friþōną

friþō (active first-person indicative singular)
friþǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
friþōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
friþōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
friþōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
friþō (active imperative second-person singular)
friþōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
friþōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
friþōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
friþō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
friþōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
friþōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
friþōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
friþōs (active dual first-person indicative)
friþōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
friþōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
friþōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
friþōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
friþōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
friþōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
friþōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
friþōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
friþōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
friþōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
friþōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
friþōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
friþōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
friþōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
friþōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
friþōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
friþōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
friþōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
friþōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
friþōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
friþōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
friþōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
friþōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
friþōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
friþōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
friþōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
friþōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
friþōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
friþōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
friþōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
friþōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
friþōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
friþōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
friþōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
friþōndz (active participle present)
friþōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *friþōn
Old English: friþian, freoþian, friðian — edh spelling
Middle English: frithen, ffryþe, frethen, frythen, fyrthe, vreþie, friðen, friþian, fruðien (Early Middle English)
Scots: freeth
Old Frisian: frethia, frithia
Old Saxon: *frithōn
Middle Low German: vreden
Old Dutch: *frithon
Middle Dutch: vreden; (bevreden, vredigen)
Dutch: vreden; (bevreden, vredigen, bevredigen)
(Afrikaans: bevredig)
Old High German: fridon
Middle High German: vriden
German: frieden

Old Norse: friða

Icelandic: friða

Old Swedish: friþa

Swedish: freda

desc

Gothic: *𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐍉𐌽 (*friþōn), 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐍉𐌽 (gafriþōn)

/ˈɸri.θɔː.nɑ̃/


ninþaną

ninþō (active first-person indicative singular)
ninþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ninþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
ninþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
ninþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ninþ (active imperative second-person singular)
ninþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ninþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ninþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
ninþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ninþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
ninþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ninþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ninþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
ninþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ninþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ninþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ninþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ninþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ninþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ninþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ninþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ninþid (active indicative plural second-person)
ninþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ninþid (active imperative plural second-person)
ninþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ninþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ninþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
ninþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ninþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
ninþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ninþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
nanþ (active first-person indicative singular)
nundį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nanst (active indicative second-person singular)
nundīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nanþ (active indicative singular third-person)
nundī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nundū (active dual first-person indicative)
nundīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nundudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nundīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nundum (active first-person indicative plural)
nundīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nundud (active indicative plural second-person)
nundīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nundun (active indicative plural third-person)
nundīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ninþandz (active participle present)
nundanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old High German: *nindan, ginindan

From Pre-Germanic *nent-, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *nant- (“to fight, dare”). Related to Old Irish néit (“battle, combat”).


fandōną

fandō (active first-person indicative singular)
fandǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fandōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
fandōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fandōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fandō (active imperative second-person singular)
fandōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fandōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fandōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fandō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fandōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fandōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fandōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fandōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fandōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fandōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fandōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fandōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fandōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fandōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fandōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fandōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fandōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fandōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fandōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fandōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fandōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fandōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fandōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fandōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fandōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fandōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fandōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fandōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fandōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fandōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fandōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
fandōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fandōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fandōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fandōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fandōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fandōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fandōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fandōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fandōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fandōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fandōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fandōndz (active participle present)
fandōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: fandian

Middle English: fandien, fanden

English: fand

Old Frisian: fandia

→ Old Norse: fendinn (from present participle)

Norwegian: faen, fanden

Old Swedish: fændin

Swedish: fan

Danish: fanden

Old Saxon: fandon

Middle Low German: vanden

Old Dutch: *fandon

Middle Dutch: vanden

Dutch: vanden (dialectal)

Old High German: fanton

desc

Middle High German: vanten, fenden, vanden

German: fahnden

/ˈɸɑn.dɔː.nɑ̃/

An o-grade iterative derived from *finþaną (“to find”).


fangōną

fangō (active first-person indicative singular)
fangǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fangōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
fangōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fangōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fangō (active imperative second-person singular)
fangōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fangōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fangōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fangō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fangōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fangōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fangōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fangōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fangōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fangōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fangōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fangōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fangōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fangōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fangōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fangōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fangōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fangōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fangōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fangōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fangōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fangōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fangōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fangōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fangōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fangōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fangōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fangōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fangōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fangōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fangōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
fangōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fangōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fangōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fangōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fangōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fangōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fangōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fangōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fangōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fangōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fangōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fangōndz (active participle present)
fangōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fangōn
Old English: *fangian
⇒ Old English: gefangian
Old Saxon: *fangon
Middle Low German: vangen
Old High German: *fangon
⇒ Old High German: situfangon

