
Old Swedish: mæþ, mz
Swedish: med
Danish: med
Norwegian Bokmål: med

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌸 (miþ)

From Proto-Indo-European *meth₂, from *me (“with”). Cognate with Ancient Greek μετά (metá, “among, between, with”), Sanskrit स्मत् (smat, “together, at the same time”).


uz

desctree

Old Norse: ór, úr, ýr
Icelandic: úr
Faroese: úr
Norwegian Nynorsk: or, ur
Old Swedish: ūr
Swedish: ur
Old Gutnish: yr (< *ýʀ)
Gutnish: ör, öir

Gothic: 𐌿𐍃 (us)

From Proto-Indo-European *úd-s (“up, off”), from *úd (“out, outward”).


þar

Proto-West Germanic: *þār
Old English: þǣr, þār, þēr
Middle English: ther, there, that, thare, thore
Scots: that, thare, thair, thaire
English: there
Old Frisian: thēr, dēr
Saterland Frisian: deer
West Frisian: der
Old Saxon: thār, thar
Middle Low German: dār
Low German: dor
Old Dutch: thār
Middle Dutch: dâer
Dutch: daar, d'r, er
Limburgish: daer, dao
Old High German: dār
Middle High German: dār, dā
German: dar-, da
Luxembourgish: do

Proto-Norse: ᚦᚨᚱ (þar)
Old Norse: þar, þær
Icelandic: þar
Faroese: har
Norwegian Nynorsk: dar, der
Norwegian Bokmål: der
Old Swedish: þar, þær
Swedish: där, (dialectal) dér, dar
Old Danish: thær
Danish: der

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐍂 (þar)


þau

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌿 (þau)

From pre-Germanic *to-we, "or that/than", from Proto-Indo-European *to- (“that”) + *-we (“or”).


swa

Proto-West Germanic: *swā
Old English: swā
Middle English: swa, swo, so
Scots: swa, sa, swae, sae
English: so
Old Frisian: sā
Saterland Frisian: so
West Frisian: sa
Old Saxon: sō
Middle Low German: swê, swî, swô
Low German: so
Old Dutch: sō
Middle Dutch: sô
Dutch: zo
Limburgish: zoe, zoea
Old High German: sō
Middle High German: sō
Central Franconian: su, so
Luxembourgish: sou
German: so

Old Norse: svá
Icelandic: svo
Faroese: svá, so
Middle Norwegian: svá, svo, so
Norwegian Nynorsk: so; (dialectal) så, sø, sé, sér
Jamtish: su
Elfdalian: so
Old Swedish: svā, svo
Swedish: så
Old Danish: swā, swo, so
Danish: så
Norwegian Bokmål: så
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: så
Gutnish: så
Scanian: sá

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰 (swa)


jut

Proto-West Germanic: *jit
Old English: ġit
Middle English: ȝit
Old Frisian: *it, *jit
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: jat
Sylt: at
Old Saxon: git
Old Dutch: *git, *it
Bergish: et, get, git, it
Old High German: *iz
Middle High German: ëz
Bavarian: es
Yiddish: עץ (ets) (Poylish)

Old Norse: it
⇒ Old Norse: þit
Icelandic: þið
Faroese: tit
Norwegian Nynorsk: de, did
Elfdalian: ið
Old Swedish: it
Finland Swedish: et, ät

Gothic: 𐌾𐌿𐍄 (jut)

From Proto-Indo-European *yú, dual of *túh₂. Cognate with Lithuanian jùdu (“the two of you”).


tō

Proto-West Germanic: *tō

Old English: tō, ti — Northumbrian
Middle English: to
English: to, too
Geordie English: te, tiv
Scots: tae

Old Frisian: tō, to

North Frisian: to, tö, tu

Saterland Frisian: tou

West Frisian: ta

⇒ Old Frisian: tote, tot

Old Saxon: tō, tuo, thuo, te, ti
Middle Low German: tô
Low German: to
⇒ Old Saxon: tōtō, tōte
Middle Low German: tôte, tote, tôt, tot

Old Dutch: tuo

Middle Dutch: toe, to, te
Dutch: toe
Afrikaans: toe
Jersey Dutch: tû
Negerhollands: tu, toe, due

⇒ Old Dutch: tuote (< *tō + *ta)

Middle Dutch: tote, tot, toete, toet
Dutch: tot
Afrikaans: tot
Berbice Creole Dutch: tutu
Jersey Dutch: tut, tût
Negerhollands: tot, tee
Limburgish: tót

Old High German: zuo, za; zi
Middle High German: zuo
Cimbrian: zo
East Central German: zu
German: zu
Luxembourgish: zou, zu
Vilamovian: cy
Yiddish: צו (tsu)

⇒ Old High German: zuoza, zuozi

Middle High German: zuoze

From Proto-Indo-European *doh₁ (“to”), instrumental singular of *de. Cognate with Russian до (do, “to”), Latvian da (“until, to”).


ak

Proto-West Germanic: *ak
Old English: ac, ah, oc
Middle English: ac, ak, ah, ach, oc, occ, ok, auh, auch, auȝ
English: ac, ake
Scots: ac
Old Frisian: *ak, *ok
Saterland Frisian: uk
West Frisian: ek
Old Saxon: ak
Old Dutch: *ak, *ok, *oh
>? Middle Dutch: och
Old High German: oh
Middle High German: och, ouch
German: auch (partially)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌺 (ak)

Uncertain. Possibly from Pre-Germanic *h₁o-ge, demonstrative *h₁e- + emphatic *ge.


hwan

Proto-West Germanic: *hwan
Old Frisian: hwon
Old Saxon: hwan
Middle Low German: wan
Low German: wann, wenn
Old Dutch: *wan
Middle Dutch: wann
Dutch: wen (archaic)
Limburgish: wen

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐌽 (ƕan)

From *hwaz + *-n. Compare with Latin quandō and Old Irish cuin.


mek

Old English: mec

Old Saxon: mik
German Low German: mik

Old Dutch: mik

Old High German: mih
Middle High German: mich
Alemannic German: mich, mi
Central Franconian: mich
Cimbrian: mich
East Central German: mihch, mich, miech
German: mich
Hunsrik: mich
Luxembourgish: mech
Pennsylvania German: mich
Yiddish: מיך (mikh)

Old Norse: mik
Icelandic: mig
Faroese: meg
Norwegian: meg
Jamtish: meg
Old Swedish: mik
Swedish: mig, mek (Värmland, Västergötland)
Danish: mig

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌺 (mik)

From earlier *me-ge, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁me, inflection of Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.


alu

alu (nominative singular)
aluþ (nominative plural)
alu (singular vocative)
aluþ (plural vocative)
alu (accusative singular)
aluþ (accusative plural)
aluþiz (genitive singular)
aluþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aluþi (dative singular)
aluþumaz (dative plural)
aluþē (instrumental singular)
aluþumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *alu
Old English: ealu, alu, ealo
Middle English: ale, ail
English: ale
Geordie English: yel
Scots: yill, ale, aill, ayll
⇒ Yola: aalhouse
Old Saxon: *alu, *alo
⇒ Old Saxon: alufat, alofat
Old Dutch: *alu, *alo
Middle Dutch: āle
Dutch: aal
⇒ Middle Dutch: godale, goedale
→ Old French: godale
Middle French: goudale, godaille
French: godaille
Old High German: *alu, elo
⇒? Middle High German: alschaf (“drinkware”)
⇒ Old High German: *alufaz

Proto-Norse: ᚨᛚᚢ (alu)

Old Norse: ǫl
Icelandic: öl
Faroese: øl
Norwegian Nynorsk: øl, ol
Old Swedish: øl
Swedish: öl
Old Danish: øl
Danish: øl
Norwegian Bokmål: øl, (obsolete) øll
Elfdalian: öl
Old Gutnish: öl, ööl
Gutnish: öl

→? Proto-Finnic: *olut

Estonian: õlu

Finnish: olut

Ingrian: olut

Karelian: olut

Livonian: vȯl

Veps: olud

Votic: õlud

→? Latvian: alus

→? Ossetian: ӕлутон (æluton)

From earlier *álut, from Pre-Germanic *álud, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elut-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *olъ, Old Armenian աւղի (awłi).


