minnisōną

minnisō (active first-person indicative singular)
minnisǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
minnisōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
minnisōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
minnisōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
minnisō (active imperative second-person singular)
minnisōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
minnisōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
minnisōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
minnisō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
minnisōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
minnisōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
minnisōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
minnisōs (active dual first-person indicative)
minnisōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
minnisōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
minnisōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
minnisōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
minnisōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
minnisōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
minnisōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
minnisōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
minnisōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
minnisōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
minnisōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
minnisōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
minnisōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
minnisōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
minnisōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
minnisōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
minnisōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
minnisōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
minnisōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
minnisōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
minnisōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
minnisōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
minnisōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
minnisōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
minnisōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
minnisōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
minnisōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
minnisōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
minnisōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
minnisōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
minnisōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
minnisōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
minnisōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
minnisōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
minnisōndz (active participle present)
minnisōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *minnisōn
Old English: minsian
Middle English: minsen, mincen
Scots: minch, minsch
English: minse, mince
Old Saxon: minsōn
→ Old French: mincer, mincier (probably)
Middle French: mincer
French: mincer

Old Norse: *minsa, *minska

Icelandic: minnka (?)

Swedish: minska

Norwegian: minske

Danish: mindske


knēaną

knēō (active first-person indicative singular)
knēaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
knēai (first-person indicative passive singular)
knēizi (active indicative second-person singular)
knēaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
knē (active imperative second-person singular)
knēazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
knēaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
knēidi (active indicative singular third-person)
knēai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
knēadau (active imperative singular third-person)
knēadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
knēaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
knēōz (active dual first-person indicative)
knēaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
knēadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
knēaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
knēadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
knēamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
knēaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
knēandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
knēaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
knēid (active indicative plural second-person)
knēaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
knēid (active imperative plural second-person)
knēandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
knēaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
knēandi (active indicative plural third-person)
knēain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
knēandau (active imperative plural third-person)
knēandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
knēaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
keknō (active first-person indicative singular)
keknōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
keknōt (active indicative second-person singular)
keknōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
keknō (active indicative singular third-person)
keknōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
keknōū (active dual first-person indicative)
keknōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
keknōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
keknōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
keknōum (active first-person indicative plural)
keknōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
keknōud (active indicative plural second-person)
keknōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
keknōun (active indicative plural third-person)
keknōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
knēandz (active participle present)
knēanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *knāan
Old English: cnāwan
Middle English: knawen, knowen
Scots: knaw
English: know
Yola: knou, knouwe
Old Saxon: knāian
Old High German: knājan, knāen, knāan, chnāan, chnāhan

i

Old Norse: kná (present indicative form) (a defective verb; present infinitive *knega is unattested)

Icelandic: knega

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”), the same root as *kunnaną, but the exact mode of derivation is unclear. It may reflect a back-formation from an older *knō-, which could be an original perfective or stative formation.


wissaz

wissaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wissō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wissą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wissai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wissôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wissō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wissanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wissǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wissą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wissanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wissōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wissō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wissas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wissaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wissas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wissaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wissaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wissaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wissammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wissaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wissammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wissaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wissaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wissaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wissanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wissaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wissanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wissaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wissaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wissaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wissô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wissǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wissô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wissaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wissōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wissōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wissanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wissōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wissô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wissanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wissōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wissōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wissiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wissōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wissiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wissanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wissōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wissanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wissini (dative masculine singular weak)
wissōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wissini (dative neuter singular weak)
wissammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wissōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wissammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wissinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wissōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wissinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wissammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wissōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wissammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)


blōaną

blōō (active first-person indicative singular)
blōaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blōai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blōizi (active indicative second-person singular)
blōaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blō (active imperative second-person singular)
blōazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blōaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blōidi (active indicative singular third-person)
blōai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blōadau (active imperative singular third-person)
blōadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blōaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blōōz (active dual first-person indicative)
blōaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blōadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blōaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blōadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blōamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blōaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blōandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blōaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blōid (active indicative plural second-person)
blōaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blōid (active imperative plural second-person)
blōandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blōaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blōandi (active indicative plural third-person)
blōain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blōandau (active imperative plural third-person)
blōandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blōaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
beblō (active first-person indicative singular)
beblōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
beblōt (active indicative second-person singular)
beblōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
beblō (active indicative singular third-person)
beblōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
beblōū (active dual first-person indicative)
beblōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
beblōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
beblōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
beblōum (active first-person indicative plural)
beblōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
beblōud (active indicative plural second-person)
beblōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
beblōun (active indicative plural third-person)
beblōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blōandz (active participle present)
blōanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blōan
Old English: blōwan
Middle English: blowen, blowe
English: blow
Northumbrian: blaa
Scots: blaw
Old Frisian: *blōia
North Frisian: blöye
West Frisian: bloeie
Old Saxon: blōian, blōjan
Middle Low German: blōen, blōien
Low German: blöhen
Old Dutch: bluoien
Middle Dutch: bloeyen
Dutch: bloeien
Afrikaans: bloei
Limburgish: blöjje
Old High German: bluoen
Middle High German: blüejen, blüen
Alemannic German: blüeje
German: blühen
Hunsrik: bliehe
Luxembourgish: bléien
Vilamovian: błin

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃- (“to bloom, to flower”).


gawedaną

gawedō (active first-person indicative singular)
gawedaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gawedai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gawidizi (active indicative second-person singular)
gawedaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gawed (active imperative second-person singular)
gawedazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gawedaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gawididi (active indicative singular third-person)
gawedai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gawedadau (active imperative singular third-person)
gawedadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gawedaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gawedōz (active dual first-person indicative)
gawedaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gawedadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gawedaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gawedadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gawedamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gawedaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gawedandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gawedaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gawidid (active indicative plural second-person)
gawedaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gawidid (active imperative plural second-person)
gawedandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gawedaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gawedandi (active indicative plural third-person)
gawedain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gawedandau (active imperative plural third-person)
gawedandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gawedaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gawad (active first-person indicative singular)
gawēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gawast (active indicative second-person singular)
gawēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gawad (active indicative singular third-person)
gawēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gawēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gawēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gawēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gawēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gawēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gawēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gawēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gawēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gawēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gawēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gawedandz (active participle present)
gawedanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old High German: giwet

