wirkijaną

wirkijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wirkijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wirkijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wirkīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wirkijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wirkī (active imperative second-person singular)
wirkijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wirkijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wirkīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wirkijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wirkijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wirkijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wirkijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wirkijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wirkijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wirkijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wirkijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wirkijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wirkijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wirkijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wirkijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wirkijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wirkīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wirkijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wirkīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wirkijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wirkijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wirkijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wirkijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wirkijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wirkijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wirkijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wirkidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wirkidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wirkidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wirkidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wirkidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wirkidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wirkidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wirkidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wirkidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wirkidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wirkidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wirkidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wirkidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wirkidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wirkidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wirkidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wirkijandz (active participle present)
wirkidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wirkijan
Old English: wyrċan, wyrċean, wirċean, wirċan
Middle English: werchen, wirchen, werken
English: work, wrought (from past participle worhte)
Scots: wark, wirk
Old Frisian: wirka, wirza, werka
West Frisian: wurkje
Old Saxon: wirkian
Middle Low German: werken
German Low German: warken
Old Dutch: wirken
Middle Dutch: werken
Dutch: werken
Limburgish: wèrke
Old High German: wirken
Middle High German: wirken
German: wirken
Luxembourgish: wierken

Old Norse: virkja

Icelandic: virkja

Faroese: virkja, virka

Norwegian: virke

Swedish: virka

Danish: virke

→ Icelandic: virka


wisulǭ

wisulǭ (nominative singular)
wisulōniz (nominative plural)
wisulǭ (singular vocative)
wisulōniz (plural vocative)
wisulōnų (accusative singular)
wisulōnunz (accusative plural)
wisulōniz (genitive singular)
wisulōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wisulōni (dative singular)
wisulōmaz (dative plural)
wisulōnē (instrumental singular)
wisulōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wisulā
Old English: weosule, wesle; uuesulae, uuesole — early
Middle English: wesele, wassele, wasyll, whesille, weesylle, wesel, wesil, wesile, wezele
English: weasal
Middle Scots: quhasill, wasyll, wasyll
Scots: whaisel, whaizle, wheesel, weasel (associated with whaisle "to wheeze")
Old Frisian: *wisele
Saterland Frisian: Wiezelke (possibly borrowed from German)
West Frisian: wezeling (possibly borrowed from Low German)
Old Saxon: *wisula
Middle Low German: wēsel, wesele
Low German: Wessel, Wissel
Plautdietsch: Wäsel
Old Dutch: *wisala
Middle Dutch: wēsel
Dutch: wezel
Afrikaans: wesel
Limburgish: waezel, wieëzel
Old High German: wisula, wisala
Middle High German: wisele
German: Wiesel
Luxembourgish: Wisel

Old Norse: visla; hreysivisla

Icelandic: hreysivisla

Faroese: vesla

Norwegian: vesel

Old Swedish: visla

Swedish: vessla

Old Danish: wæslæ

Danish: væsel

Gutnish: vissle, visslå

A diminutive of a word *wisō- (“European polecat, Mustela putorius”). From the root Proto-Indo-European *weys- (“to ooze, stink”), compare *wisundz (“bison”).


werką

werką (nominative singular)
werkō (nominative plural)
werką (singular vocative)
werkō (plural vocative)
werką (accusative singular)
werkō (accusative plural)
werkas (genitive singular)
wirkis (genitive singular)
werkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wirkai (dative singular)
werkamaz (dative plural)
werkō (instrumental singular)
werkamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *werk
Old English: weorc, worc
Middle English: werk, work
Scots: wark
English: work
Old Frisian: werk, wirk
Saterland Frisian: Wierk
West Frisian: wurk
Old Saxon: werk
Middle Low German: wark, werk
Low German: wark, werk
Old Dutch: werc
Middle Dutch: werk, wark
Dutch: werk
Afrikaans: werk
Old High German: werc, werh, werah
Middle High German: wërc
German: Werk
Luxembourgish: Wierk

Old Norse: verk
Icelandic: verk
Faroese: verk
Norwegian Bokmål: verk
Norwegian Nynorsk: verk
Old Swedish: værk
Swedish: verk
Old Danish: værk
Danish: værk
Old Gutnish: werk

From Proto-Indo-European *wérǵom, from Proto-Indo-European *werǵ- (whence *wurkijaną). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἔργον (érgon).


werką

Proto-West Germanic: *werk

Old Frisian: *werk, *wirk

Saterland Frisian: Wäierk, Wíerk

West Frisian: wurk

Old Saxon: *werk

Middle Low German: werk, wark

→ Danish: værk

→ Norwegian: verk (archaic)

Old Dutch: *werk

Middle Dutch: werc

Dutch: werk

→ French: warq (dialectal)

desc

Old High German: werh, werah, werc, werk

Middle High German: werc, werch, werich

German: Werg

→ Proto-Finnic: *vërka (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *werǵʰ-nó-. Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *werk-nó-, *werḱ-nó-.

rope or cord, especially one made of hemp


kalzōną

kalzō (active first-person indicative singular)
kalzǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kalzōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
kalzōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kalzōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kalzō (active imperative second-person singular)
kalzōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kalzōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kalzōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kalzō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kalzōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kalzōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kalzōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kalzōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kalzōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kalzōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kalzōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kalzōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kalzōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kalzōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kalzōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kalzōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kalzōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kalzōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kalzōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kalzōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kalzōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kalzōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kalzōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kalzōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kalzōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kalzōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kalzōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kalzōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kalzōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kalzōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kalzōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
kalzōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kalzōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kalzōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kalzōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kalzōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kalzōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kalzōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kalzōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kalzōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kalzōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kalzōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kalzōndz (active participle present)
kalzōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kalʀōn

Old English: ceallian

Middle English: callen, kallen

Scots: call, caw

English: call

⇒ Old Frisian: kaltia

>? Old Frisian: kella

Old Saxon: *kallōn

Middle Low German: kallen

Low German: kallen

Old Dutch: *kallon

Middle Dutch: callen

Dutch: kallen

Limburgish: kalle

Old High German: kallōn

Middle High German: kallen

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: khallan

Central Franconian: kalle

German: kallen (obsolete)

desctree

Old Norse: kalla
Icelandic: kalla
Faroese: kalla
Norwegian Nynorsk: kalla, kalle
Old Swedish: kalla
Swedish: kalla
Elfdalian: kolla
Danish: kalde

Possibly derived from unattested noun *kalzaz, cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *galsas (“voice”), from hypothetical Proto-Indo-European *golsos, from a root *gel(H)- (“to vocalize, call, shout”).


jehwlą

jehwlą (nominative singular)
jeulō (nominative plural)
jehwlą (singular vocative)
jeulō (plural vocative)
jehwlą (accusative singular)
jeulō (accusative plural)
jehwlas (genitive singular)
jihwlis (genitive singular)
jeulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jihwlai (dative singular)
jeulamaz (dative plural)
jehwlō (instrumental singular)
jeulamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġēol, ġehhol, ġehhel, ġēohol, ġēohel, ġēohhel, iūl, ġiūl, iōl, ġeohhel, ġeochol, ġeohhol, ġeohol
Middle English: yol, yole, ȝeolue, yiol, ȝol, ȝole, Yoil, yolde, ȝoul, ȝowl, ȝoule, Yhole, youle
English: Yule
Scots: Yull

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᛃᛖᚢᛚᚢ (*jeulu), *ᛖᚢᛚᚢ n pl (*eulu)

desctree

Old Norse: jól, *iūl — Old East Norse
Icelandic: jól
Faroese: jól
Norwegian Nynorsk: jol
Old Swedish: iūl
Swedish: jul
Old Danish: iūl
Danish: jul
Norwegian Bokmål: jul
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: jul (partially from an earlier East Nordic borrowing)
→ German: Jul
→ Dutch: joel
⇒ German: Julfest
→ Dutch: joelfeest
→ Greenlandic: juulli
Old Gutnish: iaul
→? Old French: jolif (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *joulu (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *juhla

Estonian: juhlad

Finnish: juhla

Unknown; suggested to be connected to Latin iocus (“a joke, jest”), itself thought to be from Proto-Indo-European *yek- (“to speak”), yet this is semantically unconvincing.

(in the plural) Yule, literally, “the festivities”

jólmánuður

Old Norse: jólmánaðr, jólmánuðr; Icelandic


mariswīną

mariswīną (nominative singular)
mariswīnō (nominative plural)
mariswīną (singular vocative)
mariswīnō (plural vocative)
mariswīną (accusative singular)
mariswīnō (accusative plural)
mariswīnas (genitive singular)
mariswīnis (genitive singular)
mariswīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mariswīnai (dative singular)
mariswīnamaz (dative plural)
mariswīnō (instrumental singular)
mariswīnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mariswīn
Old English: mereswīn
Middle English: mereswyn, mereswyne, mersuine
English: mereswine
Scots: mereswine
Old Frisian: *mereswīn
Saterland Frisian: Meerswien
Old Saxon: meriswīn
Middle Low German: merswîn
German Low German: Meerswien; Meerswientje
Old Dutch: meriswīn
Middle Dutch: mēerswijn, maerswijn, merswijn
Dutch: meerzwijn
Old High German: meriswīn
Middle High German: merswīn
German: Meerschwein; Meerschweinchen
→ Old French: marsouin
Middle French: marsouin
French: marsouin

