sīhwaną

sīhwō (active first-person indicative singular)
sīhwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sīhwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sīhwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sīhwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sīhw (active imperative second-person singular)
sīhwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sīhwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sīhwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sīhwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sīhwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sīhwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sīhwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sīhwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sīhwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sīhwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sīhwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sīhwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sīhwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sīhwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sīhwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sīhwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sīhwid (active indicative plural second-person)
sīhwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sīhwid (active imperative plural second-person)
sīhwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sīhwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sīhwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sīhwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sīhwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sīhwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sīhwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
saihw (active first-person indicative singular)
siwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
saiht (active indicative second-person singular)
siwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
saihw (active indicative singular third-person)
siwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sigū (active dual first-person indicative)
siwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sigudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
siwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sigum (active first-person indicative plural)
siwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sigud (active indicative plural second-person)
siwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sigun (active indicative plural third-person)
siwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sīhwandz (active participle present)
siwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sīhwan
Old English: sīon, sēon
Middle English: sihen, sien (merged with sīġan < Proto-Germanic *sīganą)
Scots: sye
English: sie
Old Frisian: sīa
Old Saxon: *sīhan
Middle Low German: sîen
German Low German: sejen
Old Dutch: *sīan
Middle Dutch: siën
Dutch: zien
Afrikaans: sien
Javindo: sien, siet
Jersey Dutch: zîn, zîne
Limburgish: zeen
Old High German: sīhan
Middle High German: sīhen
German: seihen
Bavarian: siachen (southern dialect)

Old Norse: sía

Icelandic: sía

From Proto-Indo-European *seykʷ- (“to filter”).


hulliz

hulliz (nominative singular)
hullīz (nominative plural)
hulli (singular vocative)
hullīz (plural vocative)
hullį (accusative singular)
hullinz (accusative plural)
hullīz (genitive singular)
hullijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hullī (dative singular)
hullimaz (dative plural)
hullī (instrumental singular)
hullimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hyll
Middle English: hil, hyl, hille, hylle, hul, hulle, helle
English: hill
Scots: hill, hull
Yola: hele, hile, hill

Old Frisian: *hell, *hel; holla

West Frisian: hel

Old Saxon: *hull, *hul

Middle Low German: hull

Old Dutch: hil (coastal, Ingvaeonic); *hul (elsewhere)

Middle Dutch: hil, hille; hul

Dutch: hil; hul

From Proto-Indo-European *kl̥Hnís (“hill”), from the root *kelH-. Compare Proto-Italic *kolnis > Latin collis.


grīpaną

grīpō (active first-person indicative singular)
grīpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grīpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
grīpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
grīpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grīp (active imperative second-person singular)
grīpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grīpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grīpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
grīpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grīpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
grīpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grīpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grīpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
grīpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grīpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grīpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grīpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grīpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grīpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grīpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grīpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grīpid (active indicative plural second-person)
grīpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grīpid (active imperative plural second-person)
grīpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grīpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grīpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
grīpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grīpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
grīpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grīpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
graip (active first-person indicative singular)
gripį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
graift (active indicative second-person singular)
gripīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
graip (active indicative singular third-person)
gripī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gripū (active dual first-person indicative)
gripīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gripudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gripīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gripum (active first-person indicative plural)
gripīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gripud (active indicative plural second-person)
gripīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gripun (active indicative plural third-person)
gripīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grīpandz (active participle present)
gripanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *grīpan
Old English: grīpan
Middle English: gripen
Scots: gripe
English: gripe
Old Frisian: grīpa
North Frisian: gripe
Saterland Frisian: griepe
West Frisian: gripe
Old Saxon: grīpan
Middle Low German: grîpen
Low German: griepen
Plautdietsch: jriepen
Old Dutch: grīpan
Middle Dutch: gripen
Dutch: grijpen
Limburgish: griepe
Old High German: grīfan
Middle High German: grifen
Cimbrian: graifan
German: greifen
Luxembourgish: gräifen
→ Old French: grifer
French: griffer
→ Old French: *gripper
French: gripper
⇒ French: grippe (noun) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: grípa
Icelandic: grípa
Faroese: grípa
Norwegian Bokmål: gripe
Norwegian Nynorsk: gripa
Old Swedish: grīpa
Swedish: gripa
Danish: gribe

Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍀𐌰𐌽 (greipan)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰreyb- (“to grab, to grasp”).


fellą

fellą (nominative singular)
fellō (nominative plural)
fellą (singular vocative)
fellō (plural vocative)
fellą (accusative singular)
fellō (accusative plural)
fellas (genitive singular)
fillis (genitive singular)
fellǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fillai (dative singular)
fellamaz (dative plural)
fellō (instrumental singular)
fellamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fell
Old English: fell
Middle English: felle, fell
Scots: fell
English: fell
Old Frisian: fel
West Frisian: fel
Old Saxon: fel
Middle Low German: vel
Old Dutch: fel
Middle Dutch: vel
Dutch: vel
Afrikaans: vel
Jersey Dutch: vääl
Negerhollands: vel, fel
→ Indonesian: pel
Old High German: fel
Middle High German: vël
German: Fell

Old Norse: fell, fjall

Icelandic: fell, fjall

Old Swedish: fiæl

Swedish: fjäll

Old Norse: filla

Icelandic: filla

Norwegian Bokmål: fille

Norwegian Nynorsk: fille

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹 (faurafilli)

From pre-Germanic *pelnóm, from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“skin, hide; to cover, wrap”). Cognate with Latin pellis (“skin”).

der

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


arjaną

arjō (active first-person indicative singular)
arjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
arjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
arisi (active indicative second-person singular)
arjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ari (active imperative second-person singular)
arjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
arjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ariþi (active indicative singular third-person)
arjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
arjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
arjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
arjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
arjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
arjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
arjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
arjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
arjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
arjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
arjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
arjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
arjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ariþ (active indicative plural second-person)
arjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ariþ (active imperative plural second-person)
arjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
arjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
arjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
arjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
arjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
arjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
arjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ear (active first-person indicative singular)
earį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
eart (active indicative second-person singular)
earīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ear (active indicative singular third-person)
earī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
earū (active dual first-person indicative)
earīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
earudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
earīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
earum (active first-person indicative plural)
earīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
earud (active indicative plural second-person)
earīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
earun (active indicative plural third-person)
earīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
arjandz (active participle present)
aranaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *arjan
Old English: erian
Middle English: eren, eeren, ere, erie, erye, eyr, herie, herye, heryȝen; ærien, erien (Early Middle English)
English: ear (archaic)
Scots: ear
Old Frisian: era, ara
Old Saxon: erian
Old Dutch: *erien, *erren
Middle Dutch: ēren, ērien, erren
Old High German: erien, erren
Middle High German: ern

Old Norse: erja

Icelandic: erja

Old Swedish: æria

Swedish: ärja

Old Danish: æriæ

Danish: ærje

Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (arjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éryeti, from *h₂erh₃-.


