kwankijaną

kwankijō (active first-person indicative singular)
kwankijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwankijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kwankīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kwankijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwankī (active imperative second-person singular)
kwankijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kwankijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kwankīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kwankijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kwankijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kwankijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kwankijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kwankijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kwankijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kwankijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kwankijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kwankijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kwankijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kwankijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kwankijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kwankijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kwankīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kwankijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kwankīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kwankijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kwankijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kwankijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kwankijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kwankijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kwankijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kwankijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kwankidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kwankidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwankidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kwankidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwankidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kwankidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kwankidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kwankidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kwankidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kwankidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kwankidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kwankidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kwankidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kwankidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kwankidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kwankidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kwankijandz (active participle present)
kwankidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwankijan

Old English: *cwenċan

Middle English: quenchen

English: quench

Scots: quench

⇒ Old English: ācwenċan


kwinkaną

kwinkō (active first-person indicative singular)
kwinkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwinkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kwinkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kwinkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwink (active imperative second-person singular)
kwinkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kwinkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kwinkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kwinkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kwinkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kwinkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kwinkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kwinkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kwinkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kwinkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kwinkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kwinkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kwinkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kwinkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kwinkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kwinkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kwinkid (active indicative plural second-person)
kwinkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kwinkid (active imperative plural second-person)
kwinkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kwinkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kwinkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kwinkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kwinkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kwinkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kwinkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kwank (active first-person indicative singular)
kunkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwanht (active indicative second-person singular)
kunkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwank (active indicative singular third-person)
kunkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kunkū (active dual first-person indicative)
kunkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kunkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kunkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kunkum (active first-person indicative plural)
kunkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kunkud (active indicative plural second-person)
kunkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kunkun (active indicative plural third-person)
kunkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kwinkandz (active participle present)
kunkanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwinkan

Old English: cwincan

Old Frisian: quinka

⇒ Old Frisian: ūtquinka

Old Dutch: *kwinkan

>? Middle Dutch: kwinken, kwincken

Dutch: kwinken

⇒ Dutch: kwinkelen (dialectal)

⇒? German Low German: quinken

→? Saterland Frisian: kwinkje

→? English: quinch

Uncertain. According to Vladimir Orel, possibly a derived term formed from Proto-Indo-European *(s)gʷes-, the root of Ancient Greek σβέννῡμι (sbénnūmi, “I extinguish, quench”), Proto-Slavic *gasìti (“to extinguish”), Lithuanian gèsti (“to extinguish”), Sanskrit जासयति (jāsáyati, “to exhaust, weaken”).


wlapp-

Old English: *wlappan, *wlappian; *wrappan, *wrappian

Middle English: wlappen; wrappen

Scots: lap; wrap, vrap, wraple

English: lap; wrap

Frankish: *wlappan, *wlappōn

Old Dutch: *wlappon

Middle Dutch: lappen

→ Vulgar Latin: *vuloppare, *guoluppare

Old French: vloper, voloper, veloper; envoluper, anveloper; desveloper

Middle French: envelopper; desveloper

French: envelopper; développer

→ English: develop

→ Middle English: envolupen

English: envelop

desc

Italian: avviluppare, inviluppare, sviluppare

Old Norse: *vrappa; *vrappla

Norwegian: vravla (dialectal)

Danish: vravle (dialectal)

*wrapp- (alternative)
*wreb- (alternative)


hneupaną

hneupō (active first-person indicative singular)
hneupaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hneupai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hniupizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hneupaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hneup (active imperative second-person singular)
hneupazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hneupaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hniupidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hneupai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hneupadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hneupadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hneupaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hneupōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hneupaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hneupadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hneupaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hneupadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hneupamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hneupaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hneupandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hneupaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hniupid (active indicative plural second-person)
hneupaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hniupid (active imperative plural second-person)
hneupandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hneupaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hneupandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hneupain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hneupandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hneupandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hneupaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hnaup (active first-person indicative singular)
hnupį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnauft (active indicative second-person singular)
hnupīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnaup (active indicative singular third-person)
hnupī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnupū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnupīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnupudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnupīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnupum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnupīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnupud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnupīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnupun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnupīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hneupandz (active participle present)
hnupanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *hnēopan (in combination: āhnēopan)

Old Norse: *hnjúpa

Old Swedish: niupa

Swedish: nypa

Gothic: *𐌷𐌽𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌽 (*hniupan) (in combination: 𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌷𐌽𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌽 (dishniupan))

From Proto-Indo-European *knew-, *kenw- (“to scratch, scrape, rub”).


breuþaną

breuþō (active first-person indicative singular)
breuþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
breuþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
briuþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
breuþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
breuþ (active imperative second-person singular)
breuþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
breuþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
briuþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
breuþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
breuþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
breuþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
breuþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
breuþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
breuþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
breuþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
breuþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
breuþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
breuþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
breuþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
breuþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
breuþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
briuþid (active indicative plural second-person)
breuþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
briuþid (active imperative plural second-person)
breuþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
breuþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
breuþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
breuþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
breuþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
breuþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
breuþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brauþ (active first-person indicative singular)
bruþį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
braust (active indicative second-person singular)
bruþīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brauþ (active indicative singular third-person)
bruþī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bruþū (active dual first-person indicative)
bruþīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bruþudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bruþīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bruþum (active first-person indicative plural)
bruþīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bruþud (active indicative plural second-person)
bruþīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bruþun (active indicative plural third-person)
bruþīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
breuþandz (active participle present)
bruþanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *breuþan
Old English: brēoþan
Middle English: breothen
Old High German: briodan

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to pierce; to strike”).


bazōną

bazō (active first-person indicative singular)
bazǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bazōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
bazōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
bazōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bazō (active imperative second-person singular)
bazōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bazōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bazōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bazō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bazōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bazōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bazōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bazōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bazōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bazōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bazōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bazōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bazōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bazōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bazōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bazōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bazōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bazōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bazōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bazōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bazōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bazōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bazōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bazōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bazōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bazōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bazōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bazōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bazōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bazōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bazōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
bazōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bazōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bazōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bazōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bazōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bazōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bazōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bazōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bazōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bazōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bazōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bazōndz (active participle present)
bazōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *baʀōn
Old English: barian
Middle English: baren
Scots: bare
English: bare
Old Frisian: baria
West Frisian: bere
Old Saxon: barōn
Middle Low German: baren
Old Dutch: baron
Middle Dutch: baren
Dutch: baren
Old High German: barōn
Middle High German: baren, barn
Swabian: bären