Old Norse: marsvín

Icelandic: marsvín

Faroese: marsvín

Norwegian: marsvin

Old Swedish: marsvīn, marrsvīn

Swedish: marsvin

Danish: marsvin


saiwiz

saiwiz (nominative singular)
saiwīz (nominative plural)
saiwi (singular vocative)
saiwīz (plural vocative)
saiwį (accusative singular)
saiwinz (accusative plural)
saiwīz (genitive singular)
saiwijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
saiwī (dative singular)
saiwimaz (dative plural)
saiwī (instrumental singular)
saiwimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *saiwi m
Old English: sǣ f or m
Middle English: see, ce, sæ, se, sea, sei, ze
English: sea
Scots: se, see, sey, seye, sie
Yola: zea, zee
Old Frisian: sē
North Frisian: see
Saterland Frisian: See, Säi
West Frisian: see
Old Saxon: sēo m, sēu
Middle Low German: sê
German Low German: See
Plautdietsch: See
Old Dutch: sēo m
Middle Dutch: sêe f or m
Dutch: zee f
Afrikaans: see
Berbice Creole Dutch: sei
Javindo: see
Negerhollands: see
→ Saramaccan: zé
→ Sranan Tongo: se
Limburgish: zieë f
West Flemish: zji m or f, zêe
Old High German: sēo m
Middle High German: sē m (rarely f)
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: sea
Mòcheno: sea
German: See m (“lake”), See f (“sea”) (latter in part from Low German)
Luxembourgish: Séi

Old Norse: sær, sjár, sjór m

Icelandic: sær, sjár, sjór m

Faroese: sjógvur

Norn: sju

Norwegian: sjø

Old Swedish: siār, siōr

Swedish: sjö

Old Danish: sǣ, siō

Danish: sø

Elfdalian: sju

Gutnish: sjo

Scanian: sjǿ

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃 m (saiws)

→ Proto-Samic: *sāvjë

Northern Sami: sáiva

Southern Sami: saajve

Derived from *sīhwaną (“to percolate, filter”), from earlier *saigwiz, Pre-Germanic *soykʷís.
Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ey-wo- (“to be fierce, afflict”) (compare Latin saevus (“wild, fierce”), Tocharian saiwe (“itch”), Latvian sievs, sīvs (“sharp, biting”)). Compare *sairaz (“sore, painful”).


tīwaz

tīwaz (nominative singular)
tīwōz (nominative plural)
tīwōs (nominative plural)
tīw (singular vocative)
tīwōz (plural vocative)
tīwōs (plural vocative)
tīwą (accusative singular)
tīwanz (accusative plural)
tīwas (genitive singular)
tīwis (genitive singular)
tīwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tīwai (dative singular)
tīwamaz (dative plural)
tīwō (instrumental singular)
tīwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Tīw
Old English: Tīw, Tuu; Tig, Tiig — Mercian
→ English: Tiw
Old Frisian: Tii
Old High German: Ziu, *Zīw

Old Norse: týr, Týr

Icelandic: týr, Týr

→ Danish: Tyr

→ Swedish: Tyr

→ English: Tyr

Faroese: Týrur

Norwegian: Ty

Swedish: Ti

Danish: Ty, Ti (dialectal, place names)

Gothic: *𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍅𐍃 (*teiws) (uncertain)

From Proto-Indo-European *deywós (“god”). Possibly attested as 𐌕𐌄𐌉𐌅𐌀 (teiva) on the Negau helmet.

(as a proper noun) Tyr, the Germanic god of war. Identified in later times with the Roman god Mars.


Frijjō

Frijjō (nominative singular)
Frijjō (singular vocative)
Frijjǭ (accusative singular)
Frijjōz (genitive singular)
Frijjōi (dative singular)
Frijjō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Frīju
Old English: Frīġ, Fricg, Frycg, *Frie, *Frigge (attested Friggan (gen.))
Middle English: Frie, Fri, Frye, Fre, Frea, Fræa, Frææ, Freon
Old High German: Friia
Lombardic: Frea

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚠᚱᛁᚷᛃᚢ (*frigju /*Friggju/)

Old Norse: Frigg

Icelandic: Frigg

Faroese: Frigg

Norwegian: Frigg

Swedish: Frigg

Danish: Frigg

→ English: Frigg, Frigga

Frigg or Frigga, the Germanic goddess of love and home, wife of Odin. Identified in later times with the Roman goddess Venus.


sōl

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sōl f (consonant stem)
Old English: sōl ?
⇒? Old English: siġel, sæġl, syġel, seġl n
⇒? Old English: sweġel, sweġl, swæġl n
Old Saxon: sōl f

Old Norse: sól f, ᛋᚢᛚ (sul), ᛌᚢᛚ (sul) — nominative singular, Runic form; ᛋᛟᛚᚢ (sᴏlu) — dative singular, 600s, Runic form (rebuilt strong ō-stem)
Icelandic: sól
Faroese: sól
Norn: sul
Norwegian Bokmål: sol
Norwegian Nynorsk: sol
Old Swedish: sōl
Swedish: sol
Danish: sol
Gutnish: sol, soli
→ Scots: sul, sool

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌹𐌻 n (sauil)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥ ~ *sh₂wén-s (“sun”), though how and as what inflection type is uncertain. Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌹𐌻 (sauil) and Old Norse sól point to *s(ᵉ/ₒ)h₂wel- and *sᵉ/ₒh₂wul-, respectively, which perhaps suggests an inherited l/n-stem paradigm *sōl (< *sōwul) ~ *sawiniz (or consonant stem *sōl ~ *sawiliz), with the Gothic leveled from the weak case.
Alternatively reconstructed as *sōel (< *sōwel) ~ *suniz, from Proto-Indo-European *séh₂wel ~ *sh₂un-és, and although this would account for the Gothic form, is problematic for the West Germanic and Old Norse forms, where one might expect the outcome in Old Saxon to be **sō(w)el, **sō(w)il, compare Old Saxon hnōil, from Proto-West Germanic *hnōil (“planer”).

ref

With the loss of *w between a stressed vowel and *u (*w > ∅ / V́_*u), followed by Mahlow's Law (*ōu > *ō / _C{#,V}).


sunnǭ

sunnǭ (nominative singular)
sunnōniz (nominative plural)
sunnǭ (singular vocative)
sunnōniz (plural vocative)
sunnōnų (accusative singular)
sunnōnunz (accusative plural)
sunnōniz (genitive singular)
sunnōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sunnōni (dative singular)
sunnōmaz (dative plural)
sunnōnē (instrumental singular)
sunnōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sunnā
Old English: sunne f
Middle English: sonne, sunne, sone, son, sune, sun, sunna, sunnæ, synne, soen; zunne (Southern West Mid); zonne (Kent)
English: sun
Scots: sun
Yola: zin
Old Frisian: sunne f
North Frisian: san
Saterland Frisian: Sunne
West Frisian: sinne
Old Saxon: sunna f
Middle Low German: sunne, sonne f or m
Dutch Low Saxon: zunne
German Low German: Sünn, Sünne
Plautdietsch: Sonn
Old Dutch: sunna f
Middle Dutch: sonne f or m
Dutch: zon
Afrikaans: son
Berbice Creole Dutch: sono
Jersey Dutch: zon
Negerhollands: son, zon
→ Sranan Tongo: son (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: zón
West Flemish: zunne
Zealandic: zunne
Old High German: sunna f
Middle High German: sunne f or m
Alemannic German: Sunnä
Italian Walser: sunna, sunnu, sònnò, ŝchunna, ŝchunnà
Bavarian: Son
Cimbrian: sunn, sonde, zunna
Mòcheno: sunn
Udinese: suna, sune, sunne
Viennese: Sun
Central Franconian: Sonn
German: Sonne
Luxembourgish: Sonn
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Sunn
Pennsylvania German: Sunn
Vilamovian: zunn, zun
Yiddish: זון (zun)

Old Norse: sunna

Icelandic: sunna

Faroese: sunna

Norn: sjiner

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉 (sunnō)

Crimean Gothic: sune

Possibly feminized from *sunnô (“sun”) in an opposing gender pair with masculine *mēnô (“moon”), akin to Latin cognate sōl m (“sun”) and lūna f (“moon”). See *sunnô.

Brill Publishers
Jörundur Garðar Hilmarsson


mēnô

mēnô (nominative singular)
mēnaniz (nominative plural)
mēnô (singular vocative)
mēnaniz (plural vocative)
mēnanų (accusative singular)
mēnanunz (accusative plural)
mēniniz (genitive singular)
mēnanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mēnini (dative singular)
mēnammaz (dative plural)
mēninē (instrumental singular)
mēnammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mānō
Old English: mōna, mōne
Middle English: mone, moone, mon, moyn, monæ, mona
English: moon
Sranan Tongo: mun
Tok Pisin: mun
Torres Strait Creole: mun
Scots: muin, mone, monne, moon, moune, mowne, moyn, moyne, mune, mwne
Yola: mond
Geordie English: muin, meun
Old Frisian: mōna
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: muun
Mooring: moune
Saterland Frisian: Moune
West Frisian: moanne
Old Saxon: māno
Middle Low German: māne
Dutch Low Saxon: maone
Hamburgisch: Maan, Maand
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Mon m
Ravensbergisch: Måne
Sauerländisch: Mōne f, Mond m, Mōn m, Mound m Mōend m
Westmünsterländisch: Maone, Maon f, Maond m
Plautdietsch: Mon
→ Polabian: mon
Old Dutch: māno
Middle Dutch: mâne
Dutch: maan
Afrikaans: maan
Berbice Creole Dutch: manti
Jersey Dutch: mân, môn
Negerhollands: maand, man, maen
→ Aukan: manti
Limburgish: maon
West Flemish: moane
Zealandic: maene, maone
Old High German: māno
Middle High German: māne, mān, mōne, mōn
Alemannic German: Maan, manä, meini, moanu, Mond, manòd, mànund
Swabian: Moo, Mao
Bavarian: Mou, mone
Cimbrian: maano, ma, må
Mòcheno: mu'
Central Franconian: Mond, Muund (rare variant in Moselle Franconian)
German: Mond
Luxembourgish: Mound
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Muhn
Vilamovian: mönd

Proto-Norse: *ᛗᚨᚾᛟ (*mano), *ᛗᚨᚾᚨ (*mana /mānā/)
Old Norse: máni
Icelandic: máni
Faroese: máni
Norn: måni
Norwegian: måne
Old Swedish: māne
Swedish: måne
Old Danish: mānæ
Danish: måne
Gutnish: mane
→ Proto-Samic: *mānō (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌴𐌽𐌰 (mēna)

Crimean Gothic: mine

From Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s (“moon, month”).