arbiją

arbiją (nominative singular)
arbijō (nominative plural)
arbiją (singular vocative)
arbijō (plural vocative)
arbiją (accusative singular)
arbijō (accusative plural)
arbijas (genitive singular)
arbīs (genitive singular)
arbijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arbijai (dative singular)
arbijamaz (dative plural)
arbijō (instrumental singular)
arbijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *arbī
Old English: ierfe, yrfe, irfe, erfe, ærfe
Middle English: erve, erfe, erf, irve, yrfe (through the Anglian equivalent)
English: erf
Scots: arff, airf
Old Frisian: erve
Saterland Frisian: Ierwe, Äärwe
Old Saxon: ervi
Low German: Arf
Old Dutch: ervi
Middle Dutch: erve
Dutch: erf
Afrikaans: erf
→ English: erf
Negerhollands: erfe
Petjo: erf
Old High German: erbi
Middle High German: erbe
German: Erbe
Luxembourgish: Ierwen

Proto-Norse: ᚨᚱᛒᛁᛃᚨ (arbija)
Old Norse: erfi
Icelandic: erfi
Faroese: ervi
Norwegian Nynorsk: erve
Old Swedish: ærve

Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌹 (arbi)

→ Proto-Finnic: *arpa (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *ārpē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃orbʰ-yo-m, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ- (“to change ownership”) (from which also *h₃órbʰos (“orphan”)).


nēaną

nēō (active first-person indicative singular)
nēaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nēai (first-person indicative passive singular)
nēizi (active indicative second-person singular)
nēaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nē (active imperative second-person singular)
nēazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
nēaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
nēidi (active indicative singular third-person)
nēai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nēadau (active imperative singular third-person)
nēadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
nēaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
nēōz (active dual first-person indicative)
nēaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nēadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nēaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nēadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
nēamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
nēaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nēandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
nēaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
nēid (active indicative plural second-person)
nēaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nēid (active imperative plural second-person)
nēandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
nēaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
nēandi (active indicative plural third-person)
nēain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nēandau (active imperative plural third-person)
nēandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
nēaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
nenō (active first-person indicative singular)
nenōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nenōt (active indicative second-person singular)
nenōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nenō (active indicative singular third-person)
nenōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nenōū (active dual first-person indicative)
nenōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nenōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nenōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nenōum (active first-person indicative plural)
nenōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nenōud (active indicative plural second-person)
nenōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nenōun (active indicative plural third-person)
nenōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nēandz (active participle present)
nēanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Frisian: *nāja

West Frisian: naaie (possibly borrowed from Dutch)

Old Saxon: *nāian

Middle Low German: neien

German Low German: naihen

Old Dutch: *nāien

Middle Dutch: nâyen

Dutch: naaien

Afrikaans: naai

→ English: naai

Jersey Dutch: nâje

Negerhollands: naai, naej

→ Aukan: nai

→ Saramaccan: nái

→ Sranan Tongo: nai

Old High German: nāian, nāen

Middle High German: nǣjen, nǣn

German: nähen

Hunsrik: nehe

Luxembourgish: néien

Vilamovian: nyn

Yiddish: נייען (neyen)

/ˈnɛː.ɑ.nɑ̃/


slihtaz

*slihtaz (a-stem)

slihtaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
slihtai (masculine nominative plural strong)
slihtō (feminine nominative singular strong)
slihtôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
slihtą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
slihtō (neuter nominative plural strong)
slihtanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
slihtanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
slihtǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
slihtōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
slihtą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
slihtō (accusative neuter plural strong)
slihtas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
slihtaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
slihtaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
slihtaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
slihtas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
slihtaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
slihtammai (dative masculine singular strong)
slihtaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
slihtaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
slihtaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
slihtammai (dative neuter singular strong)
slihtaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
slihtanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
slihtaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
slihtaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
slihtaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
slihtanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
slihtaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
slihtô (masculine nominative singular weak)
slihtaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
slihtǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
slihtōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
slihtô (neuter nominative singular weak)
slihtōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
slihtanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
slihtanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
slihtōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
slihtōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
slihtô (accusative neuter singular weak)
slihtōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
slihtiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
slihtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
slihtōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
slihtōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
slihtiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
slihtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
slihtini (dative masculine singular weak)
slihtammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
slihtōni (dative feminine singular weak)
slihtōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
slihtini (dative neuter singular weak)
slihtammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
slihtinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
slihtammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
slihtōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
slihtōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
slihtinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
slihtammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Old English: sliht
Middle English: slight, sleght, sleȝt, sleight, sleiȝte, sliȝt, slyght, slyȝt
English: slight
Scots: slicht
Yola: sleight

Old Frisian: sliucht

Saterland Frisian: sljucht

West Frisian: sljocht

Old Saxon: *sliht, *sleht

Middle Low German: slicht; slecht (rarer)

q

German Low German: slicht, slecht (often with split after standard German)

Old Dutch: *sliht, *sleht

Middle Dutch: slicht, slecht

Dutch: slecht (earlier also slicht)

Afrikaans: sleg

Old High German: sleht; *sliht

Middle High German: sleht; sliht (northern; rather rare)

German: schlecht; schlicht (partly from Low German)

Vilamovian: ślaht

Yiddish: שלעכט (shlekht)

desctree

Old Norse: sléttr
Icelandic: sléttur
Faroese: slættur
Norwegian Nynorsk: slett
Norwegian Bokmål: slett
Old Swedish: slǣtter
Swedish: slät, slätt
Danish: slet
Gutnish: slètur

Gothic: 𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃 (slaihts)


hrawaz

*hrawaz (a-stem)

hrawaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hrawai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hrawō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hrawôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hrawą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hrawō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hrawanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hrawanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hrawǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hrawōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hrawą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hrawō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hrawas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hrawaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hrawaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hrawaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hrawas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hrawaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hrawammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hrawaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hrawaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hrawaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hrawammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hrawaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hrawanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hrawaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hrawaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hrawaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hrawanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hrawaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hrawô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hrawaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hrawǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hrawōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hrawô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hrawōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hrawanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hrawanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hrawōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hrawōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hrawô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hrawōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hrawiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hrawanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hrawōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hrawōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hrawiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hrawanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hrawini (dative masculine singular weak)
hrawammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hrawōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hrawōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hrawini (dative neuter singular weak)
hrawammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hrawinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hrawammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hrawōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hrawōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hrawinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hrawammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrau
Old English: hrēaw, hrǣw
Middle English: rawe, raw, rau, rauȝ, raugh, rae, ra, rowe
English: raw
Scots: raw
Old Frisian: *hrā, *hrē
Saterland Frisian: räi
West Frisian: rau
Old Saxon: hrāo
Middle Low German: rō
Old Dutch: *rao, *rō
Middle Dutch: roo, rou, raeu
Dutch: rauw
Afrikaans: rou
Old High German: rō, hrō, rao, rāo
Middle High German: rō, rōch, rou, rā
Central Franconian: rüh, rieh, reh
Luxembourgish: réi
German: roh
Yiddish: רוי (roy)

Old Norse: hrár
Icelandic: hrár
Faroese: ráur
Norwegian Nynorsk: rå
Norwegian Bokmål: rå
Elfdalian: rå
Old Swedish: rār
Swedish: rå
Old Danish: rā
Danish: rå
Scanian: aráer
Gutnish: råar

→ Proto-Finnic: *raaka

Estonian: raag-

⇒ Estonian: raagnahk

Finnish: raaka

From Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂- (“raw meat, fresh blood”).


