blauþuz

blauþuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
blauþijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
blauþī (feminine nominative singular strong)
blauþijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
blauþų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
blauþijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
blauþijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
blauþijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
blauþijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
blauþijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
blauþų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
blauþijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
blauþijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
blauþīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
blauþijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
blauþijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
blauþijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
blauþijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
blauþīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
blauþijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
blauþijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
blauþijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
blauþijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
blauþijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
blauþijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
blauþijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
blauþijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
blauþijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
blauþijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
blauþijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
blauþijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
blauþijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
blauþijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
blauþijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
blauþijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
blauþijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
blauþijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
blauþijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
blauþijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
blauþijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
blauþijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
blauþijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
blauþijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
blauþijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
blauþīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
blauþijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
blauþijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
blauþijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
blauþīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
blauþijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
blauþīni (dative masculine singular weak)
blauþijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
blauþijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
blauþijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
blauþīni (dative neuter singular weak)
blauþijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
blauþīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
blauþijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
blauþijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
blauþijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
blauþīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
blauþijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: blēaþ

Middle English: bleath, bleth, blethe

Scots: blait, blate

→ English: blate, bloat

Old Frisian: *blāth

Saterland Frisian: blood

West Frisian: blea

Old Saxon: *blōth, blōthi

Middle Low German: blōde, blöde

German Low German: blood, blööd, bleud

Frankish: *blauthi, *blōdi

Old Dutch: *blōdi

Middle Dutch: blōde, bloot

Dutch: blood, bloo, bleu

Old High German: plōdi, blōdi

Middle High German: blöde

Bavarian: bled

German: blöde, blöd

Luxembourgish: bléid

Old Norse: blauðr

Icelandic: blauður

Old Swedish: blø̄dher

Swedish: blöd

Danish: blød

From Proto-Indo-European *mlew-. Related to Proto-Germanic *blewwaną (“to beat (up), blow”), Ancient Greek ἀμβλύς (amblús, “blunt; dim, faint”), Avestan 𐬨𐬭𐬎𐬙𐬀 (mruta, “crushed (?), weak”).


taumaz

taumaz (nominative singular)
taumōz (nominative plural)
taumōs (nominative plural)
taum (singular vocative)
taumōz (plural vocative)
taumōs (plural vocative)
taumą (accusative singular)
taumanz (accusative plural)
taumas (genitive singular)
taumis (genitive singular)
taumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
taumai (dative singular)
taumamaz (dative plural)
taumō (instrumental singular)
taumamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *taum

desctree

Old English: tēam
Middle English: tem, teem, teeme, teme, teome, them, theam; tæm, team (Early Middle English)
English: team (see there for further descendants)
Scots: team

Old Frisian: tām

Saterland Frisian: Toom

West Frisian: team

Old Saxon: *tām, *tōm

Middle Low German: tôm

German Low German: Toom

Old Dutch: *toum, tōm

Middle Dutch: toom

Dutch: toom

Old High German: zoum

Middle High German: zoum

German: Zaum

Luxembourgish: Zam

Old Norse: taumr

Icelandic: taumur

Faroese: teymur

Norwegian: taum

Old Swedish: tømber

Swedish: töm

Danish: tømme

From earlier *taugmaz, from *teuhaną, from Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to draw, pull”).

der

a tie; tether; rope; cord; strap; leash; bridle

that which is tied or bound together; group; team


auþuz

auþuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
auþijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
auþī (feminine nominative singular strong)
auþijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
auþų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
auþijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
auþijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
auþijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
auþijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
auþijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
auþų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
auþijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
auþijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
auþīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
auþijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
auþijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
auþijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
auþijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
auþīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
auþijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
auþijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
auþijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
auþijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
auþijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
auþijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
auþijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
auþijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
auþijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
auþijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
auþijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
auþijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
auþijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
auþijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
auþijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
auþijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
auþijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
auþijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
auþijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
auþijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
auþijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
auþijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
auþijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
auþijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
auþijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
auþīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
auþijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
auþijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
auþijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
auþīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
auþijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
auþīni (dative masculine singular weak)
auþijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
auþijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
auþijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
auþīni (dative neuter singular weak)
auþijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
auþīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
auþijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
auþijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
auþijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
auþīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
auþijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *auþī
Old English: īeþe, ēaþe, ȳþe
Middle English: ethe, eithe, ith
English: eath
Scots: eith
Yola: eeth, eêth, eafe, eeefe
Old Saxon: ōthi
Middle Low German: ode
German Low German: ööd, öög
Old Dutch: *oudi
Middle Dutch: ode
Dutch: (dialectal) ode
Limburgish: uue, uui
Old High German: *ōdi (attested in derivatives: ōdlīh, unōdi)
Middle High German: œde
German: öde

Old Norse: auð-

Icelandic: auð-; auð (adverb)

Faroese: eyð-

Norwegian: aud-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwtus, itself a derivation from *h₂ew-.


nawiz

nawiz (nominative singular)
nawīz (nominative plural)
nawi (singular vocative)
nawīz (plural vocative)
nawį (accusative singular)
nawinz (accusative plural)
nawīz (genitive singular)
nawjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nawī (dative singular)
nawimaz (dative plural)
nawī (instrumental singular)
nawimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *nawi

Old English: nēo, nē

Old Norse: nár
Icelandic: nár
Norwegian Bokmål: nåe

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍃 (naus)

From Proto-Indo-European *neh₂wis (“corpse”), from *neh₂w- (“death; corpse”). Cognate with Latvian nāve (“death”), Proto-Slavic *navь (“corpse”). Cf. also Tocharian B naut- (“to disappear; be destroyed”).


neudaz

neudaz (nominative singular)
neudōz (nominative plural)
neudōs (nominative plural)
neud (singular vocative)
neudōz (plural vocative)
neudōs (plural vocative)
neudą (accusative singular)
neudanz (accusative plural)
neudas (genitive singular)
niudis (genitive singular)
neudǫ̂ (genitive plural)
niudai (dative singular)
neudamaz (dative plural)
neudō (instrumental singular)
neudamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: nēod; nēodlīċe

Middle English: neod, nede (through merger with Old English nīed); neodliche, needely

Scots: nede

English: need; needly

Old Frisian: niōd

North Frisian: njoe

Saterland Frisian: nuddelk

Old Saxon: niud; niudlīk

Middle Low German: nut, not, note

German Low German: nüüt; nüütjes; nütelk

Old High German: niot; niotlīh

Middle High German: gegenniet; northern: niethlīch; nītlīch

German: niedlich

From Proto-Indo-European *newdʰ- (“seeking, need”), from Proto-Indo-European *new- (“to incline, push, move, nod, wave”). Cognate with Lithuanian nauditi (“to desire, covet, crave”).


skrudōną

skrudō (active first-person indicative singular)
skrudǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrudōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skrudōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skrudōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrudō (active imperative second-person singular)
skrudōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skrudōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skrudōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skrudō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrudōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skrudōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skrudōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skrudōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skrudōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrudōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrudōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrudōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skrudōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skrudōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrudōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skrudōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skrudōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skrudōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrudōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skrudōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skrudōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skrudōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skrudōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrudōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skrudōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skrudōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skrudōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skrudōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrudōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skrudōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrudōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skrudōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrudōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skrudōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrudōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrudōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrudōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skrudōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrudōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skrudōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrudōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skrudōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrudōndz (active participle present)
skrudōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skrudōn

Old English: sċrūdnian, sċrūtnian

desc

Old High German: skrodōn, scrodōn, scrutōn, scrutilōn

→ Late Latin: scrūtor

→ Medieval Latin: scrūtinium

→ Middle English: scrutiny

English: scrutiny

⇒ English: scrutinise

From earlier *skruþōną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)krewt- (“to cut”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”).


