hlūdaz

*hlūdaz (a-stem)

hlūdaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hlūdai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hlūdō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hlūdôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hlūdą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hlūdō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hlūdanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hlūdanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hlūdǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hlūdōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hlūdą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hlūdō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hlūdas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hlūdaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hlūdaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hlūdaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hlūdas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hlūdaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hlūdammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hlūdaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hlūdaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hlūdaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hlūdammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hlūdaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hlūdanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hlūdaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hlūdaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hlūdaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hlūdanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hlūdaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hlūdô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hlūdaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hlūdǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hlūdōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hlūdô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hlūdōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hlūdanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hlūdanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hlūdōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hlūdōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hlūdô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hlūdōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hlūdiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hlūdanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hlūdōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hlūdōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hlūdiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hlūdanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hlūdini (dative masculine singular weak)
hlūdammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hlūdōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hlūdōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hlūdini (dative neuter singular weak)
hlūdammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hlūdinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hlūdammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hlūdōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hlūdōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hlūdinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hlūdammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *hlūd
Old English: hlūd
Middle English: loud, loude, lowd, lowde, lud
English: loud
Scots: loud, lood
Old Frisian: hlūd
Saterland Frisian: luud
West Frisian: lûd
Old Saxon: hlūd
Middle Low German: lūt, lūd
German Low German: luud, luut
Low German: luud
Plautdietsch: lud
Old Dutch: lūd
Middle Dutch: luut
Dutch: luid
Limburgish: luud
Old High German: lūt
Middle High German: lūt
German: laut
→ Esperanto: laŭta

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱlutós, from *ḱlew- (“to hear; famous”). The origin of the long vowel is unclear.


gulaz

*gulaz (a-stem)

gulaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gulai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gulō (feminine nominative singular strong)
gulôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gulą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gulō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gulanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gulanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gulǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gulōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gulą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gulō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gulas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
gulaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gulaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gulaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gulas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
gulaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gulammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gulaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gulaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gulaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gulammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gulaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gulanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gulaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gulaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gulaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gulanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gulaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gulô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gulaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gulǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gulōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gulô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gulōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gulanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gulanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gulōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gulōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gulô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gulōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
guliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gulanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gulōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gulōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
guliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gulanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gulini (dative masculine singular weak)
gulammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gulōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gulōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gulini (dative neuter singular weak)
gulammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gulinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gulammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gulōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gulōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gulinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gulammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Old Norse: gulr
Icelandic: gulur
Faroese: gulur
Norwegian Nynorsk: gul, (dialectal) gul’u, gul’e
Norwegian Bokmål: gul
Old Swedish: gul, gol
Swedish: gul, (dialectal) gål
Old Danish: guul
Danish: gul
→ Middle English: gul, gull, gulle, gule, goule, goole
⇒ Scots: golgrav
Yola: ghou


bansaz

bansaz (nominative singular)
bansōz (nominative plural)
bansōs (nominative plural)
bans (singular vocative)
bansōz (plural vocative)
bansōs (plural vocative)
bansą (accusative singular)
bansanz (accusative plural)
bansas (genitive singular)
bansis (genitive singular)
bansǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bansai (dative singular)
bansamaz (dative plural)
bansō (instrumental singular)
bansamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bans

Old English: *bōs

Middle English: bose, boose

Scots: buse, buise, boose

English: boose

⇒ Old English: bōsig, bōsih

Middle English: *boosie, *boosy

English: boosy, boosey

Old Frisian: bōs, boes (in compounds)

Saterland Frisian: Buus

West Frisian: bús

Old Saxon: *bansa, *bōs f

Middle Low German: banse, bôs, bôss

German Low German: Banse

⇒ German Low German: Bansige

→ Dutch: boes

Old High German: *bansa f

Middle High German: banse

German: Banse

Old Norse: báss

Icelandic: bás

Old Swedish: bās m

Swedish: bås n

Danish: bås

Elfdalian: bą̊s

From earlier *bandstaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to tie; bind”).


kernǭ

kernǭ (nominative singular)
kernōniz (nominative plural)
kernǭ (singular vocative)
kernōniz (plural vocative)
kernōnų (accusative singular)
kernōnunz (accusative plural)
kernōniz (genitive singular)
kernōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kernōni (dative singular)
kernōmaz (dative plural)
kernōnē (instrumental singular)
kernōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *kerna

Middle Low German: kerne, karne

Old Dutch: *kerna

Middle Dutch: kerne, kēerne, *karne

Dutch: karn

Old High German: *kerna

Middle High German: kern

German: Kern (regional)

Unknown. Perhaps related to Proto-Germanic *kernô (“seed, germ”), in the sense of "remove or extract the kernel from," which is related to *kurną (“corn, grain”); yet this is disputed.


rībaz

*rībaz (a-stem)

rībaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
rībai (masculine nominative plural strong)
rībō (feminine nominative singular strong)
rībôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
rībą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
rībō (neuter nominative plural strong)
rībanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
rībanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
rībǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
rībōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
rībą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
rībō (accusative neuter plural strong)
rības (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
rībaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
rībaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
rībaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
rības (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
rībaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
rībammai (dative masculine singular strong)
rībaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
rībaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
rībaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
rībammai (dative neuter singular strong)
rībaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
rībanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
rībaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
rībaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
rībaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
rībanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
rībaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
rībô (masculine nominative singular weak)
rībaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
rībǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
rībōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
rībô (neuter nominative singular weak)
rībōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
rībanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
rībanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
rībōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
rībōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
rībô (accusative neuter singular weak)
rībōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
rībiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
rībanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
rībōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
rībōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
rībiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
rībanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
rībini (dative masculine singular weak)
rībammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
rībōni (dative feminine singular weak)
rībōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
rībini (dative neuter singular weak)
rībammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
rībinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
rībammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
rībōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
rībōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
rībinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
rībammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *rīb

Old English: rīfe, rȳfe

Middle English: rif, rife, rive

Scots: ryf, ryfe, rife

English: rife

→ Anglo-Norman: *rife

Old Frisian: *rīfe

Saterland Frisian: rieuw

West Frisian: rju

Old Saxon: *rīf; *rīfi

Middle Low German: rîve

Low German: rive

Old Dutch: *rīf, *rīfi

Middle Dutch: rive, rijve, rijf; gerive

Dutch: rijf; grif

Old Norse: rífr; rífligr

Icelandic: rífur; ríflegur

Faroese: ríviligur

⇒ Faroese: rívan (adverb)

Norwegian: riv

Old Swedish: rīver

Danish: riv

→? Finnish: reipas

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁reyp- (“to tear, rip”).


belganą

belgō (active first-person indicative singular)
belgaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
belgai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bilgizi (active indicative second-person singular)
belgaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
belg (active imperative second-person singular)
belgazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
belgaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bilgidi (active indicative singular third-person)
belgai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
belgadau (active imperative singular third-person)
belgadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
belgaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
belgōz (active dual first-person indicative)
belgaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
belgadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
belgaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
belgadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
belgamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
belgaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
belgandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
belgaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bilgid (active indicative plural second-person)
belgaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bilgid (active imperative plural second-person)
belgandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
belgaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
belgandi (active indicative plural third-person)
belgain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
belgandau (active imperative plural third-person)
belgandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
belgaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
balg (active first-person indicative singular)
bulgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
balht (active indicative second-person singular)
bulgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
balg (active indicative singular third-person)
bulgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bulgū (active dual first-person indicative)
bulgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bulgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bulgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bulgum (active first-person indicative plural)
bulgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bulgud (active indicative plural second-person)
bulgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bulgun (active indicative plural third-person)
bulgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
belgandz (active participle present)
bulganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *belgan
Old English: belgan
Middle English: *belȝen, bellen
English: bell
Old Frisian: belga
Old Saxon: belgan
Middle Low German: belgen
Low German: belgen
Old Dutch: belgan
Middle Dutch: belgen
Dutch: belgen
Old High German: belgan
Middle High German: bëlgen

Old Norse: bólginn (“swollen”, past participle)
Icelandic: bólginn
Old Swedish: bulghin

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵʰ- (“to swell”).


