hringijaną

hringijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hringijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hringijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hringīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hringijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hringī (active imperative second-person singular)
hringijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hringijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hringīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hringijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hringijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hringijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hringijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hringijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hringijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hringijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hringijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hringijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hringijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hringijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hringijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hringijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hringīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hringijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hringīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hringijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hringijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hringijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hringijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hringijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hringijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hringijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hringidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hringidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hringidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hringidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hringidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hringidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hringidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hringidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hringidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hringidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hringidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hringidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hringidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hringidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hringidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hringidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hringijandz (active participle present)
hringidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hringijan
Old English: hrinġan
Middle English: ringen, ryngen
Scots: ring
English: ring
Old Frisian: *ringa
North Frisian: ringe
Old Dutch: *ringen
Middle Dutch: ringen, ringhen
Dutch: ringen; rinkelen; rinkinken
Afrikaans: ring, rinkink
Old High German: hringan, ringan

Old Norse: hringja
Icelandic: hringja
Faroese: ringja
Norwegian Nynorsk: ringja
Old Swedish: ringia
Swedish: ringa
Danish: ringe
Norwegian Bokmål: ringe
Gutnish: ringge, ringg', ringga

From *hringaz (“a ring, sound”) + *-janą.


hringijaną

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hringijan
Old English: *hrinġan
Middle English: ringen
English: ring
Old Saxon: *hringian
Middle Low German: ringen
Old Dutch: *ringen
Middle Dutch: ringen, ringhen
Dutch: ringen
Old High German: ringen
Middle High German: ringen

Old Norse: hringja

Icelandic: hringja

Faroese: ringja

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: ringe

Norwegian Nynorsk: ringe, ringa

Swedish: ringa

From *hringaz (“a ring, a circle”) + *-janą. Compare Proto-Slavic *krǫžiti.


wīsōną

wīsō (active first-person indicative singular)
wīsǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wīsōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
wīsōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wīsōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wīsō (active imperative second-person singular)
wīsōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wīsōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wīsōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wīsō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wīsōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wīsōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wīsōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wīsōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wīsōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wīsōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wīsōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wīsōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wīsōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wīsōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wīsōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wīsōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wīsōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wīsōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wīsōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wīsōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wīsōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wīsōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wīsōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wīsōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wīsōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wīsōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wīsōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wīsōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wīsōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wīsōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wīsōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
wīsōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wīsōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wīsōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wīsōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wīsōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wīsōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wīsōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wīsōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wīsōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wīsōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wīsōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wīsōndz (active participle present)
wīsōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Frisian: wīsia

Old Saxon: wīsōn

Old Dutch: wīson

Old High German: wīsōn

Middle High German: wīsen

German: weisen

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃𐍉𐌽 (gaweisōn)


wīsōną

Old English: wīsian

Middle English: wisien, wisen

Scots: wise, wyse, wyze

English: wise

Old Saxon: giwīsōn

Old Norse: vísa

Danish: vise

Faroese: vísa

Icelandic: vísa

Norwegian Bokmål: vise

Old Swedish: vīsa

Swedish: visa

From *wīsaz (“wise”) + *-ōną (factitive verb–forming suffix): literally “make wise”. Identical with the above.


wīsijaną

wīsijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wīsijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wīsijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wīsīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wīsijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wīsī (active imperative second-person singular)
wīsijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wīsijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wīsīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wīsijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wīsijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wīsijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wīsijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wīsijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wīsijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wīsijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wīsijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wīsijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wīsijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wīsijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wīsijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wīsijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wīsīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wīsijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wīsīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wīsijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wīsijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wīsijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wīsijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wīsijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wīsijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wīsijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wīsidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wīsidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wīsidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wīsidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wīsidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wīsidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wīsidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wīsidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wīsidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wīsidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wīsidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wīsidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wīsidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wīsidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wīsidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wīsidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wīsijandz (active participle present)
wīsidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wīsijan
(Old English: wīsian)
(Middle English: wisen)
(Scots: wise, wyse, wyze)
(Middle English: wise)
Old Frisian: wīsa
North Frisian: wise (Föhr)
Saterland Frisian: wiese
West Frisian: wize
Old Saxon: wīsian
Middle Low German: wîsen
German Low German: wiesen
Old Dutch: wīsen
Middle Dutch: wisen
Dutch: wijzen
Afrikaans: wys
Old High German: wīsen
Middle High German: wīsen
German: weisen
Luxembourgish: weisen
Yiddish: ווײַזן (vayzn)

Gothic: *𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*weisjan)

desc

𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fullaweisjan)

→ Finnish: vihjata

to make wise, knowing; to show, instruct


þuljaną

þuljō (active first-person indicative singular)
þuljaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þuljai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þulisi (active indicative second-person singular)
þuljais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þuli (active imperative second-person singular)
þuljasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þuljaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þuliþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þuljai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þuljaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þuljaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þuljaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þuljōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þuljaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þuljaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þuljaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þuljaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þuljamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þuljaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þuljanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þuljainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þuliþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þuljaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þuliþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þuljanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þuljainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þuljanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þuljain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þuljanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þuljanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þuljainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þulidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þulidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þulidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þulidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þulidē (active indicative singular third-person)
þulidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þulidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þulidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þulidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þulidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þulidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þulidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þulidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þulidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þulidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þulidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þuljandz (active participle present)
þulidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: þylja

Icelandic: þylja


skrīþaną

skrīþō (active first-person indicative singular)
skrīþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrīþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skrīþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skrīþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrīþ (active imperative second-person singular)
skrīþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skrīþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skrīþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skrīþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrīþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skrīþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skrīþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skrīþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skrīþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrīþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrīþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrīþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skrīþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skrīþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrīþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skrīþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skrīþid (active indicative plural second-person)
skrīþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrīþid (active imperative plural second-person)
skrīþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skrīþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skrīþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skrīþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrīþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skrīþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skrīþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skraiþ (active first-person indicative singular)
skridį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skraist (active indicative second-person singular)
skridīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skraiþ (active indicative singular third-person)
skridī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skridū (active dual first-person indicative)
skridīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skridudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skridīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skridum (active first-person indicative plural)
skridīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skridud (active indicative plural second-person)
skridīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skridun (active indicative plural third-person)
skridīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrīþandz (active participle present)
skridanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skrīþan
Old English: sċrīþan
→ English: shrithe (revived)
Old Frisian: *skrītha, skrīda
Old Saxon: scrīthan, skrīdan
Middle Low German: schrîden
Low German: schrieden
Old Dutch: *scrīthan
Middle Dutch: schriden
Dutch: schrijden
Old High German: skrītan, scrītan
Middle High German: schrīten
German: schreiten