Wōdanaz

Wōdanaz (nominative singular)
Wōdanai (dative singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Wōdan, *Wōdin (Anglo-Frisian)
Old English: Wōden, *Wēden, *Wœden; Wodæn; Woddan
→ Latin: Wothen
Middle English: Woden
→ English: Woden (learned)
Old Frisian: *Wēden, *Wēda
North Frisian: Wedke
Old Saxon: Wōden
Middle Low German: Wode
Old Dutch: Wuodan, Wuadan, *Wuotan
Middle Dutch: *Woeden, *Woen
Dutch: Woen (likely back-formation from woensdag)
Old High German:
Latin script: Wōdan, Wuotan, Uuodan
Runic script: ᚹᛟᛞᚨᚾ (wodan)
→ Dutch: Wodan (learned)
→ German: Wotan, Wodan, Wuodan, Wuotan (learned)
→ English: Wotan
→ Latin: Vōdanus
Lombardic: Godan, *Wōdan
→ Latin: Godan

Proto-Norse: ᚹᛟᛞᛁᚾᚨᛉ (wodinaʀ /Wōdinaʀ/), ᚹᛟᛞᛁᚾᛦ (wodinʀ /Wōdinʀ/)
Old Norse: Óðinn, ᚢᚦᛁᚾ (uþin), ᚮᚦᛂᚾ (oþen)
Icelandic: Óðinn
Faroese: Óðin
Norwegian Nynorsk: Oden, ons- (< Óðins), Odin
Old Swedish: Ōþin, Ōdhen, Ōdhin
Swedish: Oden
Old Danish: Odhen
Scanian: Óðen, Nóðen
Danish: Oden
→ Danish: Odin
Norwegian Bokmål: Odin
→ Old English: Ōþen, Ōðon, Ōwðen
→ English: Odin
→ Japanese: オーディン (Ōdin)
→ Chinese: 奧丁／奥丁 (Àodīng)
→ Latin: Ōthinus, Ōdinus, Ōthin
Italian: Odino
→ Portuguese: Ódin
→ Spanish: Odín
→ German: Odin
→ French: Odin
→ Swedish: Odin
→ Finnish: Odin
→ Russian: О́дин (Ódin)

Related to *wōdaz (“rage, manic inspiration”), from Proto-Indo-European *weh₂t- (“to be excited”). Compare Old Norse óðr (“rage”), Dutch woede (“rage”) and woeden (“to rage”), Irish fáidh, Latin vātēs.
English Wednes (in Wednes-day) is not an exact cognate but rather continues Proto-Germanic *Wōdinaz, pre-Germanic *Wātenos. (Old Norse Óðinn, however, due to its lack of umlaut, appears to continue *Wōdanaz and the replacement of the suffix vowel appears to be secondary, (compare Proto-Norse ᚺᚨᛁᛏᛁᚾᚨᛉ (haitinaʀ) and ᛊᛚᚨᚷᛁᚾᚨᛉ (slaginaʀ), from *haitanaz and *slaganaz, respective past participles of *haitaną and *slahaną).)
This suggests a variation of the theonym in early Germanic, *Wōdanaz vs. *Wōdinaz. The form with -i- as attested in Old Frisian wednesdei appears to have been present in Frisia (cf. also similar Middle Dutch wenesdach). The situation in Old English is unclear. The attested Old English forms point to *Wōdanaz, but i-umlauted forms surface in records after the end of the Old English period. Thus, wōdnesdæġ is replaced by continuations of *wēdnesdæġ around AD 1200.
The same transition to the umlauted form of the theonym during the 12th or early 13th century (early Middle English) is also found in English placenames, such as Wensley (Wednesleg ca. 1212, earlier Wodnesleie), Wednesbury (Wednesbiri 1227, earlier Wadnesberie, Wodnesberia), Wednesfield (Wednesfeld 1251, earlier Wodnesfelde).
Based on an Old English form Ōdon, which appears to have been borrowed from Old Danish, Schaffner deduces that the original shape of the theonym was likely *Wōdunaz rather than *Wōdanaz.
The oldest attestation of the theonym, Proto-Norse ᚹᛟᛞᚾᚨᛊ (wodnas) from the Vindelev bracteate X13 (c. 5th century), suggests a fourth possibility, *Wōdnaz, although this would require independent i-insertion in both Proto-/Old Norse (after i-mutation had run its course) and proto-Anglo Frisian (before i-mutation had begun). It is conceivable that such a change could have originated in one of the two groups and spread through diffusion to the other (since these are the two northernmost branches of Proto-Germanic).

der

Woden or Odin, the Germanic supreme god. Identified in later times with the Roman god Mercury.


-gaz

*-gaz (a-stem)

-gaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
-gai (masculine nominative plural strong)
-gō (feminine nominative singular strong)
-gôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
-gą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
-gō (neuter nominative plural strong)
-ganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
-ganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
-gǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
-gōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
-gą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
-gō (accusative neuter plural strong)
-gas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
-gaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
-gaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
-gaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
-gas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
-gaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
-gammai (dative masculine singular strong)
-gaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
-gaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
-gaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
-gammai (dative neuter singular strong)
-gaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
-ganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
-gaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
-gaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
-gaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
-ganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
-gaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
-gô (masculine nominative singular weak)
-ganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
-gǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
-gōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
-gô (neuter nominative singular weak)
-gōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
-ganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
-ganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
-gōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
-gōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
-gô (accusative neuter singular weak)
-gōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
-giniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
-ganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
-gōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
-gōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
-giniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
-ganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
-gini (dative masculine singular weak)
-gammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
-gōni (dative feminine singular weak)
-gōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
-gini (dative neuter singular weak)
-gammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
-ginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
-gammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
-gōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
-gōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
-ginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
-gammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-g, *-ag, *-ig, *-īg
Old English: -iġ, -iċ, -eġ
Middle English: -iȝ, -i, -y, -ich
English: -y, -ey, -ie
Scots: -ie
Old Frisian: -ich
Saterland Frisian: -ich
West Frisian: -ich
Old Saxon: -ag, -ig
Middle Low German: -ig, -ich
German Low German: -ig
Old Dutch: *-ag, -ig
Middle Dutch: -ich, -ech
Dutch: -ig
Old High German: -ag, -ig, -īg
Middle High German: -ig
German: -ig, -ich
Yiddish: ־יק (-ik), ־יג (-ig)
Luxembourgish: -eg

Old Norse: -agr, -igr, -ugr
Icelandic: -agur, -igur, -ugur
Faroese: -agur, -igur, -ugur
Norwegian: -ag, -ig, -ug
Swedish: -ig
Danish: -ig

Gothic: -𐌲𐍃 (-gs) (-𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 (-eigs), -𐌰𐌲𐍃 (-ags), -𐌰𐌷𐍃 (-ahs), -𐌿𐌲𐍃 (-ugs))

From Proto-Indo-European *-kos, *-ḱos. Cognates include Latin -cus, Ancient Greek -κός (-kós), Sanskrit -शस (-śasa), -कस (-kasa) and Old Church Slavonic -ъкъ (-ŭkŭ).

-y; forms adjectives from nouns and verbs with a sense of 'being, having, or doing'.


þrangwijaną

þrangwijō (active first-person indicative singular)
þrangwijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrangwijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þrangwīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
þrangwijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrangwī (active imperative second-person singular)
þrangwijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þrangwijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þrangwīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þrangwijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrangwijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þrangwijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þrangwijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þrangwijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þrangwijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrangwijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrangwijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrangwijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þrangwijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þrangwijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrangwijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þrangwijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þrangwīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þrangwijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrangwīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þrangwijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þrangwijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þrangwijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þrangwijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrangwijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þrangwijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þrangwijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þrangwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þrangwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrangwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þrangwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrangwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
þrangwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrangwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þrangwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrangwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrangwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrangwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þrangwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrangwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þrangwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrangwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þrangwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrangwijandz (active participle present)
þrangwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þrangwijan
Old English: *þrengan
Middle English: threngen (possibly also via Old Norse)
Old Saxon: *threngian
Middle Low German: drengen
German Low German: drängen
Old Dutch: *threngen
Middle Dutch: drengen
Old High German: drengen
Middle High German: drengen
German: drängen
Luxembourgish: drängen

Old Norse: þrøngva

Icelandic: þröngva

Old Swedish: þrængia

Swedish: tränga

Norwegian: trenge

Danish: trænge

/ˈθrɑŋʷ.ɡʷi.jɑ.nɑ̃/


þwahaną

þwahō (active first-person indicative singular)
þwahaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þwahai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þwahizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þwahaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þwah (active imperative second-person singular)
þwahazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þwahaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þwahidi (active indicative singular third-person)
þwahai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þwahadau (active imperative singular third-person)
þwahadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þwahaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þwahōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þwahaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þwahadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þwahaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þwahadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þwahamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þwahaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þwahandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þwahaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þwahid (active indicative plural second-person)
þwahaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þwahid (active imperative plural second-person)
þwahandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þwahaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þwahandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þwahain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þwahandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þwahandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þwahaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þwōh (active first-person indicative singular)
þwōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þwōht (active indicative second-person singular)
þwōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þwōh (active indicative singular third-person)
þwōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þwōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
þwōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þwōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þwōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þwōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
þwōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þwōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
þwōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þwōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
þwōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þwahandz (active participle present)
þwaganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þwahan
Old English: þwēan
Middle English: thwēn; athwean
Old Frisian:
North Frisian: sau (Amrum)
Old Saxon: thwahan
Middle Low German: dwân
Old Dutch: thwān
Middle Dutch: dwâen
Old High German: dwahan

Old Norse: þvá
Icelandic: þvo
Faroese: tváa
Norwegian: två
Old Swedish: þvā
Swedish: två, tvaga (from past participle)
Old Danish: þwā, thwo, tho
Danish: to

Gothic: 𐌸𐍅𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þwahan)

Unknown; possibly related to Old Prussian twaxtan (“brushwood for bathing”), presuming Proto-Indo-European *twek-.


angustiz

angustiz (nominative singular)
angustīz (nominative plural)
angusti (singular vocative)
angustīz (plural vocative)
angustį (accusative singular)
angustinz (accusative plural)
angustīz (genitive singular)
angustijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
angustī (dative singular)
angustimaz (dative plural)
angustī (instrumental singular)
angustimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: angst, ongost, ongest

Saterland Frisian: Oangst

West Frisian: eangst

Old Saxon: *angust

Middle Low German: angest

German Low German: Angst

→ Old Norse: angist

Icelandic: angist

Faroese: angist

Swedish: ångest

Norwegian Bokmål: angst

→ Danish: angst

→ English: angst

Old Dutch: *angust

Middle Dutch: ancst, anxt, angest

Dutch: angst

Afrikaans: angs

Old High German: angust

Middle High German: angest

Alemannic German: Angscht

Bavarian: Ångst, Ångscht

Central Franconian:

Kölsch: Angks

German: Angst

Luxembourgish: Angscht

From *anguz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enǵʰ-. Compare Latin angustia, from the same PIE root.