uftō

Proto-West Germanic: *oftō

Old English: oft

Middle English: oft, ofte, often

Scots: oft, oftin, aften

English: oft, often

→ Esperanto: ofte

→ Ido: ofte

Old Frisian: ofta, ofte

North Frisian: oft, oftem

Saterland Frisian: oafte

West Frisian: ofte, oft

Old Saxon: ofto, oft

Middle Low German: ofte, oft

Low German: oft

Old Dutch: *ofto

Middle Dutch: ofte, oft

Dutch: oft

Old High German: ofto

Middle High German: ofte, oft

German: oft

Old Norse: opt, oft

Icelandic: oft, ott

Faroese: ofta

Norwegian: ofte

Old Swedish: opta

Swedish: ofta

Danish: ofte

Gothic: 𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰 (ufta)

Uncertain; according to Kroonen, derived from *ub (“under”).


skundijaną

skundijō (active first-person indicative singular)
skundijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skundijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skundīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skundijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skundī (active imperative second-person singular)
skundijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skundijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skundīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skundijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skundijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skundijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skundijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skundijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skundijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skundijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skundijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skundijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skundijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skundijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skundijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skundijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skundīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skundijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skundīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skundijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skundijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skundijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skundijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skundijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skundijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skundijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skundidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skundidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skundidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skundidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skundidē (active indicative singular third-person)
skundidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skundidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skundidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skundidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skundidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skundidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skundidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skundidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skundidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skundidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skundidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skundijandz (active participle present)
skundidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skundijan

Old English: sċyndan, sċendan

desc

Middle English: shunden, schunten, schounten, shunten

English: shunt

Old Saxon: skundian

Middle Low German: schunden, schünden

Old Dutch: scunden

Old High German: scunten

Middle High German: schunden, schünden

German: schünden (obsolete)

Old Norse: skynda

Icelandic: skynda

Norwegian: skynde

Old Swedish: skynda

Swedish: skynda

Danish: skynde

→ Scots: skint

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewt- (“to shake, rattle”).


rindǭ

rindǭ (nominative singular)
rindōniz (nominative plural)
rindǭ (singular vocative)
rindōniz (plural vocative)
rindōnų (accusative singular)
rindōnunz (accusative plural)
rindōniz (genitive singular)
rindōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rindōni (dative singular)
rindōmaz (dative plural)
rindōnē (instrumental singular)
rindōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rindā
Old English: rinde
Middle English: rinde
English: rind
Scots: rynd, ryne
Old Saxon: *rinda
Middle Low German: rinde
Old Dutch: *rinda
Middle Dutch: rinde, runde, runne, run
Dutch: rinde, rin, run
Old High German: rinta, *rinda
Middle High German: rinte, rinde
German: Rinde

From Proto-Indo-European *rem- (“to rest, prop up”).

der

rinde

Middle Dutch: rinde, rende, runde, runne


eburaz

eburaz (nominative singular)
eburōz (nominative plural)
eburōs (nominative plural)
ebur (singular vocative)
eburōz (plural vocative)
eburōs (plural vocative)
eburą (accusative singular)
eburanz (accusative plural)
eburas (genitive singular)
eburis (genitive singular)
eburǫ̂ (genitive plural)
eburai (dative singular)
eburamaz (dative plural)
eburō (instrumental singular)
eburamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ebur
Old English: eofor, efor
Middle English: ēver
Old Saxon: ebur
Old Dutch: *evur
Middle Dutch: ēver
Dutch: ever
Old High German: ebur
Middle High German: ëber
German: Eber
Hunsrik: Ewert

Old Norse: jǫfurr
Icelandic: jöfur
→ Swedish: jofur

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep-r-. Indo-European cognates include Latin aper, Proto-Slavic *veprь.


swiką

swiką (nominative singular)
swikō (nominative plural)
swiką (singular vocative)
swikō (plural vocative)
swiką (accusative singular)
swikō (accusative plural)
swikas (genitive singular)
swikis (genitive singular)
swikǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swikai (dative singular)
swikamaz (dative plural)
swikō (instrumental singular)
swikamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swik

Old English: swic

Middle English: swic, swik

Scots: swick

Old High German: *swih (in compounds: āswih, biswih)

Middle High German: beswich

Old Norse: svik

Icelandic: svik

Faroese: svik

Norwegian: svik

Old Swedish: svik

Swedish: svek

Old Danish: svigh

Danish: svig

→ Middle Low German: swich, swik, swick

→ Proto-Finnic: *vika
Estonian: viga
Finnish: vika
→ Northern Sami: vihki
Ingrian: vika
Karelian: vika (Northern), viga (Southern)
Livonian: vigā, viga
Livvi: viga
Ludian: viga
Veps: viga
Võro: viga
Votic: vika

→ Proto-Samic: *vëkē
Eastern Samic:
Inari Sami: vahe
Skolt Sami: vââʹǩǩ
Kildin Sami:

From Proto-Indo-European *sweyg- (“to bend, twist, turn (aside), sway, swerve, dodge”).


tappô

tappô (nominative singular)
tappaniz (nominative plural)
tappô (singular vocative)
tappaniz (plural vocative)
tappanų (accusative singular)
tappanunz (accusative plural)
tappiniz (genitive singular)
tappanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tappini (dative singular)
tappammaz (dative plural)
tappinē (instrumental singular)
tappammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tappō

Old English: tæppa; (tæppe)

Middle English: tappe

Scots: tapp, tap

English: tap

Old Frisian: *tappa, tap

Saterland Frisian: Tappe

West Frisian: tap, taap

Old Saxon: *tappo

Middle Low German: tappe

German Low German: Tapp

Old Dutch: *tappo

Middle Dutch: tappe, tap

Dutch: tap

→ Old French: tape; tapon, tampon

Middle French: tape; tampon

French: tape; tampon

→ Middle English: tampion

English: tampion, tampon

desctree

→ Italian: tappo
→ Ottoman Turkish: طپه (tıpa, tapa), طاپه (tapa), طپا (tapa)
Turkish: tıpa, tapa
→ Albanian: tapë
→ Armenian: թափա (tʻapʻa)
→ Bulgarian: та́па (tápa)
→ Greek: τάπα (tápa)
→ Macedonian: тапа (tapa)
→ Romanian: tapă

Old High German: zapfo, zapho

→ Italian: zaffo

Middle High German: zapfe

German: Zapfen

Luxembourgish: Zap

Old Norse: tappi

Icelandic: tappi

(Faroese: tappur)

Norwegian: tappe

Swedish: tapp

→ Finnish: tappi

Danish: tap

Gothic: *𐍄𐌰𐍀𐍀𐌰 (*tappa)

→ Galician: tapa, tampa

→ Portuguese: tapa, tampa

→ Spanish: tapa

Suevic: (?)

→ Galician: zapa, zapón, zapar

Of unclear origin; possibly related to Sanskrit दिप् (dip, “to push, strike (variant form of तिप् (tip, “to sprinkle”)”), Ancient Greek δέφω (déphō, “to soften, knead”).

cog

to push, strike (variant form of <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">तिप्</i> (tip, “to sprinkle”)


līsaz

*līsaz (a-stem)

līsaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
līsai (masculine nominative plural strong)
līsō (feminine nominative singular strong)
līsôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
līsą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
līsō (neuter nominative plural strong)
līsanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
līsanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
līsǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
līsōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
līsą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
līsō (accusative neuter plural strong)
līsas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
līsaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
līsaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
līsaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
līsas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
līsaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
līsammai (dative masculine singular strong)
līsaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
līsaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
līsaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
līsammai (dative neuter singular strong)
līsaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
līsanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
līsaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
līsaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
līsaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
līsanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
līsaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
līsô (masculine nominative singular weak)
līsaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
līsǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
līsōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
līsô (neuter nominative singular weak)
līsōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
līsanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
līsanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
līsōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
līsōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
līsô (accusative neuter singular weak)
līsōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
līsiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
līsanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
līsōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
līsōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
līsiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
līsanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
līsini (dative masculine singular weak)
līsammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
līsōni (dative feminine singular weak)
līsōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
līsini (dative neuter singular weak)
līsammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
līsinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
līsammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
līsōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
līsōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
līsinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
līsammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Gothic: *𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃 (*leis)

Vṛddhi gerundive of *lizaną (“to know, to be familiar with”).

vrd

(East Germanic) knowledgeable, knowing, familiar with


wīgaz

*wīgaz (a-stem)

wīgaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wīgai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wīgō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wīgôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wīgą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wīgō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wīganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wīganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wīgǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wīgōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wīgą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wīgō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wīgas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wīgaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wīgaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wīgaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wīgas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wīgaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wīgammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wīgaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wīgaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wīgaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wīgammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wīgaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wīganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wīgaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wīgaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wīgaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wīganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wīgaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wīgô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wīganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wīgǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wīgōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wīgô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wīgōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wīganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wīganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wīgōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wīgōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wīgô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wīgōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wīginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wīganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wīgōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wīgōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wīginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wīganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wīgini (dative masculine singular weak)
wīgammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wīgōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wīgōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wīgini (dative neuter singular weak)
wīgammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wīginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wīgammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wīgōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wīgōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wīginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wīgammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: vígr

Old Swedish: vīgher

Swedish: vig

From earlier *wīhaz, vṛddhi gerundive of *wiganą (“to fight, battle”).

