was

desctree

Old English: wæs, wes — Mercian, was, wæss, uæs, waes, ᚹᚫᛋ (wæs) — Ruthwell Cross
Middle English: was
English: was
Scots: was, wis
Yola: waas, was, waz, 'as, as (after Ich)

Old Frisian: was

North Frisian: wus, waos

Saterland Frisian: waas

West Frisian: was

Old Saxon: was

Middle Low German: was

Dutch Low Saxon: was

German Low German: was

Plautdietsch: was

Old Dutch: was

Dutch: was

Afrikaans: was

Limburgish: waas

Proto-Norse: ᚹᚨᛊ (was)

q

Old Norse: vas (early), var (-s replaced with -r by analogy to other inflections) (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐍃 (was)

first/third-person singular past active indicative of *wesaną


gab

first/third-person singular past active indicative of *gebaną


wait

first/third-person singular present active indicative of *witaną


wast

Old Norse: vast (early), vart (-s- replaced by -r- in analogy with other inflections)

Faroese: vart

Old Swedish: vart

Old Gutnish: wast

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍄 (wast)

second-person singular past active indicative of *wesaną


ann

Proto-West Germanic: *ann

Old English: ann

Old Dutch: ᚨᚾᚾ (ann)

Dutch: gun

Old Saxon: an, gian

Old High German: an

German: gönne

Old Norse: ann

Icelandic: ann

Faroese: hann, hon

first/third-person singular present active indicative of *unnaną


wes

Old English: wes

Old Frisian: wese

North Frisian: wees

Saterland Frisian: wääs

West Frisian: wês

Old Saxon: wes, wis

Middle Low German: wes

Dutch Low Saxon: waes

German Low German: wes

Plautdietsch: wees

Old Dutch: wes

Dutch: wees

Old High German: wes

Old Norse: ves (early), ver

Faroese: ver

Icelandic: ver

Norwegian:

Bokmål: vær

Nynorsk: ver

Danish: vær

second-person singular imperative of *wesaną


sindi

Old English: sind

Middle English: sind

Old Frisian: send

North Frisian: san

Saterland Frisian: sunt

Old Saxon: sind

Middle Low German: sint

Dutch Low Saxon: zun

German Low German: sind, sünd, sin

Plautdietsch: sent

Old Dutch: sint

Limburgish: zeent

Old High German: sint

Alemannic German: sind

Cimbrian: zèint

Hunsrik: sin

German: sind

Luxembourgish: sinn

Pennsylvania German: sin

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 (sind)

third-person plural present active indicative of *wesaną


isti

Proto-West Germanic: *ist

Old English: is

desctree

Middle English: is
English: is
Scots: is
Yola: is, ez

Old Frisian: is

North Frisian: as

Saterland Frisian: is

West Frisian: is

Old Saxon: ist, is

Middle Low German: is

Dutch Low Saxon: is

German Low German: is, es, ös

Plautdietsch: es

Old Dutch: ist

Dutch: is

Afrikaans: is

Limburgish: is

Old High German: ist

Middle High German: ist, is

Alemannic German: isch

Bavarian: is

Cimbrian: ist, iz

Central Franconian: es

Hunsrik: is

German: ist

Luxembourgish: ass

Pennsylvania German: iss

Yiddish: איז (iz)

Proto-Norse: ᛁᛊᛏ (ist)

q

Old Norse: es (early), er (-s replaced with -r by analogy to plural forms) (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐌹𐍃𐍄 (ist)

third-person singular present active indicative of *wesaną


kas-

Uncertain. Possibly related to Latin gerō (“carry, bring”), Latin gestō (“wear”), Old Irish gall (“rock, pillar”) (< *gaslâ).


izi

Gothic: 𐌹𐍃 (is)

second-person singular present active indicative of *wesaną


izum

Old English: earon (all persons, perhaps merged with *izud)

Old Norse: erum

Icelandic: erum

Old Swedish: ærum

Swedish: ärom (obsolete)

>? Faroese: eru (all persons, perhaps merged with *izud)

first-person plural present active indicative of *wesaną


beraną

berō (active first-person indicative singular)
beraų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
berai (first-person indicative passive singular)
birizi (active indicative second-person singular)
beraiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ber (active imperative second-person singular)
berazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
beraizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
biridi (active indicative singular third-person)
berai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
beradau (active imperative singular third-person)
beradai (indicative passive singular third-person)
beraidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
berōz (active dual first-person indicative)
beraiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
beradiz (active dual indicative second-person)
beraidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
beradiz (active dual imperative second-person)
beramaz (active first-person indicative plural)
beraim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
berandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
beraindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
birid (active indicative plural second-person)
beraid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
birid (active imperative plural second-person)
berandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
beraindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
berandi (active indicative plural third-person)
berain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
berandau (active imperative plural third-person)
berandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
beraindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bar (active first-person indicative singular)
bērį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bart (active indicative second-person singular)
bērīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bar (active indicative singular third-person)
bērī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bērū (active dual first-person indicative)
bērīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bērudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bērīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bērum (active first-person indicative plural)
bērīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bērud (active indicative plural second-person)
bērīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bērun (active indicative plural third-person)
bērīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
berandz (active participle present)
buranaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *beran
Old English: beran, beoran
Middle English: beren, beoren, bearen, baren
English: bear
Scots: bere, beir
Yola: ber, baar
Old Frisian: bera
Saterland Frisian: bere
West Frisian: barre
Old Saxon: beran
Middle Low German: beren, baren
German Low German: böhren
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: buar'n
Sauerländisch: ⇒ gebe̗ren
Westmünsterländisch: bohrn
Old Dutch: beran
Middle Dutch: bēren
Old High German: bëran, përan — Upper German
Middle High German: bëren, bërn
⇒ German: gebären
Alemannic German: beren

Old Norse: bera
Icelandic: bera
Faroese: bera
Norn: bera
Norwegian Nynorsk: bera
Elfdalian: bjärå
Old Swedish: bæra
Swedish: bära
Old Danish: bæræ
Danish: bære
Norwegian Bokmål: bære

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (bairan)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti, from *bʰer- (“to carry, bear”).

bēriz

bearable, fruitful; pertaining to bearing


slēpaną

slēpō (active first-person indicative singular)
slēpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slēpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
slēpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
slēpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slēp (active imperative second-person singular)
slēpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
slēpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
slēpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
slēpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slēpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
slēpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
slēpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
slēpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
slēpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slēpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slēpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slēpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
slēpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
slēpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slēpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
slēpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
slēpid (active indicative plural second-person)
slēpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slēpid (active imperative plural second-person)
slēpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
slēpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
slēpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
slēpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slēpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
slēpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
slēpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sezlēp (active first-person indicative singular)
sezlēpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sezlēft (active indicative second-person singular)
sezlēpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sezlēp (active indicative singular third-person)
sezlēpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sezlēpū (active dual first-person indicative)
sezlēpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sezlēpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sezlēpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sezlēpum (active first-person indicative plural)
sezlēpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sezlēpud (active indicative plural second-person)
sezlēpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sezlēpun (active indicative plural third-person)
sezlēpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slēpandz (active participle present)
slēpanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *slāpan
Old English: slǣpan, slēpan — Anglian, slāpan, slēpian
Middle English: slepen, slæpen, sleepen, slepe
English: sleep
Sranan Tongo: sribi
Middle Scots: sleip, slepe
Scots: sleep
Old Frisian: slēpa
North Frisian: sliepe
Saterland Frisian: släipe
West Frisian: sliepe
Old Saxon: slāpan
Middle Low German: slâpen
German Low German: slapen
Low German: slapen
Old Dutch: slāpan
Middle Dutch: slâpen
Dutch: slapen
Afrikaans: slaap
Negerhollands: slaap, slap, slaep
Skepi Creole Dutch: slapi, slappe
Limburgish: slaope
Zealandic: slaepe
Old High German: slāfan
Middle High German: slāfen
Alemannic German: schlaaffe, schlooffe
Badisch: schlofe
Italian Walser: schloafe, schloafen, schlofe, schlàfu, schlaafä
Bavarian:
Central Bavarian: schloffa
Cimbrian: slaafan, slafan, slavan
Mòcheno: schloven
South Tyrolean: schlofn, sghlofn
Central Franconian: schlofe
Hunsrik: schlofe
Luxembourgish: schlofen
German: schlafen
Rhine Franconian: schlofe
Pennsylvania German: schlofe
Yiddish: שלאָפֿן (shlofn)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌻𐌴𐍀𐌰𐌽 (slēpan)

Crimean Gothic: schlipen

Unclear. May be related to *slapaz (“weak, lax”), itself of unclear origin, or possibly back-formed to *slabōną/*slappōną.
Older theories tentatively derived the word from a hypothetical base *slē‑, extended in pre-Germanic as *slēb-, from earlier Proto-Indo-European *sleh₁‑, which could be related to *(s)leh₁g-; see also Latin langueō (“to be faint, listless”), Old English slæc (“lazy”).