Old Norse: skríða

Icelandic: skríða

Faroese: skríða

Norwegian Nynorsk: skrida, skri

Old Swedish: skridha

Swedish: skrida

Old Danish: skrithæ

Danish: skride

Norwegian Bokmål: skride, skri

→ Middle English: skrithen, scrithen

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreyt- (“to stride”), which Kroonen assumes may be an extension of a root *(s)krey- (“to go about”) shared with Baltic, the latter whose forms are extended as *(s)kreydʰ-; comparanda include Lithuanian skri̇̀sti (“to rush, run”), skraidùs (“fast”), skriẽti (“to circle, fly in circles”), Latvian skrìedinât (“to drive”), skrìet (“to run, fly”). Whether the root *skrey- is related to *(s)ker- (“to twist, turn, bend”) is uncertain.


mērijaną

mērijō (active first-person indicative singular)
mērijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mērijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
mērīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
mērijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mērī (active imperative second-person singular)
mērijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mērijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mērīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
mērijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mērijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
mērijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mērijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mērijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
mērijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mērijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mērijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mērijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mērijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mērijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mērijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mērijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mērīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
mērijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mērīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
mērijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mērijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mērijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
mērijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mērijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
mērijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mērijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mēridǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
mēridēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mēridēz (active indicative second-person singular)
mēridēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mēridē (active indicative singular third-person)
mēridēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mēridēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
mēridēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mēridēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mēridēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mēridēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
mēridēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mēridēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
mēridēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mēridēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
mēridēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mērijandz (active participle present)
mēridaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mārijan
Old English: mǣran
Old Saxon: mārian
Old Dutch: *māren
Middle Dutch: maren, vermaren
Dutch: vermaren (vermaard)
Old High German: māren

Old Norse: mæra

Icelandic: mæra

Gothic: 𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (mērjan)

From *mēraz (“renowned, famous”) + *-janą.


haftijaną

haftijō (active first-person indicative singular)
haftijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haftijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
haftīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
haftijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haftī (active imperative second-person singular)
haftijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
haftijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
haftīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
haftijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haftijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
haftijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
haftijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
haftijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
haftijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haftijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haftijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haftijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
haftijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
haftijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haftijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
haftijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
haftīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
haftijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haftīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
haftijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
haftijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
haftijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
haftijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haftijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
haftijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
haftijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
haftidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
haftidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haftidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
haftidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haftidē (active indicative singular third-person)
haftidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haftidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
haftidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haftidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haftidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haftidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
haftidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haftidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
haftidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haftidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
haftidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haftijandz (active participle present)
haftidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *haftijan
Old English: hæftan
Old Frisian: hefta
Old Saxon: heftian
Old Dutch: *heften
Middle Dutch: hechten
Dutch: hechten
Afrikaans: heg
Old High German: heften
Middle High German: heften
German: heften
Luxembourgish: heften

Old Norse: hefta, hepta

Icelandic: hefta

Faroese: hefta

Norwegian Nynorsk: hefta

Old Swedish: hæpta, hæfta

Swedish: häfta

Danish: hæfte

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (haftjan)

From *haftaz (“captive, bound”) + *-janą.


meltaną

meltō (active first-person indicative singular)
meltaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
meltai (first-person indicative passive singular)
miltizi (active indicative second-person singular)
meltaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
melt (active imperative second-person singular)
meltazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
meltaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
miltidi (active indicative singular third-person)
meltai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
meltadau (active imperative singular third-person)
meltadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
meltaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
meltōz (active dual first-person indicative)
meltaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
meltadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
meltaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
meltadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
meltamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
meltaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
meltandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
meltaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
miltid (active indicative plural second-person)
meltaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
miltid (active imperative plural second-person)
meltandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
meltaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
meltandi (active indicative plural third-person)
meltain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
meltandau (active imperative plural third-person)
meltandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
meltaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
malt (active first-person indicative singular)
multį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
malst (active indicative second-person singular)
multīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
malt (active indicative singular third-person)
multī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
multū (active dual first-person indicative)
multīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
multudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
multīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
multum (active first-person indicative plural)
multīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
multud (active indicative plural second-person)
multīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
multun (active indicative plural third-person)
multīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
meltandz (active participle present)
multanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *meltan
Old English: meltan
Middle English: melten
Scots: melt
English: melt

Old Norse: melta

Icelandic: melta

Norwegian Nynorsk: melta

⇒ Old Norse: moltinn

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: molten; ⇒ molte f (“cloudberry”)

→ Danish: multebær

Swedish: multen

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)meld- (“to beat, crush, grind”). Related to Sanskrit मर्दति (mardati, “to crush, grind”).


swībaną

swībō (active first-person indicative singular)
swībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swīb (active imperative second-person singular)
swībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
swībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swībid (active indicative plural second-person)
swībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swībid (active imperative plural second-person)
swībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swaib (active first-person indicative singular)
swibį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swaift (active indicative second-person singular)
swibīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swaib (active indicative singular third-person)
swibī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swibū (active dual first-person indicative)
swibīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swibudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swibīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swibum (active first-person indicative plural)
swibīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swibud (active indicative plural second-person)
swibīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swibun (active indicative plural third-person)
swibīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swībandz (active participle present)
swibanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swīban
Old English: swīfan
Middle English: swiven
English: swive
⇒ Middle English: swift
English: swift
Old Frisian: swīva

Old Norse: svífa
Icelandic: svífa
Norwegian Nynorsk: sviva, svive
Swedish: sväva

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (sweiban)

