wazjaną

wazjō (active first-person indicative singular)
wazjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wazjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wazisi (active indicative second-person singular)
wazjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wazi (active imperative second-person singular)
wazjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wazjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
waziþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wazjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wazjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wazjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wazjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wazjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wazjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wazjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wazjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wazjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wazjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wazjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wazjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wazjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
waziþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wazjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waziþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wazjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wazjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wazjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wazjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wazjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wazjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wazjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wazidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wazidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wazidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wazidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wazidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wazidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wazidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wazidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wazidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wazidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wazidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wazidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wazidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wazidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wazidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wazidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wazjandz (active participle present)
wazidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *waʀjan
Old English: werian
Middle English: werien, weren
Scots: were, weir
English: wear
Old Saxon: werian
Old High German: werian, werien, werren

Old Norse: verja (verb); verja (noun)

Icelandic: verja

Faroese: verja

Norwegian: gangverja (noun)

→ Middle English: waren ("to lay out, spend, invest")

Scots: wair, ware

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wasjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *woséyeti, from *wes-.


wakjaną

wakjō (active first-person indicative singular)
wakjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wakjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wakisi (active indicative second-person singular)
wakjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waki (active imperative second-person singular)
wakjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wakjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wakiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wakjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wakjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wakjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wakjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wakjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wakjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wakjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wakjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wakjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wakjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wakjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wakjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wakjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wakiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wakjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wakiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wakjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wakjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wakjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wakjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wakjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wakjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wakjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wakidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wakidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wakidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wakidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wakidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wakidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wakidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wakidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wakidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wakidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wakidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wakidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wakidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wakidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wakidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wakidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wakjandz (active participle present)
wakidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wakkjan
Old English: wæċċan, weċċan
Middle English: wecchen
English: watch
Old Saxon: wekkian
Middle Low German: wekken
Old Dutch: *wecken
Middle Dutch: wecken
Dutch: wekken
Afrikaans: wek
Old High German: wecchen
Middle High German: wecken
German: wecken

Old Norse: vekja
Icelandic: vekja
Faroese: vekja
Norwegian Nynorsk: vekkja, vekja
Old Swedish: vækia, vækkia
Swedish: väcka
Old Danish: wække
Danish: vække
Norwegian Bokmål: vekke

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*wakjan) (in 𐌿𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (uswakjan))

From Proto-Indo-European *woǵ-éye-. By surface analysis, *wakaną + *-janą.


grōtijaną

grōtijō (active first-person indicative singular)
grōtijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grōtijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
grōtīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
grōtijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grōtī (active imperative second-person singular)
grōtijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grōtijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grōtīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
grōtijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grōtijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
grōtijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grōtijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grōtijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
grōtijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grōtijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grōtijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grōtijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grōtijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grōtijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grōtijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grōtijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grōtīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
grōtijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grōtīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
grōtijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grōtijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grōtijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
grōtijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grōtijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
grōtijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grōtijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
grōtidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
grōtidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grōtidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
grōtidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grōtidē (active indicative singular third-person)
grōtidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grōtidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
grōtidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grōtidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grōtidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grōtidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
grōtidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grōtidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
grōtidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grōtidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
grōtidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grōtijandz (active participle present)
grōtidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *grōtijan
Old English: grētan
Middle English: greten
English: greet
Scots: grete, greit
Old Frisian: grēta
Saterland Frisian: gröitje
West Frisian: groetsje
Old Saxon: grōtian
Middle Low German: grö̂ten
German Low German: gröten
Old Dutch: *gruoten
Middle Dutch: groeten, gruten
Dutch: groeten
Afrikaans: groet
Negerhollands: groet, gruet, groetnes
→ Caribbean Javanese: khrut
Old High German: gruozen, gruozzen
Middle High German: grüezen
Alemannic German: grüesse
Bavarian: griaßn
Cimbrian: grüazan, grüusan (Sette Comuni)
German: grüßen
Luxembourgish: gréissen
→? Vulgar Latin: *grōtiāre
Old French: grocier, grucier, groucier, grouchier
→ Middle English: grouchen, grucchen
English: grouch, grutch, grudge, grouse
Scots: gruch, grutch, grunch

Old Norse: grǿta, grœta

Icelandic: græta

Faroese: grøta

Norwegian Nynorsk: grøta

Old Swedish: grø̄ta


tawjaną

tawjō (active first-person indicative singular)
tawjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tawjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tawisi (active indicative second-person singular)
tawjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tawi (active imperative second-person singular)
tawjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tawjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tawiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tawjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tawjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tawjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tawjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tawjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tawjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tawjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tawjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tawjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tawjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tawjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tawjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tawjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tawiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tawjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tawiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tawjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tawjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tawjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tawjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tawjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tawjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tawjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tawidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tawidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tawidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tawidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tawidē (active indicative singular third-person)
tawidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tawidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tawidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tawidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tawidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tawidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tawidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tawidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tawidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tawidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tawidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tawjandz (active participle present)
tawidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *tauwjan, *tawōn
Old English: tawian (class 2 weak) (< *tawōn); tēaġan, tēan
Middle English: tawen, tauwen, tewen
English: taw, tew
Scots: taw
Old Saxon: *tōian
Middle Low German: touwen
Old Dutch: *touwen, *tōien
Middle Dutch: touwen, tôyen, tooyen
Dutch: touwen, tooien
Afrikaans: tooi
Old High German: zouwen
Middle High German: zouwen (in bezouwen, enzouwen, erzouwen, etc.), zöuwen

desc

Proto-Norse: ᛏᚨᚹᛁᛞᛟ (tawidō, 1st singular past indicative), ᛏᚨᚹᛁᛞᛖ (tawidē, 3rd singular past indicative)

Old Norse: tjá, tœja, tǿja, týja, tjóa

Icelandic: tjá, tæja, týja, tjóa

Swedish: te, töja, tya, tjuga

desctree

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽 (taujan)
→ Galician: ataviar
→ Portuguese: ataviar
→ Spanish: ataviar

Factitive derived from an adjective *tawaz, from Pre-Germanic *dowh₂os, from Proto-Indo-European *dewh₂-. Possibly attested as *gatawaz, borrowed into Proto-Slavic *gotovъ, though this is disputed.
Cognate with Tocharian B tsuwa and Ancient Greek δύναμαι (dúnamai).


drībaną

drībō (active first-person indicative singular)
drībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
drībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
drībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
drībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drīb (active imperative second-person singular)
drībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
drībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
drībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
drībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
drībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
drībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
drībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
drībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
drībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
drībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
drībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
drībid (active indicative plural second-person)
drībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
drībid (active imperative plural second-person)
drībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
drībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
drībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
drībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
drībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
drībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
drībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
draib (active first-person indicative singular)
dribį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
draift (active indicative second-person singular)
dribīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
draib (active indicative singular third-person)
dribī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dribū (active dual first-person indicative)
dribīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dribudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dribīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dribum (active first-person indicative plural)
dribīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dribud (active indicative plural second-person)
dribīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dribun (active indicative plural third-person)
dribīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
drībandz (active participle present)
dribanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *drīban
Old English: drīfan
Middle English: driven, drifen, drifven
English: drive
Scots: dryve
Yola: dhreeve, dhrive, dreeve, drieve, drive
Old Frisian: drīva
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: driiw
Mooring: driwe
Sylt: driiv
Wiedingharde: driwwe
Saterland Frisian: drieuwe
West Frisian: driuwe
Old Saxon: drīvan, drīƀan
Middle Low German: driven
Low German: drieven
Old Dutch: drīvan
Middle Dutch: driven
Dutch: drijven
Afrikaans: dryf
Papiamentu: drif
Limburgish: drieve
Old High German: trīban
Middle High German: trīben
Alemannic German: triibe
Bavarian: dreibm, dreim
Central Franconian: drieve, dreive
Hunsrik: dreive
Luxembourgish: dreiwen
German: treiben
Yiddish: טרײַבן (traybn)

Old Norse: drífa

Icelandic: drífa

Faroese: dríva

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: drive

Norwegian Nynorsk: driva, drive

Old Swedish: drīva
Swedish: driva

Danish: drive

Elfdalian: draiva

Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (dreiban)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰreybʰ- (“to drive, push”). Cognate with Irish drip (“bustle”) and possibly Lithuanian drìbti (“to fall, trickle”).


sandijaną

sandijō (active first-person indicative singular)
sandijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sandijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sandīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sandijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sandī (active imperative second-person singular)
sandijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sandijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sandīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sandijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sandijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sandijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sandijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sandijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sandijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sandijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sandijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sandijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sandijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sandijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sandijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sandijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sandīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sandijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sandīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sandijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sandijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sandijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sandijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sandijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sandijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sandijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sandidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sandidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sandidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sandidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sandidē (active indicative singular third-person)
sandidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sandidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sandidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sandidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sandidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sandidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sandidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sandidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sandidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sandidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sandidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sandijandz (active participle present)
sandidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sandijan
Old English: sendan
Middle English: senden
Scots: send
English: send
→ Esperanto: sendi
Old Frisian: senda
Saterland Frisian: seende
West Frisian: seine
Old Saxon: sendian
Middle Low German: senden
Low German: senden, sengen, sennen
Old Dutch: senden
Middle Dutch: senden
Dutch: zenden
Limburgish: zènje
Old High German: sendan, senten
Middle High German: senden
German: senden
Luxembourgish: senden

Old Norse: senda
Icelandic: senda
Faroese: senda
Norwegian Nynorsk: senda
Old Swedish: sænda
Swedish: sända
Old Danish: sændæ
Danish: sende
Norwegian Bokmål: sende
Gutnish: sände
Scanian: sænða

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (sandjan)