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


satjaną

satjō (active first-person indicative singular)
satjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
satjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
satisi (active indicative second-person singular)
satjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sati (active imperative second-person singular)
satjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
satjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
satiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
satjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
satjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
satjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
satjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
satjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
satjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
satjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
satjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
satjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
satjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
satjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
satjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
satjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
satiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
satjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
satiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
satjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
satjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
satjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
satjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
satjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
satjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
satjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
satidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
satidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
satidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
satidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
satidē (active indicative singular third-person)
satidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
satidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
satidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
satidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
satidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
satidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
satidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
satidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
satidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
satidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
satidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
satjandz (active participle present)
satidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sattjan
Old English: settan
Middle English: setten, cetten, settan, settæn, sætten, seit, sette, sete, zetten, zete (Kent)
English: set
Scots: sett, set
Yola: zet, set
Old Frisian: setta
Saterland Frisian: sätte
West Frisian: sette
Old Saxon: settian
Middle Low German: setten
German Low German: setten
Old Dutch: setten
Middle Dutch: setten
Dutch: zetten
Afrikaans: sit
Berbice Creole Dutch: sete
Negerhollands: set, sit
Limburgish: zètte
Old High German: sezzen
Middle High German: setzen
Central Franconian: setze
Bavarian: setzn
Cimbrian: zètzan
German: setzen
Luxembourgish: setzen
Pennsylvania German: setze
Yiddish: זעצן (zetsn)

desc

Proto-Norse: ᛊᚨᛏᛁᛞᛟ (satido, 1st singular past indicative)

desctree

Old Norse: setja
Icelandic: setja
Faroese: seta
Norn: seta
Norwegian Nynorsk: setja, setta
Elfdalian: settja, setta
Old Swedish: sætia, sættia
Swedish: sätta
Old Danish: sætiæ, sættæ
Danish: sætte
Norwegian Bokmål: sette
Scanian: sæda
Gutnish: sätte

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (satjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *sodéyeti. Equivalent to *sitjaną (“to sit”) + *-janą (“causative suffix”).


habjaną

habjō (active first-person indicative singular)
habjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
habaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
habjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
habai (active imperative second-person singular)
habaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
habjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
habjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
habjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
habjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
habjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
habjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
habjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
habjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
habjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
habaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
habjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
habaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
habjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
habjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
habjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
habdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
habdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
habdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
habdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
habdē (active indicative singular third-person)
habdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
habdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
habdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
habdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
habdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
habdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
habdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
habdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
habdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
habdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
habdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
habjandz (active participle present)
habdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *habbjan (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Old Norse: hafa
Icelandic: hafa
Faroese: hava
Norwegian Nynorsk: hava, ha; (dialectal) håvå, hå
Elfdalian: åvå
Old Swedish: hava, hafwa, haffwa, haffua
Swedish: ha, hava, hafva (pre-1906 spelling)
Old Danish: hafa, hauæ
Danish: have
Norwegian Bokmål: have, ha
Old Gutnish: hafa

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽 (haban)

From an innovated post-Indo-European stative present *kh₂ph₁yé-, from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂p- (“to seize”).


habjaną

habjō (active first-person indicative singular)
habjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
habjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
habisi (active indicative second-person singular)
habjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
habi (active imperative second-person singular)
habjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
habjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
habiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
habjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
habjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
habjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
habjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
habjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
habjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
habjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
habjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
habjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
habjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
habjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
habjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
habjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
habiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
habjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
habiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
habjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
habjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
habjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
habjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
habjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
habjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
habjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hōf (active first-person indicative singular)
hōbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hōft (active indicative second-person singular)
hōbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hōf (active indicative singular third-person)
hōbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hōbū (active dual first-person indicative)
hōbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hōbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hōbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hōbum (active first-person indicative plural)
hōbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hōbud (active indicative plural second-person)
hōbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hōbun (active indicative plural third-person)
hōbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
habjandz (active participle present)
habanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *habbjan
Old English: hebban, heffan
Middle English: heven, heiven, heoven, hefen, hewen, hebben
English: heave (see there for further descendants)
Scots: heave, heve, hewe
Yola: heve, hev
Old Frisian: heva, hebba, heffa
Saterland Frisian: hieuwje
West Frisian: heffe
Old Saxon: hebbian, heffian
Middle Low German: hēven, heffen
Low German: heven
Old Dutch: heffen
Middle Dutch: heffen
Dutch: heffen
Afrikaans: hef
Limburgish: höffe
Old High German: heffen, hevan, heven
Middle High German: heben, heven
Cimbrian: höoban
German: heben
Luxembourgish: hiewen

Old Norse: hefja
Icelandic: hefja
Faroese: hevja
Norwegian Nynorsk: hevja; (dialectal) høvja
Old Swedish: hæfia
Swedish: häva
Danish: hæve
Norwegian Bokmål: heve
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: heva

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐍆𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hafjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *kh₂pyéti, from the root *keh₂p- (“to seize”), and thus related to the "have" sense of Etymology 1.


sagjaną

sagjō (active first-person indicative singular)
sagjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sagaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
sagjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sagai (active imperative second-person singular)
sagaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sagjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sagjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sagjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sagjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sagjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sagjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sagjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sagjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sagjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sagaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sagjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sagaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sagjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sagjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sagjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sagdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sagdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sagdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sagdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sagdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sagdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sagdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sagdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sagdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sagdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sagdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sagdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sagdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sagdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sagdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sagdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sagjandz (active participle present)
sagdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *saggjan
Old English: seċġan
Middle English: seggen, seyen, sayen
Scots: say, sa
English: say
Old Frisian: sedza, sidza
North Frisian: seja, siie
West Frisian: sizze
Old Saxon: seggian
Middle Low German: seggen
Low German: seggen
Old Dutch: seggen
Middle Dutch: seggen
Dutch: zeggen
Afrikaans: sê
Javindo: seg, seggen, sèè
Jersey Dutch: sääxxe
Petjo: sehhen
Limburgish: zègke
Old High German: sagēn
Middle High German: sagen
Alemannic German: säge
Alsatian: soeje (near Fränkisch areas, in Northern Alsace), sawe (Central), sàge (South)
Swabian:
Sathmar Swabian: sage
Walser: sägä, séege, ŝchegi, ŝchége
Bavarian: sogn, sågn, song (phonetic spelling), soon (Timau), sång
Central Franconian: sage
German: sagen
Luxembourgish: soen
Vilamovian: ziön
Yiddish: זאָגן (zogn)

Old Norse: segja
Icelandic: segja
Faroese: siga
Norwegian Nynorsk: seia, segja
Jamtish: segi
Elfdalian: saja
Old Swedish: sæghia, sighia
Swedish: säga
Old Danish: sæghiæ, sighæ
Danish: sige
Norwegian Bokmål: si
Scanian: siğa, sæğa
Old Gutnish: segia
Gutnish: säge