Old Norse: fanga

Icelandic: fanga

Old Swedish: fanga

Swedish: fånga

/ˈɸɑŋ.ɡɔː.nɑ̃/


sadjaną

sadjō (active first-person indicative singular)
sadjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sadjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sadisi (active indicative second-person singular)
sadjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sadi (active imperative second-person singular)
sadjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sadjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sadiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sadjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sadjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sadjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sadjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sadjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sadjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sadjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sadjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sadjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sadjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sadjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sadjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sadjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sadiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sadjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sadiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sadjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sadjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sadjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sadjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sadjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sadjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sadjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sadidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sadidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sadidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sadidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sadidē (active indicative singular third-person)
sadidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sadidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sadidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sadidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sadidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sadidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sadidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sadidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sadidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sadidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sadidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sadjandz (active participle present)
sadidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *saddjan
Old Saxon: *sedian
Middle Low German: sēden
Old Dutch: *seden
Middle Dutch: sēden
Old High German: *setten
Middle High German: seten, setten

Old Norse: seðja

Icelandic: seðja

From *sadaz (“sated”) + *-janą (“factitive suffix”).


langijaną

langijō (active first-person indicative singular)
langijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
langijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
langīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
langijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
langī (active imperative second-person singular)
langijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
langijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
langīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
langijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
langijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
langijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
langijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
langijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
langijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
langijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
langijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
langijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
langijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
langijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
langijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
langijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
langīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
langijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
langīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
langijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
langijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
langijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
langijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
langijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
langijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
langijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
langidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
langidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
langidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
langidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
langidē (active indicative singular third-person)
langidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
langidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
langidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
langidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
langidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
langidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
langidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
langidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
langidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
langidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
langidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
langijandz (active participle present)
langidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *langijan
Old English: lengan
Middle English: lengen
English: linge
Scots: ling
Old Frisian: lendza
West Frisian: linge
Old Saxon: *lengian
Middle Low German: lengen
Old Dutch: *lengen
Middle Dutch: lengen, lingen
Dutch: lengen
Old High German: lengen
Middle High German: lengen
German: längen

Old Norse: lengja

Icelandic: lengja

Faroese: leingja

Old Swedish: længia

Swedish: länga


spellōną

spellō (active first-person indicative singular)
spellǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spellōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
spellōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
spellōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spellō (active imperative second-person singular)
spellōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
spellōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
spellōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
spellō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spellōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
spellōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
spellōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
spellōs (active dual first-person indicative)
spellōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spellōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spellōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spellōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
spellōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
spellōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spellōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
spellōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
spellōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
spellōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spellōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
spellōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
spellōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
spellōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
spellōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spellōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
spellōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
spellōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
spellōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
spellōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spellōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
spellōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spellōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
spellōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spellōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
spellōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spellōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spellōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spellōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
spellōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spellōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
spellōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spellōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
spellōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spellōndz (active participle present)
spellōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *spellōn
Old English: spellian
Middle English: spellen
English: spell
Old Frisian: *spellia
West Frisian: spelle, spjelle, speldzje
Old Dutch: *spellon
Middle Dutch: spellen
Dutch: spellen
Limburgish: spèlle
Old High German: *spellōn
Middle High German: spellen
German: spellen (obsolete; dialectal)
⇒ Old High German: gotspellōn

Old Norse: spjalla

Icelandic: spjalla

Gothic: 𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻𐌻𐍉𐌽 (spillōn)


sanþōną

sanþō (active first-person indicative singular)
sanþǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sanþōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
sanþōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sanþōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sanþō (active imperative second-person singular)
sanþōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sanþōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sanþōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sanþō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sanþōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sanþōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sanþōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sanþōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sanþōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sanþōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sanþōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sanþōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sanþōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sanþōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sanþōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sanþōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sanþōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sanþōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sanþōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sanþōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sanþōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sanþōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sanþōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sanþōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sanþōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sanþōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sanþōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sanþōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sanþōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sanþōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sanþōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sanþōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sanþōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sanþōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sanþōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sanþōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sanþōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sanþōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sanþōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sanþōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sanþōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sanþōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sanþōndz (active participle present)
sanþōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sanþōn

Old English: sōþian, sōðian — edh spelling
Middle English: soþien, sothen
English: soothe
Scots: suith, sooth
⇒ Scots: soother (verb)

Old High German: sandōn

Old Norse: sanna
Icelandic: sanna
Faroese: sanna
Norwegian Nynorsk: sanna, sanne
Old Swedish: sanna
Swedish: sanna
Danish: sande

/ˈsɑn.θɔː.nɑ̃/


sadulōną

sadulō (active first-person indicative singular)
sadulǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sadulōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
sadulōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sadulōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sadulō (active imperative second-person singular)
sadulōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sadulōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sadulōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sadulō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sadulōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sadulōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sadulōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sadulōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sadulōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sadulōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sadulōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sadulōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sadulōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sadulōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sadulōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sadulōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sadulōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sadulōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sadulōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sadulōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sadulōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sadulōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sadulōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sadulōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sadulōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sadulōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sadulōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sadulōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sadulōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sadulōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sadulōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sadulōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sadulōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sadulōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sadulōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sadulōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sadulōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sadulōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sadulōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sadulōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sadulōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sadulōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sadulōndz (active participle present)
sadulōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sadulōn
Old English: sadolian
Middle English: sadelien, sadelen, sadlen
Scots: sadill, saidle
English: saddle
Old Frisian: *sadelia, *sālia
Saterland Frisian: soadelje
West Frisian: sealje
Old Saxon: *sadalōn
Middle Low German: sadelen
German Low German: sadeln
Old Dutch: *sadalon
Middle Dutch: sadelen
Dutch: zadelen
Old High German: satalōn
Middle High German: satelen
German: satteln