From *sinþaną + *-janą. Related to *sinnaną (“to feel, consider”), both from Proto-Indo-European *sent- (“to head for”).


razdō

razdō (nominative singular)
razdôz (nominative plural)
razdō (singular vocative)
razdôz (plural vocative)
razdǭ (accusative singular)
razdōz (accusative plural)
razdōz (genitive singular)
razdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
razdōi (dative singular)
razdōmaz (dative plural)
razdō (instrumental singular)
razdōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *raʀdu
Old English: reord
Middle English: reorde, rearde, rorde, rerd
Scots: rerde, rerd, reird
English: reard
⇒ Old English: reordian (“to speak”)
Middle English: rerden
Old High German: rarta

Old Norse: rǫdd, radd-

Icelandic: rödd, radd-

Faroese: rødd

→ Scots: rede (“sound; noise; din”)

Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 (razda)

From Proto-Indo-European *Hres- (“to shout, speak”), extended as *Hros-dʰh₁-eh₂-. Compare Sanskrit रसना (rasanā, “tongue”), रसति (rásati, “to call out, scream, roar”).


brusts

brusts (nominative singular)
brustiz (nominative plural)
brust (singular vocative)
brustiz (plural vocative)
brustų (accusative singular)
brustunz (accusative plural)
brustiz (genitive singular)
brustǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brusti (dative singular)
brustumaz (dative plural)
brustē (instrumental singular)
brustumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *brust
Old Frisian: brust, burst, borst
North Frisian: borst
Saterland Frisian: Brust
West Frisian: boarst
Old Saxon: brust
Middle Low German: brust, bruste, borst
German Low German: Borst, Bost
Plautdietsch: Brost
Old Dutch: *brust
Middle Dutch: borst
Dutch: borst
Old High German: brust
Middle High German: brust
German: Brust
Hunsrik: Brust
Luxembourgish: Broscht
Vilamovian: brust
Yiddish: ברוסט (brust)

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍃 (brusts)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrews- (“to swell, blow, inflate”). Cognate with *breustą.


breustą

breustą (nominative singular)
breustō (nominative plural)
breustą (singular vocative)
breustō (plural vocative)
breustą (accusative singular)
breustō (accusative plural)
breustas (genitive singular)
briustis (genitive singular)
breustǫ̂ (genitive plural)
briustai (dative singular)
breustamaz (dative plural)
breustō (instrumental singular)
breustamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *breust
Old English: brēost
Middle English: brest, breste, breost, breist, brost, brust, brist, breast, bryest
English: brest, breast
Scots: brest, breist, breest
Old Frisian: briāst, brast
Old Saxon: breost, briost, brust

Old Norse: brjóst

Icelandic: brjóst

Faroese: bróst

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: bryst

Old Swedish: bryst

Swedish: bröst

Danish: bryst

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrews- (“to swell”). Related to *brusts as well as to the verb *brustijaną (“to sprout”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *brъstь (“bud”), possibly Albanian brushtull (“ivy”) (< Proto-Albanian *brustula).


wītwōdz

wītwōdz (nominative singular)
wītwōdiz (nominative plural)
wītwōd (singular vocative)
wītwōdiz (plural vocative)
wītwōdų (accusative singular)
wītwōdunz (accusative plural)
wītwōdiz (genitive singular)
wītwōdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wītwōdi (dative singular)
wītwōdumaz (dative plural)
wītwōdē (instrumental singular)
wītwōdumiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍅𐍉𐌸𐍃 (weitwōþs)

From pre-Germanic *wéydwō(t)s, substantivization of *weydwṓ(t)s, a perfect participle from *weyd- (“to see, know”). Cognate with Ancient Greek εἰδώς (eidṓs), genitive εἰδότος (eidótos), the masculine active perfect participle to οἶδᾰ (oîda, “to know”).


stebnō

stebnō (nominative singular)
stebnôz (nominative plural)
stebnō (singular vocative)
stebnôz (plural vocative)
stebnǭ (accusative singular)
stebnōz (accusative plural)
stebnōz (genitive singular)
stebnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stebnōi (dative singular)
stebnōmaz (dative plural)
stebnō (instrumental singular)
stebnōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stebnu, *stemnu
Old English: stefn, stemn
Middle English: steven, stemne, stempne
English: steven, stevvon, stempne
Scots: stevin, stewyn
Old Frisian: stifne, stemme
Saterland Frisian: Stämme
West Frisian: stim
Old Saxon: *stefna, stemna
Middle Low German: stēvene, stempne, stemne, stimne, stemme, stimme
German Low German: Stemm, Stimm
Old Dutch: *stevna, stemma, stimna
Middle Dutch: stevene, stemme
Dutch: stem
Limburgish: stöm
Old High German: stimna
Middle High German: stimme
German: Stimme
Luxembourgish: Stëmm

Old Norse: stefna f

Icelandic: stefna f

Faroese: stevna f

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: stemne f, stemne f or n

Norwegian Bokmål: stevne n

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌱𐌽𐌰 (stibna)

From Pre-Germanic *stem(m)n-, from Proto-Indo-European *stemn- (“mouth, muzzle”). Cognate with Ancient Greek στόμα (stóma, “mouth, muzzle”).


stamnijō

stamnijō (nominative singular)
stamnijôz (nominative plural)
stamnijō (singular vocative)
stamnijôz (plural vocative)
stamnijǭ (accusative singular)
stamnijōz (accusative plural)
stamnijōz (genitive singular)
stamnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stamnijōi (dative singular)
stamnijōmaz (dative plural)
stamnijō (instrumental singular)
stamnijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: stemn

Middle English: stemne, stempne

English: stempne (obsolete, dialectal)

Old Frisian: stemme

North Frisian: stemm

West Frisian: stim

Old Saxon: stemna

desc

Middle Low German: stemne, stempne, stemme

German Low German: Stemme, Stimme, Stemm, Stimm

Plautdietsch: Stemm

→ Icelandic: stemna

→ Norwegian: stemme

→ Swedish: stämma

→ Danish: stemme

Old Dutch: *stemma

Middle Dutch: stemme

Dutch: stem

Afrikaans: stem

Old High German: stemma, stemna

From Pre-Germanic *stom(m)n-, from Proto-Indo-European *stem- (“mouth, muzzle”). Cognate with Ancient Greek στόμα (stóma, “mouth, muzzle”).


tungǭ

tungǭ (nominative singular)
tungōniz (nominative plural)
tungǭ (singular vocative)
tungōniz (plural vocative)
tungōnų (accusative singular)
tungōnunz (accusative plural)
tungōniz (genitive singular)
tungōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tungōni (dative singular)
tungōmaz (dative plural)
tungōnē (instrumental singular)
tungōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tungā
Old English: tunge
Middle English: tonge, tong, tung, tunge
English: tongue, tounge (misspelling, otherwise obsolete); tung (eye dialect, otherwise obsolete); tong, tonge, toong, toongue, toung, toungue, tunge (obsolete)
Australian Kriol: tang
Bislama: tang
Sranan Tongo: tongo
Tok Pisin: tang
Torres Strait Creole: tang
Scots: tung, tongue, tong
Old Frisian: tunge
North Frisian: tonge, tunge
Saterland Frisian: Tunge
West Frisian: tonge
Old Saxon: tunga, tunge
Middle Low German: tunge
German Low German: Tunge
Plautdietsch: Tung
Old Dutch: tunga
Middle Dutch: tonge, tonghe
Dutch: tong
Afrikaans: tong
Negerhollands: tong, toṅ, tung
→ Virgin Islands Creole: ton (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: tunk
→? Sranan Tongo: tongo
→ Aukan: tongo
→ Kwinti: tongo
→ Saramaccan: tongò
Limburgish: tóng
Old High German: zunga
Middle High German: zunge
Alemannic German: Zunge
Central Franconian: Zong
Cimbrian: zung
German: Zunge
Luxembourgish: Zong
Vilamovian: cung
Yiddish: צונג (tsung)

Old Norse: tunga
Icelandic: tunga
Faroese: tunga
Norn: tunga
Elfdalian: tungga
Norwegian: tunge
Old Swedish: tunga
Swedish: tunga
Old Danish: tungæ
Danish: tunge
Gutnish: tungge, tunggå, tungga

Gothic: 𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉 (tuggō)

N-stem variant of Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s (“tongue”). Cognate with Latin lingua (“tongue”) and Sanskrit जिह्वा (jihvā, “tongue”).


burgz

burgz (nominative singular)
burgiz (nominative plural)
burg (singular vocative)
burgiz (plural vocative)
burgų (accusative singular)
burgunz (accusative plural)
burgiz (genitive singular)
burgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
burgi (dative singular)
burgumaz (dative plural)
burgē (instrumental singular)
burgumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *burg
Old English: burg, burh
Middle English: burgh
Scots: burch, burgh
English: borough, -borough, Brough, burg, bur-, burgh, bury (as in borough, manor), -bury
→ English: burh (learned)
Old Frisian: burch, burich
Saterland Frisian: Buurich
West Frisian: -boarg (in compounds)
Old Saxon: burg
Middle Low German: borch
German Low German: Börg, Borg
Old Dutch: burg
Middle Dutch: borch, burch
Dutch: burg, burcht
Afrikaans: burg
Limburgish: bórg, börch
Old High German: burg
Middle High German: burc
German: Burg
Luxembourgish: Buerg
→ Late Latin: burgus (see there for further descendants)
→? Albanian: burg
→ Old French: borc, burc
Middle French: bourg
French: bourg

Old Norse: borg
Icelandic: borg
Faroese: borg
Norwegian Nynorsk: borg; (dialectal) børg
Elfdalian: borg
Old Swedish: borgh
Swedish: borg
Danish: borg
Norwegian Bokmål: borg
Old Gutnish: burg, borg