ēlō

ēlō (nominative singular)
ēlôz (nominative plural)
ēlō (singular vocative)
ēlôz (plural vocative)
ēlǭ (accusative singular)
ēlōz (accusative plural)
ēlōz (genitive singular)
ēlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ēlōi (dative singular)
ēlōmaz (dative plural)
ēlō (instrumental singular)
ēlōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ālu
>? Old English: āl, ǣl
Old Frisian: *âl, *ēl
Saterland Frisian: Äil
Old Saxon: *āla
Middle Low German: âl
Low German: Ahl
Old Dutch: *āla
Middle Dutch: *âle, *ael
Dutch: aal (possibly borrowed)
Old High German: āla
Middle High German: āle
Cimbrian: aala
German: Ahle

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ólos or *ēl- (“awl, prong”). Cognate with Sanskrit आरा (ā́rā).


linnaną

linnō (active first-person indicative singular)
linnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
linnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
linnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
linnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
linn (active imperative second-person singular)
linnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
linnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
linnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
linnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
linnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
linnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
linnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
linnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
linnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
linnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
linnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
linnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
linnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
linnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
linnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
linnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
linnid (active indicative plural second-person)
linnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
linnid (active imperative plural second-person)
linnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
linnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
linnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
linnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
linnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
linnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
linnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lann (active first-person indicative singular)
lunnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lannt (active indicative second-person singular)
lunnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lann (active indicative singular third-person)
lunnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lunnū (active dual first-person indicative)
lunnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lunnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lunnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lunnum (active first-person indicative plural)
lunnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lunnud (active indicative plural second-person)
lunnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lunnun (active indicative plural third-person)
lunnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
linnandz (active participle present)
lunnanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *linnan
Old English: linnan
Middle English: linnen, linne, lyn, lyne, lynne
English: lin (obsolete)
Scots: lin
Old Frisian: lenda

Old Norse: linna

Icelandic: linna

Norwegian: linna

Swedish: linna

Danish: linne

Gothic: *𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*linnan) (in 𐌰𐍆𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (aflinnan))

From Proto-Indo-European *leyh₂- (“to avoid, elude, decline, shrink away from, recede”).


bultaz

bultaz (nominative singular)
bultōz (nominative plural)
bultōs (nominative plural)
bult (singular vocative)
bultōz (plural vocative)
bultōs (plural vocative)
bultą (accusative singular)
bultanz (accusative plural)
bultas (genitive singular)
bultis (genitive singular)
bultǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bultai (dative singular)
bultamaz (dative plural)
bultō (instrumental singular)
bultamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bolt
Old English: bolt
Middle English: bolt
English: bolt
→ Irish: bolta
→ Japanese: ボルト (boruto)
→ Maltese: bolt
→ Russian: болт (bolt)
→ Azerbaijani: bolt
→ Ingrian: boltta
→ Scottish Gaelic: bolta
→ Welsh: bollt
Old Frisian: bolt
West Frisian: bout
Old Saxon: bolt
Middle Low German: bolte
German Low German: Bolt (Baltic)
→ Estonian: polt
→ Danish: bolt
→ Faroese: boltur
→ Latvian: bulta
→ Middle Norwegian: boltr
Norwegian: bolt
→ Swedish: bult
→ Finnish: pultti
Old Dutch: *bolt
Middle Dutch: bout
Dutch: bout
Berbice Creole Dutch: bauta
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bowtu
→ Indonesian: baut
→ Papiamentu: bout
→ Sranan Tongo: bowtu (shank)
→ Sranan Tongo: bowtu (bolt)
Old High German: bolz
Middle High German: bolz
German: Bolz, Bolzen

Old Norse: boltr, bolti

Icelandic: bolti

Faroese: bóltur

Norwegian: bolt

Swedish: bult

Danish: bolt

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeld- (“to knock, strike”). Cf. Lithuanian beldu (“I knock”), baldas (“pole for striking”).


hrōfą

hrōfą (nominative singular)
hrōfō (nominative plural)
hrōfą (singular vocative)
hrōfō (plural vocative)
hrōfą (accusative singular)
hrōfō (accusative plural)
hrōfas (genitive singular)
hrōfis (genitive singular)
hrōfǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrōfai (dative singular)
hrōfamaz (dative plural)
hrōfō (instrumental singular)
hrōfamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrōf

Old English: hrōf

Middle English: rof, roof, ruffe

English: roof

Scots: ruf, ruif

Old Frisian: hrōf

Old Saxon: *hrōf

Middle Low German: rôf

Low German: Roof

→ German: Roof

Old Dutch: *ruof

Middle Dutch: roef, rouf

Dutch: roef

→ French: rouf

→ Norwegian: ruff

→ Swedish: ruff

→ Danish: ruf

→ Icelandic: rúff

→ Faroese: ruff

Old High German: ruof

Old Norse: hróf

Icelandic: hróf

Faroese: rógv (possibly)

Norwegian:

i

likely merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*rubą</i>

Norwegian Nynorsk: rōv (“collapsed building”) (likely merged with *rubą)

Old Swedish: rōgh

Swedish: ro (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *krāpo-, *ḱrapo- (“roof”), from Proto-Indo-European *krāwə- (“to cover, heap”).
Cognate with Irish cró (“pen, barn, cabin”), Proto-Slavic *stropъ.


sundą

sundą (nominative singular)
sundō (nominative plural)
sundą (singular vocative)
sundō (plural vocative)
sundą (accusative singular)
sundō (accusative plural)
sundas (genitive singular)
sundis (genitive singular)
sundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sundai (dative singular)
sundamaz (dative plural)
sundō (instrumental singular)
sundamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sund

Middle English: sund, sound

Scots: sund, sound

English: sound

→ Middle French: sonder

French: sonder; sonde

→ English: sound

Old Saxon: *sund

Middle Low German: sunt

→ Middle High German: sund

German: Sund

Old Dutch: *sund

Middle Dutch: sund, sond

Dutch: zond (variants: sont, sond)

Old Norse: sund

Icelandic: sund

Faroese: sund

Norwegian: sund

Old Swedish: sund, sond

Swedish: sund

Danish: sund

From earlier *swumdan (compare Gothic 𐍃𐍅𐌿𐌼𐍃𐌻 (swumsl, “pool”)), from Proto-Indo-European *swm̥tóm.


wlitiz

wlitiz (nominative singular)
wlitīz (nominative plural)
wliti (singular vocative)
wlitīz (plural vocative)
wlitį (accusative singular)
wlitinz (accusative plural)
wlitīz (genitive singular)
wlitjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wlitī (dative singular)
wlitimaz (dative plural)
wlitī (instrumental singular)
wlitimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wliti
Old English: wlite, wlitu
Middle English: wlite
Old Frisian: wlite
Old Saxon: wliti

Old Norse: litr
Icelandic: litur
Faroese: litur
Norwegian Nynorsk: let, lit
Norwegian Bokmål: let
Old Swedish: liter
Swedish: let, lit
Old Danish: lyt
Danish: lød
Norwegian Bokmål: lød
→ Old English: lit
Middle English: lit, litte
Scots: lit, litt
English: lit

Gothic: 𐍅𐌻𐌹𐍄𐍃 (wlits)

From Proto-Indo-European *wel- (“to see”). Cognate with Latin vultus (“feature, appearance, visage, aspect, look”) and Old Armenian գեղ (geł). Compare *wulþuz.


þanhtaz

þanhtaz (nominative singular)
þanhtōz (nominative plural)
þanhtōs (nominative plural)
þanht (singular vocative)
þanhtōz (plural vocative)
þanhtōs (plural vocative)
þanhtą (accusative singular)
þanhtanz (accusative plural)
þanhtas (genitive singular)
þanhtis (genitive singular)
þanhtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þanhtai (dative singular)
þanhtamaz (dative plural)
þanhtō (instrumental singular)
þanhtamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þą̄ht

desc

Old English: þōht m or n, ġeþōht m or n, þeaht n, ġeþeaht f or n

Middle English: ȝeþoȝt, ithoght, thought

Scots: thocht

English: thought

Old Frisian: thōchte, gethāht, *thāht

Saterland Frisian: Toacht

West Frisian: dacht (in compounds)

Old Saxon: githāht f

Middle Low German: gedahte, gedochte

Low German: Gedacht (rare), Andacht

Old Dutch: *githāht (attested as plural githāhti)

Middle Dutch: gedachte, ghedachte, ghedochte

Dutch: gedachte

Old High German: gidāht, gedāht, *dāht, anadāht

Middle High German: gedǣhte, dāht f, andāht

German: Andacht

Old Norse: þóttr m, þótti n

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (andaþāhts) (adjective)

/ˈθɑ̃ːx.tɑz/

From *þankijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *teng- (“to think”).