From Proto-Indo-European *kswéybʰ-e-ti, thematic root present of *ksweybʰ- (“to move swiftly, swing, whip”).


skakaną

skakō (active first-person indicative singular)
skakaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skakai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skakizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skakaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skak (active imperative second-person singular)
skakazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skakaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skakidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skakai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skakadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skakadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skakaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skakōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skakaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skakadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skakaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skakadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skakamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skakaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skakandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skakaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skakid (active indicative plural second-person)
skakaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skakid (active imperative plural second-person)
skakandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skakaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skakandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skakain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skakandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skakandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skakaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skōk (active first-person indicative singular)
skōkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skōht (active indicative second-person singular)
skōkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skōk (active indicative singular third-person)
skōkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skōkū (active dual first-person indicative)
skōkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skōkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skōkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skōkum (active first-person indicative plural)
skōkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skōkud (active indicative plural second-person)
skōkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skōkun (active indicative plural third-person)
skōkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skakandz (active participle present)
skakanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skakan
Old English: sċacan, sċeacan
Middle English: schaken
English: shake
Scots: schake, schaik, schack
Old Frisian: skeka
>? Saterland Frisian: skädje
West Frisian: schaekjen, schaakje, schaekje (obsolete)
Old Saxon: skakan
Middle Low German: *schaken
Low German: schaken
Old Dutch: *skakan
Middle Dutch: schāken
Dutch: schaken

Old Norse: skaka (skakra)
Icelandic: skaka
Faroese: skaka
Norwegian Nynorsk: skaka; (dialectal) skåkå, skøkø, skæka, skjeka
Norwegian Bokmål: skake
Old Swedish: skaka
Swedish: skaka
Danish: skage

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kek- (“to shake, stir”), with unexpected *-k- instead of *-h-, either through contamination or back-formation from the iterative *skakkōną (“to shake”). See *skehaną (“to jump, emerge”) for more cognates.


drītaną

drītō (active first-person indicative singular)
drītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
drītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
drītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
drītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drīt (active imperative second-person singular)
drītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
drītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
drītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
drītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
drītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
drītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
drītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
drītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
drītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
drītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
drītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
drītid (active indicative plural second-person)
drītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
drītid (active imperative plural second-person)
drītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
drītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
drītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
drītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
drītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
drītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
drītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
drait (active first-person indicative singular)
dritį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
draist (active indicative second-person singular)
dritīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drait (active indicative singular third-person)
dritī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dritū (active dual first-person indicative)
dritīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dritudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dritīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dritum (active first-person indicative plural)
dritīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dritud (active indicative plural second-person)
dritīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dritun (active indicative plural third-person)
dritīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
drītandz (active participle present)
dritanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *drītan
Old English: drītan
Middle English: driten
Scots: drite
English: drite
Old Frisian: drīta
Old Saxon: *drītan
Middle Low German: drîten
Low German: drieten
Old Dutch: *drītan
Middle Dutch: driten
Dutch: drijten
Old High German: trīzan; *drīzan
Central Franconian: drieße

Old Norse: dríta
Icelandic: dríta
Faroese: dríta
Norwegian Nynorsk: drita
Norwegian Bokmål: drite
Elfdalian: dritå, draita
Swedish: drita (dialectal (1862), not necessarily still used)
Danish: dritte (dialectal, obsolete in common language)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰreyd- (“to have diarrhea”). Perhaps cognate to Russian дриста́ть (dristátʹ, “to shart”), as well as Persian درد (dord, “dregs”).


maþlijaną

maþlijō (active first-person indicative singular)
maþlijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
maþlijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
maþlīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
maþlijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
maþlī (active imperative second-person singular)
maþlijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
maþlijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
maþlīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
maþlijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
maþlijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
maþlijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
maþlijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
maþlijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
maþlijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
maþlijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
maþlijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
maþlijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
maþlijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
maþlijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
maþlijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
maþlijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
maþlīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
maþlijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
maþlīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
maþlijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
maþlijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
maþlijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
maþlijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
maþlijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
maþlijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
maþlijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
maþlidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
maþlidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
maþlidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
maþlidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
maþlidē (active indicative singular third-person)
maþlidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
maþlidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
maþlidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
maþlidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
maþlidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
maþlidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
maþlidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
maþlidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
maþlidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
maþlidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
maþlidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
maþlijandz (active participle present)
maþlidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *maþlijan
Old English: mǣlan, mæþlan
Middle English: melen, mellen
English: mell
Old Saxon: mahlian
Middle Low German:
German Low German: melen
⇒ German Low German: afmelen, utmelen
Old High German: mahalen
Middle High German: mehelen
German: vermählen
→ Late Latin: admallāre

Old Norse: mæla
Icelandic: mæla
Faroese: mæla
Norwegian Nynorsk: mæla
Norwegian Bokmål: mæle
Old Swedish: mǣla, mælla
Swedish: mäla
Old Danish: mælæ
Scanian: mæla, møla, mælla
Danish: mæle
Gutnish: melä

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (maþljan)

Crimean Gothic: malthata

From *maþlą (“speech, gathering, legal case”) + *-janą.


mundōną

mundō (active first-person indicative singular)
mundǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mundōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
mundōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
mundōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mundō (active imperative second-person singular)
mundōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mundōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mundōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
mundō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mundōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
mundōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mundōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mundōs (active dual first-person indicative)
mundōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mundōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mundōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mundōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mundōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mundōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mundōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mundōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mundōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
mundōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mundōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
mundōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mundōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mundōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
mundōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mundōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
mundōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mundōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mundōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
mundōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mundōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
mundōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mundōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
mundōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mundōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
mundōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mundōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mundōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mundōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
mundōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mundōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
mundōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mundōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
mundōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mundōndz (active participle present)
mundōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *mundīgōn

(Old English: myndgian)

Middle English: mingen

⇒ Old High German: gimuntigōn

Old Norse: munda

Icelandic: munda

Faroese: munda

Gothic: 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍉𐌽 (mundōn)

From Proto-Indo-European *men(s)dʰh₁-, "to put in mind", a compound of Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to think”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to put”).


