sadaz

*sadaz (a-stem)

sadaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sadai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sadō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sadôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sadą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sadō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sadanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sadanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sadǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sadōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sadą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sadō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sadas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sadaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sadaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sadaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sadas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sadaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sadammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sadaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sadaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sadaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sadammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sadaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sadanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sadaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sadaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sadaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sadanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sadaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sadô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sadaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sadǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sadōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sadô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sadōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sadanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sadanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sadōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sadōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sadô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sadōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sadiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sadanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sadōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sadōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sadiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sadanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sadini (dative masculine singular weak)
sadammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sadōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sadōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sadini (dative neuter singular weak)
sadammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sadinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sadammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sadōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sadōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sadinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sadammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sad
Old English: sæd
Middle English: sad, saad, sadd, zed; sæd, sead, sed (Early Middle English)
English: sad
Scots: sad
Old Frisian: sed
Saterland Frisian: sääd
West Frisian: sêd
Old Saxon: sad
Middle Low German: sat
German Low German: satt
Old Dutch: sad, sat
Middle Dutch: sat
Dutch: zat (with unetymological -t)
Old High German: sat
Middle High German: sat
German: satt
Luxembourgish: sat
Yiddish: זאַט (zat)

Old Norse: saðr

Icelandic: saður

Faroese: saður

Norwegian: sad

Danish: sat

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌸𐍃 (saþs)

From Proto-Indo-European *seh₂- (“to satiate, satisfy”), related to Latin satis (“enough”).


hwē

how, with what, by what means; instrumental of *hwaz


hē₂r

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hēr
Old English: hēr, ᚻᛖᚱ (her) — Franks Casket
Middle English: her, here, heer
English: here
Scots: her, here
Old Frisian: hīr
Saterland Frisian: hier
West Frisian: hjir
Old Saxon: hēr, hīr
Middle Low German: hêr, hîr, hîre
Low German: hier
Plautdietsch: hia, häa
Old Dutch: *hiar, hier, hiera
Middle Dutch: hier
Dutch: hier, her
Afrikaans: hier
Limburgish: hier; hie, heej (influenced by High German)
Old High German: hia, hiar
Middle High German: hie
Alemannic German: hie
Bavarian: hia
Cimbrian: hia
Central Franconian: hee, hie
German: hie
Luxembourgish: hei
Middle High German: hier
German: hier

Old Norse: hér
Icelandic: hér
Faroese: her
Norwegian: her
Old Swedish: hær, hiær
Swedish: här, (dialectal) héer, hera
Danish: her
Elfdalian: jär
Gutnish: hjär, hjä

Gothic: 𐌷𐌴𐍂 (hēr)

From *hiz + *-r. There is compensatory lengthening of the vowel after loss of /z/ before /r/ by rhotacism, but the origin of the e₂-vowel is not known.


hwō

Proto-West Germanic: *hwō

Old English: hū, hwu
Middle English: how, hou, howe, hu, hwu, whu, wou, wu
English: how
Geordie English: hoo
Scots: hoo, how, foo
Yola: fowe, how

Old Frisian: hū, hō

North Frisian: ho

Saterland Frisian: wo

West Frisian: hoe > hoe't

Old Saxon: hwō, hwuo, hū

Middle Low German: wô, wû

Low German: wo

Old Dutch: huo
Middle Dutch: hoe
Dutch: hoe
Limburgish: woe

Old High German: wuo (Franconian)

From a form of Proto-Indo-European *kʷos, *kʷis. Compare Latin quō (“where(to); why; so that”) (Proto-Italic *kʷō) and Ancient Greek πω (pō, “ever”), Ionic Greek κω (kō) (Proto-Hellenic *kʷō). Equivalent to *hwaz (“what”) + *-ō (instrumental ending).


fraisō

fraisō (nominative singular)
fraisôz (nominative plural)
fraisō (singular vocative)
fraisôz (plural vocative)
fraisǭ (accusative singular)
fraisōz (accusative plural)
fraisōz (genitive singular)
fraisǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fraisōi (dative singular)
fraisōmaz (dative plural)
fraisō (instrumental singular)
fraisōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: frāse
West Frisian: freze

Old Saxon: frēsa

Old Dutch: frēsa

Middle Dutch: vrese

Dutch: vrees

Afrikaans: vrees

Old High German: freisa

Middle High German: vreise

German: Freise (dialectal)

/ˈɸrɑi̯.sɔː/


fraisaną

fraisō (active first-person indicative singular)
fraisaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraisai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fraisizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fraisaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frais (active imperative second-person singular)
fraisazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fraisaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fraisidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fraisai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fraisadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fraisadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fraisaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fraisōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fraisaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fraisadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fraisaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fraisadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fraisamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fraisaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fraisandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fraisaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fraisid (active indicative plural second-person)
fraisaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fraisid (active imperative plural second-person)
fraisandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fraisaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fraisandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fraisain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraisandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fraisandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fraisaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fefrais (active first-person indicative singular)
fefraizį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fefraist (active indicative second-person singular)
fefraizīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fefrais (active indicative singular third-person)
fefraizī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fefraizū (active dual first-person indicative)
fefraizīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fefraizudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fefraizīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fefraizum (active first-person indicative plural)
fefraizīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fefraizud (active indicative plural second-person)
fefraizīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fefraizun (active indicative plural third-person)
fefraizīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraisandz (active participle present)
fraizanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (fraisan)

This old strong verb was replaced in the Northwest Germanic dialects.

(East Germanic) to attempt, to dare (something dangerous)


waluz

waluz (nominative singular)
waliwiz (nominative plural)
walu (singular vocative)
waliwiz (plural vocative)
walų (accusative singular)
walunz (accusative plural)
walauz (genitive singular)
waliwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waliwi (dative singular)
walumaz (dative plural)
walū (instrumental singular)
walumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: walu f, wala m

desctree

Middle English: wale, wælh
English: wale, weal
Scots: wale, wail

Old Frisian: *wale

North Frisian: waal

Frankish: *walu, *wala

→ Old French: waule, waulle, gaule

Middle French: gaulle, gaule

French: gaule

Old Norse: vǫlr
Icelandic: völur
Faroese: vølur
Norn: vol
Norwegian Nynorsk: vol
Norwegian Bokmål: vol
Old Swedish: val
Swedish: val (dial.)
Danish: ol, vol

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌿𐍃 (walus)

From Proto-Indo-European *wolH-u- (“stick, stake”), from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn, wind, roll”). Cognate with Latin vallus (“stake, pale”).

der

wurtwaluz

compound with *wrōts; see there for further descendants


sterbaną

sterbō (active first-person indicative singular)
sterbaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sterbai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stirbizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sterbaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sterb (active imperative second-person singular)
sterbazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sterbaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stirbidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sterbai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sterbadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sterbadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sterbaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sterbōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sterbaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sterbadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sterbaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sterbadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sterbamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sterbaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sterbandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sterbaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stirbid (active indicative plural second-person)
sterbaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stirbid (active imperative plural second-person)
sterbandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sterbaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sterbandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sterbain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sterbandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sterbandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sterbaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
starb (active first-person indicative singular)
sturbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
starft (active indicative second-person singular)
sturbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
starb (active indicative singular third-person)
sturbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sturbū (active dual first-person indicative)
sturbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sturbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sturbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sturbum (active first-person indicative plural)
sturbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sturbud (active indicative plural second-person)
sturbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sturbun (active indicative plural third-person)
sturbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sterbandz (active participle present)
sturbanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sterban
Old English: steorfan
Middle English: sterven, sterve
English: starve
Scots: sterve
Old Frisian: sterva
Saterland Frisian: stíerve
West Frisian: stjerre
Old Saxon: stervan
Middle Low German: sterven, starven
Low German: staarven, starven
Plautdietsch: stoawen
Old Dutch: stervan
Middle Dutch: sterven
Dutch: sterven
Limburgish: stèrve
Old High German: sterban
Middle High German: sterben
Alemannic German: steerbe, sterbe
Bavarian: sterbn
German: sterben
Hunsrik: sterrve
Luxembourgish: stierwen
Yiddish: שטאַרבן (shtarbn)

Old Norse: styrfinn, stirfinn (past participle adjective)

Icelandic: stirfinn

Faroese: stirvin

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)terp- (“to lose force; lose sensibility, become numb; be dead, be motionless”). Cognate with Latin torpēre. Or from Proto-Indo-European *sterbʰ- (“to be stiff, become stiff”), cognate with Ancient Greek στέρφνιος (stérphnios, “hard, firm, tight”).


wrōts

wrōts (nominative singular)
wrōtiz (nominative plural)
wrōt (singular vocative)
wrōtiz (plural vocative)
wrōtų (accusative singular)
wrōtunz (accusative plural)
wurtiz (genitive singular)
wurtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wurti (dative singular)
wurtumaz (dative plural)
wurtē (instrumental singular)
wurtumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wurti
Old English: wyrt (“plant, herb”)
Middle English: wurt, worte, wort
English: wort
Middle Scots: *wort (attested in plural wortis)
Scots: wirt
⇒ Middle English: wurten, worten (“resembling or pertaining to spice, herbal”, adj)
Old English: wyrt (“brewer's wort”) (merged with descendant of *wurtiju)
Middle English: wort, worte
English: wort
Scots: wirt
Old Saxon: wurt
Middle Low German: wort, wurt
Old Dutch: wurt
Middle Dutch: worte
Old High German: wurz
Middle High German: wurz
Cimbrian: burtz, buurtza (Sette Comuni)
German: Wurz
Vilamovian: wiyc
⇒ Old High German: giwurz f
Middle High German: *gewürze (attested 15th c.)
German: Gewürz n
→ German Low German: Gewürz
Luxembourgish: Gewierz