Old Norse: sǫðla

Icelandic: söðla

Norwegian: sale

Old Swedish: saþla

Swedish: sadla

Danish: sadle

desc

Gutnish: sadle, salle, sall', sal', salla


wulaną

wulō (active first-person indicative singular)
wulaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wulai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wulizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wulaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wul (active imperative second-person singular)
wulazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wulaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wulidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wulai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wuladau (active imperative singular third-person)
wuladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wulaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wulōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wulaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wuladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wulaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wuladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wulamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wulaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wulandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wulaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wulid (active indicative plural second-person)
wulaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wulid (active imperative plural second-person)
wulandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wulaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wulandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wulain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wulandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wulandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wulaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wal (active first-person indicative singular)
wulį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
walt (active indicative second-person singular)
wulīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wal (active indicative singular third-person)
wulī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wulū (active dual first-person indicative)
wulīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wuludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wulīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wulum (active first-person indicative plural)
wulīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wulud (active indicative plural second-person)
wulīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wulun (active indicative plural third-person)
wulīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wulandz (active participle present)
wulanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽 (wulan)

From Pre-Germanic *wl̥H-, a zero-grade present from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to roll, undulate”).


strangijaną

strangijō (active first-person indicative singular)
strangijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
strangijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
strangīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
strangijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
strangī (active imperative second-person singular)
strangijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
strangijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
strangīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
strangijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
strangijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
strangijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
strangijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
strangijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
strangijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
strangijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
strangijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
strangijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
strangijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
strangijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
strangijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
strangijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
strangīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
strangijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
strangīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
strangijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
strangijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
strangijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
strangijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
strangijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
strangijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
strangijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
strangidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
strangidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
strangidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
strangidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
strangidē (active indicative singular third-person)
strangidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
strangidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
strangidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
strangidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
strangidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
strangidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
strangidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
strangidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
strangidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
strangidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
strangidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
strangijandz (active participle present)
strangidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *strangijan
Old English: strengan
Middle English: strengen
English: string
Old Frisian: strenza
West Frisian: stringe, stringje
Old Saxon: *strengian
Middle Low German: strengen
Old Dutch: *strengen
Middle Dutch: strengen
Dutch: strengen
Old High German: strengen
Middle High German: strengen
German: strängen

Old Norse: strengja

Icelandic: strengja

Old Swedish: strængia


straumijaną

straumijō (active first-person indicative singular)
straumijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
straumijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
straumīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
straumijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
straumī (active imperative second-person singular)
straumijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
straumijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
straumīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
straumijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
straumijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
straumijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
straumijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
straumijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
straumijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
straumijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
straumijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
straumijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
straumijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
straumijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
straumijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
straumijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
straumīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
straumijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
straumīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
straumijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
straumijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
straumijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
straumijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
straumijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
straumijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
straumijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
straumidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
straumidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
straumidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
straumidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
straumidē (active indicative singular third-person)
straumidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
straumidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
straumidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
straumidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
straumidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
straumidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
straumidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
straumidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
straumidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
straumidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
straumidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
straumijandz (active participle present)
straumidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *straumijan
Old English: *strīeman
Middle English: stremen
English: stream
Old Frisian: *strēma
West Frisian: streame
Old Dutch: *strōmen
Middle Dutch: strômen
Dutch: stromen
Old High German: *stroumen
Middle High German: strömen, strümen
German: strömen

Old Norse: streyma

Icelandic: streyma

Faroese: stroyma

Swedish: strömma

Danish: strømme

From *straumaz (“stream, current”) + *-janą.


sunjōną

sunjō (active first-person indicative singular)
sunjǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sunjōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
sunjōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sunjōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sunjō (active imperative second-person singular)
sunjōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sunjōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sunjōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sunjō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sunjōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sunjōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sunjōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sunjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sunjōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sunjōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sunjōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sunjōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sunjōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sunjōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sunjōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sunjōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sunjōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sunjōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sunjōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sunjōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sunjōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sunjōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sunjōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sunjōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sunjōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sunjōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sunjōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sunjōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sunjōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sunjōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sunjōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sunjōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sunjōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sunjōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sunjōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sunjōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sunjōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sunjōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sunjōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sunjōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sunjōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sunjōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sunjōndz (active participle present)
sunjōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: synja

Icelandic: synja

Faroese: synja

Old Swedish: synia

Swedish: söna (archaic)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉𐌽 (sunjōn)

(with reflexive pronoun) to put oneself in the right, excuse oneself


werþōną

werþō (active first-person indicative singular)
werþǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
werþōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
werþōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
werþōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
werþō (active imperative second-person singular)
werþōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
werþōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
werþōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
werþō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
werþōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
werþōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
werþōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
werþōs (active dual first-person indicative)
werþōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
werþōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
werþōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
werþōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
werþōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
werþōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
werþōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
werþōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
werþōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
werþōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
werþōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
werþōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
werþōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
werþōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
werþōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
werþōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
werþōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
werþōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
werþōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
werþōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
werþōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
werþōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
werþōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
werþōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
werþōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
werþōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
werþōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
werþōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
werþōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
werþōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
werþōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
werþōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
werþōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
werþōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
werþōndz (active participle present)
werþōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: weorþian