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 (baurgs)

Either
* from Proto-Indo-European *bʰérǵʰs (“something high up and fortified”)
* or from Proto-Indo-European *bʰergʰ- (“to take care of, protect, preserve”),
but compare Latin arx, which goes through the meanings of *burgz and of *bergaz (stronghold, refuge, summit).


magaþs

magaþs (nominative singular)
magaþiz (nominative plural)
magaþ (singular vocative)
magaþiz (plural vocative)
magaþų (accusative singular)
magaþunz (accusative plural)
magaþiz (genitive singular)
magaþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
magaþi (dative singular)
magaþumaz (dative plural)
magaþē (instrumental singular)
magaþumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *magaþ
Old English: mæġeþ, mæġþ
Middle English: mæið, meið, maið, maȝþ
English: maid
Scots: maid
Old Frisian: megith, megeth, mageth
Saterland Frisian: Moagd
West Frisian: maegd; (> meide, meidzje)
Old Saxon: magath
Middle Low German: māget, mait, meit, meyt
German Low German: Maid
Old Dutch: magith
Middle Dutch: māget, meit
Dutch: maagd, meid
Old High German: magad
Middle High German: maget, magt, mait
German: Magd, Maid
Luxembourgish: Mod
Yiddish: מויד (moyd), מאַד (mad)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌸𐍃 (magaþs)


rīks

rīks (nominative singular)
rīkiz (nominative plural)
rīk (singular vocative)
rīkiz (plural vocative)
rīkų (accusative singular)
rīkunz (accusative plural)
rīkiz (genitive singular)
rīkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rīki (dative singular)
rīkumaz (dative plural)
rīkē (instrumental singular)
rīkumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-rīk

Old English: -rīċ

Old High German: -rih

Middle High German: -rich

German: -rich

Old Norse: -ríkr

Gothic: 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (reiks)

Vandalic: *rīx; *-rīks (early), *-rīk (late)

An early borrowing from Proto-Celtic *rīxs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs.


mēnōþs

mēnōþs (nominative singular)
mēnōþiz (nominative plural)
mēnōþ (singular vocative)
mēnōþiz (plural vocative)
mēnōþų (accusative singular)
mēnōþunz (accusative plural)
mēnōþiz (genitive singular)
mēnōþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mēnōþi (dative singular)
mēnōþumaz (dative plural)
mēnōþē (instrumental singular)
mēnōþumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mānōþ
Old English: mōnaþ, mōnað — edh spelling
Middle English: moneth, month, monþ, moneþ, monæþ
English: month
Scots: moneth
Old Frisian: mōnath
North Frisian: muunt
Saterland Frisian: Mound
West Frisian: moanne
Old Saxon: mānuth
Middle Low German: mānet, mānt
Low German: Maand (Northern Germany), Maond (Westphalia)
Plautdietsch: Moonat
Old Dutch: *mānoth
Middle Dutch: mānet, maent
Dutch: maand
Afrikaans: maand
Jersey Dutch: mânt, mônt, mönt
Negerhollands: maent, maand
Old High German: mānōd
Middle High German: mānōt
Cimbrian: maanont
German: Monat
→ Yiddish: מאָנאַט (monat)
Luxembourgish: Mount

Old Norse: mánaðr
Icelandic: mánuður
Faroese: mánaður
Norwegian Nynorsk: månad
Elfdalian: månað
Old Swedish: mānaþer
Swedish: månad
Old Danish: maanædh
Danish: måned
Norwegian Bokmål: måned
Old Gutnish: manaþr
Gutnish: måne, mån', mane, mana

Gothic: 𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 (mēnōþs)

/ˈmɛː.nɔːθs/

Derivative of Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s, related to *mēnô.


agaz

agaz (nominative singular)
agizō (nominative plural)
agaz (singular vocative)
agizō (plural vocative)
agaz (accusative singular)
agizō (accusative plural)
agiziz (genitive singular)
agizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
agizi (dative singular)
agizumaz (dative plural)
agizē (instrumental singular)
agizumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *agi m
Old English: eġe, æġe, eiġe
Middle English: eye, eie, eȝe, eȝȝe, eyȝe, eiȝe
English: ey (obsolete)

Old Norse: agi
Icelandic: agi
Faroese: agi
Norwegian Nynorsk: age, aga, agje, ågå
Norwegian Bokmål: age
Old Swedish: aghi
Swedish: aga (from oblique case; pl. agor)
Danish: ave
→ Middle English: awe, age, aghe, aȝe, ahe, au, aue, aw
English: awe
Scots: awe, aw

Gothic: 𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (agis)

Vandalic: *agiz

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂égʰos, from *h₂egʰ- (“to be upset, afraid”).


wegaz

wegaz (nominative singular)
wegōz (nominative plural)
wegōs (nominative plural)
weg (singular vocative)
wegōz (plural vocative)
wegōs (plural vocative)
wegą (accusative singular)
weganz (accusative plural)
wegas (genitive singular)
wigis (genitive singular)
wegǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wigai (dative singular)
wegamaz (dative plural)
wegō (instrumental singular)
wegamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *weg
Old English: weġ
Middle English: wæi, wei, wai, wey, way
Scots: wey
English: way
Old Frisian: wei
North Frisian: wey
Saterland Frisian: Wai
West Frisian: wei
Old Saxon: weg
Middle Low German: wech
Dutch Low Saxon: weg
German Low German: Weg
Plautdietsch: Wajch
Old Dutch: weg
Middle Dutch: wech
Dutch: weg
Afrikaans: weg
Limburgish: waeg
Old High German: weg, wec
Middle High German: wec
Alemannic German: Wäg
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: bèg, bege (Luserna)
Mòcheno: be
Central Franconian: Wääch
Luxembourgish: Wee (from dative and plural)
Hunsrik: Wegh
German: Weg
Pennsylvania German: Weg
Yiddish: וועג (veg)

Old Norse: vegr
Icelandic: vegur m
Faroese: vegur m
Norwegian Nynorsk: veg m
→ Norwegian Bokmål: veg m
Old Swedish: vægher
Swedish: väg c
Danish: vej c
Norwegian Bokmål: vei m

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃 (wigs)


fōts

fōts (nominative singular)
fōtiz (nominative plural)
fōt (singular vocative)
fōtiz (plural vocative)
fōtų (accusative singular)
fōtunz (accusative plural)
fōtiz (genitive singular)
fōtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fōti (dative singular)
fōtumaz (dative plural)
fōtē (instrumental singular)
fōtumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fōt
Old English: fōt
Middle English: fot, fod, foȝt, foit, foot, foote, fote, fout, fut, vot
English: foot (see there for further descendants)
Scots: fit, fuit, fut, fute
Yola: voote
Old Frisian: fōt
North Frisian: fötj, fut, Fut
Saterland Frisian: Fout
West Frisian: foet
Old Saxon: fōt
Middle Low German: vôt
Low German:
German Low German: Voot
Hamburgisch: Foot
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Féut m
Ravensbergisch: Feot
Westmünsterländisch: Foot
Märkisch: Faut
Plautdietsch: Foot
Old Dutch: fuot
Middle Dutch: voet
Dutch: voet
Limburgish: voot
Old High German: fuoz
Middle High German: fuoz, vuoz
Alemannic German: Fuas
Bavarian: Fuaß
Cimbrian: vuus, buus, vuaz
Gottscheerish: vúəs
Mòcheno: vuas
Central Franconian: Foß, Fuß
Hunsrik: Fus
Kölsch: Fooß
Luxembourgish: Fouss
German: Fuß
Rhine Franconian: Fuss, Fuß
Frankfurterisch: Fuß – [fuːs], (older) [fois]
Pennsylvania German: Fuuss
Swabian: Fuaß
Vilamovian: füs
Yiddish: פֿוס (fus)

Old Norse: fótr
Icelandic: fótur
Faroese: fótur
Norn: fod
Norwegian Nynorsk: fot; (dialectal) fót’e
Jamtish: fót
Elfdalian: fuot
Old Swedish: fōter, ᚠᚮᛏᚽᚱ
Swedish: fot
Old Danish: fot
Danish: fod
Norwegian Bokmål: fot
Gutnish: fot

Gothic: 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐍃 (fōtus)

From Proto-Indo-European *pṓds. Cognate with Ancient Greek πούς (poús), Latin pēs, Lithuanian pėda and Sanskrit पद् (pád).


bōks

bōks (nominative singular)
bōkiz (nominative plural)
bōk (singular vocative)
bōkiz (plural vocative)
bōkų (accusative singular)
bōkunz (accusative plural)
bōkiz (genitive singular)
bōkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bōki (dative singular)
bōkumaz (dative plural)
bōkē (instrumental singular)
bōkumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bōk
Old English: bōc
Middle English: bok, boc, boke, book, booke, buk, buke
English: book (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: buik, beuk
Scots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck
Yola: buke
Old Frisian: bōk
North Frisian:
Föhr: buk
Helgoland: Buk
Mooring: bök
Sylt: Bok
Saterland Frisian: Bouk
West Frisian: boek
Old Saxon: bōk
Middle Low German: bôk, buk
Low German:
Dutch Low Saxon: book
German Low German: Book
Plautdietsch: Buak
Old Dutch: buok
Middle Dutch: boec
Dutch: boek (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: book
→ Middle French: boucquain (via diminutive forms *boeckin, *boeckijn)
French: bouquin
Old High German: buoh, puoh
Middle High German: buoch
Alemannic German: Buech, Büäch
Alsatian: Bööch, Büech
Swabian: Buach
Bavarian: Buach
Münsterländisch: Büak
Central Franconian: Booch, Buch
Hunsrik: Buch
Kölsch: Booch
Luxembourgish: Buch
East Franconian: Bouch
German: Buch
Rhine Franconian: Buch, Busch
Pennsylvania German: Buch
Vilamovian: büch
Yiddish: בוך (bukh)