(North Germanic) fighting, warlike; able to fight


twīgą

twīgą (nominative singular)
twīgō (nominative plural)
twīgą (singular vocative)
twīgō (plural vocative)
twīgą (accusative singular)
twīgō (accusative plural)
twīgas (genitive singular)
twīgis (genitive singular)
twīgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
twīgai (dative singular)
twīgamaz (dative plural)
twīgō (instrumental singular)
twīgamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: twig; (twīga); (twigge)

Middle English: twi, twyg, twig; (twigge, twig)

Scots: twigg, tuigg

English: twig

Old Frisian: *twīch

North Frisian: twiig

Saterland Frisian: Twiech

West Frisian: twiich

Old Saxon: *twig, *twīh

Middle Low German: twîch

German Low German: Twieg

Old Dutch: *twig, *twīh

Middle Dutch: twijch

Dutch: twijg

Old High German: zwīg; (zwī)

Middle High German: zwīc; (zwī)

German: Zweig

Luxembourgish: Zwäig

Yiddish: צווײַג (tsvayg)

From Proto-Indo-European *dwigʰo- (“forked branch”), from *dwóh₁ (“two”). Compare Old Church Slavonic двигъ (dvigŭ, “branch”), Albanian degë (“branch”).


hlagulaz

*hlagulaz (a-stem)

hlagulaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hlagulai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hlagulō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hlagulôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hlagulą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hlagulō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hlagulanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hlagulanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hlagulǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hlagulōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hlagulą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hlagulō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hlagulas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hlagulaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hlagulaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hlagulaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hlagulas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hlagulaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hlagulammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hlagulaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hlagulaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hlagulaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hlagulammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hlagulaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hlagulanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hlagulaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hlagulaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hlagulaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hlagulanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hlagulaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hlagulô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hlagulaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hlagulǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hlagulōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hlagulô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hlagulōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hlagulanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hlagulanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hlagulōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hlagulōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hlagulô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hlagulōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hlaguliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hlagulanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hlagulōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hlagulōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hlaguliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hlagulanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hlagulini (dative masculine singular weak)
hlagulammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hlagulōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hlagulōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hlagulini (dative neuter singular weak)
hlagulammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hlagulinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hlagulammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hlagulōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hlagulōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hlagulinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hlagulammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: hlagol


aþulingaz

aþulingaz (nominative singular)
aþulingōz (nominative plural)
aþulingōs (nominative plural)
aþuling (singular vocative)
aþulingōz (plural vocative)
aþulingōs (plural vocative)
aþulingą (accusative singular)
aþulinganz (accusative plural)
aþulingas (genitive singular)
aþulingis (genitive singular)
aþulingǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aþulingai (dative singular)
aþulingamaz (dative plural)
aþulingō (instrumental singular)
aþulingamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aþuling
Old English: æþeling, æðeling — edh spelling; eðeling — Mercian
Middle English: atheling
English: atheling
→? Middle Welsh: edling, edlyg, etling (or from Middle English)
Welsh: edling, edlin
→ English: edling
Old Frisian: etheling, edling
Old Saxon: ethiling
Old Dutch: etheling
Middle Dutch: ēdelinc
Dutch: edeling
Old High German: adaling
→ Latin: adelingus, adalingus

Old Norse: ǫðlingr

Icelandic: öðlingur

Swedish: ädling


budilaz

budilaz (nominative singular)
budilōz (nominative plural)
budilōs (nominative plural)
budil (singular vocative)
budilōz (plural vocative)
budilōs (plural vocative)
budilą (accusative singular)
budilanz (accusative plural)
budilas (genitive singular)
budilis (genitive singular)
budilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
budilai (dative singular)
budilamaz (dative plural)
budilō (instrumental singular)
budilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *budil

Old English: bydel
Middle English: budel, beodel, bidel, bedel
English: beadle
Scots: bedel, beddel, beddal

Old Frisian: *bodel, *bedel

West Frisian: boal, beul

Old Saxon: budil

Middle Low German: bodel, bödel, böddel

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bøddel

→ Polabian: badål

→ Old Swedish: böfvel

Swedish: bödel

→ Finnish: peeveli, pyöveli

Old Dutch: *budil

Middle Dutch: bodel, beudel, buel

Dutch: beul

Old High German: butil

Middle High German: bütel

German: Büttel

desc

→ Medieval Latin: bedellus, bidellus, pedellus

desctree

Old French: bedel
Middle French: bedeau
French: bedeau
→ Italian: bidello

Old Occitan: bedel

Occitan: bedel

→ German: Pedell

→ Dutch: pedel, bedel

→ Middle English: bedel

English: bedel

→ Portuguese: bedel

→ Spanish: bedel

one who carries out an order; beadle; bailiff


hampą

hampą (nominative singular)
hampō (nominative plural)
hampą (singular vocative)
hampō (plural vocative)
hampą (accusative singular)
hampō (accusative plural)
hampas (genitive singular)
hampis (genitive singular)
hampǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hampai (dative singular)
hampamaz (dative plural)
hampō (instrumental singular)
hampamiz (instrumental plural)

>? Proto-West Germanic: *hap(p) (< *happą)

Old English: ġehæp

Old Norse: happ

Icelandic: happ

Faroese: happ

Norn: happ

→ Middle English: happe, happ

English: hap

From Proto-Indo-European *kob- (“good fortune, prophecy; to bend, bow, fit in, work, succeed”).


bremusī

bremusī (nominative singular)
bremusijôz (nominative plural)
bremusī (singular vocative)
bremusijôz (plural vocative)
bremusijǭ (accusative singular)
bremusijōz (accusative plural)
bremusijōz (genitive singular)
bremusijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bremusijōi (dative singular)
bremusijōmaz (dative plural)
bremusijō (instrumental singular)
bremusijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bremussju

Old English: brimsa, brēosa

Middle English: brimse, brese

English: breeze

Old Saxon: brimissa

Middle Low German: brēmse

German Low German: Bremse, Brems

→ German: Bremse

Old Dutch: *brimissa

Middle Dutch: bremse, breemse

Dutch: brems

Old High German: brimissa, brema

Middle High German: breme

German: Breme (archaic)

Old Norse: brims

Icelandic: brims

Norwegian: brems

Old Swedish: brims, bryms

q

influenced by dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="sv">bromma</i> (“to hum”)

Swedish: bröms, broms (influenced by dialectal bromma (“to hum”))

Old Danish: brims, brimse

Danish: brems (now nonstandard), bremse


brausijaną

brausijō (active first-person indicative singular)
brausijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brausijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
brausīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
brausijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brausī (active imperative second-person singular)
brausijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brausijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brausīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
brausijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brausijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
brausijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brausijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brausijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
brausijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brausijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brausijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brausijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brausijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brausijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brausijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brausijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brausīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
brausijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brausīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
brausijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brausijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brausijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
brausijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brausijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
brausijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brausijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brausidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
brausidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brausidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
brausidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brausidē (active indicative singular third-person)
brausidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brausidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
brausidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brausidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brausidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brausidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
brausidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brausidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
brausidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brausidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
brausidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brausijandz (active participle present)
brausidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: brīesan; brȳsan (also possibly from *brūsijaną)

Middle English: brusen, bresen, brisen

Scots: brizz

English: bruise

(Old Frisian: *brūse)

(West Frisian: brûze)

(Old Saxon: *brūsian)

(Middle Low German: brûsen)

(Low German: brusen)

(→ Old Norse: brúsa)

(Danish: bruse)

(Swedish: brusa)

(Old Dutch: *brūsen)

(Middle Dutch: brusen)

(Old High German: *brūsen)

(Middle High German: brūsen)

(German: brausen)

(Norwegian: brosa (“storm; tempest”) (dialectal))

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrews- (“to break”).