bugô

bugô (nominative singular)
buganiz (nominative plural)
bugô (singular vocative)
buganiz (plural vocative)
buganų (accusative singular)
buganunz (accusative plural)
buginiz (genitive singular)
buganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bugini (dative singular)
bugammaz (dative plural)
buginē (instrumental singular)
bugammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bogō
Old English: boga
Middle English: bowe
Scots: bow
English: bow
Old Frisian: boga
Saterland Frisian: Booge
West Frisian: boge
Old Saxon: bogo
Middle Low German: bōge
German Low German: Boog
Old Dutch: bogo
Middle Dutch: bōge
Dutch: boog
Old High German: bogo
Middle High German: boge
German: Bogen
Hunsrik: Bohe
Luxembourgish: Bou
Rhine Franconian: Boche, Bouche, Boge, Boo, Booe
Frankfurterisch: [b̥oːɣ̥ə]
Yiddish: בויגן (boygn)

Old Norse: bogi, bugi
Icelandic: bogi
Faroese: bogi
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: bue, boge
Jamtish: buga
Elfdalian: bugi
Old Swedish: bughi, boghi
Swedish: båge, båga(archaic), boge, boga(dialectal), bôg
Old Danish: boghæ
Scanian: buğe
Danish: bue
Gutnish: buge
→ Old Irish: boga
Irish: bogha
Scottish Gaelic: bogha

Crimean Gothic: boga

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰugʰ- (“bow; arch”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewgʰ- (“to bend; arch”).


bō-

bō- (canonical)
bōbō- (canonical)
bōl- (canonical)
bōj- (canonical masculine)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰā-, *bʰāt- (“father, (elder) brother”). Cognate with Lithuanian batis (“father, dad, friend”), Proto-Slavic *batę (“older male relative or brother, dad”) (whence Russian ба́тя (bátja, “dad”)).

cog

A stem meaning father, brother, close male relation.

babo

Proto-West Germanic: *babō; Old High German

bōfa

attested as Bōba, Bōfa (male given names)

boef

Old Frisian: *bōba, *bōfa, *bōva; West Frisian

bōla

attested as Bōla, Bōlla (male given name)

boie

Old Frisian: boy, boi; Boio (male given name); West Frisian

>? Proto-Germanic: *baswôProto-West Germanic: *baswōOld Frisian: *basa

possibly borrowed from Middle Low German

basSaterland Frisian: BoasWest Frisian: baes

baasOld Saxon: *basoMiddle Low German: bāsLow German: BasGerman Low German: Baas→ German: Bas

Baas→ Danish: bas→ Swedish: bas→ Norwegian: basOld Dutch: *basoMiddle Dutch: baesDutch: baasAfrikaans: baas→ English: baasNegerhollands: baas

baes→ Lokono: basia→ Aukan: basi→ Belizean Creole: baas→ Caribbean Hindustani: bás→ Caribbean Javanese: bas→ English: boss→ Cantonese: 波士→ Danish: boss→ French: boss→ Indonesian: bos→ Italian: boss→ Japanese: ボス→ Korean: 보스→ Guyanese Creole English: baas→ Indonesian: bas→ Petjo: bas→ Jamaican Creole: baas→ Kwinti: basia→ Papiamentu: bas

ba→ Saramaccan: bási→ Sranan Tongo: basi→ Kari'na: ba`si→ Trió: paasi→ West Frisian: baasWest Flemish: baos→ French: bausse


failijaz

*failijaz (ja-stem)

failijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
failijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
failijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
failijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
failiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
failijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
failijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
failijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
failijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
failijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
failiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
failijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
failijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
failijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
failijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
failijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
failijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
failijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
failijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
failijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
failijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
failijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
failijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
failijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
failijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
failijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
failijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
failijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
failijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
failijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
failijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
failijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
failijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
failijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
failijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
failijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
failijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
failijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
failijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
failijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
failijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
failijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
failīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
failijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
failijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
failijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
failīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
failijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
failīni (dative masculine singular weak)
failijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
failijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
failijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
failīni (dative neuter singular weak)
failijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
failīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
failijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
failijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
failijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
failīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
failijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *failī
Old English: fǣle
Middle English: fele, feele, fell, felle; feale (Early Middle English)
English: feal
Scots: feal, feel, feil
Old Frisian: fēle
West Frisian: feil
Old Saxon: *fēli
Middle Low German: vêle, veile
Old Dutch: *feili, *fēli
Middle Dutch: veile
Dutch: veil
Old High German: feili
Middle High German: veile, veil
German: feil

Uncertain; has been linked with Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to protect”), but the -l- is unusual.


wēraz

*wēraz (a-stem)

wēraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wērai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wērō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wērôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wērą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wērō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wēranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wēranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wērǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wērōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wērą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wērō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wēras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wēraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wēraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wēraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wēras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wēraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wērammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wēraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wēraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wēraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wērammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wēraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wēranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wēraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wēraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wēraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wēranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wēraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wērô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wēraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wērǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wērōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wērô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wērōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wēranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wēranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wērōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wērōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wērô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wērōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wēriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wēranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wērōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wērōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wēriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wēranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wērini (dative masculine singular weak)
wērammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wērōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wērōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wērini (dative neuter singular weak)
wērammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wērinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wērammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wērōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wērōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wērinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wērammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wār
Old English: wǣr
Old Frisian: wēr
North Frisian: wer
Saterland Frisian: weer
West Frisian: wier
Old Saxon: wār; *wāri
Middle Low German: wâr
German Low German: wahr
Old Dutch: wār; *wāri
Middle Dutch: waer
Dutch: waar
Old High German: wār
Middle High German: wār
Cimbrian: baar
German: wahr
Hunsrik: woher
Luxembourgish: wouer
Yiddish: וואָר (vor)

Old Norse: værr Vár; alværð; alvara (possibly borrowed)

Icelandic: alvara; vær

Faroese: álvarsamur

Swedish: allvar

Norwegian: alvor

Old Danish: allvar

Danish: alvor

Gothic: *𐍅𐌴𐍂𐍃 (*wērs) or *𐍅𐌴𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (*wēreis), in derivates such as 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐍅𐌴𐍂𐌴𐌹 (allawērei)

From Proto-Indo-European *weh₁ros (“true”), from *weh₁-. Cognate with Latin vērus (“true”), Irish fíor (“true”), Proto-Slavic *vě̀ra (“faith/belief”).


þigjaną

þigjō (active first-person indicative singular)
þigjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þigjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þigisi (active indicative second-person singular)
þigjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þigi (active imperative second-person singular)
þigjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þigjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þigiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þigjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þigjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þigjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þigjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þigjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þigjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þigjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þigjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þigjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þigjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þigjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þigjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þigjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þigiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þigjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þigiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þigjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þigjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þigjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þigjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þigjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þigjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þigjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þag (active first-person indicative singular)
þēgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þaht (active indicative second-person singular)
þēgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þag (active indicative singular third-person)
þēgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þēgū (active dual first-person indicative)
þēgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þēgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þēgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þēgum (active first-person indicative plural)
þēgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þēgud (active indicative plural second-person)
þēgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þēgun (active indicative plural third-person)
þēgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þigjandz (active participle present)
þeganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þiggjan
Old English: þiċġan
Middle English: thiggen
Scots: thig
English: thig (obsolete)
Old Saxon: thiggian
Old Dutch: thiggen
Old High German: *thicken, *thiggen, diggen
Middle High German: digen, diegen
German: digen (obsolete)

Old Norse: þiggja
Icelandic: þiggja
Faroese: tiggja
Norwegian Nynorsk: tigga; (dialectal) tiggja, teggja, tige
Norwegian Bokmål: tigge
Old Swedish: þiggia
Swedish: tigga
Danish: tigge

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

From Proto-Indo-European *tek-yé-ti, from the root Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to take by the hand, receive, obtain”). Cognate with Old Irish techtaim (“I possess”), Lithuanian tèkti (“to be granted”), Ancient Greek κτάομαι (ktáomai, “to acquire”).


razną

razną (nominative singular)
raznō (nominative plural)
razną (singular vocative)
raznō (plural vocative)
razną (accusative singular)
raznō (accusative plural)
raznas (genitive singular)
raznis (genitive singular)
raznǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raznai (dative singular)
raznamaz (dative plural)
raznō (instrumental singular)
raznamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *raʀn
Old English: ærn, earn, ern
Middle English: ern
⇒ Old English: bereærn
Middle English: bern
Scots: bern
English: barn