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽 (gawidan)

From *ga- + *wedaną, from Proto-Indo-European *wedʰ- (“to join”).


hanhaną

hanhō (active first-person indicative singular)
hanhaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hanhai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hanhizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hanhaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hanh (active imperative second-person singular)
hanhazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hanhaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hanhidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hanhai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hanhadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hanhadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hanhaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hanhōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hanhaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hanhadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hanhaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hanhadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hanhamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hanhaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hanhandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hanhaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hanhid (active indicative plural second-person)
hanhaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hanhid (active imperative plural second-person)
hanhandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hanhaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hanhandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hanhain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hanhandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hanhandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hanhaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hehanh (active first-person indicative singular)
hehangį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hehanht (active indicative second-person singular)
hehangīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hehanh (active indicative singular third-person)
hehangī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hehangū (active dual first-person indicative)
hehangīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hehangudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hehangīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hehangum (active first-person indicative plural)
hehangīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hehangud (active indicative plural second-person)
hehangīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hehangun (active indicative plural third-person)
hehangīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hanhandz (active participle present)
hanganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hą̄han
Old English: hōn
Middle English: hōn, hangen, hongen (merger with hangian)
English: hang
Scots: hang
Old Frisian: huā, hwā, (merger with hangia, hongia)
Saterland Frisian: hongje
West Frisian: hingje
Old Saxon: hāhan
Middle Low German: hân, hangen (merger with hangon)
Low German: hangen
Old Dutch: *hān
Middle Dutch: hâen, hangen (merger with hangon)
Dutch: hangen
Afrikaans: hang
Berbice Creole Dutch: hanggi
Negerhollands: hang, haṅ
→ Sranan Tongo: anga
Limburgish: hange
Old High German: hāhan
Middle High German: hāhen
German: hängen (merger with hangen and hengen)

Old Norse: hanga
Icelandic: hanga
Faroese: hanga
Norwegian Nynorsk: hanga, henga (merger with hengja)
Norwegian Bokmål: henge
Swedish: hänga (merger with hengja)
Old Danish: hængæ (merger with hengja)
Danish: hænge

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽 (hāhan)

/ˈxɑ̃ː.xɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱenk- (“to hang”).


hangijaną

hangijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hangijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hangijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hangīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hangijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hangī (active imperative second-person singular)
hangijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hangijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hangīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hangijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hangijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hangijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hangijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hangijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hangijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hangijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hangijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hangijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hangijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hangijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hangijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hangijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hangīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hangijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hangīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hangijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hangijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hangijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hangijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hangijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hangijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hangijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hangidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hangidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hangidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hangidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hangidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hangidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hangidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hangidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hangidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hangidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hangidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hangidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hangidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hangidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hangidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hangidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hangijandz (active participle present)
hangidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hangijan
Old Saxon: *hengian
Middle Low German: hengen
German Low German: hängen
Old Dutch: *hengen
Middle Dutch: hengen
Dutch: hengen
Old High German: hengen
Middle High German: hengen
Bavarian: hängan, hänga
German: hängen
Hunsrik: henge
Luxembourgish: hänken
Vilamovian: hengia

Old Norse: hengja
Icelandic: hengja
Faroese: heingja
Norwegian Nynorsk: hengja, hengje, henga, henge
Elfdalian: aindja
Old Swedish: hængia
Swedish: hänga
Old Danish: hængiæ, hængæ
Danish: hænge
Norwegian Bokmål: henge
Old Gutnish: hengia
→ Northern Middle English: hengen, henge, hing
English: hing (dialectal)
Scots: hing


hlefaną

hlefō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlefaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlefai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hlifizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlefaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlef (active imperative second-person singular)
hlefazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlefaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hlifidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlefai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlefadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlefadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlefaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hlefōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hlefaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlefadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlefaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlefadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlefamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlefaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlefandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlefaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hlifid (active indicative plural second-person)
hlefaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlifid (active imperative plural second-person)
hlefandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlefaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hlefandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlefain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlefandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlefandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlefaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hlaf (active first-person indicative singular)
hlēbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlaft (active indicative second-person singular)
hlēbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlaf (active indicative singular third-person)
hlēbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlēbū (active dual first-person indicative)
hlēbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlēbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlēbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlēbum (active first-person indicative plural)
hlēbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlēbud (active indicative plural second-person)
hlēbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlēbun (active indicative plural third-person)
hlēbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlefandz (active participle present)
hlebanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌽 (hlifan)

From Proto-Indo-European *klep- (“to steal”).


kalaną

kalō (active first-person indicative singular)
kalaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kalai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kalizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kalaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kal (active imperative second-person singular)
kalazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kalaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kalidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kalai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kaladau (active imperative singular third-person)
kaladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kalaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kalōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kalaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kaladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kalaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kaladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kalamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kalaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kalandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kalaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kalid (active indicative plural second-person)
kalaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kalid (active imperative plural second-person)
kalandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kalaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kalandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kalain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kalandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kalandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kalaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kōl (active first-person indicative singular)
kōlį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kōlt (active indicative second-person singular)
kōlīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kōl (active indicative singular third-person)
kōlī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kōlū (active dual first-person indicative)
kōlīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kōludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kōlīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kōlum (active first-person indicative plural)
kōlīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kōlud (active indicative plural second-person)
kōlīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kōlun (active indicative plural third-person)
kōlīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kalandz (active participle present)
kalanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kalan
Old English: calan
Middle English: calen

Old Norse: kala
Icelandic: kala
Norwegian Nynorsk: kala, (past participle) kalen
Swedish: kala (dialectal)

→⇒ Proto-Finnic: *kalëda (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gól-, the o-grade root present of *gel- (“cold”). Related to Latin gelū (“frost, cold”).


