ginnaną

Brill Publishers
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

ginnō (active first-person indicative singular)
ginnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ginnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
ginnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
ginnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ginn (active imperative second-person singular)
ginnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ginnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ginnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
ginnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ginnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
ginnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ginnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ginnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
ginnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ginnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ginnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ginnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ginnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ginnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ginnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ginnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ginnid (active indicative plural second-person)
ginnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ginnid (active imperative plural second-person)
ginnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ginnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ginnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
ginnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ginnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
ginnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ginnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gann (active first-person indicative singular)
gunnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gannt (active indicative second-person singular)
gunnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gann (active indicative singular third-person)
gunnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gunnū (active dual first-person indicative)
gunnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gunnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gunnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gunnum (active first-person indicative plural)
gunnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gunnud (active indicative plural second-person)
gunnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gunnun (active indicative plural third-person)
gunnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ginnandz (active participle present)
gunnanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *anaginnan

Old High German: *anaginnan

Middle High German: aneginnen

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *andaginnan (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *biginnan (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *gaginnan

Old Saxon: *gaginnan

Middle Low German: geginnen

Old High German: giginnan

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *inginnan

Old English: inginnan

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *undarginnan

Old English: underginnan

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *uʀginnan

Old English: āginnan

>? Old Dutch: āginnan (attested as hagunnan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (duginnan)

Unclear, the root has often been traced to Proto-Indo-European *gʰed- (“to take”), e.g. by LIV. Kroonen and Scheungraber take it to be from Proto-Indo-European *ken- (“to arise, begin”), with the prefix inducing voicing by Verner's law. Cognates would then include Proto-Slavic *načęti (“to begin”) and Proto-Celtic *kentus (“first”). If the meaning 'to cut open' is original, the verb could be related to *gīnaną (“to gape, to yawn”) from Proto-Indo-European *gʰh₂ey-.


swinganą

swingō (active first-person indicative singular)
swingaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swingai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swingizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swingaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swing (active imperative second-person singular)
swingazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swingaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swingidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swingai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swingadau (active imperative singular third-person)
swingadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swingaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swingōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swingaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swingadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swingaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swingadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swingamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swingaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swingandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swingaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swingid (active indicative plural second-person)
swingaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swingid (active imperative plural second-person)
swingandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swingaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swingandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swingain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swingandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swingandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swingaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swang (active first-person indicative singular)
sungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swanht (active indicative second-person singular)
sungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swang (active indicative singular third-person)
sungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sungū (active dual first-person indicative)
sungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sungum (active first-person indicative plural)
sungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sungud (active indicative plural second-person)
sungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sungun (active indicative plural third-person)
sungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swingandz (active participle present)
sunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swingan
Old English: swingan
Middle English: swyngen, swingen, swyng, swynge, swyngge, swyngyn, squynge, suing (Northern), swingan, swingæn, swinꟑenn (Early Middle English)
English: swing
→ Dutch: swingen
→ Norman: souîndgi
Scots: swing, sweeng
Old Frisian: swinga
Old Saxon: swingan
Middle Low German: swingen
Low German: swingen
→ Danish: svinge
Old Dutch: *swingan
Middle Dutch: swingen
Dutch: zwingen
Limburgish: zwinge
Old High German: swingan
Middle High German: swingen
German: schwingen

Old Norse: sveggja

Icelandic: sveggja

Swedish: svinga

Unknown. If inherited, this could continue a Proto-Indo-European root *swengʷʰ- (*-gʷʰ- is suggested by Gothic 𐌰𐍆𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (afswaggwjan)), and may be related to Sanskrit स्वञ्ज् (svañj, “to embrace, clasp, twist, wind around”).

cog

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


fōdijaną

fōdijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fōdijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fōdijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fōdīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fōdijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fōdī (active imperative second-person singular)
fōdijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fōdijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fōdīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fōdijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fōdijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fōdijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fōdijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fōdijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fōdijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fōdijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fōdijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fōdijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fōdijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fōdijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fōdijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fōdijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fōdīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fōdijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fōdīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fōdijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fōdijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fōdijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fōdijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fōdijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fōdijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fōdijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fōdidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fōdidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fōdidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fōdidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fōdidē (active indicative singular third-person)
fōdidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fōdidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fōdidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fōdidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fōdidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fōdidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fōdidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fōdidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fōdidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fōdidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fōdidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fōdijandz (active participle present)
fōdidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fōdijan
Old English: fēdan
Middle English: feden
Scots: fede, feid
English: feed
Old Frisian: fēda
West Frisian: fiede
Old Saxon: fōdian
Middle Low German: vö̂den
German Low German: föden
Old Dutch: *fuoden
Middle Dutch: voeden
Dutch: voeden
Afrikaans: voed
Old High German: fuoten
Middle High German: vüeten

Old Norse: fǿða, fꝍða, fœða — alternative spellings, fæða — Iceland only
Icelandic: fæða
Faroese: føða
Norwegian Nynorsk: føda, fø
Old Swedish: fø̄þa
Swedish: föda
Old Danish: føthæ
Danish: føde
Norwegian Bokmål: føde, fø

Gothic: 𐍆𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fōdjan)

/ˈɸɔː.ði.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Orel suggests it's derived from *fōdô (“food”) + *-janą. Kroonen assumes it is a causative verb derived from a lost strong verb *faþaną, from pre-Germanic *ph₂t- a zero-grade present form of Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“protect, guard, graze, feed”) extended with *-t-. Compare Ancient Greek πατέομαι (patéomai, “to eat”).


fertaną

fertō (active first-person indicative singular)
fertaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fertai (first-person indicative passive singular)
firtizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fertaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fert (active imperative second-person singular)
fertazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fertaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
firtidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fertai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fertadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fertadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fertaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fertōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fertaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fertadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fertaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fertadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fertamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fertaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fertandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fertaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
firtid (active indicative plural second-person)
fertaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
firtid (active imperative plural second-person)
fertandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fertaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fertandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fertain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fertandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fertandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fertaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fart (active first-person indicative singular)
furtį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
farst (active indicative second-person singular)
furtīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fart (active indicative singular third-person)
furtī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
furtū (active dual first-person indicative)
furtīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
furtudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
furtīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
furtum (active first-person indicative plural)
furtīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
furtud (active indicative plural second-person)
furtīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
furtun (active indicative plural third-person)
furtīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fertandz (active participle present)
furtanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fertan

desctree

Old English: *feortan
Middle English: verten, ferten, farten
English: fart
Scots: fart