niþer

Proto-West Germanic: *niþer
Old English: niþer, nyder
Middle English: nithere, nethere, nether
English: nether
Scots: nether, nedder
Old Frisian: nither, nether
West Frisian: near
Old Saxon: nithar
Middle Low German: nider
Low German: nedder
Old Dutch: nither
Middle Dutch: nēder
Dutch: neder, neer
Afrikaans: neer
Old High German: nidar
Middle High German: nider, neider
German: nieder
Hunsrik: nitter
Luxembourgish: nidder
Vilamovian: nejder

Old Norse: niðr
Icelandic: niður
Faroese: niður
Norwegian: ned, ner
Old Swedish: niþer, niþ, nedher, nedh
Swedish: ned, ner, neder
Old Danish:
Danish: ned
Old Gutnish: niþer

From Proto-Indo-European *niter. Compare Sanskrit नितराम् (nitarām, “down, downwards”).


fram

From Proto-Indo-European *pro- (“forth, forward”). Related to Proto-Germanic *framaz (“forward, prominent”) whence Old Norse framr (“forward; superior”), Old English fram (“strenuous, active, bold, strong”), German fromm (“good, upright, devout, pious”), Ancient Greek πρόμος (prómos, “foremost one, champion, leader, prince”), Umbrian promom (“at first, initially”), Lithuanian pìrmas (“first”).


fram

framiz (comparative)
framist (superlative)

desctree

Old English: fram, from
Middle English: from, fram, vrom, vram; fro, fra, vra, fray (from Old Norse)
English: from
→ Scots: from, frome
Yola: vrem, vrim, vreem, vream; vrom

Old Frisian: from

Old Saxon: fram

Old Dutch: fram-

Old High German: fram

Middle High German: vram

Old Norse: frá
Icelandic: frá
Faroese: frá
Norwegian Nynorsk: frå
Elfdalian: frą̊
Old Swedish: frā
⇒ Old Swedish: frān
Swedish: från
Old Danish: fra, fraa, fran
Danish: fra
Norwegian Bokmål: fra
→ Old English: fra
Middle English: fra, fro
English: fro
Geordie English: frae, fra
Scots: frae, fra, fro, fae

Old Norse: fram

Icelandic: fram

Faroese: fram, frá

Old Swedish: fram

Swedish: fram

Danish: frem

Norwegian Bokmål: frem

Norwegian: fram

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 (fram)


wela

gōdaz (adjective)
batiz (comparative)
batist (superlative)

Old English: wel
Middle English: wel, well, weel, weele, wele, welle; wulle, wille, wal, wol
English: well
Geordie English: weel
Scots: weel, wele, weil, weill
Yola: waal, wull, well, wel; vella (before consonant)

Old Frisian: wel, wal, wol

North Frisian: wel, weil, wal

Saterland Frisian: wul, wäil

West Frisian: wol

Old Saxon: wela, wel, wala, wola
Middle Low German: wole, wol, wal
Low German: wol, wull

Old Dutch: *wela, wala

Middle Dutch: wel
Dutch: wel
Afrikaans: wel
Negerhollands: wel
Skepi Creole Dutch: wel
→ Kwinti: wel
Limburgish: wèl, waal

we- > wo- as in <i class="Latn mention" lang="goh">wohha</i> etc.

Old High German: wola, wela (we- > wo- as in wohha etc.)
Middle High German: wol, wole
Cimbrian: bóol, boll
German: wohl
Luxembourgish: wuel
Yiddish: ווויל (voyl)

Old Norse: vel
Icelandic: vel
Faroese: væl
Norwegian: vel
Old Swedish: væl, val
Swedish: väl
Old Danish: væl
Danish: vel

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰 (waila)

Probably from earlier *welat, neuter accusative to an unattested adjective *welaz, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *welh₁-. Cognate with Sanskrit वर (vára, “better, best”).


upp

Old English: upp, up
Middle English: up, upp, ap
English: up
Scots: up
Yola: ap, up

Old Frisian: uppa, oppa, up, op

North Frisian:

Sylt: üp

Saterland Frisian: op, ap

West Frisian: op

Old Saxon: ūp

Middle Low German: up

Low German: up, op

Old Dutch: ūp

Middle Dutch: op

Dutch: op, (dialectal) oep

West Flemish: up, ip

Old High German: ūf
Middle High German: ūf
Alemannic German: uf, ufe
Bavarian: aaf, auf
Cimbrian: af
German: auf
Vilamovian: u̇f
Yiddish: אויף (oyf)
Old Rhine Franconian: uf
Middle Rhine Franconian: uf
Rhine Franconian: uff, off
Pennsylvania German: uff
Hunsrik: uff
Old Central Franconian: *up
Middle Central Franconian: up
Central Franconian: op
Kölsch: op

Old Norse: upp
Icelandic: upp
Faroese: upp
Norwegian Nynorsk: upp
Old Swedish: up
Swedish: upp
Danish: op
Norwegian Bokmål: opp
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: opp

Gothic: 𐌹𐌿𐍀 (iup)

The form is from either *ub + a nasal affix representing an earlier *up-nó, related to *uppai (earlier *up-nóy) and *ubanē; or by analogy with *uppai.


matiz

matiz (nominative singular)
matīz (nominative plural)
mati (singular vocative)
matīz (plural vocative)
matį (accusative singular)
matinz (accusative plural)
matīz (genitive singular)
matjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
matī (dative singular)
matimaz (dative plural)
matī (instrumental singular)
matimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mati
Old English: mete, met, mett, mette
Middle English: mete, mæte, meet, meete, meate, mette, met
English: meat
Scots: mete, met, meit, mait
Yola: maate, met
Old Frisian: mete, meit, met
North Frisian: meet
Old Saxon: meti, mat
Middle Low German: met
Low German: met, Mett
→ German: Mett
Old Dutch: *mat, *meti
Middle Dutch: met
Dutch: met
Old High German: maz
Middle High German: maz

Old Norse: matr
Icelandic: matur
Faroese: matur
Norn: mader
Norwegian: mat
Old Swedish: mater
Swedish: mat
Danish: mad
Gutnish: mat

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐍃 (mats)

An ablaut variant of the root *mēs-, mōs, usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d- (“to drip, ooze; grease, fat”). Contrary to Pokorny and followers, Kroonen separates the Germanic food words from this root, instead linking Ancient Greek μεστός (mestós, “full”) for a root *med- (“to satiate”).


sehs

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sehs
Old English: six, sex — Anglian; siex, syx, seox
Middle English: six, cex, sex; zix (Kent)
English: six
Sranan Tongo: siksi
Aukan: siksi
→ Wayana: siksi
Saramaccan: sigisi
Scots: sax, sex, six
Yola: zeese
Old Frisian: sex
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum, Mooring and Wiedingharde: seeks
Helgoland: sös
Sylt: soks
Saterland Frisian: säks
West Frisian: seis
Old Saxon: sehs
Middle Low German: ses, sēs
Dutch Low Saxon: zes
German Low German: sess, söß, söss, soss
Plautdietsch: sass
Old Dutch: sehs, *ses
Middle Dutch: ses
Dutch: zes
Afrikaans: ses
Berbice Creole Dutch: sesi
Javindo: ses
Jersey Dutch: zääs
Negerhollands: ses, sees
Skepi Creole Dutch: ses
→ Trió: ses
Limburgish: zès
West Flemish: zèsse
Zealandic: zes
Old High German: sehs
Middle High German: sehs
Alemannic German: sächs, saks (Uri); säks (southern Bern, Graubünden); säksch (Valais), säks, säksch
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: zèkse, sèkse (Luserna)
Mòcheno: secks
Central Franconian: sechs, sähs (Ripuarian)
Hunsrik: sechs
Luxembourgish: sechs
East Central German:
Vilamovian: zachs
East Franconian:
German: sechs
Rhine Franconian: sechs
Frankfurterisch: [z̥εks]
Pennsylvania German: sechs
Yiddish: זעקס (zeks)

Old Norse: sex, sjax — broken form
Icelandic: sex
Faroese: seks
Norn: siks
Norwegian Bokmål: seks
Norwegian Nynorsk: seks
Old Swedish: sæx, siæx
Swedish: sex
Old Danish: sæx, ᛋᛁᛆᚼᛋ, siahs
Danish: seks
Elfdalian: sjäks
Old Gutnish: siex
Gutnish: siex, sex

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃 (saihs)

From earlier *swehs, from Proto-Indo-European *swéḱs with a loss of *w (as also seen in Latin sex and Sanskrit षष् (ṣáṣ) (< Proto-Indo-Iranian *šwaćš)).