From Proto-Indo-European *sokʷ-h₁-yé-, from a derivative of *sekʷ- (“to say”).


witaną

wait (active first-person indicative singular)
witį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waist (active indicative second-person singular)
witīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wait (active indicative singular third-person)
witī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
witū (active dual first-person indicative)
witīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
witudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
witīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
witum (active first-person indicative plural)
witīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
witud (active indicative plural second-person)
witīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
witun (active indicative plural third-person)
witīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wissǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wissēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wissēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wissēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wissē (active indicative singular third-person)
wissēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wissēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wissēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wissēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wissēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wissēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wissēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wissēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wissēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wissēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wissēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
witandz (active participle present)
wissaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *witan
Old English: witan, weotan
Middle English: witen, wete, weten, wetyn, wite, witenn, witten, wyett, wyt, wyte, wyten, woten
English: wit, weet
Scots: wit
Old Frisian: wita
Saterland Frisian: wíete
West Frisian: wite, witte
Old Saxon: witan
Middle Low German: wēten, wetten
Low German: weten, weiten, witen, wieten
German Low German: wetten, wieten
Old Dutch: witan
Middle Dutch: wēten
Dutch: weten
Afrikaans: weet
Limburgish: weite, wiete
Old High German: wizzan
Middle High German: wiȥȥen
Alemannic German: wüsse
Cimbrian: bizzan
Central Franconian: wesse, wösse, wosse (Eifel)
Hunsrik: wisse
Luxembourgish: wëssen
German: wissen
Vilamovian: wysa
Yiddish: וויסן (visn)
→ Old French: guier (see there for further descendants)
→ Old Occitan: guidar
Catalan: guidar
Occitan: guidar
→ Basque: gidatu
→ Asturian: guiar
→ Old French: guide (see there for further descendants)
→ Italian: guidare
→ Piedmontese: guidé
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: guiar
Galician: guiar
Portuguese: guiar
→ Spanish: guiar

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᚨᛁᛏ (*wait)

Old Norse: vita
Icelandic: vita
Faroese: vita
Norwegian Nynorsk: vita, veta (dialectal) væta, vætæ, vata, våtå, vytå, vøtå, voto, veita, vessta
Elfdalian: witå
Old Swedish: vita, ᚠᛁᛏᛆ (Runic)
Swedish: veta
Old Danish: witæ
Danish: vide
Norwegian Bokmål: vite
Scanian: veda
Gutnish: vite

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (witan)

From Proto-Indo-European *wóyde (“to have seen, known”).


kunnaną

kann (active first-person indicative singular)
kunnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kannt (active indicative second-person singular)
kunnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kann (active indicative singular third-person)
kunnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kunnū (active dual first-person indicative)
kunnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kunnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kunnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kunnum (active first-person indicative plural)
kunnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kunnud (active indicative plural second-person)
kunnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kunnun (active indicative plural third-person)
kunnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kunþǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kunþēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kunþēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kunþēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kunþē (active indicative singular third-person)
kunþēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kunþēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kunþēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kunþēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kunþēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kunþēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kunþēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kunþēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kunþēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kunþēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kunþēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kunnandz (active participle present)
kunþaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kunnan
Old English: cunnan
Middle English: cunnen, conne, connen, cun, cunne, can, canne, kanne (especially Northern, from the present singular)
English: can, con, cun, could, cunning, canny
Scots: can, cun, cunning
Yola: canna, cou
Old Frisian: kunna
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: kön
Hallig: kune
Helgoland: kan
Mooring: koone
Sylt: ken
Saterland Frisian: konne
West Frisian: kinne
Old Saxon: kunnan
Middle Low German: künnen, kynnen, kunnen, konnen, können, kȫnen, konen
Low German: könen, können, künnen
German Low German: känen
Plautdietsch: kjanen
Old Dutch: *kunnan, cunnan
Middle Dutch: connen
Dutch: kunnen, (dialectal) kennen, konnen
Afrikaans: kan (from inflected form kan)
Berbice Creole Dutch: kan (from inflected form kan)
Javindo: ken
Negerhollands: kan, ka (from inflected form kan)
Petjo: kan, ken
Skepi Creole Dutch: can (from inflected form kan)
Limburgish: kónne
West Flemish: keunn
Old High German: kunnan, chunnan
Middle High German: kunnen, künnen
Alemannic German: chöne, chönne (Uri)
Swabian: kenna
Sathmar Swabian: kenne
Central Franconian: kenne, känne (variant spelling)
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: kènn
Upper Saxon German: gönn
German: können
Luxembourgish: kënnen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: kenne
Vilamovian: kenna
Yiddish: קענען (kenen)

Old Norse: kunna

Icelandic: kunna

Faroese: kunna

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: kunne

Norwegian Nynorsk: kunne, kunna

Old Swedish: kunna
Swedish: kunna

Old Danish: kunnæ

Danish: kunne

Elfdalian: kunna

Gutnish: kunne

Gothic: 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (kunnan)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥néh₃ti, from *ǵneh₃- (“to know”).

to know, to be familiar with, to recognise


maganą

mag (active first-person indicative singular)
magį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
maht (active indicative second-person singular)
magīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mag (active indicative singular third-person)
magī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
magū (active dual first-person indicative)
magīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
magudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
magīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
magum (active first-person indicative plural)
magīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
magud (active indicative plural second-person)
magīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
magun (active indicative plural third-person)
magīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mahtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
mahtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mahtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
mahtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mahtē (active indicative singular third-person)
mahtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mahtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
mahtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mahtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mahtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mahtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
mahtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mahtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
mahtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mahtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
mahtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
magandz (active participle present)
mahtaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *magan
Old English: magan, *mugan, *meġan
Middle English: mowen (mostly from analogical *mugan)
English: may
Scots: mey, may, ma
Yola: mye, mey, meigh, mai, maa, ma
Old Frisian: muga
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: mei
Mooring: mooge
Saterland Frisian: muuge
West Frisian: meie
Old Saxon: mugan
Middle Low German: mogen, mögen
Low German: mögen, mägen
German Low German: mögen
Old Dutch: mugan
Middle Dutch: mōgen
Dutch: mogen
Afrikaans: mag
Limburgish: moge
Old High German: mugan
Middle High German: mugen, mogen, magen, megen, mügen, mögen
Alemannic German: möge
Bavarian: megn
Central Franconian: mugge
Cimbrian: mögan, möng (Luserna)
German: mögen
→ Central Franconian: müjje
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: meege
Yiddish: מעגן (megn)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: mega
Icelandic: mega
Faroese: mega
Norwegian Nynorsk: moga; (dialectal) mågå, måga, mòge
Old Danish: mughu, mughe
Old Swedish: magha, mugha, mogha
Swedish: må
⇒ Old Norse: mátti
Norwegian Nynorsk: måtta (infinitive), måtte
Norwegian Bokmål: måtte (also infinitive)
Old Swedish: mātte, māte
Swedish: måtte
Danish: måtte (also infinitive)
⇒ Old Norse: má
Icelandic: má
Faroese: má
Norwegian Nynorsk: må
Norwegian Bokmål: må
Old Swedish: mā
Swedish: må
Danish: må

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽 (magan)

/ˈmɑ.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *(me)mógʰe, from *megʰ-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *moťi.