klaimaz

klaimaz (nominative singular)
klaimōz (nominative plural)
klaimōs (nominative plural)
klaim (singular vocative)
klaimōz (plural vocative)
klaimōs (plural vocative)
klaimą (accusative singular)
klaimanz (accusative plural)
klaimas (genitive singular)
klaimis (genitive singular)
klaimǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klaimai (dative singular)
klaimamaz (dative plural)
klaimō (instrumental singular)
klaimamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *klaim
Old English: clām
Middle English: clame, clom
English: cloam (dialectal)
Old Dutch: *clēm
Middle Dutch: clêem
Old High German: kleim

Old Norse: kleima (<*klaimô)

Icelandic: kleima

From Proto-Indo-European *gleh₁y- (“to smear, to stick”).


brahsmô

brahsmô (nominative singular)
brahsmaniz (nominative plural)
brahsmô (singular vocative)
brahsmaniz (plural vocative)
brahsmanų (accusative singular)
bruhsnunz (accusative plural)
bruhsnaz (genitive singular)
bruhsnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bruhsmini (dative singular)
bruhsmummaz (dative plural)
bruhsnē (instrumental singular)
bruhsmummiz (instrumental plural)

Frankish: *brahsima

Old Dutch: *brahsma

Dutch: brasem

→ Old French: braisme

French: brème

→ English: bream

Old High German: brahsmo, brahsma

Middle High German: brahsem

German: Brachse, Brachsen

(Old Norse: brosma) (< *bruhsm-)

(Icelandic: brosma)

(Faroese: brosma)

(Norwegian: brosme)

(Danish: brosme)


krūdaną

krūdō (active first-person indicative singular)
krūdaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
krūdai (first-person indicative passive singular)
krūdizi (active indicative second-person singular)
krūdaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
krūd (active imperative second-person singular)
krūdazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
krūdaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
krūdidi (active indicative singular third-person)
krūdai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krūdadau (active imperative singular third-person)
krūdadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
krūdaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
krūdōz (active dual first-person indicative)
krūdaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krūdadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krūdaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krūdadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
krūdamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
krūdaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krūdandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
krūdaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
krūdid (active indicative plural second-person)
krūdaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krūdid (active imperative plural second-person)
krūdandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
krūdaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
krūdandi (active indicative plural third-person)
krūdain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krūdandau (active imperative plural third-person)
krūdandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
krūdaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kraud (active first-person indicative singular)
krudį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kraust (active indicative second-person singular)
krudīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kraud (active indicative singular third-person)
krudī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krudū (active dual first-person indicative)
krudīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krududiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krudīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krudum (active first-person indicative plural)
krudīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krudud (active indicative plural second-person)
krudīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krudun (active indicative plural third-person)
krudīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krūdandz (active participle present)
krudanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *krūdan
Old English: crūdan
Middle English: cruden, crouden, croden
Scots: crood
English: crowd
Old Frisian: *krūde, *krūe, *krūie
Saterland Frisian: kröie
West Frisian: kruie
Old Saxon: *krūdan
Middle Low German: krǖden, krōden, kruden, kroden
German Low German: kroden
Old Dutch: *crūdan
Middle Dutch: cruden
Dutch: kruien
Afrikaans: kruie, krui
Old High German: *krūtan
Middle High German: kruden, kroten, kröten

From Proto-Indo-European *grewt- (“to push; press”).


berkō

berkō (nominative singular)
berkôz (nominative plural)
berkō (singular vocative)
berkôz (plural vocative)
berkǭ (accusative singular)
berkōz (accusative plural)
berkōz (genitive singular)
berkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
berkōi (dative singular)
berkōmaz (dative plural)
berkō (instrumental singular)
berkōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *berku
Old English: beorc
Old Dutch: *berka
Middle Dutch: berke
Dutch: berk
Old High German: birka, biricha
Middle High German: birke, birche
German: Birke

Old Norse: bjǫrk
Icelandic: björk
Faroese: bjørk
Norwegian: bjørk; (dialectal) bjerk (< bjarkar), børk
→ Danish: bjørk, bjerk
Norwegian Bokmål: bjørk, bjerk
Elfdalian: byörk
Old Swedish: biork
Swedish: björk
Old Danish: birk, *biork
Danish: birk
Gutnish: bjärk
Scanian: birk

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵos. Cognate with Sanskrit भूर्ज (bhūrjá, “a species of birch”), Proto-Slavic *berza (“birch”).


klūtaz

klūtaz (nominative singular)
klūtōz (nominative plural)
klūtōs (nominative plural)
klūt (singular vocative)
klūtōz (plural vocative)
klūtōs (plural vocative)
klūtą (accusative singular)
klūtanz (accusative plural)
klūtas (genitive singular)
klūtis (genitive singular)
klūtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klūtai (dative singular)
klūtamaz (dative plural)
klūtō (instrumental singular)
klūtamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *klūt

Old English: clūt; clūd

Middle English: clout, clowt; cloud, cloude, clud, clude

English: clout; cloud

Scots: clout, cloot; clood, clud

Old Saxon: *klūt

Middle Low German: klût m; klûte m

Low German: Kluut, Kluute

Old Dutch: *klūta

Middle Dutch: klute f

Dutch: kluit

Old Norse: klútr

Icelandic: klútur

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: klut

Norwegian Nynorsk: klut

Swedish: klut

From Proto-Indo-European *glewdos, from *gel- (“to ball up; amass; clench”). Compare Old Armenian կեղտ (kełt, “dirt”).


burōną

burō (active first-person indicative singular)
burǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
burōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
burōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
burōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
burō (active imperative second-person singular)
burōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
burōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
burōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
burō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
burōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
burōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
burōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
burōs (active dual first-person indicative)
burōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
burōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
burōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
burōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
burōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
burōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
burōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
burōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
burōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
burōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
burōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
burōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
burōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
burōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
burōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
burōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
burōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
burōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
burōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
burōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
burōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
burōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
burōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
burōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
burōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
burōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
burōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
burōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
burōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
burōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
burōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
burōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
burōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
burōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
burōndz (active participle present)
burōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *borōn
Old English: borian
Middle English: boren
Scots: bore, boir
English: bore
Old Frisian: *boria
Saterland Frisian: boorje
West Frisian: boarje
Old Saxon: borōn
Middle Low German: bōren
German Low German: bohren
Old Dutch: *boron
Middle Dutch: boren
Dutch: boren
Old High German: borōn
Middle High German: boren
German: bohren
Luxembourgish: bueren

Old Norse: bora

Icelandic: bora

Faroese: bora

Norwegian: bore

Old Swedish: bora, bura

Swedish: borra

Danish: bore

Gutnish: bure, bur', bura

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to carve; split; cut; rub; pierce; strike”). Equivalent to *burō (“bore”) + *-ōną. Cognate with Latin forō (“bore”, verb), Proto-Slavic *borti (“to fight”).


burstiz

burstiz (nominative singular)
burstīz (nominative plural)
bursti (singular vocative)
burstīz (plural vocative)
burstį (accusative singular)
burstinz (accusative plural)
burstīz (genitive singular)
burstijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
burstī (dative singular)
burstimaz (dative plural)
burstī (instrumental singular)
burstimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bursti

desctree

Old English: byrst
Middle English: brust
⇒ Old English: *byrstel
Middle English: brustel, bristil, bristel
English: bristle
Scots: brustle, bristle, brissle

Old Frisian: *berst, *borst

⇒ Old Frisian: *berstel, *borstel

Saterland Frisian: Bäärsel

West Frisian: boarstel

Old Saxon: *burst

⇒ Old Saxon: *burstil

Middle Low German: borstel

German Low German: Bössel

Plautdietsch: Borschtel

Old Dutch: *burst

⇒ Old Dutch: *burstil

Middle Dutch: burstele, borstele

Dutch: borstel

Old High German: burst, borst
Middle High German: burst, borst, burste, borste
Bavarian: Biaschtn
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Berst
Luxembourgish: Buuscht, Biischt
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: bèrschd
German: Borste, Bürste

Old Norse: burst

Icelandic: burst

Faroese: bust

Old Swedish: borst

Swedish: borst; Swedish: borste (perhaps influenced by German)

Danish: børste

q

with *bruskaz, Icelandic <i class="Latn mention" lang="is">brúskur</i>

Vulgar Latin: *brustia, *bruscia (with *bruskaz, Icelandic brúskur)