fimf

Proto-West Germanic: *fimf
Old English: fīf
Middle English: five, fife, fif, fyve, vif, vive
English: five
Scots: five, fif, fife, fyve
Yola: veeve
Old Frisian: fīf
North Frisian:
Most dialects: fiiw
Helgoland: fiuw
Sylt: fif
Saterland Frisian: fieuw
West Frisian: fiif
Old Saxon: fīf, fīvi
Middle Low German: vîf
German Low German: fiev
Plautdietsch: fief
Old Dutch: finf, vīf
Middle Dutch: vijf
Dutch: vijf
Afrikaans: vyf
Berbice Creole Dutch: faifu, fefu
Javindo: fijf
Jersey Dutch: vāif
Negerhollands: fyf, fev, veif
Skepi Creole Dutch: faif
Sranan Tongo: feifi
Aukan: feifi
→ Trió: peihpë
Limburgish: vief
Old High German: fimf
Middle High German: vinf, vünf
Alemannic German: foif, föif, füüf, fünf
Alsatian: fénef, fänef, feenef
Swabian: finf
Bavarian: finf
Cimbrian: vünve, bümbe (Mezzaselva)
Mòcheno: vinf
Central Franconian: fönnef, fennef, fief
Hunsrik: finnef
East Central German: fönff
German: fünf
Luxembourgish: fënnef
Pennsylvania German: fimf
Vilamovian: fynf
Yiddish: פֿינף (finf)

Old Norse: fimm, ᚠᛁᛘ (fim), ᚠᛁᛙ (fim) — Runic form
Icelandic: fimm
Faroese: fimm
Norwegian: fem
Elfdalian: fem
Old Swedish: fæm
Swedish: fem
Old Danish: fæm
Danish: fem

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆 (fimf)

Crimean Gothic: fyuf

From Pre-Germanic *pémpe, with an irregular consonant change from Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe, perhaps influenced by the initial *p; or instead would become the expected form **finhw. Possibly related to Proto-Germanic *funstiz (“fist”) and *fingraz (“finger”).


furi

From Pre-Germanic *pr̥h₂-i, from Proto-Indo-European *preh₂-.

(+accusative, with allative meaning) for, before


furi

furiz (comparative)
furist (superlative)

Proto-West Germanic: *furi
Old English: for, fore (in meaning, the form from *forē)
Middle English: for
English: for
Scots: for
Yola: vor, var
Old Frisian: fori, for
Saterland Frisian: foar, far
West Frisian: foar
Old Saxon: furi
Middle Low German:
Low German: för
Old Dutch: furi, fure
Middle Dutch: vuere, vuer
Dutch: veur (dialectal)
Afrikaans: vir
Old High German: furi
Middle High German: vür
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: büar
Mòcheno: ver
Central Franconian: für, vür (fully merged)
German: für
Luxembourgish: fir
Upper Saxon German: for
Yiddish: פֿאַר (far)

Old Norse: fyrir, fyr (probably with analogical -ir based on eptir, yfir, undir)
Icelandic: fyrir
Faroese: fyri
Norwegian Nynorsk: føre, for, fyre (dated)
Old Swedish: fyri(r), for
Swedish: före, för
Danish: for

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 (faur)


umbi

Proto-West Germanic: *umbi
Old English: ymbe, ymb, embe, ymbi, imbe
Middle English: umbe, embe
Scots: umbe-
Old Frisian: umbe, ombe
Saterland Frisian: uum, ume
West Frisian: om
Old Saxon: umbi
Middle Low German: umme
Low German: üm, um
Plautdietsch: om
Old Dutch: umbe, umbi
Middle Dutch: omme, ombe, om
Dutch: om
Afrikaans: om
Limburgish: ómb, óm
Old High German: umbi
Middle High German: umbe, ump, ümbe, üm
Alemannic German: ume, umme
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: umme
Mòcheno: um
Central Franconian: öm, em
Luxembourgish: ëm
German: um, (umb, üm, ümb)
Yiddish: אום (um)

Old Norse: umb, um
Icelandic: um
Faroese: um
Norwegian Nynorsk: um; (dialectal) om, øm
Old Swedish: um
Swedish: om
Danish: om
Norwegian Bokmål: om
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: om

→? Proto-Finnic: *umpi

⇒ Estonian: umbes

Finnish: umpi

→⇒ Proto-Finnic: *ümbär

Finnish: ympäri

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi (“by, around”), from earlier *h₂ntbʰi, instrumental case form to *h₂énts (“face”). Cognate with Old Latin am (“around”), Latin amb- (“around, about”), ambi- (“both”), Ancient Greek ἀμφί (amphí, “around, about”), Sanskrit अभि (abhí, “against, about”).


andi

Proto-West Germanic: *andi, *and

desctree

Old English: and, ond, end; ᚪᚾᛞ (and), ᛖᚾᛞ (end) — Franks Casket
Middle English: and, annd, ant, an, en; ⁊, &
English: and
Scots: an
Yola: an, an', and

Old Frisian: and, ande, ende
North Frisian: en
Saterland Frisian: un
West Frisian: en, in

Old Saxon: endi
Middle Low German: ende, end, en; unde, und, un; (western also) inde, ind, in; (early) ande
Dutch Low Saxon: en, in
German Low German: un, on
Plautdietsch: un, en
→ Latvian: un

Old Dutch: ande, enda, in, indi, unde
Middle Dutch: ende, en, end, enn, enne; (early) inde; (very rare) unde, ande
Dutch: en
Afrikaans: en
Berbice Creole Dutch: an
Jersey Dutch: en
Negerhollands: en, an
Petjo: en
Sranan Tongo: èn
Limburgish: ènde, ènd, èn, è

Old High German: unti, unta, unte, unda, undi, unde, un; anti, and; enti, endi, end; inti, indi, int, in
Middle High German: unde, unt, und, unn; onde, ont; (Central Franconian) inde
Bavarian: und
Cimbrian: un
Mòcheno: ont
Central Franconian: en, an (< inde), on, un (< unde, now predominant, originally south-eastern)
Hunsrik: un
Luxembourgish: an
German: und
Rhine Franconian: un, on
Pennsylvania German: un
Yiddish: און (un)

Proto-Norse: (from *anþi)

Old Norse: en
Icelandic: en
Norwegian Nynorsk: enn, en
Norwegian Bokmål: enn
Old Swedish: æn
Swedish: än
Danish: end

Old Norse: enn
Icelandic: enn
Faroese: enn
Norwegian: enn
Old Swedish: æn
Swedish: än
Danish: end

→ Proto-Finnic:

Estonian: ent

Finnish: entä

Ingrian: entä

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti, locative of *h₂ent- (“front, forehead”). West Germanic continues an enclitic variant. The forms in *u- may continue the zero grade (genitive singular *h₂n̥tés), but this is uncertain given the enclitic nature of the word and the virtually unlimited variety of attested vowels.


sin-

Proto-West Germanic: *sin-
Old English: sin-, sine-
Old Frisian: sin-
Old Saxon: sin-
Old Dutch: sino-
Middle Dutch: sine-, sin-
Dutch: zene-
Old High German: sin-

Old Norse: sí-

Icelandic: sí-, sí

⇒ Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (sinteins)


hrōþiz

hrōþiz (nominative singular)
hrōþīz (nominative plural)
hrōþi (singular vocative)
hrōþīz (plural vocative)
hrōþį (accusative singular)
hrōþinz (accusative plural)
hrōþīz (genitive singular)
hrōþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrōþī (dative singular)
hrōþimaz (dative plural)
hrōþī (instrumental singular)
hrōþimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrōþi
Old English: hrēþ
Old Saxon: hrōth-
Old High German: hruod-

Old Norse: hróðr, hróð-, Hróð-

Icelandic: hróður, hróð-, Hróð-

Gothic: *𐌷𐍂𐍉𐌸𐍃 (*hrōþs) (in personal names)

From Pre-Germanic *kréh₂tis or *kréh₃tis, from Proto-Indo-European *kreH- (“to shout, to cry”). Cognate with Sanskrit कीर्ति (kīrti).