Middle English: wurthien, worthien

English: worthy

Old Frisian: werdia

Old Saxon: *werthon; giwerthon

Old High German: werdōn

Old Norse: verða

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍉𐌽 (wairþōn)

Derived from *werþaz (“worthy, valuable”) + *-ōną or *werþą (“worth, value”) + *-ōną.


gaumijaną

gaumijō (active first-person indicative singular)
gaumijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaumijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gaumīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
gaumijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaumī (active imperative second-person singular)
gaumijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gaumijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gaumīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gaumijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gaumijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gaumijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gaumijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gaumijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gaumijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gaumijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gaumijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gaumijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gaumijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gaumijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gaumijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gaumijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gaumīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gaumijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gaumīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gaumijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gaumijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gaumijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gaumijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gaumijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gaumijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gaumijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gaumidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
gaumidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaumidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
gaumidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaumidē (active indicative singular third-person)
gaumidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gaumidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gaumidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gaumidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gaumidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gaumidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gaumidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gaumidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gaumidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gaumidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gaumidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gaumijandz (active participle present)
gaumidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *gaumijan
Old English: ġīeman, ġīman, ġȳman
Middle English: ȝemen, yemen
English: yeme (obsolete)
Old Saxon: gōmian
Middle Low German: gômen, gȫmen
Old Dutch: *gōmen
Middle Dutch: gômen
Dutch: gomen (obsolete)
Old High German: goumen
Middle High German: goumen
Alemannic German: gaume

Old Norse: geyma

Icelandic: geyma

Faroese: goyma

Norwegian Nynorsk: gøyma

Norwegian Bokmål: gjømme

Old Swedish: gø̄ma

Swedish: gömma

desc

Old Danish: gø̄mæ, gēmæ, gǣmæ, gømmæ, gimmæ, giø̄ma

Danish: gemme

Norwegian Bokmål: gjemme

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaumjan)


ambahtijaną

ambahtijō (active first-person indicative singular)
ambahtijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ambahtijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
ambahtīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
ambahtijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ambahtī (active imperative second-person singular)
ambahtijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ambahtijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ambahtīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
ambahtijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ambahtijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
ambahtijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ambahtijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ambahtijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
ambahtijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ambahtijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ambahtijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ambahtijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ambahtijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ambahtijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ambahtijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ambahtijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ambahtīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
ambahtijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ambahtīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
ambahtijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ambahtijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ambahtijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
ambahtijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ambahtijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
ambahtijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ambahtijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ambahtidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
ambahtidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ambahtidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
ambahtidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ambahtidē (active indicative singular third-person)
ambahtidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ambahtidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
ambahtidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ambahtidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ambahtidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ambahtidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
ambahtidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ambahtidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
ambahtidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ambahtidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
ambahtidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ambahtijandz (active participle present)
ambahtidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ambahtijan
Old English: ambehtan, embehtan, embihtan, onbyhtan, embigtan
Old Saxon: *ambahtian
Middle Low German: ambachten
Old Dutch: ambahten
Middle Dutch: *ambachten
Dutch: ambachten (from an unattested Middle Dutch verb, or a more recently formed verb based on the related noun ambacht)
Old High German: ambahten
Middle High German: ambahten, ambehten, ambten
⇒ Middle High German: ambehtære

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: embætta

Icelandic: embætta

Faroese: ambæta

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (andbahtjan)


kunþijaną

kunþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
kunþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kunþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kunþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kunþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kunþī (active imperative second-person singular)
kunþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kunþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kunþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kunþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kunþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kunþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kunþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kunþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kunþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kunþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kunþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kunþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kunþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kunþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kunþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kunþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kunþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kunþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kunþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kunþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kunþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kunþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kunþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kunþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kunþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kunþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kunþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kunþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kunþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kunþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kunþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kunþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kunþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kunþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kunþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kunþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kunþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kunþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kunþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kunþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kunþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kunþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kunþijandz (active participle present)
kunþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kunþijan
Old English: cȳþan
Middle English: küthen, kiþen
English: kithe
Scots: kithe
Old Frisian: kētha
Old Saxon: kūthian
Middle Low German: künden
→ Saterland Frisian: kundje
Old Dutch: cunden
Middle Dutch: conden
Dutch: konden
Old High German: kunden
Middle High German: künden, kunden
German: künden

Old Norse: kynna

Icelandic: kynna

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: kynne

Norwegian Nynorsk: kynna, kynne

Old Swedish: kynna

Swedish: kynna

Old Danish:

Danish: kynde

desc

𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽

Gothic: *𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*kunþjan), 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaswikunþjan), 𐌱𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bikunþjan)

From *kunþaz (“known”) + *-janą (“factitive suffix”).