andijaz

andijaz (nominative singular)
andijōz (nominative plural)
andijōs (nominative plural)
andī (singular vocative)
andijōz (plural vocative)
andijōs (plural vocative)
andiją (accusative singular)
andijanz (accusative plural)
andijas (genitive singular)
andīs (genitive singular)
andijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
andijai (dative singular)
andijamaz (dative plural)
andijō (instrumental singular)
andijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *andī
Old English: ende
Middle English: ende, eend, eende, end, eynde, ȝend, hende, yende, ynde
English: end
Scots: end, ende, hend
Yola: een, eene
Old Frisian: ende, enda
Saterland Frisian: Eende, Eend
West Frisian: ein
Old Saxon: endi
Middle Low German: ende
Dutch Low Saxon: ende
German Low German: End, Enne, Enn
Plautdietsch: Enj
Old Dutch: endi
Middle Dutch: ende
Dutch: einde
Limburgish: ènj
Old High German: enti
Middle High German: ende
Alemannic German: Endi, End
Central Franconian: Enk
Hunsrik: Enn
Luxembourgish: Enn
Cimbrian: énte
German: Ende
Rhine Franconian: End, Enn, Enne, Inn
Frankfurterisch: [ent]; [en] (older)
Pennsylvania German: End
Vilamovian: end

Old Norse: endi, endir
Icelandic: endir
Faroese: endi
Norwegian Nynorsk: ende
Norwegian Bokmål: ende
Elfdalian: ende, end
Old Swedish: ænde
Swedish: ände
Danish: ende

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 (andeis)

the endpoint of something, whether the front end or back end


slīkaną

slīkō (active first-person indicative singular)
slīkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slīkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
slīkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
slīkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slīk (active imperative second-person singular)
slīkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
slīkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
slīkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
slīkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slīkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
slīkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
slīkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
slīkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
slīkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slīkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slīkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slīkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
slīkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
slīkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slīkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
slīkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
slīkid (active indicative plural second-person)
slīkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slīkid (active imperative plural second-person)
slīkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
slīkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
slīkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
slīkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slīkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
slīkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
slīkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
slaik (active first-person indicative singular)
slikį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slaiht (active indicative second-person singular)
slikīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slaik (active indicative singular third-person)
slikī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slikū (active dual first-person indicative)
slikīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slikudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slikīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slikum (active first-person indicative plural)
slikīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slikud (active indicative plural second-person)
slikīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slikun (active indicative plural third-person)
slikīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slīkandz (active participle present)
slikanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *slīkan
Old English: *slīcan
Middle English: sliken
English: slike
Old Frisian: *slīka
Saterland Frisian: slieke
Old Saxon: *slīkan
Middle Low German: slîken
German Low German: slieken
Plautdietsch: schlijken
Old High German: slīhhan
Middle High German: slīchen
German: schleichen
Luxembourgish: schläichen

From Proto-Indo-European *sleyg-, *sleyǵ- (“to glide, smooth, spread”). Cognate with Old Irish sligim (“to smear”) and Proto-Slavic *slizъkъ (“smooth, slime”).


kinnuz

kinnuz (nominative singular)
kinniwiz (nominative plural)
kinnu (singular vocative)
kinniwiz (plural vocative)
kinnų (accusative singular)
kinnunz (accusative plural)
kinnauz (genitive singular)
kinniwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kinniwi (dative singular)
kinnumaz (dative plural)
kinnū (instrumental singular)
kinnumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kinnu, *kinni
Old English: ċinn f, ċin, ċyn
Middle English: chyn, chin, chinne, chynne, shyne, schyn
English: chin
Scots: chin, chyn
Old Frisian: zin
Old Saxon: kinni n
Middle Low German: kinne, kin
Low German: Kinn
→ Old Frisian: kin, ken
West Frisian: kin
Old Dutch: kinni n
Middle Dutch: kinne
Dutch: kin
Afrikaans: kin
Negerhollands: kin
→ Papiamentu: kenchi, kinnetje, kintsje (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: kin
→ German: Kiene (dialectal)
Old High German: kinni n, chinni
Middle High German: kinne, kin
Alemannic German: Chimmi
German: Kinn
Luxembourgish: Kënn
Yiddish: קין (kin)
→? Old French: (“teeth (of a dog or baby)”) [1174, Lorraine, France] (alternatively from or influenced in meaning by chien (“dog”))
Anglo-Norman: quenne, quienne
Old French: quenne
Old Northern French: cane
Picard Old French: kenne
⇒ Old French: *quenotte
Bourbonnais-Berrichon: quenaude
French: quenotte
⇒ French: queniate
Picard: kenotte
→ Occitan: quenote

Old Norse: kinn
Icelandic: kinn
Faroese: kinn
Norwegian Nynorsk: kinn
Norwegian Bokmål: kinn
Old Swedish: kin
Swedish: kind
Danish: kind

Gothic: 𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌿𐍃 (kinnus)

Paradigmatic leveling of *kenuz ~ *kenniz, from earlier *kenuz ~ *kenwez, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵḗn-u-s ~ ǵén-w-os.


sōþą

sōþą (nominative singular)
sōþō (nominative plural)
sōþą (singular vocative)
sōþō (plural vocative)
sōþą (accusative singular)
sōþō (accusative plural)
sōþas (genitive singular)
sōþis (genitive singular)
sōþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sōþai (dative singular)
sōþamaz (dative plural)
sōþō (instrumental singular)
sōþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sōþ

Old Frisian: sōth

Gothic: 𐍃𐍉𐌸 (sōþ)

From Proto-Indo-European *séh₂tis (“satiety”).


rikwizjaną

rikwizjō (active first-person indicative singular)
rikwizjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rikwizjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rikwizisi (active indicative second-person singular)
rikwizjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rikwizi (active imperative second-person singular)
rikwizjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rikwizjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rikwiziþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rikwizjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rikwizjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rikwizjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rikwizjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rikwizjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rikwizjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rikwizjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rikwizjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rikwizjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rikwizjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rikwizjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rikwizjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rikwizjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rikwiziþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rikwizjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rikwiziþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rikwizjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rikwizjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rikwizjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rikwizjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rikwizjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rikwizjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rikwizjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rikwizidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rikwizidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rikwizidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rikwizidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rikwizidē (active indicative singular third-person)
rikwizidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rikwizidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rikwizidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rikwizidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rikwizidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rikwizidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rikwizidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rikwizidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rikwizidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rikwizidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rikwizidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rikwizjandz (active participle present)
rikwizidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐍂𐌹𐌵𐌹𐌶𐌾𐌰𐌽 (riqizjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁regʷesyéti. Equivalent to *rekwaz (“darkness”) + *-janą.


sōdijaną

sōdijō (active first-person indicative singular)
sōdijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sōdijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sōdīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sōdijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sōdī (active imperative second-person singular)
sōdijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sōdijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sōdīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sōdijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sōdijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sōdijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sōdijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sōdijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sōdijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sōdijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sōdijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sōdijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sōdijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sōdijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sōdijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sōdijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sōdīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sōdijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sōdīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sōdijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sōdijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sōdijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sōdijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sōdijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sōdijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sōdijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sōdidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sōdidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sōdidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sōdidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sōdidē (active indicative singular third-person)
sōdidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sōdidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sōdidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sōdidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sōdidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sōdidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sōdidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sōdidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sōdidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sōdidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sōdidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sōdijandz (active participle present)
sōdidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sōdijan
Old English: sēdan, sœ̄dan