þaką

þaką (nominative singular)
þakō (nominative plural)
þaką (singular vocative)
þakō (plural vocative)
þaką (accusative singular)
þakō (accusative plural)
þakas (genitive singular)
þakis (genitive singular)
þakǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þakai (dative singular)
þakamaz (dative plural)
þakō (instrumental singular)
þakamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þak
Old English: þæc
Middle English: thakke, thankk, thak
English: thack
Scots: thak, thek, thack
⇒ Middle English: thacche, thetche (influenced by þeċċan (“to cover”))
English: thatch
Old Frisian: thek, thak
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: taag
Mooring: tååge
Saterland Frisian: Täk
West Frisian: tek
Old Saxon: thak
Middle Low German: dak
German Low German: Dack
Old Dutch: *thak
Middle Dutch: dac, dak, dec
Dutch: dak
Afrikaans: dak
Negerhollands: dak
→ Caribbean Hindustani: dák
→ Caribbean Javanese: dag
→ Indonesian: dak
→ Papiamentu: dak
→ Sranan Tongo: daki
Limburgish: daak
Old High German: dah
Middle High German: dach
Central Franconian: Daach
Hunsrik: Dach
Cimbrian: dach, tach (Luserna)
German: Dach
→ Belarusian: дах (dax)
→ Polish: dach
→ Ukrainian: дах (dax)
Luxembourgish: Daach
Pennsylvania German: Dach
Yiddish: דאַך (dakh)

Old Norse: þak
Icelandic: þak
Faroese: tak
Norwegian: tak
Old Swedish: þak
Swedish: tak
Danish: tag

→ Northern Sami: dáhkki

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- (“cover”).


ahaz

ahaz (nominative singular)
ahizō (nominative plural)
ahaz (singular vocative)
ahizō (plural vocative)
ahaz (accusative singular)
ahizō (accusative plural)
ahiziz (genitive singular)
ahizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ahizi (dative singular)
ahizumaz (dative plural)
ahizē (instrumental singular)
ahizumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ahaʀ, *ahiʀ
Old English: ēar, æhher — Northumbrian
Middle English: eere, ear, ere, er, ȝer, eyre
English: ear
Scots: aicher, icker, aiker (< æhher)
Old Frisian: *ēr
Saterland Frisian: Iere
West Frisian: ier
Old Saxon: ahar, ahir, ehir
Middle Low German: ār
Low German: Ohr
Plautdietsch: Oa
Old Dutch: *ār
Middle Dutch: aer
Dutch: aar
Old High German: ahir, ahar, ehir
Middle High German: eher, äher
Alemannic German: Äli
Central Franconian: Ohr, Öhr, Ähr, Ähjer, Iehr
Luxembourgish: Éi
German: Ähre
Vilamovian: yjer

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”).


þrinhwaną

þrinhwō (active first-person indicative singular)
þrinhwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrinhwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þrinhwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þrinhwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrinhw (active imperative second-person singular)
þrinhwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þrinhwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þrinhwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
þrinhwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrinhwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
þrinhwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þrinhwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þrinhwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þrinhwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrinhwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrinhwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrinhwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þrinhwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þrinhwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrinhwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þrinhwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þrinhwid (active indicative plural second-person)
þrinhwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrinhwid (active imperative plural second-person)
þrinhwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þrinhwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þrinhwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þrinhwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrinhwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þrinhwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þrinhwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þranhw (active first-person indicative singular)
þrungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þranht (active indicative second-person singular)
þrungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þranhw (active indicative singular third-person)
þrungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrungū (active dual first-person indicative)
þrungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrungum (active first-person indicative plural)
þrungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrungud (active indicative plural second-person)
þrungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrungun (active indicative plural third-person)
þrungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrinhwandz (active participle present)
þrunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þringwan
Old English: þringan
Middle English: thringen
Scots: thring, dring
English: thring
Old Frisian: thringa
Saterland Frisian: tringe
(West Frisian: kringe ?)
Old Saxon: thringan
Middle Low German: dringen
German Low German: dringen
Low German: dringen
Old Dutch: *thringan
Middle Dutch: dringen
Dutch: dringen
Limburgish: dringe
Old High German: dringan
Middle High German: dringen
German: dringen
Luxembourgish: dréngen
Yiddish: דרינגען (dringen)

Old Norse: þryngva

Icelandic: þryngva

(Faroese: treingja)

Norwegian: trenge (press)

Gothic: 𐌸𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þreihan)

/ˈθrĩː.xʷɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *trenkʷ- (“to beat, hew, press”).


aiþaz

aiþaz (nominative singular)
aiþōz (nominative plural)
aiþōs (nominative plural)
aiþ (singular vocative)
aiþōz (plural vocative)
aiþōs (plural vocative)
aiþą (accusative singular)
aiþanz (accusative plural)
aiþas (genitive singular)
aiþis (genitive singular)
aiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aiþai (dative singular)
aiþamaz (dative plural)
aiþō (instrumental singular)
aiþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aiþ
Old English: āþ
Middle English: oth, ooth, ath
English: oath
Scots: aith
Yola: oathès (plural)
Old Frisian: ēth, āth
North Frisian: ith, iss
Saterland Frisian: Eed
West Frisian: eed
Old Saxon: ēth
Middle Low German: êt
German Low German: Eed
Plautdietsch: Eit
Old Dutch: *ēth
Middle Dutch: êet
Dutch: eed
Afrikaans: eed
Old High German: eid, aid — Lombardic
Middle High German: eit
German: Eid
Luxembourgish: Eed
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: IPA [ait]
⇒ Lombardic: *aido (“oath-helper”) (attested as aidos pl (“oath-helpers”))

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛁᚦᚨᛉ (*aiþaʀ)
Old Norse: eiðr
Icelandic: eiður
Faroese: eiður
Norwegian Nynorsk: eid
Old Swedish: ēþer
Swedish: ed
Old Danish: ēþ, eth
Danish: ed
Norwegian Bokmål: ed
Old Gutnish: aiþr
Gutnish: aid

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (aiþs)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁óytos (“oath”). Cognate with Old Irish óeth (“oath”).


þrēaną

þrēō (active first-person indicative singular)
þrēaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrēai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þrēizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þrēaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrē (active imperative second-person singular)
þrēazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þrēaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þrēidi (active indicative singular third-person)
þrēai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrēadau (active imperative singular third-person)
þrēadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þrēaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þrēōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þrēaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrēadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrēaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrēadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þrēamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þrēaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrēandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þrēaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þrēid (active indicative plural second-person)
þrēaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrēid (active imperative plural second-person)
þrēandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þrēaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þrēandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þrēain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrēandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þrēandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þrēaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þeþrō (active first-person indicative singular)
þeþrōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þeþrōt (active indicative second-person singular)
þeþrōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þeþrō (active indicative singular third-person)
þeþrōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þeþrōū (active dual first-person indicative)
þeþrōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þeþrōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þeþrōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þeþrōum (active first-person indicative plural)
þeþrōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þeþrōud (active indicative plural second-person)
þeþrōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þeþrōun (active indicative plural third-person)
þeþrōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrēandz (active participle present)
þrēanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þrāan
Old English: þrāwan
Middle English: throwen, thrawen, thorwen
English: throw
Northumbrian: thraa
Scots: thraw
Yola: drowe, draugh
Old Frisian: thrāia
North Frisian: treie
West Frisian: draaie, triuwe
Old Saxon: thrāian
Middle Low German: dreien, dreyen, drêgen, dreigen
German Low German: dreihen
Low German: draien, dreien
→ Norwegian Bokmål: dreie
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dreie
→ Swedish: dreja
→ Danish: dreje
Old Dutch: thrāien
Middle Dutch: drâyen
Dutch: draaien
Limburgish: drejje, dreie
Old High German: drāen
Middle High German: dræjen, dræn
Bavarian: drahn
Cimbrian: dréenan
Central Franconian: driehe, drähe, drähne
Hunsrik: drehe
Luxembourgish: dréien, dréinen
German: drehen
Yiddish: דרייען (dreyen)

/ˈθrɛː.ɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *tréh₁-e-ti, from *treh₁-, *terh₁- (“to rub, turn, pierce”).