Old Saxon: *fertan

Middle Low German: ferten, verten

Old Dutch: *fertan

Middle Dutch: verten

Old High German: ferzan

Middle High German: vërzen, varzen

German: farzen

Yiddish: פֿאַרצן (fartsn)

Old Norse: freta, *fjarta

Icelandic: freta

Faroese: freta

Norwegian Nynorsk: fjarta

Old Swedish: fiærta

Swedish: fjärta

Danish: fjerte, fjærte

Norwegian Bokmål: fjerte

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: fjerta

From Proto-Indo-European *perd- (“to fart”).


mīþaną

mīþō (active first-person indicative singular)
mīþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mīþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
mīþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
mīþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mīþ (active imperative second-person singular)
mīþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mīþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mīþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
mīþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mīþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
mīþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mīþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mīþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
mīþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mīþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mīþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mīþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mīþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mīþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mīþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mīþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mīþid (active indicative plural second-person)
mīþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mīþid (active imperative plural second-person)
mīþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mīþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mīþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
mīþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mīþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
mīþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mīþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
maiþ (active first-person indicative singular)
midį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
maist (active indicative second-person singular)
midīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
maiþ (active indicative singular third-person)
midī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
midū (active dual first-person indicative)
midīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
midudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
midīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
midum (active first-person indicative plural)
midīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
midud (active indicative plural second-person)
midīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
midun (active indicative plural third-person)
midīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mīþandz (active participle present)
midanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *mīþan
Old English: mīþan
Middle English: mithen
Old Frisian: mītha (in combination)
Saterland Frisian: miede
West Frisian: mije
Old Saxon: mīthan
Middle Low German: mîden
German Low German: mieden
Old Dutch: mīthan
Middle Dutch: miden
Dutch: mijden
Limburgish: mieje
Old High German: mīdan
Middle High German: mīden
German: meiden
Luxembourgish: meiden

From Proto-Indo-European *meyth₂- (“to change, switch”).


gellaną

gellō (active first-person indicative singular)
gellaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gellai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gillizi (active indicative second-person singular)
gellaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gell (active imperative second-person singular)
gellazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gellaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gillidi (active indicative singular third-person)
gellai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gelladau (active imperative singular third-person)
gelladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gellaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gellōz (active dual first-person indicative)
gellaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gelladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gellaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gelladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gellamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gellaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gellandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gellaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gillid (active indicative plural second-person)
gellaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gillid (active imperative plural second-person)
gellandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gellaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gellandi (active indicative plural third-person)
gellain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gellandau (active imperative plural third-person)
gellandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gellaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gall (active first-person indicative singular)
gullį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gallt (active indicative second-person singular)
gullīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gall (active indicative singular third-person)
gullī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gullū (active dual first-person indicative)
gullīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gulludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gullīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gullum (active first-person indicative plural)
gullīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gullud (active indicative plural second-person)
gullīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gullun (active indicative plural third-person)
gullīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gellandz (active participle present)
gullanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: ġiellan

Middle English: yellen

English: yell

Old Saxon: *gellan

Middle Low German: gellen

German Low German: gielen

Old Dutch: *gellan

Middle Dutch: gellen

Dutch: gillen

Afrikaans: gil

Old High German: gellan

Middle High German: gellen

German: gellen

Old Norse: gella, gjalla

Old Danish: gællæ, *giallæ

Danish: gjalde

Faroese: gjalla

Icelandic: gella, gjalla

Norwegian Bokmål: gjalle

Norwegian Nynorsk: gjalla, gjella

Old Swedish: gælla

Swedish: gälla, (verbal noun) gäll

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰel- (“to shout”), possibly with contamination from a marginally attested iterative *gullōną, although Kroonen suggests the strong verb was back-formed to the iterative.


hlināną

hlinō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlinaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlinai (active imperative second-person singular)
hlināsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlinaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlināþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlināþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlinōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hlināþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlināþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlināmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlinānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlinaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hlinaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hlinānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlinānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlinānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlinānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlinadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hlinadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlinadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hlinadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlinadē (active indicative singular third-person)
hlinadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlinadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hlinadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlinadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlinadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlinadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hlinadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlinadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hlinadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlinadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hlinadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlināndz (active participle present)
hlinadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hlinēn
Old English: hleonian, hlinian
Middle English: leonien, lenen
Scots: lene, leyn
English: lean
Old Frisian: *hlinia
Saterland Frisian: lienje
West Frisian: lynje
Old Saxon: hlinōn
Middle Low German: lēnen
German Low German: lehnen
Old Dutch: *linon
Middle Dutch: lēnen
Dutch: leunen
Afrikaans: leun
Negerhollands: lee
→ West Frisian: leune
→ Papiamentu: lèn, len, lènt, leun, leen
Old High German: hlinēn, linēn
Middle High German: lënen, linen
German: lehnen

Old Norse: *hlina

Norwegian: lina (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (“to lean”). Cognate with Latin clīnō (“slope, incline, bend”), Ancient Greek κλίνω (klínō, “bend, slant, lean”).


hlainijaną

hlainijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlainijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlainijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hlainīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlainijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlainī (active imperative second-person singular)
hlainijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlainijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hlainīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlainijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlainijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlainijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlainijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hlainijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hlainijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlainijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlainijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlainijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlainijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlainijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlainijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlainijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hlainīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hlainijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlainīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hlainijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlainijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hlainijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlainijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlainijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlainijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlainijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hlainidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hlainidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlainidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hlainidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlainidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hlainidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlainidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hlainidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlainidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlainidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlainidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hlainidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlainidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hlainidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlainidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hlainidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlainijandz (active participle present)
hlainidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hlainijan
Old English: hlǣnan
Middle English: lenen
Scots: lene, leyn
English: lean
Old Saxon: *hlēnian
Middle Low German: lênen, lȫnen
German Low German: lehnen
Old Dutch: lēnen
Middle Dutch: lênen, leinen
Dutch: leunen
Old High German: hleinen
Middle High German: leinen
German: leinen, lehnen