Old Norse: bók
Icelandic: bók f
Faroese: bók f
Norwegian Nynorsk: bok f
Norwegian Bokmål: bok m or f
Elfdalian: buok f
Old Swedish: bōk f, ᛒᚮᚴ (Runic)
Swedish: bok
→ Finnish: pyökki
Old Danish: bok
Danish: bog c
Gutnish: bok

Uncertain. Often linked to *bōkō (“beech”), though beechbark-writing, unlike birchbark-writing, is not known, nor is it well imaginable that it was the time for bookfells made from beeches already. Connected by some to Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to allot”), ascribing to the word the meaning of “letter”, in the sense of merely one or few symbols; in older times, letters would have served as (allotted) ownership symbols, which would then have been generalized to any work with writing upon it.

der

letter, written message, inscriptions carved into a flat object pressed together, “book”


nahts

nahts (nominative singular)
nahtiz (nominative plural)
naht (singular vocative)
nahtiz (plural vocative)
nahtų (accusative singular)
nahtunz (accusative plural)
nahtiz (genitive singular)
nahtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nahti (dative singular)
nahtumaz (dative plural)
nahtē (instrumental singular)
nahtumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *naht
Old English: niht, næht — Anglian; neaht, nieht, neht, nyht (some forms continue inflected *nahti)
Middle English: nyght, naht, night, nighte, niȝt, niht, nyghte, nyȝt, nyȝte, nyhte
English: night
Geordie English: neet
Scots: nicht, neicht
Yola: neeght, nieght, nyeght
Old Frisian: nacht
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: naacht
Mooring: nåcht
Saterland Frisian: Noacht
West Frisian: nacht
Old Saxon: naht
Middle Low German: nacht
Low German:
Dutch Low Saxon: nacht
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Natt
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Nacht f
Paderbornisch: Nacht f
Ravensbergisch: Nacht
Sauerländisch: Nacht
Westmünsterländisch: Nacht, Nach
Plautdietsch: Nacht
Old Dutch: naht
Middle Dutch: nacht
Dutch: nacht
Afrikaans: nag
Negerhollands: nacht, nagt
Limburgish: nach
West Flemish: nacht
Old High German: naht
Middle High German: nacht
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Nàcht
Swabian: Nachd
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: nacht
Mòcheno: nòcht
German: Nacht
Pennsylvania German: Nacht
Hunsrik: Nacht, naacht
Luxembourgish: Nuecht, Nuet
Vilamovian: nocht, naocht
Yiddish: נאַכט (nakht)

Old Norse: nátt, nǫ́tt, nótt — later form
Icelandic: nátt, nótt
Faroese: nátt
Norwegian Nynorsk: natt, nått, nott; (dialectal) nótt, nætt, nat
Elfdalian: ną̊t
Old Swedish: nāt
Swedish: natt
Old Danish: nāt
Danish: nat
Norwegian Bokmål: natt
Scanian: nøtt
Gutnish: nat

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (nahts)


-iþō

-iþō (nominative singular)
-iþôz (nominative plural)
-iþō (singular vocative)
-iþôz (plural vocative)
-iþǭ (accusative singular)
-iþōz (accusative plural)
-iþōz (genitive singular)
-iþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-iþōi (dative singular)
-iþōmaz (dative plural)
-iþō (instrumental singular)
-iþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-iþu
Old English: -þ, -þu, -þo, -t, -to
Middle English: -the, -ðe, -ðhe, -eth, -ethe, -ith, -ithe, -th, -þ, -þe, -yth; -t, -te (following fricatives)
English: -th, -t
Scots: -th, -t
Old Frisian: -ithe, -te
Saterland Frisian: -te
West Frisian: -te
Old Saxon: -itha
Middle Low German: -ede, -de, -te
Low German: -de, -te
→ German: -te
Old Dutch: -itha
Middle Dutch: -ede, -de, -te
Dutch: -te, -de
Old High German: -ida
Middle High German: -ede
German: -de (rare, not productive)
Luxembourgish: -t

Old Norse: -ð, -d, -t
Icelandic: -ð, -d, -t
Faroese: -d
Swedish: -d
Danish: -de
Norwegian: -de, -d

Gothic: -𐌹𐌸𐌰 (-iþa), -𐌹𐌳𐌰 (-ida)

From Proto-Indo-European *-iteh₂ (“-th”), *-teh₂.

-ness, -th. Forms abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives or other nouns.


swalīkaz

*swalīkaz (a-stem)

swalīkaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
swalīkai (masculine nominative plural strong)
swalīkō (feminine nominative singular strong)
swalīkôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
swalīką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
swalīkō (neuter nominative plural strong)
swalīkanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
swalīkanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
swalīkǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
swalīkōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
swalīką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
swalīkō (accusative neuter plural strong)
swalīkas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
swalīkaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
swalīkaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
swalīkaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
swalīkas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
swalīkaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
swalīkammai (dative masculine singular strong)
swalīkaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
swalīkaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
swalīkaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
swalīkammai (dative neuter singular strong)
swalīkaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
swalīkanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
swalīkaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
swalīkaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
swalīkaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
swalīkanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
swalīkaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
swalīkô (masculine nominative singular weak)
swalīkaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
swalīkǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
swalīkōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
swalīkô (neuter nominative singular weak)
swalīkōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
swalīkanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
swalīkanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
swalīkōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
swalīkōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
swalīkô (accusative neuter singular weak)
swalīkōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
swalīkiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
swalīkanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
swalīkōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
swalīkōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
swalīkiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
swalīkanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
swalīkini (dative masculine singular weak)
swalīkammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
swalīkōni (dative feminine singular weak)
swalīkōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
swalīkini (dative neuter singular weak)
swalīkammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
swalīkinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
swalīkammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
swalīkōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
swalīkōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
swalīkinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
swalīkammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: swelċ, swylċ, swilċ

desc

Middle English: sich, swilk, sik, swilch, swich

Scots: swilk, sik, sic

English: soch, such; sich, sech, sek (dialectal)

Old Frisian: sālik, salk, sēlik, selk, sullik, sellech, sulch, sek, suk

Saterland Frisian: suk

West Frisian: sok

Old Saxon: sulik

Middle Low German: solik, sollik, sollek, solk

Low German: sölk, sulk, suk

Old Dutch: *selik, sulik

Middle Dutch: swilk, solick, solck, selc, sulc, sulck

Dutch: zulk

Afrikaans: sulke

Old High German: sulih, solih, solh

Middle High German: sulich, solich, solch

German: solch

Yiddish: אַזעלכער (azelkher)

Old Norse: slíkr

Icelandic: slíkur

Faroese: slíkur

Norwegian Bokmål: slik

Danish: slig

Old Swedish: slīker, seliker, siliker

Swedish: slik

Dalian: slaiker, slaik

Elfdalian: slaik

Helsingian: slikan

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (swaleiks)


hwilīkaz

*hwilīkaz (a-stem)

hwilīkaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hwilīkai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hwilīkō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hwilīkôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hwilīką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hwilīkō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hwilīkanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hwilīkanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hwilīkǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hwilīkōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hwilīką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hwilīkō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hwilīkas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hwilīkaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hwilīkaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hwilīkaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hwilīkas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hwilīkaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hwilīkammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hwilīkaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hwilīkaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hwilīkaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hwilīkammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hwilīkaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hwilīkanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hwilīkaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hwilīkaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hwilīkaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hwilīkanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hwilīkaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hwilīkô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hwilīkaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hwilīkǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hwilīkōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hwilīkô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hwilīkōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hwilīkanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hwilīkanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hwilīkōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hwilīkōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hwilīkô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hwilīkōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hwilīkiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hwilīkanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hwilīkōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hwilīkōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hwilīkiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hwilīkanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hwilīkini (dative masculine singular weak)
hwilīkammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hwilīkōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hwilīkōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hwilīkini (dative neuter singular weak)
hwilīkammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hwilīkinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hwilīkammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hwilīkōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hwilīkōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hwilīkinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hwilīkammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: hwelċ, hwilċ, hwylċ

Middle English: hwilc, hwic, whilk, hwilch, hwulch, wilche, whuch, which

Early Scots: quhilk

Scots: whilk

English: which

Old Frisian: hwelik, hwelk, hwek, hulk, huk, hok

North Frisian: hock

Saterland Frisian: wäl; wäkker, wäkke

West Frisian: hokker

Old Saxon: hwilīk

Middle Low German: welk

German Low German: welke, wecke

Low German: welk

Old Dutch: welik

Middle Dutch: welc

Dutch: welk

desctree

Old High German: welih, hwalīh, hwelīh, hwilīh, wilih
Middle High German: welich, welch
German: welch

q

Old Norse: hvíglíkr, hvílíkr (most descendants from accusative hvílíkan)

Icelandic: hvílíkur

Faroese: hvílíkur

qualifier

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">hvatki</i>; non-standard since 2012

Norwegian Nynorsk: hokken (merged with hvatki; non-standard since 2012), hokke som (from the neuter hokke)

Old Swedish: hvilikin, hulkin

Swedish: vilken, (dialectal) hóken, hôkken

Danish: hvilken

Norwegian Bokmål: hvilken

Gothic: 𐍈𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (ƕileiks)

From *hwi- + *-līkaz, the former being the stem of *hwaz.