Gothic: *𐍃𐍉𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*sōþjan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍉𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gasōþjan)


gamainijaną

gamainijō (active first-person indicative singular)
gamainijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gamainijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gamainīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
gamainijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gamainī (active imperative second-person singular)
gamainijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gamainijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gamainīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gamainijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gamainijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gamainijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gamainijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gamainijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gamainijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gamainijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gamainijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gamainijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gamainijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gamainijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gamainijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gamainijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gamainīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gamainijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gamainīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gamainijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gamainijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gamainijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gamainijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gamainijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gamainijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gamainijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gamainidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
gamainidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gamainidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
gamainidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gamainidē (active indicative singular third-person)
gamainidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gamainidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gamainidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gamainidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gamainidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gamainidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gamainidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gamainidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gamainidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gamainidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gamainidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gamainijandz (active participle present)
gamainidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *gamainijan
Old Saxon: gimēnian
Middle Low German: gemēnen
Old Dutch: gimeinen, *gimēnen
Middle Dutch: gemeinen, gemênen
Old High German: *gimeinen
Middle High German: gemeinen

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gamainjan)

From *gamainiz (“shared, communal”) + *-janą.


samjaną

samjō (active first-person indicative singular)
samjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
samjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
samisi (active indicative second-person singular)
samjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sami (active imperative second-person singular)
samjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
samjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
samiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
samjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
samjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
samjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
samjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
samjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
samjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
samjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
samjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
samjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
samjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
samjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
samjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
samjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
samiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
samjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
samiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
samjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
samjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
samjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
samjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
samjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
samjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
samjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
samidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
samidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
samidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
samidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
samidē (active indicative singular third-person)
samidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
samidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
samidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
samidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
samidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
samidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
samidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
samidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
samidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
samidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
samidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
samjandz (active participle present)
samidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: semja
Icelandic: semja
Faroese: semja
Norwegian Nynorsk: semja
Old Swedish: sæmia
Swedish: sämjas
⇒ Middle Norwegian: semja f
Norwegian Nynorsk: semje, semja, semju
⇒ Swedish: sämja

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (samjan)


reufaną

reufō (active first-person indicative singular)
reufaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
reufai (first-person indicative passive singular)
riufizi (active indicative second-person singular)
reufaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
reuf (active imperative second-person singular)
reufazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
reufaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
riufidi (active indicative singular third-person)
reufai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
reufadau (active imperative singular third-person)
reufadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
reufaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
reufōz (active dual first-person indicative)
reufaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
reufadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
reufaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
reufadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
reufamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
reufaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
reufandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
reufaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
riufid (active indicative plural second-person)
reufaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
riufid (active imperative plural second-person)
reufandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
reufaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
reufandi (active indicative plural third-person)
reufain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
reufandau (active imperative plural third-person)
reufandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
reufaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rauf (active first-person indicative singular)
rubį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rauft (active indicative second-person singular)
rubīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rauf (active indicative singular third-person)
rubī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rubū (active dual first-person indicative)
rubīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rubudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rubīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rubum (active first-person indicative plural)
rubīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rubud (active indicative plural second-person)
rubīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rubun (active indicative plural third-person)
rubīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
reufandz (active participle present)
rubanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *reufan
Old English: rēofan
Middle English: reven (merged with descendants of *raubōną)
Scots: refe, reiff, reve
English: reave, reeve, reve

Old Norse: rjúfa
Icelandic: rjúfa
Faroese: rjúva
Norwegian Nynorsk: rjuva
Old Swedish: rȳva, riuva, riūva

From Proto-Indo-European *Hréwpt, from *Hrewp- (“to break”). Cognate with Latin rumpō.


wardijaną

wardijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wardijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wardijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wardīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wardijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wardī (active imperative second-person singular)
wardijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wardijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wardīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wardijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wardijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wardijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wardijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wardijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wardijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wardijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wardijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wardijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wardijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wardijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wardijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wardijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wardīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wardijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wardīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wardijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wardijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wardijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wardijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wardijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wardijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wardijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wardidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wardidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wardidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wardidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wardidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wardidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wardidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wardidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wardidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wardidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wardidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wardidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wardidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wardidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wardidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wardidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wardijandz (active participle present)
wardidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wardijan
Old English: wierdan, wyrdan, wirdan
Middle English: werden, weorden
Old Frisian: werda
Old High German: werten
Middle High German: werten

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*wardjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *wortéye- (“to turn”). Originally the causative of *werþaną (“to become”), although it was probably no longer recognised as such by Germanic times.


þewaz

þewaz (nominative singular)
þewōz (nominative plural)
þewōs (nominative plural)
þew (singular vocative)
þewōz (plural vocative)
þewōs (plural vocative)
þewą (accusative singular)
þewanz (accusative plural)
þewas (genitive singular)
þiwis (genitive singular)
þewǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þiwai (dative singular)
þewamaz (dative plural)
þewō (instrumental singular)
þewamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þeu
Old English: þēow, þēo
Middle English: theow, thew
English: theow

Proto-Norse: ᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ (þewaʀ)

Old Norse: -þér

Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐍃 (þius)

Uncertain. Possibly either from earlier *þegwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *tekʷ- (“to run”), or from *tew(h₂)- (“to swell, grow”).


þanjaną

þanjō (active first-person indicative singular)
þanjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þanjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þanisi (active indicative second-person singular)
þanjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þani (active imperative second-person singular)
þanjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þanjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þaniþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þanjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þanjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þanjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þanjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þanjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þanjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þanjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þanjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þanjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þanjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þanjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þanjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þanjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þaniþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þanjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þaniþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þanjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þanjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þanjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þanjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þanjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þanjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þanjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þanidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þanidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þanidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þanidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þanidē (active indicative singular third-person)
þanidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þanidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þanidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þanidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þanidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þanidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þanidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þanidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þanidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þanidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þanidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þanjandz (active participle present)
þanidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þannjan
Old English: þennan
Middle English: thinnen
Old Frisian: *thenna, *thena
Saterland Frisian: diene; deenje
Old Saxon: thennian
Middle Low German: dennen, dēnen
Old Dutch: thennen
Middle Dutch: dēnen
Old High German: thenen, thennen, denen, dennen
Middle High German: denen, dennen
German: dehnen
→ Luxembourgish: deenen

Old Norse: þenja

Icelandic: þenja

Faroese: tenja

Norn: tana

Norwegian Nynorsk: tenja

Old Swedish: þænia

Swedish: tänja

Gutnish: täne, tän', täna

⇒ Gothic: 𐌿𐍆𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ufþanjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *tonéyeti, from *ten-.


armāną

armō (active first-person indicative singular)
armaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
armai (active imperative second-person singular)
armāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
armaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
armāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
armāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
armōs (active dual first-person indicative)
armāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
armāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
armāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
armānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
armaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
armaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
armānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
armānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
armānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
armānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
armadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
armadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
armadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
armadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
armadē (active indicative singular third-person)
armadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
armadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
armadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
armadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
armadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
armadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
armadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
armadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
armadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
armadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
armadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
armāndz (active participle present)
armadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *armēn
Old English: earmian
⇒ Old Dutch: *intfarmon
Middle Dutch: entfarmen, ontfarmen
Dutch: ontfermen
Afrikaans: ontferm
⇒ Old High German: irbarmēn
Middle High German: erbarmen
German: erbarmen
Luxembourgish: erbaarmen
→ Middle Dutch: erbarmen
Dutch: erbarmen

Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽 (arman)

Vandalic: *arman


burgijaną

burgijō (active first-person indicative singular)
burgijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
burgijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
burgīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
burgijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
burgī (active imperative second-person singular)
burgijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
burgijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
burgīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
burgijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
burgijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
burgijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
burgijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
burgijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
burgijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
burgijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
burgijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
burgijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
burgijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
burgijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
burgijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
burgijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
burgīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
burgijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
burgīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
burgijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
burgijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
burgijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
burgijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
burgijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
burgijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
burgijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
burgidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
burgidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
burgidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
burgidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
burgidē (active indicative singular third-person)
burgidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
burgidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
burgidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
burgidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
burgidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
burgidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
burgidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
burgidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
burgidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
burgidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
burgidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
burgijandz (active participle present)
burgidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *burgijan
Old English: byrġan
Middle English: berien, burien
English: bury

Old Norse: byrgja

Icelandic: byrgja

Faroese: byrgja

Old Swedish: byrghia, børghia

desc

Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*baurgjan), *𐌱𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*bibaurgjan) implied by 𐌱𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (bibaurgeins)

Zero-grade ye-present, pre-Germanic *bʰr̥gʰye-, from the root of *berganą (“to preserve”).


burgijaną

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *burgijan
Old English: *byrġan
⇒ Old English: onbyrġan
Old High German: *burgen
⇒ Old High German: untarburgen
Middle High German: bürgen
German: bürgen

Old Norse: *byrgja

⇒ Old Norse: ábyrgja

Icelandic: ábyrgja

From *burgaz (“promise, debt”) + *-janą, or *burgijô (“surety”) + *-janą.


ananą

anō (active first-person indicative singular)
anaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
anai (first-person indicative passive singular)
anizi (active indicative second-person singular)
anaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
an (active imperative second-person singular)
anazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
anaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
anidi (active indicative singular third-person)
anai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
anadau (active imperative singular third-person)
anadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
anaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
anōz (active dual first-person indicative)
anaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
anadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
anaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
anadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
anamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
anaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
anandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
anaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
anid (active indicative plural second-person)
anaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
anid (active imperative plural second-person)
anandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
anaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
anandi (active indicative plural third-person)
anain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
anandau (active imperative plural third-person)
anandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
anaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ōn (active first-person indicative singular)
ōnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ōnt (active indicative second-person singular)
ōnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ōn (active indicative singular third-person)
ōnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ōnū (active dual first-person indicative)
ōnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ōnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ōnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ōnum (active first-person indicative plural)
ōnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ōnud (active indicative plural second-person)
ōnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ōnun (active indicative plural third-person)
ōnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
anandz (active participle present)
ananaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: *𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*anan) (in 𐌿𐌶𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽 (uzanan))

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”).


baitaz

baitaz (nominative singular)
baitōz (nominative plural)
baitōs (nominative plural)
bait (singular vocative)
baitōz (plural vocative)
baitōs (plural vocative)
baitą (accusative singular)
baitanz (accusative plural)
baitas (genitive singular)
baitis (genitive singular)
baitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
baitai (dative singular)
baitamaz (dative plural)
baitō (instrumental singular)
baitamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bait
Old English: bāt
Middle English: bot, bate, bat; bote, boot, boet, boyt, bootte, boote
English: boat
Belizean Creole: boat
→ Esperanto: boato
→ Dhivehi: ބޯޓު (bōṭu)
→ Fijian: boto
→ Hijazi Arabic: بوت (bōt)
→ Japanese: ボート (bōto)
→ Pitcairn-Norfolk: boet (Norfuk)
→ Sinhalese: බෝට්ටුව (bōṭṭuwa)
→ Swahili: boti
→ Scots: boat, bote (compare native bait, bate)
→ Tahitian: poti
Tok Pisin: bot
Scots: bate, bait
→ Middle Dutch: boot
Dutch: boot
Afrikaans: boot
→ Middle Low German: bôt, bott
Low German: Boot
Plautdietsch: Boot
→ German: Boot
→ North Frisian: böötj
→ Saterland Frisian: Boot
→ West Frisian: boat
→ Catalan: bot
→ Galician: bote
→ Old French: bot
→ Portuguese: bote
→ Spanish: bote
→ Cebuano: bote
→ Old Norse: bátr (see there for further descendants)
→ Old French: batel (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle Irish: bát
Irish: bád
Scottish Gaelic: bàta
Manx: baatey
→ Latin: battus
→ Welsh: bad
Old Dutch: *bēt
⇒ Old Dutch: *beitil (diminutive)
Middle Dutch: beitel

Old Norse: beit

Icelandic: beit

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyd- (“to break, split”).


hneusaną

hneusō (active first-person indicative singular)
hneusaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hneusai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hniusizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hneusaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hneus (active imperative second-person singular)
hneusazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hneusaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hniusidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hneusai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hneusadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hneusadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hneusaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hneusōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hneusaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hneusadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hneusaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hneusadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hneusamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hneusaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hneusandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hneusaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hniusid (active indicative plural second-person)
hneusaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hniusid (active imperative plural second-person)
hneusandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hneusaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hneusandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hneusain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hneusandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hneusandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hneusaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hnaus (active first-person indicative singular)
hnuzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnaust (active indicative second-person singular)
hnuzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnaus (active indicative singular third-person)
hnuzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnuzū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnuzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnuzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnuzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnuzum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnuzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnuzud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnuzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnuzun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnuzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hneusandz (active participle present)
hnuzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hneusan
Old English: *hnēosan (possibly a loan)
Middle English: nesen
English: neeze
Scots: nese, neese
Old Saxon: *hniosan
Middle Low German: nēsen, neisen
Old Dutch: *niesan
Middle Dutch: niesen
Dutch: niezen
Old High German: niosan
Middle High German: niesen
German: niesen
Yiddish: ניסן (nisn)

Old Norse: hnjósa

Icelandic: hnjósa

Faroese: njósa

Norwegian Bokmål: nyse

Norwegian Nynorsk: nyse

Old Swedish: niūsa

Swedish: nysa, njusa

Danish: nyse

From Proto-Indo-European *pnew-, but presumably interpreted as onomatopoeic judging from the variety in the initial consonants. Forms with initial h- may show interference from Proto-Indo-European *(s)knus- (“to sneeze”).


fneusaną

fneusō (active first-person indicative singular)
fneusaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fneusai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fniusizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fneusaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fneus (active imperative second-person singular)
fneusazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fneusaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fniusidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fneusai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fneusadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fneusadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fneusaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fneusōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fneusaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fneusadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fneusaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fneusadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fneusamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fneusaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fneusandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fneusaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fniusid (active indicative plural second-person)
fneusaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fniusid (active imperative plural second-person)
fneusandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fneusaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fneusandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fneusain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fneusandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fneusandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fneusaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fnaus (active first-person indicative singular)
fnuzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fnaust (active indicative second-person singular)
fnuzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fnaus (active indicative singular third-person)
fnuzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fnuzū (active dual first-person indicative)
fnuzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fnuzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fnuzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fnuzum (active first-person indicative plural)
fnuzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fnuzud (active indicative plural second-person)
fnuzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fnuzun (active indicative plural third-person)
fnuzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fneusandz (active participle present)
fnuzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fneusan
Old English: fnēosan
Middle English: snesen, fnesen, fnese, sniesen, snese
English: sneeze
Scots: sneeze, sneesh
Old Dutch: *fniesan
Middle Dutch: fniesen
Dutch: fniezen
Old High German: *fniosan, *fnūsan
Middle High German: phnūsen, pfnūsen, *snūsen, phūsen
German: pfnausen (archaic)
⇒ Middle High German: snūsen n (noun)