knudaną

knudō (active first-person indicative singular)
knudaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
knudai (first-person indicative passive singular)
knudizi (active indicative second-person singular)
knudaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
knud (active imperative second-person singular)
knudazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
knudaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
knudidi (active indicative singular third-person)
knudai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
knudadau (active imperative singular third-person)
knudadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
knudaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
knudōz (active dual first-person indicative)
knudaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
knudadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
knudaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
knudadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
knudamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
knudaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
knudandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
knudaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
knudid (active indicative plural second-person)
knudaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
knudid (active imperative plural second-person)
knudandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
knudaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
knudandi (active indicative plural third-person)
knudain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
knudandau (active imperative plural third-person)
knudandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
knudaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
knaþ (active first-person indicative singular)
knēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
knast (active indicative second-person singular)
knēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
knaþ (active indicative singular third-person)
knēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
knēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
knēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
knēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
knēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
knēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
knēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
knēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
knēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
knēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
knēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
knudandz (active participle present)
knudanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *knedan
Old English: cnedan
Middle English: kneden, cnede, knede
English: knead
Scots: kned
Old Frisian: *kneda
Saterland Frisian: kneede
⇒ West Frisian: knetsje
Old Saxon: knedan
Middle Low German: knēden
German Low German: kneden
Old Dutch: *knedan
Middle Dutch: cnēden
Dutch: kneden
Afrikaans: knee
Old High German: knëtan
Middle High German: knëten
German: kneten
Esperanto: knedi
Luxembourgish: knieden
Vilamovian: knāta
Yiddish: קנעטן (knetn)
⇒? Cimbrian: khnèttalan

Old Norse: knoða

Icelandic: hnoða

Faroese: knoða

Norwegian Nynorsk: knode

Old Swedish: knodha

Swedish: knåda

An "aorist-present", from Pre-Germanic *gnét-, *gn̥t-, with remodeling of the zero-grade after the full-grade, from Proto-Indo-European *gen- (“to compress”). Related to Proto-Slavic *gnesti (“to knead, press”) (> Old Church Slavonic гнєсти (gnesti, “to squeeze, press”)).


trudaną

trudō (active first-person indicative singular)
trudaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
trudai (first-person indicative passive singular)
trudizi (active indicative second-person singular)
trudaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
trud (active imperative second-person singular)
trudazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
trudaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
trudidi (active indicative singular third-person)
trudai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
trudadau (active imperative singular third-person)
trudadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
trudaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
trudōz (active dual first-person indicative)
trudaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
trudadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
trudaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
trudadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
trudamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
trudaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
trudandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
trudaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
trudid (active indicative plural second-person)
trudaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
trudid (active imperative plural second-person)
trudandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
trudaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
trudandi (active indicative plural third-person)
trudain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
trudandau (active imperative plural third-person)
trudandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
trudaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
trad (active first-person indicative singular)
trēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
trast (active indicative second-person singular)
trēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
trad (active indicative singular third-person)
trēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
trēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
trēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
trēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
trēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
trēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
trēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
trēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
trēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
trēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
trēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
trudandz (active participle present)
trudanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tredan
Old English: tredan
Middle English: treden
Scots: trad, tred
English: tread
Old Frisian: treda
Saterland Frisian: treede
West Frisian: trêdzje
Old Saxon: *tredan
Middle Low German: trēden
Low German: treden
→ Swedish: träda
→ Danish: træde
→ Faroese: træða, treða
Old Dutch: tredan
Middle Dutch: trēden
Dutch: treden
Afrikaans: tree
Limburgish: traeje
Old High German: trëtan
Middle High German: trëten
Central Franconian: tredde, träde, treade
Bavarian: tretn
Hunsrik: trede
Luxembourgish: trieden
German: treten
⇒ German: Trotte
→ Medieval Latin: trottō, trotō
Old French: trotter, troter
French: trotter
→ English: trot
Italian: trottare
Spanish: trotar
Portuguese: trotar
Occitan: trotar

Old Norse: troða, truða
Icelandic: troða
Faroese: troða
Norwegian Nynorsk: trå, trø
Elfdalian: troðå
Old Swedish: troþa, trudha
Swedish: tråda, trå, (träda)
Danish: trå, tråde (træde)
Norwegian Bokmål: trå

Gothic: 𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽 (trudan)

Probably originally a root aorist, present singular *tred-, non-singular *trud-, from a possible Pre-Germanic *dret-, which could theoretically be an extension of Proto-Indo-European *dr- (“to run”), compare *drem- (“to run, sleep”) and *dreh₂- (“to run”) (the latter whence Sanskrit द्रा (drā, “to run, make haste”)). Akin to Proto-Slavic *dьrtěti (“to degrade, to age”).


mīganą

mīgō (active first-person indicative singular)
mīgaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mīgai (first-person indicative passive singular)
mīgizi (active indicative second-person singular)
mīgaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mīg (active imperative second-person singular)
mīgazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mīgaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mīgidi (active indicative singular third-person)
mīgai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mīgadau (active imperative singular third-person)
mīgadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mīgaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mīgōz (active dual first-person indicative)
mīgaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mīgadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mīgaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mīgadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mīgamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mīgaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mīgandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mīgaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mīgid (active indicative plural second-person)
mīgaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mīgid (active imperative plural second-person)
mīgandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mīgaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mīgandi (active indicative plural third-person)
mīgain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mīgandau (active imperative plural third-person)
mīgandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mīgaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
maig (active first-person indicative singular)
migį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
maiht (active indicative second-person singular)
migīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
maig (active indicative singular third-person)
migī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
migū (active dual first-person indicative)
migīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
migudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
migīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
migum (active first-person indicative plural)
migīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
migud (active indicative plural second-person)
migīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
migun (active indicative plural third-person)
migīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mīgandz (active participle present)
miganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mīgan
Old English: mīgan
Middle English: mīȝen
Old Frisian: *mīga
Saterland Frisian: miege
West Frisian: mige
Old Saxon: *mīgan
Middle Low German: mîgen
Low German: miegen
→ Dutch: miegen
Old Dutch: *mīgan
Middle Dutch: migen

Old Norse: míga
Icelandic: míga
Faroese: míga
Norwegian Nynorsk: miga, mige (e and split infinitives)
Norwegian Bokmål: mige
Old Swedish: migha
Swedish: miga
Old Danish: mighæ
Danish: mige

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃méyǵʰeti, from *h₃meyǵʰ- (“to urinate”).


