skehaną

skehō (active first-person indicative singular)
skehaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skehai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skihizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skehaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skeh (active imperative second-person singular)
skehazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skehaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skihidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skehai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skehadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skehadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skehaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skehōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skehaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skehadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skehaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skehadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skehamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skehaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skehandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skehaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skihid (active indicative plural second-person)
skehaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skihid (active imperative plural second-person)
skehandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skehaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skehandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skehain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skehandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skehandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skehaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skah (active first-person indicative singular)
skēhį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skaht (active indicative second-person singular)
skēhīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skah (active indicative singular third-person)
skēhī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skēhū (active dual first-person indicative)
skēhīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skēhudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skēhīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skēhum (active first-person indicative plural)
skēhīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skēhud (active indicative plural second-person)
skēhīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skēhun (active indicative plural third-person)
skēhīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skehandz (active participle present)
skehanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skehan
Old English: sċēon
Middle English: sen
Old Frisian: skiā, schiā
North Frisian: skie
Old Saxon: skehan
Middle Low German: schēn
Low German: schehn
→ Danish: ske
Norwegian Bokmål: skje
→ Icelandic: ske
→ Faroese: ske
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skje; (dialectal) ski
→ Old Swedish: ske
Swedish: ske
Old Dutch: *skian
Middle Dutch: schien
Limburgish: sjeeje, sji-jje
Old High German: skehan, scehan
Middle High German: schëhen
German: geschehen

From Proto-Indo-European *skek- (“to move quickly, jump”). The derived sense of "to happen" appears to have developed at an early stage. Cognate with Old Irish scuichid (“to move, start, go”), Welsh ysgogi (“to move, stir, tremble”), Proto-Slavic *skočìti (“to jump, leap”).

cog

(West Germanic) to emerge; come up; happen


skallijaną

skallijō (active first-person indicative singular)
skallijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skallijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skallīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skallijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skallī (active imperative second-person singular)
skallijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skallijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skallīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skallijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skallijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skallijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skallijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skallijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skallijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skallijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skallijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skallijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skallijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skallijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skallijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skallijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skallīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skallijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skallīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skallijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skallijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skallijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skallijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skallijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skallijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skallijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skallidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skallidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skallidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skallidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skallidē (active indicative singular third-person)
skallidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skallidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skallidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skallidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skallidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skallidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skallidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skallidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skallidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skallidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skallidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skallijandz (active participle present)
skallidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: sċiellan, sċillan

Middle English: schillen

Scots: schil, shill

English: shill

(Old Dutch: *skallen merged with byform skellan)

(Middle Dutch: schallen, scellen)

(Dutch: schellen)

Old High German: scellen, skellen

Middle High German: schellen

German: schellen

Luxembourgish: schellen

Old Norse: skella

Icelandic: skella

Old Swedish: skælla

Swedish: skälla

(→ Scots: skelloch)

(→ English: skell (dialectal))

Causative of *skellaną, from Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to sound, resound”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁- (“to call, shout, scream, make a sound”).

der

to make a sound; cause (one) to sound; ring


semōną

semō (active first-person indicative singular)
semǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
semōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
semōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
semōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
semō (active imperative second-person singular)
semōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
semōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
semōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
semō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
semōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
semōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
semōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
semōs (active dual first-person indicative)
semōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
semōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
semōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
semōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
semōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
semōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
semōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
semōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
semōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
semōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
semōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
semōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
semōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
semōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
semōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
semōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
semōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
semōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
semōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
semōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
semōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
semōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
semōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
semōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
semōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
semōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
semōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
semōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
semōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
semōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
semōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
semōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
semōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
semōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
semōndz (active participle present)
semōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: semian, seomian

From Proto-Indo-European *sēy- (“to linger”).


fadōną

fadō (active first-person indicative singular)
fadǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fadōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
fadōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fadōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fadō (active imperative second-person singular)
fadōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fadōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fadōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fadō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fadōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fadōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fadōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fadōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fadōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fadōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fadōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fadōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fadōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fadōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fadōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fadōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fadōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fadōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fadōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fadōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fadōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fadōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fadōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fadōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fadōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fadōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fadōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fadōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fadōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fadōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fadōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
fadōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fadōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fadōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fadōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fadōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fadōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fadōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fadōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fadōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fadōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fadōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fadōndz (active participle present)
fadōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fadōn

desc

>? Old English: fadian (“to guide, direct, order”)