Old Norse: bera; (Eastern dialect) *bara

Icelandic: bera

Old Swedish: bara

⇒ Old Norse: opinbera

Icelandic: opinbera


klakōną

klakō (active first-person indicative singular)
klakǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klakōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
klakōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
klakōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klakō (active imperative second-person singular)
klakōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
klakōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
klakōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
klakō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klakōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
klakōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
klakōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
klakōs (active dual first-person indicative)
klakōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klakōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klakōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klakōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
klakōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
klakōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klakōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
klakōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
klakōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
klakōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klakōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
klakōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
klakōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
klakōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
klakōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klakōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
klakōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
klakōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
klakōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
klakōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klakōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
klakōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klakōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
klakōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klakōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
klakōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klakōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klakōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klakōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
klakōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klakōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
klakōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klakōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
klakōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klakōndz (active participle present)
klakōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*klakkōną (alternative)

Old English: *clacian

desc

Middle English: claken, clakken, clacken

Scots: clake, claik

English: clack

Old Saxon: *klakōn

Middle Low German: klacken

Low German: klakken

Old Dutch: *klakon

Middle Dutch: klacken

Dutch: klakken

→ Old French: clacquer, claquer

Middle French: claquer

French: claquer

Old High German: klahhazzen, klahhezzen, klachazzen, klachezzen

Old Norse: klaka

Icelandic: klaka

Norwegian: klakka

From Proto-Indo-European *glag- (“to make a noise, chatter, chirp”), from Proto-Indo-European *gal- (“to roop, scream, shout”).


skiftijaną

skiftijō (active first-person indicative singular)
skiftijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skiftijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skiftīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skiftijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skiftī (active imperative second-person singular)
skiftijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skiftijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skiftīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skiftijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skiftijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skiftijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skiftijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skiftijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skiftijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skiftijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skiftijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skiftijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skiftijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skiftijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skiftijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skiftijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skiftīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skiftijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skiftīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skiftijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skiftijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skiftijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skiftijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skiftijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skiftijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skiftijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skiftidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skiftidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skiftidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skiftidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skiftidē (active indicative singular third-person)
skiftidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skiftidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skiftidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skiftidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skiftidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skiftidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skiftidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skiftidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skiftidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skiftidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skiftidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skiftijandz (active participle present)
skiftidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skiftijan

desc

Old English: sċiftan, *sċieftan, sċyftan

Middle English: schiften

Scots: schift, shift

English: shift

→ Vietnamese: quần chíp

Old Frisian: skifta, skiffa

⇒ Saterland Frisian: skiftje

West Frisian: skifte, skiftsje

Old Saxon: *skiftian

Middle Low German: schiften, schichten

German Low German: schichten

→ Middle High German: schihten (northern)

German: schichten

→ Luxembourgish: schichten

Old Dutch: *skiften

Middle Dutch: sciften, scichten, schiften, schiffen, schichten

Dutch: schiften

Old High German: *skiften

>? Middle High German: schiften

Old Norse: skipta

Icelandic: skipta, skifta

Norwegian: skifte

Old Swedish: skipta

Swedish: skifta

Danish: skifte

→ Scots: skift

From earlier *skiptijaną, from yet earlier *skipatjaną, from a formation related to *skipōną (“to arrange”) + *-atjaną (“verbal suffix”).


skaþjaną

skaþjō (active first-person indicative singular)
skaþjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skaþjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skaþisi (active indicative second-person singular)
skaþjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skaþi (active imperative second-person singular)
skaþjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skaþjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skaþiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skaþjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skaþjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skaþjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skaþjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skaþjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skaþjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skaþjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skaþjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skaþjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skaþjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skaþjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skaþjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skaþjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skaþiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skaþjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skaþiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skaþjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skaþjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skaþjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skaþjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skaþjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skaþjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skaþjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skōd (active first-person indicative singular)
skōdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skōst (active indicative second-person singular)
skōdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skōd (active indicative singular third-person)
skōdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skōdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skōdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skōdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skōdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skōdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skōdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skōdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skōdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skōdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skōdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skaþjandz (active participle present)
skadanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skaþþjan
Old English: sċeþþan, sċieþþan
Middle English: sceþþen

Old Norse: skeðja

Icelandic: skeðja

⇒ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: skade

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: skade, ska (short form), skada (long form with a or cleft infinitive)

⇒ Swedish: oskadd (“unscathed”)

⇒ Danish: uskadt (“unscathed”)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (skaþjan)

From Pre-Germanic *skh₁tH-ye-ti, perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European *(s)keh₁t- (“damage, harm”). See *skaþô (“damage”) for more cognates.


smiþōną

smiþō (active first-person indicative singular)
smiþǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smiþōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
smiþōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
smiþōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smiþō (active imperative second-person singular)
smiþōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
smiþōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
smiþōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
smiþō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smiþōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
smiþōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
smiþōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
smiþōs (active dual first-person indicative)
smiþōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smiþōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smiþōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smiþōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
smiþōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
smiþōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smiþōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
smiþōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
smiþōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
smiþōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smiþōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
smiþōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
smiþōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
smiþōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
smiþōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smiþōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
smiþōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
smiþōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
smiþōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
smiþōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smiþōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
smiþōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smiþōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
smiþōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smiþōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
smiþōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smiþōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smiþōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smiþōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
smiþōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smiþōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
smiþōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smiþōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
smiþōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smiþōndz (active participle present)
smiþōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *smiþōn
Old English: smiþian
Middle English: smythen
English: smith
Old Saxon: smithōn
Middle Low German: smēden
Old Dutch: smithon
Middle Dutch: smēden
Dutch: smeden
Afrikaans: smee, smeed
Limburgish: smeide, smieëde
Old High German: smidōn
Middle High German: smiden
German: schmieden
Luxembourgish: schmidden