Old French: broche, broisse

French: brosse

Picard: brouche

Walloon: brouche, broushe

→ Middle English: brusshe

English: brush

→ Galician: brocha

→ Portuguese: brocha

desctree

→ Spanish: brocha
→ Catalan: brotxa
→ Cebuano: brotsa
→ Tagalog: brotsa

desc

→ Byzantine Greek: βρούτσα (broútsa), βούρτζα (boúrtza), βούρτσα (boúrtsa), βρούτζα (broútza)

Greek: βούρτσα (voúrtsa)

⇒ Byzantine Greek: βρουτσίν (broutsín)

→ Armenian: վրձին (vrjin)

→ Albanian: vurcë

→ Bulgarian: ву́рца (vúrca)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: فرچه (fırça), فورچه (fırça, furça)
Turkish: fırça
→ Arabic: فُرْشَة (furša)
→ Armenian: ֆռչա (fṙčʻa)
→ Bulgarian: ву́рча (vúrča), фу́рча (fúrča), фурча́ (furčá), фу́рца (fúrca)
→ Persian: فرچه (ferče)

From earlier *bʰurstís, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥s-tí-s, from *bʰers- (“top, point”). Cognate with Latin fastīgō (“to sharpen to a point”), Sanskrit भृष्टि (bhṛṣṭí, “spike, point”).


klanhs

klanhs (nominative singular)
klanhiz (nominative plural)
klanh (singular vocative)
klanhiz (plural vocative)
klanhų (accusative singular)
klanhunz (accusative plural)
klanhiz (genitive singular)
klanhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klanhi (dative singular)
klanhumaz (dative plural)
klanhē (instrumental singular)
klanhumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *clōh

desc

Middle English: clogh, clough, clow, clew

English: clough

Northumbrian cleugh

Scots: cleuch

Old High German: *klāh (in placenames)

Unknown. Kroonen links *kling(w)aną (“to shrink”). Compare also Proto-Celtic *glendos (“valley, glen”) and Proto-Germanic *klintaz (“hill, cliff”), of possible substrate origin.
In view of *klintaz, *klibą (“cliff”) and *kluftiz (“cleft”), sound symbolism may be involved.

sound-symbolic

sound symbolism


ardiz

ardiz (nominative singular)
ardīz (nominative plural)
ardi (singular vocative)
ardīz (plural vocative)
ardį (accusative singular)
ardinz (accusative plural)
ardīz (genitive singular)
ardijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ardī (dative singular)
ardimaz (dative plural)
ardī (instrumental singular)
ardimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: eard

Middle English: erd, ard; art (“locality, district”)

Scots: airt

Old Frisian: *ard, *erd

Saterland Frisian: Oard

West Frisian: aard

Old Saxon: *ard

Middle Low German: art, ārt

German Low German: Aard

Old Dutch: *ard

Middle Dutch: aert

Dutch: aard

Old High German: art

Middle High German: art

Bavarian: Årt

Central Franconian: Aad, Aat, Aart

Kölsch: Aat

German: Art

→ Danish: art

→ Swedish: art

→ Norwegian: art

Luxembourgish: Aart

Old Norse: arðr (in einarðr)

Icelandic: arður

Unknown. Perhaps from a specialised use of *ardiz, a by-form of *arþiz (“plough; acre; farmland”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”) (whence also *arjaną and *arþrą; compare Latin area); or from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ér-ti-s ~ *h₂r̥-tey-s, from *h₂er- (“to join; fit together”) (see *armaz and Latin ars).


klinganą

klingō (active first-person indicative singular)
klingaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klingai (first-person indicative passive singular)
klingizi (active indicative second-person singular)
klingaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kling (active imperative second-person singular)
klingazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
klingaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
klingidi (active indicative singular third-person)
klingai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klingadau (active imperative singular third-person)
klingadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
klingaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
klingōz (active dual first-person indicative)
klingaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klingadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klingaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klingadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
klingamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
klingaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klingandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
klingaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
klingid (active indicative plural second-person)
klingaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klingid (active imperative plural second-person)
klingandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
klingaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
klingandi (active indicative plural third-person)
klingain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klingandau (active imperative plural third-person)
klingandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
klingaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
klang (active first-person indicative singular)
klungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klanht (active indicative second-person singular)
klungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klang (active indicative singular third-person)
klungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klungū (active dual first-person indicative)
klungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klungum (active first-person indicative plural)
klungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klungud (active indicative plural second-person)
klungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klungun (active indicative plural third-person)
klungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klingandz (active participle present)
klunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Frisian: klinga

North Frisian: klinke

Saterland Frisian: klinge

West Frisian: klinke

Old Saxon: *klingan

Middle Low German: klingen, clingen

Low German:

German Low German: klingen

Westphalian:

Münsterländer: klingen (Westmünsterländisch)

East Westphalian: klingen (Ravensberger)

Plautdietsch: kjlinjen

→ Old Norse: klingja, *klinga

Icelandic: klingja

Faroese: klinga

→ Old Swedish: klinga

Swedish: klinga

Danish: klinge

desctree

Old Dutch: *clingan
Middle Dutch: clingen
Dutch: klingen, klinken
→⇒ French: clinquant
→ English: clinquant
Limburgish: klinge, klinke
→ Middle English: clinken
English: clink
Scots: clink

Old High German: klingan

Middle High German: klingen

German: klingen

Luxembourgish: kléngen

Yiddish: קלינגען (klingen)

From Pre-Germanic *glengʰ- (“sound”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gal-, *gelH- (“to call, sound”) (compare *golH-s- (“voice, cry”)), the root whence also *kalzōną, and/or ultimately onomatopoeic.


klinganą

Old English: clingan

Middle English: clingen

English: cling

Old Saxon: *klingan

Middle Low German: *klingen, klinken

German Low German: klingen, klinken

→ Danish: klinke

Old Dutch: *clingan

Middle Dutch: clingen, clinken

Dutch: klingen, klinken

Old High German: klingan

Middle High German: klingen

From Proto-Indo-European *gley- (“to glue, stick together”). Originally regular verb assimilated into strong verb class 3.


krumô

Old English: cruma

desc

Middle English: crome, cromme, crume, crumme

Scots: crum

English: crumb

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German: krome, krume

Low German: Krume, Krome

Old High German:

Middle High German: krume

German: Krume, Krümel

Old Norse:

Icelandic: krumur

Swedish: krumma (dialectal); inkråm (?)

Danish: krumme

From Proto-Indo-European *grū-mo- (“something scraped together, lumber, junk; to claw, scratch”).


stangō

stangō (nominative singular)
stangôz (nominative plural)
stangō (singular vocative)
stangôz (plural vocative)
stangǭ (accusative singular)
stangōz (accusative plural)
stangōz (genitive singular)
stangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stangōi (dative singular)
stangōmaz (dative plural)
stangō (instrumental singular)
stangōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stangu

desctree

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*stangi</i>

Old English: stenġ, stænġ (< *stangi)
Middle English: steng

Old Frisian: *stange, *stonge

Saterland Frisian: Stange

West Frisian: stange

Old Saxon: stanga

Middle Low German: stange

German Low German: Stange, Stang

Old Dutch: *stanga

Middle Dutch: stanghe

Dutch: stang, steng
→ Indonesian: sêtang
→ Polish: stenga

Old High German: stanga

Middle High German: stange

German: Stange

Luxembourgish: Staang

→ Italian: stanga

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: stǫng
Icelandic: stöng
Faroese: stong
Norwegian: stang
Old Swedish: stang
Swedish: stång
Danish: stang
→ Middle English: stang, stange, stong
English: stang, stong
Scots: stang, stong
→ Old East Slavic: стѧгъ (stęgŭ)
Old Ruthenian: стѧгъ (stjah)
Belarusian: сцяг (scjah)
Ukrainian: стяг (stjah)
Russian: стяг (stjag)
→ Bulgarian: стяг (stjag)

→ Finnish: tanko

→? Estonian: tang

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: stággu

Southern Sami: staagkoe

From Proto-Indo-European *stengʰ-, *stegʰ- (“to be stiff, sting; rod, blade”).