Old Norse: *hleina

Danish: læne

Swedish: läna

From *hlināną (“to lean”) + *-janą (causative suffix), the former a stative of an old nasal present from Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (“to lean”).


hwīnaną

hwīnō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwīnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwīnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwīnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwīnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwīn (active imperative second-person singular)
hwīnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwīnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwīnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwīnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwīnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwīnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwīnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwīnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hwīnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwīnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwīnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwīnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwīnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwīnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwīnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwīnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwīnid (active indicative plural second-person)
hwīnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwīnid (active imperative plural second-person)
hwīnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwīnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwīnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwīnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwīnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwīnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwīnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwain (active first-person indicative singular)
hwinį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwaint (active indicative second-person singular)
hwinīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwain (active indicative singular third-person)
hwinī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwinū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwinīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwinudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwinīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwinum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwinīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwinud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwinīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwinun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwinīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwīnandz (active participle present)
hwinanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwīnan
Old English: hwīnan
Middle English: whynen, whine, whinen, whyne, whynyn, hwinen, hwyne (Early Middle English)
English: whine
Middle Scots: quhyn, whyne (possibly borrowed from Early Modern English)
Old Saxon: hwīnan

Old Norse: hvína
Icelandic: hvína
Faroese: hvína
Norwegian Nynorsk: kvine
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kvine
Old Swedish: hvīna
Swedish: vina, hvina (pre-1906 spelling)
Danish: hvine
Norwegian Bokmål: hvine

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱwey- (“to hiss, whistle, whisper”). Possibly related to Proto-Slavic *kviliti, *kvilěti (“to neigh, to squeak, to wail”).

der

to rush, make a rushing sound, whizz, hiss, squeal, whine


laubijaną

laubijō (active first-person indicative singular)
laubijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laubijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
laubīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
laubijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laubī (active imperative second-person singular)
laubijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
laubijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
laubīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
laubijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laubijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
laubijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
laubijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
laubijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
laubijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laubijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laubijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laubijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
laubijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
laubijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laubijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
laubijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
laubīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
laubijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laubīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
laubijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
laubijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
laubijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
laubijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laubijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
laubijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
laubijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laubidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
laubidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laubidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
laubidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laubidē (active indicative singular third-person)
laubidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laubidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
laubidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laubidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laubidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laubidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
laubidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laubidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
laubidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laubidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
laubidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laubijandz (active participle present)
laubidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *laubijan
Old English: līefan, lȳfan
Middle English: leven
Scots: leve, lefe
English: leave
Old Frisian: lēva
North Frisian: leauwjen
Saterland Frisian: leeuwe; loowje, lööwje
West Frisian: leauwe (?)
Old Saxon: lōvian
Middle Low German: lôven, lö̂ven
German Low German: löven
Old Dutch: *lōven
Middle Dutch: lôven
Dutch: loven (to believe, dialectal)
Old High German: *louben
Middle High German: louben
German: lauben

Old Norse: leyfa
Icelandic: leyfa
Faroese: loyva
Norwegian Nynorsk: løyva
→ Norwegian Bokmål: løyve


taikijaną

taikijō (active first-person indicative singular)
taikijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
taikijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
taikīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
taikijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
taikī (active imperative second-person singular)
taikijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
taikijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
taikīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
taikijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
taikijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
taikijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
taikijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
taikijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
taikijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
taikijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
taikijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
taikijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
taikijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
taikijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
taikijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
taikijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
taikīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
taikijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
taikīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
taikijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
taikijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
taikijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
taikijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
taikijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
taikijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
taikijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
taihtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
taihtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
taihtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
taihtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
taihtē (active indicative singular third-person)
taihtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
taihtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
taihtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
taihtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
taihtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
taihtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
taihtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
taihtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
taihtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
taihtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
taihtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
taikijandz (active participle present)
taikidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *taikijan

Old English: tǣċan
Middle English: techen
English: teach
Scots: teich
Yola: teach

Old Frisian: *tēka, *tētza

⇒? Saterland Frisian: tekend, teekend

Old Saxon: *tēkian

>? Middle Low German: têken

German Low German: teken

Old Dutch: *teiken

>? Middle Dutch: teken

Causative in *-janą to *taik(k)ōną (see Proto-West Germanic *taigōn), from Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ- (“to show, instruct, tell, point out, explain”) + *-néh₂ti; the Germanic *k rather than expected *h or *g is thus due to Kluge's law. Cognate with Latin dīcō (“speak, say, tell”), Ancient Greek δείκνυμι (deíknumi, “show, point out, explain, teach”).

cog

(West Germanic) to show, point out, demonstrate; to teach


lēwijaną

lēwijō (active first-person indicative singular)
lēwijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lēwijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lēwīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
lēwijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lēwī (active imperative second-person singular)
lēwijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lēwijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lēwīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
lēwijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lēwijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
lēwijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lēwijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lēwijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
lēwijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lēwijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lēwijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lēwijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lēwijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lēwijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lēwijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lēwijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lēwīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
lēwijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lēwīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
lēwijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lēwijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lēwijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
lēwijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lēwijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
lēwijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lēwijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lēwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
lēwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lēwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
lēwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lēwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
lēwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lēwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
lēwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lēwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lēwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lēwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
lēwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lēwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
lēwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lēwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
lēwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lēwijandz (active participle present)
lēwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lāwijan
Old English: lǣwan
⇒ Old English: lǣwede
Middle English: lewede, lewed
Scots: lawit, lewit, lewd
English: lewd
⇒ Old English: belǣwan
Middle English: belewen
⇒ Old English: lǣwa
⇒ Middle English: lewe (adjective)
Old High German: *lāwen, *lāen
⇒ Old High German: firlāwen, firlāen
⇒ Old High German: gilāwen, gilāen

Gothic: 𐌻𐌴𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (lēwjan)

From *lēwą (“occasion, opportunity”) + *-janą.