Gothic: *𐍃𐌼𐌹𐌸𐍉𐌽 (*smiþōn) (attested in 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌼𐌹𐌸𐍉𐌽 (gasmiþōn))

Old Norse: smíða
Faroese: smíða
Icelandic: smíða
Norwegian Bokmål: smi
Norwegian Nynorsk: smi, smida, smide
Swedish: smida
Danish: smede


swerkaną

swerkō (active first-person indicative singular)
swerkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swerkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swirkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swerkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swerk (active imperative second-person singular)
swerkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swerkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swirkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swerkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swerkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
swerkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swerkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swerkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swerkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swerkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swerkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swerkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swerkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swerkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swerkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swerkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swirkid (active indicative plural second-person)
swerkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swirkid (active imperative plural second-person)
swerkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swerkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swerkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swerkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swerkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swerkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swerkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swark (active first-person indicative singular)
swurkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swarht (active indicative second-person singular)
swurkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swark (active indicative singular third-person)
swurkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swurkū (active dual first-person indicative)
swurkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swurkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swurkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swurkum (active first-person indicative plural)
swurkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swurkud (active indicative plural second-person)
swurkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swurkun (active indicative plural third-person)
swurkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swerkandz (active participle present)
swurkanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *swerkan
Old English: sweorcan
Middle English: *swerken, swærken; swurken (ppl)
Old Frisian: swerka
Old Saxon: swerkan
Middle Low German: swerken
Low German: swerken, schwerken
Old Dutch: *swerkan
Middle Dutch: swerken
Old High German: swerchan


raupijaną

raupijō (active first-person indicative singular)
raupijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raupijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
raupīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
raupijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raupī (active imperative second-person singular)
raupijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
raupijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
raupīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
raupijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raupijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
raupijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
raupijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
raupijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
raupijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raupijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raupijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raupijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
raupijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
raupijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raupijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
raupijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
raupīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
raupijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raupīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
raupijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
raupijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
raupijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
raupijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raupijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
raupijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
raupijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raupidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
raupidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raupidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
raupidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raupidē (active indicative singular third-person)
raupidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raupidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
raupidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raupidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raupidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raupidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
raupidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raupidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
raupidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raupidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
raupidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raupijandz (active participle present)
raupidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *raupijan
Old English: rīepan, rȳpan (“to rip, tear; pillage, plunder”)
Middle English: ripen, rupen, rippen, rypen
Old Saxon: *rōpian
Middle Low German: rôpen
German Low German: röpen
Old Dutch: *roupen, *rōpen
Middle Dutch: ropen
Dutch: ropen (dialectal)
Old High German: roufen, rouffen
Middle High German: roufen, röufen, reufen
German: raufen

Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (raupjan, “to pluck, rip”)
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: roupa
Galician: roupa
Portuguese: roupa
→ Spanish: ropa

From the same Proto-Indo-European root as *reufaną (“to tear, rip, pluck”).


swīkwaną

swīkwō (active first-person indicative singular)
swīkwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swīkwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swīkwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swīkwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swīkw (active imperative second-person singular)
swīkwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swīkwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swīkwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swīkwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swīkwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
swīkwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swīkwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swīkwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swīkwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swīkwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swīkwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swīkwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swīkwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swīkwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swīkwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swīkwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swīkwid (active indicative plural second-person)
swīkwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swīkwid (active imperative plural second-person)
swīkwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swīkwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swīkwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swīkwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swīkwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swīkwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swīkwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swaikw (active first-person indicative singular)
swikwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swaiht (active indicative second-person singular)
swikwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swaikw (active indicative singular third-person)
swikwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swikwū (active dual first-person indicative)
swikwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swikwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swikwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swikwum (active first-person indicative plural)
swikwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swikwud (active indicative plural second-person)
swikwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swikwun (active indicative plural third-person)
swikwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swīkwandz (active participle present)
swikwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*swīkwijaną (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *swīkwan
Old English: swīcan
Middle English: swiken
Scots: swike, swyk
English: swike
Old Frisian: swīka
Old Saxon: swīkan
Middle Low German: swīken
Old Dutch: *swīcan
Middle Dutch: swiken
Dutch: zwijken
Limburgish: zwieke
Old High German: swīhhan, swīchan
Middle High German: swīchen

Old Norse: svíkja, svíkva — older, sýkva
Icelandic: svíkja
Faroese: svíkja
Norwegian Nynorsk: svika, svike
Old Swedish: svīkia
Swedish: svika
Old Danish: swikæ
Danish: svige

From Proto-Indo-European *sweyg- (“to turn, move around, wander, swing”).

der

to move out of the way; dodge; swerve; avoid; shun


limpaną

limpō (active first-person indicative singular)
limpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
limpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
limpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
limpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
limp (active imperative second-person singular)
limpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
limpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
limpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
limpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
limpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
limpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
limpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
limpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
limpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
limpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
limpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
limpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
limpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
limpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
limpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
limpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
limpid (active indicative plural second-person)
limpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
limpid (active imperative plural second-person)
limpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
limpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
limpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
limpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
limpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
limpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
limpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lamp (active first-person indicative singular)
lumpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lamft (active indicative second-person singular)
lumpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lamp (active indicative singular third-person)
lumpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lumpū (active dual first-person indicative)
lumpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lumpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lumpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lumpum (active first-person indicative plural)
lumpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lumpud (active indicative plural second-person)
lumpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lumpun (active indicative plural third-person)
lumpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
limpandz (active participle present)
lumpanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *limpan
Old English: limpan
Middle English: lympen, limpen
Scots: limp
English: limp
Old Frisian: limpa
Old Saxon: limpan
Middle Low German: limpen
Low German: limpen, gelimpen
Old High German: limpfan, limphan
Middle High German: limpfen, limfen

Old Norse: limpa

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)lembʰ- (“to hang limply”), which Pfeifer appears to consider a nasalized extension of *leb- (“to hang loosely; lip”). Compare Tocharian A läm- (“to sit, remain”), Sanskrit लम्ब् (lamb), रम्ब् (ramb, “to hang down”).