Old Norse: rann

Icelandic: rann

Faroese: rann

→ Middle English: ran

⇒ Old Norse: rannsaka
Icelandic: rannsaka
Faroese: at rannsaka
Norn: ransla
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: ransake
Norwegian Nynorsk: ransake, ransaka
Old Swedish: ransaka
Swedish: rannsaka
Danish: ransage
→ Middle English: ransaken, ronsaken
English: ransack
→ Norman: ransaquer
Scots: ransak, runsik
→ Scottish Gaelic: rannsaich

Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 (razn)

From pre-Germanic *h₁rh̥₁-s-nó-m, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁erh₁- (“to rest”). Cognate with Irish árus (“dwelling, premises”).


hupiz

hupiz (nominative singular)
hupīz (nominative plural)
hupi (singular vocative)
hupīz (plural vocative)
hupį (accusative singular)
hupinz (accusative plural)
hupīz (genitive singular)
hupijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hupī (dative singular)
hupimaz (dative plural)
hupī (instrumental singular)
hupimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hupi
Old English: hype
Middle English: hippe, hip
English: hip
Scots: hip
Old Frisian: *hepe, *hope
Saterland Frisian: Hepe
West Frisian: heupe, heup
Old Saxon: *hupi, *hup
Middle Low German: hüp, hüf, hüfte (the main form was hüf; from High German?)
German Low German: Hüft
Plautdietsch: Hoft
→ Swedish: höft
→ Danish: hofte
→ Elfdalian: öft
→ Gutnish: höft, höift
→ Old Norse: huppr (in combination)
Icelandic: huppur
Faroese: huppur
Norwegian: hupp
Old Dutch: *hupi
Middle Dutch: hope, huepe
Dutch: heup
Negerhollands: hep, heep
Old High German: huf
Middle High German: huf, huft
Cimbrian: huff
⇒ Middle High German: hüfte pl
German: Hüfte
Luxembourgish: Hëft

Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐍀𐍃 (hups)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kubëh (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱewbh₂-, *(s)kub-, *(s)ḱub- (“shoulder, thigh”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew-, *(s)ḱew- (“to bend, arch, bow”). Cognate with Latin cubitus (“elbow, bend, arch”), Latin cubō (“lie down, recline”).


maiþmaz

maiþmaz (nominative singular)
maiþmōz (nominative plural)
maiþmōs (nominative plural)
maiþm (singular vocative)
maiþmōz (plural vocative)
maiþmōs (plural vocative)
maiþmą (accusative singular)
maiþmanz (accusative plural)
maiþmas (genitive singular)
maiþmis (genitive singular)
maiþmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maiþmai (dative singular)
maiþmamaz (dative plural)
maiþmō (instrumental singular)
maiþmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *maiþm
Old English: māþum, māþm
Middle English: mathem, madme
→ English: mathum, mathom
Old Saxon: mēthom, mēþom
Old High German: *meidam
Middle High German: meidem, meiden

Old Norse: *meiðm, meiðmar pl

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌼𐍃 (maiþms)

From Proto-Indo-European *meytH-, from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to exchange, swap”). Cognate with Latin mūtare (“to change, exchange, barter”).


alaz

alaz (nominative singular)
alōz (nominative plural)
alōs (nominative plural)
al (singular vocative)
alōz (plural vocative)
alōs (plural vocative)
alą (accusative singular)
alanz (accusative plural)
alas (genitive singular)
alis (genitive singular)
alǫ̂ (genitive plural)
alai (dative singular)
alamaz (dative plural)
alō (instrumental singular)
alamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *al, æl, eal
Middle English: alle, al
English: awl (merged with descendant of Old English awel)
Scots: awl

Old Norse: alr
Icelandic: alur
Norwegian: ale

Gothic:

→? Old Prussian: ylo

→ Latvian: ĩlęns, ĩlins

→ Lithuanian: yla


malskaz

*malskaz (a-stem)

malskaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
malskai (masculine nominative plural strong)
malskō (feminine nominative singular strong)
malskôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
malską (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
malskō (neuter nominative plural strong)
malskanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
malskanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
malskǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
malskōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
malską (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
malskō (accusative neuter plural strong)
malskas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
malskaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
malskaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
malskaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
malskas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
malskaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
malskammai (dative masculine singular strong)
malskaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
malskaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
malskaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
malskammai (dative neuter singular strong)
malskaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
malskanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
malskaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
malskaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
malskaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
malskanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
malskaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
malskô (masculine nominative singular weak)
malskaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
malskǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
malskōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
malskô (neuter nominative singular weak)
malskōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
malskanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
malskanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
malskōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
malskōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
malskô (accusative neuter singular weak)
malskōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
malskiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
malskanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
malskōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
malskōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
malskiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
malskanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
malskini (dative masculine singular weak)
malskammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
malskōni (dative feminine singular weak)
malskōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
malskini (dative neuter singular weak)
malskammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
malskinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
malskammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
malskōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
malskōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
malskinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
malskammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *malsk

Old English: *malsċ > *malsċrian; malsċrung

Middle English: malskren, *maskeren, masken

English: masker, mask

Old Saxon: malsk, malsc (“wanton”)

desc

Middle Low German: malsch, mals (“arrogant, proud, bold, daring”)

desctree

Old Dutch: *malsc
Middle Dutch: malsch
Dutch: mals

Old High German: *malsk > *malscrōn; malscrunc

desc

Middle High German: malsch, malz (“bold, daring”)

Gothic: *𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍃𐌺𐍃 (*malsks); 𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍃𐌺𐍃 (untilamalsks)

From earlier *malhskaz, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mel- (“to weaken, soften, crush, grind”), equivalent to *malh- + *-skaz. Cognate with Ancient Greek μαλακός (malakós, “soft, weak”).


klebô

klebô (nominative singular)
klebaniz (nominative plural)
klebô (singular vocative)
klebaniz (plural vocative)
klebanų (accusative singular)
klebanunz (accusative plural)
klibiniz (genitive singular)
klebanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klibini (dative singular)
klebammaz (dative plural)
klibinē (instrumental singular)
klebammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: cleofa, cleafa

Middle English: cleve

English: cleve

Old Norse: klefi, klifi

Icelandic: klefi

Faroese: klivi

Norwegian: kleve

→ Scots: klaivie


hwelpaz

hwelpaz (nominative singular)
hwelpōz (nominative plural)
hwelpōs (nominative plural)
hwelp (singular vocative)
hwelpōz (plural vocative)
hwelpōs (plural vocative)
hwelpą (accusative singular)
hwelpanz (accusative plural)
hwelpas (genitive singular)
hwilpis (genitive singular)
hwelpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwilpai (dative singular)
hwelpamaz (dative plural)
hwelpō (instrumental singular)
hwelpamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hwelp
Old English: hwelp
Middle English: whelp
Scots: whalp, whaulp
English: whelp
Old Frisian: *hwelp
West Frisian: welp
Old Saxon: hwelp
Middle Low German: welp, welpe
German Low German: Welpe
→ German: Welpe, Welp
Old Dutch: welp
Middle Dutch: welp
Dutch: welp
Old High German: hwelf, welpf, welph, welf
Middle High German: wëlp, wëlf
German: Welf

Old Norse: hvelpr
Icelandic: hvolpur
Faroese: hvølpur
Norwegian Nynorsk: kvelp, kvalp; (dialectal) kvølp, kvolp
Elfdalian: wep
Old Swedish: hvælper, hvalper
Swedish: valp
Danish: hvalp
Norwegian Bokmål: valp, hvalp
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: valp (defunct)

→ Proto-Samic: *vielppēs

Northern Sami: vielppis

Perhaps from *hwelpaną (“to yelp; bark”), maybe from Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“to call; shout; cry; make a noise”).

der

used also of other baby animals: cub, pup


galgô

galgô (nominative singular)
galganiz (nominative plural)
galgô (singular vocative)
galganiz (plural vocative)
galganų (accusative singular)
galganunz (accusative plural)
galginiz (genitive singular)
galganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
galgini (dative singular)
galgammaz (dative plural)
galginē (instrumental singular)
galgammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *galgō
Old English: ġealga, galga — Anglian
Middle English: galwes, galwe, galowe, galewes
Scots: galow, gallo, gallows
English: gallow, gallows
Old Frisian: galga
North Frisian: gulig
Saterland Frisian: Galge
West Frisian: galge
Old Saxon: galgo
Middle Low German: galge
German Low German: Galge, Galg
Low German: Galgen
Plautdietsch: Gaulj
Old Dutch: *galga
Middle Dutch: galge
Dutch: galg
Old High German: galgo, galga
Middle High German: galge
Alemannic German: Galge
German: Galgen
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: галге
Latin script: galge
Luxembourgish: Gaalgen
→ Old French: jauge, gauge
Middle French: jauge
French: jauge
→ Galician: galgar
→ Middle English: gauge, gage
Scots: gauge
English: gauge