sūganą

sūgō (active first-person indicative singular)
sūgaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sūgai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sūgizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sūgaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sūg (active imperative second-person singular)
sūgazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sūgaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sūgidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sūgai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sūgadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sūgadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sūgaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sūgōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sūgaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sūgadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sūgaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sūgadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sūgamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sūgaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sūgandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sūgaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sūgid (active indicative plural second-person)
sūgaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sūgid (active imperative plural second-person)
sūgandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sūgaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sūgandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sūgain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sūgandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sūgandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sūgaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
saug (active first-person indicative singular)
sugį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sauht (active indicative second-person singular)
sugīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
saug (active indicative singular third-person)
sugī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sugū (active dual first-person indicative)
sugīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sugudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sugīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sugum (active first-person indicative plural)
sugīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sugud (active indicative plural second-person)
sugīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sugun (active indicative plural third-person)
sugīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sūgandz (active participle present)
suganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sūgan
Old English: sūgan
Middle English: sugen (partially)
Old Frisian: *sūga
Saterland Frisian: suge
West Frisian: sûge
Old Saxon: sūgan
Middle Low German: sugen, sȫgen
Low German: sugen
Old Dutch: sūgan
Middle Dutch: sugen
Dutch: zuigen
Afrikaans: suig
Negerhollands: sug
→ Sranan Tongo: soygi
Limburgish: zuge
Old High German: sūgan
Middle High German: sūgen
Alemannic German: suuge
German: saugen
Luxembourgish: saugen
Yiddish: זויגן (zoygn)

Old Norse: súga, sjúga
Icelandic: súga, sjúga
Faroese: súgva
Norwegian Bokmål: suge
Norwegian Nynorsk: suga
Old Swedish: sūgha
Swedish: suga
Old Danish: sūghæ
Danish: suge
Elfdalian: sauga
Gutnish: säuge
Scanian: súğa

A back-formation from the iterative *sukkōną (“to suck”).


sūkaną

sūkō (active first-person indicative singular)
sūkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sūkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sūkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sūkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sūk (active imperative second-person singular)
sūkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sūkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sūkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sūkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sūkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sūkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sūkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sūkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sūkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sūkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sūkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sūkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sūkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sūkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sūkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sūkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sūkid (active indicative plural second-person)
sūkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sūkid (active imperative plural second-person)
sūkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sūkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sūkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sūkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sūkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sūkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sūkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sauk (active first-person indicative singular)
sukį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sauht (active indicative second-person singular)
sukīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sauk (active indicative singular third-person)
sukī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sukū (active dual first-person indicative)
sukīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sukudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sukīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sukum (active first-person indicative plural)
sukīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sukud (active indicative plural second-person)
sukīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sukun (active indicative plural third-person)
sukīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sūkandz (active participle present)
sukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sūkan
Old English: sūcan
Middle English: souken, suken
Scots: souke, souk
English: suck
Old Dutch: *sūcan
Middle Dutch: suken
Dutch: zuiken (dialectal or obsolete)
Limburgish: zuken, zoeken

From Proto-Indo-European *sug-, *suk- (“to suck”), from Proto-Indo-European *su-, *sew- (“juice, sap”). Cognate with Latin sūgō (“suck”).


strawjaną

strawjō (active first-person indicative singular)
strawjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
strawjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
strawisi (active indicative second-person singular)
strawjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
strawi (active imperative second-person singular)
strawjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
strawjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
strawiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
strawjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
strawjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
strawjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
strawjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
strawjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
strawjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
strawjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
strawjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
strawjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
strawjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
strawjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
strawjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
strawjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
strawiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
strawjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
strawiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
strawjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
strawjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
strawjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
strawjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
strawjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
strawjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
strawjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
strawidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
strawidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
strawidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
strawidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
strawidē (active indicative singular third-person)
strawidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
strawidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
strawidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
strawidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
strawidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
strawidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
strawidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
strawidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
strawidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
strawidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
strawidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
strawjandz (active participle present)
strawidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *strauwjan
Old English: strēawian, strēowian, strēwian
Middle English: strewen, streuen
English: strew, strow, straw (dialectal)
Scots: straw
Old Frisian: strēwa
North Frisian: strijen
West Frisian: streauwe
Old Saxon: streuwian, strōian
Middle Low German: strōen, strōuwen
Old Dutch: *strōien
Middle Dutch: strôyen
Dutch: strooien, strouwen
Afrikaans: strooi
Negerhollands: strui, strooj
→ Papiamentu: stroi, strooi
→ West Frisian: struie
Limburgish: struie
Old High German: strewen, strouwen
Middle High German: streuwen, ströuwen, strouwen
Alemannic German: streuwe
Central Franconian: streue, streie, strähe, straaie
Luxembourgish: streeën
German: streuen

Old Norse: strá, *streyja

Icelandic: strá

Faroese: stroyggja

Norwegian Nynorsk: strå, strøya, strø

Old Swedish: strø̄ia, strø̄
Swedish: strö

Old Danish: strø̄

Danish: strø

Norwegian Bokmål: strø

Elfdalian: sträa

Gutnish: stråie

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽 (straujan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *raivat'ak (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *strow-éye-ti, a causative from the root *strew- (“to spread, strew”).


hwistlōną

hwistlō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwistlǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwistlōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwistlōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwistlōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwistlō (active imperative second-person singular)
hwistlōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwistlōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwistlōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwistlō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwistlōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwistlōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwistlōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwistlōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hwistlōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwistlōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwistlōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwistlōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwistlōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwistlōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwistlōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwistlōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwistlōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hwistlōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwistlōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hwistlōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwistlōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwistlōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwistlōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwistlōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwistlōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwistlōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwistlōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hwistlōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwistlōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hwistlōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwistlōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hwistlōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwistlōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwistlōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwistlōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwistlōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwistlōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwistlōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwistlōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwistlōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwistlōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwistlōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwistlōndz (active participle present)
hwistlōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: hwistlian

Middle English: whistlen

Scots: whistle

English: whistle

Old Dutch: *wistalon

Middle Dutch: *wistelen

Dutch: wistelen

Old Norse: hvísla

Icelandic: hvísla

Norwegian: hvisle

Old Swedish: hvīsla, hvizsla

Swedish: vissla

Old Danish: hwīslæ

Danish: hvisle

Elfdalian: wissla

Scanian: hvysla

From *hwis- (“to hiss”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱweys-, *ḱwey- (“to hiss, whistle, whisper”). Cognate with Latin quiritō (“scream, screech, shriek, squall”).