þewanōstaz

þewanōstaz (nominative singular)
þewanōstōz (nominative plural)
þewanōstōs (nominative plural)
þewanōst (singular vocative)
þewanōstōz (plural vocative)
þewanōstōs (plural vocative)
þewanōstą (accusative singular)
þewanōstanz (accusative plural)
þewanōstas (genitive singular)
þewanōstis (genitive singular)
þewanōstǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þewanōstai (dative singular)
þewanōstamaz (dative plural)
þewanōstō (instrumental singular)
þewanōstamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *þēonost, *þēonest, þēnest

Old Frisian: thiānost, thiānest

Saterland Frisian: Tjoonst

West Frisian: tjienst, tjinst, tsjinst

Old Saxon: thionost

Middle Low German: dênst

German Low German: Deenst, Dennst

Plautdietsch: Deenst

→ Old Norse: þénasta

Faroese: tænasta

Old Dutch: *thionost

Middle Dutch: dienst

Dutch: dienst

→ Indonesian: dinas

Old High German: dionōst

Middle High German: dienest, dienst

Central Franconian: Deens

German: Dienst

Luxembourgish: Déngscht

Yiddish: דינסט (dinst)

Old Norse: þjónusta, þjónasta

Icelandic: þjónusta

Faroese: tænasta

Norwegian Nynorsk: tenest, teneste

Old Swedish: þiænist

Swedish: tjänst

→ Finnish: tienesti

Danish: tjeneste

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tjeneste

From *þewanōną, from Proto-Indo-European *tekʷ- (“to run, be fluid, flow”).


setlaz

setlaz (nominative singular)
setlōz (nominative plural)
setlōs (nominative plural)
setl (singular vocative)
setlōz (plural vocative)
setlōs (plural vocative)
setlą (accusative singular)
setlanz (accusative plural)
setlas (genitive singular)
sitlis (genitive singular)
setlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sitlai (dative singular)
setlamaz (dative plural)
setlō (instrumental singular)
setlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *setl

Old English: setl, seotul, seatul

desc

Middle English: seotel, setil, setel, setle, settle

Scots: sattle, settle

English: settle

Old Frisian: *setl

Saterland Frisian: Sittel (in compounds)

Old Saxon: setl

Middle Low German: setel, sētel, settel

Old Dutch: *setl, *setal

Middle Dutch: setel

Dutch: zetel

Old High German: sezzal

Middle High German: sëzzel

German: Sessel

→ German Low German: Sessel

Old Norse: sjǫtull

Icelandic: sjötul

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌻𐍃 (sitls)

From Proto-Indo-European *sedlo-, from *sed- (“to sit”).


wīnabasją

wīnabasją (nominative singular)
wīnabasjō (nominative plural)
wīnabasją (singular vocative)
wīnabasjō (plural vocative)
wīnabasją (accusative singular)
wīnabasjō (accusative plural)
wīnabasjas (genitive singular)
wīnabasis (genitive singular)
wīnabasjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīnabasjai (dative singular)
wīnabasjamaz (dative plural)
wīnabasjō (instrumental singular)
wīnabasjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wīnabaʀi
Old English: wīnberġe f, wīnberie, wīnberiġe
Middle English: winberie, winberi, wynberie, wynberiȝ, wyneberie, wynneberie
English: wineberry; whimberry, whinberry, wimberry, winberry, windberry
Old Frisian: *wīnberie
Saterland Frisian: Wienbäie
Old Saxon: wīnberi
Middle Low German: wînbēre
Old Dutch: *wīnberi
Middle Dutch: wijnbere
Dutch: wijnbeer, wiemer
Old High German: wīnberi
Middle High German: wīnbere, wīnber
German: Weinbeere

Old Norse: vínber

Icelandic: vínber

Faroese: vínber

Old Swedish: vīnbær

Swedish: vinbär

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌰𐍃𐌹 (weinabasi)


aikulaz

*aikulaz (a-stem)

aikulaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
aikulai (masculine nominative plural strong)
aikulō (feminine nominative singular strong)
aikulôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
aikulą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
aikulō (neuter nominative plural strong)
aikulanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
aikulanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
aikulǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
aikulōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
aikulą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
aikulō (accusative neuter plural strong)
aikulas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
aikulaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
aikulaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
aikulaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
aikulas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
aikulaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
aikulammai (dative masculine singular strong)
aikulaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
aikulaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
aikulaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
aikulammai (dative neuter singular strong)
aikulaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
aikulanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
aikulaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
aikulaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
aikulaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
aikulanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
aikulaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
aikulô (masculine nominative singular weak)
aikulaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
aikulǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
aikulōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
aikulô (neuter nominative singular weak)
aikulōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
aikulanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
aikulanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
aikulōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
aikulōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
aikulô (accusative neuter singular weak)
aikulōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
aikuliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
aikulanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
aikulōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
aikulōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
aikuliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
aikulanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
aikulini (dative masculine singular weak)
aikulammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
aikulōni (dative feminine singular weak)
aikulōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
aikulini (dative neuter singular weak)
aikulammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
aikulinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
aikulammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
aikulōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
aikulōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
aikulinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
aikulammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: acol, acul

Derived from the verb *aikaną (“to make one's own”)


blankijaną

blankijō (active first-person indicative singular)
blankijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blankijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blankīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
blankijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blankī (active imperative second-person singular)
blankijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blankijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blankīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
blankijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blankijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
blankijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blankijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blankijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
blankijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blankijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blankijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blankijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blankijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blankijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blankijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blankijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blankīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
blankijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blankīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
blankijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blankijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blankijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
blankijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blankijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
blankijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blankijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
blankidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
blankidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blankidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
blankidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blankidē (active indicative singular third-person)
blankidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blankidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
blankidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blankidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blankidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blankidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
blankidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blankidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
blankidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blankidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
blankidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blankijandz (active participle present)
blankidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *blankijan
Old English: blenċan
Middle English: blenchen (Midlands, southern)
English: blench
Middle English: blenken (northern)
Scots: blenk
>? Old Frisian: blenkia (weak 2 verb)
Saterland Frisian: blinkje
Old Saxon: *blenkian
Middle Low German: blenken
Old Dutch: *blenken
Middle Dutch: blenken, blinken
Old High German: *blenken
Middle High German: blenken
German: blenken, blänken

Old Norse: blekkja

Icelandic: blekkja

From *blinkaną (“to shine”) + *-janą or *blankaz (“shining, white”) + *-janą.


bakārijaz

bakārijaz (nominative singular)
bakārijōz (nominative plural)
bakārijōs (nominative plural)
bakārī (singular vocative)
bakārijōz (plural vocative)
bakārijōs (plural vocative)
bakāriją (accusative singular)
bakārijanz (accusative plural)
bakārijas (genitive singular)
bakārīs (genitive singular)
bakārijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bakārijai (dative singular)
bakārijamaz (dative plural)
bakārijō (instrumental singular)
bakārijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bæcere
Middle English: bakere, backer, backere
English: baker
Scots: bakar, baikar

Old Frisian: *bakere, *bekere

Saterland Frisian: Bakker

West Frisian: bakker

desc

Old Saxon: bakkāri, bakkeri, bekkeri, bekkere

Middle Low German: backære, backer, beckere, becker

German Low German: Backer

Plautdietsch: Bakja

Old Dutch: *bakkari

Middle Dutch: backere

desctree

Dutch: bakker
Afrikaans: bakker
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bákrimán
→ Sranan Tongo: bakri

Limburgish: bekker

Old High German: bekkāri, beckāri

Middle High German: beckære, becker

German: Bäcker

Old Norse: bakari

Icelandic: bakari

Faroese: bakari

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: bakar; (dialectal) bakari, båkår, bakær

Old Swedish: bakare, baghare (late)

Swedish: bagare

Danish: bager

Norwegian Bokmål: baker

Gutnish: bakare, bagare

→? Estonian: pagar


þrawwaz

*þrawwaz (a-stem)

þrawwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
þrawwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
þrawwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
þrawwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
þrawwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
þrawwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
þrawwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
þrawwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
þrawwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
þrawwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
þrawwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
þrawwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
þrawwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
þrawwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
þrawwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
þrawwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
þrawwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
þrawwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
þrawwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
þrawwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
þrawwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
þrawwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
þrawwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
þrawwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
þrawwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
þrawwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
þrawwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
þrawwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
þrawwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
þrawwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
þrawwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
þrawwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
þrawwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
þrawwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
þrawwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
þrawwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
þrawwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
þrawwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
þrawwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
þrawwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
þrawwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
þrawwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
þrawwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
þrawwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
þrawwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
þrawwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
þrawwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
þrawwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
þrawwini (dative masculine singular weak)
þrawwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
þrawwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
þrawwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
þrawwini (dative neuter singular weak)
þrawwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
þrawwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
þrawwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
þrawwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
þrawwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
þrawwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
þrawwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