Old Norse: rót
Icelandic: rót
Faroese: rót
Norwegian: rot
Old Swedish: rōt
Swedish: rot
Danish: rod
Gutnish: rot
→ Old English: rōt
Middle English: rote, root, roote, rot, rotæ
English: root
Scots: ruit, rute

⇒ Old English: bisċopwyrtel

Old English: wyrtwalu f, wyrtwala m, *wyrtel

woartel

Old Frisian: wirtel, wortel; West Frisian

Middle Dutch: worteleDutch: wortelAfrikaans: wortel ()Negerhollands: wortel

carrot; square root, root; carrot; semantic loan

wolterSkepi Creole Dutch: wotl→ Indonesian: akar ()→ Indonesian: wortel ()Limburgish: wórtel


jīz

(Northwest Germanic) Alternative form of *jūz


rankaz

*rankaz (a-stem)

rankaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
rankai (masculine nominative plural strong)
rankō (feminine nominative singular strong)
rankôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ranką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
rankō (neuter nominative plural strong)
rankanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
rankanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
rankǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
rankōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ranką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
rankō (accusative neuter plural strong)
rankas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
rankaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
rankaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
rankaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
rankas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
rankaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
rankammai (dative masculine singular strong)
rankaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
rankaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
rankaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
rankammai (dative neuter singular strong)
rankaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
rankanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
rankaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
rankaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
rankaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
rankanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
rankaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
rankô (masculine nominative singular weak)
rankaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
rankǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
rankōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
rankô (neuter nominative singular weak)
rankōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
rankanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
rankanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
rankōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
rankōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
rankô (accusative neuter singular weak)
rankōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
rankiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
rankanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
rankōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
rankōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
rankiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
rankanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
rankini (dative masculine singular weak)
rankammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
rankōni (dative feminine singular weak)
rankōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
rankini (dative neuter singular weak)
rankammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
rankinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
rankammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
rankōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
rankōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
rankinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
rankammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *rank
Old English: ranc
English: rank
Old Dutch: *ranc
Middle Dutch: ranc
Dutch: rank
Old Saxon: *rank
Middle Low German: rank
Low German: rank
→ German: rank
→ Vulgar Latin: *rancus (possible merging with *hring (“ring”))
Old French: reng, renc, renk, renge, renke, rang, ranc
Middle French: ranc, rang
French: rang
→ Middle English: rank
English: rank
Picard: râng (Athois)
Walloon: ran (Forrières), rang (Liégeois)
→ Middle English: renge, reng
Old Occitan: reng, renc
Occitan: reng
Old Catalan: rench
Catalan: reng

Old Norse: rakkr (West), *rankr (East)

Icelandic: rakkur

Norwegian: rank

Swedish: rank

Danish: rank

→ Faroese: rankur

Derived by ablaut from an unattested verb *rinkaną, itself a nasal-infix present from the root Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ-.


-iz

Old English: -

English: -er

Old Frisian: -

West Frisian: -er

Old Saxon: -

Old Dutch: -

Middle Dutch: -

Dutch: -er

Old High German: -

German: -er

Old Norse: -r

Icelandic: -ur

Faroese: -ur

Gothic: -𐌹𐍃 (-is)

-er. Forms the comparative of certain adverbs.


-iz

Forms vṛddhi gerundives from verbal roots.


-ōzô

-ōz ô (canonical)
-ōz (adverb)
-ōstaz (superlative)
-ōzô (masculine nominative singular)
-ōzaniz (masculine nominative plural)
-ōzį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
-ōzīniz (feminine nominative plural)
-ōzô (neuter nominative singular)
-ōzōnō (neuter nominative plural)
-ōzanų (accusative masculine singular)
-ōzanunz (accusative masculine plural)
-ōzīnų (accusative feminine singular)
-ōzīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
-ōzô (accusative neuter singular)
-ōzōnō (accusative neuter plural)
-ōziniz (genitive masculine singular)
-ōzanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
-ōzīniz (feminine genitive singular)
-ōzīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
-ōziniz (genitive neuter singular)
-ōzanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
-ōzini (dative masculine singular)
-ōzammaz (dative masculine plural)
-ōzīni (dative feminine singular)
-ōzīmaz (dative feminine plural)
-ōzini (dative neuter singular)
-ōzammaz (dative neuter plural)
-ōzinē (instrumental masculine singular)
-ōzammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
-ōzīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
-ōzīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
-ōzinē (instrumental neuter singular)
-ōzammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

gem-decl-adj-table

*-ōzô (an/īn-stem)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: -ra

Middle English:

English: -er

Old Frisian: -ora

West Frisian: -er

Old Saxon: -oro

Old Dutch: *-oro

Middle Dutch: -er

Dutch: -er

Old High German: -oro

German: -er

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -ari

Icelandic: -ari

Faroese: -ari

Norwegian: -ere

Swedish: -are

Danish: -ere

Gothic: -𐍉𐌶𐌰 (-ōza)

-er. Forms the comparative of certain adjectives.


-izô

-iz ô (canonical)
-iz (adverb)
-istaz (superlative)
-izô (masculine nominative singular)
-izaniz (masculine nominative plural)
-izį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
-izīniz (feminine nominative plural)
-izô (neuter nominative singular)
-izōnō (neuter nominative plural)
-izanų (accusative masculine singular)
-izanunz (accusative masculine plural)
-izīnų (accusative feminine singular)
-izīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
-izô (accusative neuter singular)
-izōnō (accusative neuter plural)
-iziniz (genitive masculine singular)
-izanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
-izīniz (feminine genitive singular)
-izīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
-iziniz (genitive neuter singular)
-izanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
-izini (dative masculine singular)
-izammaz (dative masculine plural)
-izīni (dative feminine singular)
-izīmaz (dative feminine plural)
-izini (dative neuter singular)
-izammaz (dative neuter plural)
-izinē (instrumental masculine singular)
-izammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
-izīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
-izīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
-izinē (instrumental neuter singular)
-izammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

*-izô (an/īn-stem)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-iʀō
Old English: -ra
Middle English: -ere, -er
English: -er
Old Frisian: -ere
West Frisian: -ere
Old Dutch: -iro, -ero
Middle Dutch: -er
Dutch: -er
Old High German: -iro
Middle High German: -er
German: -er

Old Norse: -ri

Icelandic: -ri

Faroese: -ri

Norwegian: -re

Swedish: -re

Danish: -re

Gothic: -𐌹𐌶𐌰 (-iza)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-yōs


-ōstaz

-ōzô (comparative)
-ōstaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
-ōstai (masculine nominative plural strong)
-ōstō (feminine nominative singular strong)
-ōstôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
-ōstą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
-ōstō (neuter nominative plural strong)
-ōstanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
-ōstanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
-ōstǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
-ōstōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
-ōstą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
-ōstō (accusative neuter plural strong)
-ōstas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
-ōstaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
-ōstaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
-ōstaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
-ōstas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
-ōstaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
-ōstammai (dative masculine singular strong)
-ōstaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
-ōstaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
-ōstaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
-ōstammai (dative neuter singular strong)
-ōstaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
-ōstanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
-ōstaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
-ōstaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
-ōstaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
-ōstanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
-ōstaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
-ōstô (masculine nominative singular weak)
-ōstaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
-ōstǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
-ōstōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
-ōstô (neuter nominative singular weak)
-ōstōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
-ōstanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
-ōstanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
-ōstōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
-ōstōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
-ōstô (accusative neuter singular weak)
-ōstōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
-ōstiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
-ōstanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
-ōstōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
-ōstōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
-ōstiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
-ōstanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
-ōstini (dative masculine singular weak)
-ōstammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
-ōstōni (dative feminine singular weak)
-ōstōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
-ōstini (dative neuter singular weak)
-ōstammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
-ōstinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
-ōstammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
-ōstōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
-ōstōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
-ōstinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
-ōstammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*-ōstaz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: -ost

English: -est

Old Frisian: -ost

West Frisian: -st

Old Saxon: -ost

Old Dutch: -ost

Middle Dutch: -st

Dutch: -st

Old High German: -ost

German: -st

Proto-Norse: *-ᛟᛊᛏᚨᛉ (*-ostaʀ /ōstaʀ/)

Old Norse: -astr

Icelandic: -astur

Faroese: -astur

Norwegian: -est

Old Swedish: -aster

Swedish: -ast

Danish: -est

Gothic: -𐍉𐍃𐍄𐍃 (-ōsts)

-est. Forms the superlative of certain adjectives.


natją

natją (nominative singular)
natjō (nominative plural)
natją (singular vocative)
natjō (plural vocative)
natją (accusative singular)
natjō (accusative plural)
natjas (genitive singular)
natis (genitive singular)
natjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
natjai (dative singular)
natjamaz (dative plural)
natjō (instrumental singular)
natjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *nati
Old English: nett, net
Middle English: nett
Scots: net
English: net
Old Frisian: nette, nitte
North Frisian: net
Saterland Frisian: Nät
West Frisian: net
Old Saxon: net, nett, netti
Middle Low German: nette, net
Low German: Nett
Old Dutch: *net, *netti
Middle Dutch: net, nette
Dutch: net
Old High German: nezzi
Middle High German: netze
German: Netz
Luxembourgish: Netz
Yiddish: נעץ (nets)

Old Norse: net
Icelandic: net
Faroese: net
Norwegian: nett, net
Old Swedish: næt
Swedish: nät
Danish: net

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐍄𐌹 (nati)

From western Proto-Indo-European *neHd- (“to turn, twist, knot”). Perhaps related to Latin nassa (“fish trap”), nōdus (“knot, node”), Old Irish nascaid (“to bind”).