hardijaną

hardijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hardijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hardijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hardīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hardijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hardī (active imperative second-person singular)
hardijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hardijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hardīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hardijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hardijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hardijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hardijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hardijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hardijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hardijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hardijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hardijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hardijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hardijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hardijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hardijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hardīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hardijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hardīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hardijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hardijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hardijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hardijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hardijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hardijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hardijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hardidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hardidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hardidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hardidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hardidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hardidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hardidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hardidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hardidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hardidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hardidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hardidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hardidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hardidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hardidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hardidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hardijandz (active participle present)
hardidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hardijan
Old English: hierdan, herdan, hyrdan, hirdan
Middle English: herden, harden (merged with descendant of Old English heardian)
English: hard (obsolete)
Old Frisian: herda
Old Dutch: *herden
Middle Dutch: herden, harden
Dutch: harden
Afrikaans: hard
Old High German: herten
Middle High German: herten
German: härten
→ Old French: hardir
French: hardi
→ English: hardy

Old Norse: herða

Icelandic: herða

Norwegian: herda, herde

Old Swedish: hærþa

Swedish: härda

Old Danish: hærthæ

Danish: hærde

desc

Gothic: *𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*hardjan), 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gahardjan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kärcidäk (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *kiertëtēk (see there for further descendants)


laugnijaną

laugnijō (active first-person indicative singular)
laugnijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laugnijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
laugnīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
laugnijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laugnī (active imperative second-person singular)
laugnijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
laugnijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
laugnīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
laugnijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laugnijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
laugnijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
laugnijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
laugnijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
laugnijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laugnijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laugnijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laugnijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
laugnijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
laugnijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laugnijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
laugnijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
laugnīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
laugnijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laugnīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
laugnijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
laugnijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
laugnijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
laugnijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laugnijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
laugnijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
laugnijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laugnidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
laugnidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laugnidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
laugnidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laugnidē (active indicative singular third-person)
laugnidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laugnidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
laugnidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laugnidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laugnidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laugnidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
laugnidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laugnidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
laugnidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laugnidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
laugnidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laugnijandz (active participle present)
laugnidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *laugnijan
Old English: līegnan, lȳgnan, līgnan, lēgnan
Middle English: lihhnen, lighnen, liȝnen, lynen
Old Frisian: lēina, laina
Old Saxon: lōgnian, lâgnian, lāgnian, lagnian
Middle Low German: lôchenen
→ Saterland Frisian: löägenje, lööchenje (< lāgnian)
→ West Frisian: leagenje (< lāgnian)
Old Dutch: *lōganen, *lōgnen
Middle Dutch: logenen, loochenen, loochnen, loggenen
Dutch: loochenen
Old High German: louganen
Middle High German: löugenen, lougen
German: leugnen

Old Norse: leyna

Icelandic: leyna

Faroese: loyna

Old Swedish: lø̄na

desc

→ Middle English: leynen, leinen, laynen, lainen

English: lain

Scots: lain

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (laugnjan)


klībaną

klībō (active first-person indicative singular)
klībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
klībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
klībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klīb (active imperative second-person singular)
klībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
klībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
klībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
klībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
klībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
klībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
klībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
klībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
klībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
klībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
klībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
klībid (active indicative plural second-person)
klībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klībid (active imperative plural second-person)
klībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
klībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
klībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
klībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
klībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
klībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
klaib (active first-person indicative singular)
klibį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klaift (active indicative second-person singular)
klibīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klaib (active indicative singular third-person)
klibī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klibū (active dual first-person indicative)
klibīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klibudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klibīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klibum (active first-person indicative plural)
klibīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klibud (active indicative plural second-person)
klibīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klibun (active indicative plural third-person)
klibīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klībandz (active participle present)
klibanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *klīban
Old English: clīfan
Middle English: cleven (conflated with *klibēn)
English: cleave
Scots: cleve, cleif
Middle English: cliven, clyven (merged with Old Norse klífa)
English: clive
Old Frisian: klīva
⇒ West Frisian: kleve (weak verb)
Old Saxon: *klīban, *klīvan
Middle Low German: klîven
German Low German: klieven
Old Dutch: *clīvan
Middle Dutch: cliven
Dutch: klijven
Old High German: klīban
Middle High German: klīben
German: kleiben (archaic)

Old Norse: klífa

Icelandic: klífa

Faroese: kliva

Norwegian Nynorsk: kliva

Old Swedish: klīva

Swedish: kliva

Old Danish: klivæ

Danish: klyve

Elfdalian: klaiva

From Proto-Indo-European *gleybʰ- (“to stick”). Cognate with Latvian gliêbtiês (“to cling”).