gudą

gudą (nominative singular)
gudō (nominative plural)
gudą (singular vocative)
gudō (plural vocative)
gudą (accusative singular)
gudō (accusative plural)
gudas (genitive singular)
gudis (genitive singular)
gudǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gudai (dative singular)
gudamaz (dative plural)
gudō (instrumental singular)
gudamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *god
Old English: god
Middle English: god
Scots: god, God
English: god, God
Yola: gud, Gud
Old Frisian: god
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: God
Saterland Frisian: God
West Frisian: god, God
Old Saxon: god
Middle Low German: gad, god
Low German: Gott
Plautdietsch: Gott
Old Dutch: got
Middle Dutch: got
Dutch: god, God
Limburgish: gód, Gód
Old High German: got, cot
Middle High German: got
Alemannic German: Gott
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: Gott
Mòcheno: Gott
Central Franconian: Jott
German: Gott
Luxembourgish: Gott
Yiddish: גאָט (got)

Old Norse: goð n, guð m, ᚴᚢᚦ (kuþ), ᚷᚢᛞ (ɢuᴅ), ᚷᚢᚦ (ɢuþ) — Runic form
Icelandic: goð n
Icelandic: guð m, goð n
Faroese: Gud, gudur
Norwegian Nynorsk: gud m
Elfdalian: guð
Old Swedish: guþ n or m
Swedish: gud
Danish: gud c
Norwegian Bokmål: gud
→ Greenlandic: guuti
Gutnish: gud, gu

Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐌸 (guþ)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰutós (“invoked (one); libated, poured as part of a liquid offering”), perhaps via the earlier meaning of “[libation made to an] idol” or “spirit immanent in a burial mound”.


haglaz

haglaz (nominative singular)
haglōz (nominative plural)
haglōs (nominative plural)
hagl (singular vocative)
haglōz (plural vocative)
haglōs (plural vocative)
haglą (accusative singular)
haglanz (accusative plural)
haglas (genitive singular)
haglis (genitive singular)
haglǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haglai (dative singular)
haglamaz (dative plural)
haglō (instrumental singular)
haglamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hagl

desctree

Old English: hæġl, hæġel, hagal, hagol
Middle English: hayle, hail, hayl, haile, haiel, ail, hale; haul, hawle, hawel (< Old English hagol); hagol, haȝel, haȝol, hahȝel, haghil (chiefly early)
English: hail
Scots: hail

Old Frisian: heil

North Frisian:

Sylt: Hail

Old Saxon: hagal
Middle Low German: hagel
German Low German: Hagel
Plautdietsch: Hoagel

Old Dutch: *hagal
Middle Dutch: hagel
Dutch: hagel
Afrikaans: hael
Berbice Creole Dutch: hagli
Negerhollands: hagel
→ Papiamentu: hagel
→ Sranan Tongo: agra
→ Caribbean Javanese: agrah
→ Saramaccan: hága, ága
Limburgish: hagel, haachel

Old High German: hagal
Middle High German: hagel
German: Hagel
Luxembourgish: Hol (obsolete)
Yiddish: האָגל (hogl)

→ English: haglaz (learned)

Unknown. Traditionally compared to Ancient Greek κόχλαξ (kókhlax), κάχληξ (kákhlēx, “pebble(s), small stone(s), gravel (in a riverbed)”) which would point to Proto-Indo-European *kagʰl- (“pebble”). Beekes instead asserts that the Greek is of substrate origin, on the basis of its irregular variation and the suffix -ακ- (-ak-). Alternatively, *haglaz may be:
* From pre-Germanic *ḱo-ḱl(h₁)-ó-m, similar to *hehlǭ (“hoarfrost”), from a reduplication of Proto-Indo-European *ḱel(h₁)- (“cold”), thus similar in formation to Sanskrit शिशिर (śíśira, “cool, cold; hoarfrost”) (perhaps from *ḱí-ḱl̥h₁-o-).
* Derived from a verb *hag(g)ōną (“to torment, agonize”), in view of the Faroese meaning “pain, inconvenience”.
Attested as haal in the Codex Vindobonensis, despite all of the other names preserving -z, so in Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌲𐌻 was the name of 𐌷 (compare daaz for dags)

cog

(Runic alphabet) name of the rune ᚺ,ᚻ (h)


argaz

*argaz (a-stem)

argaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
argai (masculine nominative plural strong)
argō (feminine nominative singular strong)
argôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
argą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
argō (neuter nominative plural strong)
arganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
arganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
argǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
argōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
argą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
argō (accusative neuter plural strong)
argas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
argaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
argaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
argaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
argas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
argaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
argammai (dative masculine singular strong)
argaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
argaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
argaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
argammai (dative neuter singular strong)
argaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
arganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
argaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
argaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
argaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
arganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
argaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
argô (masculine nominative singular weak)
arganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
argǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
argōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
argô (neuter nominative singular weak)
argōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
arganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
arganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
argōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
argōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
argô (accusative neuter singular weak)
argōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
arginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
arganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
argōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
argōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
arginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
arganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
argini (dative masculine singular weak)
argammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
argōni (dative feminine singular weak)
argōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
argini (dative neuter singular weak)
argammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
arginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
argammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
argōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
argōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
arginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
argammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *arg
Old English: earg, arg
Middle English: arg, argh, eri
Early Scots: argh, arch
Scots: ergh, erfe, erf
English: argh, eerie
Old Frisian: erch, erg
Saterland Frisian: äärch
West Frisian: erch, arch
Old Saxon: *arug, *arg
Middle Low German: arich, arch
Low German: arg
Old Dutch: arug, *arg
Middle Dutch: arch, aerch, erch
Dutch: erg, arg (the form with -a- is now archaic or dialectal, but preserved in several derived forms such as argeloos, argwaan etc.)
Old High German: arg, arc, arga
Middle High German: arc
Alemannic German: arg, arig
Swabian: arg
Bavarian: oarg
Central Franconian: ärch, arch (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: aarich
German: arg
Luxembourgish: uerg
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: aarich, arch, arich
Pennsylvania German: arig, arrig
→ Medieval Latin: arga

Old Norse: argr
⇒ Old Norse: ragr
Icelandic: ragur
Old Swedish: ragher
Icelandic: argur
Faroese: argur
Old Swedish: argher
Swedish: arg
Danish: arg
→ Scots: arg, arga

Gothic: *𐌰𐍂𐌲𐍃 (*args)

→ Spanish: haragán

→ Proto-Finnic: *arka

Estonian: arg

Finnish: arka

Ingrian: arga

Karelian: arga

Livonian: ārga

Ludian: arg

Veps: arg

Votic: arkõ

→ Proto-Samic: *ārkē

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃orǵʰ-, *h₃erǵʰ- (“to copulate”). Cognate with Lithuanian aržùs, Russian ёрзать (jórzatʹ).


ju

Proto-West Germanic: *jū

Old English: iū, ġeō; ġēn, ġīen, ġēna, ġīena

Middle English: iu

Old Saxon: jū, giū, gio, īū

Middle Low German: iû, jû

Old Dutch: *jū, ju, iu

Old High German: jū, giu

Middle High German: jū

Gothic: 𐌾𐌿 (ju)

→ Proto-Finnic: *jo (“already”)
Estonian: ju
Finnish: jo
Ingrian: jo
Karelian:
North Karelian: jo
South Karelian: jo
Livonian: jo, ju
Livvi: jo
Ludian: d'o
Veps: jo
Võro: jo
Votic: jo

* Apparently derived from the feminine accusative form of the pronoun Proto-Indo-European *yā́m, itself thematic form of Proto-Indo-European *íh₂m, see also Latvian jau (“already”), Lithuanian jau, Polish już, and Latin iam (“already, now”). The Germanic and Balto-Slavic words represent the locative case, while the Latin descended from the accusative.
* Based on a long stem vowel in Old High German derived from u-stem locative *h₂y-éw to Proto-Indo-European *h₂óyu, compare Lithuanian jaū, Proto-Germanic *aiwaz, etc.


gaits

gaits (nominative singular)
gaitiz (nominative plural)
gait (singular vocative)
gaitiz (plural vocative)
gaitų (accusative singular)
gaitunz (accusative plural)
gaitiz (genitive singular)
gaitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaiti (dative singular)
gaitumaz (dative plural)
gaitē (instrumental singular)
gaitumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gait
Old English: gāt
Middle English: goot, got, gat, gote, goet, goth, gathe, geet
English: goat (see there for further descendants)
Scots: gait, gayt
Yola: geearth, geearte, gurth; gearded
Old Frisian: *gāt, *gēt
North Frisian: giet
Saterland Frisian: Geet
→ German Low German: Jitt (dialectal)
West Frisian: geit
Old Saxon: gēt
Middle Low German: gete, geite
Walloon: gade
Old Dutch: *geit
Middle Dutch: geit
Dutch: geit
Afrikaans: geit
Limburgish: geit
Old High German: geiz
Middle High German: geiz
Alemannic German: Geiss
Bavarian: Goaß
Cimbrian: goaz, gòas (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: goas
German: Geiß
Luxembourgish: Geess