midjaz

midjaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
midjai (masculine nominative plural strong)
midjō (feminine nominative singular strong)
midjôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
midją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
midjō (neuter nominative plural strong)
midjanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
midjanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
midjǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
midjōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
midją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
midjō (accusative neuter plural strong)
midjas (genitive masculine singular strong)
midis (genitive masculine singular strong)
midjaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
midjaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
midjaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
midjas (genitive neuter singular strong)
midis (genitive neuter singular strong)
midjaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
midjammai (dative masculine singular strong)
midjaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
midjaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
midjaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
midjammai (dative neuter singular strong)
midjaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
midjanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
midjaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
midjaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
midjaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
midjanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
midjaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
midjô (masculine nominative singular weak)
midjaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
midjǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
midjōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
midjô (neuter nominative singular weak)
midjōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
midjanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
midjanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
midjōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
midjōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
midjô (accusative neuter singular weak)
midjōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
midiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
midjanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
midjōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
midjōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
midiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
midjanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
midini (dative masculine singular weak)
midjammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
midjōni (dative feminine singular weak)
midjōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
midini (dative neuter singular weak)
midjammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
midinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
midjammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
midjōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
midjōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
midinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
midjammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *midi
Old English: midd
Middle English: midde
English: mid
Old Frisian: midde
West Frisian: mid-
Old Saxon: middi
Middle Low German: midde
Old Dutch: *middi
Middle Dutch: mid-, midden (from the weak dative plural)
Dutch: mid-, midden
Old High German: mitti
Middle High German: mitte
Bavarian: Mittn
German: Mitte (noun)
Luxembourgish: Mëtt

Old Norse: miðr
Icelandic: miður
Faroese: miður
Norwegian Nynorsk: mid
Old Swedish: miþer
Swedish: mid-

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌹𐍃 (midjis)

→ Albanian: midis ?


unmahtiz

unmahtiz (nominative singular)
unmahtīz (nominative plural)
unmahti (singular vocative)
unmahtīz (plural vocative)
unmahtį (accusative singular)
unmahtinz (accusative plural)
unmahtīz (genitive singular)
unmahtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
unmahtī (dative singular)
unmahtimaz (dative plural)
unmahtī (instrumental singular)
unmahtimiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: unmeaht, unmieht, unmeht, unmiht

Middle English: unmight, onmiȝt

English: unmight

Old Dutch: *unmaht

Dutch: onmacht

Afrikaans: onmag

Old High German: unmaht

Middle High German: unmacht

German: Unmacht

German: Ohnmacht

Old Norse: úmáttr, ómáttr

Icelandic: ómáttur

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (unmahts)


unlustuz

unlustuz (nominative singular)
unlustiwiz (nominative plural)
unlustu (singular vocative)
unlustiwiz (plural vocative)
unlustų (accusative singular)
unlustunz (accusative plural)
unlustauz (genitive singular)
unlustiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
unlustiwi (dative singular)
unlustumaz (dative plural)
unlustū (instrumental singular)
unlustumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *unlust

Old English: unlust

Middle English: unlust

English: unlust

Old Saxon: unlust

Middle Low German: unlust

→ Old Norse: úlyst

Danish: ulyst

Swedish: olust

Old Dutch: *unlust

desctree

Middle Dutch: onlust
Dutch: onlust
Afrikaans: onlus

Old High German: unlust

German: Unlust

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐌻𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃 (unlustus)


-istaz

-ist az (canonical)
-ist (adverb)
-izô (comparative)
-istaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
-istai (masculine nominative plural strong)
-istō (feminine nominative singular strong)
-istôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
-istą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
-istō (neuter nominative plural strong)
-istanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
-istanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
-istǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
-istōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
-istą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
-istō (accusative neuter plural strong)
-istas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-istis (genitive masculine singular strong)
-istaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
-istaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
-istaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
-istas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-istis (genitive neuter singular strong)
-istaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
-istammai (dative masculine singular strong)
-istaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
-istaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
-istaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
-istammai (dative neuter singular strong)
-istaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
-istanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
-istaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
-istaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
-istaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
-istanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
-istaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
-istô (masculine nominative singular weak)
-istaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
-istǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
-istōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
-istô (neuter nominative singular weak)
-istōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
-istanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
-istanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
-istōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
-istōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
-istô (accusative neuter singular weak)
-istōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
-istiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
-istanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
-istōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
-istōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
-istiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
-istanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
-istini (dative masculine singular weak)
-istammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
-istōni (dative feminine singular weak)
-istōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
-istini (dative neuter singular weak)
-istammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
-istinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
-istammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
-istōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
-istōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
-istinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
-istammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *-ist
Old English: -est
Middle English: -est
English: -est
Scots: -est
Old Frisian: -st
Saterland Frisian: -st
West Frisian: -st
Old Saxon: -ist
Middle Low German: -est
German Low German: -st
Old Dutch: -ist
Middle Dutch: -st
Dutch: -st
Old High German: -ist
Middle High German: -est
German: -st

Old Norse: -str

Icelandic: -stur

Faroese: -stur

Norwegian: -st

Old Swedish: -ster

Swedish: -st

Danish: -st

Gothic: -𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (-ists)

From Proto-Indo-European *-istHos, from *-yōs (relative suffix) + *-tHós (adjectival suffix). Cognate with Ancient Greek -ιστος (-istos), Proto-Indo-Iranian *-ištʰas.


bigetaną

bigetō (active first-person indicative singular)
bigetaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bigetai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bigitizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bigetaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
biget (active imperative second-person singular)
bigetazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bigetaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bigitidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bigetai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bigetadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bigetadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bigetaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bigetōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bigetaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bigetadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bigetaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bigetadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bigetamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bigetaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bigetandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bigetaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bigitid (active indicative plural second-person)
bigetaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bigitid (active imperative plural second-person)
bigetandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bigetaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bigetandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bigetain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bigetandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bigetandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bigetaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bigat (active first-person indicative singular)
bigētį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bigast (active indicative second-person singular)
bigētīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bigat (active indicative singular third-person)
bigētī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bigētū (active dual first-person indicative)
bigētīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bigētudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bigētīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bigētum (active first-person indicative plural)
bigētīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bigētud (active indicative plural second-person)
bigētīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bigētun (active indicative plural third-person)
bigētīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bigetandz (active participle present)
bigetanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bigetan
Old English: beġietan
English: beget (influenced by Old Norse geta (“to get, to guess”))
Old Saxon: bigetan
Old Dutch: *bigetan
Middle Dutch: begēten
Old High German: bigezzan

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (bigitan)


-þuz

-þuz (nominative singular)
-þiwiz (nominative plural)
-þu (singular vocative)
-þiwiz (plural vocative)
-þų (accusative singular)
-þunz (accusative plural)
-þauz (genitive singular)
-þiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-þiwi (dative singular)
-þumaz (dative plural)
-þū (instrumental singular)
-þumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: -þ, -d, -t
Middle English: -th, -d, -þ, -þe; -t, -te (following fricatives) (conflated with -þ < *-þiz)
English: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)
Scots: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)

Old Saxon: -th

Old Dutch: *-t

Dutch: -t, -d, -de

Old High German: -d; -t

Middle High German: -?; -t

German: -de, -d; -t

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -ðr

Icelandic: -ður

Faroese: -ður

Swedish: -d

Danish: -d

Gothic: -𐌸𐌿𐍃 (-þus)

Forms result nouns from verb roots, usually from strong verbs.


lustuz

lustuz (nominative singular)
lustiwiz (nominative plural)
lustu (singular vocative)
lustiwiz (plural vocative)
lustų (accusative singular)
lustunz (accusative plural)
lustauz (genitive singular)
lustiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lustiwi (dative singular)
lustumaz (dative plural)
lustū (instrumental singular)
lustumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lustu
Old English: lust
Middle English: lust
Scots: lust
English: lust
Old Frisian: lust
Saterland Frisian: Lust
West Frisian: lust
Old Saxon: lust
Middle Low German: lust, lüst, lyst
German Low German: Lüst
→ Old Norse: lyst
Icelandic: lyst
Norwegian: lyst
Danish: lyst
Faroese: lyst
Old Swedish: lyst
Swedish: lust
→ Estonian: lust
Old Dutch: *lust
Middle Dutch: lust
Dutch: lust
Afrikaans: lus
Negerhollands: lyst
Old High German: lust
Middle High German: lust
German: Lust
Luxembourgish: Loscht

Old Norse: losti

Icelandic: losti

Faroese: losti

Old Swedish: luste

Gothic: 𐌻𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃 (lustus)

Possibly derived from *lusaz (“false, dishonest, loose”) + *-þuz. Related to Proto-Germanic *lausaz (“loose”); both ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *lewH- (“to separate, loosen, release”).


-þiz

-þiz (nominative singular)
-þīz (nominative plural)
-þi (singular vocative)
-þīz (plural vocative)
-þį (accusative singular)
-þinz (accusative plural)
-þīz (genitive singular)
-þijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-þī (dative singular)
-þimaz (dative plural)
-þī (instrumental singular)
-þimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-þi

desctree

Old English: -þ, -d, -t
Middle English: -th, -d, -þ, -þe; -t, -te (following fricatives) (conflated with -þ < *-þuz)
English: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)
Scots: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)

Old Saxon: -th

Old Dutch: *-t

Dutch: -d, -t

Old High German: -d

German: -d

Old Norse: -ðr

Icelandic: -ður

Faroese: -ður

Swedish: -d

Danish: -d

Gothic: -𐌸𐍃 (-þs)

From Proto-Indo-European *-tis. See also *-iþō.