-līkaz

-līkaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
-līkai (masculine nominative plural strong)
-līkō (feminine nominative singular strong)
-līkôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
-līką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
-līkō (neuter nominative plural strong)
-līkanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
-līkanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
-līkǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
-līkōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
-līką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
-līkō (accusative neuter plural strong)
-līkas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-līkis (genitive masculine singular strong)
-līkaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
-līkaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
-līkaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
-līkas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-līkis (genitive neuter singular strong)
-līkaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
-līkammai (dative masculine singular strong)
-līkaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
-līkaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
-līkaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
-līkammai (dative neuter singular strong)
-līkaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
-līkanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
-līkaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
-līkaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
-līkaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
-līkanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
-līkaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
-līkô (masculine nominative singular weak)
-līkaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
-līkǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
-līkōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
-līkô (neuter nominative singular weak)
-līkōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
-līkanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
-līkanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
-līkōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
-līkōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
-līkô (accusative neuter singular weak)
-līkōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
-līkiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
-līkanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
-līkōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
-līkōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
-līkiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
-līkanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
-līkini (dative masculine singular weak)
-līkammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
-līkōni (dative feminine singular weak)
-līkōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
-līkini (dative neuter singular weak)
-līkammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
-līkinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
-līkammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
-līkōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
-līkōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
-līkinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
-līkammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-līk
Old English: -līċ, -līh, -lī
Middle English: -ly, -li, -lych, -lich
English: -ly
Scots: -lie
Old Frisian: -līk
Saterland Frisian: -elk
West Frisian: -lyk
Old Saxon: -līk
Middle Low German: -līk, -lik, -lick (inflected -lik-)
Low German: -lich, -lig, -lik, -lick, -li (Eastfalian), -elk (East Frisian)
Plautdietsch: -lich
Old Dutch: -līk
Middle Dutch: -lijc
Dutch: -lijk
Afrikaans: -lik
Jersey Dutch: -lik, -lek, -lā́ik
Old High German: -līh
Middle High German: -lich
German: -lich
Luxembourgish: -lech
Yiddish: ־לעך (-lekh)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -ligr, -líkr
Icelandic: -legur
Faroese: -ligur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: -lig
Norwegian Nynorsk: -leg
Old Swedish: -līker
Swedish: -lig
Old Danish: -lig
Danish: -lig

Gothic: -𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (-leiks)

From *līką, originally with the sense of 'having the body or form of'.

-like, -ly. Forms adjectives from nouns and adjectives with the sense of 'similar to, characteristic of'.


-ô

Proto-West Germanic: *-ō
Old English: -o, -a
Middle English: -e (fossilised)
Old Frisian: -a
Old Saxon: -o
Middle Low German: -e
Old Dutch: -o
Middle Dutch: -e
Old High German: -o
Middle High German: -e

desc

may have merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*-ê</i>

Old Norse: -a (may have merged with *-ê)

Icelandic: -a

Old Swedish: -a, -æ

Swedish: -a (non-productive)

Danish: -e (non-productive)

Gothic: -𐍉 (-ō)

Uncertain. Possibly a fossilised form of the Proto-Indo-European thematic ablative *-eh₂d, in which case it would reflect earlier *-ôt before word-final -t was lost.

-ly. Creates adverbs of manner from adjectives.


-ô

gem-decl-noun-table

*-ô (an-stem)

-ô (nominative singular)
-aniz (nominative plural)
-ô (singular vocative)
-aniz (plural vocative)
-anų (accusative singular)
-anunz (accusative plural)
-iniz (genitive singular)
-anǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ini (dative singular)
-ammaz (dative plural)
-inē (instrumental singular)
-ammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-ō
Old English: -a
Middle English: -e (fossilised)
Old Frisian: -a
Old Saxon: -o
Middle Low German: -e
Old Dutch: -o
Middle Dutch: -e
Old High German: -o
Middle High German: -e
German: -e (fossilised)

q

Old Norse: -i (merged with *-jô in nominative singular)

Icelandic: -i

Old Swedish: -e

Gothic: -𐌰 (-a)

From Proto-Indo-European *-ō. Proto-Germanic masculine n-stems continue Proto-Indo-European amphikinetic n-stems, meaning the vowel grade in the root, the suffix, and the ending alternated throughout the paradigm. Stem ablaut was not preserved in any later Germanic language, but it is indirectly tangible through such pairs as English corn and German Kern (“seed”). Suffix ablaut is clearly visible in the paradigm below, by way of the *ô ~ *a ~ *i alternation.

-er. Forms agent nouns, often from the zero-grade form of the base.


līką

līką (nominative singular)
līkō (nominative plural)
līką (singular vocative)
līkō (plural vocative)
līką (accusative singular)
līkō (accusative plural)
līkas (genitive singular)
līkis (genitive singular)
līkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
līkai (dative singular)
līkamaz (dative plural)
līkō (instrumental singular)
līkamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *līk
Old English: līċ
Middle English: like, lich
Scots: lyke
English: lich
Old Frisian: līk
Saterland Frisian: Lieke
West Frisian: lyk
Old Saxon: līk
Middle Low German: lîk, lîch
German Low German: Liek
Plautdietsch: Leich, Leiche
→ Latvian: līķis
Old Dutch: *līk
Middle Dutch: lijc
Dutch: lijk
Afrikaans: lyk
Old High German: līh
Middle High German: leich
Central Franconian: Lich
Bavarian: Leich
German: Leiche
Luxembourgish: Läich

Old Norse: lík

Icelandic: lík

Faroese: lík

Norn: lik

Norwegian: lik

Old Swedish: līk

Swedish: lik

Old Danish: līk

Danish: lig

Scanian: læj

Gutnish: leik

Gothic: 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺 (leik)

From Proto-Indo-European *leyg- (“image, likeness; similar, like”). Cognate with Lithuanian lýgus (“equal, level, flat, even, like”).


līką

English: leech

Dutch: lijk

Middle Low German: līk

desc

Middle High German: geleich (“joint, link”)

Old Norse: lík

Danish: lig

From Proto-Indo-European *leyǵ- (“to bind”). Cognate with Latin ligō (“to bind”).


dailijaną

dailijō (active first-person indicative singular)
dailijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dailijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dailīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
dailijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dailī (active imperative second-person singular)
dailijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dailijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dailīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dailijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dailijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dailijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dailijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dailijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dailijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dailijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dailijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dailijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dailijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dailijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dailijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dailijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dailīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dailijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dailīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dailijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dailijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dailijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dailijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dailijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dailijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dailijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dailidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dailidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dailidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dailidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dailidē (active indicative singular third-person)
dailidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dailidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dailidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dailidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dailidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dailidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dailidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dailidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dailidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dailidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dailidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dailijandz (active participle present)
dailidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dailijan
Old English: dǣlan
Middle English: delen
Scots: dele, deil
English: deal
Old Frisian: dēla
Saterland Frisian: deele
West Frisian: diele
Old Saxon: dēlian
Middle Low German: dēlen, deilen
Low German: delen
Plautdietsch: deele
Old Dutch: *deilen, *dēlen, deilon
Middle Dutch: deilen, delen
Dutch: delen
Afrikaans: deel
Old High German: teilen
Middle High German: teilen
German: teilen
Luxembourgish: deelen

Proto-Norse: ᛞᚨᛚᛁᛞᚢᚾ (dalidun, 3pl.past.ind.)
Old Norse: deila (3rd plural past indicative deildu)
Icelandic: deila
Faroese: deila
Norwegian Bokmål: dele
Norwegian Nynorsk: dela
Old Swedish: dēla
Swedish: dela
Danish: dele

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (dailjan)


ubilaz

wirsiz (adverb)
wirsizô (comparative)
wirsistaz (superlative)
ubilaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
ubilai (masculine nominative plural strong)
ubilō (feminine nominative singular strong)
ubilôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ubilą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
ubilō (neuter nominative plural strong)
ubilanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
ubilanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
ubilǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
ubilōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ubilą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
ubilō (accusative neuter plural strong)
ubilas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
ubilaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
ubilaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
ubilaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
ubilas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
ubilaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
ubilammai (dative masculine singular strong)
ubilaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
ubilaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
ubilaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
ubilammai (dative neuter singular strong)
ubilaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
ubilanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
ubilaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
ubilaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
ubilaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
ubilanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
ubilaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ubilô (masculine nominative singular weak)
ubilaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
ubilǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
ubilōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
ubilô (neuter nominative singular weak)
ubilōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
ubilanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
ubilanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
ubilōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
ubilōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
ubilô (accusative neuter singular weak)
ubilōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ubiliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
ubilanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
ubilōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
ubilōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ubiliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
ubilanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
ubilini (dative masculine singular weak)
ubilammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
ubilōni (dative feminine singular weak)
ubilōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
ubilini (dative neuter singular weak)
ubilammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
ubilinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
ubilammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
ubilōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
ubilōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
ubilinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
ubilammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*ubilaz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *ubil
Old English: yfel, efel, eofel
Middle English: yvel, uvel, evel
English: evil
Scots: evil, ewil
Old Frisian: evel
Saterland Frisian: eeuwel
West Frisian: evel
Old Saxon: uvil
Middle Low German: ovel
Plautdietsch: iebel
→ West Frisian: euvel
Old Dutch: uvil
Middle Dutch: evel, ovel, oevel
Dutch: euvel
Afrikaans: euwel
Old High German: ubil
Middle High German: übel, *üvel (West Central German)
German: übel
Luxembourgish: iwwel

Gothic: 𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌻𐍃 (ubils)

Cognate with Proto-Celtic *uɸelos (“bad, evil”), but the source is disputed. Possibly either:
* From Proto-Indo-European *h₂upélos, from a root *h₂wep(h₁)- (“bad, evil”) + *-elo-, thereby cognate with Hittite 𒄷𒉿𒀊𒍣 (huwapp-ⁱ, “to mistreat, harass”), 𒄷𒉿𒀊𒉺𒀸 (huwappa-, “evil, badness”). Kroonen doubts the comparison to Hittite on the grounds that the Hittite verb preserves an earlier meaning “to throw/cast away” and so the semantic development to “evil” was probably post-PIE.
* From Proto-Indo-European *upélos (“evil”, literally “going over or beyond (acceptable limits)”), from *upó, *up (“down, up, over”), thus it would be equivalent to *ub (“under”) + *-ilaz.