Old Norse: *fnjósa, fnýsa

Icelandic: fnýsa

Faroese: fnýsa

Norwegian: fnysa (dialectal)

Swedish: fnysa

Danish: fnyse

From Proto-Indo-European *pnew-, but presumably interpreted as onomatopoeic judging from the variety in the initial consonants.


flahaną

flahō (active first-person indicative singular)
flahaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flahai (first-person indicative passive singular)
flahizi (active indicative second-person singular)
flahaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flah (active imperative second-person singular)
flahazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
flahaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
flahidi (active indicative singular third-person)
flahai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flahadau (active imperative singular third-person)
flahadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
flahaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
flahōz (active dual first-person indicative)
flahaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flahadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flahaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flahadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
flahamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
flahaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flahandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
flahaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
flahid (active indicative plural second-person)
flahaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flahid (active imperative plural second-person)
flahandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
flahaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
flahandi (active indicative plural third-person)
flahain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flahandau (active imperative plural third-person)
flahandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
flahaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
flōh (active first-person indicative singular)
flōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flōht (active indicative second-person singular)
flōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flōh (active indicative singular third-person)
flōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
flōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
flōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
flōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
flōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flahandz (active participle present)
flaganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *flahan
Old English: flēan
Middle English: flen
English: flay
Old Dutch: *flān
Middle Dutch: vlâen
West Flemish: vlaan

Old Norse: flá
Icelandic: flá
Faroese: fláa
Norwegian: flå
Old Swedish: flā
Swedish: flå
Old Danish: flaa
Danish: flå

From Pre-Germanic *plok-. Kroonen connects with Ancient Greek πλάξ (pláx, “plane, plain, something flat”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat, broad, plain”), sharing several Germanic cognates with Proto-Germanic *flaką (“something flat”); more at English flake.


bakaną

bakō (active first-person indicative singular)
bakaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bakai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bakizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bakaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bak (active imperative second-person singular)
bakazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bakaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bakidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bakai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bakadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bakadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bakaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bakōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bakaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bakadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bakaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bakadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bakamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bakaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bakandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bakaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bakid (active indicative plural second-person)
bakaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bakid (active imperative plural second-person)
bakandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bakaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bakandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bakain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bakandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bakandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bakaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bōk (active first-person indicative singular)
bōkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bōht (active indicative second-person singular)
bōkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bōk (active indicative singular third-person)
bōkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bōkū (active dual first-person indicative)
bōkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bōkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bōkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bōkum (active first-person indicative plural)
bōkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bōkud (active indicative plural second-person)
bōkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bōkun (active indicative plural third-person)
bōkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bakandz (active participle present)
bakanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bakan
Old English: bacan
Middle English: baken, bakyn, bake, bakenn
English: bake
Scots: bake
→ Irish: bácáil
Old Frisian: *baka, *bakka
North Frisian:
Amrum, Feer: baag
Hoolmer, Mooring, Ockholm: bååge
Langenhorn, Hoorninger, Wiedingharder: baage
Sylt: baak
Saterland Frisian: boake
West Frisian: bakke
Old Saxon: bakkan
Middle Low German: backen
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: backen
Sauerländisch: backen
Westmünsterländisch: backen
Plautdietsch: baken
Old Dutch: *bakan, *bakkan
Middle Dutch: baken, backen
Dutch: bakken
→ Sranan Tongo: baka
Old High German: bahhan, backan
Middle High German: bachen, backen
Bavarian: båchn
German: backen, (early, dialectal) bachen
Luxembourgish: baken
Yiddish: באַקן (bakn)

Old Norse: baka
Icelandic: baka
Faroese: baka
Norn: båke
Norwegian Nynorsk: baka
Elfdalian: båkå
Old Swedish: baka
Swedish: baka
Danish: bage
Norwegian Bokmål: bake
Old Gutnish: baka
Gutnish: bake

From Pre-Germanic *bʰh₃g-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₃g- (“to roast, bake”). Related to Ancient Greek φώγω (phṓgō, “to roast”).


gernaz

gernô (adverb)
gernaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gernai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gernō (feminine nominative singular strong)
gernôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gerną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gernō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gernanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gernanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gernǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gernōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gerną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gernō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gernas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
gernaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gernaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gernaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gernas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
gernaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gernammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gernaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gernaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gernaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gernammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gernaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gernanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gernaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gernaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gernaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gernanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gernaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gernô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gernaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gernǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gernōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gernô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gernōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gernanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gernanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gernōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gernōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gernô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gernōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gerniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gernanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gernōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gernōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gerniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gernanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gernini (dative masculine singular weak)
gernammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gernōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gernōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gernini (dative neuter singular weak)
gernammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gerninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gernammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gernōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gernōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gerninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gernammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*gernaz (a-stem)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gern
Old English: ġeorn
Middle English: ȝeorn, yern
English: yern (obsolete)
Old Saxon: gern
Old High German: gern, gerni
Middle High German: gern, gerne

Old Norse: gjarn
Icelandic: gjarn
Faroese: gjarnur
Old Swedish: giærn

>? Gothic: *𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍃 (*gairns)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kërnas (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer-. Cognate with Ancient Greek χαίρω (khaírō, “to be very glad”) and Latin horior (“I encourage”).


swabjaną

swabjō (active first-person indicative singular)
swabjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swabjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swabisi (active indicative second-person singular)
swabjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swabi (active imperative second-person singular)
swabjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swabjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swabiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
swabjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swabjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
swabjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swabjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swabjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
swabjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swabjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swabjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swabjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swabjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swabjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swabjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swabjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swabiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
swabjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swabiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
swabjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swabjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swabjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
swabjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swabjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
swabjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swabjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swabidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
swabidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swabidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
swabidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swabidē (active indicative singular third-person)
swabidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swabidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
swabidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swabidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swabidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swabidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
swabidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swabidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
swabidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swabidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
swabidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swabjandz (active participle present)
swabidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swabbjan
Old English: swebban
Middle English: swebben
English: sweb
Old Saxon: swebbian
Old High German: swebben, sweppen
⇒ Old High German: inswebben

Old Norse: svefja

Icelandic: svefja


frawardijaną

frawardijō (active first-person indicative singular)
frawardijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frawardijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
frawardīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
frawardijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frawardī (active imperative second-person singular)
frawardijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
frawardijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
frawardīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
frawardijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frawardijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
frawardijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
frawardijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
frawardijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
frawardijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frawardijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frawardijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frawardijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
frawardijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
frawardijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frawardijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
frawardijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
frawardīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
frawardijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frawardīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
frawardijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
frawardijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
frawardijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
frawardijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frawardijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
frawardijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
frawardijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frawardidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
frawardidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frawardidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
frawardidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frawardidē (active indicative singular third-person)
frawardidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frawardidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
frawardidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frawardidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frawardidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frawardidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
frawardidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frawardidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
frawardidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frawardidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
frawardidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frawardijandz (active participle present)
frawardidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *frawardijan
Old English: forwierdan
Old Dutch: farwerden
Middle Dutch: verwerden
Old High German: farwerten