Old Norse: geit
Icelandic: geit
Faroese: geit
Norwegian Nynorsk: geit
→ Norwegian Bokmål: geit
Old Swedish: gēt, ᚵᚽᛏ
Swedish: get
Old Danish: gēt
Danish: ged
Norwegian Bokmål: gjet
Elfdalian: djiet
Helsingian: gjótt
Gutnish: gait

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 (gaits)

→ Proto-Samic: *kājccë (see there for further descendants)

Cognate with Proto-Italic *haidos, but cannot be traced back to Proto-Indo-European. According to Bjørn, from the same source as Proto-Semitic *gady-, Proto-Berber *a-ɣăyd, Proto-Nakh *gaazaᶰ.


mili

mili (nominative singular)
mili (singular vocative)
mili (accusative singular)
milidiz (genitive singular)
milidi (dative singular)
milidē (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *mili (only in compounds)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌸 (miliþ)

From earlier *milit, from Pre-Germanic *melid, from Proto-Indo-European *mélit.


-hun

Gothic: -𐌷𐌿𐌽 (-hun) (𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌷𐌿𐌽 (ainshun), 𐌸𐌹𐍃𐌷𐌿𐌽 (þishun), etc.)

Possibly from Pre-Germanic *-kʷune, from a variant or development of the root found in Proto-Indo-European *kʷos + particle *ne.

Attaches to indefinite pronouns, with the suffixed word often being preceded by the particle *ne or *ni.

Attaches to indefinite adverbs, with the suffixed word often being preceded by the particle *ne or *ni.


halmaz

halmaz (nominative singular)
halmōz (nominative plural)
halmōs (nominative plural)
halm (singular vocative)
halmōz (plural vocative)
halmōs (plural vocative)
halmą (accusative singular)
halmanz (accusative plural)
halmas (genitive singular)
halmis (genitive singular)
halmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
halmai (dative singular)
halmamaz (dative plural)
halmō (instrumental singular)
halmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *halm
Old English: healm n, halm
Middle English: healm, halm, helm, holm
English: halm, haulm
Scots: haulm
Old Frisian: *halm
Saterland Frisian: Hoolm
West Frisian: haal
Old Saxon: halm
Middle Low German: halm
German Low German: Halm
Old Dutch: *halm
Middle Dutch: halm
Dutch: halm
Old High German: halm
Middle High German: halm, halme, helm
German: Halm
Luxembourgish: Hallem

Old Norse: halmr

Icelandic: hálmur

Faroese: hálmur

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: halm; (dialectal) hålm’e, håm’e

Swedish: halm

Danish: halm

Norwegian Bokmål: halm

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱolh₂mos, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₂- (“to stick; prick; stab”). Cognate with Latin culmus, Ancient Greek κάλαμος (kálamos). Kroonen, who adds Lithuanian kélmas (“tree trunk”) as a cognate, reconstructs the original athematic paradigm as *ḱélh₂-m̥ ~ *ḱl̥h₂-m-ós (cf. *elm-, *alm-, *ulm- (“elm”)), rejecting Beekes' *ḱólh₂-m̥ ~ *ḱl̥h₂-ém-.


ferrai

Proto-West Germanic:

desctree

Old English: feorr, feor
Middle English: fer, feor, for, fur, feer, ver, veir, far
English: far
Scots: faur
Yola: var

Old Frisian: fir, fer

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *ferrō

Old Saxon: fer, ferr, ferro
Middle Low German: verre

Old Dutch: ferro

Middle Dutch: verre
Dutch: ver, verre (archaic)
Afrikaans: ver
Berbice Creole Dutch: faru
Javindo: fer
Negerhollands: ver

Old High German: ferro
Middle High German: verre
Cimbrian: vèrre, bèrre (Mezzaselva)
Mòcheno: vèrr

Proto-Norse: *ᚠᛖᚱᛖ (*fere)
Old Norse: fjarri
Icelandic: fjarri
Faroese: fjarri
Old Swedish: fiærre
⇒ Proto-Norse: *ᚠᛖᚱᚨᚾᚨ (*ferana /ferrana/)
Old Swedish: fiærran
Swedish: fjärran
Danish: fjern
Norwegian Bokmål: fjern
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: fjern

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌰 (fairra)

From Proto-Indo-European *per-nóy (locative), from *per- (“to cross, pass”).


iz

gem-decl-adj-table

*iz (irregular)

iz (masculine nominative singular)
īz (masculine nominative plural)
sī (feminine nominative singular)
ijôz (feminine nominative plural)
it (neuter nominative singular)
ijō (neuter nominative plural)
inǭ (accusative masculine singular)
inz (accusative masculine plural)
ijǭ (accusative feminine singular)
ijōz (accusative feminine plural)
it (accusative neuter singular)
ijō (accusative neuter plural)
es (genitive masculine singular)
ezǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
ezōz (feminine genitive singular)
ezǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
es (genitive neuter singular)
ezǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
immai (dative masculine singular)
imaz (dative masculine plural)
ezōi (dative feminine singular)
imaz (dative feminine plural)
immai (dative neuter singular)
imaz (dative neuter plural)
inō (instrumental masculine singular)
imiz (instrumental masculine plural)
ezō (feminine instrumental singular)
imiz (feminine instrumental plural)
inō (instrumental neuter singular)
imiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *iʀ
Old English: ī- (“self; same”, prefix)
Old Frisian: -er, -ere
Saterland Frisian: er
West Frisian: er
Old High German: ēr
Middle High German: ër
Alemannic German: er, är, aer, er, ër
Swabian: er, ear
Bavarian: er
Cimbrian: èar, ar (aphetic); er (Luserna)
Mòcheno: er
Central Franconian: er
Hunsrik: er, ëyer (Wiesemann spelling system)
East Central German: er, ar, ea
German: er
East Franconian: er, ea, ar
Rhine Franconian: er, ér, éa
Pennsylvania German: er
Yiddish: ער (er)

Old Norse: es, er

Faroese: er

Icelandic: er

Old Swedish: ær

Gothic: 𐌹𐍃 (is)

Crimean Gothic: ies

From inflected forms

*sī (singular feminine) (< *sih₂)

Proto-West Germanic: *sī, *si(j)u

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹 (si)

*it (singular neuter) (< *íd) (see there for further descendants)

*īz (plural masculine) (< *éyes)

Gothic: 𐌴𐌹𐍃 (eis)

*ijôz (plural feminine) (< *íh₂es)

Gothic: 𐌹𐌾𐍉𐍃 (ijōs)

*ijō (plural neuter) (< *íh₂)

Gothic: 𐌹𐌾𐌰 (ija)

*inǭ (singular masculine) (< *ím)

Old Saxon: ina
Middle Low German: ine, ene, one
German Low German: ne, en

Old Dutch: ina

Old High German: inan
Middle High German: in, inen
Alemannic German: in
Cimbrian: in, inn (Sette Comuni)
German: ihn
Hunsrik: ihn

Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐌰 (ina)

*ijǭ (singular feminine) (< [Term?])

Gothic: 𐌹𐌾𐌰 (ija)

*inz (plural masculine) (< *íns)

Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐍃 (ins)

*ijōz (plural feminine) (< [Term?])