galīkaz

*galīkaz (a-stem)

galīkaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
galīkai (masculine nominative plural strong)
galīkō (feminine nominative singular strong)
galīkôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
galīką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
galīkō (neuter nominative plural strong)
galīkanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
galīkanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
galīkǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
galīkōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
galīką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
galīkō (accusative neuter plural strong)
galīkas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
galīkaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
galīkaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
galīkaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
galīkas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
galīkaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
galīkammai (dative masculine singular strong)
galīkaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
galīkaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
galīkaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
galīkammai (dative neuter singular strong)
galīkaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
galīkanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
galīkaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
galīkaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
galīkaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
galīkanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
galīkaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
galīkô (masculine nominative singular weak)
galīkaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
galīkǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
galīkōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
galīkô (neuter nominative singular weak)
galīkōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
galīkanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
galīkanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
galīkōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
galīkōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
galīkô (accusative neuter singular weak)
galīkōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
galīkiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
galīkanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
galīkōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
galīkōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
galīkiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
galīkanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
galīkini (dative masculine singular weak)
galīkammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
galīkōni (dative feminine singular weak)
galīkōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
galīkini (dative neuter singular weak)
galīkammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
galīkinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
galīkammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
galīkōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
galīkōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
galīkinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
galīkammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *galīk
Old English: ġelīc
Middle English: ylich, ylych, ilich, ilych, ylik, ylyk, ilik, ilyk, iliche, ileche, ilic, ȝelic, ȝelich, gelic, ylijk, illike, ilek
English: alike
Scots: ylike, ylyke, elike, elyke
Old Frisian: gelīk
Saterland Frisian: gliek
West Frisian: gelyk
Old Saxon: gilīk
Middle Low German: gelīke
Low German: gliek, glieks, liek; glyk (Paderbornisch)
→ Swedish: gelike
Old Dutch: *gilīk, gelik, gelich
Middle Dutch: gelijc
Dutch: gelijk
Afrikaans: gelyk
Berbice Creole Dutch: gliki
Negerhollands: gliek, liek, leik, leiki, liki, lek, li, glik
Limburgish: geliek
Old High German: gilīh, kilih
Middle High German: gelīch, gelich, gelīche, glīch
Alemannic German: gliich, glich
Bavarian: glei
Cimbrian: galàiche
German: gleich
Hunsrik: gleich
Luxembourgish: gläich
Vilamovian: głajch
Yiddish: גלײַך (glaykh)

Old Norse: líkr, glíkr
Icelandic: líkur, glíkur
Faroese: líkur
Norwegian: lik
Old Swedish: līker
Swedish: lik
Old Danish: lyk
Middle Danish: ligh
Danish: lig

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (galeiks)


ganōgaz

ganōgaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
ganōgai (masculine nominative plural strong)
ganōgō (feminine nominative singular strong)
ganōgôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ganōgą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
ganōgō (neuter nominative plural strong)
ganōganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
ganōganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
ganōgǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
ganōgōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ganōgą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
ganōgō (accusative neuter plural strong)
ganōgas (genitive masculine singular strong)
ganōgis (genitive masculine singular strong)
ganōgaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
ganōgaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
ganōgaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
ganōgas (genitive neuter singular strong)
ganōgis (genitive neuter singular strong)
ganōgaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
ganōgammai (dative masculine singular strong)
ganōgaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
ganōgaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
ganōgaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
ganōgammai (dative neuter singular strong)
ganōgaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
ganōganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
ganōgaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
ganōgaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
ganōgaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
ganōganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
ganōgaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

Proto-West Germanic: *ganōg

Old English: ġenōg, ġenōh
Middle English: ynogh, inoh, inow, ynough, ynow
English: enough, (archaic) enow, enoo
Geordie English: eneugh
Scots: eneuch, eneugh, aneuch
Yola: eenew

Old Frisian: enōch, anōg, nōch

Saterland Frisian: nouch, genouch

West Frisian: genôch

Old Saxon: ginōg, ginōh, ginuog
Middle Low German: genôch, genûch, ennôch
Low German: genaug, enaug, naug, noog
→ Danish: nok
→ Swedish: nock (dialectal, perhaps via Danish)
→ Scanian: nock (perhaps via Danish)
→ Norwegian Bokmål: nok (perhaps via Danish)

Old Dutch: *ginuog, genuog

Middle Dutch: genuch, ghenoech

Dutch: genoeg
Afrikaans: genoeg
Berbice Creole Dutch: gunuku
Jersey Dutch: xjenux
Negerhollands: genoeg, genug, gnug
→ Virgin Islands Creole: genn (dated)

Limburgish: genog

Old High German: ginuog, ganōc, genūch, genūg, genuog, ginuach, ginuag, ginuoc, ginuoch, gnueg, gnūg, gnuoc, gnuog, kanoac, kanōg, kinōc, kinuoc, kinuog, kenuoc, kenuog, knueg, knuog
Middle High German: genuoc
Alemannic German: gnueg
Central Franconian: jeno(o)ch, genooch(t), genuuch(t), genuch
Luxembourgish: genuch
Cimbrian: ghenùg
German: genug
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: genunk
Yiddish: גענוג (genug)

Old Norse: gnógr, nógr
Icelandic: gnógur, nógur
Faroese: nógvur
Norwegian Nynorsk: nog; (dialectal) naug
Elfdalian: naug
Old Swedish: nōgh
Swedish: nog

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍉𐌷𐍃 (ganōhs)

/ɣɑˈnɔː.ɣɑz/

From *ga- + *nōgaz, although the latter has no attested descendants. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₂nóḱe (“he has reached, attained”), perfective of *h₂neḱ- (“to reach”). Cognate with Sanskrit अनाश (anā́śa).


ganganą

gangō (active first-person indicative singular)
gangaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gangai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gangizi (active indicative second-person singular)
gangaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gang (active imperative second-person singular)
gangazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gangaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gangidi (active indicative singular third-person)
gangai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gangadau (active imperative singular third-person)
gangadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gangaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gangōz (active dual first-person indicative)
gangaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gangadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gangaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gangadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gangamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gangaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gangandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gangaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gangid (active indicative plural second-person)
gangaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gangid (active imperative plural second-person)
gangandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gangaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gangandi (active indicative plural third-person)
gangain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gangandau (active imperative plural third-person)
gangandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gangaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gegang (active first-person indicative singular)
gegangį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
geganht (active indicative second-person singular)
gegangīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gegang (active indicative singular third-person)
gegangī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gegangū (active dual first-person indicative)
gegangīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gegangudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gegangīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gegangum (active first-person indicative plural)
gegangīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gegangud (active indicative plural second-person)
gegangīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gegangun (active indicative plural third-person)
gegangīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gangandz (active participle present)
ganganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gangan
Old English: gangan, gongan, gancgan
Middle English: gangen, gongen
English: gang
Scots: gang
Old Frisian: ganga, gunga
Saterland Frisian: gunge (“in part”)
Old Saxon: gangan
Middle Low German: gangen
Old Dutch: *gangan
Middle Dutch: gangen (only in rhyme)
Old High German: gangan
Middle High German: gangen
Swabian: ganga
⇒ Central Franconian: jeng, jejange; jank (suppletive past forms and imperative of john)
⇒ German: ging, gegangen (suppletive past forms of gehen)

Old Norse: ganga
Icelandic: ganga
Faroese: ganga
Norwegian Nynorsk: ganga; (dialectal) gånga, gå
Dalian: ganga
Old Swedish: ganga
Swedish: gånga (archaic)
Danish: gange (archaic)
Norwegian Bokmål: gange (archaic)
Old Gutnish: ganga

q

suppletive past tense from *gāną: <i class="Goth mention" lang="got">𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰</i> (iddja)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (gaggan) (suppletive past tense from *gāną: 𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰 (iddja))

/ˈɣɑŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰengʰ- (“to walk, step”). Cognate with Sanskrit जंगहे (jaṃgahe) (third-person singular intensive form of जंहति (jaṃhati, “to move quickly, sprawl, kick”)) and Lithuanian žeñgti (“to step”).


gāną

gō (active first-person indicative singular)
gaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
gai (active imperative second-person singular)
gaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
ijjǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
ijjēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ijjēz (active indicative second-person singular)
ijjēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ijjē (active indicative singular third-person)
ijjēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ijjēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
ijjēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ijjēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ijjēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ijjēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
ijjēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ijjēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
ijjēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ijjēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
ijjēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gāndz (active participle present)
gānaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gān
Old English: gān
Middle English: gon, gan, ga; goo, goon, go
English: go
Geordie English: gan
Middle Scots: go, goe, gone
Scots: gan, gae, ga, gang
Yola: goe, gow, go; goeth (influnced by Irish silent -th)
Old Frisian: gān
Saterland Frisian: geen (simple past, past participle of gunge)
West Frisian: gean
Old Saxon: gān
Middle Low German: gân
Dutch Low Saxon: gan, gaon
German Low German: gahn
Plautdietsch: gone
Old Dutch: gān
Middle Dutch: gâen
Dutch: gaan
Afrikaans: gaan
Javindo: ha, haat
Jersey Dutch: xân, xâne
Petjo: gaan, haan
Limburgish: gaon
Old High German: gān, gēn
Middle High German: gān, gēn, kēn
Alemannic German: gaa, gan, ge, gi, goo, gu
Swabian: gau, geha
Bavarian: geh, gea, gean, gian
Cimbrian: gian, ghéenan (Sette Comuni)
Northern Bavarian: [ɡ̊ɛi]
Central Franconian: giehn, gohn, john, jonn
Hunsrik: gehn, keen
Luxembourgish: goen
East Central German: gii, giin (Erzgebirgisch)
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: gejn
East Franconian:
German: gehen
Rhine Franconian: geh, gehe, gäh, gähe, gäj, gäje, gih, gihe, gej, geje
Frankfurterisch: [g̥ε̃ː]
Pennsylvania German: geh
Yiddish: גיין (geyn)