helpaną

helpō (active first-person indicative singular)
helpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
helpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hilpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
helpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
help (active imperative second-person singular)
helpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
helpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hilpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
helpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
helpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
helpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
helpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
helpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
helpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
helpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
helpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
helpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
helpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
helpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
helpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
helpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hilpid (active indicative plural second-person)
helpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hilpid (active imperative plural second-person)
helpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
helpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
helpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
helpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
helpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
helpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
helpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
halp (active first-person indicative singular)
hulpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
halft (active indicative second-person singular)
hulpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
halp (active indicative singular third-person)
hulpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hulpū (active dual first-person indicative)
hulpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hulpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hulpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hulpum (active first-person indicative plural)
hulpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hulpud (active indicative plural second-person)
hulpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hulpun (active indicative plural third-person)
hulpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
helpandz (active participle present)
hulpanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *helpan
Old English: helpan
Middle English: helpen, help, elp, helpi, healpe, heolpe, halpen, hælpan
English: help
Scots: help
Yola: help
Old Frisian: helpa
North Frisian: heelpe, halep
Sylt: help
Saterland Frisian: hälpe
West Frisian: helpe
Old Saxon: helpan
Middle Low German: helpen
Low German: helpen
German Low German: helpen, hölpen, hülpen
Old Dutch: helpan
Middle Dutch: helpen
Dutch: helpen
Afrikaans: help
Berbice Creole Dutch: helpu
Javindo: helpen
Jersey Dutch: hälpe
Negerhollands: help
Skepi Creole Dutch: halp
→ Caribbean Javanese: hèlep, ngèlep
Limburgish: hèlpe
Old High German: hëlfan, hëlpan — Central German
Middle High German: hëlfen
Central Franconian: hellepe
Cimbrian: hölfan
German: helfen
Luxembourgish: hëllefen
Yiddish: העלפֿן (helfn)

Old Norse: hjalpa
Icelandic: hjálpa
Faroese: hjálpa
Norwegian Nynorsk: hjelpa; (dialectal) hjalpa, hjålpa, hjølpa, hjòlpa, helpa
Norwegian Bokmål: hjelpe
Old Swedish: hiælpa
Swedish: hjälpa
Danish: hjælpe

Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐌰𐌽 (hilpan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *këlbat'ak (see there for further descendants)

Appears to derive from a Proto-Indo-European *ḱelb-, *ḱelp- (“to help”), with Lithuanian šel̃pti (“to help, support”) as a cognate; however, there are subtle phono-grammatical issues (for which see Kroonen for more), in addition to the seemingly-related Lithuanian gélbėti (“to help”) being phonetically irreconcilable with regular sound laws.


wiljaną

wiljų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wilīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wilī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wilīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wilīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wilīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wilīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wilīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
weldǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
weldēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
weldēz (active indicative second-person singular)
weldēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
weldē (active indicative singular third-person)
weldēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
weldēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
weldēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
weldēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
weldēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
weldēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
weldēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
weldēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
weldēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
weldēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
weldēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wiljandz (active participle present)

Proto-West Germanic: *willjan
Old English: willan, wyllan
Middle English: willen, wil, wille, wilen, welin, wole, wolle, willian, wullen (early southwest Midlands)
English: will
Scots: will, wil
Yola: woul, wull, weel, well, will, ill
Old Frisian: willa, wella
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum, Sylt: wel
Mooring: wale
Saterland Frisian: wolle
West Frisian: wolle
Old Saxon: willian
Middle Low German: willen, wellen
Low German: wüllen
Old Dutch: willen
Middle Dutch: willen
Dutch: willen
Afrikaans: wil
Negerhollands: wil, wel
Skepi Creole Dutch: wel, well, will
Limburgish: wille
Old High German: wellen, willen, wollen, wollen (conflated with *waljaną)
Middle High German: wellen, wollen, wöllen, wullen
Alemannic German: welle, wella, wölla
Swabian: wella
Bavarian: woian
Apetlonerisch: walln
Cimbrian: bölln, béllan (Sette Comuni)
Central Franconian: welle, wolle (non-native; but now common in some dialects via German)
Hunsrik: weele
Luxembourgish: wëllen
German: wollen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: wolle
Yiddish: וועלן (veln)

Old Norse: vilja
Icelandic: vilja
Faroese: vilja
Norwegian Nynorsk: vilja; (dialectal) vi(j)a, vyljå, vyå, velja, vi, ve
Jamtish: vili
Elfdalian: wila
Old Swedish: vilia
Swedish: vilja
Old Danish: willæ
Danish: ville
Norwegian Bokmål: ville
Scanian: villa
Old Gutnish: wilia
Gutnish: ville, vila

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wiljan)

From Proto-Indo-European *wélyoyt, optative of *wélyeti, from *welh₁- (“to choose, to want”).


hlaþaną

hlaþō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlaþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlaþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hlaþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlaþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlaþ (active imperative second-person singular)
hlaþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlaþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hlaþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlaþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlaþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlaþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlaþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hlaþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hlaþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlaþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlaþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlaþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlaþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlaþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlaþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlaþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hlaþid (active indicative plural second-person)
hlaþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlaþid (active imperative plural second-person)
hlaþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlaþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hlaþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlaþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlaþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlaþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlaþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hlōþ (active first-person indicative singular)
hlōdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlōst (active indicative second-person singular)
hlōdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlōþ (active indicative singular third-person)
hlōdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlōdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hlōdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlōdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlōdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlōdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hlōdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlōdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hlōdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlōdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hlōdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlaþandz (active participle present)
hladanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hlaþan
Old English: hladan
Middle English: laden
Scots: lade, laid
English: lade
Old Saxon: hladan
Middle Low German: lāden
Low German: laden
Old Dutch: *ladan
Middle Dutch: lāden
Dutch: laden
Afrikaans: laai
Old High German: hladan, ladan
Middle High German: laden
Alemannic German: lade
German: laden
Luxembourgish: lueden
→ Polish: ładować

Old Norse: hlaða
Icelandic: hlaða
Faroese: laða
Norwegian Nynorsk: la, lade, lada
Elfdalian: leða
Old Swedish: laþa
Swedish: ladda
Danish: lade
Norwegian Bokmål: lade, la

Gothic: *𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌽 (*hlaþan)

→ Proto-Finnic:

Estonian: laduma

Finnish: latoa

Votic: latoa

From Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂- (“to put, lay out”). Cognate with Lithuanian klṓti (“to lay, lay out, spread, pave”), Russian клад (klad, “treasure”).


līþaną

līþō (active first-person indicative singular)
līþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
līþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
līþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
līþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
līþ (active imperative second-person singular)
līþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
līþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
līþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
līþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
līþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
līþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
līþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
līþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
līþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
līþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
līþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
līþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
līþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
līþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
līþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
līþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
līþid (active indicative plural second-person)
līþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
līþid (active imperative plural second-person)
līþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
līþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
līþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
līþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
līþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
līþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
līþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laiþ (active first-person indicative singular)
lidį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laist (active indicative second-person singular)
lidīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laiþ (active indicative singular third-person)
lidī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lidū (active dual first-person indicative)
lidīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lidudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lidīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lidum (active first-person indicative plural)
lidīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lidud (active indicative plural second-person)
lidīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lidun (active indicative plural third-person)
lidīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
līþandz (active participle present)
lidanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *līþan
Old English: līþan
Middle English: liþen (early)
Old Frisian: lītha
Saterland Frisian: liede
West Frisian: lyen, lye, lit, lije
Old Saxon: līthan
Middle Low German: lîden
German Low German: lieden
Old Dutch: līthan
Middle Dutch: liden
Dutch: lijden
Afrikaans: ly
Negerhollands: lyd, lyden, lijden, leiden
Limburgish: lieje
Old High German: līdan
Middle High German: līden
Alemannic German: liide, lide
German: leiden
Hunsrik: leide
Luxembourgish: leiden

Old Norse: líða

Icelandic: líða

Faroese: líða

Norwegian: lide

Old Swedish: līþa

Swedish: lida

Danish: lide

→ Scots: lide

Gothic: *𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽 (*leiþan)

From Proto-Indo-European *leyt- (“to go, depart, die”). Cognate with Tocharian A litā- (“to pass on”), Avestan 𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬚𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (ⁱriθiieⁱti, “to die, pass away”), Ancient Greek λοίτη (loítē, “tomb”), Latin lītus (“shore, beach”).