dagāną

dagō (active first-person indicative singular)
dagaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
dagai (active imperative second-person singular)
dagāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dagaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dagāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dagāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dagōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dagāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dagāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dagāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dagānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dagaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dagaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dagānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dagānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dagānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dagānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dagadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dagadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dagadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dagadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dagadē (active indicative singular third-person)
dagadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dagadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dagadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dagadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dagadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dagadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dagadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dagadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dagadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dagadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dagadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dagāndz (active participle present)
dagadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dagēn
Old English: dagian, dagiġan
Middle English: daȝiȝen, dawen
English: daw
Scots: daw
Old Frisian: *dagia
West Frisian: daagje
Old Saxon: *dagon
Middle Low German: dagen, dāgen
German Low German: dagen
Old Dutch: *dagon
Middle Dutch: dāgen
Dutch: dagen
Limburgish: dage
Old High German: tagēn
Middle High German: tagen
German: tagen

Old Norse: daga

Icelandic: daga

Faroese: daga

Norwegian: dage

Swedish: daga

Danish: dage

Gothic: *𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽 (*dagan) (in the derived agent noun 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (dagands))

/ˈdɑ.ɣɑː.nɑ̃/


brēdaną

brēdō (active first-person indicative singular)
brēdaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brēdai (first-person indicative passive singular)
brēdizi (active indicative second-person singular)
brēdaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brēd (active imperative second-person singular)
brēdazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brēdaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brēdidi (active indicative singular third-person)
brēdai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brēdadau (active imperative singular third-person)
brēdadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brēdaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brēdōz (active dual first-person indicative)
brēdaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brēdadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brēdaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brēdadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brēdamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brēdaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brēdandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brēdaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brēdid (active indicative plural second-person)
brēdaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brēdid (active imperative plural second-person)
brēdandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brēdaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brēdandi (active indicative plural third-person)
brēdain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brēdandau (active imperative plural third-person)
brēdandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brēdaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bebrēd (active first-person indicative singular)
bebrēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bebrēst (active indicative second-person singular)
bebrēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bebrēd (active indicative singular third-person)
bebrēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bebrēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bebrēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bebrēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bebrēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bebrēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bebrēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bebrēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bebrēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bebrēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bebrēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brēdandz (active participle present)
brēdanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *brādan

Old English: brǣdan

Middle English: breden, breaden

Scots: brade

Old Frisian: brēda

Saterland Frisian: bräide

West Frisian: briede

Old Saxon: brādan

Middle Low German: brâden

desc

Low German: broden, braoden, braden, braën

Plautdietsch: broden

→ North Frisian: broose, braase, braari

desctree

Old Dutch: brādan
Middle Dutch: brâden
Dutch: braden
Afrikaans: braai
→ English: braai
Berbice Creole Dutch: brai
Negerhollands: braen
Petjo: brajen
Skepi Creole Dutch: brai
→ Sranan Tongo: brai
Limburgish: braoje

Old High German: prātan, brātan

Middle High German: braten

German: braten

Luxembourgish: broden

Yiddish: בראָטן (brotn)

Old Norse: bræða

Icelandic: bræða

Faroese: bræða

Old Swedish: brædha

Danish: bræde

/ˈbrɛː.ðɑ.nɑ̃/

Related to *brējaną (“to roast, smell”).


sōmijaną

sōmijō (active first-person indicative singular)
sōmijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sōmijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sōmīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sōmijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sōmī (active imperative second-person singular)
sōmijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sōmijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sōmīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sōmijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sōmijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sōmijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sōmijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sōmijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sōmijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sōmijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sōmijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sōmijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sōmijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sōmijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sōmijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sōmijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sōmīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sōmijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sōmīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sōmijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sōmijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sōmijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sōmijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sōmijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sōmijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sōmijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sōmidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sōmidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sōmidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sōmidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sōmidē (active indicative singular third-person)
sōmidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sōmidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sōmidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sōmidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sōmidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sōmidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sōmidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sōmidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sōmidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sōmidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sōmidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sōmijandz (active participle present)
sōmidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sōmijan
Old English: sēman
Middle English: semen, seme, semi

Old Norse: sǿma

Icelandic: sæma

Faroese: søma

Norwegian Nynorsk: søma

Old Swedish: sø̄ma

Old Danish: sømæ

Danish: sømme

Norwegian Bokmål: sømme

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: sømma

→ Middle English: semen, cemyn, seeme, seemen, seme, semy, semyn
English: seem
Scots: seem

From *sōmiz (“fitting, seemly”) + *-janą.


delbaną

delbō (active first-person indicative singular)
delbaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
delbai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dilbizi (active indicative second-person singular)
delbaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
delb (active imperative second-person singular)
delbazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
delbaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dilbidi (active indicative singular third-person)
delbai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
delbadau (active imperative singular third-person)
delbadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
delbaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
delbōz (active dual first-person indicative)
delbaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
delbadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
delbaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
delbadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
delbamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
delbaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
delbandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
delbaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dilbid (active indicative plural second-person)
delbaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dilbid (active imperative plural second-person)
delbandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
delbaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
delbandi (active indicative plural third-person)
delbain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
delbandau (active imperative plural third-person)
delbandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
delbaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dalb (active first-person indicative singular)
dulbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dalft (active indicative second-person singular)
dulbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dalb (active indicative singular third-person)
dulbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dulbū (active dual first-person indicative)
dulbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dulbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dulbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dulbum (active first-person indicative plural)
dulbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dulbud (active indicative plural second-person)
dulbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dulbun (active indicative plural third-person)
dulbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
delbandz (active participle present)
dulbanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *delban
Old English: delfan
Middle English: delven
Scots: delve
English: delve
Old Frisian: delva
West Frisian: dolle
Old Saxon: *delvan (in compounds: bidelvan)
Middle Low German: delven
Low German: dölven
Old Dutch: *delvan
Middle Dutch: delven
Dutch: delven
Afrikaans: delf, delwe
Limburgish: dèlve
Old High German: *telpan, *telban (in compounds: bitelban)
Middle High German: tëlben, dëlben
German: delben, telben (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰelbʰ- (“to dig”). Cognate with Lithuanian delbti (“to drop, cast down”).