Old Norse: galgi

Icelandic: gálgi

Faroese: gálgi

Norwegian: galge

Old Swedish: galghe, ᚵᛆᛚᚵᚼᚽ
Swedish: galge

Danish: galge

Gutnish: galge

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌲𐌰 (galga)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰalgʰ-, *ǵʰalg- (“long switch, rod, shaft, pole, perch”). Cognate with Old Armenian ձաղկ (jałk).


skrīaną

skrīō (active first-person indicative singular)
skrīaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrīai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skrīizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skrīaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrī (active imperative second-person singular)
skrīazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skrīaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skrīidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skrīai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrīadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skrīadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skrīaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skrīōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skrīaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrīadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrīaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrīadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skrīamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skrīaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrīandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skrīaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skrīid (active indicative plural second-person)
skrīaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrīid (active imperative plural second-person)
skrīandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skrīaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skrīandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skrīain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrīandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skrīandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skrīaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skrai (active first-person indicative singular)
skriį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrait (active indicative second-person singular)
skriīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrai (active indicative singular third-person)
skriī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skriū (active dual first-person indicative)
skriīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skriudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skriīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrium (active first-person indicative plural)
skriīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skriud (active indicative plural second-person)
skriīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skriun (active indicative plural third-person)
skriīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrīandz (active participle present)
skrianaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skrīan
Old English: sċrēon
Old Frisian: skrīa
Old Saxon: *skrīan
Old Dutch: *scrīan
Middle Dutch: schriën
Dutch: schriën, schrieën (dialectal)
Old High German: scrīan
Middle High German: schrīen
Alemannic German: schriie
German: schreien
Hunsrik: schreue
Yiddish: שרײַען (shrayen)
→ Old French: escrier, acrier, escrïer
Middle French: escrier, écrier
French: écrier
→ Middle English: ascrien, ascryen
English: scry

Old Norse: *skría

Norwegian: skrike

Old Swedish: skrīa

Swedish: skria


kōpijaną

kōpijō (active first-person indicative singular)
kōpijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kōpijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kōpīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kōpijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kōpī (active imperative second-person singular)
kōpijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kōpijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kōpīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kōpijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kōpijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kōpijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kōpijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kōpijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kōpijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kōpijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kōpijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kōpijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kōpijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kōpijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kōpijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kōpijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kōpīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kōpijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kōpīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kōpijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kōpijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kōpijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kōpijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kōpijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kōpijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kōpijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kōpidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kōpidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kōpidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kōpidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kōpidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kōpidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kōpidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kōpidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kōpidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kōpidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kōpidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kōpidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kōpidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kōpidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kōpidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kōpidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kōpijandz (active participle present)
kōpidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kōpijan

Old English: cēpan

Middle English: kepen

English: keep

Scots: kepe, keip

⇒ Old English: *cōpnian

Middle English: copnen

Old Frisian: *kēpa

West Frisian: kipe, kippe, kypje

Old Norse: kópa

Icelandic: kópa

Norwegian Bokmål: kope

Norwegian Nynorsk: kope

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵab-, *ǵeb- (“to look after”). Cognate with Lithuanian gebėti (“to cultivate, maintain, be able”), Russian забо́та (zabóta, “care, concern, attention”).


muniz

muniz (nominative singular)
munīz (nominative plural)
muni (singular vocative)
munīz (plural vocative)
munį (accusative singular)
muninz (accusative plural)
munīz (genitive singular)
munjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
munī (dative singular)
munimaz (dative plural)
munī (instrumental singular)
munimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *muni

Old English: myne

Middle English: mune, mone

Old High German: *muni (?)

Middle High German: mun (?)

Old Norse: munr

Icelandic: munur

Faroese: munur

Norwegian: mun

Old Swedish: mon

Swedish: mån

Gothic: 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐍃 (muns)

Vandalic: *muni-

From Proto-Indo-European *men- (“mind”).


bikwemaną

bikwemō (active first-person indicative singular)
bikwemaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bikwemai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bikwimizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bikwemaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bikwem (active imperative second-person singular)
bikwemazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bikwemaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bikwimidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bikwemai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bikwemadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bikwemadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bikwemaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bikwemōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bikwemaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bikwemadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bikwemaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bikwemadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bikwemamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bikwemaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bikwemandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bikwemaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bikwimid (active indicative plural second-person)
bikwemaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bikwimid (active imperative plural second-person)
bikwemandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bikwemaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bikwemandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bikwemain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bikwemandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bikwemandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bikwemaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bikwam (active first-person indicative singular)
bikwēmį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bikwamt (active indicative second-person singular)
bikwēmīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bikwam (active indicative singular third-person)
bikwēmī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bikwēmū (active dual first-person indicative)
bikwēmīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bikwēmudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bikwēmīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bikwēmum (active first-person indicative plural)
bikwēmīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bikwēmud (active indicative plural second-person)
bikwēmīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bikwēmun (active indicative plural third-person)
bikwēmīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bikwemandz (active participle present)
bikumanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: becuman

Middle English: bicumen, becomen

Scots: becum

English: become

Old Frisian: bikuma

North Frisian: bikomme, bykomme

Saterland Frisian: bekuume

West Frisian: bikomme

Old Saxon: biqueman, bikuman

Middle Low German: bekomen

Low German: bekamen

→ Norwegian: bekomme

→ Swedish: bekomma

→ Danish: bekomme

Old Dutch: bikuman

Middle Dutch: becōmen

Dutch: bekomen

Old High German: biqueman

Middle High German: bekomen

German: bekommen

Luxembourgish: bekommen

Yiddish: באַקומען (bakumen)

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (biqiman)

to come near, come around, come by, arrive

to come across, come by, chance upon, find, obtain


handulōną

handlō (active first-person indicative singular)
handlǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
handlōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
handlōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
handlōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
handlō (active imperative second-person singular)
handlōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
handlōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
handlōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
handlō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
handlōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
handlōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
handlōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
handlōs (active dual first-person indicative)
handlōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
handlōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
handlōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
handlōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
handlōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
handlōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
handlōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
handlōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
handlōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
handlōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
handlōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
handlōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
handlōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
handlōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
handlōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
handlōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
handlōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
handlōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
handlōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
handlōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
handlōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
handlōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
handlōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
handlōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
handlōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
handlōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
handlōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
handlōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
handlōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
handlōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
handlōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
handlōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
handlōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
handlōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
handlōndz (active participle present)
handlōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *handulōn
Old English: handlian
Middle English: handlen
Scots: handil
English: handle
→ Dutch: handelen
→ German: händeln, handeln
Old Frisian: handelia, hondelia
Saterland Frisian: hondelje
West Frisian: handelje, hannelje
Old Saxon: handlōn
Middle Low German: handelen
German Low German: handeln, hanneln
Plautdietsch: hendlen
Old Dutch: *handalon
Middle Dutch: handelen
Dutch: handelen
Afrikaans: handel
Negerhollands: handel
→ Caribbean Javanese: andel
Limburgish: hanjele
Old High German: hantalōn
Middle High German: handeln
German: handeln
→ Luxembourgish: handelen
Yiddish: האַנדלען (handlen)

Old Norse: handla, hǫndla

Icelandic: höndla

Norn: hanjdla

Faroese: handla

Norwegian: handle

Old Swedish: handla

Swedish: handla

Danish: handle

From *handuz (“hand”) + *-lōną (frequentive suffix).