laidijaną

laidijō (active first-person indicative singular)
laidijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laidijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
laidīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
laidijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laidī (active imperative second-person singular)
laidijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
laidijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
laidīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
laidijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laidijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
laidijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
laidijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
laidijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
laidijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laidijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laidijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laidijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
laidijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
laidijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laidijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
laidijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
laidīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
laidijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laidīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
laidijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
laidijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
laidijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
laidijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laidijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
laidijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
laidijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laididǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
laididēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laididēz (active indicative second-person singular)
laididēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laididē (active indicative singular third-person)
laididēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laididēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
laididēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laididēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laididēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laididēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
laididēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laididēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
laididēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laididēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
laididēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laidijandz (active participle present)
laididaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *laidijan
Old English: lǣdan
Middle English: leden
Scots: lede, leid
English: lead
Old Frisian: lēda
Saterland Frisian: leede, lede
West Frisian: liede
Old Saxon: lēdian
Middle Low German: lêden, leiden
German Low German: leden, leiden
Old Dutch: leiden
Middle Dutch: leiden, lêden
Dutch: leiden
Afrikaans: lei
Limburgish: leide, leie, lèèje
Old High German: leiten
Middle High German: leiten
German: leiten
Luxembourgish: leeden

Old Norse: leiða

Icelandic: leiða

Faroese: leiða

Norwegian Nynorsk: leia, leida

Old Swedish: lēþa

Swedish: leda

Danish: lede

Norwegian Bokmål: lede

→ Proto-Samic: *lājδëjëtēk

From *līþaną (“to pass or go by”) + *-janą (“causative suffix”).


keusaną

keusō (active first-person indicative singular)
keusaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
keusai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kiusizi (active indicative second-person singular)
keusaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
keus (active imperative second-person singular)
keusazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
keusaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kiusidi (active indicative singular third-person)
keusai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
keusadau (active imperative singular third-person)
keusadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
keusaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
keusōz (active dual first-person indicative)
keusaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
keusadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
keusaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
keusadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
keusamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
keusaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
keusandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
keusaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kiusid (active indicative plural second-person)
keusaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kiusid (active imperative plural second-person)
keusandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
keusaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
keusandi (active indicative plural third-person)
keusain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
keusandau (active imperative plural third-person)
keusandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
keusaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kaus (active first-person indicative singular)
kuzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kaust (active indicative second-person singular)
kuzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kaus (active indicative singular third-person)
kuzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kuzū (active dual first-person indicative)
kuzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kuzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kuzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kuzum (active first-person indicative plural)
kuzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kuzud (active indicative plural second-person)
kuzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kuzun (active indicative plural third-person)
kuzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
keusandz (active participle present)
kuzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *keusan
Old English: ċēosan
Middle English: chesen, chees, cheese, cheesen, chese, chesyn, cheose, cheys, chiese, chiesen, chyese, chose, chuse, cesen, cheosen (Early Middle English)
English: choose
Scots: chuise, cheese
Old Frisian: kiāsa, ziāsa
North Frisian: kese
Saterland Frisian: kjoze
West Frisian: kieze
Old Saxon: kiosan
Middle Low German: kêsen, kîsen
German Low German: kiesen
Low German: kesen
→ Old Swedish: kesa
Swedish: kesa
→ Danish: kejse
→ Scanian: késa
Old Dutch: *kiesan
Middle Dutch: kiesen
Dutch: kiezen
Afrikaans: kies
Old High German: kiosan, chiosan
Middle High German: kiesen
German: kiesen

Old Norse: kjósa

Icelandic: kjósa

Faroese: kjósa

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: kjose

Old Swedish: kiūsa

Swedish: tjusa

Danish: kyse

Gothic: 𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 (kiusan)

→ Proto-Slavic: *kousiti

desc

Old Church Slavonic: въкоусити (vŭkusiti)

→ Russian: вкуси́ть (vkusítʹ)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kiusat'ak

Finnish: kiusata

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵéwseti, from *ǵews- (“to taste, try”). Cognate with Ancient Greek γεύω (geúō), Sanskrit जोषति (jóṣati).


wesaną

immi (active first-person indicative singular)
sijǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
izi (active indicative second-person singular)
sijēs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wes (active imperative second-person singular)
isti (active indicative singular third-person)
sijē (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wesadau (active imperative singular third-person)
izū (active dual first-person indicative)
sīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
izudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sīþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wesadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
izum (active first-person indicative plural)
sīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
izud (active indicative plural second-person)
sīþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wisid (active imperative plural second-person)
sindi (active indicative plural third-person)
sīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wesandau (active imperative plural third-person)
was (active first-person indicative singular)
wēzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wast (active indicative second-person singular)
wēzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
was (active indicative singular third-person)
wēzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wēzū (active dual first-person indicative)
wēzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wēzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wēzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wēzum (active first-person indicative plural)
wēzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wēzud (active indicative plural second-person)
wēzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wēzun (active indicative plural third-person)
wēzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wesandz (active participle present)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wesan
Old English: wesan
>? Middle English: wesen (“to tend flocks, pasture”)
Old Frisian: wēsa
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: wees
Halligen: weese
Helgoland: wees
Mooring: weese
Saterland Frisian: weze
West Frisian: wêze
Old Saxon: wesan
Middle Low German: wēsen
Dutch Low Saxon: waen
German Low German: wesen, ween
Old Dutch: wesan, weson
Middle Dutch: wēsen
Dutch: wezen
Afrikaans: wees
Jersey Dutch: wêze
Negerhollands: wees, wis
Limburgish: waeze
Old High German: wesan
Middle High German: wësen

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: vesa (early), vera
Icelandic: vera
Faroese: vera
Norwegian Nynorsk: vera; (dialectal) vè, vårå, vørå, vørrø, vara, va
Jamtish: vara, ve
Elfdalian: wårå
Old Swedish: vara, væra, væræ
Swedish: vara
Old Danish: wæræ, waræ
Danish: være
Norwegian Bokmål: være
Old Gutnish: wara

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (wisan)

From two different Proto-Indo-European roots:
* The present tense from *h₁ésti, from *h₁es- (“to be”).
* The past tense from *h₂wes- (“to dwell, stay”).


wesaną

wesō (active first-person indicative singular)
wesaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wesai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wisizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wesaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wes (active imperative second-person singular)
wesazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wesaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wisidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wesai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wesadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wesadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wesaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wesōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wesaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wesadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wesaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wesadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wesamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wesaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wesandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wesaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wisid (active indicative plural second-person)
wesaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wisid (active imperative plural second-person)
wesandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wesaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wesandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wesain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wesandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wesandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wesaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
was (active first-person indicative singular)
wēzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wast (active indicative second-person singular)
wēzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
was (active indicative singular third-person)
wēzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wēzū (active dual first-person indicative)
wēzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wēzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wēzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wēzum (active first-person indicative plural)
wēzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wēzud (active indicative plural second-person)
wēzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wēzun (active indicative plural third-person)
wēzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wesandz (active participle present)
wezanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wesan

>? Old English: wesan (“to feast”)

desc

>? Middle English: wesen (“to tend, pasture”)

Old High German: *wesan

⇒ Old High German: ferwesan (“to waste, consume”) (only in glosses)

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (wisan)

From Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“to graze”). Related to Proto-Celtic *westā (“food, feast”), Latin vēscor (“to make use of”).


būaną

būō (active first-person indicative singular)
būaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
būai (first-person indicative passive singular)
būizi (active indicative second-person singular)
būaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bū (active imperative second-person singular)
būazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
būaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
būidi (active indicative singular third-person)
būai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
būadau (active imperative singular third-person)
būadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
būaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
būōz (active dual first-person indicative)
būaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
būadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
būaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
būadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
būamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
būaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
būandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
būaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
būid (active indicative plural second-person)
būaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
būid (active imperative plural second-person)
būandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
būaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
būandi (active indicative plural third-person)
būain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
būandau (active imperative plural third-person)
būandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
būaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
būdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
būdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
būdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
būdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
būdē (active indicative singular third-person)
būdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
būdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
būdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
būdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
būdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
būdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
būdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
būdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
būdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
būdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
būdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
būandz (active participle present)
būdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *būan