blēaną

blēō (active first-person indicative singular)
blēaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blēai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blēizi (active indicative second-person singular)
blēaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blē (active imperative second-person singular)
blēazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blēaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blēidi (active indicative singular third-person)
blēai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blēadau (active imperative singular third-person)
blēadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blēaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blēōz (active dual first-person indicative)
blēaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blēadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blēaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blēadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blēamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blēaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blēandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blēaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blēid (active indicative plural second-person)
blēaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blēid (active imperative plural second-person)
blēandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blēaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blēandi (active indicative plural third-person)
blēain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blēandau (active imperative plural third-person)
blēandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blēaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
beblō (active first-person indicative singular)
beblōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
beblōt (active indicative second-person singular)
beblōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
beblō (active indicative singular third-person)
beblōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
beblōū (active dual first-person indicative)
beblōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
beblōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
beblōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
beblōum (active first-person indicative plural)
beblōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
beblōud (active indicative plural second-person)
beblōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
beblōun (active indicative plural third-person)
beblōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blēandz (active participle present)
blēanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *blāan
Old English: blāwan
Middle English: blowen, blouen, blow, blowe, blowyn; blawe (Northern or Kent); blawen, bloawen (Early Middle English)
English: blow
Geordie English: blaw
Scots: blaw
Yola: blay
Old Frisian: blā, blīa
North Frisian: bleie
Old Saxon: blāian
(Middle Low German: blêen)
Old Dutch: *blāien
Middle Dutch: blâyen
Dutch: blaaien (obsolete)
Old High German: blāhan, plāhan, blājan
Middle High German: blǣjen, blǣwen
German: blähen
⇒ Cimbrian: inpléenanzich

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₁- (“to blow”). Cognate with Latin flō (“to breathe, blow”).


bitraz

*bitraz (a-stem)

bitraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
bitrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
bitrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
bitrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
bitrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
bitrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
bitranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
bitranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
bitrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
bitrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
bitrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
bitrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
bitras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
bitraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
bitraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
bitraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
bitras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
bitraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
bitrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
bitraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
bitraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
bitraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
bitrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
bitraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
bitranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
bitraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
bitraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
bitraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
bitranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
bitraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
bitrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
bitraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
bitrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
bitrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
bitrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
bitrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
bitranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
bitranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
bitrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
bitrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
bitrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
bitrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
bitriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
bitranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
bitrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
bitrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
bitriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
bitranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
bitrini (dative masculine singular weak)
bitrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
bitrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
bitrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
bitrini (dative neuter singular weak)
bitrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
bitrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
bitrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
bitrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
bitrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
bitrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
bitrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bitr
Old English: biter, bitter
Middle English: bitter
Scots: bittir
English: bitter
Old Frisian: *bitter
Saterland Frisian: bitter
West Frisian: bitter
Old Saxon: bittar
Middle Low German: bitter
Low German: bitter
→ Danish: bitter
→ Swedish: bitter (partly)
→ Norwegian: bitter
Old Dutch: bitter
Middle Dutch: bitter
Dutch: bitter
Old High German: bittar, pittar
Middle High German: bitter, pitter
German: bitter
Luxembourgish: batter
Vilamovian: bytter
Yiddish: ביטער (biter)

Old Norse: bitr

Icelandic: bitur

Faroese: bitur

Old Swedish: biter, bitter, beter

Swedish: bitter (under Low German influence)

Danish: biderhvas (compound with *hwassaz)

From pre-Germanic *bʰidrós (“biting, splitting”), equivalent to *bītaną + *-raz.


berhtaz

*berhtaz (a-stem)

berhtaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
berhtai (masculine nominative plural strong)
berhtō (feminine nominative singular strong)
berhtôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
berhtą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
berhtō (neuter nominative plural strong)
berhtanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
berhtanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
berhtǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
berhtōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
berhtą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
berhtō (accusative neuter plural strong)
berhtas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
berhtaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
berhtaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
berhtaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
berhtas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
berhtaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
berhtammai (dative masculine singular strong)
berhtaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
berhtaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
berhtaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
berhtammai (dative neuter singular strong)
berhtaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
berhtanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
berhtaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
berhtaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
berhtaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
berhtanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
berhtaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
berhtô (masculine nominative singular weak)
berhtaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
berhtǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
berhtōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
berhtô (neuter nominative singular weak)
berhtōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
berhtanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
berhtanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
berhtōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
berhtōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
berhtô (accusative neuter singular weak)
berhtōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
berhtiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
berhtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
berhtōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
berhtōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
berhtiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
berhtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
berhtini (dative masculine singular weak)
berhtammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
berhtōni (dative feminine singular weak)
berhtōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
berhtini (dative neuter singular weak)
berhtammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
berhtinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
berhtammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
berhtōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
berhtōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
berhtinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
berhtammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *berht
Old English: beorht, berht — Mercian; bryht, byrht
Middle English: briht, briȝt, bright
English: bright
→ Icelandic: bræt
Geordie English: breet
Scots: bricht
Old Saxon: berht, beraht
⇒ Middle Low German: brecht m (“shine, brightness, glory”, noun)
Old Dutch: *berht
⇒ Old Dutch: filoberht (“very bright”)
⇒ Middle Dutch: onbrecht, ombrecht (“unclear”)
⇒ Middle Dutch: Brecht, Brechta, Bert, Berte (personal names)
Dutch: Brecht, Bert
Old High German: beraht, peraht
⇒ Old High German: giberaht
Middle High German: gebërht
Middle High German: bërht
⇒ German: Bert, Bert-, -bert, -brecht (in personal names)

Old Norse: bjartr
Icelandic: bjartur
Faroese: bjartur
Norwegian Nynorsk: bjart
Old Swedish: biærter
Swedish: bjärt
Danish: bjært, bært

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐍄𐍃 (bairhts)

From Pre-Germanic *bʰer(H)ǵtos, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵ- (“to shine”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *berxtos.


akraz

akraz (nominative singular)
akrōz (nominative plural)
akrōs (nominative plural)
akr (singular vocative)
akrōz (plural vocative)
akrōs (plural vocative)
akrą (accusative singular)
akranz (accusative plural)
akras (genitive singular)
akris (genitive singular)
akrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
akrai (dative singular)
akramaz (dative plural)
akrō (instrumental singular)
akramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *akr, *akkr
Old English: æcer
Middle English: aker, acre
English: acre, aker (archaic); acer (-er form, chiefly UK)
→ Irish: acra
→ Norwegian Bokmål: acre
→ Malay: ekar
→ Telugu: ఎకరా (ekarā), ఎకరము (ekaramu)
Scots: acre, acker, ackre, accre, aacre, awker
→? Scottish Gaelic: acaire, acair
Yola: aager
→ Welsh: acer
Norman: acre
Old Frisian: ekker
Saterland Frisian: Äkker
West Frisian: eker, ikker
Old Saxon: akkar
Middle Low German: acker
Low German: Acker
Plautdietsch: Aka
Old Dutch: accar, ackar (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: acker
Dutch: akker
Afrikaans: akker
Negerhollands: akker
→ Min Nan: kah
Old High German: ackar
Middle High German: acker
Cimbrian: akhar
German: Acker
Luxembourgish: Aker
Yiddish: אַקער (aker)

Old Norse: akr, ákr
Icelandic: akur
Faroese: akur
Norwegian Nynorsk: åker; (dialectal) åkur, åkr
→ Norwegian Bokmål: åker
Old Swedish: aker
Swedish: åker
Old Danish: akær
Danish: ager
Norwegian Bokmål: aker (obsolete)
→ Norman: acre

Elfdalian: åker

Scanian: ager

Gothic: 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐍃 (akrs)


berganą

bergō (active first-person indicative singular)
bergaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bergai (first-person indicative passive singular)
birgizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bergaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
berg (active imperative second-person singular)
bergazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bergaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
birgidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bergai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bergadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bergadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bergaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bergōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bergaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bergadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bergaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bergadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bergamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bergaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bergandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bergaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
birgid (active indicative plural second-person)
bergaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
birgid (active imperative plural second-person)
bergandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bergaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bergandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bergain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bergandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bergandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bergaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
barg (active first-person indicative singular)
burgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
barht (active indicative second-person singular)
burgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
barg (active indicative singular third-person)
burgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
burgū (active dual first-person indicative)
burgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
burgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
burgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
burgum (active first-person indicative plural)
burgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
burgud (active indicative plural second-person)
burgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
burgun (active indicative plural third-person)
burgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bergandz (active participle present)
burganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bergan
Old English: beorgan
Middle English: berwen, berȝen, bergen, berghen, beregen, berrȝhenn
Old Frisian: *berga; bergia
Saterland Frisian: bierge
West Frisian: bergje
Old Saxon: *bergan
Middle Low German: bergen, bargen
German Low German: bargen
→ Swedish: bärga (partly)
→? Finnish: pärjätä
Old Dutch: bergan
Middle Dutch: bergen
Dutch: bergen
Afrikaans: berg
Limburgish: bèrge
Old High German: bergan
Middle High German: bergen
German: bergen
Luxembourgish: biergen

Old Norse: bjarga
Icelandic: bjarga
Faroese: bjarga
Norwegian: berge
Old Swedish: biærgha
Swedish: bärga (partly)
Old Danish: biærghæ
Danish: bjærge

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌽 (bairgan)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰergʰ- (“to take care of, protect, preserve”). Cognate to Proto-Slavic *berťi.


anguz

angwizô (comparative)
angwistaz (superlative)
anguz (masculine nominative singular strong)
angwijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
angwī (feminine nominative singular strong)
angwijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
angų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
angwijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
angwijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
angwijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
angwijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
angwijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
angų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
angwijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
angwijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
angwīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
angwijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
angwijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
angwijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
angwijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
angwīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
angwijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
angwijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
angwijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
angwijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
angwijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
angwijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
angwijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
angwijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
angwijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
angwijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
angwijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
angwijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
angwijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
angwijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
angwijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
angwijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
angwijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
angwijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
angwijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
angwijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
angwijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
angwijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
angwijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
angwijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
angwijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
angwīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
angwijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
angwijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
angwijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
angwīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
angwijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
angwīni (dative masculine singular weak)
angwijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
angwijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
angwijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
angwīni (dative neuter singular weak)
angwijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
angwīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
angwijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
angwijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
angwijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
angwīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
angwijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *angī
Old English: ange, onge, ænge, enge
Middle English: ange
⇒ Old English: angnæġl
Middle English: agnail
English: agnail
⇒ English: hangnail (by folk etymology)
Scots: angernail, wrangnail, ragnail
Old Frisian: *enge
Saterland Frisian: ääng
West Frisian: ing
⇒ Old Frisian: angneil, ongneil
Old Saxon: engi
Middle Low German: enge
German Low German: eng
Old Dutch: *engi
Middle Dutch: enge
Dutch: eng
Afrikaans: eng
→? English: eng
Limburgish: ing
Old High German: engi, enge
Middle High German: enge
Cimbrian: énghe
German: eng
Hunsrik: eng
Luxembourgish: enk
Rhine Franconian: eng (Frankfurt)
Yiddish: ענג (eng)