winnaną

winnō (active first-person indicative singular)
winnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
winnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
winnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
winnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
winn (active imperative second-person singular)
winnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
winnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
winnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
winnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
winnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
winnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
winnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
winnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
winnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
winnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
winnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
winnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
winnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
winnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
winnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
winnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
winnid (active indicative plural second-person)
winnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
winnid (active imperative plural second-person)
winnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
winnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
winnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
winnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
winnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
winnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
winnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wann (active first-person indicative singular)
wunnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wannt (active indicative second-person singular)
wunnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wann (active indicative singular third-person)
wunnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wunnū (active dual first-person indicative)
wunnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wunnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wunnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wunnum (active first-person indicative plural)
wunnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wunnud (active indicative plural second-person)
wunnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wunnun (active indicative plural third-person)
wunnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
winnandz (active participle present)
wunnanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *winnan
Old English: winnan
Middle English: winnen
English: win
Scots: win
Old Frisian: winna
Saterland Frisian: winne
West Frisian: winne
Old Saxon: winnan
Middle Low German: winnen
Low German: winnen
German Low German: winnen
Old Dutch: winnan
Middle Dutch: winnen
Dutch: winnen
Afrikaans: wen, win
Berbice Creole Dutch: won
Negerhollands: win, wind
→ Sranan Tongo: wini
→ Caribbean Javanese: wini
→ Kari'na: winimary
Limburgish: winne
Old High German: winnan
Middle High German: winnen
German: winnen (archaic)

Old Norse: vinna
Icelandic: vinna
Faroese: vinna
Norwegian: vinne
Old Swedish: vinna
Swedish: vinna; vinne (dialectal)
Old Danish: winnæ
Danish: vinde

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (winnan)

From Proto-Indo-European *wen- (“to win, achieve, overcome”); cognate with Sanskrit वनोति (vanóti, “to win, defeat, procure”). The root may be the basis of Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to love”), with semantic connection "to feel achieved with a given thing" > "to love".


kerbaną

kerbō (active first-person indicative singular)
kerbaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kerbai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kirbizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kerbaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kerb (active imperative second-person singular)
kerbazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kerbaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kirbidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kerbai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kerbadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kerbadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kerbaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kerbōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kerbaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kerbadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kerbaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kerbadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kerbamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kerbaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kerbandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kerbaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kirbid (active indicative plural second-person)
kerbaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kirbid (active imperative plural second-person)
kerbandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kerbaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kerbandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kerbain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kerbandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kerbandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kerbaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
karb (active first-person indicative singular)
kurbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
karft (active indicative second-person singular)
kurbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
karb (active indicative singular third-person)
kurbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kurbū (active dual first-person indicative)
kurbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kurbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kurbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kurbum (active first-person indicative plural)
kurbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kurbud (active indicative plural second-person)
kurbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kurbun (active indicative plural third-person)
kurbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kerbandz (active participle present)
kurbanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kerban
Old English: ceorfan
Middle English: cherven
Middle English: kerven, carve, carven, cerven, karven, kerve, kirven, kyrvyn, ceorfan, ceorfæn, keorven (Early Middle English)
English: carve
Scots: cairve, kerve, kerf, carf
Old Frisian: kerva
North Frisian: karve
Saterland Frisian: käärwje
West Frisian: kerve
Old Saxon: kervan
Middle Low German: kerven, karven
Low German: karven
→ Danish: karve
→ Swedish: karva
→ Norwegian: karve
Old Dutch: *kervan
Middle Dutch: kerven
Dutch: kerven
Old High German: kerban
Middle High German: kërben
Alemannic German: chërbe, kërbe
German: kerben
East Franconian: kerwe
Vilamovian: karwa
Yiddish: קאַרבן (karbn)
→ Polish: karbować

From Proto-Indo-European *gerbʰ- (“to scratch”).


hratōną

hratō (active first-person indicative singular)
hratǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hratōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hratōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hratōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hratō (active imperative second-person singular)
hratōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hratōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hratōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hratō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hratōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hratōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hratōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hratōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hratōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hratōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hratōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hratōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hratōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hratōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hratōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hratōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hratōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hratōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hratōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hratōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hratōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hratōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hratōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hratōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hratōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hratōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hratōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hratōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hratōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hratōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hratōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hratōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hratōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hratōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hratōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hratōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hratōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hratōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hratōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hratōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hratōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hratōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hratōndz (active participle present)
hratōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hratōn

Old English: hratian; (*hrætelian, *hrætlian)

(Middle English: ratelen)

(English: rattle)

(Old Saxon: *hratlōn)

(Middle Low German: rettelen, *retelen, *ratelen, *rateren)

(Low German: rateln, ratern)

(→ German: rattern)

(Old Dutch: *ratelon)

(Middle Dutch: ratelen)

(Dutch: ratelen)

Old High German: *razzōn

Middle High German: razzen; (razzeln)

(German: rasseln)

Old Norse: hrata

Icelandic: hrata

Norwegian Nynorsk: rata, rate

Swedish: rata

→ Middle English: raten

English: rate; berate

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)krad-, *(s)kerd- (“to move, swing, spring”).


swelganą

swelgō (active first-person indicative singular)
swelgaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swelgai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swilgizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swelgaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swelg (active imperative second-person singular)
swelgazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swelgaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swilgidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swelgai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swelgadau (active imperative singular third-person)
swelgadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swelgaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swelgōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swelgaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swelgadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swelgaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swelgadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swelgamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swelgaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swelgandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swelgaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swilgid (active indicative plural second-person)
swelgaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swilgid (active imperative plural second-person)
swelgandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swelgaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swelgandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swelgain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swelgandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swelgandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swelgaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swalg (active first-person indicative singular)
swulgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swalht (active indicative second-person singular)
swulgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swalg (active indicative singular third-person)
swulgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swulgū (active dual first-person indicative)
swulgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swulgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swulgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swulgum (active first-person indicative plural)
swulgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swulgud (active indicative plural second-person)
swulgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swulgun (active indicative plural third-person)
swulgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swelgandz (active participle present)
swulganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *swelgan

Old English: swelgan

desc

Middle English: swelgen, swelȝen, swelghen, swelwen, swolȝen, swolwen, swalwen

English: swallow

Scots: swellie, swelly, swallow

Old Saxon: *swelgan (in combinations: farswelgan)