þiudijaną

þiudijō (active first-person indicative singular)
þiudijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þiudijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þiudīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
þiudijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þiudī (active imperative second-person singular)
þiudijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þiudijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þiudīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þiudijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þiudijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þiudijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þiudijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þiudijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þiudijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þiudijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þiudijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þiudijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þiudijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þiudijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þiudijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þiudijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þiudīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þiudijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þiudīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þiudijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þiudijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þiudijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þiudijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þiudijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þiudijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þiudijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þiudidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þiudidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þiudidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þiudidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þiudidē (active indicative singular third-person)
þiudidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þiudidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þiudidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þiudidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þiudidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þiudidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þiudidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þiudidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þiudidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þiudidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þiudidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þiudijandz (active participle present)
þiudidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þiudijan
Old English: þīedan, þēodan
Middle English: theden
Old Frisian: *thiōda, thiūda
Saterland Frisian: tjuude
West Frisian: tsjutte
Old Saxon: *thiudian
Middle Low German: dûden, düden
German Low German: düden
Old Dutch: *thiuden
Middle Dutch: dieden, duden
Dutch: duiden
Afrikaans: dui
Limburgish: duuje
Old High German: diuten, *tiuten
Middle High German: diuten, tiuten
Bavarian: deitn
German: deuten
Luxembourgish: deiten
Yiddish: טײַטשן (taytshn)

Old Norse: þýða
Icelandic: þýða
Faroese: týða
Norwegian Nynorsk: tyda, ty
Elfdalian: tyða
Old Swedish: þȳþa
Swedish: tyda
Old Danish: thȳthæ
Danish: tyde, ty
Norwegian Bokmål: tyde, ty
Gutnish: tyde
Scanian: týða

Origin obscure. Possibly a conflated word, partly from *þeudō (“people”), from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂ (“people”); and partly from *þiudijaz, *þiudiz (“good, friendly”), from Proto-Indo-European *tew- (“to hearken, take notice, regard in a friendly manner”).

der

(transitive, +instrumental) to associate (with); engage with; attach to; join (with); connect


kastōną

kastō (active first-person indicative singular)
kastǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kastōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
kastōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kastōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kastō (active imperative second-person singular)
kastōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kastōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kastōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kastō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kastōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kastōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kastōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kastōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kastōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kastōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kastōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kastōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kastōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kastōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kastōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kastōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kastōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kastōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kastōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kastōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kastōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kastōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kastōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kastōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kastōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kastōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kastōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kastōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kastōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kastōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kastōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
kastōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kastōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kastōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kastōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kastōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kastōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kastōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kastōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kastōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kastōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kastōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kastōndz (active participle present)
kastōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Old Norse: kasta
Icelandic: kasta
Faroese: kasta
Norwegian Nynorsk: kasta
Old Swedish: kasta
Swedish: kasta
Danish: kaste
Norwegian Bokmål: kaste
→ North Frisian: kastin
→ Middle English: casten, kesten
Scots: cast
English: cast
→ Dutch: casten
→ German: casten
→ French: caster

From *kas- (“to throw, toss, raise, bring up”), of uncertain origin. Possibly related to Latin gerō (“carry, bring”).


krakōną

krakō (active first-person indicative singular)
krakǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
krakōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
krakōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
krakōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
krakō (active imperative second-person singular)
krakōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
krakōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
krakōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
krakō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krakōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
krakōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
krakōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
krakōs (active dual first-person indicative)
krakōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krakōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krakōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krakōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
krakōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
krakōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krakōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
krakōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
krakōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
krakōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krakōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
krakōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
krakōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
krakōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
krakōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krakōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
krakōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
krakōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
krakōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
krakōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
krakōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
krakōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
krakōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
krakōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krakōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
krakōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krakōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krakōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krakōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
krakōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krakōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
krakōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krakōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
krakōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krakōndz (active participle present)
krakōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *krakōn

Old English: cracian, ċearcian

Middle English: craken, crakken; charken, cherkin

Scots: crak, crack, craik; jarg, chirk, girgand, chork

English: crake, crack; chark

Old Frisian: *krakja

Saterland Frisian: kroakje

West Frisian: kreakje

Old Saxon: *krakōn

Middle Low German: krāken

Low German: kraken

Old Dutch: *krakon

Middle Dutch: craken

Dutch: kraken

Afrikaans: kraak

→ Middle French: craquer

French: craquer

Old High German: krahhōn

Middle High German: krachen

Bavarian: kråcha, kråchn

German: krachen

Hunsrik: krache

Luxembourgish: kraachen

From Proto-Indo-European *gerg-, *grā- (“to crow, shout”), from Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂- (“to make a sound, cry hoarsely”), ultimately of onomatopoeic origin. Cognate with Lithuanian girgždėti (“to creak, squeak”).

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeic

cog

(West Germanic) to crack; crackle; shriek

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)


pamp-

Proto-West Germanic: *pamp-, *pampōn

Old Frisian: *pampia; *pampelia

Saterland Frisian: ferpäppelje

West Frisian: pampelje

Old Saxon: *pampōn

Middle Low German: pampen; slampampen; pampelen

Low German: pampen

→ Middle English: pampen; pampren, pamperen

English: pamp; pamper

Old Dutch: *pampōn

Middle Dutch: *pampen

Dutch: slampampen; pampelen; pamperen

West Flemish: pamperen

Old High German: *pampfōn

Middle High German: *pampfen

German: pampfen; Pampf (dialectal); pampeln; bamben

Old Norse: *pampa; *pempa; pampi

Norwegian: pampa; pempa

Swedish: pampa; pampen (participle); pimpa

Danish: pampe

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bamb- (“round object”). Compare Lithuanian bamba (“navel, belly button”), Lithuanian bumbulas (“bulge, knob, bulb”), Proto-Slavic *pǫpъ (“bud, navel”).