stīganą

stīgō (active first-person indicative singular)
stīgaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stīgai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stīgizi (active indicative second-person singular)
stīgaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stīg (active imperative second-person singular)
stīgazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stīgaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stīgidi (active indicative singular third-person)
stīgai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stīgadau (active imperative singular third-person)
stīgadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stīgaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stīgōz (active dual first-person indicative)
stīgaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stīgadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stīgaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stīgadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stīgamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stīgaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stīgandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stīgaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stīgid (active indicative plural second-person)
stīgaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stīgid (active imperative plural second-person)
stīgandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stīgaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stīgandi (active indicative plural third-person)
stīgain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stīgandau (active imperative plural third-person)
stīgandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stīgaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
staig (active first-person indicative singular)
stigį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
staiht (active indicative second-person singular)
stigīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
staig (active indicative singular third-person)
stigī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stigū (active dual first-person indicative)
stigīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stigudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stigīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stigum (active first-person indicative plural)
stigīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stigud (active indicative plural second-person)
stigīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stigun (active indicative plural third-person)
stigīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stīgandz (active participle present)
stiganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *stīgan
Old English: stīgan
Middle English: stighen, stien
Scots: styan
English: sty
Old Frisian: stīga
Saterland Frisian: stiege
West Frisian: stige
Old Saxon: stīgan
Middle Low German: stîgen
German Low German: stiegen
Old Dutch: stīgan
Middle Dutch: stigen
Dutch: stijgen
Limburgish: stiege
Old High German: stīgan
Middle High German: stīgen
German: steigen
Hunsrik: steie
Luxembourgish: steigen
Yiddish: שטײַגן (shtaygn)

Old Norse: stíga
Icelandic: stíga
Faroese: stíga
Norwegian Nynorsk: stiga, stige
Norwegian Bokmål: stige
Elfdalian: staiga
Old Swedish: stīgha
Swedish: stiga
Scanian: stíğa, stǽğa
Old Danish: stīghæ
Danish: stige
Gutnish: steige

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (steigan)

From Proto-Indo-European *stéygʰeti, from *steygʰ- (“to walk, climb”). Cognate with Ancient Greek στείχω (steíkhō, “I go”) and Old Church Slavonic стигнѫ (stignǫ, “I come”).


spurnaną

spurnō (active first-person indicative singular)
spurnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spurnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
spurnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
spurnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spurn (active imperative second-person singular)
spurnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
spurnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
spurnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
spurnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spurnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
spurnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
spurnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
spurnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
spurnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spurnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spurnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spurnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
spurnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
spurnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spurnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
spurnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
spurnid (active indicative plural second-person)
spurnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spurnid (active imperative plural second-person)
spurnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
spurnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
spurnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
spurnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spurnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
spurnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
spurnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sparn (active first-person indicative singular)
spurnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sparnt (active indicative second-person singular)
spurnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sparn (active indicative singular third-person)
spurnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spurnū (active dual first-person indicative)
spurnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spurnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spurnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spurnum (active first-person indicative plural)
spurnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spurnud (active indicative plural second-person)
spurnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spurnun (active indicative plural third-person)
spurnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spurnandz (active participle present)
spurnanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Old English: spurnan, spornan
Middle English: spurnen, sporne, spornen, spournen, spurn, spurne, spyrnen
English: spurn
Scots: spurn

Old Frisian: spurna

Old Saxon: spurnan

Old High German: spurnan

German: anspornen

Old Norse: sporna

Icelandic: sporna

Old Swedish: spiærna (remodeled after other class III verbs)

Swedish: spjärna

From Proto-Indo-European *sperH- (“to kick”).


skītaną

skītō (active first-person indicative singular)
skītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skīt (active imperative second-person singular)
skītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skītid (active indicative plural second-person)
skītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skītid (active imperative plural second-person)
skītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skait (active first-person indicative singular)
skitį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skaist (active indicative second-person singular)
skitīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skait (active indicative singular third-person)
skitī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skitū (active dual first-person indicative)
skitīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skitudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skitīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skitum (active first-person indicative plural)
skitīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skitud (active indicative plural second-person)
skitīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skitun (active indicative plural third-person)
skitīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skītandz (active participle present)
skitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skītan
Old English: sċītan
Middle English: schiten, schite, schyte, schytyn, shyte, shytyn
English: shit, shite
Scots: shit
Old Frisian: skīta
Saterland Frisian: skiete
West Frisian: skite
Old Saxon: skītan
Middle Low German: schīten
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: schieten
Plautdietsch: schieten
Old Dutch: *skītan
Middle Dutch: schiten
Dutch: schijten
Limburgish: sjiete
Old High German: skīzan
Middle High German: schīzen
German: scheißen
Hunsrik: scheise
Luxembourgish: schäissen

Old Norse: skíta
Icelandic: skíta
Faroese: skíta
Norwegian Bokmål: skite
Norwegian Nynorsk: skita, skite
Old Swedish: skīta
Swedish: skita
Danish: skide
→ Middle English: skiten, skyten
Scots: skite

According to Orel, from Proto-Indo-European *skéydt, from *skeyd- (“to cut off”) (though Kroonen is implicitly skeptical). Cognates include Lithuanian šikti (“to defecate, shit”), Proto-Slavic *cěditi (“to strain, filter”), Ancient Greek σχῐ́ζω (skhĭ́zō, “to split”).


grīpaną

grīpō (active first-person indicative singular)
grīpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grīpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
grīpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
grīpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grīp (active imperative second-person singular)
grīpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grīpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grīpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
grīpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grīpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
grīpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grīpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grīpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
grīpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grīpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grīpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grīpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grīpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grīpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grīpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grīpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grīpid (active indicative plural second-person)
grīpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grīpid (active imperative plural second-person)
grīpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grīpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grīpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
grīpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grīpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
grīpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grīpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
graip (active first-person indicative singular)
gripį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
graift (active indicative second-person singular)
gripīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
graip (active indicative singular third-person)
gripī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gripū (active dual first-person indicative)
gripīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gripudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gripīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gripum (active first-person indicative plural)
gripīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gripud (active indicative plural second-person)
gripīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gripun (active indicative plural third-person)
gripīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grīpandz (active participle present)
gripanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *grīpan
Old English: grīpan
Middle English: gripen
Scots: gripe
English: gripe
Old Frisian: grīpa
North Frisian: gripe
Saterland Frisian: griepe
West Frisian: gripe
Old Saxon: grīpan
Middle Low German: grîpen
Low German: griepen
Plautdietsch: jriepen
Old Dutch: grīpan
Middle Dutch: gripen
Dutch: grijpen
Afrikaans: gryp
Limburgish: griepe
Old High German: grīfan
Middle High German: grīfen
Cimbrian: graifan
German: greifen
Luxembourgish: gräifen
→ Old French: grifer
French: griffer
⇒ Italian: grinfia
→ Old French: *gripper
French: gripper
⇒ French: grippe (noun) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: grípa
Icelandic: grípa
Faroese: grípa
Norwegian Bokmål: gripe
Norwegian Nynorsk: gripa
Old Swedish: grīpa
Swedish: gripa
Danish: gribe

Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍀𐌰𐌽 (greipan)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰreyb- (“to grab, grasp”). Cognate with Lithuanian griẽbti (“to seize”), graibýti (“idem”), Latvian gribêt (“to wish, desire”).


webaną

webō (active first-person indicative singular)
webaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
webai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wibizi (active indicative second-person singular)
webaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
web (active imperative second-person singular)
webazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
webaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wibidi (active indicative singular third-person)
webai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
webadau (active imperative singular third-person)
webadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
webaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
webōz (active dual first-person indicative)
webaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
webadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
webaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
webadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
webamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
webaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
webandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
webaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wibid (active indicative plural second-person)
webaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wibid (active imperative plural second-person)
webandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
webaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
webandi (active indicative plural third-person)
webain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
webandau (active imperative plural third-person)
webandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
webaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wab (active first-person indicative singular)
wēbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waft (active indicative second-person singular)
wēbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wab (active indicative singular third-person)
wēbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wēbū (active dual first-person indicative)
wēbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wēbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wēbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wēbum (active first-person indicative plural)
wēbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wēbud (active indicative plural second-person)
wēbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wēbun (active indicative plural third-person)
wēbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
webandz (active participle present)
webanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *weban
Old English: wefan
Middle English: weven
Scots: weve, weive, weif, wyf
English: weave
Old Frisian: weva
Saterland Frisian: weeuwe
West Frisian: weve
Old Saxon: weƀan, wevan
Middle Low German: weven
German Low German: weven
Old Dutch: wevan
Middle Dutch: wēven
Dutch: weven
Afrikaans: weef, wewe
Limburgish: waeve
Old High German: weban
Middle High German: weben
German: weben
Luxembourgish: wiewen
Yiddish: וועבן (vebn)

Old Norse: vefa
Icelandic: vefa
Faroese: veva
Norwegian: veve
Old Swedish: væva
Swedish: väva, väfva (pre-1906 spelling)
Danish: væve

From Proto-Indo-European *webʰ- (“to weave”).


sīhwaną

sīhwō (active first-person indicative singular)
sīhwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sīhwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sīhwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sīhwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sīhw (active imperative second-person singular)
sīhwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sīhwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sīhwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sīhwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sīhwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sīhwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sīhwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sīhwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sīhwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sīhwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sīhwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sīhwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sīhwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sīhwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sīhwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sīhwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sīhwid (active indicative plural second-person)
sīhwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sīhwid (active imperative plural second-person)
sīhwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sīhwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sīhwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sīhwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sīhwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sīhwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sīhwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
saihw (active first-person indicative singular)
siwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
saiht (active indicative second-person singular)
siwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
saihw (active indicative singular third-person)
siwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sigū (active dual first-person indicative)
siwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sigudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
siwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sigum (active first-person indicative plural)
siwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sigud (active indicative plural second-person)
siwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sigun (active indicative plural third-person)
siwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sīhwandz (active participle present)
siwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sīhwan
Old English: sīon, sēon
Middle English: sihen, sien (merged with sīġan < Proto-Germanic *sīganą)
Scots: sye
English: sie
Old Frisian: *sīa
Old Saxon: *sīhan
Middle Low German: sîen
German Low German: sejen
Old Dutch: *sīan
Middle Dutch: siën
Dutch: zien
Afrikaans: sien
Javindo: sien, siet
Jersey Dutch: zîn, zîne
Limburgish: zeen
Old High German: sīhan
Middle High German: sīhen
German: seihen
Bavarian: siachen (southern dialect)

Old Norse: sía

Icelandic: sía

From Proto-Indo-European *seykʷ- (“to filter”).


hnīwaną

hnīwō (active first-person indicative singular)
hnīwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnīwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hnīwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hnīwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnīw (active imperative second-person singular)
hnīwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hnīwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hnīwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hnīwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnīwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hnīwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hnīwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hnīwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hnīwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnīwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnīwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnīwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hnīwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hnīwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnīwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hnīwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hnīwid (active indicative plural second-person)
hnīwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnīwid (active imperative plural second-person)
hnīwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hnīwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hnīwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hnīwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnīwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hnīwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hnīwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hnaiw (active first-person indicative singular)
hniwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnaiwt (active indicative second-person singular)
hniwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnaiw (active indicative singular third-person)
hniwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnigū (active dual first-person indicative)
hniwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnigudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hniwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnigum (active first-person indicative plural)
hniwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnigud (active indicative plural second-person)
hniwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnigun (active indicative plural third-person)
hniwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnīwandz (active participle present)
hniwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*hnīgwaną (alternative)
*hnīganą (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hnīgan
Old English: hnīgan
Old Frisian: hnīga
Old Saxon: hnīgan
Middle Low German: nîgen
Old Dutch: *nīgan
Middle Dutch: nigen
Dutch: nijgen
Afrikaans: nyg
Limburgish: niege
Old High German: nīgan
Middle High German: nīgen
German: neigen (merged with *hnaigijaną)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: hníga
Icelandic: hníga
Faroese: níga
Norwegian Bokmål: nige
Old Swedish: nīgha
Swedish: niga
→ Finnish: niiata

Gothic: 𐌷𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽 (hneiwan)

From Proto-Indo-European *kneygʷʰ- (“to bend, to droop”). Perhaps cognate with Latin coniveo (“to close up the eyes; to connive, turn a blind eye”) due to matching phonetics, but the semantic gap is wide.