Middle Low German: swelgen, swölgen, swolgen

German Low German: swögen

desctree

Old Dutch: *swelgan
Middle Dutch: swelgen
Dutch: zwelgen

desc

Old High German: swelgan, swelhan, swelahan

Middle High German: swëlgen

German: schwelgen

desctree

Old Norse: svelga, (weak verb) svelgja
Icelandic: svelgja (“to gulp”), (obsolete) svelga
Faroese: svølgja
Norwegian Nynorsk: svelgja; (dialectal) svølgje, svægje, svæl, svøl
Elfdalian: swega
Old Swedish: svælghia, svælgha, svælia
Swedish: svälja
Old Danish: swælghæ, swæliæ, swælwæ
Danish: svælge, svælle
Norwegian Bokmål: svelge
Scanian: svælla
Gutnish: svälge, svölge

Of unknown origin. Traditionally derived from a Proto-Indo-European *swelk- (“to gulp”), a k-extension of a Proto-Indo-European *swel- (“to drink, swallow”).


slībaną

slībō (active first-person indicative singular)
slībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
slībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
slībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slīb (active imperative second-person singular)
slībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
slībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
slībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
slībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
slībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
slībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
slībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
slībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
slībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
slībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
slībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
slībid (active indicative plural second-person)
slībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slībid (active imperative plural second-person)
slībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
slībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
slībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
slībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
slībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
slībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
slaib (active first-person indicative singular)
slibį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slaift (active indicative second-person singular)
slibīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slaib (active indicative singular third-person)
slibī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slibū (active dual first-person indicative)
slibīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slibudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slibīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slibum (active first-person indicative plural)
slibīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slibud (active indicative plural second-person)
slibīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slibun (active indicative plural third-person)
slibīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slībandz (active participle present)
slibanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *slīban
Old English: slīfan
Middle English: sliven; slivere, sliver
Scots: slive; scleeberie, slaiver, sliver
English: slive (obsolete); sliver
Old Saxon: *slīvan
>? Middle Low German: slîven (“to ladle out, spoon in, ingest”)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ley- (“smooth; slick; sticky; slimy”), the same source as *slīmą (“slime”) and *līmaz (“glue, clay, lime”). For the semantics, compare Proto-Germanic *slīpaną (“to whet, sharpen”), Old High German slīman (“to make smooth”), Proto-Celtic *limāti (“to polish, sharpen”) and Latin līma (“carpenter's file”), from extensions of the same root.


slūm-

Old English: sluma; *slumian

Middle English: slume, sloumbe; slumen; slumeren, slomren, slombren

Scots: sloum, sloom, sluim; slummer

English: sloom; slumber

Old Frisian: slūmerja

Saterland Frisian: slummerje

West Frisian: slûmerje, slommerje

Old Saxon: *slumōn

Middle Low German: slomen, slommen; slummeren, slȫmeren

Frankish: *slūmijan

Old Dutch: *slumen

Middle Dutch: slūmen; slūmeren

Dutch: sluimeren; sloom

Afrikaans: sluimer

→ Old French: esclumir (Old Picard)

Old High German: *slūmēn

Middle High German: slummen; slumern, slummern

German: schlummen; schlummern

Old Norse: *slumr

Norwegian: slum; slumen; sluma (dialectal)

Danish: slum

From base *slū-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)lew- (“slack, loose, limp, flabby”).

der

A stem meaning: slack, loose, limp, flabby


wihslōną

wihslō (active first-person indicative singular)
wihslǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wihslōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
wihslōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wihslōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wihslō (active imperative second-person singular)
wihslōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wihslōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wihslōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wihslō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wihslōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wihslōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wihslōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wihslōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wihslōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wihslōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wihslōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wihslōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wihslōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wihslōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wihslōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wihslōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wihslōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wihslōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wihslōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wihslōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wihslōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wihslōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wihslōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wihslōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wihslōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wihslōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wihslōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wihslōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wihslōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wihslōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wihslōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
wihslōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wihslōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wihslōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wihslōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wihslōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wihslōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wihslōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wihslōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wihslōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wihslōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wihslōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wihslōndz (active participle present)
wihslōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wihslōn

Old English: *wixlian, wrixlian

desctree

⇒ Old English: ġewrixlian
Middle English: wrixlen
English: wrixle

Old Frisian: wixlia

Saterland Frisian: wicselja, wikselje

West Frisian: wikselje

Old Saxon: wehslōn

Middle Low German: wesselen, weslen

German Low German: wesseln

Old Dutch: *wihslon

Middle Dutch: wisselen
Dutch: wisselen
Limburgish: wessele, wissele, wisjele
→ Middle English: wissilen
Scots: quhissel, wissel
English: whystyll, whystel, wissle

Old High German: wehsalōn

Middle High German: wëhseln

Cimbrian: bèksalan

German: wechseln

Luxembourgish: wiesselen

Old Norse: víxla

Icelandic: víxla

Faroese: veksla

Norwegian: veksle

Swedish: växla

Danish: veksle

to change; exchange; swap; trade; reciprocate.


hunhruz

hunhruz (nominative singular)
hunhriwiz (nominative plural)
hunhru (singular vocative)
hunhriwiz (plural vocative)
hunhrų (accusative singular)
hunhrunz (accusative plural)
hunhrauz (genitive singular)
hunhriwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hunhriwi (dative singular)
hunhrumaz (dative plural)
hunhrū (instrumental singular)
hunhrumiz (instrumental plural)

(East Germanic) Alternative form of *hungruz


melkaną

melkō (active first-person indicative singular)
melkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
melkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
milkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
melkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
melk (active imperative second-person singular)
melkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
melkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
milkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
melkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
melkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
melkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
melkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
melkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
melkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
melkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
melkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
melkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
melkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
melkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
melkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
melkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
milkid (active indicative plural second-person)
melkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
milkid (active imperative plural second-person)
melkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
melkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
melkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
melkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
melkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
melkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
melkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
malk (active first-person indicative singular)
mulkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
malht (active indicative second-person singular)
mulkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
malk (active indicative singular third-person)
mulkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mulkū (active dual first-person indicative)
mulkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mulkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mulkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mulkum (active first-person indicative plural)
mulkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mulkud (active indicative plural second-person)
mulkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mulkun (active indicative plural third-person)
mulkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
melkandz (active participle present)
mulkanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *melkan