Gothic: 𐌹𐌾𐍉𐍃 (ijōs)

*ijō (plural neuter) (< *íh₂)

Gothic: 𐌹𐌾𐌰 (ija)

*es (singular masculine, singular neuter) (< *ésyo)

Old Saxon: is

Middle Low German: is, es

Old High German: es, is

Middle High German: es

Gothic: 𐌹𐍃 (is)

*ezōz (singular feminine) (< *ésyeh₂s)

Old Saxon: ira, iru, iro, ire
Middle Low German: ēr
Dutch Low Saxon: eur
German Low German: üor, ehr, eer

Old Dutch: iro

Old High German: ira

Middle High German: ire, ir

German: ihrer

Gothic: 𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 (izōs)

*ezǫ̂ (plural, all genders) (< *éysom)

Old Saxon: iro

Middle Low German: erer, er, orer, or, irer

German Low German: ehr, öhren

Old Dutch: iro

Middle Dutch: er

Dutch: er

Old High German: iro

Middle High German: ire, ir

German: ihrer

Gothic: 𐌹𐌶𐌴 (izē), 𐌹𐌶𐍉 (izō)

*immai (singular masculine, singular neuter) (< *ésmey)

Old Saxon: imu
Middle Low German: ime, eme, ome, gim, jum, um
Dutch Low Saxon: em, um
German Low German: em, äm
Plautdietsch: am

Old Dutch: imo

Old High German: imu, imo

Middle High German: ime, im

Alemannic German: im

Cimbrian: iime

German: ihm

Hunsrik: ihm

Yiddish: אים (im)

Gothic: 𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 (imma)

*ezōi (singular feminine) (< *ésyeh₂ey)

Old Saxon: iru

Middle Low German: ere

Dutch Low Saxon: eur

German Low German: ehr, üör, iär, öhr

Old High German: iru, iro

Middle High German: ir

Alemannic German: ire

Cimbrian: iar

German: ihr

Hunsrik: eer

Yiddish: איר (ir)

Gothic: 𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌹 (izai)

*imaz (plural, all genders) (< [Term?])

Old Saxon: im, imo
Middle Low German: one, gim, jum
German Low German: jüm, jem

Old Dutch: im

Old High German: im, in

Middle High German: in

Alemannic German: ine, ene

German: ihnen

⇒ Cimbrian: innàndarn

Gothic: 𐌹𐌼 (im)

he, she, it, they; 3rd person personal pronoun


lambaz

lambaz (nominative singular)
lambizō (nominative plural)
lambaz (singular vocative)
lambizō (plural vocative)
lambaz (accusative singular)
lambizō (accusative plural)
lambiziz (genitive singular)
lambizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lambizi (dative singular)
lambizumaz (dative plural)
lambizē (instrumental singular)
lambizumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lamb
Old English: lamb, lomb
Middle English: lamb, lam
Scots: lam, lamb
English: lamb
Yola: lhawmb
Old Frisian: lamb, lam
North Frisian:
Föhr: lum
Hallig: lööm
Heligoland: Lum
Mooring: löm
Saterland Frisian: Loum
West Frisian: laam
Old Saxon: lamb
Middle Low German: lamp, lam
Low German: Lamm
Plautdietsch: Laum
Old Dutch: *lamb (possibly also in placename lampanesse)
Middle Dutch: lamp, lam
Dutch: lam
Afrikaans: lam
Limburgish: laam
Old High German: lamb
Middle High German: lamp, lam
Cimbrian: lamp
German: Lamm
Luxembourgish: Lamm
Vilamovian: łamm
Yiddish: לאַם (lam)

Old Norse: lamb
Icelandic: lamb
Faroese: lamb
Norn: lamb
Norwegian Nynorsk: lamb, lam; (dialectal) låm
Old Swedish: lamb
Swedish: lamm, lamb
Old Danish: lamb
Danish: lam
Norwegian Bokmål: lam
Gutnish: lamb
Scanian: lǫm

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱 (lamb)

→ Proto-Finnic: *lambas (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *lāmpēs (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁l̥h₁onbʰos (related to Scottish Gaelic lon (“elk”), Ancient Greek ἔλαφος (élaphos, “red deer”)), enlargement of *h₁elh₁én.


dagaz

dagaz (nominative singular)
dagōz (nominative plural)
dagōs (nominative plural)
dag (singular vocative)
dagōz (plural vocative)
dagōs (plural vocative)
dagą (accusative singular)
daganz (accusative plural)
dagas (genitive singular)
dagis (genitive singular)
dagǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dagai (dative singular)
dagamaz (dative plural)
dagō (instrumental singular)
dagamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dag
Old English: dæġ, deġ — Mercian, Kentish; deag, dæiġ, daig
Middle English: day, dai, dæi, dey, daȝ, dæȝ, dei, daye, daȝȝ, daȝh, daiȝ, *dah
English: day
Scots: day
Yola: die, dei, dey, daie
Old Frisian: dei, dī
North Frisian: däi
Föhr-Amrum: dai
Saterland Frisian: Dai
West Frisian: dei
Old Saxon: dag
Middle Low German: dach
Low German:
Dutch Low Saxon: dag
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Dag
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Dag
Ravensbergisch: Dach
Sauerländisch: Dag, Dāg
Westmünsterländisch: Dagg
Plautdietsch: Dach
Old Dutch: dag
Middle Dutch: dach
Dutch: dag
Afrikaans: dag
Berbice Creole Dutch: daka
Jersey Dutch: dâx
Negerhollands: dag, dak
→ Virgin Islands Creole: dak (archaic)
Petjo: dah
Skepi Creole Dutch: dak, dagka
→ Saramaccan: dáka
Limburgish: daag
West Flemish: dag
Zealandic: dag
Old High German: tag, tac, tak, dac, *dag — northern
Middle High German: tac, tag, dach
Alemannic German: Tag
Alsatian: Dàà (north), Dàj (center), Dàg (south)
Italian Walser: tag, tog, tàg
Swabian: Dag
Bavarian: Da, Dåg, Doch
Cimbrian: tak, ta, tag, tage
Mòcheno: ta
Udinese: tach, ti
Central Franconian: Daach
Hunsrik: Daagh, taach (Wiesemann spelling system)
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Dag
German: Tag
Esperanto: tago
Luxembourgish: Dag, Do
Rhine Franconian: Tach
Pennsylvania German: Daag
Transylvanian Saxon: Dåch
Vilamovian: taog
Yiddish: טאָג (tog)

Proto-Norse: *ᛞᚨᚷᚨᛉ (*dagaʀ)

Old Norse: dagr
Icelandic: dagur
Faroese: dagur
Norn: dagh
→ Scots: dag (Orkney, Shetlandic)
Norwegian Nynorsk: dag; (dialectal) dag’e
Elfdalian: dag
Old Swedish: dagher, ᚦᛆᚵᚼᚽᚱ
Swedish: dag
Old Danish: dagh
Danish: dag
Norwegian Bokmål: dag
Scanian: dağ
Gutnish: dag

Crimean Gothic: tag

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 (dags)

Vandalic: *dag-

Uncertain. Often explained as derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”), but the loss of the labialization would be irregular; *dawaz would be expected. Kroonen posits instead a root *dʰeǵʰ- (“day”), from which he says a heteroclitic noun *dʰṓǵʰ-r/n- (“day”) is also derived, the source of Proto-Germanic *dōgera-/*dōgena- (see *dōg-) and Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háȷ́ʰr̥ (from which Sanskrit अहर् (ahar)) with irregular loss of the initial consonant, possibly in the zero grade. For this root, see also *gēz, Gothic 𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (gistradagis) and Proto-West Germanic *gesteran (“yesterday”), all deriving from Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰyés.


uber

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *obar
Old English: ofer
Middle English: over
Scots: ower
English: over
Northumbrian: ower
Old Frisian: over, uver
Saterland Frisian: uur
West Frisian: oer
Old Saxon: ovar
Middle Low German: över, over, oever, aver
Low German: över
Old Dutch: over, ovir
Middle Dutch: ōver
Dutch: over
Afrikaans: oor
Old High German: obar, ubar
Middle High German: ober, over, uber
German: ober-
Yiddish: אייבער־ (eyber-)

Old Norse: of, ofr-, ofr

Icelandic: of, ofur-, ofur

Faroese: ov, ovur-

Norwegian: ov-

Gothic: 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 (ufar)

From Proto-Indo-European *upér, *supér, ultimately from the root *upo. Cognate with Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér, “above”), Latin super (“above”).