hnīganą

hnīgō (active first-person indicative singular)
hnīgaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnīgai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hnīgizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hnīgaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnīg (active imperative second-person singular)
hnīgazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hnīgaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hnīgidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hnīgai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnīgadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hnīgadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hnīgaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hnīgōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hnīgaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnīgadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnīgaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnīgadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hnīgamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hnīgaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnīgandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hnīgaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hnīgid (active indicative plural second-person)
hnīgaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnīgid (active imperative plural second-person)
hnīgandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hnīgaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hnīgandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hnīgain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnīgandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hnīgandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hnīgaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hnaig (active first-person indicative singular)
hnigį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnaiht (active indicative second-person singular)
hnigīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnaig (active indicative singular third-person)
hnigī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnigū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnigīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnigudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnigīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnigum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnigīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnigud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnigīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnigun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnigīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnīgandz (active participle present)
hniganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

(Northwest Germanic) Alternative form of *hnīwaną


dreuganą

dreugō (active first-person indicative singular)
dreugaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dreugai (first-person indicative passive singular)
driugizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dreugaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dreug (active imperative second-person singular)
dreugazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dreugaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
driugidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dreugai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dreugadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dreugadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dreugaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dreugōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dreugaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dreugadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dreugaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dreugadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dreugamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dreugaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dreugandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dreugaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
driugid (active indicative plural second-person)
dreugaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
driugid (active imperative plural second-person)
dreugandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dreugaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dreugandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dreugain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dreugandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dreugandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dreugaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
draug (active first-person indicative singular)
drugį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
drauht (active indicative second-person singular)
drugīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
draug (active indicative singular third-person)
drugī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drugū (active dual first-person indicative)
drugīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drugudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drugīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drugum (active first-person indicative plural)
drugīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drugud (active indicative plural second-person)
drugīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
drugun (active indicative plural third-person)
drugīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dreugandz (active participle present)
druganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dreugan
Old Frisian: driāga
Saterland Frisian: drjooge
Old Saxon: driogan
Middle Low German: drêgen, drȫgen, drogen
German Low German: dregen
Old Dutch: *driegan
Middle Dutch: driegen
Dutch: bedriegen
Old High German: triogan
Middle High German: triegen, trūgen
German: trügen

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to be deceptive; damage”).


dreuganą

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dreugan
Old English: drēogan
Middle English: dreogen, dregen, dreghen, dreȝen, drehen, dryen, dreen
Scots: dre, drie, drey, dree
English: dree, drudge

Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (driugan)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to hold fast; retain; support”).


seukaną

seukō (active first-person indicative singular)
seukaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
seukai (first-person indicative passive singular)
siukizi (active indicative second-person singular)
seukaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
seuk (active imperative second-person singular)
seukazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
seukaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
siukidi (active indicative singular third-person)
seukai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
seukadau (active imperative singular third-person)
seukadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
seukaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
seukōz (active dual first-person indicative)
seukaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
seukadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
seukaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
seukadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
seukamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
seukaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
seukandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
seukaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
siukid (active indicative plural second-person)
seukaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
siukid (active imperative plural second-person)
seukandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
seukaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
seukandi (active indicative plural third-person)
seukain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
seukandau (active imperative plural third-person)
seukandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
seukaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sauk (active first-person indicative singular)
sukį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sauht (active indicative second-person singular)
sukīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sauk (active indicative singular third-person)
sukī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sukū (active dual first-person indicative)
sukīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sukudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sukīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sukum (active first-person indicative plural)
sukīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sukud (active indicative plural second-person)
sukīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sukun (active indicative plural third-person)
sukīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
seukandz (active participle present)
sukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (siukan)

Uncertain. Assuming that Proto-Germanic *seuk- is back-formed from the zero-grade in *sukkōną (“to be ill”), Kroonen reconstructs a pre-Germanic *sk-néh₂- and compares Latin sēgnis (“lazy, slow”), Ancient Greek ἦκα (êka, “quietly, slowly”), and Old Irish socht (“silence”), but a precise Proto-Indo-European root for these words is lacking (Kroonen prefers *sek- over *sewk-).
Pokorny suggests Proto-Indo-European *sewg-, *sēwg- (“ill, grievous, sad”), also adding Old Armenian հիւծանիմ (hiwcanim, “to waste away, wither”), but Kroonen rejects comparisons with the Armenian word.

cog

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


slīkaną

slīkō (active first-person indicative singular)
slīkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slīkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
slīkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
slīkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slīk (active imperative second-person singular)
slīkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
slīkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
slīkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
slīkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slīkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
slīkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
slīkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
slīkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
slīkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slīkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slīkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slīkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
slīkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
slīkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slīkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
slīkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
slīkid (active indicative plural second-person)
slīkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slīkid (active imperative plural second-person)
slīkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
slīkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
slīkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
slīkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slīkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
slīkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
slīkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
slaik (active first-person indicative singular)
slikį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slaiht (active indicative second-person singular)
slikīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slaik (active indicative singular third-person)
slikī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slikū (active dual first-person indicative)
slikīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slikudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slikīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slikum (active first-person indicative plural)
slikīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slikud (active indicative plural second-person)
slikīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slikun (active indicative plural third-person)
slikīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slīkandz (active participle present)
slikanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *slīkan
Old English: *slīcan
Middle English: sliken
English: slike
Old Frisian: *slīka
Saterland Frisian: slieke
Old Saxon: *slīkan
Middle Low German: slîken
German Low German: slieken
Plautdietsch: schlijken
Old High German: slīhhan
Middle High German: slīchen
German: schleichen
Luxembourgish: schläichen

From Proto-Indo-European *sleyg-, *sleyǵ- (“to glide, smooth, spread”). Cognate with Old Irish sligim (“to smear”) and Proto-Slavic *slizъkъ (“smooth, slime”).