Forms abstract nouns from verb roots, usually from strong verbs.


unrehtaz

*unrehtaz (a-stem)

unrehtaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
unrehtai (masculine nominative plural strong)
unrehtō (feminine nominative singular strong)
unrehtôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
unrehtą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
unrehtō (neuter nominative plural strong)
unrehtanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
unrehtanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
unrehtǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
unrehtōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
unrehtą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
unrehtō (accusative neuter plural strong)
unrehtas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
unrehtaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
unrehtaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
unrehtaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
unrehtas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
unrehtaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
unrehtammai (dative masculine singular strong)
unrehtaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
unrehtaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
unrehtaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
unrehtammai (dative neuter singular strong)
unrehtaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
unrehtanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
unrehtaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
unrehtaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
unrehtaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
unrehtanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
unrehtaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
unrehtô (masculine nominative singular weak)
unrehtaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
unrehtǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
unrehtōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
unrehtô (neuter nominative singular weak)
unrehtōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
unrehtanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
unrehtanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
unrehtōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
unrehtōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
unrehtô (accusative neuter singular weak)
unrehtōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
unrehtiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
unrehtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
unrehtōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
unrehtōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
unrehtiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
unrehtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
unrehtini (dative masculine singular weak)
unrehtammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
unrehtōni (dative feminine singular weak)
unrehtōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
unrehtini (dative neuter singular weak)
unrehtammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
unrehtinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
unrehtammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
unrehtōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
unrehtōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
unrehtinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
unrehtammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: unriht

Middle English: vnriȝt, vnryȝt, unriht

Scots: unricht

English: unright

Old Frisian: unriucht

West Frisian: onrjocht

Old Saxon: unreht

Old Dutch: unreht

Middle Dutch: onrecht

Dutch: onrecht

Afrikaans: onreg

Old High German: unreht

German: unrecht, Unrecht

Old Norse: úréttr, óréttr

Icelandic: óréttur

Faroese: órættur

Norwegian: urett

Swedish: orätt

Danish: uret


unsēliz

unsēlizô (comparative)
unsēlistaz (superlative)
unsēliz (masculine nominative singular strong)
unsēlijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
unsēlī (feminine nominative singular strong)
unsēlijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
unsēlį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
unsēlijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
unsēlijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
unsēlijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
unsēlijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
unsēlijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
unsēlį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
unsēlijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
unsēlijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
unsēlīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
unsēlijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
unsēlijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
unsēlijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
unsēlijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
unsēlīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
unsēlijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
unsēlijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
unsēlijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
unsēlijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
unsēlijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
unsēlijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
unsēlijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
unsēlijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
unsēlijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
unsēlijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
unsēlijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
unsēlijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
unsēlijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
unsēlijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
unsēlijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
unsēlijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
unsēlijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
unsēlijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
unsēlijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
unsēlijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
unsēlijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
unsēlijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
unsēlijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
unsēlijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
unsēlijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
unsēlīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
unsēlijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
unsēlijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
unsēlijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
unsēlīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
unsēlijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
unsēlīni (dative masculine singular weak)
unsēlijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
unsēlijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
unsēlijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
unsēlīni (dative neuter singular weak)
unsēlijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
unsēlīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
unsēlijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
unsēlijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
unsēlijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
unsēlīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
unsēlijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *unsālī
Old English: unsǣle
Middle English: unsele
English: unseel (obsolete)
Scots: unsele, unsel, unsell

Proto-Norse: *ᚢᚾᛊᚨᛚᛁᛉ (*unsāliʀ)

Old Norse: úsæll, ósæll

Icelandic: ósæll

Old Danish: usæl, usal, vsel

Danish: ussel

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: usæl, ussel

Norwegian Nynorsk: usæl, ussel

Old Swedish: ūsæl

Swedish: usel

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌴𐌻𐍃 (unsēls)


getaną

getō (active first-person indicative singular)
getaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
getai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gitizi (active indicative second-person singular)
getaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
get (active imperative second-person singular)
getazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
getaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gitidi (active indicative singular third-person)
getai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
getadau (active imperative singular third-person)
getadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
getaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
getōz (active dual first-person indicative)
getaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
getadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
getaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
getadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
getamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
getaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
getandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
getaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gitid (active indicative plural second-person)
getaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gitid (active imperative plural second-person)
getandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
getaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
getandi (active indicative plural third-person)
getain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
getandau (active imperative plural third-person)
getandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
getaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gat (active first-person indicative singular)
gētį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gast (active indicative second-person singular)
gētīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gat (active indicative singular third-person)
gētī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gētū (active dual first-person indicative)
gētīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gētudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gētīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gētum (active first-person indicative plural)
gētīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gētud (active indicative plural second-person)
gētīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gētun (active indicative plural third-person)
gētīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
getandz (active participle present)
getanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *getan
Old English: ġetan, ġietan
Middle English: ȝeten, yeten
English: yet, ewte (dialectal), yete (obsolete)
Scots: ȝet, yet, yat
⇒ English: yote (via past participle yoten) (dialectal)
Old Frisian: *jeta
⇒ Old Frisian: urjeta
Old High German: gezan, gezzan
Middle High German: gezzen

Old Norse: geta

Icelandic: geta

Faroese: gita

Norn: geta

Norwegian: gjete, gjeta

Old Swedish: gæta, gita

Swedish: gitta

Old Danish: getæ, gitæ

Danish: gide

Scanian: gida, gæda

Gutnish: gitte, gytte, gita

Dalecarlian: gjäta (“to say, tell”); gjätå, djätå (“to guess”)

Elfdalian: djätå, dşieta (“to guess”)

→ Middle English: geten

Scots: get

English: get

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰe(n)d- (“to take, seize”). Cognate with Latin prehendō (“snatch, seize”), Ancient Greek χανδάνω (khandánō, “hold, contain”).


sēliz

sēlizô (comparative)
sēlistaz (superlative)
sēliz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sēlijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sēlī (feminine nominative singular strong)
sēlijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sēlį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sēlijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sēlijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sēlijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sēlijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sēlijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sēlį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sēlijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sēlijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
sēlīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
sēlijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sēlijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sēlijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sēlijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
sēlīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
sēlijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sēlijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sēlijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sēlijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sēlijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sēlijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sēlijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sēlijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sēlijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sēlijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sēlijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sēlijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sēlijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sēlijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sēlijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sēlijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sēlijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sēlijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sēlijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sēlijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sēlijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sēlijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sēlijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sēlijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sēlijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sēlīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sēlijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sēlijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sēlijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sēlīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sēlijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sēlīni (dative masculine singular weak)
sēlijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sēlijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sēlijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sēlīni (dative neuter singular weak)
sēlijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sēlīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sēlijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sēlijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sēlijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sēlīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sēlijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sālī (adjective)
Old English: sēl
Middle English: sele
English: seel

Proto-West Germanic: *sāli (noun)
Old English: sǣl
Middle English: sele, sel
English: seel
Scots: seil, sele, seill, seyle

Proto-Norse: *ᛊᚨᛚᛁᛉ (*saliʀ /sālīʀ/)

Old Norse: sæll
Icelandic: sæll
Faroese: sælur
Norn: sel
Norwegian: sæl
Old Swedish: sǣll
Swedish: säll
Old Danish: sæll, sææl
Danish: sæl

Gothic: 𐍃𐌴𐌻𐍃 (sēls)

From Proto-Indo-European *selh₂- (“to calm, quiet, be favourable”), related to Latin sōlor (“to comfort, console”).


managį̄

managį̄ (nominative singular)
managīniz (nominative plural)
managį̄ (singular vocative)
managīniz (plural vocative)
managīnų (accusative singular)
managīnunz (accusative plural)
managīniz (genitive singular)
managīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
managīni (dative singular)
managīmaz (dative plural)
managīnē (instrumental singular)
managīmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *managī
Old English: maneġu, maniġu, meniġu, meniġeo, menġu
Middle English: manye, *menye
Scots: monie
English: many
Old Frisian: menī, menie, mene
Old Saxon: menegī, menigī
Old High German: managī, managīn, manegī, menigī, manakī, menikī
Middle High German: menege, mengi, menige
German: Menge
Rhine Franconian: Meng, Menge
Palatine German: Meng
Pennsylvania German: Meng
Vilamovian: meń
Yiddish: מענגע (menge)

Old Norse: mengi n

Icelandic: mengi n

Faroese: meingi n

Swedish: mänge (dialectal)

Danish: mænge c (dialectal)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹 (managei)

/ˈmɑ.nɑ.ɣĩː/


fullį̄

fullį̄ (nominative singular)
fullīniz (nominative plural)
fullį̄ (singular vocative)
fullīniz (plural vocative)
fullīnų (accusative singular)
fullīnunz (accusative plural)
fullīniz (genitive singular)
fullīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fullīni (dative singular)
fullīmaz (dative plural)
fullīnē (instrumental singular)
fullīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fullī
Old English: fyllu, fyll, fyllo
Middle English: fille, fell, felle, fil, fill, fyll, fylle; fulle, ffolle, folle, ful, volle, vulle
English: fill; full
Scots: full, fou
Yola: vill
Old Saxon: *fulli
Middle Low German: vulle, vülle
German Low German: Füll
Old High German: fullī, follī, vollī — by analogy with foll
Middle High German: vülle, völle
Alemannic German: Fülli, Völli
German: Fülle, Völle