Old English: būan, būwan

⇒ Old English: ġebūan

Middle English: ȝebuen, ibuen, iboen

desctree

Old Saxon: būan, būwan
Middle Low German: bûwen
Low German: boen

Old Dutch: *būan, buuuan, buwan

Middle Dutch: bouwen
Dutch: bouwen
Afrikaans: bou
Jersey Dutch: bāue
Negerhollands: bou, bau, bow
→ Aukan: bow
→ Papiamentu: bouw (dated)
→ Sranan Tongo: bow
→ Lokono: bowdun
→ Caribbean Javanese: ngebau
Limburgish: boewe

Old High German: būan, būwan, pūan
Middle High German: būwen, biuwen, bouwen
Alemannic German: buue, puue
German: bauen
→ Saterland Frisian: baue
Luxembourgish: bauen
Yiddish: בויען (boyen)

Old Norse: búa
Icelandic: búa
Faroese: búgva
Norwegian Nynorsk: bu, bua
→ Norwegian Bokmål: bu
Old Swedish: bōa, bō
Swedish: bo
Danish: bo
Norwegian Bokmål: bo
→ Middle English: buen

⇒ Old Norse: búinn (past participle)

Icelandic: búinn

Norwegian Nynorsk: buen

→ Middle English: bun, bune, boun

Scots: boun

English: boun

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽 (bauan)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰúHt, from *bʰuH- (“to be, grow”).


bringaną

bringō (active first-person indicative singular)
bringaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bringai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bringizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bringaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bring (active imperative second-person singular)
bringazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bringaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bringidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bringai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bringadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bringadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bringaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bringōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bringaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bringadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bringaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bringadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bringamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bringaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bringandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bringaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bringid (active indicative plural second-person)
bringaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bringid (active imperative plural second-person)
bringandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bringaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bringandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bringain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bringandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bringandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bringaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
branhtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
branhtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
branhtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
branhtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
branhtē (active indicative singular third-person)
branhtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
branhtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
branhtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
branhtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
branhtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
branhtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
branhtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
branhtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
branhtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
branhtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
branhtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bringandz (active participle present)
branhtaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bringan
Old English: bringan
Middle English: bryngen
English: bring
Scots: bring
Old Frisian: brenga, bringa, branga, brendza
North Frisian:
Helgoland, Föhr-Amrum, Sylt: bring
Mooring: bränge
Saterland Frisian: brange
West Frisian: bringe
Old Saxon: brengian, brengan, bringan
Middle Low German: brengen, bringen
Low German: bringen, brängen, brengen
→ Danish: bringe
→ Norwegian: bringe, bringa
→ Swedish: bringa
Old Dutch: bringan
Middle Dutch: bringen
Dutch: brengen, bringen (dialectal)
Afrikaans: bring
Berbice Creole Dutch: bringgi
Negerhollands: breng, bring, briṅ
Skepi Creole Dutch: brink
→? Sranan Tongo: bringi
Limburgish: bringe
West Flemish: bringen
Old High German: bringan, pringan
Middle High German: bringen
Alemannic German: bringe
Cimbrian: prengen
Central Franconian: brenge
Hunsrik: bringe
Luxembourgish: bréngen
German: bringen
Rhine Franconian: brenge, bringe
Frankfurterisch: [pʀiŋg̥ə], (older) [pʀeŋə]
Pennsylvania German: bringe
Vilamovian: brengia
Yiddish: ברענגען (brengen)

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (briggan)

Probably from a Pre-Germanic *bʰrenḱ-, a compound root from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to carry”) + *h₁n(e)ḱ- (“to bring”) or *h₂n(e)ḱ- (“to reach, attain”). The past tense stem came from *bʰronḱ-, o-grade of *bʰrenḱ-, similar to class III strong verbs (mixed weak (dental) and strong (ablauted) past tense forms are very unusual in Proto-Germanic, and this is the only known case). Compare Proto-Brythonic *hembrüngɨd (“to accompany”).
Another possibility is an analogous derivation of the verbal paradigm from the perfective *ga-bringan, which could be a remodeling of Proto-Indo-European *ḱom (“beside, with”) + *pro- (“forward”) + *h₁énḱ-, with the *p becoming a *b by Verner's law.


þankijaną

þankijō (active first-person indicative singular)
þankijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þankijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þankīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
þankijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þankī (active imperative second-person singular)
þankijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þankijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þankīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þankijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þankijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þankijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þankijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þankijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þankijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þankijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þankijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þankijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þankijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þankijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þankijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þankijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þankīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þankijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þankīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þankijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þankijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þankijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þankijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þankijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þankijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þankijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þanhtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þanhtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þanhtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þanhtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þanhtē (active indicative singular third-person)
þanhtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þanhtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þanhtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þanhtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þanhtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þanhtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þanhtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þanhtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þanhtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þanhtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þanhtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þankijandz (active participle present)
þankidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þankijan
Old English: þenċan, þenċean
Middle English: thinken, thenchen, thenken, thynken, thinke, think
English: think
Scots: think, thynk
Old Frisian: thenka
North Frisian: teenk, taanke, tanke, tånke
Saterland Frisian: toanke
West Frisian: tinke
Old Saxon: thenkian
Middle Low German: denken
Low German: denken, dinken
→ Old Norse: þenkja
Icelandic: þenkja
Faroese: teinkja
Norwegian Nynorsk: tenke, tenka, tenkje, tenkja
Norwegian Bokmål: tenke
Old Swedish: þænkia
Swedish: tänka
Old Danish: thænkæ
Danish: tænke
Elfdalian: taintja
Gutnish: tänke
Scanian: tæńḱa
→ Polabian: denkot
Old Dutch: thenken
Middle Dutch: denken
Dutch: denken, (dialectal) dinken
Afrikaans: dink, denk
Jersey Dutch: dänke
Negerhollands: denk, dink, diṅk, diṅg, diṅ
→ Aukan: denki
→ Sranan Tongo: denki
→ Caribbean Javanese: dèngki
→ Saramaccan: tínga
Limburgish: dinke
Old High German: denken, thenken
Middle High German: denken
Alemannic German: tenke
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: dénkhan
Mòcheno: denken
German: denken
Yiddish: דענקען (denken)

Old Norse: þekkja

Icelandic: þekkja

Faroese: tekkja

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þagkjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *tong-éye-ti, causative of *teng- (“to think, feel, perceive, know”). Cognate with Latin tongeō (“know”).


þunkijaną

þunkijō (active first-person indicative singular)
þunkijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þunkijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þunkīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
þunkijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þunkī (active imperative second-person singular)
þunkijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þunkijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þunkīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þunkijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þunkijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þunkijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þunkijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þunkijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þunkijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þunkijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þunkijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þunkijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þunkijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þunkijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þunkijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þunkijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þunkīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þunkijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þunkīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þunkijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þunkijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þunkijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þunkijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þunkijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þunkijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þunkijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þunhtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þunhtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þunhtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þunhtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þunhtē (active indicative singular third-person)
þunhtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þunhtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þunhtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þunhtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þunhtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þunhtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þunhtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þunhtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þunhtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þunhtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þunhtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þunkijandz (active participle present)
þunkidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þunkijan
Old English: þyncan, þynċean
Middle English: thynken, thunken, thunchen
Scots: think, me-think
English: think (“to seem”), methinks
Old Frisian: thinka, thinza, thinsza, tinsa
Saterland Frisian: tinke
West Frisian: tinckje, tinkje
Old Saxon: thunkian
Middle Low German: dünken, dunken
Low German: dünken
Old Dutch: thunken
Middle Dutch: dunken
Dutch: dunken
Limburgish: dönke
Old High German: dunken
Middle High German: dunken, tunken
German: dünken
Luxembourgish: dénken

Old Norse: þykkja

Icelandic: þykja, samþykkja

Faroese: samtykkja (only in compounds)

Norwegian Nynorsk: tykkja

Jamtish: tykkje

Old Swedish: þykkia, þykia

Swedish: tycka, tyckas

Danish: tykkes, samtykke

Gothic: 𐌸𐌿𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þugkjan)