arjaną

arjō (active first-person indicative singular)
arjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
arjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
arisi (active indicative second-person singular)
arjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ari (active imperative second-person singular)
arjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
arjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ariþi (active indicative singular third-person)
arjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
arjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
arjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
arjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
arjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
arjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
arjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
arjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
arjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
arjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
arjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
arjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
arjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ariþ (active indicative plural second-person)
arjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ariþ (active imperative plural second-person)
arjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
arjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
arjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
arjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
arjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
arjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
arjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ear (active first-person indicative singular)
earį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
eart (active indicative second-person singular)
earīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ear (active indicative singular third-person)
earī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
earū (active dual first-person indicative)
earīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
earudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
earīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
earum (active first-person indicative plural)
earīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
earud (active indicative plural second-person)
earīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
earun (active indicative plural third-person)
earīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
arjandz (active participle present)
aranaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *arjan
Old English: erian
Middle English: eren, eeren, ere, erie, erye, eyr, herie, herye, heryȝen, ærien, erien (Early Middle English)
English: ear (archaic)
Scots: ear
Old Frisian: era, ara
Old Saxon: erian
Old Dutch: *erien, *erren
Middle Dutch: ēren, ērien, erren
Old High German: erien, erren
Middle High German: ern

Old Norse: erja

Icelandic: erja

Old Swedish: æria

Swedish: ärja

Old Danish: æriæ

Danish: ærje

Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (arjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éryeti, from *h₂erh₃-.


nēaną

nēō (active first-person indicative singular)
nēaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nēai (first-person indicative passive singular)
nēizi (active indicative second-person singular)
nēaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nē (active imperative second-person singular)
nēazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
nēaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
nēidi (active indicative singular third-person)
nēai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nēadau (active imperative singular third-person)
nēadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
nēaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
nēōz (active dual first-person indicative)
nēaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nēadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nēaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nēadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
nēamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
nēaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nēandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
nēaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
nēid (active indicative plural second-person)
nēaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nēid (active imperative plural second-person)
nēandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
nēaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
nēandi (active indicative plural third-person)
nēain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nēandau (active imperative plural third-person)
nēandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
nēaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
nenō (active first-person indicative singular)
nenōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nenōt (active indicative second-person singular)
nenōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nenō (active indicative singular third-person)
nenōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nenōū (active dual first-person indicative)
nenōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nenōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nenōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nenōum (active first-person indicative plural)
nenōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nenōud (active indicative plural second-person)
nenōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nenōun (active indicative plural third-person)
nenōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nēandz (active participle present)
nēanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Frisian: *nāja

West Frisian: naaie (possibly borrowed from Dutch)

Old Saxon: *nāian

Middle Low German: neien

German Low German: naihen

Old Dutch: *nāien

Middle Dutch: nâyen

Dutch: naaien

Afrikaans: naai

→ English: naai

Jersey Dutch: nâje

Negerhollands: naai, naej

→ Aukan: nai

→ Saramaccan: nái

→ Sranan Tongo: nai

Old High German: nāian, nāen

Middle High German: nǣjen, nǣn

German: nähen

Hunsrik: nehe

Luxembourgish: néien

Vilamovian: nyn

Yiddish: נייען (neyen)

/ˈnɛː.ɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₁- (“to spin thread, sew”).


reufaną

reufō (active first-person indicative singular)
reufaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
reufai (first-person indicative passive singular)
riufizi (active indicative second-person singular)
reufaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
reuf (active imperative second-person singular)
reufazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
reufaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
riufidi (active indicative singular third-person)
reufai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
reufadau (active imperative singular third-person)
reufadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
reufaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
reufōz (active dual first-person indicative)
reufaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
reufadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
reufaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
reufadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
reufamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
reufaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
reufandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
reufaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
riufid (active indicative plural second-person)
reufaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
riufid (active imperative plural second-person)
reufandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
reufaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
reufandi (active indicative plural third-person)
reufain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
reufandau (active imperative plural third-person)
reufandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
reufaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rauf (active first-person indicative singular)
rubį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rauft (active indicative second-person singular)
rubīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rauf (active indicative singular third-person)
rubī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rubū (active dual first-person indicative)
rubīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rubudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rubīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rubum (active first-person indicative plural)
rubīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rubud (active indicative plural second-person)
rubīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rubun (active indicative plural third-person)
rubīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
reufandz (active participle present)
rubanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *reufan
Old English: rēofan
Middle English: reven (merged with descendants of *raubōną)
Scots: refe, reiff, reve
English: reave, reeve, reve

Old Norse: rjúfa
Icelandic: rjúfa
Faroese: rjúva
Norwegian Nynorsk: rjuva
Old Swedish: rȳva, riuva, riūva

From Proto-Indo-European *Hréwpt, from *Hrewp- (“to break”). Cognate with Latin rumpō (“to burst, break open”).


burgijaną

burgijō (active first-person indicative singular)
burgijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
burgijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
burgīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
burgijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
burgī (active imperative second-person singular)
burgijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
burgijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
burgīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
burgijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
burgijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
burgijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
burgijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
burgijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
burgijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
burgijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
burgijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
burgijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
burgijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
burgijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
burgijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
burgijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
burgīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
burgijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
burgīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
burgijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
burgijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
burgijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
burgijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
burgijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
burgijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
burgijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
burgidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
burgidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
burgidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
burgidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
burgidē (active indicative singular third-person)
burgidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
burgidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
burgidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
burgidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
burgidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
burgidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
burgidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
burgidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
burgidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
burgidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
burgidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
burgijandz (active participle present)
burgidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *burgijan
Old English: byrġan
Middle English: berien, burien
English: bury

Old Norse: byrgja

Icelandic: byrgja

Faroese: byrgja

Old Swedish: byrghia, børghia

desc

Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*baurgjan), *𐌱𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*bibaurgjan) implied by 𐌱𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (bibaurgeins)

Zero-grade ye-present, pre-Germanic *bʰr̥gʰye-, from the root of *berganą (“to preserve”).


burgijaną

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *burgijan
Old English: *byrġan
⇒ Old English: onbyrġan
Old High German: *burgen
⇒ Old High German: untarburgen
Middle High German: bürgen
German: bürgen

Old Norse: *byrgja

⇒ Old Norse: ábyrgja

Icelandic: ábyrgja

From *burgaz (“promise, debt”) + *-janą, or *burgijô (“surety”) + *-janą.