af

to take or hold in the hand, seize, grip


liþuz

liþuz (nominative singular)
liþiwiz (nominative plural)
liþu (singular vocative)
liþiwiz (plural vocative)
liþų (accusative singular)
liþunz (accusative plural)
liþauz (genitive singular)
liþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
liþiwi (dative singular)
liþumaz (dative plural)
liþū (instrumental singular)
liþumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *liþu
Old English: liþ
Middle English: lyth, lith, lythe, lithe, lyþ, liþ, liþe, liþthe, liyþe, litht, leth, lethe
English: lith
Scots: lith
Old Frisian: lith, leth
North Frisian: leth, lath, lass
Saterland Frisian: Lid
West Frisian: lid
Old Saxon: lith
Middle Low German: lit
⇒ Middle Low German: gelit
Old Dutch: *lith
Middle Dutch: lit, let
Dutch: lid
Afrikaans: lid
→ Indonesian: lid
Negerhollands: lid, leden, leeden
Old High German: lid
Middle High German: lit
Alemannic German: Lid
German: Lied
⇒ Old High German: gilid
Middle High German: gelit, glit
German: Glied
Luxembourgish: Glidd

Old Norse: liðr
Icelandic: liður
Faroese: liður
Norwegian: lid
Old Swedish: liþer
Swedish: led
Danish: led

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 (liþus)

→ Proto-Samic: *lëδës (see there for further descendants)

Unknown, no known cognates outside Germanic. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-, *leyH- (“to bend”). A relationship with Latin lituus is sometimes suggested, but is doubtful as it is likely a loanword from Etruscan. Given the variety of forms, which are difficult to reconcile as inherited, origin in a substrate language is possible.


mainijaną

mainijō (active first-person indicative singular)
mainijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mainijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
mainīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
mainijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mainī (active imperative second-person singular)
mainijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mainijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mainīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
mainijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mainijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
mainijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mainijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mainijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
mainijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mainijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mainijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mainijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mainijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mainijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mainijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mainijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mainīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
mainijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mainīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
mainijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mainijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mainijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
mainijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mainijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
mainijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mainijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mainidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
mainidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mainidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
mainidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mainidē (active indicative singular third-person)
mainidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mainidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
mainidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mainidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mainidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mainidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
mainidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mainidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
mainidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mainidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
mainidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mainijandz (active participle present)
mainidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *mainijan
Old English: mǣnan
Middle English: menen
Scots: mene, mein
English: mean
Old Frisian: mēna
Saterland Frisian: meene
West Frisian: miene
Old Saxon: mēnian
Middle Low German: mênen, meinen
German Low German: menen
→ Old Norse: meina
Icelandic: meina
Faroese: meina
Norwegian Nynorsk: meina
→ Norwegian Bokmål: meine
Danish: mene
Norwegian Bokmål: mene
Swedish: mena
Gutnish: maine
Old Dutch: mēnen
Middle Dutch: mênen
Dutch: menen
Limburgish: meine
Old High German: meinen
Middle High German: meinen
German: meinen
Hunsrik: menne
Yiddish: מיינען (meynen)

→ Proto-Finnic: *mainit'ak (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *meyno- (“intent, mindset, opinion”), from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to change, exchange, swap, switch, share in common”). Cognate with Old Irish mían (“wish; desire”).


mainijaną

desctree

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *framainijan
Old Dutch: *farmēnen
Middle Dutch: vermênen
Old High German: firmeinen
Middle High German: vermeinen
German: vermeinen (“schlecht machen”) (obsolete)

Old Norse: meina
Icelandic: meina
Faroese: meina
Norwegian Nynorsk: meina, meine
Old Swedish: mēna
Swedish: mena, förmena

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gamainjan)

Likely from *mainaz (“damaging, untrue, deceiving”) + *-janą or *mainą (“damage, unjustice”) + *-janą.


glīwą

glīwą (nominative singular)
glīwō (nominative plural)
glīwą (singular vocative)
glīwō (plural vocative)
glīwą (accusative singular)
glīwō (accusative plural)
glīwas (genitive singular)
glīwis (genitive singular)
glīwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glīwai (dative singular)
glīwamaz (dative plural)
glīwō (instrumental singular)
glīwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *glīw

Old English: glīw, glīġ, glēow, glēo

desc

Middle English: gleo, glew, gleu, gle, glee

English: glee

Scots: gle, glie, glew

Old Norse: glý

Icelandic: glý

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰlew- (“to joke, make fun, enjoy”). Cognate with Lithuanian glauda (“joke, jest”), Ancient Greek χλεύη (khleúē, “joke, jest, scorn”), Russian глуми́ться (glumítʹsja, “to mock, scoff at”), Serbo-Croatian глу́мити (“to act, feign”).
Alternative etymology derives from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰel- (“to shimmer, gleam”). Cognate with Irish glé (“clear”).


wakraz

*wakraz (a-stem)

wakraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wakrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wakrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wakrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wakrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wakrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wakranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wakranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wakrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wakrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wakrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wakrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wakras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wakraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wakraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wakraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wakras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wakraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wakrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wakraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wakraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wakraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wakrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wakraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wakranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wakraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wakraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wakraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wakranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wakraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wakrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wakraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wakrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wakrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wakrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wakrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wakranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wakranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wakrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wakrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wakrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wakrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wakriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wakranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wakrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wakrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wakriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wakranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wakrini (dative masculine singular weak)
wakrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wakrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wakrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wakrini (dative neuter singular weak)
wakrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wakrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wakrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wakrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wakrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wakrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wakrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wakr
Old English: waccor, wacor
Middle English: wakyr
Scots: wakir
English: waker (dialectal)
Old Frisian: *wakker, *wekker
West Frisian: wekker
Old Saxon: *wakkar
Middle Low German: wacker
German Low German: wacker
Old Dutch: *wakkar
Middle Dutch: wacker
Dutch: wakker
Old High German: wachar, wakar, wackar
Middle High German: wacker
German: wacker

Proto-Norse: ᚹᚨᚲᚱᚨᛉ (wakraʀ)

Old Norse: vakr

Icelandic: vakur

Faroese: vakur

Norn: våker

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: vakker

Norwegian Nynorsk: vakker

Old Swedish: vaker, vakker

Swedish: vacker

Gutnish: vakkar, vakka, vakur


wakaną

wakō (active first-person indicative singular)
wakaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wakai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wakizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wakaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wak (active imperative second-person singular)
wakazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wakaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wakidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wakai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wakadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wakadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wakaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wakōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wakaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wakadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wakaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wakadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wakamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wakaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wakandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wakaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wakid (active indicative plural second-person)
wakaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wakid (active imperative plural second-person)
wakandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wakaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wakandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wakain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wakandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wakandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wakaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wōk (active first-person indicative singular)
wōkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wōht (active indicative second-person singular)
wōkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wōk (active indicative singular third-person)
wōkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wōkū (active dual first-person indicative)
wōkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wōkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wōkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wōkum (active first-person indicative plural)
wōkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wōkud (active indicative plural second-person)
wōkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wōkun (active indicative plural third-person)
wōkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wakandz (active participle present)
wakanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wakan
Old English: wacan
Middle English: waken
English: wake
Scots: wake

Proto-Norse:

⇒ Old Norse: vakinn (past participle only)

Icelandic: vakinn

Faroese: vakin

Norwegian Nynorsk: vaken

→ Norwegian Bokmål: vaken

Elfdalian: watşin

Old Swedish: vakin, vaken

Swedish: vaken

Danish: vågen

Norwegian Bokmål: våken

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽 (wakan)

From Proto-Indo-European *weǵ- (“to be strong, be awake, be fresh, be cheerful”). Cognate with Latin vegeō (“be quick, be aroused, be alert”).


gaukaz

gaukaz (nominative singular)
gaukōz (nominative plural)
gaukōs (nominative plural)
gauk (singular vocative)
gaukōz (plural vocative)
gaukōs (plural vocative)
gauką (accusative singular)
gaukanz (accusative plural)
gaukas (genitive singular)
gaukis (genitive singular)
gaukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaukai (dative singular)
gaukamaz (dative plural)
gaukō (instrumental singular)
gaukamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gauk
Old English: ġēac, ġǣc, ġēc
Middle English: ȝek, yek, yeke, ȝeac, ȝeke
Old Saxon: *gōk
Middle Low German: gôk
German Low German: Göök
Old Dutch: *gouk, *gōk
Middle Dutch: *gook, gooch
Old High German: gouh, kouch
Middle High German: gouch
German: Gauch

Old Norse: gaukr
Icelandic: gaukur
Faroese: geykur
Norn: gokk
Norwegian Nynorsk: gauk
→ Norwegian Bokmål: gauk
Old Swedish: gø̄ker
Swedish: gök
Danish: gøg
Norwegian Bokmål: gjøk (< 19th century Danish gjøg)
Scanian: gøg
Jamtish: gouk
→ Middle English: goke, gowke, gouke, gauk
English: gowk, gawk
Scots: gowk, gouk