stunōną

stunō (active first-person indicative singular)
stunǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stunōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
stunōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
stunōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stunō (active imperative second-person singular)
stunōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stunōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stunōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
stunō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stunōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
stunōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stunōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stunōs (active dual first-person indicative)
stunōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stunōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stunōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stunōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stunōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stunōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stunōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stunōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stunōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
stunōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stunōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
stunōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stunōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stunōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
stunōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stunōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
stunōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stunōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stunōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
stunōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stunōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
stunōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stunōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
stunōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stunōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
stunōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stunōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stunōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stunōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
stunōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stunōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
stunōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stunōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
stunōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stunōndz (active participle present)
stunōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stunōn
Old English: stunian
Middle English: stunien, stonien, stunen
Scots: stun, stound, stony
English: stun, stound, astonish
Old Saxon: *stunōn
Middle Low German: stōnen, stȫnen (latter merged with stēnen)
Dutch Low Saxon: steunen
German Low German: stöhnen
→ German: stöhnen
Old Dutch: *stunōn, *stonōn
Middle Dutch: stōnen
Dutch: steunen (merged with Middle Dutch stēnen)
Old High German: *stunōn
Middle High German: stunen, stunden
→ Vulgar Latin: *stunō (alternatively from Latin *extonō, see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ten- (“to thunder, rustle, rumble, drone, groan”).

der

(West Germanic) to make a loud sound; crash


glīdaną

glīdō (active first-person indicative singular)
glīdaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glīdai (first-person indicative passive singular)
glīdizi (active indicative second-person singular)
glīdaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glīd (active imperative second-person singular)
glīdazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
glīdaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
glīdidi (active indicative singular third-person)
glīdai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glīdadau (active imperative singular third-person)
glīdadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
glīdaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
glīdōz (active dual first-person indicative)
glīdaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glīdadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glīdaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glīdadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
glīdamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
glīdaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glīdandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
glīdaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
glīdid (active indicative plural second-person)
glīdaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glīdid (active imperative plural second-person)
glīdandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
glīdaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
glīdandi (active indicative plural third-person)
glīdain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glīdandau (active imperative plural third-person)
glīdandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
glīdaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
glaid (active first-person indicative singular)
glidį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glaist (active indicative second-person singular)
glidīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glaid (active indicative singular third-person)
glidī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glidū (active dual first-person indicative)
glidīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glidudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glidīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glidum (active first-person indicative plural)
glidīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glidud (active indicative plural second-person)
glidīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glidun (active indicative plural third-person)
glidīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glīdandz (active participle present)
glidanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *glīdan
Old English: glīdan
Middle English: gliden
Scots: glyde, glide
English: glide
Old Frisian: glīda
Saterland Frisian: gliede
West Frisian: glide, glydzje
Old Saxon: glīdan
Middle Low German: glīden
Low German: glieden
→ Swedish: glida
→ Danish: glide
Old Dutch: *glīdan
Middle Dutch: gliden
Dutch: glijden
Limburgish: glieje
Old High German: glītan
Middle High German: glīten
German: gleiten
Luxembourgish: gleeden
Yiddish: גלייטן (gleytn)
Yiddish: גליטשן (glitshn)
→ Old French: glacer, glasser, glisser, glier
Middle French: glicier, gliier, glisser
French: glisser
Picard: glicher
→ Middle English: glacen, glasen
English: glance
⇒ Middle English: glase, glace

→ Proto-Finnic: *liitädäk

Finnish: liitää

Karelian: liiteä

/ˈɣliː.ðɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰleydʰ- (“to glide”).


biusi

desctree

Old English: bist, bis — Mercian, beost
Middle English: bist, beest, best
English: bist, beest (archaic or dialectal)

Old Frisian: bist

North Frisian:

Föhr-Amrum: beest

Halligen: bäst

Heligoland: beest

Mooring: bast

Saterland Frisian: bääst

West Frisian: bist

Old Saxon: bist, bis

Middle Low German: bist

German Low German: bist, büst

Plautdietsch: best

Old Dutch: bis, bist

Middle Dutch: bis, bist

Dutch: bis (dialectal)

Limburgish: bös

Old High German: bist, bis

Middle High German: bist

Alemannic German: bisch

Swabian: bisch

Bavarian: bist

Cimbrian: pist

German: bist

Luxembourgish: bass

Pennsylvania German: bischt

Yiddish: ביסט (bist)

second-person singular present active indicative of *beuną


dedǭ

first-person singular past active indicative of *dōną


huppōną

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language

huppō (active first-person indicative singular)
huppǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
huppōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
huppōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
huppōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
huppō (active imperative second-person singular)
huppōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
huppōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
huppōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
huppō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
huppōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
huppōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
huppōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
huppōs (active dual first-person indicative)
huppōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
huppōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
huppōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
huppōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
huppōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
huppōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
huppōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
huppōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
huppōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
huppōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
huppōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
huppōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
huppōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
huppōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
huppōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
huppōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
huppōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
huppōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
huppōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
huppōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
huppōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
huppōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
huppōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
huppōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
huppōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
huppōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
huppōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
huppōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
huppōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
huppōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
huppōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
huppōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
huppōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
huppōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
huppōndz (active participle present)
huppōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*hubbōną (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *huppōn, *hoppōn

Old English: hoppian

Middle English: hoppen; hobelen

English: hop; hobble

Scots: hop

Old Frisian: *huppia, *hoppia

Saterland Frisian: hupje, hopje

⇒ Saterland Frisian: huppelje

West Frisian: hopje, hobje

Old Saxon: *huppōn, *hoppōn

Middle Low German: huppen; huppelen

German Low German: huppeln, hoppeln

Old Dutch: *hoppon, *hobbon

Middle Dutch: hoppen, hobben; hoppelen, hobbelen, hobelen; huppelen

Dutch: hoppen, hobben; hobbelen; huppelen

Afrikaans: hop; hobbel

Old High German: *hopfōn, *hoppōn (pp Central German and/or < bb)

Middle High German: hopfen, hoppen

German: hoppen (rare)

⇒ Middle High German: hoppeln

German: hoppeln

⇒ Old High German: hoppazzen

Middle High German: hoppezen, hopfzen

German: hopsen

→ German Low German: hopsen

→ Old French: hober, ober

⇒ Old French: hobin, hobi, obin

Middle French: hobin, haubby, aubin

French: aubin

→ Middle English: hobin, hobyn, hoby

English: hobby, hobbyhorse

Old Norse: hoppa

Icelandic: hoppa

Faroese: hoppa

Norwegian Nynorsk: hoppa

Old Swedish: hoppa, huppa

Swedish: hoppa, (dialectal) hôpp

Danish: hoppe

Norwegian Bokmål: hoppe

→ Proto-Samic: *këppëtēk (see there for further descendants)