Zero-grade ye-present, pre-Germanic *tn̥g-ye/o-, from Proto-Indo-European *teng- (“to think, perceive”).

inh

to seem, (impersonal, with dative subject) to think


sehwaną

sehwō (active first-person indicative singular)
sehwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sehwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sihwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sehwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sehw (active imperative second-person singular)
sehwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sehwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sihwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sehwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sehwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sehwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sehwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sehwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sehwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sehwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sehwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sehwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sehwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sehwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sehwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sehwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sihwid (active indicative plural second-person)
sehwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sihwid (active imperative plural second-person)
sehwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sehwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sehwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sehwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sehwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sehwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sehwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sahw (active first-person indicative singular)
sēwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
saht (active indicative second-person singular)
sēwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sahw (active indicative singular third-person)
sēwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sēgū (active dual first-person indicative)
sēwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sēgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sēwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sēgum (active first-person indicative plural)
sēwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sēgud (active indicative plural second-person)
sēwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sēgun (active indicative plural third-person)
sēwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sehwandz (active participle present)
sewanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sehwan
Old English: sēon
Middle English: seen, sein, sien, seon, son, suen (chiefly early and West), zi (Kent)
English: see
Scots: se, sie, see
Yola: zee, zie, ze, zey, sau
Old Frisian: siā
Saterland Frisian: sjo
West Frisian: sjen
Old Saxon: sehan
Middle Low German: sehen, sēn
Low German: sehn
Frankish: *sehan
Old Dutch: sian
Middle Dutch: sien
Dutch: zien
Afrikaans: sien
Javindo: sien, siet
Jersey Dutch: zîn, zîne
Limburgish: zeen
Old High German: sehan
Middle High German: sëhen; sēn (chiefly East Central); sien (West Central)
Bavarian: segn
Central Franconian: sehn, senn, siehn, sinn
Hunsrik: sihn
German: sehen
Mòcheno: sechen
Pennsylvania German: sehne
Vilamovian: zaon
Yiddish: זען (zen)

Old Norse: sjá (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽 (saiƕan)

From *sekʷ-e-ti, thematic root present of Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to see, notice”), possibly related to *sagjaz (“companion, friend”, literally “follower”).


sitjaną

sitjō (active first-person indicative singular)
sitjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sitjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sitisi (active indicative second-person singular)
sitjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
siti (active imperative second-person singular)
sitjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sitjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sitiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sitjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sitjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sitjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sitjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sitjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sitjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sitjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sitjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sitjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sitjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sitjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sitjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sitjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sitiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sitjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sitiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sitjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sitjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sitjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sitjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sitjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sitjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sitjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sat (active first-person indicative singular)
sētį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sast (active indicative second-person singular)
sētīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sat (active indicative singular third-person)
sētī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sētū (active dual first-person indicative)
sētīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sētudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sētīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sētum (active first-person indicative plural)
sētīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sētud (active indicative plural second-person)
sētīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sētun (active indicative plural third-person)
sētīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sitjandz (active participle present)
setanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sittjan
Old English: sittan
Middle English: sitten, zitten, zitte (Kent)
English: sit
Scots: sit
Yola: zit
Old Frisian: sitta
West Frisian: sitte
Old Saxon: sittian
Middle Low German: sitten
Low German: sitten
Old Dutch: sitten
Middle Dutch: sitten
Dutch: zitten
Afrikaans: sit
Old High German: sitzen, sizzen, sitten
Middle High German: sitzen
Alemannic German:
Swabian: sitza
Central Franconian: setze
Cimbrian: zètzan (suppletive; some conjugations)
German: sitzen
Luxembourgish: sëtzen
Yiddish: זיצן (zitsn)

Old Norse: sitja
Icelandic: sitja
Faroese: sita
Norwegian Nynorsk: sidda, sidde, sidja, sikia, sikje, sitja, sitje, sitta, sitte
Jamtish: siti
Elfdalian: sittja, sitta
Old Swedish: sitia
Swedish: sitta
Old Danish: sitiæ, sitæ, sittæ
Danish: sidde
Norwegian Bokmål: sitte
Scanian: seda
Old Gutnish: sitia
Gutnish: sitä, site, sitte

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (sitan)

From Proto-Indo-European *sédyeti, from the root *sed- (“to sit”). Formal cognate with Ancient Greek ἕζομαι (hézomai).


ligjaną

ligjō (active first-person indicative singular)
ligjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ligjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
ligisi (active indicative second-person singular)
ligjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ligi (active imperative second-person singular)
ligjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ligjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ligiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
ligjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ligjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
ligjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ligjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ligjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
ligjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ligjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ligjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ligjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ligjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ligjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ligjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ligjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ligiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
ligjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ligiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
ligjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ligjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ligjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
ligjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ligjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
ligjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ligjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lag (active first-person indicative singular)
lēgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laht (active indicative second-person singular)
lēgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lag (active indicative singular third-person)
lēgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lēgū (active dual first-person indicative)
lēgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lēgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lēgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lēgum (active first-person indicative plural)
lēgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lēgud (active indicative plural second-person)
lēgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lēgun (active indicative plural third-person)
lēgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ligjandz (active participle present)
leganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *liggjan
Old English: liċġan
Middle English: lien
English: lie, lig
Scots: lie
Yola: lee, lidge
Old Frisian: lidzia
West Frisian: lizze (merger with ledza)
Old Saxon: liggian
Middle Low German: liggen
Low German: liggen
Dutch Low Saxon: liggen
German Low German: liggen
Old Dutch: liggen
Middle Dutch: liggen
Dutch: liggen
Afrikaans: lê (merger with leggen)
Jersey Dutch: lixxe
Negerhollands: lee, lei, lej
→ Papiamentu: lèg
Limburgish: ligke
Old High German: ligen, liggen, licken
Middle High German: ligen, licken
Alemannic German: ligge
Central Franconian: lijje
German: liegen, licken (dialectal)
Luxembourgish: leien
Yiddish: ליגן (lign)

Old Norse: liggja
Icelandic: liggja
Faroese: liggja
Norwegian Nynorsk: liggja
Elfdalian: ligga
Old Swedish: liggia
Swedish: ligga
Old Danish: liggæ
Danish: ligge
Norwegian Bokmål: ligge
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: ligga
Scanian: ligga
Old Gutnish: liggia
Gutnish: ligge

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (ligan)

From Proto-Indo-European *légʰyeti, from *legʰ- (“to lie”).


lagjaną

lagjō (active first-person indicative singular)
lagjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lagjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lagisi (active indicative second-person singular)
lagjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lagi (active imperative second-person singular)
lagjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lagjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lagiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
lagjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lagjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
lagjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lagjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lagjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
lagjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lagjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lagjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lagjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lagjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lagjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lagjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lagjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lagiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
lagjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lagiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
lagjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lagjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lagjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
lagjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lagjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
lagjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lagjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lagidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
lagidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lagidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
lagidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lagidē (active indicative singular third-person)
lagidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lagidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
lagidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lagidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lagidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lagidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
lagidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lagidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
lagidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lagidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
lagidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lagjandz (active participle present)
lagidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *laggjan
Old English: leċġan
Middle English: leyen, leyn, leygen, layn, leggen, leghen, lecchen
English: lay
Scots: lay
Yola: laaye, laay, leiough, leigh
Old Frisian: ledza, lega, leia, lidza
Saterland Frisian: ledsa, lääse
West Frisian: lizze
Old Saxon: leggian
Middle Low German: leggen
German Low German: leggen
Plautdietsch: lajen
Old Dutch: leggen
Middle Dutch: leggen
Dutch: leggen
Afrikaans: lê
Berbice Creole Dutch: lek
Negerhollands: lee, leggen
Skepi Creole Dutch: lek
Limburgish: lègke
Old High German: legen, leggen
Middle High German: legen, lecken
Bavarian: leng
Cimbrian: leng
Central Franconian: läje
East Central German: lejen
German: legen
Luxembourgish: leeën
Vilamovian: łen
Yiddish: לייגן (leygn)
→ Old French: laiier (see there for further descendants)
→ Old Occitan: laihar, laiar
→ Old Italian: lagare