rikwizjaną

rikwizjō (active first-person indicative singular)
rikwizjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rikwizjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rikwizisi (active indicative second-person singular)
rikwizjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rikwizi (active imperative second-person singular)
rikwizjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rikwizjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rikwiziþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rikwizjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rikwizjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rikwizjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rikwizjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rikwizjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rikwizjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rikwizjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rikwizjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rikwizjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rikwizjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rikwizjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rikwizjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rikwizjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rikwiziþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rikwizjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rikwiziþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rikwizjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rikwizjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rikwizjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rikwizjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rikwizjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rikwizjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rikwizjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rikwizidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rikwizidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rikwizidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rikwizidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rikwizidē (active indicative singular third-person)
rikwizidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rikwizidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rikwizidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rikwizidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rikwizidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rikwizidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rikwizidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rikwizidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rikwizidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rikwizidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rikwizidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rikwizjandz (active participle present)
rikwizidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐍂𐌹𐌵𐌹𐌶𐌾𐌰𐌽 (riqizjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁regʷesyéti. Equivalent to *rekwaz (“darkness”) + *-janą.


sōdijaną

sōdijō (active first-person indicative singular)
sōdijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sōdijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sōdīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sōdijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sōdī (active imperative second-person singular)
sōdijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sōdijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sōdīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sōdijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sōdijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sōdijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sōdijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sōdijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sōdijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sōdijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sōdijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sōdijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sōdijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sōdijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sōdijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sōdijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sōdīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sōdijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sōdīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sōdijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sōdijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sōdijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sōdijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sōdijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sōdijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sōdijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sōdidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sōdidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sōdidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sōdidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sōdidē (active indicative singular third-person)
sōdidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sōdidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sōdidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sōdidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sōdidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sōdidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sōdidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sōdidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sōdidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sōdidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sōdidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sōdijandz (active participle present)
sōdidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sōdijan
Old English: sēdan, sœ̄dan

Gothic: *𐍃𐍉𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*sōþjan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍉𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gasōþjan)


gamainijaną

gamainijō (active first-person indicative singular)
gamainijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gamainijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gamainīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
gamainijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gamainī (active imperative second-person singular)
gamainijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gamainijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gamainīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gamainijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gamainijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gamainijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gamainijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gamainijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gamainijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gamainijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gamainijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gamainijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gamainijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gamainijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gamainijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gamainijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gamainīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gamainijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gamainīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gamainijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gamainijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gamainijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gamainijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gamainijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gamainijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gamainijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gamainidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
gamainidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gamainidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
gamainidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gamainidē (active indicative singular third-person)
gamainidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gamainidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gamainidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gamainidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gamainidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gamainidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gamainidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gamainidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gamainidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gamainidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gamainidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gamainijandz (active participle present)
gamainidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *gamainijan
Old Saxon: gimēnian
Middle Low German: gemēnen
Old Dutch: gimeinen, *gimēnen
Middle Dutch: gemeinen, gemênen
Old High German: *gimeinen
Middle High German: gemeinen

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gamainjan)

From *gamainiz (“shared, communal”) + *-janą.


samjaną

samjō (active first-person indicative singular)
samjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
samjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
samisi (active indicative second-person singular)
samjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sami (active imperative second-person singular)
samjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
samjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
samiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
samjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
samjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
samjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
samjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
samjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
samjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
samjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
samjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
samjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
samjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
samjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
samjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
samjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
samiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
samjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
samiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
samjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
samjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
samjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
samjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
samjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
samjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
samjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
samidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
samidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
samidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
samidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
samidē (active indicative singular third-person)
samidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
samidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
samidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
samidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
samidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
samidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
samidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
samidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
samidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
samidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
samidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
samjandz (active participle present)
samidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: semja
Icelandic: semja
Faroese: semja
Norwegian Nynorsk: semja
Old Swedish: sæmia
Swedish: sämjas
⇒ Middle Norwegian: semja f
Norwegian Nynorsk: semje, semja, semju
⇒ Swedish: sämja
Old Danish: sæmje
Danish: sammes

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (samjan)


wardijaną

wardijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wardijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wardijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wardīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wardijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wardī (active imperative second-person singular)
wardijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wardijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wardīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wardijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wardijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wardijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wardijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wardijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wardijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wardijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wardijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wardijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wardijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wardijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wardijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wardijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wardīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wardijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wardīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wardijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wardijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wardijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wardijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wardijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wardijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wardijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wardidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wardidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wardidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wardidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wardidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wardidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wardidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wardidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wardidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wardidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wardidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wardidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wardidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wardidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wardidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wardidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wardijandz (active participle present)
wardidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wardijan
Old English: wierdan, wyrdan, wirdan
Middle English: werden, weorden
Old Frisian: werda
Old High German: werten
Middle High German: werten

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*wardjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *wortéye- (“to turn”). Originally the causative of *werþaną (“to become”), although it was probably no longer recognised as such by Germanic times.


þanjaną

þanjō (active first-person indicative singular)
þanjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þanjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þanisi (active indicative second-person singular)
þanjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þani (active imperative second-person singular)
þanjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þanjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þaniþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þanjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þanjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þanjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þanjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þanjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þanjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þanjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þanjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þanjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þanjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þanjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þanjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þanjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þaniþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þanjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þaniþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þanjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þanjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þanjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þanjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þanjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þanjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þanjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þanidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þanidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þanidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þanidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þanidē (active indicative singular third-person)
þanidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þanidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þanidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þanidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þanidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þanidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þanidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þanidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þanidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þanidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þanidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þanjandz (active participle present)
þanidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þannjan
Old English: þennan
Middle English: thinnen
Old Frisian: *thenna, *thena
Saterland Frisian: diene; deenje
Old Saxon: thennian
Middle Low German: dennen, dēnen
Old Dutch: thennen
Middle Dutch: dēnen
Old High German: thenen, thennen, denen, dennen
Middle High German: denen, dennen
German: dehnen
→ Luxembourgish: deenen

Old Norse: þenja

Icelandic: þenja

Faroese: tenja

Norn: tana

Norwegian Nynorsk: tenja

Old Swedish: þænia

Swedish: tänja

Gutnish: täne, tän', täna

⇒ Gothic: 𐌿𐍆𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ufþanjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *tonéyeti, from *ten- (“to stretch, extend”).