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (frawardjan)


frawerþaną

frawerþō (active first-person indicative singular)
frawerþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frawerþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
frawirþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
frawerþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frawerþ (active imperative second-person singular)
frawerþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
frawerþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
frawirþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
frawerþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frawerþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
frawerþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
frawerþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
frawerþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
frawerþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frawerþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frawerþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frawerþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
frawerþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
frawerþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frawerþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
frawerþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
frawirþid (active indicative plural second-person)
frawerþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frawirþid (active imperative plural second-person)
frawerþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
frawerþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
frawerþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
frawerþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frawerþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
frawerþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
frawerþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frawarþ (active first-person indicative singular)
frawurdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frawarst (active indicative second-person singular)
frawurdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frawarþ (active indicative singular third-person)
frawurdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frawurdū (active dual first-person indicative)
frawurdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frawurdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frawurdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frawurdum (active first-person indicative plural)
frawurdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frawurdud (active indicative plural second-person)
frawurdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frawurdun (active indicative plural third-person)
frawurdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frawerþandz (active participle present)
frawurdanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *frawerþan
Old English: forweorþan
Middle English: forworthen
Scots: forworth
English: forworth
Old Frisian: urwertha
Old Saxon: farwerthan
Old Dutch: *farwerthan
Middle Dutch: verwerden
Dutch: verworden
Old High German: firwerdan

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌽 (frawairþan)


tōlą

tōlą (nominative singular)
tōlō (nominative plural)
tōlą (singular vocative)
tōlō (plural vocative)
tōlą (accusative singular)
tōlō (accusative plural)
tōlas (genitive singular)
tōlis (genitive singular)
tōlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tōlai (dative singular)
tōlamaz (dative plural)
tōlō (instrumental singular)
tōlamiz (instrumental plural)

q

Old English: tōl (possibly inherited from Proto-West Germanic, but since the term is not attested in other West Germanic languages, perhaps borrowed from Old Norse)

Middle English: tool, tole, tol

Scots: tule, tuil

English: tool

Old Norse: tól

Icelandic: tól

Faroese: tól

Norn: tøl

Norwegian Nynorsk: tol

Old Swedish: tōl (in compounds)

Perhaps from earlier *taudlą, from Proto-Indo-European *dowh₂-dʰlo-m, from *dewh₂- (“to tie to; secure”). If so, equivalent to *tawjaną + *-þlą.


hwazuh

hwazuh (masculine nominative singular)
hwōhw (feminine nominative singular)
hwatuh (neuter nominative singular)
hwanǭhw (accusative masculine singular)
hwǭhw (accusative feminine singular)
hwatuh (accusative neuter singular)
hwesuh (genitive masculine singular)
hwezōzuh (feminine genitive singular)
hwesuh (genitive neuter singular)
hwammaihw (dative masculine singular)
hwezōihw (dative feminine singular)
hwammaihw (dative neuter singular)
hwēhw (instrumental masculine singular)
hwīhw (instrumental masculine singular)
hwōhw (instrumental masculine singular)
hwezōhw (feminine instrumental singular)
hwēhw (instrumental neuter singular)
hwīhw (instrumental neuter singular)
hwōhw (instrumental neuter singular)

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐌶𐌿𐌷 (ƕazuh)

From *hwaz + *-hw. Cognate with Latin quisque.

(East Germanic) each, everyone, everything


hwarjazuh

gem-decl-adj-table

*hwarjaz (a-stem, strong only)

hwarjazuh (masculine nominative singular)
hwarjaihw (masculine nominative plural)
hwarjōhw (feminine nominative singular)
hwarjôzuh (feminine nominative plural)
hwarjahw (neuter nominative singular)
hwarjōhw (neuter nominative plural)
hwarjanǭhw (accusative masculine singular)
hwarjanzuh (accusative masculine plural)
hwarjǭhw (accusative feminine singular)
hwarjōzuh (accusative feminine plural)
hwarjahw (accusative neuter singular)
hwarjōhw (accusative neuter plural)
hwarjasuh (genitive masculine singular)
-isuh (genitive masculine singular)
hwarjaizǫ̂hw (genitive masculine plural)
hwarjaizōzuh (feminine genitive singular)
hwarjaizǫ̂hw (feminine genitive plural)
hwarjasuh (genitive neuter singular)
-isuh (genitive neuter singular)
hwarjaizǫ̂hw (genitive neuter plural)
hwarjammaihw (dative masculine singular)
hwarjaimazuh (dative masculine plural)
hwarjaizōiuh (dative feminine singular)
hwarjaimazuh (dative feminine plural)
hwarjammaihw (dative neuter singular)
hwarjaimazuh (dative neuter plural)
hwarjanōhw (instrumental masculine singular)
hwarjaimizuh (instrumental masculine plural)
hwarjaizōhw (feminine instrumental singular)
hwarjaimizuh (feminine instrumental plural)
hwarjanōhw (instrumental neuter singular)
hwarjaimizuh (instrumental neuter plural)

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐌶𐌿𐌷 (ƕarjizuh)

From *hwarjaz + *-hw. Compare Latin quisque.


hwaþerazuh

*hwaþeraz (a-stem, strong only)

hwaþerazuh (masculine nominative singular)
hwaþeraihw (masculine nominative plural)
hwaþerōhw (feminine nominative singular)
hwaþerôzuh (feminine nominative plural)
hwaþerahw (neuter nominative singular)
hwaþerōhw (neuter nominative plural)
hwaþeranǭhw (accusative masculine singular)
hwaþeranzuh (accusative masculine plural)
hwaþerǭhw (accusative feminine singular)
hwaþerōzuh (accusative feminine plural)
hwaþerahw (accusative neuter singular)
hwaþerōhw (accusative neuter plural)
hwaþerasuh (genitive masculine singular)
-isuh (genitive masculine singular)
hwaþeraizǫ̂hw (genitive masculine plural)
hwaþeraizōzuh (feminine genitive singular)
hwaþeraizǫ̂hw (feminine genitive plural)
hwaþerasuh (genitive neuter singular)
-isuh (genitive neuter singular)
hwaþeraizǫ̂hw (genitive neuter plural)
hwaþerammaihw (dative masculine singular)
hwaþeraimazuh (dative masculine plural)
hwaþeraizōiuh (dative feminine singular)
hwaþeraimazuh (dative feminine plural)
hwaþerammaihw (dative neuter singular)
hwaþeraimazuh (dative neuter plural)
hwaþeranōhw (instrumental masculine singular)
hwaþeraimizuh (instrumental masculine plural)
hwaþeraizōhw (feminine instrumental singular)
hwaþeraimizuh (feminine instrumental plural)
hwaþeranōhw (instrumental neuter singular)
hwaþeraimizuh (instrumental neuter plural)