→ Proto-Finnic: *rahvas (“people”), *raavas (“full-grown, mature”)


hampijaną

hampijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hampijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hampijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hampīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hampijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hampī (active imperative second-person singular)
hampijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hampijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hampīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hampijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hampijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hampijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hampijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hampijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hampijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hampijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hampijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hampijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hampijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hampijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hampijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hampijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hampīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hampijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hampīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hampijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hampijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hampijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hampijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hampijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hampijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hampijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hampidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hampidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hampidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hampidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hampidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hampidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hampidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hampidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hampidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hampidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hampidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hampidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hampidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hampidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hampidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hampidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hampijandz (active participle present)
hampidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: *happa, *heppa

Norwegian: heppa

Swedish: hampa

Danish: happe

→ Middle English: happen (> happenen, hapnen)

English: hap; happen

From *hampą (“good luck, chance”) + *-janą.


kaurijaną

Old Norse: keyra

Icelandic: keyra

Faroese: koyra

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: kjøre

Norwegian Nynorsk: køyre

Old Swedish: kø̄ra

Swedish: köra

Old Danish: kø̄ræ

Danish: køre

Elfdalian: tjyöra

Gutnish: kåire

Scanian: køra

→ Middle English: cairen, kayren

English: cair

Variant of *karjaną, reportedly from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to turn, bend”).


bōkōną

bōkō (active first-person indicative singular)
bōkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bōkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
bōkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
bōkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bōkō (active imperative second-person singular)
bōkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bōkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bōkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bōkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bōkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bōkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bōkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bōkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bōkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bōkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bōkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bōkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bōkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bōkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bōkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bōkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bōkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bōkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bōkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bōkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bōkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bōkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bōkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bōkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bōkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bōkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bōkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bōkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bōkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bōkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bōkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
bōkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bōkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bōkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bōkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bōkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bōkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bōkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bōkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bōkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bōkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bōkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bōkōndz (active participle present)
bōkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bōkōn
Old English: bōcian
Middle English: booken, boken
English: book
Scots: buik, beuk
Old Frisian: bōkia
West Frisian: boekje
Old Saxon: *bōkon
Middle Low German: bôken
German Low German: boken
Old Dutch: *buokon
Middle Dutch: boeken
Dutch: boeken
>? Old High German: *buohhōn, *buochōn

Old Norse: bóka

Icelandic: bóka

Swedish: boka

From *bōks (“letter, written message”) + *-ōną.

af

to book (i.e. make a book, put in a book, write a book, etc.)


Grīmaz

Grīmaz (nominative singular)
Grīmai (dative singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Grīm

Old English: *Grīm

Old Norse: Grímr

Icelandic: Grímur

Faroese: Grímur

Possibly related to *grimmaz (“fierce”), which is from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem- (“to thunder”).


burgōną

burgō (active first-person indicative singular)
burgǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
burgōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
burgōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
burgōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
burgō (active imperative second-person singular)
burgōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
burgōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
burgōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
burgō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
burgōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
burgōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
burgōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
burgōs (active dual first-person indicative)
burgōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
burgōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
burgōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
burgōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
burgōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
burgōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
burgōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
burgōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
burgōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
burgōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
burgōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
burgōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
burgōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
burgōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
burgōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
burgōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
burgōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
burgōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
burgōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
burgōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
burgōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
burgōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
burgōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
burgōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
burgōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
burgōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
burgōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
burgōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
burgōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
burgōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
burgōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
burgōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
burgōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
burgōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
burgōndz (active participle present)
burgōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *borgōn
Old English: borgian, borġian
Middle English: borȝien, borwen
English: borrow
Old Frisian: borgia
West Frisian: boargje
Old Saxon: *borgōn
Middle Low German: borgen
Old Dutch: *borgon
Middle Dutch: borgen
Dutch: borgen
Old High German: borgōn, borgēn
Middle High German: borgen
German: borgen

Old Norse: borga

Old Swedish: borgha

Swedish: borga

Danish: borge

From *burgaz (“promise, debt”) + *-ōną. *burgaz is from Proto-Indo-European *bʰergʰ- (“to protect”).


Sigiwarduz

Sigiwarduz (nominative singular)
Sigiwardu (singular vocative)
Sigiwardų (accusative singular)
Sigiwardauz (genitive singular)
Sigiwardū (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Sigiwardu

Old English: Siġeweard

English: Siward

Old Frisian:

West Frisian: Sieuwerd

Old High German: Sigiwart

German: Siegwart

→ Vulgar Latin: *Sigivardus

Spanish: Sigivardo

Portuguese: Sigurdo

desctree

Old Norse: Sigurðr, Sigvarðr
Icelandic: Sigurður
Faroese: Sjúrður
Norwegian: Sjurd
Jamtish: Sjúł
Old Swedish: Sighvardh, Siughurdh
Swedish: Sjurd, Sjul
→ Norwegian: Sigurd
→ Faroese: Sigurð
→ Swedish: Sigurd
→ Danish: Sigurd

From *sigiz (“victory”) + *warduz (“guard”).


airō

airō (nominative singular)
airôz (nominative plural)
airō (singular vocative)
airôz (plural vocative)
airǭ (accusative singular)
airōz (accusative plural)
airōz (genitive singular)
airǫ̂ (genitive plural)
airōi (dative singular)
airōmaz (dative plural)
airō (instrumental singular)
airōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *airu
Old English: ār
Middle English: ore, hore, oore; are, aurre (Northern)
English: oar
Scots: air

Old Norse: ár
Icelandic: ár
Faroese: ár
Norwegian Nynorsk: år
Russenorsk: aart
Norwegian Bokmål: år
Elfdalian: år
Old Swedish: ār
Swedish: år, åra
Old Danish: aar
Danish: år

→ Proto-Finnic: *airo (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *ājrō (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₃eyH- (“pole”).


bibāną

bibō (active first-person indicative singular)
bibaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
bibai (active imperative second-person singular)
bibāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bibaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bibāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bibāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bibōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bibāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bibāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bibāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bibānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bibaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bibaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bibānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bibānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bibānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bibānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bibadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bibadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bibadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bibadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bibadē (active indicative singular third-person)
bibadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bibadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bibadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bibadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bibadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bibadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bibadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bibadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bibadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bibadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bibadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bibāndz (active participle present)
bibadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bibēn
Old English: bifian, biofian, beofian
Middle English: bivien, beovien, buvien; befien, byfien (Early Middle English), beovien
English: bive
⇒ Middle English: biveren, bevere, beveren
English: bever, bibber (Irish)
Scots: bever, baiver, baver, bevver
Yola: bebber
Old Frisian: bivia
North Frisian: bevern
Saterland Frisian: bieuwje
West Frisian: beevje
Old Saxon: bivon
Middle Low German: bēven
German Low German: beven
⇒ Middle Low German: *bibberen
German Low German: bibbern
→ German: bibbern
Old Dutch: *bivon
Middle Dutch: bēven
Dutch: beven
Afrikaans: bewe
Berbice Creole Dutch: befu
Negerhollands: beev, beeven
→ Aukan: beifi
→ Sranan Tongo: beifi
Old High German: bibēn
Middle High German: biben
Cimbrian: böoban
German: beben (influenced by Middle Low German beven)
Luxembourgish: biewen

Old Norse: bifa

Icelandic: bifa

Faroese: biva

Swedish: bäva (possibly from Middle Low German)

Norwegian Bokmål: beve (possibly from Middle Low German)

Norwegian Nynorsk: biva

Danish: bæve (possibly from Middle Low German)

⇒ Old Norse: bifra

Icelandic: bifra

Danish: bævre

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰe-bʰóyh₂-e ~ *bʰe-bʰih₂-ḗr, reduplicated stative of *bʰeyh₂- (“to fear, to be afraid”). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *bajā́ˀtei (“to fear, be afraid”), Sanskrit बिभाय (bibhā́ya, “to fear”), Avestan 𐬠𐬌𐬡𐬌𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬵 (biβiuuāh, “to be afraid”).