Old Norse: gá

Icelandic: gá

Faroese: gá

Norwegian Nynorsk: gå

Elfdalian: gą̊

Old Swedish: gā

Swedish: gå

Danish: gå

Norwegian Bokmål: gå

q

only the past tense forms, e.g. <i class="Goth mention" lang="got">𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰</i> (iddja)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (gaggan) (only the past tense forms, e.g. 𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰 (iddja))

Crimean Gothic: geen (infinitive only)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₁-. Suppletive past tense is from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey-, although all modern Germanic languages have eliminated this stem by further suppletion or innovation.


wangiją

wangiją (nominative singular)
wangijō (nominative plural)
wangiją (singular vocative)
wangijō (plural vocative)
wangiją (accusative singular)
wangijō (accusative plural)
wangijas (genitive singular)
wangīs (genitive singular)
wangijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wangijai (dative singular)
wangijamaz (dative plural)
wangijō (instrumental singular)
wangijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wænge, wenge, ġewenge; wangere, wongere

Middle English: wangere, wongere

English: wanger, wonger

Old Saxon: *wengi; *wengari

Middle Low German: wenger (?)

Old Dutch: *wengi; *wengari; *ōrwengari

Middle Dutch: oirwengele, oorwenghere

Old High German: wangāri

Middle High German: wanger

German: Wanger

Old Norse: vengi

Icelandic: vengi

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 m (waggareis) or 𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌹 n (waggari) (the attested form is ambiguous)

From Proto-Indo-European *weng- (“to bow, be bent”). Related to *wangô (“cheek”).


laguz

laguz (nominative singular)
lagiwiz (nominative plural)
lagu (singular vocative)
lagiwiz (plural vocative)
lagų (accusative singular)
lagunz (accusative plural)
lagauz (genitive singular)
lagiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lagiwi (dative singular)
lagumaz (dative plural)
lagū (instrumental singular)
lagumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lagu
Old English: lagu, lago
Middle English: laȝe, lawe, laie, leye
English: lay
Old Frisian: *lage
>? Saterland Frisian: Loge f (“brine”) (possibly merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *laku)
Old Saxon: lagu

Old Norse: lǫgr

Icelandic: lögur

Faroese: løgur

Norwegian Nynorsk: log

Norwegian Bokmål: låg

Old Swedish: lagher

Swedish: lag

Old Danish: low, lou

→ Scots: lyog

Gothic: *𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌿𐍃 (*lagus)

>? Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌰𐌶 (laaz))

From Proto-Indo-European *lókus (“lake, pond”). Cognate with Latin lacus (“hollow, pond”), Old Irish loch (“lake, pond”), Ancient Greek λάκκος (lákkos, “waterhole, pond, pit”).


twiz-

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *twiʀ-, *tuʀ-, *tiʀ-

Old English: te-, ti-, tō-

Middle English: to-

English: to- (obsolete)

Old Frisian: te-, ti-, tō-

Saterland Frisian: tou-

West Frisian: ta-

Old Saxon: te-, ti-, tō

Middle Low German: to-, tô-

German Low German: to-

Old Dutch: *ti-, *tō

Middle Dutch: te-, toe-

Dutch: (obsolete) te-, toe-

Old High German: zi-, zir-, zar-, zur-

Middle High German: zer-, zur-, zu-

German: zer-, zu-

Yiddish: צע־ (tse-)

Gothic: 𐍄𐍅𐌹𐍃- (twis-)

>? Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐍃- (dis-)

From Proto-Indo-European *dwís. Cognates include Latin dis-, Ancient Greek δίς (dís) and Sanskrit द्वीह् (dvīh).


uz-

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *uʀ-
Old English: or-
Middle English: or-
English: or-
Old Frisian: or-
Saterland Frisian: uur-
West Frisian: oar-
Old Saxon: ur-, or-
Middle Low German: or-
German Low German: oor-
Old Dutch: ur-, or-
Middle Dutch: or-, oor-
Dutch: oor-
Old High German: ur-
Middle High German: ur-
German: ur-
→ English: ur-
→ Dutch: oer-
Yiddish: אור־ (ur-)

Old Norse: ør-

Swedish: ur-

Norwegian Bokmål: ur-

Norwegian Nynorsk: ur-

Danish: ur-

Gothic: 𐌿𐍃- (us-)

From Proto-Indo-European *ud-s- (“up, out”), from Proto-Indo-European *úd (“up, out”); or perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂u-s- (“off, from”), related to Latin au-, Sanskrit अव- (ava-, “off, down”). Etymologically identical with Proto-Germanic *uz (“out, out of”).


wainagaz

*wainagaz (a-stem)

wainagaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wainagai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wainagō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wainagôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wainagą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wainagō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wainaganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wainaganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wainagǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wainagōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wainagą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wainagō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wainagas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wainagaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wainagaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wainagaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wainagas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wainagaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wainagammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wainagaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wainagaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wainagaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wainagammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wainagaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wainaganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wainagaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wainagaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wainagaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wainaganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wainagaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wainagô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wainaganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wainagǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wainagōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wainagô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wainagōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wainaganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wainaganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wainagōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wainagōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wainagô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wainagōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wainaginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wainaganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wainagōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wainagōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wainaginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wainaganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wainagini (dative masculine singular weak)
wainagammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wainagōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wainagōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wainagini (dative neuter singular weak)
wainagammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wainaginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wainagammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wainagōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wainagōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wainaginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wainagammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wainag
Old Saxon: *weinag, *wēnag
Middle Low German: wēnich, weinich
German Low German: wennig, wenig, wäinig, wänig
Plautdietsch: weinich
→ West Frisian: weinich
Old Dutch: *weinag, *wēnag
Middle Dutch: wenich, weinich
Dutch: weinig
Jersey Dutch: wääinix
Negerhollands: wenig, weinig
→ Kwinti: weiniki
Old High German: wēnag
Middle High German: weinic, wēnec
Alemannic German: wänng
Swabian: weng
Central Franconian: winnig
German: wenig
Luxembourgish: wéineg
Yiddish: ווייניק (veynik)

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍃 (wainahs)

→ Proto-Finnic: *vainaga (see there for further descendants)


wainōną

wainō (active first-person indicative singular)
wainǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wainōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
wainōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wainōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wainō (active imperative second-person singular)
wainōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wainōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wainōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wainō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wainōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wainōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wainōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wainōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wainōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wainōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wainōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wainōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wainōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wainōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wainōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wainōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wainōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wainōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wainōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wainōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wainōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wainōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wainōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wainōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wainōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wainōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wainōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wainōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wainōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wainōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wainōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
wainōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wainōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wainōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wainōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wainōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wainōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wainōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wainōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wainōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wainōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wainōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wainōndz (active participle present)
wainōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wainōn
Old English: wānian
Middle English: wanien, weinen, wonien, wonen
English: ween (Northern England)
Scots: ween
Old Frisian: wēnia, wainia, weinia
North Frisian: weynen
West Frisian: weine
Old Saxon: wēnon, weinōn
Middle Low German: wēnen, weinen
German Low German: wenen
Low German: weynen
Old Dutch: wēnon
Middle Dutch: wênen
Dutch: wenen
Limburgish: weine, wiene, wèène
Old High German: weinōn
Middle High German: weinen
German: weinen

Old Norse: veina

Icelandic: veina

Old Swedish: vēna


dawwaz

dawwaz (nominative singular)
dawwōz (nominative plural)
dawwōs (nominative plural)
daww (singular vocative)
dawwōz (plural vocative)
dawwōs (plural vocative)
dawwą (accusative singular)
dawwanz (accusative plural)
dawwas (genitive singular)
dawwis (genitive singular)
dawwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dawwai (dative singular)
dawwamaz (dative plural)
dawwō (instrumental singular)
dawwamiz (instrumental plural)

Alternative form of *dawwą (“moisture, dew”)


aiks

aiks (nominative singular)
aikiz (nominative plural)
aik (singular vocative)
aikiz (plural vocative)
aikų (accusative singular)
aikunz (accusative plural)
aikiz (genitive singular)
aikǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aiki (dative singular)
aikumaz (dative plural)
aikē (instrumental singular)
aikumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aik
Old English: āc, ǣċ, aac
Middle English: ook, ok, ak, ake
English: oak
Scots: aik, ake; yik (south)
Old Frisian: ēk
North Frisian: ik
Saterland Frisian: Eeke
West Frisian: iik
Old Saxon: ēk
Middle Low German: êke, êk
Low German: Eek
Plautdietsch: Ieekj
Old Dutch: *eik, *ēk
Middle Dutch: eike, êke
Dutch: eik, eek
Afrikaans: eik
Old High German: eih
Middle High German: eich
Bavarian: Oach
Cimbrian: aicha
Central Franconian: Ääch, Eech, Eich
Hunsrik: Eich
Luxembourgish: Eech
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: aach
East Franconian:
German: Eiche
Rhine Franconian: Ääch, Eech
Frankfurterisch: Aasch [aːʃ]

Old Norse: eik
Icelandic: eik f
Faroese: eik f
Norwegian Nynorsk: eik f
→ Norwegian Bokmål: eik m or f
Old Swedish: ēk
Swedish: ek c
Danish: eg c
Norwegian Bokmål: ek m
Gutnish: aik

→ Proto-Samic: *(h)ājkkë (see there for further descendants)