Middle English: faden

>? English: fad

Old High German: fatōn (in past part kavatōt)

Middle High German: vetten (partially)

German: fetten

Luxembourgish: fetten

⇒ Old High German: fatunga

⇒ Old High German: giunfatōn

/ˈɸɑ.ðɔː.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“protect, guard, graze, feed”).


fatōną

fatō (active first-person indicative singular)
fatǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fatōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
fatōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fatōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fatō (active imperative second-person singular)
fatōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fatōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fatōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fatō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fatōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fatōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fatōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fatōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fatōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fatōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fatōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fatōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fatōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fatōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fatōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fatōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fatōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fatōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fatōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fatōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fatōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fatōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fatōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fatōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fatōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fatōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fatōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fatōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fatōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fatōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fatōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
fatōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fatōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fatōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fatōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fatōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fatōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fatōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fatōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fatōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fatōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fatōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fatōndz (active participle present)
fatōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fatōn

Old English: fatian, fetian, feċċan

desc

Middle English: facchen, fecchen, fetchen, fochen; feten, fetten

English: fatch, fetch; fet

Scots: fatch, fesh, fetch; fet

Old Frisian: fatia

Saterland Frisian: foatje

West Frisian: fetsje

Old Saxon: *fatōn

Middle Low German: vāten

Low German: faten

→ Danish: fatte

→ Icelandic: fatta

→ Swedish: fatta

→ Norwegian: fatte

Old Dutch: *faton

Middle Dutch: vaten, vatten

Dutch: vatten

Afrikaans: vat

Old High German: fazzōn

Middle High German: vazzen

Cimbrian: vassan, bassan (Mezzaselva)

German: fassen

→ Polish: fasować

→ Russian: фасова́ть (fasovátʹ)

Luxembourgish: faassen

Old Norse: fata

Icelandic: fata

Faroese: fata

Old Swedish: fata

/ˈɸɑ.tɔː.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *pod-néh₂-ti, from *pod- (“to fetch”), and cognate with Old Church Slavonic попасти (popasti, “to fetch”). Whether the root is further connected to *ped- (“to walk, stumble, fall”) is unclear and semantically dubious.


framjaną

framjō (active first-person indicative singular)
framjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
framjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
framisi (active indicative second-person singular)
framjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frami (active imperative second-person singular)
framjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
framjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
framiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
framjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
framjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
framjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
framjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
framjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
framjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
framjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
framjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
framjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
framjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
framjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
framjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
framjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
framiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
framjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
framiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
framjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
framjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
framjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
framjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
framjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
framjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
framjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
framidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
framidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
framidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
framidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
framidē (active indicative singular third-person)
framidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
framidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
framidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
framidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
framidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
framidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
framidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
framidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
framidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
framidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
framidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
framjandz (active participle present)
framidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *frammjan
Old English: fremman
Middle English: fremmen
English: frame
→ Dutch: frame
→ German: framen
Scots: frame
Old Frisian: frema, fremma
Old Saxon: fremmian
Old Dutch: fremmen
Middle Dutch: vrēmen
Old High German: fremmen

Old Norse: fremja
Icelandic: fremja
Faroese: fremja
Norwegian Nynorsk: fremja
Old Swedish: fræmia, fræmmia
Swedish: främja
Old Danish: fræmdær (past participle)
Middle Danish: fræmmæ, fræmiæ
Danish: fremme
Norwegian Bokmål: fremme
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: fremma

From *framaz + *-janą, from Proto-Indo-European *pró-mo-s, from *pró (“toward, leading to”). Compare Latin framea (“spear”) probably from *framjō (literally “forward going one”).