upanōną

upanō (active first-person indicative singular)
upanǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
upanōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
upanōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
upanōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
upanō (active imperative second-person singular)
upanōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
upanōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
upanōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
upanō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
upanōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
upanōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
upanōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
upanōs (active dual first-person indicative)
upanōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
upanōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
upanōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
upanōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
upanōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
upanōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
upanōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
upanōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
upanōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
upanōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
upanōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
upanōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
upanōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
upanōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
upanōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
upanōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
upanōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
upanōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
upanōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
upanōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
upanōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
upanōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
upanōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
upanōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
upanōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
upanōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
upanōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
upanōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
upanōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
upanōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
upanōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
upanōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
upanōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
upanōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
upanōndz (active participle present)
upanōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *opanōn
Old English: openian
Middle English: openen
English: open
Scots: apen
Old Frisian: epenia
Saterland Frisian: epenje, eepenje
West Frisian: iepenje
Old Saxon: opanōn
Middle Low German: ȫpenen, ōpenen, āpenen, ōpenen, öppenen, uppenen
Old Dutch: opanon
Middle Dutch: ōpenen
Dutch: openen
Afrikaans: open
Negerhollands: open, hopo
Limburgish: aope
Old High German: offanōn
Middle High German: offenen
German: öffnen
Yiddish: עפֿענען (efenen)

Old Norse: opna

Icelandic: opna

Faroese: opna

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: åpne

Norwegian Nynorsk: opna, opne

Old Swedish: opna, ypna

Swedish: öppna, (dialectal) öppten

Old Danish: opnæ

Danish: åbne

Gutnish: upne, ypne

Scanian: obna

From *upanaz (“open”) + *-ōną. Compare *uppijaną.


skaiþiz

skaiþiz (nominative singular)
skaiþīz (nominative plural)
skaiþi (singular vocative)
skaiþīz (plural vocative)
skaiþį (accusative singular)
skaiþinz (accusative plural)
skaiþīz (genitive singular)
skaiþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skaiþī (dative singular)
skaiþimaz (dative plural)
skaiþī (instrumental singular)
skaiþimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skaiþiju
Old English: sċēaþ
Middle English: shethe, sheth, schethe, scheth
English: sheath, sheathe
Old Frisian: skēthe
Old Saxon: sceitha
Low German: scheed
Old Dutch: *skētha
Middle Dutch: schêde
Dutch: schede
Old High German: sceida, skaida
Middle High German: scheide
German: Scheide
Hunsrik: Scheed
Luxembourgish: Scheed
Yiddish: שייד (sheyd)

Old Norse: skeið

Icelandic: skeið

Faroese: skeið

Norwegian Nynorsk: skei, skeid

→ Norwegian Bokmål: skei

Old Swedish: skēþ

Swedish: sked

Danish: ske

Norwegian Bokmål: skje

→ Middle Irish: scáeth
Irish: scaoth
Manx: skeih
Scottish Gaelic: sgaoth

Old Norse: skeiðir f pl (“sheath”)

Danish: skede

Norwegian Bokmål: skjede

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skjede

From Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to split”) apparently with the suffix *-tis (= *-þiz), but the o-grade is unexpected; perhaps *skaiþaną points to a verb *skóyteti with a *-t- extension already in the stem, so this would be an old i-stem derivation from there.

something carved out to be concave or hollow


aldijaną

aldijō (active first-person indicative singular)
aldijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aldijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
aldīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
aldijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aldī (active imperative second-person singular)
aldijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
aldijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
aldīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
aldijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aldijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
aldijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
aldijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
aldijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
aldijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aldijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aldijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aldijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
aldijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
aldijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aldijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
aldijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
aldīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
aldijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aldīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
aldijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
aldijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
aldijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
aldijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aldijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
aldijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
aldijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
aldidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
aldidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aldidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
aldidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aldidē (active indicative singular third-person)
aldidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aldidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
aldidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aldidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aldidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aldidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
aldidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aldidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
aldidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aldidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
aldidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aldijandz (active participle present)
aldidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *aldijan
Old English: ieldan
Old High German: elten

Old Norse: elda, eldask

Icelandic: elda, eldast

Faroese: elda, eldast


kaupōną

kaupō (active first-person indicative singular)
kaupǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kaupōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
kaupōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kaupōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kaupō (active imperative second-person singular)
kaupōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kaupōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kaupōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kaupō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kaupōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kaupōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kaupōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kaupōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kaupōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kaupōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kaupōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kaupōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kaupōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kaupōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kaupōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kaupōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kaupōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kaupōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kaupōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kaupōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kaupōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kaupōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kaupōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kaupōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kaupōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kaupōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kaupōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kaupōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kaupōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kaupōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kaupōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
kaupōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kaupōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kaupōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kaupōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kaupōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kaupōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kaupōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kaupōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kaupōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kaupōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kaupōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kaupōndz (active participle present)
kaupōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kaupōn
Old English: ċēapian
Middle English: chepen
Scots: chepe, cheip
English: cheap
Old Frisian: kāpia
North Frisian: kupe, koope
Saterland Frisian: koopje
West Frisian: keapje
→ Dutch: kapen
→ English: cop
Old Saxon: *kōpōn
Middle Low German: kôpen
German Low German: kopen
Old Dutch: cōpon
Middle Dutch: côpen
Dutch: kopen
Afrikaans: koop
Berbice Creole Dutch: kopu
Negerhollands: koop, kop
Skepi Creole Dutch: kop
Limburgish: koupe
Old High German: koufōn, choufōn
Middle High German: koufen
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: köife
Swabian: kaafe
Bavarian: kaufn, kaffa
Central Franconian: koofe, kaufe (Kölsch; Westerwald), koofn
East Franconian: kaafm
German: kaufen
Luxembourgish: kafen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: kaafe
Vilamovian: kaofja
Yiddish: קויפֿן (koyfn)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: kaupa

Icelandic: kaupa

Faroese: keypa

Norwegian Bokmål: kjøpe

Old Swedish: kø̄pa

Swedish: köpa

Old Danish: kø̄pæ

Danish: købe

Elfdalian: tjyöpa

Gutnish: kaupe

Scanian: køba

→ Scots: cowp, coup

Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽 (kaupōn)

→ Finnish: kaupata


þwahlą

þwahlą (nominative singular)
þwahlō (nominative plural)
þwahlą (singular vocative)
þwahlō (plural vocative)
þwahlą (accusative singular)
þwahlō (accusative plural)
þwahlas (genitive singular)
þwahlis (genitive singular)
þwahlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þwahlai (dative singular)
þwahlamaz (dative plural)
þwahlō (instrumental singular)
þwahlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þwahl
Old English: þwēal
Middle English: thweal
Old High German: dwahal
⇒ Old High German: dwahalkar (“washtub”)

Old Norse: þvál; þvalr; þvæla

Icelandic: þvál

Old Swedish: thval

Swedish: tvål

Gothic: 𐌸𐍅𐌰𐌷𐌻 (þwahl)

→ Proto-Finnic: *vahla

Finnish: vahla (“foam”)


arþrą

arþrą (nominative singular)
arþrō (nominative plural)
arþrą (singular vocative)
arþrō (plural vocative)
arþrą (accusative singular)
arþrō (accusative plural)
arþras (genitive singular)
arþris (genitive singular)
arþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arþrai (dative singular)
arþramaz (dative plural)
arþrō (instrumental singular)
arþramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: arðr
Icelandic: arður
Norwegian Nynorsk: ard
Norwegian Bokmål: ard
→ English: ard
Old Swedish: arþer n
Swedish: årder n
Danish: ard

→ Proto-Finnic: *atra (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂érh₃trom. Equivalent to *arjaną + *-þrą.


Friþurīks

Friþurīks (nominative singular)
Friþurīk (singular vocative)
Friþurīkų (accusative singular)
Friþurīkiz (genitive singular)
Friþurīki (dative singular)
Friþurīkē (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Friþurīk
Old English: Friþurīc, Freoþorīc
Old Saxon: Frithurik
Middle Low German: Vrederik
Low German: Frederik
→ Norwegian: Fredrik
→ Swedish: Fredrik
→ Danish: Frederik
Old Dutch: *Frithurīk
Middle Dutch: Vrederic
Dutch: Frederik
Old High German: Fridurih
German: Friedrich, Friederich; Friedr. (abbreviation)
→ English: Frederick
→ Chinese: → 弗里德里希 (Fúlǐdélǐxī) (transliteration)
→ Latin: Friderīcus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: *Friðríkr, *Friðrekr (likely from German)

Icelandic: Friðrik, Friðrekur

Faroese: Fríðrikur

Norwegian Nynorsk: Fridrek, Frikk

→ Estonian: Vidrik

From *friþuz (“peace”) + *rīks (“king, ruler”).