Old Norse: ǫngr
Icelandic: öngur

Gothic: 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌿𐍃 (aggwus)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énǵʰus, from *h₂enǵʰ-. Cognate with Latin angustus, Sanskrit अंहु (áṃhu), Proto-Slavic *ǫzъkъ (“narrow, tight”).


arbaidiz

arbaidiz (nominative singular)
arbaidīz (nominative plural)
arbaidi (singular vocative)
arbaidīz (plural vocative)
arbaidį (accusative singular)
arbaidinz (accusative plural)
arbaidīz (genitive singular)
arbaidijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arbaidī (dative singular)
arbaidimaz (dative plural)
arbaidī (instrumental singular)
arbaidimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *arbaiþi
Old English: earfoþe, earfeþe, earfod
Middle English: arveð
Old Frisian: arbēd
Saterland Frisian: Oarbaid
West Frisian: arbeid
Old Saxon: arvēd, arƀed, arvid
Middle Low German: arbet, arbeit, arvêd, arveid
German Low German: Arbeid, Arbeit
→ Icelandic: arbeiði, arbeið
→ Faroese: arbeiði
→ Norwegian: arbeid
→ Old Swedish: arbeide, arbeyd, arbede, arbeyte, arbeyt, arbete, ærbete, arbet
Swedish: arbete
→ Danish: arbejde
Old Dutch: aruith, aruit, arbeit
Middle Dutch: arbeit
Dutch: arbeid
Afrikaans: arbeid
Limburgish: arbeid
Old High German: arbeit, arabeit
Middle High German: arebeit, erebeit, arbeit, erbeit
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: arbat, èrbot (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: òrbet
Hunsrik: Aarvet
Upper Saxon German: Orbeid
German: Arbeit
→ Japanese: アルバイト (arubaito, “part-time job”), バイト (baito)
→ Korean: 아르바이트 (areubaiteu)
Luxembourgish: Aarbecht
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Abeit
Pennsylvania German: Arewet
Yiddish: אַרבעט (arbet)

Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (arbaiþs)

From earlier *arbaiþiz. Apparently linked to a verb *arbijaną, *arbāną (“be orphaned”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃órbʰos (“orphan”) + *-tis (whence *-þiz), though the formation is unclear. Compare, with a different suffix, Proto-Slavic *orbota (“work”).


bainą

bainą (nominative singular)
bainō (nominative plural)
bainą (singular vocative)
bainō (plural vocative)
bainą (accusative singular)
bainō (accusative plural)
bainas (genitive singular)
bainis (genitive singular)
bainǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bainai (dative singular)
bainamaz (dative plural)
bainō (instrumental singular)
bainamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bain
Old English: bān
Middle English: bon, ban, bane, bone, boon
English: bone
Geordie English: byen
Scots: bane, bean, bain
Yola: bane
Old Frisian: bēn
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: bian
Goesharde: biin
Halligen: bian
Heligoland: Bean
Mooring: biinj
Sylt: Biin
Wiedingharde: biin
Saterland Frisian: Been
West Frisian: bien
Old Saxon: bēn
Middle Low German: bên
Low German: Been, Bein
Plautdietsch: Been
Old Dutch: bēn
Middle Dutch: bêen
Dutch: been
Afrikaans: been
Berbice Creole Dutch: been
Jersey Dutch: beîn
Negerhollands: been
→ Lokono: bèna
Limburgish: bein
Old High German: bein
Middle High German: bein
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Boi, Boa
Bavarian: Boan
Central Franconian: Been, Bein
Hunsrik: Been
Luxembourgish: Been
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Been
German: Bein
Vilamovian: baan
Yiddish: ביין (beyn)

Old Norse: bein
Icelandic: bein
Faroese: bein
Norn: ben
Norwegian Nynorsk: bein
→ Norwegian Bokmål: bein
Old Swedish: bēn
Swedish: ben
Danish: ben
Norwegian Bokmål: ben
Elfdalian: bein
Old Gutnish: bain
Gutnish: bain


þeubaz

þeubaz (nominative singular)
þeubōz (nominative plural)
þeubōs (nominative plural)
þeub (singular vocative)
þeubōz (plural vocative)
þeubōs (plural vocative)
þeubą (accusative singular)
þeubanz (accusative plural)
þeubas (genitive singular)
þiubis (genitive singular)
þeubǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þiubai (dative singular)
þeubamaz (dative plural)
þeubō (instrumental singular)
þeubamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þeub
Old English: þēof
Middle English: thef, theef, theff, thyef, þef, þeef, þief, þyef, þeof, thefe
English: thief
Scots: thef, theif, thief
Old Frisian: thiāf, tiēf
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: tiif
Saterland Frisian: Tjoof
West Frisian: tsjeaf
Old Saxon: thiof
Middle Low German: dêf, dief
German Low German: Deef, Deev, Deew, Deiw
Plautdietsch: Deef, Deiw
→ Saterland Frisian: Däif
Old Dutch: *thiof
Middle Dutch: dief
Dutch: dief
Afrikaans: dief
Limburgish: deef
Old High German: diob
Middle High German: diup, diep
Cimbrian: diip
German: Dieb
Luxembourgish: Déif
Pennsylvania German: Dieb
Vilamovian: dīb

Proto-Norse: *ᚦᛖᚢᛒᚨᛉ (*þeubaʀ) (in ᛗᚨᚱᛁᚦᛖᚢᛒᚨᛉ (mariþeubaʀ))
Old West Norse: þjófr
Icelandic: þjófur
Faroese: tjóvur
Norwegian Nynorsk: tjov, tjuv; (dialectal) tjóv’e, tju, tjyv
→ Norwegian Bokmål: tjuv
Old East Norse: *þiūβʀ
Elfdalian: tjuov
Old Swedish: þiūver, þiuuær, þiuvær
Swedish: tjuv, (archaic or obsolete) tjuf, tiuf
Old Danish: thiūf, (Scanian) þiufær
Scanian: tjúv
Danish: tyv
Norwegian Bokmål: tyv
Old Gutnish: þiaufr
Gutnish: töiv

Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍃 (þiufs)

From Pre-Proto-Germanic *tewpós, further origin is unknown. Probably related to Lithuanian tupėti (“to crouch, cower, squat”) (from Proto-Indo-European *tewp- (“to get down, conceal oneself”)). Alternatively, borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate.


swōtuz

swōtuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
swōtijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
swōtī (feminine nominative singular strong)
swōtijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
swōtų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
swōtijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
swōtijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
swōtijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
swōtijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
swōtijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
swōtų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
swōtijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
swōtijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
swōtīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
swōtijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
swōtijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
swōtijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
swōtijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
swōtīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
swōtijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
swōtijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
swōtijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
swōtijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
swōtijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
swōtijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
swōtijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
swōtijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
swōtijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
swōtijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
swōtijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
swōtijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
swōtijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
swōtijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
swōtijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
swōtijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
swōtijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
swōtijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
swōtijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
swōtijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
swōtijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
swōtijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
swōtijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
swōtijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
swōtijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
swōtīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
swōtijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
swōtijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
swōtijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
swōtīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
swōtijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
swōtīni (dative masculine singular weak)
swōtijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
swōtijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
swōtijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
swōtīni (dative neuter singular weak)
swōtijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
swōtīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
swōtijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
swōtijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
swōtijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
swōtīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
swōtijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swōtī, *swōtu
Old English: swēte, swōt
Middle English: swete, sweete, swoote, soote
Scots: swet, sweit, sweet
English: sweet
→ Zulu: uswidi
→ Swazi: liswidi
Old Frisian: swēte
North Frisian: sweete
Saterland Frisian: swäit
West Frisian: swiet
Old Saxon: swōti
Middle Low German: sôte, sö̂te, sûte
Low German: sööt
Plautdietsch: seet
Old Dutch: suoti
Middle Dutch: soete
Dutch: zoet
Afrikaans: soet
Limburgish: zeut
Old High German: suozi, swuozi
Middle High German: süeze
Alemannic German: süeß
Bavarian: siaß
Central Franconian: söß, seß, sieß
Luxembourgish: séiss
German: süß
Vilamovian: ziss
Yiddish: זיס (zis)

Old Norse: sǿtr, sœtr, sætr
Icelandic: sætur
Faroese: søtur
Norn: søt
Norwegian Nynorsk: søt
Elfdalian: syöt
Old Swedish: sø̄ter, söter
Swedish: söt
Old Danish: sø̄t, sødh
Danish: sød
Norwegian Bokmål: søt
Scanian: sǿder
Old Gutnish: *sýtr
Gutnish: söitar

→ Proto-Samic: *suottë

From Proto-Indo-European *swéh₂dus. Compare Latin suāvis, Ancient Greek ἡδύς (hēdús), Sanskrit स्वादु (svādu).