flōkaną

flōkō (active first-person indicative singular)
flōkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flōkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
flōkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
flōkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flōk (active imperative second-person singular)
flōkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
flōkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
flōkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
flōkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flōkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
flōkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
flōkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
flōkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
flōkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flōkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flōkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flōkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
flōkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
flōkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flōkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
flōkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
flōkid (active indicative plural second-person)
flōkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flōkid (active imperative plural second-person)
flōkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
flōkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
flōkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
flōkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flōkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
flōkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
flōkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
feflōk (active first-person indicative singular)
feflōkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
feflōht (active indicative second-person singular)
feflōkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
feflōk (active indicative singular third-person)
feflōkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
feflōkū (active dual first-person indicative)
feflōkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
feflōkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
feflōkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
feflōkum (active first-person indicative plural)
feflōkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
feflōkud (active indicative plural second-person)
feflōkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
feflōkun (active indicative plural third-person)
feflōkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flōkandz (active participle present)
flōkanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *flōkan
Old English: flōcan
Old Frisian: flōka
West Frisian: flokke, floke
Old Saxon: flōkan
Middle Low German: vlôken
Low German: floken, flöken
Old Dutch: *fluokan
Middle Dutch: vloeken
Dutch: vloeken
Afrikaans: vloek
Old High German: fluohhan
Middle High German: vluochen
German: fluchen
Luxembourgish: fluchen
Vilamovian: fłücha

Gothic: 𐍆𐌻𐍉𐌺𐌰𐌽 (flōkan)

/ˈɸlɔː.kɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂g-, *pleh₂k- (“to beat, strike”). Kroonen suggests there is no need to reconstruct *ploh₂g-, in which case the 'k' was restored to *flōk- by analogy with the iterative derived from it. Cognate with Ancient Greek πλάζω (plázō), πλήσσω (plḗssō), Latin plango, Old Church Slavonic плакати (plakati).


skrībaną

skrībō (active first-person indicative singular)
skrībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skrībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skrībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrīb (active imperative second-person singular)
skrībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skrībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skrībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skrībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skrībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skrībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skrībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skrībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skrībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skrībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skrībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skrībid (active indicative plural second-person)
skrībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrībid (active imperative plural second-person)
skrībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skrībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skrībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skrībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skrībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skrībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skraib (active first-person indicative singular)
skribį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skraift (active indicative second-person singular)
skribīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skraib (active indicative singular third-person)
skribī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skribū (active dual first-person indicative)
skribīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skribudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skribīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skribum (active first-person indicative plural)
skribīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skribud (active indicative plural second-person)
skribīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skribun (active indicative plural third-person)
skribīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrībandz (active participle present)
skribanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skrīban (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: *skrífa

Norwegian Bokmål: skrive

Norwegian Nynorsk: skriva, skrive

Old Swedish: (strong) skriva
Swedish: skriva
→ Elfdalian: skrieva

Danish: skrive

skrifa

Old Norse: skrifa (“to depict, draw, decorate”); Icelandic

skriva

Old Norse: skrifa (“to depict, draw, decorate”); Old Swedish


jehaną

jehō (active first-person indicative singular)
jehaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
jehai (first-person indicative passive singular)
jihizi (active indicative second-person singular)
jehaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
jeh (active imperative second-person singular)
jehazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
jehaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
jihidi (active indicative singular third-person)
jehai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
jehadau (active imperative singular third-person)
jehadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
jehaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
jehōz (active dual first-person indicative)
jehaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
jehadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
jehaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
jehadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
jehamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
jehaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
jehandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
jehaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
jihid (active indicative plural second-person)
jehaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
jihid (active imperative plural second-person)
jehandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
jehaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
jehandi (active indicative plural third-person)
jehain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
jehandau (active imperative plural third-person)
jehandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
jehaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
jah (active first-person indicative singular)
jēgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
jaht (active indicative second-person singular)
jēgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
jah (active indicative singular third-person)
jēgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
jēgū (active dual first-person indicative)
jēgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
jēgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
jēgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
jēgum (active first-person indicative plural)
jēgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
jēgud (active indicative plural second-person)
jēgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
jēgun (active indicative plural third-person)
jēgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
jehandz (active participle present)
jeganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *jehan
Old Frisian: jā
Old Saxon: *jehan; gehan, gean (<*ge-jehan)
Middle Low German: jēn, jein; gēn, gein
Old Dutch: gian
Middle Dutch: gien
Old High German: jehan, gehan
Middle High German: jëhen, gehen
German: jehen
→ Old French: gehir, geïr; gehine; gehisner
Middle French: gehir; gehenne; genner
French: gêne; gêner
Franc-Comtois: dgeinne