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: fylli

Icelandic: fylli

Faroese: fylli

Norwegian Nynorsk: fylle

Old Swedish: fylle

Swedish: fylle

Danish: fylde

→ Norwegian Bokmål: fylde

Gothic: 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌴𐌹 (fullei)


irzijaną

irzijō (active first-person indicative singular)
irzijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
irzijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
irzīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
irzijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
irzī (active imperative second-person singular)
irzijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
irzijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
irzīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
irzijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
irzijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
irzijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
irzijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
irzijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
irzijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
irzijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
irzijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
irzijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
irzijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
irzijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
irzijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
irzijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
irzīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
irzijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
irzīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
irzijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
irzijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
irzijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
irzijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
irzijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
irzijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
irzijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
irzidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
irzidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
irzidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
irzidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
irzidē (active indicative singular third-person)
irzidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
irzidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
irzidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
irzidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
irzidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
irzidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
irzidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
irzidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
irzidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
irzidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
irzidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
irzijandz (active participle present)
irzidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *irʀijan
Old Saxon: irrian, irrean
Old Dutch: irren
Middle Dutch: erren
Old High German: irren
Middle High German: irren
German: irren
→ Swedish: irra
Luxembourgish: iren

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌶𐌾𐌰𐌽 (airzjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ers-. Cognate with Latin errō (“to wander, roam, stray, lose one's way”), Lithuanian įširsti (“to become angry, fly into passion”).


ausaną

ausō (active first-person indicative singular)
ausaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ausai (first-person indicative passive singular)
ausizi (active indicative second-person singular)
ausaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aus (active imperative second-person singular)
ausazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ausaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ausidi (active indicative singular third-person)
ausai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ausadau (active imperative singular third-person)
ausadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ausaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ausōz (active dual first-person indicative)
ausaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ausadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ausaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ausadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ausamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ausaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ausandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ausaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ausid (active indicative plural second-person)
ausaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ausid (active imperative plural second-person)
ausandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ausaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ausandi (active indicative plural third-person)
ausain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ausandau (active imperative plural third-person)
ausandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ausaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
eaus (active first-person indicative singular)
eauzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
eaust (active indicative second-person singular)
eauzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
eaus (active indicative singular third-person)
eauzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
eauzū (active dual first-person indicative)
eauzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
eauzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
eauzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
eauzum (active first-person indicative plural)
eauzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
eauzud (active indicative plural second-person)
eauzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
eauzun (active indicative plural third-person)
eauzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ausandz (active participle present)
auzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ausan
Old Saxon: *ōsan
Middle Low German: ôsen
Old Dutch: *ōsan
Middle Dutch: ôsen
Dutch: hozen (with hypercorrect h-)
Old High German: *ōsan
Middle High German: ōsen

Old Norse: ausa
Icelandic: ausa
Faroese: eysa
Norwegian Nynorsk: ausa
→ Norwegian Bokmål: ause
Dalian: (*eysa)
Dalian: åisa
Elfdalian: äsa
Old Swedish: ø̄sa
Swedish: ösa
Danish: øse
Norwegian Bokmål: øse
→ Faroese: oysa

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews- (“to scoop”). Probably related to Latin hauriō (“to draw, scoop up”) if the initial h- is indeed hypercorrect.


gamundiz

gamundiz (nominative singular)
gamundīz (nominative plural)
gamundi (singular vocative)
gamundīz (plural vocative)
gamundį (accusative singular)
gamundinz (accusative plural)
gamundīz (genitive singular)
gamundijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gamundī (dative singular)
gamundimaz (dative plural)
gamundī (instrumental singular)
gamundimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gamundi
Old English: ġemynd
Middle English: ȝemünd, imunde, ymunde, mynde, minde
Scots: mind
English: mind
Old High German: gimunt
>? Middle High German: mun m (“thought, intent, attitude, memory”)
⇒ Old High German: gimunten (verb)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 (gamunds)


mundiz

mundiz (nominative singular)
mundīz (nominative plural)
mundi (singular vocative)
mundīz (plural vocative)
mundį (accusative singular)
mundinz (accusative plural)
mundīz (genitive singular)
mundijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mundī (dative singular)
mundimaz (dative plural)
mundī (instrumental singular)
mundimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mundi

Old English: mynd (in derivatives)

Middle English: mund, mynd, mend, mind

Scots: mynd, mind

English: mind
→ Japanese: マインド (maindo)
→ Malay: minda

Old High German: *munt

>? Middle High German: mun

⇒ Old High German: gimunt (see *gamundiz)

From Proto-Indo-European *mén-ti-s ~ *mn̥-téy-s (“thought”). Equivalent to *munaną + *-þiz.


hnuts

hnuts (nominative singular)
hnutiz (nominative plural)
hnut (singular vocative)
hnutiz (plural vocative)
hnutų (accusative singular)
hnutunz (accusative plural)
hnutiz (genitive singular)
hnutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hnuti (dative singular)
hnutumaz (dative plural)
hnutē (instrumental singular)
hnutumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hnut
Old English: hnutu
Middle English: nute, note
English: nut
→ Japanese: ナット (natto)
Scots: nute, nuit, nit
Old Frisian: *nutu
Saterland Frisian: Nuute
West Frisian: nút
Old Saxon: hnut, *hnutu
Middle Low German: nōte
German Low German: Nööt
Plautdietsch: Nät
Old Dutch: *nutu
Middle Dutch: nōte
Dutch: noot
Limburgish: noeat (with unexpected oea)
Old High German: nuz
Middle High German: nuz
Alemannic German: Nuss
German: Nuss
Hunsrik: Nuss
Luxembourgish: Noss
Pennsylvania German: Nuss
Yiddish: נוס (nus)

Old Norse: hnot
Icelandic: hnot
Faroese: nøt, nøta, nytur
Norwegian Nynorsk: nòt
⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: nate-
Norwegian Bokmål: nøtt
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: nøtt
Old Swedish: nut, not
Swedish: nöt
Danish: nød

From Pre-Proto-Germanic *knuds, from a root *knu- also seen in Proto-Celtic *knūs (source of Irish cnó) and Latin nux (“walnut”). Based on the form of the nouns and the restriction of the root to Germanic, Celtic and Italic, it has been argued to be of non-Indo-European origin.


glōaną

glōō (active first-person indicative singular)
glōaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glōai (first-person indicative passive singular)
glōizi (active indicative second-person singular)
glōaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glō (active imperative second-person singular)
glōazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
glōaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
glōidi (active indicative singular third-person)
glōai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glōadau (active imperative singular third-person)
glōadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
glōaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
glōōz (active dual first-person indicative)
glōaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glōadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glōaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glōadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
glōamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
glōaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glōandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
glōaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
glōid (active indicative plural second-person)
glōaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glōid (active imperative plural second-person)
glōandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
glōaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
glōandi (active indicative plural third-person)
glōain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glōandau (active imperative plural third-person)
glōandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
glōaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
geglō (active first-person indicative singular)
geglōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
geglōt (active indicative second-person singular)
geglōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
geglō (active indicative singular third-person)
geglōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
geglōū (active dual first-person indicative)
geglōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
geglōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
geglōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
geglōum (active first-person indicative plural)
geglōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
geglōud (active indicative plural second-person)
geglōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
geglōun (active indicative plural third-person)
geglōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glōandz (active participle present)
glōanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: glōwan

Middle English: glowen

Scots: glow

English: glow

Old Frisian: *glōa, *glōia; gliand, gland?

Saterland Frisian: gloie, glöie, gluuje

West Frisian: gloeie

Old Saxon: glōian

desc

Middle Low German: glöen, glöyen, glöjen, glôen, glôwen, glôgen

German Low German: glojen, gleuhen, gleihen

Old Dutch: *gluoien

Middle Dutch: gloeyen

Dutch: gloeien

Afrikaans: gloei

Old High German: gluoen

Middle High German: glüejen

Central Franconian: jlöhe, gliehe

Luxembourgish: glousen

German: glühen

Rhine Franconian: glihe

Frankfurterisch: [kliːi̯ə]

Old Norse: glóa

Icelandic: glóa

Faroese: glógva

Norwegian Bokmål: glo

Norwegian Nynorsk: glo

Old Swedish: glōa

Swedish: glo

Danish: glo

Scanian: glowa

→⇒ Proto-Finnic: *loistadak (see there for further descendants)

/ˈɣlɔː.ɑ.nɑ̃/

From Pre-Germanic *gʰloh₁-, a metathesized derivative of Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰel- (“to flourish; green, yellow”). Probably related to Welsh glo (“coal”) (< *gʰloh₁-wo).


Austrǭ

Austrǭ (nominative singular)
Austrǭ (singular vocative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Austrā
Old English: ēastre, ēastrun, ēastron, ēastru, ēoster, ēster, ēastor, ēastro
Middle English: Eestour, Ester, Yestre
English: Easter
→ Chickasaw: Iista'
Scots: Easter
Old English: Ēastre, Ēostre (“goddess of spring and fertility”)
→ English: Eostre
Old Frisian: āsteron
Old Saxon: *ōstara, *ōstarūn
Middle Low German: ôsteren, ôstern
German Low German: Oostern
Plautdietsch: Oostren
Old High German: ōstra, ōstrūn, ōstarūn
Middle High German: ōstre, ōstere, ōster
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: Oastarn
Mòcheno: Oastern
German: Ostern
Hunsrik: Oostre
Luxembourgish: Ouschteren
East Central German: Ustern

→ Proto-Slavic:

Kashubian: Jastrë, Jastra

Polabian: jostråi

Lower Sorbian: jatšy

Upper Sorbian: jutry

Often cited as deriving from *h₂ews- (“dawn; to dawn”), whence Proto-Balto-Slavic *auštrā́ˀ (“dawn, morning”); however, a derivation from *austrą, *auzrą, a metathesized form of *wazrą (“spring (season)”), + *-ǭ, is more semantically plausible.