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʰegʰuǵʰos, from *gʰegʰuǵʰ- (“cuckoo”), which Gąsiorowski makes a reduplicated noun based on *gʰewǵʰ- (“to hide”), of the type of *kʷékʷlos. Cognate with Latvian dzeguze (“cuckoo”).


gnaganą

gnagō (active first-person indicative singular)
gnagaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gnagai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gnagizi (active indicative second-person singular)
gnagaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gnag (active imperative second-person singular)
gnagazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gnagaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gnagidi (active indicative singular third-person)
gnagai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gnagadau (active imperative singular third-person)
gnagadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gnagaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gnagōz (active dual first-person indicative)
gnagaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gnagadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gnagaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gnagadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gnagamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gnagaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gnagandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gnagaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gnagid (active indicative plural second-person)
gnagaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gnagid (active imperative plural second-person)
gnagandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gnagaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gnagandi (active indicative plural third-person)
gnagain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gnagandau (active imperative plural third-person)
gnagandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gnagaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gnōg (active first-person indicative singular)
gnōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gnōht (active indicative second-person singular)
gnōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gnōg (active indicative singular third-person)
gnōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gnōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
gnōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gnōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gnōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gnōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
gnōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gnōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
gnōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gnōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
gnōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gnagandz (active participle present)
gnaganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gnagan, *knagan
Old English: gnagan, *cnagan
Middle English: gnaȝen, gnawen, knawen
Scots: gnaw, knaw
English: gnaw, knaw
Old Frisian: *gnaga
Saterland Frisian: gnaue; gnauje; gnauelje
West Frisian: gnauwe
Old Saxon: knagan, gnagan
Middle Low German: gnāgen, knāgen
German Low German: gnagen, gnauen
Plautdietsch: gnoagen
Old Dutch: *gnagan, *cnagan
Middle Dutch: cnagen
Dutch: knagen, knauwen (possibly a contamination of knagen and kauwen)
Old High German: gnagan, knagan, nagan
Middle High German: nagen
German: nagen

Old Norse: gnaga, naga

Icelandic: naga

Faroese: gnaga, naga

Norn: nava (borrowed?)

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: gnaga, knaga, naga; (dialectal) gnågå

→ Danish: gnage

Norwegian Bokmål: gnage

→ Scots: nag, knag, kneggum

Old Swedish: gnagha

Swedish: gnaga

Danish: gnave, nage

Norwegian Bokmål: gnave

Elfdalian: gnågå

Gutnish: gnage

→ Middle English: *gnagen, *gnaggen, *naggen

→ English: gnag, knag (dialectal), nag

/ˈɣnɑ.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/

Probably onomatopoeic; or from Proto-Indo-European *gʰnēgʰ- (“to gnaw, scratch”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰen- (“to gnaw, grate, scrate, whit”).

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeic


dīsiz

dīsiz (nominative singular)
dīsīz (nominative plural)
dīsi (singular vocative)
dīsīz (plural vocative)
dīsį (accusative singular)
dīsinz (accusative plural)
dīsīz (genitive singular)
dīsijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dīsī (dative singular)
dīsimaz (dative plural)
dīsī (instrumental singular)
dīsimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: dís

Icelandic: dís

→ English: dis

→ Swedish: dis

Faroese: dís

Norwegian Nynorsk: dis

Old Swedish: dīsa- in dīsaþing (see disting)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰéh₁s (“god”). Also possible relation to Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle, nurse”) related to Russian деви́ца (devíca, “maiden, girl”).


dēaną

dēō (active first-person indicative singular)
dēaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dēai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dēizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dēaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dē (active imperative second-person singular)
dēazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dēaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dēidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dēai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dēadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dēadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dēaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dēōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dēaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dēadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dēaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dēadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dēamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dēaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dēandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dēaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dēid (active indicative plural second-person)
dēaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dēid (active imperative plural second-person)
dēandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dēaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dēandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dēain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dēandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dēandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dēaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dedē (active first-person indicative singular)
dedēį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dedēt (active indicative second-person singular)
dedēīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dedē (active indicative singular third-person)
dedēī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dedēū (active dual first-person indicative)
dedēīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dedēudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dedēīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dedēum (active first-person indicative plural)
dedēīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dedēud (active indicative plural second-person)
dedēīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dedēun (active indicative plural third-person)
dedēīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dēandz (active participle present)
dēanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Saxon: *dājan

Low German: däirn

Old High German: tāen

Middle High German: tāen

/ˈdɛː.ɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle, nurse”). Cognate with Latin fellō (“suck”), Old Church Slavonic доити (doiti, “to suckle”), Sanskrit धयति (dháyati, “he sucks, drinks”).


dajjǭ

dajjǭ (nominative singular)
dajjōniz (nominative plural)
dajjǭ (singular vocative)
dajjōniz (plural vocative)
dajjōnų (accusative singular)
dajjōnunz (accusative plural)
dajjōniz (genitive singular)
dajjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dajjōni (dative singular)
dajjōmaz (dative plural)
dajjōnē (instrumental singular)
dajjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *daijā

Old English: dā

Middle English: da, do

Scots: da, dae

English: doe

→ Danish: då

→⇒ Faroese: dádýr

→⇒ Icelandic: dádýr

Old High German: *tē

Middle High German: *tē

Alemannic German: Tē

From *dajjaną (“to suckle”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suck, suckle”). Cognate with Sanskrit धेनुः (dhénu, “cow, milk-cow”).


dijōną

dijō (active first-person indicative singular)
dijǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dijōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
dijōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
dijōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dijō (active imperative second-person singular)
dijōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dijōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dijōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dijō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dijōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dijōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dijōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dijōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dijōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dijōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dijōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dijōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dijōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dijōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dijōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dijōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dijōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dijōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dijōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dijōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dijōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dijōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dijōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dijōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dijōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dijōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dijōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dijōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dijōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dijōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
dijōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dijōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dijōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dijōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dijōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dijōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dijōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dijōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dijōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dijōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dijōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dijōndz (active participle present)
dijōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *dijōn

>? Old English: dēon

Old High German: *tīōn, *dīōn

Middle High German: tīen, dīen

Bavarian: deien

Old Norse: *día

Old Swedish: dīa

Swedish: dia, di

Old Danish: di

Danish: die

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle, nurse”). Cognate with Latin fellō (“suck”), Old Church Slavonic доити (doiti), Sanskrit धयति (dháyati, “he sucks, drinks”).


dajjaną

dajjō (active first-person indicative singular)
dajjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dajjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dajisi (active indicative second-person singular)
dajjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
daji (active imperative second-person singular)
dajjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dajjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dajiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dajjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dajjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dajjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dajjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dajjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dajjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dajjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dajjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dajjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dajjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dajjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dajjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dajjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dajiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dajjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dajiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dajjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dajjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dajjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dajjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dajjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dajjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dajjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dajidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dajidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dajidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dajidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dajidē (active indicative singular third-person)
dajidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dajidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dajidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dajidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dajidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dajidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dajidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dajidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dajidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dajidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dajidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dajjandz (active participle present)
dajidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *daijan

>? Old English: dēon

Old Norse: *deggja

Old Swedish: dæggia

Swedish: dägga

⇒ Swedish: däggdjur

Danish: dægge

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (daddjan)


dabaną

dabō (active first-person indicative singular)
dabaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dabai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dabizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dabaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dab (active imperative second-person singular)
dabazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dabaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dabidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dabai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dabadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dabadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dabaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dabōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dabaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dabadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dabaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dabadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dabamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dabaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dabandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dabaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dabid (active indicative plural second-person)
dabaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dabid (active imperative plural second-person)
dabandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dabaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dabandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dabain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dabandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dabandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dabaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dōb (active first-person indicative singular)
dōbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dōft (active indicative second-person singular)
dōbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dōb (active indicative singular third-person)
dōbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dōbū (active dual first-person indicative)
dōbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dōbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dōbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dōbum (active first-person indicative plural)
dōbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dōbud (active indicative plural second-person)
dōbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dōbun (active indicative plural third-person)
dōbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dabandz (active participle present)
dabanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *daban

⇒ Old English: ġedafen, dafen; dafenian (< *dabanōną); ġedafenlīc

Middle English: ȝedavenlic

⇒ Old Norse: dafna (< *dabanōną)