From Proto-Indo-European *yék-e-ti, from *yek- (“to speak”). Cognate with Sanskrit याचति (yā́cati, “to ask, entreat”), Proto-Celtic *yextis (“language”).


derbaną

derbō (active first-person indicative singular)
derbaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
derbai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dirbizi (active indicative second-person singular)
derbaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
derb (active imperative second-person singular)
derbazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
derbaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dirbidi (active indicative singular third-person)
derbai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
derbadau (active imperative singular third-person)
derbadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
derbaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
derbōz (active dual first-person indicative)
derbaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
derbadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
derbaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
derbadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
derbamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
derbaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
derbandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
derbaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dirbid (active indicative plural second-person)
derbaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dirbid (active imperative plural second-person)
derbandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
derbaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
derbandi (active indicative plural third-person)
derbain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
derbandau (active imperative plural third-person)
derbandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
derbaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
darb (active first-person indicative singular)
durbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
darft (active indicative second-person singular)
durbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
darb (active indicative singular third-person)
durbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
durbū (active dual first-person indicative)
durbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
durbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
durbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
durbum (active first-person indicative plural)
durbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
durbud (active indicative plural second-person)
durbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
durbun (active indicative plural third-person)
durbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
derbandz (active participle present)
durbanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *derban
Old English: deorfan
Middle English: derven

Old Norse: fordjarfa

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰerHbʰ- (“to work, perish, die”). Related to Lithuanian dirbti (“to work”).


rūmijaną

rūmijō (active first-person indicative singular)
rūmijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rūmijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rūmīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
rūmijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rūmī (active imperative second-person singular)
rūmijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rūmijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rūmīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rūmijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rūmijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rūmijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rūmijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rūmijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rūmijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rūmijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rūmijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rūmijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rūmijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rūmijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rūmijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rūmijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rūmīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rūmijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rūmīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rūmijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rūmijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rūmijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rūmijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rūmijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rūmijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rūmijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rūmidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rūmidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rūmidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rūmidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rūmidē (active indicative singular third-person)
rūmidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rūmidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rūmidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rūmidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rūmidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rūmidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rūmidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rūmidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rūmidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rūmidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rūmidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rūmijandz (active participle present)
rūmidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rūmijan
Old English: rȳman
Middle English: rimen
English: ream, rim
→ Old French: arimer
Middle French: arrimer
French: arrimer
Old Frisian: rēma
Old Saxon: rūmian
Old Dutch: *rūmen
Middle Dutch: rumen
Dutch: ruimen
>? West Frisian: romje
Old High German: rūmen
Middle High German: rūmen
Bavarian: rama
German: räumen (Central German), raumen (Upper German)
Luxembourgish: raumen

Old Norse: rýma

Icelandic: rýma

Faroese: rýma

Norwegian Nynorsk: røma, ryma

Old Swedish: rȳma

Swedish: rymma

Danish: rømme

Norwegian Bokmål: rømme

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: rømma

From *rūmaz (“roomy, spacious”) + *-janą.


smaugijaną

smaugijō (active first-person indicative singular)
smaugijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smaugijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
smaugīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
smaugijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smaugī (active imperative second-person singular)
smaugijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
smaugijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
smaugīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
smaugijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smaugijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
smaugijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
smaugijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
smaugijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
smaugijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smaugijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smaugijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smaugijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
smaugijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
smaugijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smaugijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
smaugijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
smaugīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
smaugijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smaugīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
smaugijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
smaugijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
smaugijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
smaugijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smaugijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
smaugijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
smaugijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
smaugidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
smaugidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smaugidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
smaugidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smaugidē (active indicative singular third-person)
smaugidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smaugidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
smaugidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smaugidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smaugidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smaugidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
smaugidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smaugidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
smaugidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smaugidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
smaugidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smaugijandz (active participle present)
smaugidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *smaugijan
Old English: smēaġan
Middle English: smegen
Old High German: *smougen
Middle High German: smougen