From a pre-Germanic iterative *kuP-néh₂-(ye-)ti, usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *kewb-, *ḱewb- (“to bend; a bend, joint”). Compare Latin cubō (“I recline”), Ancient Greek κύβος (kúbos, “hollow in the hips”), Albanian sup (“shoulder”), Sanskrit शुप्ति (śúpti, “shoulder”), Proto-Germanic *hupiz (“hip”). The semantic development would be “to bend the knees” > “to jump”.
However, Kroonen argues that the root must be *kup- with final *p, in view of Middle Dutch hobben, and adduces Old Church Slavonic къпѣти (kŭpěti, “to hop”) as a cognate. Compare hobby, hub (with German Hubbel) and hump. Tentatively compare also Ancient Greek κύπτω (kúptō, “to stoop, hunch”), Lithuanian kuprà (“hump”), and Old High German hofar, hofir (“hump”).
Possibly sound-symbolic; compare Proto-Finnic *hüp'äit'äk.


huppōną

huppō (active first-person indicative singular)
huppǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
huppōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
huppōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
huppōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
huppō (active imperative second-person singular)
huppōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
huppōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
huppōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
huppō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
huppōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
huppōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
huppōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
huppōs (active dual first-person indicative)
huppōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
huppōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
huppōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
huppōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
huppōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
huppōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
huppōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
huppōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
huppōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
huppōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
huppōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
huppōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
huppōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
huppōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
huppōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
huppōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
huppōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
huppōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
huppōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
huppōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
huppōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
huppōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
huppōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
huppōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
huppōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
huppōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
huppōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
huppōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
huppōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
huppōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
huppōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
huppōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
huppōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
huppōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
huppōndz (active participle present)
huppōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *andihupōn

Old English: onhupian

Old Norse: hopa

Icelandic: hopa

Faroese: hopa

Norwegian Nynorsk: hoppa, hopa, hobba (dialectal)

Danish: hoppe (dialectal)

A secondary zero grade iterative. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kemp- (“to turn, bend”), assuming the -m- is a nasal infix. The relation of said root to *kh₂em- (“to bend, curve”), if any, is uncertain.


huppijaną

huppijō (active first-person indicative singular)
huppijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
huppijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
huppīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
huppijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
huppī (active imperative second-person singular)
huppijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
huppijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
huppīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
huppijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
huppijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
huppijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
huppijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
huppijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
huppijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
huppijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
huppijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
huppijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
huppijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
huppijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
huppijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
huppijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
huppīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
huppijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
huppīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
huppijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
huppijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
huppijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
huppijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
huppijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
huppijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
huppijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
huppidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
huppidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
huppidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
huppidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
huppidē (active indicative singular third-person)
huppidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
huppidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
huppidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
huppidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
huppidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
huppidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
huppidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
huppidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
huppidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
huppidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
huppidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
huppijandz (active participle present)
huppidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *huppijan

Old English: *hyppan

Middle English: hüppen, hyppen, hippen

Scots: hip

English: hip (dialectal)

Old Saxon: *huppian

Middle Low German: huppen

German Low German: hüppen

→? Saterland Frisian: hupje

Old Dutch: *huppen

Middle Dutch: huppen

Dutch: huppen, hippen

Old High German: *hupfēn

Middle High German: hüpfen, hupfen

German: hüpfen

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: *hyppa

→? Proto-Finnic: *hüp'äit'äk (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kewb- (“to bend; a bend, joint”); see *hupiz (“hip”). Or, derived from the iterative *huppōną ~ *hubbōną, from
a Proto-Indo-European *kup-; see there for more.

(West Germanic) to move up and down; hop


murþrijaną

murþrijō (active first-person indicative singular)
murþrijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
murþrijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
murþrīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
murþrijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
murþrī (active imperative second-person singular)
murþrijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
murþrijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
murþrīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
murþrijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
murþrijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
murþrijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
murþrijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
murþrijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
murþrijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
murþrijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
murþrijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
murþrijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
murþrijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
murþrijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
murþrijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
murþrijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
murþrīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
murþrijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
murþrīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
murþrijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
murþrijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
murþrijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
murþrijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
murþrijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
murþrijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
murþrijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
murþridǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
murþridēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
murþridēz (active indicative second-person singular)
murþridēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
murþridē (active indicative singular third-person)
murþridēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
murþridēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
murþridēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
murþridēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
murþridēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
murþridēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
murþridēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
murþridēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
murþridēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
murþridēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
murþridēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
murþrijandz (active participle present)
murþridaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *murþrijan
Old English: myrþran
Middle English: murtheren, morthren, murdren, mordren
Scots: murther, murder
English: murder
Old High German: murdiren, murdren
Middle High German: mürdern, murderen, murderōn, morderen, morderōn, murdern, murderen
German: mördern
→ Old French: mordrir, mourdrir, meurdrir, meurtrir
Middle French: meurtrir
French: meurtrir
→ Medieval Latin: mordrire

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (maurþrjan)


spinnaną

spinnō (active first-person indicative singular)
spinnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spinnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
spinnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
spinnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spinn (active imperative second-person singular)
spinnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
spinnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
spinnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
spinnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spinnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
spinnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
spinnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
spinnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
spinnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spinnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spinnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spinnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
spinnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
spinnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spinnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
spinnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
spinnid (active indicative plural second-person)
spinnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spinnid (active imperative plural second-person)
spinnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
spinnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
spinnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
spinnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spinnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
spinnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
spinnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
spann (active first-person indicative singular)
spunnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spannt (active indicative second-person singular)
spunnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spann (active indicative singular third-person)
spunnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spunnū (active dual first-person indicative)
spunnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spunnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spunnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spunnum (active first-person indicative plural)
spunnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spunnud (active indicative plural second-person)
spunnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spunnun (active indicative plural third-person)
spunnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spinnandz (active participle present)
spunnanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *spinnan
Old English: spinnan
Middle English: spinnen, spynnen, spynne, spinne, spynen, spenen, spynnyn, spyn
English: spin
Scots: spin
Old Frisian: spinna
Saterland Frisian: spinne
West Frisian: spinne
Old Saxon: *spinnan
Middle Low German: spinnen
German Low German: spinnen
Old Dutch: *spinnan
Middle Dutch: spinnen
Dutch: spinnen
Limburgish: spinne
Old High German: spinnan
Middle High German: spinnen
German: spinnen
Luxembourgish: spannen
Yiddish: שפּינען (shpinen)