klibāną

klibō (active first-person indicative singular)
klibaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
klibai (active imperative second-person singular)
klibāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
klibaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
klibāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
klibāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
klibōs (active dual first-person indicative)
klibāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klibāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
klibāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
klibānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
klibaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
klibaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
klibānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
klibānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
klibānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
klibānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
klibadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
klibadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klibadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
klibadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klibadē (active indicative singular third-person)
klibadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klibadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
klibadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klibadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klibadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klibadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
klibadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klibadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
klibadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klibadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
klibadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klibāndz (active participle present)
klibadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *klibēn
Old English: clifian, cleofian
Middle English: clivien, cleovien, clevien, cleven
English: cleave
Scots: cleve, cleif
Old Frisian: *klivia, *klevia
Saterland Frisian: klieuwje
West Frisian: kleevje, klibje
Old Saxon: klibōn, klivōn, *klevōn
Middle Low German: klēven
Low German: kliven
German Low German: kleven
Old Dutch: clivon
Middle Dutch: cleven
Dutch: kleven
Afrikaans: kleef, klewe
Old High German: klebēn, chlebēn; (Central German also) *klevōn (attested as clevōne, clivōda)
Middle High German: kleben
German: kleben
→ Danish: klæbe
→ Estonian: kleepima
→ Swedish: klibba
Luxembourgish: kliewen
Yiddish: קלעפּן (klepn), קלעבן (klebn)

Old Norse: klifa (possibly conflated with *klibōną?)

Icelandic: klifa

A stative derived from the root of *klībaną (“to stick”).


gruppōną

gruppō (active first-person indicative singular)
gruppǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gruppōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
gruppōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
gruppōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gruppō (active imperative second-person singular)
gruppōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gruppōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gruppōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gruppō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gruppōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gruppōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gruppōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gruppōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gruppōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gruppōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gruppōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gruppōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gruppōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gruppōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gruppōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gruppōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gruppōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gruppōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gruppōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gruppōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gruppōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gruppōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gruppōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gruppōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gruppōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gruppōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gruppōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
gruppōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gruppōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
gruppōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gruppōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
gruppōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gruppōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gruppōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gruppōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gruppōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gruppōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gruppōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gruppōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gruppōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gruppōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gruppōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gruppōndz (active participle present)
gruppōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Middle English: grubben, gropen

English: grub, groop

Middle Low German: gropen

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: grobben

⇒ Dutch: grobbelen (frequentative)

German: groppen (dialectal)

Norwegian: gropa

From Pre-Germanic *gʰr̥bʰnéh₂-, with remodeling based on its strong verb, an iterative formation to *grabaną (“to dig”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrebʰ- (“to dig, scratch, bury”). Related to Sanskrit गृभ्णाति (gṛbhṇāti, “to seize, lay hold of”).


flakkōną

flakkō (active first-person indicative singular)
flakkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flakkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
flakkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
flakkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flakkō (active imperative second-person singular)
flakkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
flakkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
flakkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
flakkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flakkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
flakkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
flakkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
flakkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
flakkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flakkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flakkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flakkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
flakkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
flakkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flakkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
flakkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
flakkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
flakkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flakkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
flakkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
flakkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
flakkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
flakkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flakkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
flakkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
flakkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
flakkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
flakkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flakkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
flakkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flakkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
flakkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flakkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
flakkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flakkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flakkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flakkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
flakkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flakkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
flakkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flakkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
flakkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flakkōndz (active participle present)
flakkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *flakkōn

Old English: *flaccian

Middle English: flakken, flacken

English: flack

Scots: flack (obsolete)

Old Dutch: *flakkon

desc

Middle Dutch: vlacken (“to shoot, blaze, flicker”)

Dutch: vlakken

From pre-Germanic *plh₂knéh₂-, an iterative formation to *flōkaną (“to slap, mourn”).


flakkōną

Proto-West Germanic: *flakkōn

suffix replaced with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*-ōjan</i>

⇒ Old English: *flaccian (suffix replaced with *-ōjan)

Middle English: flakken, flacken, flaken, flaggen

Middle Dutch: vlacken, vlaken

(Dutch: vlakkeren, (more common) flakkeren)

(⇒ Old High German: flagarōn)

Old Norse:

Norwegian: flaga

Considered by Kroonen to be a secondary o-grade iterative formation to zero-grade *flukkōną (“to fly”), from *fleuganą (“to fly”).


skertaną

skertō (active first-person indicative singular)
skertaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skertai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skirtizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skertaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skert (active imperative second-person singular)
skertazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skertaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skirtidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skertai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skertadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skertadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skertaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skertōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skertaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skertadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skertaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skertadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skertamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skertaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skertandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skertaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skirtid (active indicative plural second-person)
skertaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skirtid (active imperative plural second-person)
skertandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skertaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skertandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skertain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skertandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skertandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skertaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skart (active first-person indicative singular)
skurtį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skarst (active indicative second-person singular)
skurtīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skart (active indicative singular third-person)
skurtī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skurtū (active dual first-person indicative)
skurtīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skurtudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skurtīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skurtum (active first-person indicative plural)
skurtīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skurtud (active indicative plural second-person)
skurtīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skurtun (active indicative plural third-person)
skurtīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skertandz (active participle present)
skurtanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Dutch: scharten (dialectal)

Old High German: *skerzan

Middle High German: scherzen

Perhaps originally **skerdaną, from Proto-Indo-European *skerdʰ-, whence also Proto-Germanic *skardaz (“cut-up, damaged”), with the root-final consonant influenced by the iterative counterpart *skurt(t)ōną. Perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut off”); see the derivative *skurtaz (“short”).