þrēduz

þrēduz (nominative singular)
þrēdiwiz (nominative plural)
þrēdu (singular vocative)
þrēdiwiz (plural vocative)
þrēdų (accusative singular)
þrēdunz (accusative plural)
þrēdauz (genitive singular)
þrēdiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þrēdiwi (dative singular)
þrēdumaz (dative plural)
þrēdū (instrumental singular)
þrēdumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þrādu

Old English: þrǣd
Middle English: thred, threed, threde, þræd, þred, þrede
English: thread
Scots: threid
Yola: dreade

Old Frisian: thrēd

Saterland Frisian: Träid

West Frisian: tried, trie

Old Saxon: thrād

Middle Low German: drât

German Low German: Drahd

→ Estonian: traat (possibly from German)

Old Dutch: *thrāt

Middle Dutch: drâet
Dutch: draad
Afrikaans: draad
→ Aukan: dalati
→ Caribbean Javanese: drat
→ Indonesian: drat (“screw thread”)
→ Papiamentu: drat, drachi
Limburgish: draod

Old High German: drāt

Middle High German: drāt

Cimbrian: draat

German: Draht

→ Hungarian: drót (“wire”)

→ Polish: drut (“wire, knitting needle”)

Hunsrik: Droot

Luxembourgish: Drot

Vilamovian: dröt

Yiddish: דראָט (drot)

→ Polish: dratwa (“strong thread”)

→ Slovak: dratva (“strong thread”)

Old Norse: þráðr
Icelandic: þráður
Faroese: tráður
Norn: tråð
Norwegian Nynorsk: tråd
Norwegian Bokmål: tråd
Elfdalian: tråð
Old Swedish: þrāþer, thrādher
Swedish: tråd
Old Danish: thrāth
Danish: tråd
Scanian: tráð
Gutnish: trad

From *þrēaną + *-þuz. Also corresponds to a hypothetical Proto-Indo-European *treh₁tus.


aihtiz

aihtiz (nominative singular)
aihtīz (nominative plural)
aihti (singular vocative)
aihtīz (plural vocative)
aihtį (accusative singular)
aihtinz (accusative plural)
aihtīz (genitive singular)
aihtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aihtī (dative singular)
aihtimaz (dative plural)
aihtī (instrumental singular)
aihtimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aihti
Old English: ǣht
Middle English: aught, ought
English: aught, ought
Scots: aucht
Old Saxon: ēht
⇒ Old Saxon: *frēht (prefixed with *fra-)
Middle Low German: vracht
German Low German: fracht
→ Middle Dutch: vracht
Dutch: vracht
Afrikaans: vrag
→ Danish: fragt
→ English: freight, fraught (possibly via Middle Dutch)
→ German: Fracht
→ Gutnish: frakt
→ Norwegian: frakt (possibly via Middle Dutch)
→ Swedish: frakt
Old Dutch: *ēht
⇒ Old Dutch: *frēht
Middle Dutch: vrecht
Old High German: ēht

Old Norse: átt, ætt

Icelandic: átt, ætt

Faroese: ætt

Norwegian Nynorsk: ætt

Old Swedish: æt

Swedish: ätt

Danish: æt

Old Gutnish: ǣt

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃 (aihts)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éyḱ-tis. By surface analysis, *aiganą + *-þiz.


baraz

baraz (nominative singular)
barizō (nominative plural)
baraz (singular vocative)
barizō (plural vocative)
baraz (accusative singular)
barizō (accusative plural)
bariziz (genitive singular)
barizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
barizi (dative singular)
barizumaz (dative plural)
barizē (instrumental singular)
barizumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: barr (“barley; pine needles”)
Icelandic: barr
Faroese: barr
Norwegian Nynorsk: bar
Old Swedish: bar
Swedish: barr

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰors- or *bʰor-es- (more traditionally reconstructed as *bʰars-), the further origin of which is uncertain; possibly from or related to *bʰers- (“tip, bristle; pointy, prickly”) (compare *barsaz, *burstiz), the sense of which may be preserved in the North Germanic descendants. For the semantic development, compare Albanian halë (“pointed tip, splinter; awn; pine needle”).
Cognate with Latin far n (“emmer; grits”) and fārīna f (“flour”), Faliscan 𐌅𐌀𐌓 (far, “emmer wheat”), Proto-Slavic *boršьno (“flour”), Old Irish bairgen f (“bread, loaf”), Welsh bara (“bread”), Breton bara (“bread”), Old Cornish bara, Albanian bar (“grass”), Proto-Slavic *bъrъ (“foxtail millet”) and perhaps Latvian barĩba (“food”).

⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌶𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃

+ -𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (-eins); or directly from *barizīnaz

*barizaz (“barley”) (thematicized from the oblique stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *barīOld English: bereMiddle English: bereEnglish: bereScots: bere

beir⇒ Old English: bærlīċMiddle English: barly

berleyEnglish: barleyScots: barlieYola: baarich


dōmaz

dōmaz (nominative singular)
dōmōz (nominative plural)
dōmōs (nominative plural)
dōm (singular vocative)
dōmōz (plural vocative)
dōmōs (plural vocative)
dōmą (accusative singular)
dōmanz (accusative plural)
dōmas (genitive singular)
dōmis (genitive singular)
dōmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dōmai (dative singular)
dōmamaz (dative plural)
dōmō (instrumental singular)
dōmamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dōm
Old English: dōm, ᛞᚩᛗ (dóm) — Franks Casket
Middle English: doom, doim, dom, dome
English: doom
Middle Scots: dome, dume
Old Frisian: dōm
West Frisian: doem
Old Saxon: dōm
Old Dutch: *duom
Middle Dutch: doem
Dutch: doem
Afrikaans: doem
Old High German: tuom

Old Norse: dómr
Icelandic: dómur
Faroese: dómur
Norwegian: dom
Old Swedish: dōmber
Swedish: dom
Danish: dom

Gothic: 𐌳𐍉𐌼𐍃 (dōms)

→? Proto-Slavic: *duma (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰóh₁mos (“thing put”), from *dʰeh₁- (“to put, do”). Related to *dōną.


glōdiz

glōdiz (nominative singular)
glōdīz (nominative plural)
glōdi (singular vocative)
glōdīz (plural vocative)
glōdį (accusative singular)
glōdinz (accusative plural)
glōdīz (genitive singular)
glōdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glōdī (dative singular)
glōdimaz (dative plural)
glōdī (instrumental singular)
glōdimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *glōdi
Old English: glēd
Middle English: glede, gleede
English: glede, glead, gleed
Scots: gleed, gleid
Old Frisian: glōd, glēd
Saterland Frisian: Gloud
West Frisian: gloed
Old Saxon: glōd (in compounds: glōdpanna, glōdwelo, etc.)
Middle Low German: glōt
Low German: gloot
Plautdietsch: Gloot
⇒? German Low German: Gloor
Old Dutch: *gluod
Middle Dutch: gloet
Dutch: gloed
Afrikaans: gloed
Limburgish: glood
Old High German: gluot
Middle High German: gluot
Cimbrian: gluut
German: Glut

Old Norse: glóð, *glœð

Icelandic: glóð

Faroese: glóð

Norwegian: glød

Old Swedish: glø̄þ
Swedish: glöd

Old Danish: glø̄th

Danish: glød

→ Scots: glude


dauþuz

dauþuz (nominative singular)
dauþiwiz (nominative plural)
dauþu (singular vocative)
dauþiwiz (plural vocative)
dauþų (accusative singular)
dauþunz (accusative plural)
dauþauz (genitive singular)
dauþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dauþiwi (dative singular)
dauþumaz (dative plural)
dauþū (instrumental singular)
dauþumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dauþu
Old English: dēaþ, dǣð
Middle English: deeth, deð, dæð, dæþ; deth, deþ, deeþ, deþe, dethe
English: death
English: deeth
Scots: deith, daith
Old Frisian: dāth
Saterland Frisian: Dood
West Frisian: dead
Old Saxon: dōth
Middle Low German: dōt, dōd
German Low German: Dood
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Däut
Suerländer-Märkisch: Dôd
Westmünsterländisch: Dood
Plautdietsch: Doot
Old Dutch: dōth, dōt
Middle Dutch: dôot
Dutch: dood
Afrikaans: dood
Old High German: tōd, dot, doth
Middle High German: tōt
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Daod, Dod
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Dod
German: Tod
Luxembourgish: Doud
Yiddish: טויט (toyt)

Proto-Norse: *ᛞᚨᚢᚦᚢᛉ (*dauþuʀ)

Old Norse: dauðr

Icelandic: dauður

Faroese: deyður

Norwegian Nynorsk: daud

Swedish: död

Danish: død

Norwegian Bokmål: død

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: død

→ Proto-Finnic: *tauti

Finnish: tauti

→ Proto-Samic: *tāvtë (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍃 (dauþus)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰówtus, equivalent to *dawjaną + *-þuz.


daubaz

*daubaz (a-stem)

daubaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
daubai (masculine nominative plural strong)
daubō (feminine nominative singular strong)
daubôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
daubą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
daubō (neuter nominative plural strong)
daubanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
daubanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
daubǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
daubōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
daubą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
daubō (accusative neuter plural strong)
daubas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
daubaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
daubaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
daubaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
daubas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
daubaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
daubammai (dative masculine singular strong)
daubaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
daubaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
daubaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
daubammai (dative neuter singular strong)
daubaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
daubanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
daubaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
daubaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
daubaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
daubanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
daubaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
daubô (masculine nominative singular weak)
daubaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
daubǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
daubōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
daubô (neuter nominative singular weak)
daubōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
daubanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
daubanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
daubōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
daubōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
daubô (accusative neuter singular weak)
daubōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
daubiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
daubanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
daubōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
daubōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
daubiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
daubanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
daubini (dative masculine singular weak)
daubammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
daubōni (dative feminine singular weak)
daubōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
daubini (dative neuter singular weak)
daubammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
daubinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
daubammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
daubōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
daubōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
daubinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
daubammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *daub
Old English: dēaf
Middle English: deef, def
English: deaf
Scots: deef, deif, deaf
Old Frisian: dāf
Saterland Frisian: doof
Old Saxon: dōf
Middle Low German: dōf
Low German: doof
→ German: doof
→ West Frisian: dôf
Plautdietsch: doof
Old Dutch: *dōf
Middle Dutch: dôof
Dutch: doof
Afrikaans: doof
Berbice Creole Dutch: dofu
Negerhollands: doof
→ Papiamentu: dof
→ Sranan Tongo: dofu
Limburgish: douf
Old High German: toub, toup, (Central German) doub
Middle High German: toup; doup, douf
Central Franconian: dauv, doov, daaf
Luxembourgish: daf
Hunsrik: daab
German: taub
Yiddish: טויב (toyb)

Old Norse: daufr
Icelandic: daufur
Faroese: deyvur
Norn: def
Norwegian Nynorsk: dauv
Elfdalian: dov
Old Swedish: dø̄ver
Swedish: döv
Old Danish: dø̄f
Danish: døv
Norwegian Bokmål: døv
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: døv
Gutnish: dauvar
Scanian: dǿver
→ Middle English: daf, daffe
English: daff
→ English: dowf