smertaną

smertō (active first-person indicative singular)
smertaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smertai (first-person indicative passive singular)
smirtizi (active indicative second-person singular)
smertaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smert (active imperative second-person singular)
smertazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
smertaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
smirtidi (active indicative singular third-person)
smertai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smertadau (active imperative singular third-person)
smertadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
smertaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
smertōz (active dual first-person indicative)
smertaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smertadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smertaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smertadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
smertamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
smertaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smertandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
smertaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
smirtid (active indicative plural second-person)
smertaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smirtid (active imperative plural second-person)
smertandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
smertaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
smertandi (active indicative plural third-person)
smertain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smertandau (active imperative plural third-person)
smertandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
smertaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
smart (active first-person indicative singular)
smurtį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smarst (active indicative second-person singular)
smurtīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smart (active indicative singular third-person)
smurtī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smurtū (active dual first-person indicative)
smurtīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smurtudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smurtīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smurtum (active first-person indicative plural)
smurtīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smurtud (active indicative plural second-person)
smurtīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smurtun (active indicative plural third-person)
smurtīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smertandz (active participle present)
smurtanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *smertan
Old English: *smeortan
Middle English: smerten, smeorten, smearten, smarten
English: smart
Scots: smert, smairt
Old Frisian: *smerta
Saterland Frisian: smeete, smäite
West Frisian: smerte
Old Saxon: *smertan
Middle Low German: smerten, smarten
German Low German: smarten
Low German: smerten
→ Danish: smerte
→ Swedish: smärta
→ Norwegian: smerte
Old Dutch: *smertan
Middle Dutch: smerten, smarten
Dutch: smarten
Afrikaans: smart
Old High German: smerzan
Middle High German: schmerzen
German: schmerzen

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)merd- (“to sting, bite”).


kutjaną

kutjō (active first-person indicative singular)
kutjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kutjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kutisi (active indicative second-person singular)
kutjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kuti (active imperative second-person singular)
kutjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kutjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kutiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kutjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kutjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kutjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kutjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kutjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kutjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kutjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kutjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kutjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kutjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kutjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kutjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kutjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kutiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kutjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kutiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kutjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kutjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kutjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kutjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kutjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kutjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kutjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kutidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kutidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kutidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kutidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kutidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kutidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kutidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kutidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kutidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kutidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kutidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kutidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kutidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kutidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kutidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kutidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kutjandz (active participle present)
kutidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: kytja, kutta

Icelandic: kutta

desc

→ Middle English: cutten, kitten, kytten, ketten

Scots: kut, kit

English: cut

Possibly related to *ketwą (“meat”). Also compare *kwetwą (“flesh”). For possible sense development, compare Latin carō (“meat”), which probably was originally "a piece of meat cut off".


smilāną

smilō (active first-person indicative singular)
smilaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
smilai (active imperative second-person singular)
smilāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
smilaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
smilāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
smilāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
smilōs (active dual first-person indicative)
smilāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smilāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
smilāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
smilānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
smilaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
smilaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
smilānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
smilānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
smilānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
smilānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
smiladǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
smiladēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smiladēz (active indicative second-person singular)
smiladēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smiladē (active indicative singular third-person)
smiladēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smiladēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
smiladēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smiladēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smiladēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smiladēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
smiladēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smiladēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
smiladēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smiladēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
smiladēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smilāndz (active participle present)
smiladaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*smīlāną (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *smilēn; *smīlēn

Old High German: smielēn

Middle High German: smielen

→ Middle Low German: *smîlen, *smielen

German Low German: smielen

→ Dutch: smuilen

→ Saterland Frisian: smielje

→ Old Danish: smile

Danish: smile

→ Faroese: smíla

→ Norwegian: smile

→ Swedish: smila

→ Middle English: smilen

English: smile

Scots: smil, smyl

From Proto-Indo-European *smey- (“to laugh; be glad”).

der

smerian

Proto-West Germanic: *smirēn, *smīrēn; *smirōn, *smīrōn


galaną

galō (active first-person indicative singular)
galaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
galai (first-person indicative passive singular)
galizi (active indicative second-person singular)
galaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gal (active imperative second-person singular)
galazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
galaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
galidi (active indicative singular third-person)
galai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
galadau (active imperative singular third-person)
galadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
galaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
galōz (active dual first-person indicative)
galaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
galadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
galaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
galadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
galamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
galaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
galandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
galaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
galid (active indicative plural second-person)
galaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
galid (active imperative plural second-person)
galandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
galaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
galandi (active indicative plural third-person)
galain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
galandau (active imperative plural third-person)
galandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
galaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gōl (active first-person indicative singular)
gōlį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gōlt (active indicative second-person singular)
gōlīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gōl (active indicative singular third-person)
gōlī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gōlū (active dual first-person indicative)
gōlīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gōludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gōlīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gōlum (active first-person indicative plural)
gōlīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gōlud (active indicative plural second-person)
gōlīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gōlun (active indicative plural third-person)
gōlīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
galandz (active participle present)
galanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *galan
Old English: galan
Middle English: galen
English: gale
Scots: gale
Old Saxon: galan
Old Dutch: *galan
Middle Dutch: gālen
Old High German: galan, kalan
>? Middle High German: golen, goln
German: golen
⇒ Middle High German: begalen
⇒? Old High German: galt (“(of cows) not milch, infertile”, past participle) (from the belief that sterile or un-milch cows are bewitched)
Middle High German: galt
Alemannic German: galt (“(of cows) not milch”)
Swabian: gall (“(of sheep) not pregnant”)
Bavarian:
Carinthian: galt (“(of cows) infertile or pregnant (therefore not milch)”)
Cimbrian: galt (“(of cows) not milch; (of cows and human women) infertile”)
⇒ Tyrolean: galt (“unfarmed land”)
>? German: gelt (“(of non-human animals) infertile”)
⇒ Middle High German: galte (“one-year-old calf”)
Alemannic German: Galti (“two-year-old cow that has not yet become pregnant”)

Old Norse: gala
Danish: gale
Faroese: gala
Icelandic: gala
Norwegian Nynorsk: gala, gale
Norwegian Bokmål: gale
Old Swedish: gala, (verbal noun) gall
Swedish: gala, (verbal noun) gall, (derivation) gallra

/ˈɣɑ.lɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰel- (“to shout, cry”).