over, above (positioned above) [with dative]


wulfaz

wulfaz (nominative singular)
wulfōz (nominative plural)
wulfōs (nominative plural)
wulf (singular vocative)
wulfōz (plural vocative)
wulfōs (plural vocative)
wulfą (accusative singular)
wulfanz (accusative plural)
wulfas (genitive singular)
wulfis (genitive singular)
wulfǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wulfai (dative singular)
wulfamaz (dative plural)
wulfō (instrumental singular)
wulfamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wulf
Old English: wulf
Middle English: wolf, wulf, woulf, wolfe
English: wolf, wolve (rare)
→ Ido: volfo (also from German)
Scots: wolf, woulf, wouff
Old Frisian: wolf
Saterland Frisian: Wulf
West Frisian: wolf
Old Saxon: wulf
Middle Low German: wulf
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Wulf
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Wulf
Suerländer-Märkisch: Wulf
Westmünsterländisch: Wulf
Plautdietsch: Wulf
Old Dutch: *wulf
Middle Dutch: wolf
Dutch: wolf
Afrikaans: wolf
Jersey Dutch: wâlf
Negerhollands: wuluwuluk
→ Virgin Islands Creole: wuluwuluk (dated)
Limburgish: wólf
Old High German: wolf
Middle High German: wolf
Alemannic German: wolf (Italian Walser)
Bavarian: Woif, Wolf
Cimbrian: bolf
Mòcheno: bolf
Udinese: bolf, bölf
German: Wolf
Hunsrik: Wollef
Luxembourgish: Wollef
Pennsylvania German: Wolf
Vilamovian: wūf
Yiddish: וואָלף (volf)

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᚢᛚᚠᚨᛉ (*wulfaʀ)

Old Norse: ulfr, úlfr
Icelandic: úlfur
Faroese: úlvur
Norwegian Nynorsk: ulv; (dialectal) úv'e, olv, ålv
Norwegian Bokmål: ulv
Elfdalian: ulv
Old Swedish: ulver
Swedish: ulv
Old Danish: ulv
Danish: ulv
Gutnish: ulv, ålv

Gothic: 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐍃 (wulfs)

From Pre-Germanic *wúlkʷos, from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos. Changes: *wúlkʷos > *wúlpos > *wulfaz (analogically: *pénkʷe > *pémpe > *fimf). Such sound change is irregular as the expected outcome would have been **wulhwaz.


banjō

banjō (nominative singular)
banjôz (nominative plural)
banjō (singular vocative)
banjôz (plural vocative)
banjǭ (accusative singular)
banjōz (accusative plural)
banjōz (genitive singular)
banjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
banjōi (dative singular)
banjōmaz (dative plural)
banjō (instrumental singular)
banjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bannju
Old English: benn
Old Saxon: beni

Old Norse: ben

Icelandic: ben

Faroese: ben

Norwegian: ben

Old Swedish: bæn

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌾𐌰 (banja)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰon-yeh₂, from *gʷʰen- (“to strike, kill”), although disputed by Kroonen, who instead derives it from *bʰon-eye-.


kas-

Uncertain. Possibly related to Latin gerō (“carry, bring”), Latin gestō (“wear”), Old Irish gall (“rock, pillar”) (< *gaslâ).


jit

(Northwest Germanic) Alternative form of *jut


audaz

audaz (nominative singular)
audōz (nominative plural)
audōs (nominative plural)
aud (singular vocative)
audōz (plural vocative)
audōs (plural vocative)
audą (accusative singular)
audanz (accusative plural)
audas (genitive singular)
audis (genitive singular)
audǫ̂ (genitive plural)
audai (dative singular)
audamaz (dative plural)
audō (instrumental singular)
audamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aud
Old English: ēad
Middle English: ead, ed
Old Saxon: ōd
Old High German: ōt

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: auðr

Icelandic: auður

Faroese: eyður

Old Swedish: ø̄þer

Swedish: öd

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍃 (audahafts)


agraz

gem-decl-noun-table

*agraz (a-stem)

agraz (nominative singular)
agrōz (nominative plural)
-ōs (nominative plural)
agr (singular vocative)
agrōz (plural vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
agrą (accusative singular)
agranz (accusative plural)
agras (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
agrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
agrai (dative singular)
agramaz (dative plural)
agrō (instrumental singular)
agramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *agr
Old English: ēagor
English: eagre
Old Dutch: *aggar
Middle Dutch: *agger
Dutch: agger

Plausibly from Pre-Germanic *h₂(e)kʷrós: Proto-Indo-European *h₂ekʷ-, the same root which gave *h₂ékʷeh₂ (whence Germanic *ahwō), with the suffix *-rós. Thus equivalent to *ahwō + *-raz.


se-

ek (unstr. *ik) (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
*se- (nominative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mek (unstr. *mik) (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þek (unstr. *þik) (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miz (dative first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
þiz (dative instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
siz (dative instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīnaz (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīnaz (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīnaz (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wet (unstr. *wit) (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jut (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
*se- (dual nominative personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkiz (dative dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
inkwiz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
siz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
unkeraz (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkweraz (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wīz (unstr. *wiz) (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jūz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jīz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
*se- (nominative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsiz (dative first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
siz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unseraz (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
izweraz (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

From Proto-Indo-European *swe-, combining form of *swé.

himself, herself, themselves (3rd person reflexive pronoun)


samana

Proto-West Germanic: *saman

Old English: samen, somen; tōsamne, tōsomne

Middle English: samen, samenn; samen- (prefix)

Scots: samen, samin

English: sam (obsolete); same (dialectal)

Old Frisian: samin, semin; tō samene, tō semine

Saterland Frisian: tousommen

Old Saxon: saman; te samne, tesamna

Middle Low German: samen

German Low German: tosamen

Old Dutch: saman, samon; te saman

Middle Dutch: te samen, tesamen

Dutch: tsamen, samen, saam, tezamen

Afrikaans: saam

Old High German: saman; zi samane, zisamane

Middle High German: samen; ze samene, ze samen

German: sammen; zusammen

Luxembourgish: zesummen

Old Norse: saman; til samans

Icelandic: saman; til samans

Faroese: saman

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: saman

Norwegian Bokmål: sammen

Old Swedish: saman; til saman, til samans

Swedish: samman; tillsamman, tillsammans

Danish: sammen

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰 (samana)

From Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one, same”).


-r

Creates adverbs indicating stationary location from nominal stems.


þri-

Proto-West Germanic: *þri-

Old English: þri-

Old High German: drī-

Old Norse: þrí-

From pre-Germanic *tri-, combining form of Proto-Indo-European *tréyes.


-az

-az (nominative singular)
-izō (nominative plural)
-az (singular vocative)
-izō (plural vocative)
-az (accusative singular)
-izō (accusative plural)
-iziz (genitive singular)
-izǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-izi (dative singular)
-izumaz (dative plural)
-izē (instrumental singular)
-izumiz (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *-os (adjectival ending). Cognate with Ancient Greek -ος (-os), Proto-Italic *-os, Sanskrit -ः (-ḥ), Proto-Slavic *-ъ.


kinō

kinō (nominative singular)
kinôz (nominative plural)
kinō (singular vocative)
kinôz (plural vocative)
kinǭ (accusative singular)
kinōz (accusative plural)
kinōz (genitive singular)
kinǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kinōi (dative singular)
kinōmaz (dative plural)
kinō (instrumental singular)
kinōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċinu; ċine

desctree

Middle English: chyne, chene, cheyne, chine, chyn, chynne
English: chine (chink)
Scots: chin, chun

(Old Frisian: *kīn)

(Saterland Frisian: Kien n)

Old Saxon: *kina; kin; kinislo; (*kīn m)

Middle Low German: kinst m ?

→ Danish: kin (dialectal)

Old Dutch: *kina

Middle Dutch: kene

Dutch: keen

From Pre-Germanic *ǵi-n-, originally a nasal-present from Proto-Indo-European *ǵey- (“to split; sprout”).


mann-

mann- (nominative singular)
manô (nominative singular)
mannô (nominative singular)
manniz (nominative plural)
mann (singular vocative)
manniz (plural vocative)
mannų (accusative singular)
mannunz (accusative plural)
manniz (genitive singular)
mannǫ̂ (genitive plural)
manni (dative singular)
mannumaz (dative plural)
mannē (instrumental singular)
mannumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mann
Old English: mann, ᛗ (m), man, monn, mon, manna
Middle English: man, manne, mæn, mon, monne
English: man, -man (see there for further descendants)
Scots: man
Yola: man
Old Frisian: man, mon
North Frisian: maan
Saterland Frisian: Mon
West Frisian: man
Old Saxon: mann
Middle Low German: man
German Low German: Mann
Plautdietsch: Maun
Old Dutch: man
Middle Dutch: man
Dutch: man
Limburgish: man
Zealandic: man
Old High German: man
Middle High German: man
Alemannic German: ma, mà, Maa, Mann, Mànn, mo, ma'
Swabian: Ma, Mâ, Mô, Mâo, Mâu
Bavarian: mon, mònn, moon, ma'
Cimbrian: man, mann, månn
Mòcheno: mònn
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Mann
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: Moan
German: Mann, man
Luxembourgish: Mann
Transylvanian Saxon: Mouen, Mäun
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Mann
Yiddish: מאַן (man)