Old English: melcan, meolcan
Middle English: mylken, milke, melke, mulke
English: milk
Yola: mulke

Old Frisian: melka

North Frisian: molke

Saterland Frisian: meelke

West Frisian: melke, meltse

Old Saxon: *melkan

Middle Low German: melken (weak verb)

(Low German: melken)

Old Dutch: *melkan

Middle Dutch: melken

Dutch: melken

Old High German: melkan, melchan

Middle High German: mëlken, mëlchen

German: melken (regular; see lemma)

→ Esperanto: melki


grunnatjaną

grunnatjō (active first-person indicative singular)
grunnatjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grunnatjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
grunnatisi (active indicative second-person singular)
grunnatjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grunnati (active imperative second-person singular)
grunnatjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grunnatjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grunnatiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
grunnatjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grunnatjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
grunnatjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grunnatjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grunnatjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
grunnatjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grunnatjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grunnatjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grunnatjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grunnatjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grunnatjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grunnatjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grunnatjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grunnatiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
grunnatjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grunnatiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
grunnatjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grunnatjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grunnatjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
grunnatjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grunnatjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
grunnatjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grunnatjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
grunnastǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
grunnastēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grunnastēz (active indicative second-person singular)
grunnastēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grunnastē (active indicative singular third-person)
grunnastēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grunnastēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
grunnastēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grunnastēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grunnastēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grunnastēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
grunnastēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grunnastēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
grunnastēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grunnastēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
grunnastēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grunnatjandz (active participle present)
grunnatidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *grunnattjan
Old English: grunnettan
Middle English: grunten, gronte, gronten, grunt, grunte, grunton
English: grunt
Scots: grunt
Old High German: grunnezzen, grunzen
Middle High German: grunzen
German: grunzen
Luxembourgish: grunzen
→ Middle Low German: grunsen, grünsen

From *grunnōną + *-atjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem- (“to thunder”) or *gʰrun- (“to shout”), both likely imitative of pigs; compare Latin grunniō (“to grunt”).

onomatopoeic

imitative


stapjaną

stapjō (active first-person indicative singular)
stapjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stapjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stapisi (active indicative second-person singular)
stapjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stapi (active imperative second-person singular)
stapjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stapjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stapiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
stapjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stapjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
stapjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stapjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stapjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
stapjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stapjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stapjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stapjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stapjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stapjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stapjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stapjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stapiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
stapjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stapiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
stapjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stapjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stapjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
stapjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stapjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
stapjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stapjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stōp (active first-person indicative singular)
stōpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stōft (active indicative second-person singular)
stōpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stōp (active indicative singular third-person)
stōpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stōpū (active dual first-person indicative)
stōpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stōpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stōpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stōpum (active first-person indicative plural)
stōpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stōpud (active indicative plural second-person)
stōpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stōpun (active indicative plural third-person)
stōpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stapjandz (active participle present)
stapanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stappjan
Old English: stæppan, steppan
Middle English: steppen, stappen
English: step
→ Dutch: steppen
Scots: stap, stop, step
Old Frisian: steppa, stapa
North Frisian: stape
Saterland Frisian: stappe
West Frisian: stappe
Old Saxon: steppian
Middle Low German: stappen, stippen
German Low German: stappen
Old Dutch: *stappen, *steppen
Middle Dutch: stappen
Dutch: stappen
Afrikaans: stap
Old High German: stepfen, stephen
Middle High German: stepfen
German: stepfen (obsolete)

From *stapiz, or back-formed from *stappōną.


tilōną

tilō (active first-person indicative singular)
tilǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tilōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
tilōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
tilōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tilō (active imperative second-person singular)
tilōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tilōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tilōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tilō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tilōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tilōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tilōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tilōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tilōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tilōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tilōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tilōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tilōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tilōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tilōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tilōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tilōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tilōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tilōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tilōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tilōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tilōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tilōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tilōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tilōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tilōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tilōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tilōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tilōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tilōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tilōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
tilōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tilōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tilōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tilōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tilōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tilōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tilōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tilōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tilōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tilōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tilōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tilōndz (active participle present)
tilōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *tilōn
Old English: tilian, teolian
Middle English: tilyen, teolien, tolien, tulien, telien, tilien, tilen, tillen
Scots: tele, teel, teil; tulȝe, tulyie, toil (through confluence with Old French verb)
English: till; toil (through confluence with Old French verb)
Old Frisian: tilia; teula
Saterland Frisian: tilja, tila
West Frisian: tylje
Old Saxon: tilōn
Middle Low German: telen, teilen, tellen
German Low German: telen
Old Dutch: tilon
Middle Dutch: tēlen
Dutch: telen
Old High German: zilōn
Middle High German: zilen, ziln
German: zielen
→ Luxembourgish: zilen
Luxembourgish: zillen

Gothic: *𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍉𐌽 (*tilōn)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍉𐌽 (andtilōn)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍉𐌽 (gatilōn)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍉𐌽 (gagatilōn)

From *tilą (“goal”) + *-ōną. Also compare *tilaz (“fitting”).


hawjaną

hawjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hawjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hawjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hawisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hawjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hawi (active imperative second-person singular)
hawjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hawjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hawiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hawjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hawjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hawjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hawjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hawjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hawjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hawjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hawjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hawjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hawjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hawjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hawjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hawjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hawiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hawjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hawiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hawjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hawjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hawjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hawjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hawjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hawjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hawjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hawidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hawidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hawidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hawidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hawidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hawidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hawidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hawidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hawidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hawidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hawidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hawidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hawidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hawidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hawidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hawidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hawjandz (active participle present)
hawidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hauwjan
Old English: hīeġan, hēġan, hīġan
Old Frisian: hēia

Old Norse: heyja
Icelandic: heyja

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kowh₁-éye-ti, a causative o-grade formation from *(s)kewh₁- (“to observe, perceive”). Older theories derived the word from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew- (“to cut, hew, equip”), comparing Ancient Greek σκεῦος (skeûos, “vessel, device”), or from Proto-Indo-European *kewh₂- (“to cut, hew”).