skrudōną

skrudō (active first-person indicative singular)
skrudǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrudōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skrudōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skrudōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrudō (active imperative second-person singular)
skrudōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skrudōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skrudōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skrudō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrudōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skrudōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skrudōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skrudōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skrudōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrudōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrudōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrudōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skrudōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skrudōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrudōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skrudōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skrudōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skrudōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrudōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skrudōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skrudōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skrudōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skrudōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrudōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skrudōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skrudōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skrudōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skrudōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrudōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skrudōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrudōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skrudōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrudōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skrudōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrudōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrudōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrudōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skrudōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrudōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skrudōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrudōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skrudōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrudōndz (active participle present)
skrudōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skrudōn

Old English: sċrūdnian, sċrūtnian

desc

Old High German: skrodōn, scrodōn, scrutōn, scrutilōn

→ Late Latin: scrūtor

→ Medieval Latin: scrūtinium

→ Middle English: scrutiny

English: scrutiny

⇒ English: scrutinise

From earlier *skruþōną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)krewt- (“to cut”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”).


linnaną

linnō (active first-person indicative singular)
linnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
linnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
linnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
linnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
linn (active imperative second-person singular)
linnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
linnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
linnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
linnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
linnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
linnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
linnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
linnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
linnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
linnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
linnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
linnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
linnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
linnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
linnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
linnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
linnid (active indicative plural second-person)
linnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
linnid (active imperative plural second-person)
linnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
linnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
linnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
linnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
linnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
linnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
linnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lann (active first-person indicative singular)
lunnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lannt (active indicative second-person singular)
lunnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lann (active indicative singular third-person)
lunnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lunnū (active dual first-person indicative)
lunnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lunnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lunnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lunnum (active first-person indicative plural)
lunnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lunnud (active indicative plural second-person)
lunnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lunnun (active indicative plural third-person)
lunnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
linnandz (active participle present)
lunnanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *linnan
Old English: linnan
Middle English: linnen, linne, lyn, lyne, lynne
English: lin (obsolete)
Scots: lin
Old Frisian: lenda

Old Norse: linna

Icelandic: linna

Norwegian: linna

Swedish: linna

Danish: linne

Gothic: *𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*linnan) (in 𐌰𐍆𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (aflinnan))

From Proto-Indo-European *leyh₂- (“to avoid, elude, decline, shrink away from, recede”).


þigjaną

þigjō (active first-person indicative singular)
þigjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þigjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þigisi (active indicative second-person singular)
þigjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þigi (active imperative second-person singular)
þigjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þigjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þigiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þigjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þigjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þigjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þigjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þigjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þigjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þigjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þigjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þigjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þigjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þigjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þigjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þigjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þigiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þigjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þigiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þigjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þigjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þigjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þigjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þigjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þigjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þigjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þag (active first-person indicative singular)
þēgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þaht (active indicative second-person singular)
þēgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þag (active indicative singular third-person)
þēgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þēgū (active dual first-person indicative)
þēgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þēgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þēgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þēgum (active first-person indicative plural)
þēgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þēgud (active indicative plural second-person)
þēgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þēgun (active indicative plural third-person)
þēgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þigjandz (active participle present)
þeganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þiggjan
Old English: þiċġan
Middle English: thiggen
Scots: thig
English: thig (obsolete)
Old Saxon: thiggian
Old Dutch: thiggen
Old High German: *thicken, *thiggen, diggen
Middle High German: digen, diegen
German: digen (obsolete)

Old Norse: þiggja
Icelandic: þiggja
Faroese: tiggja
Norwegian Nynorsk: tigga; (dialectal) tiggja, teggja, tige
Norwegian Bokmål: tigge
Old Swedish: þiggia
Swedish: tigga
Danish: tigge

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

From Proto-Indo-European *tek-yé-ti, from the root Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to take by the hand, receive, obtain”). Cognate with Old Irish techtaim (“I possess”), Lithuanian tèkti (“to be granted”), Ancient Greek κτάομαι (ktáomai, “to acquire”).


skrīaną

skrīō (active first-person indicative singular)
skrīaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrīai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skrīizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skrīaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrī (active imperative second-person singular)
skrīazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skrīaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skrīidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skrīai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrīadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skrīadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skrīaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skrīōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skrīaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrīadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrīaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrīadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skrīamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skrīaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrīandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skrīaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skrīid (active indicative plural second-person)
skrīaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrīid (active imperative plural second-person)
skrīandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skrīaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skrīandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skrīain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrīandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skrīandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skrīaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skrai (active first-person indicative singular)
skriį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrait (active indicative second-person singular)
skriīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrai (active indicative singular third-person)
skriī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skriū (active dual first-person indicative)
skriīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skriudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skriīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrium (active first-person indicative plural)
skriīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skriud (active indicative plural second-person)
skriīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skriun (active indicative plural third-person)
skriīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrīandz (active participle present)
skrianaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skrīan
Old English: sċrēon
Old Frisian: skrīa
Old Saxon: *skrīan
Middle Low German: schrîen, schrîgen, scrîen
German Low German: schrien, schriegen
Old Dutch: skrīan, *scrīan
Middle Dutch: schriën
Dutch: schriën, schrieën (dialectal)
Old High German: scrīan
Middle High German: schrīen
Alemannic German: schriie
German: schreien
Hunsrik: schreue
Yiddish: שרײַען (shrayen)
→ Old French: escrier, acrier, escrïer
Middle French: escrier, écrier
French: écrier
→ Middle English: ascrien, ascryen
English: scry

Old Norse: *skría

Norwegian: skrike

Old Swedish: skrīa

Swedish: skria

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)

der

Proto-Indo-European *(s)krey- (“to screech, make noise”)

cog

Proto-Indo-European *sker- (“to cut off”)


kōpijaną

kōpijō (active first-person indicative singular)
kōpijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kōpijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kōpīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kōpijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kōpī (active imperative second-person singular)
kōpijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kōpijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kōpīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kōpijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kōpijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kōpijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kōpijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kōpijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kōpijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kōpijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kōpijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kōpijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kōpijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kōpijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kōpijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kōpijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kōpīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kōpijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kōpīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kōpijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kōpijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kōpijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kōpijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kōpijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kōpijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kōpijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kōpidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kōpidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kōpidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kōpidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kōpidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kōpidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kōpidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kōpidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kōpidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kōpidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kōpidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kōpidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kōpidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kōpidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kōpidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kōpidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kōpijandz (active participle present)
kōpidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kōpijan