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌷 (ƕaþaruh)


hwaruh

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌷 (ƕaruh)


pūkô

pūkô (nominative singular)
pūkaniz (nominative plural)
pūkô (singular vocative)
pūkaniz (plural vocative)
pūkanų (accusative singular)
pūkanunz (accusative plural)
pūkiniz (genitive singular)
pūkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pūkini (dative singular)
pūkammaz (dative plural)
pūkinē (instrumental singular)
pūkammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *pūkō

desctree

Old English: pūca
Middle English: pouke, ppoke, powke, puke
English: puck, Puck
>? English: pug
→? Cornish: bucca
→ English: bucca
→ Welsh: pwca

Old Frisian: *pūka

Saterland Frisian: Puk

>? Dutch: peuk, puk

Old Norse: púki

Icelandic: púki

Faroese: púki

Norwegian: pokker

Old Swedish: pūke
Swedish: puke; ⇒ skråpuke, ⇒ skråpuk

Danish: pokker

→ Latvian: pūķis

→? Old Irish: púca

Irish: púca
→? Cornish: bucca
→ English: bucca
→ English: pooka, puka

Uncertain. Possibly related to *spōk, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pāuǵ-, *(s)pāug- (“brilliance; spectre”) with unusually late loss of the s-mobile (after Grimm's law), but this still suffers other phonetic problems as well as probably semantic ones. Perhaps of substrate origin, or imitative like English boo.

sound-symbolic

imitative

onomatopoeic

like


hrōpaną

hrōpō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrōpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrōpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrōpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrōpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrōp (active imperative second-person singular)
hrōpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrōpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrōpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrōpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrōpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrōpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrōpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrōpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hrōpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrōpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrōpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrōpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrōpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrōpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrōpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrōpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrōpid (active indicative plural second-person)
hrōpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrōpid (active imperative plural second-person)
hrōpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrōpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrōpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrōpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrōpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrōpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrōpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hehrōp (active first-person indicative singular)
hehrōpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hehrōft (active indicative second-person singular)
hehrōpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hehrōp (active indicative singular third-person)
hehrōpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hehrōpū (active dual first-person indicative)
hehrōpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hehrōpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hehrōpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hehrōpum (active first-person indicative plural)
hehrōpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hehrōpud (active indicative plural second-person)
hehrōpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hehrōpun (active indicative plural third-person)
hehrōpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrōpandz (active participle present)
hrōpanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrōpan
Old English: hrōpan
Middle English: ropen, rope, roupe, rupe
English: roop, roup
Scots: roup; croup
→ English: croup
→ Dutch: kroep
→ French: croup
Old Frisian: hrōpa
Saterland Frisian: ropa
Saterland Frisian: roupe
West Frisian: roppe
Old Saxon: hrōpan
Middle Low German: rôpen
German Low German: ropen
Old Dutch: ruopan
Middle Dutch: roepen
Dutch: roepen (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: rope
Old High German: ruofan, hruofan
Middle High German: ruofen
Bavarian: ruafn
Central Franconian: rofe
German: rufen
Luxembourgish: ruffen
Yiddish: רופֿן (rufn)

Old Norse: hrópa

Icelandic: hrópa

Faroese: rópa

Norwegian: rope

Old Swedish: rōpa

Swedish: ropa

Danish: råbe

Probably from the same root as Ancient Greek κόραξ (kórax), Latin corvus (“raven”), Lithuanian šárka (“magpie”) in the sense of "caw".


kraftuz

kraftuz (nominative singular)
kraftiwiz (nominative plural)
kraftu (singular vocative)
kraftiwiz (plural vocative)
kraftų (accusative singular)
kraftunz (accusative plural)
kraftauz (genitive singular)
kraftiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kraftiwi (dative singular)
kraftumaz (dative plural)
kraftū (instrumental singular)
kraftumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kraftu
Old English: cræft m
Middle English: craft, creft
English: craft
Scots: craft
Old Frisian: kreft, kraft f
Saterland Frisian: Kraft
West Frisian: krêft
Old Saxon: kraft m or f
Middle Low German: kraft, kracht
German Low German: Kraft, Kracht
Low German: kraft
Plautdietsch: Krauft
Old Dutch: craft f or m
Middle Dutch: cracht, craft
Dutch: kracht
Afrikaans: krag
Limburgish: krach
Old High German: kraft f or m
Middle High German: kraft
Bavarian: Kråft
German: Kraft
Hunsrik: Kraft
Luxembourgish: Kraaft
Mòcheno: kròft
Vilamovian: kraoft
Yiddish: קראַפֿט (kraft)

Old Norse: kraptr, krǫptr
Icelandic: kraftur
Faroese: kraft, kraftur
Norwegian: kraft
Elfdalian: kraft
Old Swedish: krapter
Swedish: kraft
Danish: kraft


snellaz

*snellaz (a-stem)

snellaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
snellai (masculine nominative plural strong)
snellō (feminine nominative singular strong)
snellôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
snellą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
snellō (neuter nominative plural strong)
snellanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
snellanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
snellǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
snellōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
snellą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
snellō (accusative neuter plural strong)
snellas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
snellaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
snellaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
snellaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
snellas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
snellaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
snellammai (dative masculine singular strong)
snellaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
snellaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
snellaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
snellammai (dative neuter singular strong)
snellaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
snellanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
snellaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
snellaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
snellaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
snellanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
snellaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
snellô (masculine nominative singular weak)
snellaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
snellǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
snellōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
snellô (neuter nominative singular weak)
snellōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
snellanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
snellanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
snellōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
snellōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
snellô (accusative neuter singular weak)
snellōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
snelliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
snellanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
snellōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
snellōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
snelliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
snellanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
snellini (dative masculine singular weak)
snellammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
snellōni (dative feminine singular weak)
snellōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
snellini (dative neuter singular weak)
snellammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
snellinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
snellammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
snellōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
snellōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
snellinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
snellammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *snell

Old English: snel, snell

Middle English: snell

English: snell

Scots: snell

Old Frisian: snel

West Frisian: snel

Old Saxon: snell, snel

Middle Low German: snell, snel

German Low German: snell

Old Dutch: *snel

Middle Dutch: snel, snell

Dutch: snel

Afrikaans: snel

gl

alternatively from Gothic <i class="Goth mention" lang="got">*𐍃𐌽𐌹𐌻𐌻𐍃</i> (*snills)

→ Vulgar Latin: *snellus (alternatively from Gothic *𐍃𐌽𐌹𐌻𐌻𐍃 (*snills))

Old French: esnel, isnel, inel

Middle French: isnel, ignel

Occitan: isnel, irnel

Italian: snello

Old High German: snel

Middle High German: snël

Alemannic German:

Alsatian: schnëll

Bavarian: schnej, schnö, schnöll

desctree

German: schnell
→ Russian: шнель (šnelʹ), шнеле (šnele), шнеля (šnelja, “quickly; go”)

Yiddish: שנעל (shnel)

Old Norse: snjallr

Icelandic: snjallur, snjall

Faroese: snjallur

Norwegian Bokmål: snill

Old Swedish: sniælder, snælder

Swedish: snäll

Old Danish: snialdær, sniældær, snildær, sniæll

Danish: snild

Gutnish: snäldar, snällar

Uncertain. Possibly from Pre-Germanic *snedʰlos, from Proto-Indo-European *snedʰ- (“to cut”), a root probably also attested in *snadō (“cut, wound”). If so, the meaning might have developed from "cutting" > "eager to cut" > "eager, active, quick, brave (in battle)". For the assimilation of -dl- to -ll-, see also *stallaz, *knullaz, *trullōną.