Old Norse: leggja
Icelandic: leggja
Faroese: leggja
Norn: legga
Norwegian Nynorsk: leggja, leggje, legga
Old Swedish: læggia
Swedish: lägga
Danish: lægge
Norwegian Bokmål: legge
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: legge
Old Gutnish: leggia
Gutnish: lägge, lägg', lägga

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (lagjan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *lagittadak (see there for further descendants)

From *ligjaną (“to lie”) + *-janą (“causative suffix”).


bidjaną

bidjō (active first-person indicative singular)
bidjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bidjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bidisi (active indicative second-person singular)
bidjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bidi (active imperative second-person singular)
bidjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bidjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bidiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bidjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bidjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bidjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bidjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bidjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bidjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bidjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bidjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bidjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bidjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bidjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bidjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bidjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bidiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bidjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bidiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bidjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bidjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bidjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bidjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bidjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bidjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bidjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bad (active first-person indicative singular)
bēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bast (active indicative second-person singular)
bēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bad (active indicative singular third-person)
bēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bidjandz (active participle present)
bedanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *biddjan
Old English: biddan
Middle English: bidden
English: bid
Scots: bid
Old Frisian: bidda
North Frisian: bade, bad, ber
Saterland Frisian: bidje
West Frisian: bidde
Old Saxon: biddian
Middle Low German: bidden
Low German: bidden
Plautdietsch: beeden, bedden
Old Dutch: bidden
Middle Dutch: bidden
Dutch: bidden
Afrikaans: bid
Negerhollands: bed, bet, bit
Limburgish: baeje
Old High German: bitten
Middle High German: bitten
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: pittan
Mòcheno: pitten
German: bitten
Yiddish: ביטן (bitn)

Old Norse: biðja, ᛒᛁᚦᛁᛅ (biþia) — infinitive, ᛒᛅᚦ (baþ) — first/third singular past indicative
Icelandic: biðja
Faroese: biðja
Norwegian Nynorsk: bidja, beda, be
Old Swedish: biþia, bedhia
Swedish: bedja, be
Danish: bede
Norwegian Bokmål: bede, be

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bidjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰédʰyeti, from *gʷʰedʰ- (“to ask for; beseech”), or alternatively from *bʰedʰ- (“to bend, bow”) (compare the root of *bindaną). Not, as sometimes suggested, related to *bīdaną (“to wait”). More at *bedō (“a request, prayer”).

(transitive, +gen) to request, ask (for something)


etaną

etō (active first-person indicative singular)
etaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
etai (first-person indicative passive singular)
itizi (active indicative second-person singular)
etaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
et (active imperative second-person singular)
etazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
etaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
itidi (active indicative singular third-person)
etai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
etadau (active imperative singular third-person)
etadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
etaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
etōz (active dual first-person indicative)
etaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
etadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
etaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
etadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
etamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
etaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
etandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
etaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
itid (active indicative plural second-person)
etaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
itid (active imperative plural second-person)
etandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
etaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
etandi (active indicative plural third-person)
etain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
etandau (active imperative plural third-person)
etandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
etaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ēt (active first-person indicative singular)
ētį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ēst (active indicative second-person singular)
ētīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ēt (active indicative singular third-person)
ētī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ētū (active dual first-person indicative)
ētīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ētudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ētīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ētum (active first-person indicative plural)
ētīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ētud (active indicative plural second-person)
ētīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ētun (active indicative plural third-person)
ētīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
etandz (active participle present)
etanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *etan
Old English: etan, eata — Northumbrian, eotan, ætan
Middle English: eten, eete, eeten, ete, etin, ethe, ette, æten, etenn (Early Middle English)
English: eat
Scots: ait, aet, eat, eit, ete
Yola: at, ayth, eight
Old Frisian: ita, eta
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: iidj
Mooring: ääse
Saterland Frisian: iete, íete
West Frisian: ite
Old Saxon: etan
Middle Low German: ēten
Low German: eten
Old Dutch: etan
Middle Dutch: ēten
Dutch: eten
Afrikaans: eet
Limburgish: aete
Old High German: ëȥȥan
Middle High German: ëȥȥen
Alemannic German: ässe
Walser: essen, ässä, asse, assu
Bavarian: eisn, essn, èssn
Cimbrian: èzzan, èssan, ezzan
Mòcheno: èssn
Central Franconian: äße, esse (Kölsch, northernmost Ripuarian), eaße (parts of Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: esse
German: essen
Luxembourgish: iessen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: esse
Vilamovian: aosa
Yiddish: עסן (esn)

Old Norse: eta
Icelandic: eta, éta
Faroese: eta
Norwegian Nynorsk: eta, ete; (dialectal) ita, åtå, øtå
Elfdalian: jätå
Old Swedish: æta
Swedish: äta
Old Danish: ætæ
Danish: æde
Norwegian Bokmål: ete
Scanian: æda
Gutnish: äte, jite, jeta

Gothic: 𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (itan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *ettana (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁édti, from *h₁ed- (“to eat”).


drepaną

drepō (active first-person indicative singular)
drepaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
drepai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dripizi (active indicative second-person singular)
drepaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drep (active imperative second-person singular)
drepazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
drepaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dripidi (active indicative singular third-person)
drepai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drepadau (active imperative singular third-person)
drepadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
drepaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
drepōz (active dual first-person indicative)
drepaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drepadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drepaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drepadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
drepamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
drepaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drepandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
drepaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dripid (active indicative plural second-person)
drepaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dripid (active imperative plural second-person)
drepandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
drepaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
drepandi (active indicative plural third-person)
drepain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
drepandau (active imperative plural third-person)
drepandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
drepaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
drap (active first-person indicative singular)
drēpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
draft (active indicative second-person singular)
drēpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drap (active indicative singular third-person)
drēpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drēpū (active dual first-person indicative)
drēpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drēpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drēpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drēpum (active first-person indicative plural)
drēpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drēpud (active indicative plural second-person)
drēpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
drēpun (active indicative plural third-person)
drēpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
drepandz (active participle present)
drepanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *drepan
Old English: drepan
Middle English: drepen, drepe, drep
>? English: drib, drub
>? Scots: drib, drub
Old Saxon: drepan
Middle Low German: drēpen
German Low German: drapen, dropen
Low German: drapen, drepen
Old Dutch: drepan
Middle Dutch: drēpen
Limburgish: draepe
Old High German: treffan
Middle High German: treffen
→ Czech: trefit
German: treffen
→ Belarusian: трапіць (trapicʹ)
→ Danish: træffe
→ Esperanto: trafi
→ Luxembourgish: treffen
→ Norwegian Bokmål: treffe
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: treffe
→ Polish: trefić
→ Silesian: trefić
→ Swedish: träffa
→ Ukrainian: трафити (trafyty)
→ Middle Dutch: treffen
Dutch: treffen
Afrikaans: tref
→ Polish: trafić
→ Serbo-Croatian: trefiti
→ Slovak: trafiť
Yiddish: טרעפֿן (trefn)

Old Norse: drepa
Icelandic: drepa
Faroese: drepa
Norwegian Nynorsk: drepe, drepa, dribba (dialectal)
Old Swedish: dræpa
Swedish: dräpa
Danish: dræbe
Norwegian Bokmål: drepe
Old Gutnish: drepa

Due to the *p, which otherwise points to a dubious Proto-Indo-European *b, Kroonen assumes that ultimately the Germanic verb is a back-formation from the iterative *drappōną of *drabaną (“to hew”), which would be from a root *dʰrebʰ- (“to grind; crush; kill”), elsewhere attested only in Balto-Slavic. Cognate with Lithuanian drė̃bti (“to strike”), Latvian drêbt (“to beat”).