noncog

Easter, festival celebrated at the spring equinox


kumiz

kumiz (nominative singular)
kumīz (nominative plural)
kumi (singular vocative)
kumīz (plural vocative)
kumį (accusative singular)
kuminz (accusative plural)
kumīz (genitive singular)
kumjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kumī (dative singular)
kumimaz (dative plural)
kumī (instrumental singular)
kumimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cyme
Middle English: come, cume, coom, coome; kime, keome (Early Middle English)
English: come (obsolete)
Scots: come

Old Frisian: keme

Old Saxon: kumi

Old High German: kumi

Gothic: 𐌵𐌿𐌼𐍃 (qums)


mawī

mawī (nominative singular)
mawjôz (nominative plural)
mawī (singular vocative)
mawjôz (plural vocative)
mawjǭ (accusative singular)
mawjōz (accusative plural)
mawjōz (genitive singular)
mawjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mawjōi (dative singular)
mawjōmaz (dative plural)
mawjō (instrumental singular)
mawjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: mær, mey, meyja (the latter two from the paradigm of the former)

Icelandic: mær, mey, meyja

Faroese: moy, moyggj (< mey)

Norwegian Bokmål: møy (< mey)

Norwegian Nynorsk: møy (< mey)

Old Swedish: mø̄ (< mey)

Swedish: mö

Old Danish: mø̄ (< mey)

Danish: mø

Gutnish: måi (< mey)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐍅𐌹 (mawi)

From earlier *magwī, from *maguz (“boy”), with feminine suffix; ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *megʰ- (“young”).


kuruz

kurizô (comparative)
kuristaz (superlative)
kuruz (masculine nominative singular strong)
kurjai (masculine nominative plural strong)
kurī (feminine nominative singular strong)
kurjôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
kurų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
kurjō (neuter nominative plural strong)
kurjanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
kurjanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
kurjǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
kurjōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
kurų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
kurjō (accusative neuter plural strong)
kurjas (genitive masculine singular strong)
kuris (genitive masculine singular strong)
kurjaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
kurjaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
kurjaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
kurjas (genitive neuter singular strong)
kuris (genitive neuter singular strong)
kurjaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
kurjammai (dative masculine singular strong)
kurjaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
kurjaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
kurjaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
kurjammai (dative neuter singular strong)
kurjaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
kurjanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
kurjaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
kurjaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
kurjaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
kurjanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
kurjaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
kurjô (masculine nominative singular weak)
kurjaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
kurjǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
kurjōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
kurjô (neuter nominative singular weak)
kurjōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
kurjanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
kurjanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
kurjōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
kurjōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
kurjô (accusative neuter singular weak)
kurjōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
kuriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
kurjanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
kurjōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
kurjōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
kuriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
kurjanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
kurini (dative masculine singular weak)
kurjammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
kurjōni (dative feminine singular weak)
kurjōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
kurini (dative neuter singular weak)
kurjammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
kurinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
kurjammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
kurjōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
kurjōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
kurinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
kurjammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌿𐍃 (kaurus)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂us, specifically the hysterokinetic form *gʷr̥h₂ús.


haþuz

haþuz (nominative singular)
haþiwiz (nominative plural)
haþu (singular vocative)
haþiwiz (plural vocative)
haþų (accusative singular)
haþunz (accusative plural)
haþauz (genitive singular)
haþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haþiwi (dative singular)
haþumaz (dative plural)
haþū (instrumental singular)
haþumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haþu

Old English: *heaþu (in compounds)

Old Saxon: *hathu

⇒ Middle Low German: hader, hadder

⇒ Middle Low German: hāderen

Old High German: *hadu

⇒ Middle High German: hader

German: Hader

desc

⇒ Middle High German: haderen, hadern, hadren

German: hadern

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᚦᚢᛉ (*haþuʀ)

Old Norse: Hǫðr, hǫð-

From Proto-Indo-European *kéh₃tus (“fight”).


gunþiz

gunþiz (nominative singular)
gunþīz (nominative plural)
gunþi (singular vocative)
gunþīz (plural vocative)
gunþį (accusative singular)
gunþinz (accusative plural)
gunþīz (genitive singular)
gunþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gunþī (dative singular)
gunþimaz (dative plural)
gunþī (instrumental singular)
gunþimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gunþi
Old English: gūþ
Middle English: gūth
Old Dutch: *gunth (in compounds)
Old Saxon: gūthia
Old High German: *gundia, *gunda (in compounds)

Old Norse: guðr, gunnr

⇒ Old Norse: Guðr, Gunnr (name of a Valkyrie)

Norwegian: Gunn

Icelandic: guður, gunnur

Norwegian: gunn (name element)

Vandalic: *gunþ/*gunðV-

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰéntis (“act of killing, blow”), from *gʷʰen- (“to strike, kill”).


maguz

maguz (nominative singular)
magiwiz (nominative plural)
magu (singular vocative)
magiwiz (plural vocative)
magų (accusative singular)
magunz (accusative plural)
magauz (genitive singular)
magiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
magiwi (dative singular)
magumaz (dative plural)
magū (instrumental singular)
magumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *magu
Old English: magu, mago
Old Frisian: *mago, mage
Old Saxon: magu
Old High German: *mago
⇒ Old High German: *magozogo, magazogo
Middle High German: magezoge

Proto-Norse: *ᛗᚨᚷᚢᛉ (*maguʀ) (attested in ᛗᚨᚷᚢ (magu, accusative singular), ᛗᚨᚷᛟᛉ (magoʀ, genitive singular))

Old Norse: mǫgr

Icelandic: mögur

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌿𐍃 (magus)

From Proto-Indo-European *mogʰus (“boy”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *mogus (“boy, servant”), Old Irish mug, Cornish maw (“servant”). Unrelated to Proto-Celtic *makʷos (“son”).


swefnaz

swefnaz (nominative singular)
swefnōz (nominative plural)
swefnōs (nominative plural)
swefn (singular vocative)
swefnōz (plural vocative)
swefnōs (plural vocative)
swefną (accusative singular)
swefnanz (accusative plural)
swefnas (genitive singular)
swifnis (genitive singular)
swefnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swifnai (dative singular)
swefnamaz (dative plural)
swefnō (instrumental singular)
swefnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swefn
Old English: swefn, swefen
Middle English: sweven, swevyn, swevon, swevene, swevne, swheven, squeven, sueven, seven, swene; swefen, suefen, sweoven
English: sweven
Scots: sweven, swevyn
Old Saxon: swevan

Old Norse: svefn, sömn
Icelandic: svefn, svöfn
Faroese: svøvnur
Norwegian Nynorsk: svebn, svemn, svevn, svøbn, svømn, sømn, søvn
Elfdalian: swemmen
Old Swedish: syfn, sømn
Swedish: sömn
Old Danish: syfn, søfn
Danish: søvn
Norwegian Bokmål: søvn
Gutnish: svivn, syvn, svämn, svömn

From Proto-Indo-European *swépnos. Related to *swefaną.


nefô

nefô (nominative singular)
nefaniz (nominative plural)
nefô (singular vocative)
nefaniz (plural vocative)
nefanų (accusative singular)
nefanunz (accusative plural)
nifiniz (genitive singular)
nefanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nifini (dative singular)
nefammaz (dative plural)
nifinē (instrumental singular)
nefammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *nefō
Old English: nefa
Middle English: neve, neave, neva, nefa, newe, neafe, nefe
English: neve
Old Frisian: neva
Old Saxon: nevo
Middle Low German: nēve
German Low German: Neev
Old Dutch: nevo
Middle Dutch: nēve
Dutch: neef
Afrikaans: neef
→ Papiamentu: neefie (dated)
→ Sranan Tongo: nefo, neifo
→ Dutch: niffo
→ West Frisian: neef
Limburgish: naef
Old High German: nevo, nefo
Middle High German: nëfe, nëve, nëf, nebe
Cimbrian: néf
German: Neffe, Nefe (obsolete)
→? German Low German: Neffe

Old Norse: nefi
Icelandic: nefi

From earlier *nefōd, from Proto-Indo-European *népōts.


huzdą

huzdą (nominative singular)
huzdō (nominative plural)
huzdą (singular vocative)
huzdō (plural vocative)
huzdą (accusative singular)
huzdō (accusative plural)
huzdas (genitive singular)
huzdis (genitive singular)
huzdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
huzdai (dative singular)
huzdamaz (dative plural)
huzdō (instrumental singular)
huzdamiz (instrumental plural)

Uncertain. Possibly from pre-Germanic *kudʰ-tó-m, with *-zd- perhaps arising from a special Germanic case of Bartholomae's law (but *-ss- is expected; cf. *(ga)wissiz < *wédʰtis), from Proto-Indo-European *kewdʰ- (“to cover, conceal, hide”) (compare Ancient Greek κεύθω (keúthō, “to cover, hide”), Proto-Brythonic *kʉðɨd (“to hide”) and Proto-Germanic *hūdijaną (“to hide”)) + *-tóm, thus the original meaning would be “that which is concealed or hidden”.

cog

Proto-West Germanic: *hoʀdOld English: hordMiddle English: hord

hurdeOld Frisian: *hordWest Frisian: hoerde

huordeOld Saxon: hordMiddle Low German: hōrtOld Dutch: *hordMiddle Dutch: hoordOld High German: hortMiddle High German: hortGerman: Hort


farhaz

farhaz (nominative singular)
farhōz (nominative plural)
farhōs (nominative plural)
farh (singular vocative)
farhōz (plural vocative)
farhōs (plural vocative)
farhą (accusative singular)
farhanz (accusative plural)
farhas (genitive singular)
farhis (genitive singular)
farhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
farhai (dative singular)
farhamaz (dative plural)
farhō (instrumental singular)
farhamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *farh
Old English: fearh
Middle English: *farow, *fargh (attested only in plural form faren)
English: farrow
Scots: ferrae, ferry, farry
Yola: farragh
Old Frisian: *farch
Saterland Frisian: Faarich
Old Saxon: for, *farh
Middle Low German: var, vare, vôr, ferch, verk
⇒ Old Saxon: *farkīn (diminutive)
Middle Low German: verken, varken
Low German: Farken
Old Dutch: *far, *fare
⇒ Old Dutch: farkīn, ferkīn (diminutive)
Middle Dutch: verkin, varekin, varkin
Dutch: varken, verken (dialectal)
Afrikaans: vark
Jersey Dutch: vārk
Negerhollands: varki, fergi, farki, ferkikin, verken
Skepi Creole Dutch: fark
Old High German: farah
Middle High German: varch
⇒ Old High German: farhīli, farheli (diminutive)
Middle High German: verkel, verhel
Alemannic German: Färli
German: Ferkel
Luxembourgish: Fierkel