Old Norse: smeygja

Icelandic: smeygja

Faroese: smoyggja

Old Swedish: smø̄ghia

Swedish: smöja

From *smeuganą (“to creep, slip”) + *-janą.


baugijaną

baugijō (active first-person indicative singular)
baugijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
baugijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
baugīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
baugijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baugī (active imperative second-person singular)
baugijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
baugijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
baugīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
baugijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
baugijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
baugijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
baugijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
baugijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
baugijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
baugijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
baugijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
baugijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
baugijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
baugijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
baugijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
baugijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
baugīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
baugijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
baugīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
baugijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
baugijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
baugijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
baugijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
baugijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
baugijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
baugijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
baugidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
baugidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
baugidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
baugidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baugidē (active indicative singular third-person)
baugidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
baugidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
baugidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
baugidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
baugidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
baugidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
baugidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
baugidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
baugidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
baugidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
baugidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
baugijandz (active participle present)
baugidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *baugijan
Old English: bīeġan, bīġan, bȳġan
Middle English: bēgen
English: bay, bebay
Old Frisian: bēia
North Frisian: boje
Saterland Frisian: beegje
West Frisian: bûgje
Old Saxon: bōgian
Middle Low German: bȫgen
Low German: bögen
Old Dutch: bōgen
Middle Dutch: bôgen
Old High German: bougen
Middle High German: bougen
German: beugen
Yiddish: בייגן (beygn)

Old Norse: beygja
Icelandic: beygja
Faroese: boyggja
Norwegian Nynorsk: bøygja, bøya
Old Swedish: bø̄ghia
Swedish: böja
Danish: bøje
Norwegian Bokmål: bøye

⇒ Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (usbaugjan)

From *beuganą (“to bow, bend”) + *-janą (“causative suffix”).


rukkōną

rukkō (active first-person indicative singular)
rukkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rukkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
rukkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
rukkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rukkō (active imperative second-person singular)
rukkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rukkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rukkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rukkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rukkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rukkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rukkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rukkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rukkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rukkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rukkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rukkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rukkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rukkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rukkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rukkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rukkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rukkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rukkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rukkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rukkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rukkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rukkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rukkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rukkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rukkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rukkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rukkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rukkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rukkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rukkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
rukkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rukkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rukkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rukkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rukkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rukkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rukkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rukkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rukkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rukkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rukkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rukkōndz (active participle present)
rukkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *rukkōn, *rokkōn

Old English: roccian

desc

Middle English: rokken, roggen, rucken, rocken (cf. also roggelen)

Scots: rok

English: rock, rog (obsolete, dialectal)

→ German: rocken

Old Frisian: *rukkia, *rokkia

Saterland Frisian: rukje, rukke

West Frisian: rokje, rukke, rokke

Old Dutch: *rukkon, *rokkon

Middle Dutch: rucken, rocken

Dutch: rokken, rukken

→ Old French: rocquer

Old High German: *rohhōn, *rochōn

Middle High German: rocken

Old Norse: *rukka, rugga

Icelandic: rukka, rugga

Faroese: rugga

Swedish: rucka

Danish: rokke

From Pre-Germanic *Hruknéh₂-, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewk- (“to dig up”). Cognate with Latin runcō (“to weed”, verb), Sanskrit लुञ्चति (luñcáti, “to pluck”). In addition to the above theory, Kroonen suggests a derivation from an unknown verb *rehaną, *reganą, from a putative Proto-Indo-European *Hreǵʰ- (“to touch”), and compared with Lithuanian rõžyti (“to touch, hit”), though this is speculative.