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍆𐍃 (daufs, “hardened”)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- (“to whisk, be obscured”).


deuzą

deuzą (nominative singular)
deuzō (nominative plural)
deuzą (singular vocative)
deuzō (plural vocative)
deuzą (accusative singular)
deuzō (accusative plural)
deuzas (genitive singular)
diuzis (genitive singular)
deuzǫ̂ (genitive plural)
diuzai (dative singular)
deuzamaz (dative plural)
deuzō (instrumental singular)
deuzamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *deuʀ
Old English: dīor, dēor
Middle English: deor, deure, dure, dier, dere
Scots: dere, deir
English: deer
Old Frisian: diār, diēr
North Frisian: dier
North Frisian: Diirt (Sylt)
Saterland Frisian: Diert (possibly borrowed from Middle Low German)
West Frisian: djier (obsolete), dier
Old Saxon: dior
Middle Low German: dēr, dēre, dērt, deirt, dêrd
Dutch Low Saxon: diert
German Low German: Deer, Deert, Dird, Dairt, Duert, Diert, Dirt, Dier
Old Dutch: dier
Middle Dutch: dier
Dutch: dier
Old High German: tior
Middle High German: tier
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Tier
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Dier
Kölsch: Deer, Dier
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Dier
German: Tier
→ Plautdietsch: Tier, Tiea
Luxembourgish: Déier
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Déier

Proto-Norse: *ᛞᛖᚢᛉᚨ (*deuʀa)
Old West Norse: dýr, djór
Icelandic: dýr
Faroese: dýr, djór
Norwegian Nynorsk: dyr
Old East Norse: diūʀ
Old Swedish: diūr, ᚦᛁᚢᚱ
Swedish: djur
Old Danish: diūr
Danish: dyr, (obsolete) djur
Norwegian Bokmål: dyr
Old Gutnish: diaur
Gutnish: djaur

Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍃 (dius)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewsóm, a vṛddhi formation based on *dʰwes- (“to breathe”), which also led to Lithuanian dvēsti, Latvian dvēsele, Proto-Slavic *duša (whence Russian душа́ (dušá)), and possibly Latin bēstia.


daudaz

*daudaz (a-stem)

daudaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
daudai (masculine nominative plural strong)
daudō (feminine nominative singular strong)
daudôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
daudą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
daudō (neuter nominative plural strong)
daudanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
daudanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
daudǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
daudōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
daudą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
daudō (accusative neuter plural strong)
daudas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
daudaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
daudaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
daudaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
daudas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
daudaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
daudammai (dative masculine singular strong)
daudaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
daudaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
daudaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
daudammai (dative neuter singular strong)
daudaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
daudanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
daudaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
daudaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
daudaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
daudanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
daudaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
daudô (masculine nominative singular weak)
daudaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
daudǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
daudōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
daudô (neuter nominative singular weak)
daudōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
daudanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
daudanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
daudōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
daudōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
daudô (accusative neuter singular weak)
daudōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
daudiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
daudanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
daudōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
daudōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
daudiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
daudanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
daudini (dative masculine singular weak)
daudammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
daudōni (dative feminine singular weak)
daudōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
daudini (dative neuter singular weak)
daudammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
daudinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
daudammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
daudōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
daudōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
daudinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
daudammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *daud
Old English: dēad, ᛞᛠᛞ (dead) — Near Fakenham plaque
Middle English: ded, deed
Scots: dede, deed, deid
English: dead
Yola: deed
Old Frisian: dād
North Frisian: ded
West Frisian: dead, dea
Saterland Frisian: dood
Old Saxon: dōd
Middle Low German: dōt
Low German: dood
Plautdietsch: doot
Old Dutch: dōt
Middle Dutch: dôot
Dutch: dood
Afrikaans: dood
Limburgish: doead
Old High German: tōt
Middle High German: tōt
Alemannic German:
Swabian: daod, dod
Bavarian: doud
Cimbrian: tòat
Central Franconian: dut, dot
Hunsrik: dot
Luxembourgish: dout
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: duud
Upper Saxon German:
East Franconian:
German: tot
Rhine Franconian: dut, dot
Yiddish: טויט (toyt)

Old Norse: dauðr
Icelandic: dauður
Faroese: deyður
Middle Norwegian: daudher, dauder
Norwegian Nynorsk: daud, (dialectal) dauder, daud'e, daug'e
→ Norwegian Bokmål: daud
Old Swedish: dø̄þer
Swedish: död
Old Danish: dø̄th
Danish: død
Norwegian Bokmål: død
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: død

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (dauþs)

From Pre-Germanic *dʰowHtós, original past participle to *dawjaną.


draganą

dragō (active first-person indicative singular)
dragaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dragai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dragizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dragaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drag (active imperative second-person singular)
dragazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dragaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dragidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dragai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dragadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dragadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dragaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dragōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dragaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dragadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dragaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dragadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dragamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dragaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dragandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dragaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dragid (active indicative plural second-person)
dragaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dragid (active imperative plural second-person)
dragandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dragaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dragandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dragain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dragandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dragandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dragaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
drōg (active first-person indicative singular)
drōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
drōht (active indicative second-person singular)
drōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drōg (active indicative singular third-person)
drōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
drōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
drōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
drōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
drōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
drōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dragandz (active participle present)
draganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *dragan
Old English: dragan
Middle English: dragen, draȝen, drawen
Scots: draw
English: draw
Old Frisian: draga, drega
Saterland Frisian: drega, drein
Saterland Frisian: dreege
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: dreeg
Mooring: dreege
West Frisian: drage
Old Saxon: dragan
Middle Low German: dragen, dregen
Low German: dregen, dragen
Old Dutch: dragan
Middle Dutch: drāgen
Dutch: dragen
Limburgish: drage
Zealandic: draege
Old High German: tragan
Middle High German: tragen
Alemannic German: trage, traga, traa
Bavarian: drong, drång
Central Franconian: drage, draan, droon
Luxembourgish: droen
German: tragen
Yiddish: טראָגן (trogn)

Old Norse: draga, dræga
Icelandic: draga
Faroese: draga
Norn: draga
Norwegian Bokmål: dra
Norwegian Nynorsk: draga, dra
Elfdalian: drågå
Old Swedish: dragha
Swedish: draga, dra
→ Finnish: raahata
Scanian: drağa
Danish: drage
Gutnish: dräge, dräg', dräga, draga, dra
→ Middle English: dragen, draggen
Scots: dreg
English: drag

Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽 (dragan)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰregʰ- (“to pull, draw, drag”).


dwergaz

dwergaz (nominative singular)
dwergōz (nominative plural)
dwergōs (nominative plural)
dwerg (singular vocative)
dwergōz (plural vocative)
dwergōs (plural vocative)
dwergą (accusative singular)
dwerganz (accusative plural)
dwergas (genitive singular)
dwirgis (genitive singular)
dwergǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dwirgai (dative singular)
dwergamaz (dative plural)
dwergō (instrumental singular)
dwergamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dwerg
Old English: dweorg, dweorh, dwerg
Middle English: dwerf, dwergh, dwerw
English: dwarf
Scots: droich, droch; dwerch, duerch, duerche, dorche
→ Scottish Gaelic: troich
Old Frisian: dwerch
Saterland Frisian: Dwärch
West Frisian: dwerch
Old Saxon: dwerg
Middle Low German: dwerch, dwarch, dwark
Low German: Dwarg
Old Dutch: *dwerg
Middle Dutch: dwerch
Dutch: dwerg
Afrikaans: dwerg
Old High German: twerc, twerg
Middle High German: twerc
German: Zwerg

Old Norse: dvergr
Icelandic: dvergur
Faroese: dvørgur
Norwegian Nynorsk: dverg; (dialectal) verg, tverg
Old Swedish: dværgher
Swedish: dvärg
Danish: dværg
Norwegian Bokmål: dverg
Gutnish: dvärg, värg

Uncertain. Sometimes compared with Sanskrit ध्वरस् (dhvaras, “demon”) or Lithuanian dvãsas (“spirit”). Kroonen instead suggests a derivation from strong verb *dwerganą (whence Middle High German zwergen (“to squeeze, press”)).


dwīnaną

dwīnō (active first-person indicative singular)
dwīnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dwīnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dwīnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dwīnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dwīn (active imperative second-person singular)
dwīnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dwīnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dwīnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dwīnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dwīnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dwīnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dwīnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dwīnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dwīnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dwīnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dwīnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dwīnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dwīnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dwīnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dwīnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dwīnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dwīnid (active indicative plural second-person)
dwīnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dwīnid (active imperative plural second-person)
dwīnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dwīnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dwīnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dwīnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dwīnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dwīnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dwīnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dwain (active first-person indicative singular)
dwinį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dwaint (active indicative second-person singular)
dwinīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dwain (active indicative singular third-person)
dwinī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dwinū (active dual first-person indicative)
dwinīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dwinudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dwinīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dwinum (active first-person indicative plural)
dwinīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dwinud (active indicative plural second-person)
dwinīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dwinun (active indicative plural third-person)
dwinīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dwīnandz (active participle present)
dwinanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dwīnan
Old English: dwīnan
Middle English: dwinen
Scots: dwyne, dwine
English: dwine; dwindle
Old Frisian: *dwīna
West Frisian: ferdwyne, ferdwine
Old Saxon: *dwīnan
Middle Low German: dwînen
Low German: dwienen, verdwienen
Old Dutch: *dwīnan
Middle Dutch: dwinen
⇒ Middle Dutch: verdwinen
Dutch: verdwijnen

Old Norse: dvína

Icelandic: dvína

Faroese: dvína

Swedish: dvina

According to Orel, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwey- (“to slip away; dwindle; die”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰew- (“to die; pass away”). Given that Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰ generally becomes Proto-Germanic *w word-internally, according to Kroonen, this would rather be from Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰey- (“to decline, perish”).