gaburjaną

gaburjō (active first-person indicative singular)
gaburjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaburjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gaburisi (active indicative second-person singular)
gaburjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaburi (active imperative second-person singular)
gaburjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gaburjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gaburiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gaburjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gaburjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gaburjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gaburjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gaburjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gaburjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gaburjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gaburjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gaburjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gaburjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gaburjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gaburjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gaburjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gaburiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gaburjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gaburiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gaburjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gaburjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gaburjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gaburjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gaburjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gaburjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gaburjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gaburidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
gaburidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaburidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
gaburidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaburidē (active indicative singular third-person)
gaburidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gaburidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gaburidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gaburidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gaburidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gaburidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gaburidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gaburidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gaburidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gaburidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gaburidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gaburjandz (active participle present)
gaburidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gaburjan
Old English: ġebyrian, ġebyrġian, ġebyrede
Middle English: ȝebürien
⇒ Middle English: birrde, bürde
Scots: byrde, byrd, bird
Old Frisian: bera
West Frisian: barre
Old Saxon: giburian
Middle Low German: geboren, gebören
Low German: geböhren
→ Saterland Frisian: geböäre
Old Dutch: giburen
Middle Dutch: gebueren
Dutch: gebeuren
Afrikaans: gebeur
Limburgish: gebäöre
Old High German: gaburjan, giburien, giburren, geburen
Middle High German: gebürn
German: gebühren
Luxembourgish: gebiren

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂 (gabaur, “tribute”)

From *ga- + *burjaną (“to raise, levy”).


sweraną

swerō (active first-person indicative singular)
sweraų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swerai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swirizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sweraiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swer (active imperative second-person singular)
swerazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sweraizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swiridi (active indicative singular third-person)
swerai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sweradau (active imperative singular third-person)
sweradai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sweraidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swerōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sweraiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sweradiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sweraidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sweradiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sweramaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sweraim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swerandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sweraindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swirid (active indicative plural second-person)
sweraid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swirid (active imperative plural second-person)
swerandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sweraindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swerandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swerain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swerandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swerandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sweraindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swar (active first-person indicative singular)
swērį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swart (active indicative second-person singular)
swērīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swar (active indicative singular third-person)
swērī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swērū (active dual first-person indicative)
swērīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swērudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swērīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swērum (active first-person indicative plural)
swērīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swērud (active indicative plural second-person)
swērīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swērun (active indicative plural third-person)
swērīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swerandz (active participle present)
suranaz (active participle past subjunctive)
swuranaz (active participle past subjunctive)

(Old English: swor; swarnian, swārnian, swornian)

Old Saxon: *sweran

Middle Low German: swēren

Old Dutch: *sweran

Middle Dutch: swēren

Dutch: zweren

Afrikaans: sweer

Old High German: swëran; (swëro; swërado, swërdo)

Middle High German: swërn; (swëre, swër, geswër; swërde)

German: schwären; (Geschwür)

From Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to ache, fester”). Possibly related to Avestan 𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬀 (xᵛara, “wound, hurt”).


þakwōną

þakwō (active first-person indicative singular)
þakwǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þakwōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
þakwōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
þakwōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þakwō (active imperative second-person singular)
þakwōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þakwōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þakwōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þakwō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þakwōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þakwōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þakwōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þakwōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þakwōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þakwōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þakwōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þakwōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þakwōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þakwōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þakwōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þakwōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þakwōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þakwōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þakwōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þakwōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þakwōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þakwōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þakwōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þakwōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þakwōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þakwōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þakwōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þakwōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þakwōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þakwōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þakwōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
þakwōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þakwōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þakwōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þakwōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þakwōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þakwōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þakwōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þakwōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þakwōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þakwōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þakwōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þakwōndz (active participle present)
þakwōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þakwōn, *þakkōn

desctree

Old English: þaccian
Middle English: thakken
Scots: thack, thwak
English: thack, thwack

Old Saxon: *thakkōn, *thakōn

⇒ Old Saxon: thakolōn

Old Dutch: *thakon

Middle Dutch: daken

Old Norse: þjökka, þjaka

Faroese: *tjaka

⇒ Faroese: tjakast

Icelandic: þjaka

Norwegian: tjåka

/ˈθɑ.kʷɔː.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *teh₂g- (“to touch”), either derived from a u-stem derivative of the root + *-ōną, or, if the alternative reconstruction *þakkōną is correct, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *th₂gnéh₂ti and thus formally cognate with Latin tangō (“touch”, verb). Further cognate with Ancient Greek τεταγών (tetagṓn, “having seized”), τάσσω (tássō, “arrange”) and Latin taxō (“touch, feel”, verb).


rafsijaną

rafsijō (active first-person indicative singular)
rafsijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rafsijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rafsīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
rafsijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rafsī (active imperative second-person singular)
rafsijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rafsijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rafsīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rafsijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rafsijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rafsijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rafsijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rafsijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rafsijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rafsijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rafsijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rafsijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rafsijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rafsijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rafsijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rafsijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rafsīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rafsijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rafsīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rafsijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rafsijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rafsijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rafsijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rafsijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rafsijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rafsijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rafsidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rafsidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rafsidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rafsidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rafsidē (active indicative singular third-person)
rafsidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rafsidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rafsidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rafsidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rafsidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rafsidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rafsidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rafsidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rafsidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rafsidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rafsidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rafsijandz (active participle present)
rafsidaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*rabsijaną (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rafsijan, *rafisijan, *rafisōn, *rabsijan, *rabsōn
Old English: refsan, ræpsan, ræfsan, repsan
Old Frisian: *repsa, respa, *respja
West Frisian: rispje
Old Saxon: repsian, ripsōn
Middle Low German: *rispen
Low German: rispen
Old Dutch: respen, *repsen
Middle Dutch: *respen
⇒ Middle Dutch: berepsen, berespen, berispen
Dutch: berispen
Afrikaans: berispe
→ English: berisp
Old High German: rafsjan, refsen, repsen, respen
Middle High German: refsen, respen