Old Norse: spinna

Icelandic: spinna

Faroese: spinna

Norwegian: spinne

Old Swedish: spinna

Swedish: spinna

Danish: spinde

Gothic: 𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (spinnan)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)pénh₁-ne-, from *(s)penh₁- (“to spin thread, plait, weave, sew; to stretch”). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *pínˀtei (“to stretch”), and Old Armenian հենում (henum, “to weave, sew together”). Potentially a doublet of *spannaną (“to stretch, tighten, fasten”) and/or *fanô (“cloth”).


binemaną

binemō (active first-person indicative singular)
binemaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
binemai (first-person indicative passive singular)
binimizi (active indicative second-person singular)
binemaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
binem (active imperative second-person singular)
binemazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
binemaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
binimidi (active indicative singular third-person)
binemai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
binemadau (active imperative singular third-person)
binemadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
binemaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
binemōz (active dual first-person indicative)
binemaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
binemadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
binemaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
binemadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
binemamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
binemaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
binemandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
binemaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
binimid (active indicative plural second-person)
binemaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
binimid (active imperative plural second-person)
binemandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
binemaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
binemandi (active indicative plural third-person)
binemain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
binemandau (active imperative plural third-person)
binemandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
binemaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
binam (active first-person indicative singular)
binēmį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
binamt (active indicative second-person singular)
binēmīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
binam (active indicative singular third-person)
binēmī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
binēmū (active dual first-person indicative)
binēmīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
binēmudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
binēmīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
binēmum (active first-person indicative plural)
binēmīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
binēmud (active indicative plural second-person)
binēmīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
binēmun (active indicative plural third-person)
binēmīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
binemandz (active participle present)
binumanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bineman
Old English: beniman
Middle English: benimen
English: benim
Old Frisian: binima
Saterland Frisian: benieme
West Frisian: benimme
Old Saxon: biniman, bineman
Middle Low German: benēmen
Low German: benehmen
German Low German: benehmen
Old Dutch: *bineman
Middle Dutch: benēmen
Dutch: benemen
Afrikaans: beneem
Limburgish: benumme
Old High German: bineman
Middle High German: benëmen
German: benehmen

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (biniman)


ganeutaną

ganeutō (active first-person indicative singular)
ganeutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ganeutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
ganiutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
ganeutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ganeut (active imperative second-person singular)
ganeutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ganeutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ganiutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
ganeutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ganeutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
ganeutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ganeutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ganeutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
ganeutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ganeutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ganeutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ganeutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ganeutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ganeutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ganeutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ganeutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ganiutid (active indicative plural second-person)
ganeutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ganiutid (active imperative plural second-person)
ganeutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ganeutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ganeutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
ganeutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ganeutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
ganeutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ganeutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ganaut (active first-person indicative singular)
ganutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ganaust (active indicative second-person singular)
ganutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ganaut (active indicative singular third-person)
ganutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ganutū (active dual first-person indicative)
ganutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ganutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ganutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ganutum (active first-person indicative plural)
ganutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ganutud (active indicative plural second-person)
ganutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ganutun (active indicative plural third-person)
ganutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ganeutandz (active participle present)
ganutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *ganeutan
Old Saxon: giniotan
Middle Low German: genêten, gnêten, genîten
German Low German: geneten
→ Saterland Frisian: genäite
Old Dutch: ginietan
Middle Dutch: genieten
Dutch: genieten
Limburgish: genete
Old High German: giniozan
Middle High German: geniezen
German: genießen
Luxembourgish: genéissen
Yiddish: געניסן (genisn)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (ganiutan)


wanisōną

wanisō (active first-person indicative singular)
wanisǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wanisōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
wanisōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wanisōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wanisō (active imperative second-person singular)
wanisōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wanisōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wanisōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wanisō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wanisōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wanisōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wanisōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wanisōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wanisōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wanisōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wanisōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wanisōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wanisōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wanisōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wanisōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wanisōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wanisōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wanisōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wanisōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wanisōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wanisōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wanisōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wanisōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wanisōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wanisōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wanisōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wanisōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wanisōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wanisōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wanisōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wanisōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
wanisōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wanisōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wanisōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wanisōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wanisōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wanisōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wanisōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wanisōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wanisōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wanisōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wanisōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wanisōndz (active participle present)
wanisōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*wansōną (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *wanisōn, *wansōn

gl

Old English: wansian (< *wansōn; alternatively borrowed from Old Norse)

Middle English: wansen

English: wanse

Scots: wanze

Old Norse: vansa

Icelandic: vansa

Faroese: vansa


hatjaną

hatjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hatjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hatjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hatisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hatjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hati (active imperative second-person singular)
hatjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hatjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hatiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hatjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hatjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hatjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hatjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hatjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hatjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hatjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hatjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hatjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hatjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hatjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hatjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hatjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hatiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hatjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hatiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hatjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hatjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hatjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hatjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hatjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hatjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hatjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hatidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hatidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hatidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hatidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hatidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hatidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hatidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hatidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hatidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hatidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hatidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hatidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hatidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hatidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hatidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hatidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hatjandz (active participle present)
hatidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hattjan
Old English: hettan
Old Saxon: hettian
Old High German: hezzen
Middle High German: hetzen
German: hetzen
Luxembourgish: hetzen
Vilamovian: heca
→ Old French: hair, hadir, haḍir, haïr
Middle French: haïr
French: haïr
Norman: haï

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hatjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₂d- (“strong emotion”). Equivalent to *hataz (“hate”) + *-janą.