May be from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éyǵs (“oak”), if related to the first component *αἴξ (*aíx) of Ancient Greek αἰγίλωψ (aigílōps), from a root *h₂eyǵ- whence also Lithuanian áižuols, Latvian uôzuōls, Albanian enjë (< Proto-Albanian *aignjā) and possibly Latin aesculus (if earlier *aig-sculus). However all of the supposed Indo-European cognates are of unclear origin, and according to Kroonen this fact along with the root-noun inflection may be indicative of a non-Indo-European substrate origin; compare also Basque ezkur (“acorn”).


feþrō

feþrō (nominative singular)
feþrôz (nominative plural)
feþrō (singular vocative)
feþrôz (plural vocative)
feþrǭ (accusative singular)
feþrōz (accusative plural)
feþrōz (genitive singular)
feþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
feþrōi (dative singular)
feþrōmaz (dative plural)
feþrō (instrumental singular)
feþrōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *feþru
Old English: feþer
Middle English: feþer, fether, fethere, fedder, veþer
English: feather
Scots: fedder
Yola: vethers (plural)
Old Frisian: fethere
Saterland Frisian: Feeder
West Frisian: fear
Old Saxon: fethara
Middle Low German: vēdere, vēder
German Low German: Feer
Low German: Fedder
Old Dutch: fethera
Middle Dutch: vedere
Dutch: veder, veer
Afrikaans: veer
Old High German: fedara
Middle High German: vëdere, vëder
Cimbrian: vèdara, bèdara (Mezzaselva)
German: Feder
Luxembourgish: Fieder
Vilamovian: faoder
Yiddish: פֿעדער (feder)
→ Italian: federa (“pillowcase”)
→ Venetian: fhédera
→ Cimbrian: fòdara

Old Norse: fjǫðr

Icelandic: fjöður (feather, fin)

Faroese: fjøður

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: fjær

Norwegian Nynorsk: fjør

Old Swedish: fiæþer

Swedish: fjäder

Old Danish: fiæthær

Danish: fjeder, fjer

Gutnish: fjädar, fjedur

From Pre-Germanic *péth₂reh₂, extended from the nominative stem of the Proto-Indo-European heteroclitic noun *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én-, from *peth₂- (“to fly”). Compare Latin penna from Proto-Italic *petnā, which is a similar extension but from the oblique stem.


kunþiją

kunþiją (nominative singular)
kunþijō (nominative plural)
kunþiją (singular vocative)
kunþijō (plural vocative)
kunþiją (accusative singular)
kunþijō (accusative plural)
kunþijas (genitive singular)
kunþīs (genitive singular)
kunþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kunþijai (dative singular)
kunþijamaz (dative plural)
kunþijō (instrumental singular)
kunþijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: kynni

Icelandic: kynni

Gothic: 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌹 (kunþi)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”).


fuhǭ

fuhǭ (nominative singular)
fuhōniz (nominative plural)
fuhǭ (singular vocative)
fuhōniz (plural vocative)
fuhōnų (accusative singular)
fuhōnunz (accusative plural)
fuhōniz (genitive singular)
fuhōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fuhōni (dative singular)
fuhōmaz (dative plural)
fuhōnē (instrumental singular)
fuhōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fuhā, *fuggā
Old Saxon: foha
Middle Low German: vō
Old High German: foha
Middle High German: vohe
German: Fähe, Fehe
→ Lower Sorbian: beja

Old Norse: fóa, fúa

Icelandic: fóa, fúa

Norn: fúa

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉 (fauhō)


þeudō

þeudō (nominative singular)
þeudôz (nominative plural)
þeudō (singular vocative)
þeudôz (plural vocative)
þeudǭ (accusative singular)
þeudōz (accusative plural)
þeudōz (genitive singular)
þeudǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þeudōi (dative singular)
þeudōmaz (dative plural)
þeudō (instrumental singular)
þeudōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þeudu
Old English: þēod, þīod, ðēod, ðīod, ðēad, ðīed
Middle English: thede, þeode, þeod, þede, theode, thed
Scots: thede, theid
Old Frisian: thiād
Old Saxon: thīod, thioda
Middle Low German: dêt, deit
Old Dutch: thiat
Middle Dutch: diet
Dutch: diet
Old High German: diota, diot
Middle High German: diet
German: Diet

Proto-Norse: *ᚦᛖᚢᛞᚢ (*þeudu)

Old Norse: þjóð
Icelandic: þjóð
Faroese: tjóð
Norwegian Nynorsk: tjod
Old Swedish: þiōþ
Swedish: tjod
Old Gutnish: þiauþ
Gutnish: tjaud

Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 (þiuda)

Vandalic: *þeuðo/*þeuðō


dawwō

dawwō (nominative singular)
dawwôz (nominative plural)
dawwō (singular vocative)
dawwôz (plural vocative)
dawwǭ (accusative singular)
dawwōz (accusative plural)
dawwōz (genitive singular)
dawwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dawwōi (dative singular)
dawwōmaz (dative plural)
dawwō (instrumental singular)
dawwōmiz (instrumental plural)


neutaną

neutō (active first-person indicative singular)
neutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
neutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
niutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
neutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
neut (active imperative second-person singular)
neutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
neutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
niutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
neutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
neutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
neutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
neutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
neutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
neutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
neutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
neutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
neutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
neutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
neutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
neutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
neutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
niutid (active indicative plural second-person)
neutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
niutid (active imperative plural second-person)
neutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
neutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
neutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
neutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
neutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
neutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
neutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
naut (active first-person indicative singular)
nutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
naust (active indicative second-person singular)
nutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
naut (active indicative singular third-person)
nutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nutū (active dual first-person indicative)
nutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nutum (active first-person indicative plural)
nutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nutud (active indicative plural second-person)
nutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nutun (active indicative plural third-person)
nutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
neutandz (active participle present)
nutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *neutan
Old English: nēotan
Middle English: neoten (in derivatives)
Old Frisian: niāta, nieta
Old Saxon: niotan
Middle Low German: nēten
Old Dutch: nietan
Middle Dutch: nieten
Dutch: nieten (obsolete)
Limburgish: nete
Old High German: niozan, nioȥȥan, niaȥan
Middle High German: niezen
German: nießen

Old Norse: njóta
Icelandic: njóta
Faroese: njóta
Old Swedish: niūta
Swedish: njuta
Old Danish: *niute
Danish: nyde

Gothic: 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (niutan)

From Proto-Indo-European *newd- (“to seize; grasp; use”). Cognate with Lithuanian naudà (“utility, usefulness, note”).


fawaz

fawizô (comparative)
fawistaz (superlative)
fawaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
fawai (masculine nominative plural strong)
fawō (feminine nominative singular strong)
fawôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
fawą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
fawō (neuter nominative plural strong)
fawanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
fawanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
fawǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
fawōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
fawą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
fawō (accusative neuter plural strong)
fawas (genitive masculine singular strong)
fawis (genitive masculine singular strong)
fawaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
fawaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
fawaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
fawas (genitive neuter singular strong)
fawis (genitive neuter singular strong)
fawaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
fawammai (dative masculine singular strong)
fawaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
fawaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
fawaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
fawammai (dative neuter singular strong)
fawaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
fawanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
fawaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
fawaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
fawaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
fawanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
fawaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fau
Old English: fēaw, fēawa, fēawe, fēa
Middle English: fewe, feawe, feu
English: few
Scots: feu, fyow
Yola: vew
Old Frisian: fē
Old Saxon: faho, fā, fō
Old High German: fao, fō, fōh

Old Norse: fár

Icelandic: fár

Faroese: fáur

Norwegian Bokmål: få

Norwegian Nynorsk: få

Old Swedish: fār

Swedish: få

Danish: få

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍃 (faus)


fuhsaz

fuhsaz (nominative singular)
fuhsōz (nominative plural)
fuhsōs (nominative plural)
fuhs (singular vocative)
fuhsōz (plural vocative)
fuhsōs (plural vocative)
fuhsą (accusative singular)
fuhsanz (accusative plural)
fuhsas (genitive singular)
fuhsis (genitive singular)
fuhsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fuhsai (dative singular)
fuhsamaz (dative plural)
fuhsō (instrumental singular)
fuhsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fuhs
Old English: fox
Middle English: fox, vox, wox
English: fox
Scots: fox
Yola: voxe, vox
Old Frisian: *foks
North Frisian: foos
Saterland Frisian: Foaks
West Frisian: foks
Old Saxon: fohs, fuhs
Middle Low German: vos, vōs
Low German:
Dutch Low Saxon: vos
German Low German: Voß, Voss
Westphalian:
East Westphalian:
Lippisch: Voss, Foss
Paderbornisch: Voß
South Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: Voß
Westmünsterländisch: Foss
Plautdietsch: Foss
→ Icelandic: fox
→ Danish: fos
Old Dutch: fus, vus
Middle Dutch: vos
Dutch: vos
Afrikaans: vos
Jersey Dutch: vośe
Negerhollands: vos
Limburgish: vósj
Old High German: fuhs
Middle High German: vuhs
Alemannic German: Fuchs, Fugs
Walser: fuks, fuksch, fòcks, vucks
Bavarian: Fuchs
Cimbrian: vuks, buks
Mòcheno:
Central Franconian: Fuss, Fuhs, (southern) Fuchs
Hunsrik: Fuchs
Luxembourgish: Fuuss
East Central German:
Vilamovian: füks
East Franconian:
German: Fuchs
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Fux
Swabian: Fuchs
Yiddish: פֿוקס (fuks)

From Proto-Indo-European *púḱsos (“the tailed one”). Cognate with Sanskrit पुच्छ (púccha), Avestan 𐬞𐬎𐬯𐬀 (pusa).