Old Norse: maðr
Icelandic: maður
Faroese: maður
Norn: mann
Norwegian Nynorsk: mann; (dialectal) mann’e, man
Russenorsk: мань (manʹ)
Jamtish: mǫnn (1000s Runic ᛘᚭᚦᚱ (mąþr))
Elfdalian: mað (accusative mann)
Old Swedish: maþer, madher, mander, man
Swedish: man
Old Danish: man
Scanian: manð
Danish: mand
Norwegian Bokmål: mann
Old Gutnish: maþr, mandr
Gutnish: man

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰 (manna)

From Proto-Indo-European *mon- or *men-. Alternatively, Kroonen favors the word splitting off from Proto-Indo-European *(dʰ)ǵʰmō, *(dʰ)ǵʰmon- in the cases where the -m- wasn't syllabic (which otherwise gave *gum-, see *gumô), the initial cluster would have been unpronounceable in Germanic, giving a reduced *(-)man-.


nuh

Proto-West Germanic: *noh

Old Frisian: noch

North Frisian: nog

Saterland Frisian: noch

West Frisian: noch

Old Saxon: noh

Middle Low German: noch

Low German: noch

German Low German: noch

Westphalian:

Münsterländisch: noch

Paderbornisch: nau

Old Dutch: noh
Middle Dutch: noch (“still”, adverb)
Dutch: nog
Afrikaans: nog
Berbice Creole Dutch: noko
Petjo: noh
Skepi Creole Dutch: nug
Limburgish: nag
Middle Dutch: noch (“neither, nor”, conjunction), nō
Dutch: noch
Limburgish: nóch

Old High German: noh, noc
Middle High German: noch
Bavarian: noch, nu
Cimbrian: nó
German: noch
Luxembourgish: nach
Yiddish: נאָך (nokh)

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌷 (nauh)

From Proto-Indo-European *nu-kʷe (“and now”), equivalent to *nu + *-hw. Cognate with Proto-Celtic *nu-kʷe, whence Old Irish noch (“and yet”).


gumô

gumô (nominative singular)
gumaniz (nominative plural)
gumô (singular vocative)
gumaniz (plural vocative)
gumanų (accusative singular)
gumanunz (accusative plural)
guminiz (genitive singular)
gumanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gumini (dative singular)
gumammaz (dative plural)
guminē (instrumental singular)
gumammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gumō
Old English: guma
Middle English: gome, gom, gomme, gone, goom, goome, gume
English: gome
Scots: gome
Old Frisian: goma
Old Saxon: gumo, gomo
Old Dutch: *gomo
Middle Dutch: gome
Old High German: gomo
Middle High German: gome

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: gumi
Danish: brudgom, gom
Icelandic: gumi
Norwegian: gume
Swedish: brudgum

Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐌼𐌰 (guma)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰm̥mṓ. Cognate with Latin homo.


gastiz

gastiz (nominative singular)
gastīz (nominative plural)
gasti (singular vocative)
gastīz (plural vocative)
gastį (accusative singular)
gastinz (accusative plural)
gastīz (genitive singular)
gastijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gastī (dative singular)
gastimaz (dative plural)
gastī (instrumental singular)
gastimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gasti
Old English: ġiest
Old Frisian: jest
Old Saxon: gast
Middle Low German: gast
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Gast
Sauerländisch: Gast
Westmünsterländisch: Gast
Plautdietsch: Gaust
→ Saterland Frisian: Gast
→ West Frisian: gast
Old Dutch: *gast
Middle Dutch: gast
Dutch: gast
Afrikaans: gas
Old High German: gast
Middle High German: gast
Bavarian: Gåst
German: Gast
→ Esperanto: gasto
Luxembourgish: Gaascht
Yiddish: גאַסט (gast)

Proto-Norse: *ᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (*gastiʀ) (attested in several personal names)

Old Norse: gestr
Icelandic: gestur
Faroese: gestur
Norwegian Nynorsk: gjest
Norwegian Bokmål: gjest
Old Swedish: gæster
Swedish: gäst
Old Danish: gæst
Danish: gæst
→ Middle English: gest, geste, gist, geast, gyst
English: guest
Scots: guest

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍃 (gasts)

Possibly attested as -gasti- (in Harigasti-, 450–350 BCE, Negau). From Proto-Indo-European *gʰóstis. Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *gastis, Latin hostis.


beraną

berō (active first-person indicative singular)
beraų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
berai (first-person indicative passive singular)
birizi (active indicative second-person singular)
beraiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ber (active imperative second-person singular)
berazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
beraizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
biridi (active indicative singular third-person)
berai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
beradau (active imperative singular third-person)
beradai (indicative passive singular third-person)
beraidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
berōz (active dual first-person indicative)
beraiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
beradiz (active dual indicative second-person)
beraidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
beradiz (active dual imperative second-person)
beramaz (active first-person indicative plural)
beraim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
berandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
beraindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
birid (active indicative plural second-person)
beraid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
birid (active imperative plural second-person)
berandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
beraindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
berandi (active indicative plural third-person)
berain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
berandau (active imperative plural third-person)
berandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
beraindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bar (active first-person indicative singular)
bērį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bart (active indicative second-person singular)
bērīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bar (active indicative singular third-person)
bērī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bērū (active dual first-person indicative)
bērīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bērudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bērīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bērum (active first-person indicative plural)
bērīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bērud (active indicative plural second-person)
bērīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bērun (active indicative plural third-person)
bērīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
berandz (active participle present)
buranaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *beran
Old English: beran, beoran
Middle English: beren, beoren, bearen, baren
English: bear
Scots: bere, beir
Yola: ber, baar
Old Frisian: bera
Saterland Frisian: bere
West Frisian: barre
Old Saxon: beran
Middle Low German: beren, baren
German Low German: böhren
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: buar'n
Sauerländisch: ⇒ gebe̗ren
Westmünsterländisch: bohrn
Old Dutch: beran
Middle Dutch: bēren
Old High German: beran, peran
Middle High German: bëren, bërn
⇒ German: gebären
Alemannic German: beren

Old Norse: bera
Icelandic: bera
Faroese: bera
Norn: bera
Norwegian Nynorsk: bera
Elfdalian: björo
Old Swedish: bæra
Swedish: bära
Old Danish: bæræ
Danish: bære
Norwegian Bokmål: bære

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (bairan)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti, from *bʰer-.


satjaną

satjō (active first-person indicative singular)
satjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
satjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
satisi (active indicative second-person singular)
satjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sati (active imperative second-person singular)
satjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
satjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
satiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
satjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
satjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
satjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
satjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
satjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
satjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
satjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
satjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
satjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
satjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
satjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
satjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
satjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
satiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
satjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
satiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
satjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
satjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
satjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
satjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
satjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
satjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
satjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
satidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
satidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
satidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
satidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
satidē (active indicative singular third-person)
satidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
satidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
satidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
satidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
satidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
satidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
satidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
satidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
satidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
satidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
satidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
satjandz (active participle present)
satidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sattjan
Old English: settan
Middle English: setten, cetten, settan, settæn, sætten, seit, sette, sete; zetten, zete (Kent)
English: set
Scots: sett, set
Yola: zet, set
Old Frisian: setta
Saterland Frisian: sätte
West Frisian: sette
Old Saxon: settian
Middle Low German: setten
German Low German: setten
Old Dutch: setten
Middle Dutch: setten
Dutch: zetten
Afrikaans: sit
Berbice Creole Dutch: sete
Negerhollands: set, sit
Limburgish: zètte
Old High German: sezzen
Middle High German: setzen
Central Franconian: setze
Bavarian: setzn
Cimbrian: zètzan
German: setzen
Luxembourgish: setzen
Pennsylvania German: setze
Yiddish: זעצן (zetsn)

desc

Proto-Norse: ᛊᚨᛏᛁᛞᛟ (satido, 1st singular past indicative)

desctree

Old Norse: setja
Icelandic: setja
Faroese: seta
Norn: seta
Norwegian Nynorsk: setja, setta
Elfdalian: settja, setta
Old Swedish: sætia, sættia
Swedish: sätta
Old Danish: sætiæ, sættæ
Danish: sætte
Norwegian Bokmål: sette
Scanian: sæda
Gutnish: sätte

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (satjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *sodéyeti. Equivalent to *sitjaną + *-janą.