blīkaną

blīkō (active first-person indicative singular)
blīkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blīkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blīkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
blīkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blīk (active imperative second-person singular)
blīkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blīkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blīkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
blīkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blīkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
blīkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blīkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blīkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
blīkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blīkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blīkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blīkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blīkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blīkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blīkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blīkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blīkid (active indicative plural second-person)
blīkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blīkid (active imperative plural second-person)
blīkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blīkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blīkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
blīkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blīkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
blīkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blīkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
blaik (active first-person indicative singular)
blikį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blaiht (active indicative second-person singular)
blikīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blaik (active indicative singular third-person)
blikī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blikū (active dual first-person indicative)
blikīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blikudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blikīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blikum (active first-person indicative plural)
blikīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blikud (active indicative plural second-person)
blikīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blikun (active indicative plural third-person)
blikīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blīkandz (active participle present)
blikanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blīkan
Old English: blīcan
Middle English: blīken
English: blike (obsolete)
Old Frisian: blīka
West Frisian: blyckjen, blike
Old Saxon: blīkan
Middle Low German: blīken, blicken
Low German: bleken
Old Dutch: *blīcan
Middle Dutch: bliken
Dutch: blijken
Afrikaans: blyk
Limburgish: blieke
Old High German: blīhhan, blīchan
Middle High German: blīchen
German: bleichen (merged with *blaikijaną)

Old Norse: blíkja, blika

Icelandic: blíkja

Swedish: blika

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ- (“to shine”).


wurgijaną

wurgijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wurgijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wurgijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wurgīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wurgijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wurgī (active imperative second-person singular)
wurgijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wurgijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wurgīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wurgijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wurgijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wurgijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wurgijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wurgijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wurgijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wurgijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wurgijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wurgijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wurgijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wurgijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wurgijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wurgijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wurgīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wurgijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wurgīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wurgijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wurgijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wurgijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wurgijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wurgijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wurgijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wurgijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wurgidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wurgidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wurgidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wurgidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wurgidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wurgidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wurgidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wurgidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wurgidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wurgidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wurgidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wurgidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wurgidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wurgidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wurgidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wurgidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wurgijandz (active participle present)
wurgidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: wyrġan

Middle English: werien, worien, wirwen

Scots: wirry, werry, worry

English: worry

Old Frisian: wergia, wirgia

West Frisian: wjirgje, wurgje

Old Saxon: *wurgian

Middle Low German: wörgen, worgen

Low German: wörgen

desctree

Old Dutch: *wurgen
Middle Dutch: wurgen, worgen
Dutch: wurgen, worgen
Afrikaans: wurg

Old High German: wurgen

Middle High German: würgen, worgen

German: würgen

Luxembourgish: wiergen

From Proto-Indo-European *wr̥ǵʰ-ye-, a zero-grade jan-present formation from *werǵʰ- (“to bind, squeeze”), for which see *werganą (“to strangle”) for more.


rūskōną

rūskō (active first-person indicative singular)
rūskǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rūskōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
rūskōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
rūskōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rūskō (active imperative second-person singular)
rūskōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rūskōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rūskōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rūskō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rūskōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rūskōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rūskōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rūskōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rūskōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rūskōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rūskōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rūskōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rūskōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rūskōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rūskōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rūskōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rūskōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rūskōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rūskōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rūskōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rūskōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rūskōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rūskōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rūskōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rūskōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rūskōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rūskōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rūskōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rūskōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rūskōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rūskōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
rūskōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rūskōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rūskōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rūskōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rūskōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rūskōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rūskōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rūskōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rūskōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rūskōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rūskōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rūskōndz (active participle present)
rūskōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *rūsċian

Middle English: rouschen, ruschen

English: rush

Scots: rousch, rusch, rush

Old Frisian: *rūskia

Saterland Frisian: ruuskje, rúuskje

Old Saxon: *rūskōn

desc

Middle Low German: rûschen, rûsken, rusken

German Low German: ruuschen, rüüschen

Low German: rusken

Old Dutch: *rūskōn

Middle Dutch: ruuschen

Dutch: ruisen

Old High German: *rūskōn

Middle High German: rūschen, riuschen

German: rauschen

Hunsrik: rausche

⇒ Middle High German: geriusche

Alemannic German: Grüüsch

German: Geräusch

Uncertain, though apparently onomatopoeic of leaves moving in the wind.
Others have taken the word as a variant (with formative k) of *rūsōną (“to storm, whiz, roar, make a noise, be fierce”), from Proto-Indo-European *rews-, *rewH- (“to move, drive, agitate”).


fulgijaną

fulgijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fulgijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fulgijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fulgīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fulgijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fulgī (active imperative second-person singular)
fulgijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fulgijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fulgīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fulgijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fulgijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fulgijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fulgijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fulgijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fulgijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fulgijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fulgijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fulgijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fulgijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fulgijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fulgijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fulgijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fulgīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fulgijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fulgīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fulgijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fulgijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fulgijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fulgijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fulgijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fulgijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fulgijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fulgidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fulgidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fulgidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fulgidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fulgidē (active indicative singular third-person)
fulgidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fulgidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fulgidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fulgidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fulgidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fulgidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fulgidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fulgidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fulgidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fulgidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fulgidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fulgijandz (active participle present)
fulgidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fulgijan
Old English: fylgan, fylġian, fylġean, fylian, fyliġean, filian, feliġean, fyliġan
Middle English: filȝen, filiȝen, filghen, filighen, fileghen, fulwen, fulien, filowen, felowen

Old Norse: fylgja
Icelandic: fylgja
Faroese: fylgja
Norwegian Nynorsk: fylgja, følgja; (dialectal) fýgje, fòlgje, fylla, -e, følle, følgj, følgji, føll
Jamtish: fołi
Elfdalian: fya, fyå
Old Swedish: fylghia
Swedish: följa
Old Danish: fylghæ
Danish: følge
Norwegian Bokmål: følge
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: følga, -e
Scanian: føğla
Old Gutnish: fylgia
Gutnish: fylge

A zero-grade present ye-stem, presumably pre-Germanic *(s)pl̥kyéti; see *fulgāną (“to follow”) for more.