skertaną

Old English: *sċiertan, *sċyrtan

desc

Middle English: schurten, schurtten (“to amuse or enjoy oneself”)

desctree

Old High German: *skërzan
Middle High German: schërzen
Cimbrian: schèrtzan
German: scherzen
→ Italian: scherzare

Possibly from a Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerd- (“to move, sway, swing”), and related to Sanskrit कूर्दति (kūrdati, “to spring”), Ancient Greek κραδάω (kradáō, “to swing”).


sprīþaną

sprīþō (active first-person indicative singular)
sprīþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sprīþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sprīþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sprīþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprīþ (active imperative second-person singular)
sprīþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sprīþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sprīþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sprīþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprīþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sprīþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sprīþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sprīþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sprīþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprīþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprīþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprīþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sprīþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sprīþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprīþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sprīþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sprīþid (active indicative plural second-person)
sprīþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprīþid (active imperative plural second-person)
sprīþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sprīþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sprīþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sprīþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprīþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sprīþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sprīþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
spraiþ (active first-person indicative singular)
spridį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spraist (active indicative second-person singular)
spridīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spraiþ (active indicative singular third-person)
spridī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spridū (active dual first-person indicative)
spridīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spridudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spridīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spridum (active first-person indicative plural)
spridīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spridud (active indicative plural second-person)
spridīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spridun (active indicative plural third-person)
spridīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprīþandz (active participle present)
spridanaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*sprītaną (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sprīþan
Old High German: *sprīdan, sprīzan (influenced by *sprittōn)
Middle High German: sprīden, sprīten

From pre-Germanic *spreyt-, of uncertain origin, with no certain cognates outside of Germanic; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)perh₁- (“to kick”) + *-ey- + *-t-. Variant stem *sprīt- influenced by iterative *spritt-.

der

(West Germanic) to break up, become scattered

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


lappōną

lappō (active first-person indicative singular)
lappǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lappōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
lappōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
lappōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lappō (active imperative second-person singular)
lappōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lappōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lappōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
lappō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lappōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
lappōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lappōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lappōs (active dual first-person indicative)
lappōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lappōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lappōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lappōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lappōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lappōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lappōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lappōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lappōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
lappōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lappōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
lappōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lappōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lappōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
lappōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lappōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
lappōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lappōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lappōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
lappōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lappōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
lappōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lappōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
lappōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lappōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
lappōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lappōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lappōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lappōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
lappōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lappōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
lappōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lappōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
lappōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lappōndz (active participle present)
lappōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: lapian

Middle English: lapien, lappen

English: lap, lape (obsolete)

Dutch: labben, lappen (early modern)

Old Norse: *lapa

Old Swedish: lapa

Swedish: lapa

From Pre-Germanic *lap-néh₂- (“to lick”). The root was probably onomatopoeic and might have come about after the PIE period proper. Related to Latin lambō (“to lick”), Lithuanian lapènti (“to drink greedily (of pigs)”), Ancient Greek λάπτω (láptō, “idem”), Albanian lap (“to lick or lap up water”), Russian ло́пать (lópatʹ, “to gobble up”).


glitmunjaną

glitmunjō (active first-person indicative singular)
glitmunjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glitmunjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
glitmunisi (active indicative second-person singular)
glitmunjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glitmuni (active imperative second-person singular)
glitmunjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
glitmunjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
glitmuniþi (active indicative singular third-person)
glitmunjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glitmunjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
glitmunjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
glitmunjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
glitmunjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
glitmunjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glitmunjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glitmunjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glitmunjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
glitmunjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
glitmunjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glitmunjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
glitmunjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
glitmuniþ (active indicative plural second-person)
glitmunjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glitmuniþ (active imperative plural second-person)
glitmunjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
glitmunjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
glitmunjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
glitmunjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glitmunjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
glitmunjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
glitmunjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
glitmunidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
glitmunidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glitmunidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
glitmunidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glitmunidē (active indicative singular third-person)
glitmunidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glitmunidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
glitmunidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glitmunidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glitmunidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glitmunidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
glitmunidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glitmunidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
glitmunidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glitmunidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
glitmunidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glitmunjandz (active participle present)
glitmunidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍄𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (glitmunjan)

From pre-Proto-Germanic *gʰlidmon-ye-ti, from *gʰléid-mō ~ gʰlid-men-és (whence *glitmô (“shine”)), from *gʰléideti (“to shine”) (whence *glītaną), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰléy-de-ti, from *ǵʰley- (“to shine”) + *-deti.


grappōną

grappō (active first-person indicative singular)
grappǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grappōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
grappōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
grappōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grappō (active imperative second-person singular)
grappōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grappōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grappōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
grappō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grappōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
grappōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grappōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grappōs (active dual first-person indicative)
grappōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grappōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grappōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grappōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grappōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grappōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grappōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grappōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grappōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
grappōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grappōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
grappōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grappōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grappōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
grappōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grappōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
grappōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grappōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
grappōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
grappōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grappōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
grappōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grappōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
grappōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grappōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
grappōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grappōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grappōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grappōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
grappōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grappōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
grappōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grappōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
grappōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grappōndz (active participle present)
grappōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