Old English: cēpan

Middle English: kepen

English: keep

Scots: kepe, keip

⇒ Old English: *cōpnian

Middle English: copnen

Old Frisian: *kēpa

West Frisian: kipe, kippe, kypje

Old Norse: kópa

Icelandic: kópa

Norwegian Bokmål: kope

Norwegian Nynorsk: kope

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵab-, *ǵeb- (“to look after”). Cognate with Lithuanian gebėti (“to cultivate, maintain, be able”), Russian забо́та (zabóta, “care, concern, attention”).


bikwemaną

bikwemō (active first-person indicative singular)
bikwemaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bikwemai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bikwimizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bikwemaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bikwem (active imperative second-person singular)
bikwemazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bikwemaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bikwimidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bikwemai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bikwemadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bikwemadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bikwemaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bikwemōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bikwemaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bikwemadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bikwemaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bikwemadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bikwemamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bikwemaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bikwemandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bikwemaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bikwimid (active indicative plural second-person)
bikwemaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bikwimid (active imperative plural second-person)
bikwemandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bikwemaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bikwemandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bikwemain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bikwemandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bikwemandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bikwemaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bikwam (active first-person indicative singular)
bikwēmį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bikwamt (active indicative second-person singular)
bikwēmīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bikwam (active indicative singular third-person)
bikwēmī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bikwēmū (active dual first-person indicative)
bikwēmīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bikwēmudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bikwēmīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bikwēmum (active first-person indicative plural)
bikwēmīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bikwēmud (active indicative plural second-person)
bikwēmīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bikwēmun (active indicative plural third-person)
bikwēmīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bikwemandz (active participle present)
bikumanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: becuman

Middle English: bicumen, becomen

Scots: becum

English: become

Old Frisian: bikuma

North Frisian: bikomme, bykomme

Saterland Frisian: bekuume

West Frisian: bikomme

Old Saxon: biqueman, bikuman

Middle Low German: bekomen

Low German: bekamen

→ Norwegian: bekomme

→ Swedish: bekomma

→ Danish: bekomme

Old Dutch: bikuman

Middle Dutch: becōmen

Dutch: bekomen

Afrikaans: bekom

Old High German: biqueman

Middle High German: bekomen

German: bekommen

Luxembourgish: bekommen

Yiddish: באַקומען (bakumen)

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (biqiman)

to come near, come around, come by, arrive

to come across, come by, chance upon, find, obtain


handulōną

handlō (active first-person indicative singular)
handlǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
handlōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
handlōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
handlōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
handlō (active imperative second-person singular)
handlōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
handlōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
handlōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
handlō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
handlōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
handlōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
handlōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
handlōs (active dual first-person indicative)
handlōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
handlōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
handlōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
handlōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
handlōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
handlōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
handlōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
handlōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
handlōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
handlōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
handlōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
handlōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
handlōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
handlōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
handlōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
handlōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
handlōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
handlōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
handlōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
handlōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
handlōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
handlōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
handlōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
handlōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
handlōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
handlōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
handlōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
handlōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
handlōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
handlōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
handlōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
handlōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
handlōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
handlōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
handlōndz (active participle present)
handlōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *handulōn
Old English: handlian
Middle English: handlen
Scots: handil
English: handle
→ Dutch: handelen
→ German: händeln, handeln
Old Frisian: handelia, hondelia
Saterland Frisian: hondelje
West Frisian: handelje, hannelje
Old Saxon: handlōn
Middle Low German: handelen
German Low German: handeln, hanneln
Plautdietsch: hendlen
Old Dutch: *handalon
Middle Dutch: handelen
Dutch: handelen
Afrikaans: handel
Negerhollands: handel
→ Caribbean Javanese: andel
Limburgish: hanjele
Old High German: hantalōn
Middle High German: handeln
German: handeln
→ Luxembourgish: handelen
Yiddish: האַנדלען (handlen)

Old Norse: handla, hǫndla

Icelandic: höndla

Norn: hanjdla

Faroese: handla

Norwegian: handle

Old Swedish: handla

Swedish: handla

Danish: handle

From *handuz (“hand”) + *-lōną (frequentive suffix).

af

to take or hold in the hand, seize, grip


mainijaną

mainijō (active first-person indicative singular)
mainijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mainijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
mainīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
mainijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mainī (active imperative second-person singular)
mainijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mainijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mainīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
mainijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mainijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
mainijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mainijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mainijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
mainijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mainijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mainijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mainijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mainijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mainijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mainijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mainijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mainīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
mainijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mainīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
mainijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mainijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mainijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
mainijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mainijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
mainijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mainijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mainidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
mainidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mainidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
mainidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mainidē (active indicative singular third-person)
mainidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mainidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
mainidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mainidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mainidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mainidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
mainidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mainidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
mainidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mainidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
mainidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mainijandz (active participle present)
mainidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mainijan
Old English: mǣnan
Middle English: menen
Scots: mene, mein
English: mean
Old Frisian: mēna
Saterland Frisian: meene
West Frisian: miene
Old Saxon: mēnian
Middle Low German: mênen, meinen
German Low German: menen
→ Old Norse: meina
Icelandic: meina
Faroese: meina
Norwegian Nynorsk: meina
→ Norwegian Bokmål: meine
Danish: mene
Norwegian Bokmål: mene
Swedish: mena
Gutnish: maine
Old Dutch: mēnen
Middle Dutch: mênen
Dutch: menen
Afrikaans: meen
Limburgish: meine
Old High German: meinen
Middle High German: meinen
German: meinen
Hunsrik: menne
Yiddish: מיינען (meynen)

→ Proto-Finnic: *mainit'ak (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *moyn-éye-ti (“to intend, give opinion”), cognate with Proto-Slavic *měniti (“to think”) a causative formation to a root *meyn-. Cognate with Old Irish mían (“wish; desire”). Ultimately possibly from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to change, exchange”).


mainijaną

desctree

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *framainijan
Old Dutch: *farmēnen
Middle Dutch: vermênen
Old High German: firmeinen
Middle High German: vermeinen
German: vermeinen (“schlecht machen”) (obsolete)

Old Norse: meina
Icelandic: meina
Faroese: meina
Norwegian Nynorsk: meina, meine
Old Swedish: mēna
Swedish: mena, förmena

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gamainjan)

Likely from *mainaz (“damaging, untrue, deceiving”) + *-janą or *mainą (“damage, unjustice”) + *-janą.