Old Norse: *farr

Old Swedish: *far

⇒ Old Swedish: fargalter

Swedish: fargalt


halsaz

halsaz (nominative singular)
halsōz (nominative plural)
halsōs (nominative plural)
hals (singular vocative)
halsōz (plural vocative)
halsōs (plural vocative)
halsą (accusative singular)
halsanz (accusative plural)
halsas (genitive singular)
halsis (genitive singular)
halsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
halsai (dative singular)
halsamaz (dative plural)
halsō (instrumental singular)
halsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hals
Old English: heals
Middle English: hals
English: halse, hawse
Scots: hause
Old Frisian: hals
Saterland Frisian: Hoals
West Frisian: hals
Old Saxon: hals
Middle Low German: hals
German Low German: Hals
Plautdietsch: Hauls
Old Dutch: hals
Middle Dutch: hals
Dutch: hals
Old High German: hals
Middle High German: hals
Cimbrian: hals, haltz (Sette Comuni)
German: Hals
Luxembourgish: Hals
Yiddish: האַלדז (haldz)

Old Norse: hals
Icelandic: háls
Faroese: hálsur
Norn: hals, håls, hwåls
Norwegian Nynorsk: hals; (dialectal) håls’e, hås
Old Swedish: hals
Swedish: hals
Danish: hals
Norwegian Bokmål: hals
Gutnish: hals

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐍃 (hals)

From Proto-Indo-European *kólsos, from root *kʷel-. Cognate with Latin collum.


hwīlō

hwīlō (nominative singular)
hwīlôz (nominative plural)
hwīlō (singular vocative)
hwīlôz (plural vocative)
hwīlǭ (accusative singular)
hwīlōz (accusative plural)
hwīlōz (genitive singular)
hwīlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwīlōi (dative singular)
hwīlōmaz (dative plural)
hwīlō (instrumental singular)
hwīlōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwīlu
Old English: hwīl, huīl
Middle English: whyle, while, hwile, qhyle, wile
English: while
Scots: while
Yola: while
Old Frisian: hwīle
West Frisian: wile
Old Saxon: hwīla
German Low German: Wiel
Old Dutch: wīla
Middle Dutch: wile
Dutch: wijl
Limburgish: wiel
Old High German: wīla
Middle High German: wīle
Bavarian: Wäu, Wei, Weil
Cimbrian: baille, baila (Luserna)
German: Weile
→ Old Czech: chvíle, chvíľe (alternative writing)
Czech: chvíle
→ Old Polish: chwila (“moment”), fila
Masurian: sila
Polish: chwila, chfila (Middle Polish)
→ Belarusian: хві́ля (xvílja)
→ Kashubian: chwila
→ Ukrainian: хви́ля (xvýlja)
Silesian: chwila
Yiddish: ווײַלע (vayle)
→ Slovak: chvíľa (“moment”)

Old Norse: hvíla

Icelandic: hvíla

Faroese: hvíla

Old Swedish: hvīla

Swedish: vila

→ Finnish: huilata

Danish: hvile

Norwegian Bokmål: hvile

Norwegian Nynorsk: kvila

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kvile

Gothic: 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌰 (ƕeila)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷyeh₁- (“to rest”).


uzdaz

uzdaz (nominative singular)
uzdōz (nominative plural)
uzdōs (nominative plural)
uzd (singular vocative)
uzdōz (plural vocative)
uzdōs (plural vocative)
uzdą (accusative singular)
uzdanz (accusative plural)
uzdas (genitive singular)
uzdis (genitive singular)
uzdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
uzdai (dative singular)
uzdamaz (dative plural)
uzdō (instrumental singular)
uzdamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *oʀd

desctree

Old English: ord
Middle English: ord
English: ord, orde
Scots: ord

Old Frisian: ord

North Frisian: od

Saterland Frisian: Oud

West Frisian: oerd, oarde

Old Saxon: ord

Middle Low German: ort

German Low German: Oort

→ Swedish: ort

Old Dutch: ort

Middle Dutch: ort, oort

Dutch: oord

→⇒ Old French: ordé, urdee

→ Middle English: urde, urdy

English: urdé, urdy

Old High German: ort
Middle High German: ort
Bavarian: Oat
German: Ort
Luxembourgish: Uert
Yiddish: אָרט (ort)

Old Norse: oddr
Icelandic: oddur
Faroese: oddur
Norwegian Bokmål: odd, odde
Norwegian Nynorsk: odd, odde
Old Swedish: udder, odder
Swedish: udd, udde
Danish: od, odde
→ Middle English: od, odde
Scots: odd, od, ode
English: odd

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Brill Publishers
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ud-s (“up, off”) > *uz (“out of”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to set, put, place”). Alternatively connected to the root *wes- (“to prick”) (connected to Albanian usht (“thistle”)).


þarmaz

þarmaz (nominative singular)
þarmōz (nominative plural)
þarmōs (nominative plural)
þarm (singular vocative)
þarmōz (plural vocative)
þarmōs (plural vocative)
þarmą (accusative singular)
þarmanz (accusative plural)
þarmas (genitive singular)
þarmis (genitive singular)
þarmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þarmai (dative singular)
þarmamaz (dative plural)
þarmō (instrumental singular)
þarmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þarm
Old English: þearm
Middle English: tharm, therm
English: tharm
Scots: thairm, tharm
Old Frisian: therm
North Frisian: teerm
Saterland Frisian: Tíerm
West Frisian: term
Old Saxon: tharm
Middle Low German: darm
German Low German:
Plautdietsch: Doarm
Old Dutch: *tharm
Middle Dutch: darm, dāerm, derm
Dutch: darm (dialectal derm)
Afrikaans: derm
→ English: derm
Limburgish: derm
West Flemish: derm
Old High German: darm
Middle High German: darm
German: Darm
Hunsrik: Daarem
Luxembourgish: Daarm
Vilamovian: diüem
Yiddish: דאַרם (darm)
→ English: derma

Old Norse: þarmr

Icelandic: þarmur

Faroese: tarmur

Norwegian: tarm

Old Swedish: tharmber

Swedish: tarm

Danish: tarm

From Proto-Indo-European *tórmos (“borehole”) from *terh₁-.


frōdį̄

frōdį̄ (nominative singular)
frōdīniz (nominative plural)
frōdį̄ (singular vocative)
frōdīniz (plural vocative)
frōdīnų (accusative singular)
frōdīnunz (accusative plural)
frōdīniz (genitive singular)
frōdīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frōdīni (dative singular)
frōdīmaz (dative plural)
frōdīnē (instrumental singular)
frōdīmiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: fruoti

Middle High German: vruote

Old Norse: frœði, frǿði

Icelandic: fræði

Faroese: frøði

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹 (frōdei)


hertô

hertô (nominative singular)
hertōnō (nominative plural)
hertô (singular vocative)
hertōnō (plural vocative)
hertô (accusative singular)
hertōnō (accusative plural)
hirtiniz (genitive singular)
hertanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hirtini (dative singular)
hertammaz (dative plural)
hirtinē (instrumental singular)
hertammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hertā
Old English: heorte, herte — Northumbrian; hearte, hiorte
Middle English: herte, hart, harte, heorte, hert, hertt, hirte, huerte; heortæ, heorrte, herrte, hierte, horte, hurte (Early Middle English)
English: heart (see there for further descendants)
Scots: hert, hart, hairt
Yola: hearth, hart
Old Frisian: herte, hirte
Saterland Frisian: Haat
West Frisian: hert
Old Saxon: herta, herte
Middle Low German: herte, harte
Low German: Hart, Hiärt
German Low German: Hart
Plautdietsch: Hoat
Old Dutch: herta
Middle Dutch: herte, harte
Dutch: hart
Afrikaans: hart
Limburgish: hert
West Flemish: erte
Old High German: herza
Middle High German: hërze, hërz
Alemannic German: Härz
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: hèrtz, hèertze (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: hèrz
Central Franconian: Hätz, Hetz (variant spelling); Hatz (Ripuarian); Herz (Ripuarian variant); Hearz (Moselle Franconian variant), Häerz
Hunsrik: Herz
German: Herz
Luxembourgish: Häerz
Silesian East Central German: Herze / Härze (Breslauisch) / Harze n
⇒ Silesian East Central German: / harzlich
Vilamovian: haoc
Yiddish: האַרץ (harts)

Old Norse: hjarta
Icelandic: hjarta
Faroese: hjarta
Norn: hjarta
Norwegian Nynorsk: hjarta, hjarte, hjerta
Jamtish: hjarte
Elfdalian: järta
Old Swedish: hiærta
Swedish: hjärta, hjerta, järta (obsolete)
→ Finnish: hertta
Old Danish: hiartæ, hiærtæ
Scanian: hjarta
Danish: hjerte
Norwegian Bokmål: hjerte
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: hjerte
Jutish: jaart
Gutnish: hjärte