Icelandic: dafna

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽 (gadaban) (< *gadabaną)

→ Proto-Finnic: *tabat'ak (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finnic: *tapahtudak (see there for further descendants)

/ˈdɑ.βɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₂ebʰ- (“to pass, happen, occur, fit”). Cognate with Lithuanian dabinti (“to beautify, decorate, adorn”), Russian до́брый (dóbryj, “good”).


gardô

gardô (nominative singular)
gardaniz (nominative plural)
gardô (singular vocative)
gardaniz (plural vocative)
gardanų (accusative singular)
gardanunz (accusative plural)
gardiniz (genitive singular)
gardanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gardini (dative singular)
gardammaz (dative plural)
gardinē (instrumental singular)
gardammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gardō
Old Frisian: garda
North Frisian: gard, gerd, gord
Old Saxon: gardo
Middle Low German: garde, gārde
German Low German: Goorn
Old Dutch: gardo
Middle Dutch: garde
Dutch: gaard
Limburgish: gäörd
Old High German: garto
Middle High German: garte
Alemannic German: Garte, Gaarte
Bavarian: Gåatn, Goatn, Gårtn, Gåschtn
Cimbrian: gaarto, gart (Luserna)
Central Franconian: (Ripuarian) Jaade, Jaat, (Moselle Franconian) Gaade, Gaarde, Goarde, Goart, ([ˈɡɔːɐ̯tn̩] Britten)
Hunsrik: Gaarde
Luxembourgish: Gaart
East Franconian: [ˈɡ̊ad̥n̩]
German: Garten
Rhine Franconian: (South Hessian) /ˈɡaːtə/, /ˈɡaːrə/, (Palatine) /ˈɡaːtə/
Pennsylvania German: Gaarde
Yiddish: גאָרטן (gortn)

Old Norse: *garði

Icelandic: garði

Norwegian: garde

Danish: gårde (dialectal)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰 (garda)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kartano (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰórdʰos (“hedge, fence, enclosure”), from *gʰerdʰ-. More at *gardaz.


wunjō

wunjō (nominative singular)
wunjôz (nominative plural)
wunjō (singular vocative)
wunjôz (plural vocative)
wunjǭ (accusative singular)
wunjōz (accusative plural)
wunjōz (genitive singular)
wunjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wunjōi (dative singular)
wunjōmaz (dative plural)
wunjō (instrumental singular)
wunjōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wunnju
Old English: wynn, wyn
Middle English: wynne, wunne, winne
English: wynn, wen, winne, win
Scots: win
Old Saxon: wunnia
Middle Low German: wunne
Low German: Wünn
Old Dutch: *wunna, *winna (attested in winnemānōth)
Middle Dutch: wonne
Dutch: wonne
Old High German: wunnja, wunna, wunnī
Middle High German: wunne, wünne
German: Wonne

⇒? Old Norse: ynði, yndi n

Icelandic: yndi

Faroese: yndi

Norwegian: ynde

Danish: ynde

⇒? Old Norse: unað n

Icelandic: unaður m

From Proto-Indo-European *wénh₁-ih₂ ~ wn̥h₁-yéh₂-s, from *wenh₁- (“to love”) + *-ih₂. Cognate with Latin venia (“indulgence, kindness”).


wīną

wīną (nominative singular)
wīnō (nominative plural)
wīną (singular vocative)
wīnō (plural vocative)
wīną (accusative singular)
wīnō (accusative plural)
wīnas (genitive singular)
wīnis (genitive singular)
wīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīnai (dative singular)
wīnamaz (dative plural)
wīnō (instrumental singular)
wīnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wīn
Old English: wīn
Middle English: wyn, win, wine, wyne, wijn, vine, vyn, vyne, wyen, weyn, wynne
English: wine (see there for further descendants)
Scots: wyne
Old Frisian: wīn
Saterland Frisian: Wien
West Frisian: wyn
Old Saxon: wīn
Middle Low German: wîn
German Low German: Wien
Plautdietsch: Wien
→ Latvian: vīns
Old Dutch: wīn m
Middle Dutch: wijn
Dutch: wijn
Afrikaans: wyn
Berbice Creole Dutch: win
Negerhollands: wien, win
→ Saramaccan: wín
→? Sranan Tongo: win
→ Lokono: wing
→ Caribbean Javanese: win
Limburgish: wien
Old High German: wīn m
Middle High German: wīn
Alemannic German: Wii, Wi, Wy; wi, wii, wéin (Italian Walser)
Italian Walser: wi, wii, wéin
Swabian: Wai, Wei, Woi, Wi
Bavarian: Wein
Cimbrian: bain, boi
Mòcheno: bai'
Udinese: bain
Central Franconian: Weng
Kölsch: Wing
Hunsrik: Weng
Lorraine Franconian: Weïn, Win
Transylvanian Saxon: Weng
German: Wein
→ Estonian: vein
Luxembourgish: Wäin
Rhine Franconian: Wei, Weng, Win
Hessian: Woi
Palatine German: Wai, Wäi, Wenn, Winn, Woin
Vilamovian: wajn
Yiddish: ווײַן (vayn)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: vín
Icelandic: vín
Faroese: vín
Norwegian Nynorsk: vin
Russenorsk: vin, vina
Norwegian Bokmål: vin
Old Swedish: vīn
Swedish: vin
→ Finnish: viini
Old Danish: win
Danish: vin
→ Greenlandic: viinni

→ Proto-Finnic: *viina (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽 (wein)

Borrowed, as one of the earliest loanwords in Germanic, from Latin vīnum.


kanipaz

kanipaz (nominative singular)
kanipōz (nominative plural)
kanipōs (nominative plural)
kanip (singular vocative)
kanipōz (plural vocative)
kanipōs (plural vocative)
kanipą (accusative singular)
kanipanz (accusative plural)
kanipas (genitive singular)
kanipis (genitive singular)
kanipǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kanipai (dative singular)
kanipamaz (dative plural)
kanipō (instrumental singular)
kanipamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kanip
Old English: cenep
Middle English: kempe
English: kemp
Old Frisian: kanep, kenep, knap, knep

Old Norse: kanpr, kampr

Faroese: kampur

Icelandic: kampur

desc

Swedish: kamp (obsolete), kamphår (dialectal)

→ Middle English: *camp (attested only as camp (“shaggy”, adj))

English: camp

Scots: camp

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵenu- (“jaw”). Cognate with Latin gena (“cheek”), Welsh gen (“cheek, chin”), Ancient Greek γενειάς (geneiás, “beard, chin”).

cog

hair on the chin or cheek, beard, whiskers, moustache


sleutaną

sleutō (active first-person indicative singular)
sleutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sleutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sliutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sleutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sleut (active imperative second-person singular)
sleutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sleutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sliutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sleutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sleutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sleutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sleutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sleutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sleutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sleutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sleutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sleutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sleutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sleutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sleutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sleutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sliutid (active indicative plural second-person)
sleutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sliutid (active imperative plural second-person)
sleutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sleutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sleutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sleutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sleutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sleutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sleutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
slaut (active first-person indicative singular)
slutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slaust (active indicative second-person singular)
slutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slaut (active indicative singular third-person)
slutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slutū (active dual first-person indicative)
slutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slutum (active first-person indicative plural)
slutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slutud (active indicative plural second-person)
slutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slutun (active indicative plural third-person)
slutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sleutandz (active participle present)
slutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sleutan
Old Frisian: slūta
Saterland Frisian: sluute
West Frisian: slute
Old Saxon: slūtan (in combination)
Middle Low German: slûten
German Low German: sluten
→ Danish: slutte
Norwegian Bokmål: slutte
→ Swedish: sluta
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: slutte, slutta
Old Dutch: *slūtan
Middle Dutch: sluten
Dutch: sluiten
Afrikaans: sluit
Berbice Creole Dutch: slokti
→ Saramaccan: sòotó
Limburgish: sloete
Old High German: sliozan
Middle High German: sliezen
German: schließen
Luxembourgish: schléissen
Yiddish: שליסן (shlisn)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)klewd- (“to lock”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kleh₂w- (“nail, hook, pin, key”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kel- (“to crook, bend”). Cognate with Latin clāvis (“key, bar, bolt”), Latin claudō (“close”), Lithuanian kliudyti (“to hamper, obstruct”), Old Irish cló (“nail”).