English: grab, also cf. grapple

Middle Low German: grabben

Middle Dutch: grapen, grabben

(Dutch: grabbelen)

From Pre-Germanic *gʰrobʰneh₂-, apparently an iterative to *grabaną (“to dig”).


gullōną

gullō (active first-person indicative singular)
gullǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gullōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
gullōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
gullōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gullō (active imperative second-person singular)
gullōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gullōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gullōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gullō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gullōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gullōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gullōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gullōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gullōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gullōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gullōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gullōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gullōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gullōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gullōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gullōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gullōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gullōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gullōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gullōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gullōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gullōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gullōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gullōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gullōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gullōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gullōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
gullōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gullōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
gullōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gullōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
gullōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gullōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gullōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gullōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gullōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gullōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gullōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gullōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gullōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gullōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gullōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gullōndz (active participle present)
gullōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: *golla

Norwegian: golle

From Pre-Germanic *gʰl̥néh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to *galaną, *gellaną (“to yell”).


grippōną

grippō (active first-person indicative singular)
grippǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grippōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
grippōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
grippōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grippō (active imperative second-person singular)
grippōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grippōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grippōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
grippō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grippōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
grippōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grippōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grippōs (active dual first-person indicative)
grippōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grippōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grippōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grippōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grippōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grippōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grippōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grippōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grippōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
grippōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grippōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
grippōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grippōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grippōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
grippōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grippōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
grippōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grippōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
grippōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
grippōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grippōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
grippōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grippōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
grippōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grippōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
grippōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grippōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grippōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grippōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
grippōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grippōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
grippōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grippōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
grippōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grippōndz (active participle present)
grippōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Middle Dutch: grippen

(Dutch: gribbelen)

Alsatian: grippen (?)

(Old Norse: gripla)

From Pre-Germanic *gʰribʰnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to the root of *grīpaną (“to grip”) (though Kroonen considers this form the original, and *grīpaną a back-formation).


glītaną

glītō (active first-person indicative singular)
glītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
glītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
glītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glīt (active imperative second-person singular)
glītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
glītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
glītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
glītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
glītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
glītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
glītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
glītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
glītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
glītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
glītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
glītid (active indicative plural second-person)
glītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glītid (active imperative plural second-person)
glītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
glītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
glītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
glītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
glītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
glītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
glait (active first-person indicative singular)
glitį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glaist (active indicative second-person singular)
glitīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glait (active indicative singular third-person)
glitī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glitū (active dual first-person indicative)
glitīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glitudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glitīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glitum (active first-person indicative plural)
glitīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glitud (active indicative plural second-person)
glitīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glitun (active indicative plural third-person)
glitīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glītandz (active participle present)
glitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *glītan
Old Saxon: glītan
Old High German: glīzan
German: gleißen

From Pre-Germanic *ǵʰleyd-, possibly an extension of *ǵʰley- as seen in *glīwą (“joy”). Kroonen considers it likely the strong verb was back-formed from the iterative *glittōną (“to shine”).


skakkōną

skakkō (active first-person indicative singular)
skakkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skakkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skakkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skakkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skakkō (active imperative second-person singular)
skakkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skakkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skakkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skakkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skakkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skakkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skakkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skakkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skakkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skakkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skakkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skakkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skakkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skakkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skakkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skakkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skakkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skakkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skakkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skakkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skakkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skakkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skakkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skakkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skakkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skakkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skakkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skakkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skakkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skakkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skakkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skakkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skakkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skakkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skakkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skakkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skakkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skakkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skakkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skakkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skakkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skakkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skakkōndz (active participle present)
skakkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Middle English: schaggen

English: shag

Middle High German: schacken

From pre-Germanic *skoknéh₂-, an iterative to *skehaną (“to move quickly”), *skakaną (“to shake”).


skukkōną

skukkō (active first-person indicative singular)
skukkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skukkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skukkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skukkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skukkō (active imperative second-person singular)
skukkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skukkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skukkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skukkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skukkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skukkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skukkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skukkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skukkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skukkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skukkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skukkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skukkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skukkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skukkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skukkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skukkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skukkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skukkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skukkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skukkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skukkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skukkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skukkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skukkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skukkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skukkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skukkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skukkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skukkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skukkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skukkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skukkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skukkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skukkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skukkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skukkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skukkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skukkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skukkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skukkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skukkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skukkōndz (active participle present)
skukkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skukkōn

Old English: *sċoccian

Middle English: schoggen, shoggen

English: shog, shock (obsolete), jog

Old Saxon: *skokkōn, *skoggōn

desc

Middle Low German: scokken, schocken, schoggen, schucken

Old Dutch: *skokkon

Middle Dutch: schocken

Dutch: schokken

Afrikaans: skok

→ Middle French: chocquer

French: choquer

→ English: shock

Old High German: *skohhōn

Middle High German: schocken

German: schocken

An unetymological zero-grade iterative to *skakaną (“to shake”). Due to the frequency of iteratives appearing with zero-grade *-u- and o-grade *-a-, these vowels began to be used to create iteratives to roots where they were unwarranted.