Old Norse: refsa, repsa

Icelandic: refsa

Faroese: revsa

Norwegian: refse

Old Swedish: ræfsa, ræpsa

Swedish: räfsa

Danish: revse

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁rep- (“to rip, snatch, tear, pinch”).


hwōstōną

hwōstō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwōstǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwōstōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwōstōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwōstōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwōstō (active imperative second-person singular)
hwōstōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwōstōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwōstōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwōstō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwōstōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwōstōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwōstōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwōstōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hwōstōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwōstōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwōstōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwōstōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwōstōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwōstōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwōstōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwōstōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwōstōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hwōstōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwōstōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hwōstōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwōstōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwōstōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwōstōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwōstōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwōstōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwōstōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwōstōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hwōstōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwōstōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hwōstōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwōstōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hwōstōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwōstōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwōstōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwōstōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwōstōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwōstōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwōstōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwōstōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwōstōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwōstōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwōstōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwōstōndz (active participle present)
hwōstōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*hwōstāną (alternative)
*hwōstijaną (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwōstōn

Old English: *hwōstian, (hwōstan); (*hwēstan (< *hwōstijaną))

Middle English: hōsten; hwēsten

Scots: whost, whust

English: whoost, hoost (dialectal)

Old Frisian: *hwōstia, *hōstia

Saterland Frisian: hoostje

West Frisian: hoastje

Old Saxon: *hwōstōn, *hōstōn

Middle Low German: hôsten

German Low German: hoosten

Low German: hosten

Old Dutch: *huoston

Middle Dutch: hoesten

Dutch: hoesten

Afrikaans: hoes

Old High German: huostōn

Middle High German: huosten

Bavarian: huasdn

Luxembourgish: houschten

Old Norse: hósta

Icelandic: hósta

Faroese: hosta

Norwegian Nynorsk: hosta

Old Swedish: hōsta

Swedish: hosta

Old Danish: hōstæ

Danish: hoste

Norwegian Bokmål: hoste

Elfdalian: ųosta

Gutnish: hokste

→ Middle English: *hosten

Scots: host, hoist

English: hoast

/ˈxʷɔːs.tɔː.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂s- (“to cough”), equivalent to *hwōstô (“cough”) + *-ōną. Cognate with Lithuanian kṓsēti (“to cough”), Russian ка́шлять (kášljatʹ, “to cough”), Sanskrit कासते (kā́sate).


smeuganą

smeugō (active first-person indicative singular)
smeugaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smeugai (first-person indicative passive singular)
smiugizi (active indicative second-person singular)
smeugaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smeug (active imperative second-person singular)
smeugazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
smeugaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
smiugidi (active indicative singular third-person)
smeugai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smeugadau (active imperative singular third-person)
smeugadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
smeugaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
smeugōz (active dual first-person indicative)
smeugaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smeugadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smeugaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smeugadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
smeugamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
smeugaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smeugandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
smeugaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
smiugid (active indicative plural second-person)
smeugaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smiugid (active imperative plural second-person)
smeugandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
smeugaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
smeugandi (active indicative plural third-person)
smeugain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smeugandau (active imperative plural third-person)
smeugandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
smeugaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
smaug (active first-person indicative singular)
smugį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smauht (active indicative second-person singular)
smugīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smaug (active indicative singular third-person)
smugī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smugū (active dual first-person indicative)
smugīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smugudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smugīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smugum (active first-person indicative plural)
smugīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smugud (active indicative plural second-person)
smugīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smugun (active indicative plural third-person)
smugīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smeugandz (active participle present)
smuganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *smeugan, *smūgan
Old English: smūgan
Middle English: smuȝen
Scots: smue, smow, smoo
Old Frisian: *smūga
⇒ Old Frisian: smūginge
Old Dutch: *smūgan, *smiogan
Middle Dutch: *smugen, *smiegen
Dutch: smuigen, smiegen, smoegen
Old High German: smiogan
Middle High German: smiegen
German: schmiegen

Old Norse: smjúga

Icelandic: smjúga

Faroese: smúgva

Danish: smyge

Old Swedish: smiūgha

Swedish: smyga

Norwegian Nynorsk: smyga, smyge

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)mewk- (“to slip, slide”), *smewg- (“to slip, glide; be slimy”), with -g- instead of expected -h-, likely due to influence from the causative or iterative formations. Cognate with Lithuanian smaũkti (“to pull, don, roll up”), Slovene smúkati (“to scurry, slip”).


targijaną

targijō (active first-person indicative singular)
targijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
targijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
targīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
targijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
targī (active imperative second-person singular)
targijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
targijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
targīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
targijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
targijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
targijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
targijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
targijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
targijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
targijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
targijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
targijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
targijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
targijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
targijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
targijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
targīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
targijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
targīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
targijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
targijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
targijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
targijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
targijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
targijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
targijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
targidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
targidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
targidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
targidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
targidē (active indicative singular third-person)
targidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
targidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
targidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
targidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
targidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
targidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
targidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
targidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
targidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
targidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
targidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
targijandz (active participle present)
targidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *targijan

desc

Old English: terġan, tierġan, tyrġan, tirġan, tirian; tierwan

Middle English: terien, tarien, taryen; terȝen

English: tarry

Scots: tarrow

Old Frisian: *tergia, *targia

Saterland Frisian: taagje (possibly from Low German)

West Frisian: tergje

Old Saxon: *targian, *tergian

Middle Low German: tergen, targen

German Low German: targen

→ Danish: tærge

→ Norwegian: terge

→ Swedish: targa

Old Dutch: *tergen

Middle Dutch: tergen, terghen

Dutch: tergen

Old High German: zergen

Middle High German: *zergen

German: zergen

Lombardic: *zergen

→ Vulgar Latin: *zergō

Italian: zerigare (Tuscan)

⇒ Venetan: inzeregà

⇒ Italian: zerga (“anger”)

⇒ Italian: inzergassi

Apparently from a Proto-Indo-European *dorgʰ-éye-ti, probably from *derHgʰ- (“to pull, tug, irritate”), and cognate with Lithuanian di̇̀rginti (“to irritate”), Proto-Slavic *dьrgati (“to pull, jerk, comb”), though Kroonen rejects connections to the Balto-Slavic and leaves the origin open.