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐍉 (hairtō)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱérd (“heart”), reanalyzed as a neuter an-stem.


flugiz

flugiz (nominative singular)
flugīz (nominative plural)
flugi (singular vocative)
flugīz (plural vocative)
flugį (accusative singular)
fluginz (accusative plural)
flugīz (genitive singular)
flugjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flugī (dative singular)
flugimaz (dative plural)
flugī (instrumental singular)
flugimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: flyge

Middle English: flye

English: fly

Old Saxon: flugi

Old Dutch: *flugi, *fluge

Middle Dutch: vloghe, vleughe

Dutch: vleug

Old High German: flugi

German: Flug

→ Esperanto: flugo

Luxembourgish: Fluch

→ Walloon: flouxhe

Old Norse: flugr

Icelandic: flugur

Gothic: 𐌸𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃 (þlauhs)


hwīlāną

hwīlō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwīlaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwīlai (active imperative second-person singular)
hwīlāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwīlaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwīlāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwīlāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwīlōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hwīlāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwīlāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwīlāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwīlānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwīlaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hwīlaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hwīlānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwīlānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwīlānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwīlānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwīladǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hwīladēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwīladēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hwīladēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwīladē (active indicative singular third-person)
hwīladēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwīladēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwīladēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwīladēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwīladēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwīladēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwīladēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwīladēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwīladēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwīladēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwīladēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwīlāndz (active participle present)
hwīladaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: hvíla

Icelandic: hvíla

Faroese: hvíla

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: hvile

Norwegian Nynorsk: kvile, kvila

Old Swedish: hvīla

Swedish: vila

Old Danish: hwīla, hwilæ

Danish: hvile

→ Finnish: huilata

Gothic: 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽 (ƕeilān)

From *hwīlō (“while, period, pause”) + *-āną.


samaz

*samaz (a-stem)

samaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
samai (masculine nominative plural strong)
samō (feminine nominative singular strong)
samôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
samą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
samō (neuter nominative plural strong)
samanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
samanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
samǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
samōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
samą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
samō (accusative neuter plural strong)
samas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
samaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
samaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
samaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
samas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
samaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
samammai (dative masculine singular strong)
samaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
samaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
samaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
samammai (dative neuter singular strong)
samaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
samanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
samaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
samaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
samaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
samanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
samaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
samô (masculine nominative singular weak)
samaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
samǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
samōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
samô (neuter nominative singular weak)
samōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
samanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
samanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
samōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
samōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
samô (accusative neuter singular weak)
samōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
saminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
samanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
samōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
samōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
saminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
samanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
samini (dative masculine singular weak)
samammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
samōni (dative feminine singular weak)
samōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
samini (dative neuter singular weak)
samammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
saminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
samammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
samōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
samōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
saminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
samammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *sam

Old Norse: samr
Icelandic: samur
Faroese: samur
Norwegian Nynorsk: same
Old Swedish: samber
Swedish: samma
Danish: samme
Norwegian Bokmål: samme
→ Middle English: same
English: same

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰 (sama)

→ Proto-Finnic: *sama (see there for further descendants)


wahstuz

wahstuz (nominative singular)
wahstiwiz (nominative plural)
wahstu (singular vocative)
wahstiwiz (plural vocative)
wahstų (accusative singular)
wahstunz (accusative plural)
wahstauz (genitive singular)
wahstiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wahstiwi (dative singular)
wahstumaz (dative plural)
wahstū (instrumental singular)
wahstumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wahstu

desc

Old English: *wæhst, *wæxt, *wæst, *weahst, *wǣst

m+

>? Middle English: wacste (“growth, increase, might, power”) (alternatively from Old Norse vǫxtr (“growth, increase, size, stature”))

desctree

Middle English: wast, waast, waist, waste; wacst (Early Middle English)
English: waist
→ Japanese: ウエスト (uesuto)
Scots: waist
Yola: wauscoat

Old Frisian: wehst

Old High German: wahst

Middle High German: wahst

Old Norse: vǫxtr

Icelandic: vöxtur

Faroese: vøkstur

Old Swedish: vaxter, væxter

Swedish: växt

Danish: vækst

Norwegian: vekst

Scanian: vǫğst

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃 (wahstus)


frōdaz

frōdōzô (comparative)
frōdōstaz (superlative)
frōdaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
frōdai (masculine nominative plural strong)
frōdō (feminine nominative singular strong)
frōdôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
frōdą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
frōdō (neuter nominative plural strong)
frōdanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
frōdanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
frōdǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
frōdōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
frōdą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
frōdō (accusative neuter plural strong)
frōdas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
frōdaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
frōdaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
frōdaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
frōdas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
frōdaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
frōdammai (dative masculine singular strong)
frōdaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
frōdaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
frōdaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
frōdammai (dative neuter singular strong)
frōdaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
frōdanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
frōdaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
frōdaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
frōdaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
frōdanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
frōdaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
frōdô (masculine nominative singular weak)
frōdaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
frōdǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
frōdōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
frōdô (neuter nominative singular weak)
frōdōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
frōdanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
frōdanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
frōdōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
frōdōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
frōdô (accusative neuter singular weak)
frōdōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
frōdiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
frōdanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
frōdōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
frōdōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
frōdiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
frōdanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
frōdini (dative masculine singular weak)
frōdammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
frōdōni (dative feminine singular weak)
frōdōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
frōdini (dative neuter singular weak)
frōdammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
frōdinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
frōdammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
frōdōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
frōdōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
frōdinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
frōdammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*frōdaz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *frōd
Old English: frōd
Middle English: *frod, *frode, *frood
English: frood
Scots: frood
Old Frisian: frōd
North Frisian: frod
Saterland Frisian: frod
West Frisian: froed
Old Saxon: frōd
Middle Low German: vrôt
Old Dutch: *fruod, *fruot
Middle Dutch: vroet
Dutch: vroed
Afrikaans: vroed
Old High German: fruot, frōt
Middle High German: vruot
Alemannic German: fruetig

Proto-Norse: *ᚠᚱᛟᛞᚨᛉ (*frodaʀ)

Old Norse: fróðr
Icelandic: fróður
Faroese: fróður
Norwegian Nynorsk: frod
Old Swedish: frodher
Swedish: frod
Danish: frod
Norwegian Bokmål: frod

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐍉𐌸𐍃 (frōþs)

Vṛddhi gerundive of *fraþjaną (“to understand”).


habanō

habanō (nominative singular)
habanôz (nominative plural)
habanō (singular vocative)
habanôz (plural vocative)
habanǭ (accusative singular)
habanōz (accusative plural)
habanōz (genitive singular)
habanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
habanōi (dative singular)
habanōmaz (dative plural)
habanō (instrumental singular)
habanōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *habanu
Old English: hæfen, hæfene (possibly a loanword from Old Norse)
Middle English: haven, havene
Scots: havin, hevin, heavin
English: haven
Old Frisian: *hafen, *haven
Saterland Frisian: Hauenge, Hoawen (possibly loaned from Low German)
West Frisian: haven
Old Saxon: *havana; *havan m
Middle Low German: hāvene, hāven f or m
German Low German: Haven
→ Middle High German: habene f (also m?)
German: Hafen m (under direct Middle Low German influence)
Luxembourgish: Hafen
Yiddish: האַוון m (havn)
Old Dutch: *havana
Middle Dutch: hāvene
Dutch: haven
Afrikaans: hawe
→ Old French: havene, havre, hafne
Middle French: havre
French: havre
→ Spanish: abra
→ English: abra
→ Galician: abra

Old Norse: hǫfn
Icelandic: höfn
Faroese: havn, høvn
Norwegian Nynorsk: hamn
Norwegian Bokmål: hamn
Old Swedish: hamn, hafn
Swedish: hamn
Danish: havn
Norwegian Bokmål: havn
→ Latin: Hafnia (“Copenhagen”) (learned)

/ˈxɑ.βɑ.nɔː/

From Proto-Indo-European *kh₂póneh₂ or *kh₂pnéh₂, from the root *keh₂p- (“to take, seize, grasp”).


sweblaz

sweblaz (nominative singular)
sweblōz (nominative plural)
sweblōs (nominative plural)
swebl (singular vocative)
sweblōz (plural vocative)
sweblōs (plural vocative)
sweblą (accusative singular)
sweblanz (accusative plural)
sweblas (genitive singular)
swiblis (genitive singular)
sweblǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swiblai (dative singular)
sweblamaz (dative plural)
sweblō (instrumental singular)
sweblamiz (instrumental plural)

Unknown. Compare Proto-Indo-European *swelplos (whence probably Latin sulfur), from the root *swel- (“to burn, smoulder”) (de Vaan); Kluge instead suggests that the Germanic and Latin, while from *swelplos, are borrowed from a pre-Indo-European substrate.

sweavel

Middle Low German: swevel, swavel; Low German

Middle Dutch: swēvelDutch: zwavelAfrikaans: swawelNegerhollands: swafel→ Sranan Tongo: swafru

swarfu→ Aukan: swalufu→ Kari'na: suwapulu→ Saramaccan: suwálufuLimburgish: zwaevel→ West Frisian: swevel

→ Russian: жу́пел

→ Old Church Slavonic: жоупелъ (župelŭ), зюпелъ (zjupelŭ)


wistiz

wistiz (nominative singular)
wistīz (nominative plural)
wisti (singular vocative)
wistīz (plural vocative)
wistį (accusative singular)
wistinz (accusative plural)
wistīz (genitive singular)
wistijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wistī (dative singular)
wistimaz (dative plural)
wistī (instrumental singular)
wistimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wisti
Old English: wist
Old Saxon: wist
Middle Low German: wist
Old High German: wist
Middle High German: wist

Old Norse: vist

Icelandic: vist

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (wists)