rutāną

rutō (active first-person indicative singular)
rutaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
rutai (active imperative second-person singular)
rutāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rutaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rutāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rutāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rutōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rutāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rutāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rutāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rutānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rutaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rutaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rutānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rutānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rutānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rutānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rutadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rutadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rutadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rutadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rutadē (active indicative singular third-person)
rutadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rutadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rutadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rutadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rutadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rutadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rutadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rutadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rutadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rutadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rutadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rutāndz (active participle present)
rutadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rotēn
Old English: rotian
Middle English: roten, roote, rooton, rootye, rot, rote, roti, rotie, rotte, rotten, roty, rotye, rotyn, rotenn, rotien, rotiȝen (Early Middle English)
English: rot
Scots: rot
Yola: rothed, rotheda, rothyed (adj)
Old Frisian: rotia
Saterland Frisian: rootje
West Frisian: rotsje
Old Saxon: rotōn
Middle Low German: rōten
German Low German: rötten
→ German: rotten, verrotten
Old Dutch: *roton
Middle Dutch: rōten, rotten
Dutch: rotten, roten, reuten
Old High German: rozēn, rozzēn
Middle High German: rōzen
German: rößen

Old Norse: rotinn; rotna

Icelandic: rotinn; rotna

Faroese: rotin; rotna

Norwegian Nynorsk: rotne

Old Swedish: rutin, rotin; rutna, rotna

Swedish: rutten; ruttna

Old Danish: rotin, raden; rotnæ

Danish: rådden; rådne

Elfdalian: rotin; rottn

Gutnish: ruten, rutn; rutna

Scanian: røden; rødna

→ Middle English: rotin, roten

Scots: rottin, rotten

English: rotten

From Proto-Indo-European *Hrewd- (“to tear; rend”).


taugijaną

taugijō (active first-person indicative singular)
taugijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
taugijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
taugīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
taugijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
taugī (active imperative second-person singular)
taugijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
taugijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
taugīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
taugijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
taugijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
taugijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
taugijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
taugijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
taugijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
taugijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
taugijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
taugijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
taugijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
taugijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
taugijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
taugijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
taugīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
taugijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
taugīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
taugijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
taugijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
taugijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
taugijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
taugijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
taugijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
taugijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
taugidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
taugidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
taugidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
taugidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
taugidē (active indicative singular third-person)
taugidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
taugidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
taugidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
taugidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
taugidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
taugidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
taugidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
taugidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
taugidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
taugidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
taugidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
taugijandz (active participle present)
taugidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Old English: tīeġan, tīġan, tȳġan — Late West Saxon
Middle English: teyen, tegh, teiȝen, tey, teye, teyȝe, teyn, teyyn, thyen, tien, tye, tyȝe (through the Anglian variant)
English: tie
Scots: tee, tie

Old Saxon: *tōgian

Middle Low German: *tö̂gen, *tö̂jen

German Low German: töjen

q

in <i class="Latn mention" lang="goh">duruhzougen</i>

Old High German: *zougen (ppt) (in duruhzougen)

Old Norse: teygja

Icelandic: teygja

Faroese: toyggja

Norwegian: tøye

Old Swedish: tø̄ghia

Swedish: töja

Old Danish: tø̄ghæ

Danish: tøje

Gutnish: tåige

Scanian: tǿja


kīnaną

kīnō (active first-person indicative singular)
kīnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kīnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kīnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kīnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kīn (active imperative second-person singular)
kīnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kīnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kīnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kīnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kīnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kīnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kīnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kīnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kīnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kīnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kīnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kīnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kīnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kīnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kīnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kīnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kīnid (active indicative plural second-person)
kīnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kīnid (active imperative plural second-person)
kīnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kīnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kīnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kīnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kīnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kīnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kīnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kai (active first-person indicative singular)
kijį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kait (active indicative second-person singular)
kijīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kai (active indicative singular third-person)
kijī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kijū (active dual first-person indicative)
kijīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kijudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kijīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kijum (active first-person indicative plural)
kijīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kijud (active indicative plural second-person)
kijīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kijun (active indicative plural third-person)
kijīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kīnandz (active participle present)
kijanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kīnan
Old English: ċīnan
Middle English: chynen, chine, chyne
English: chine (obsolete)
Scots: chime, chun
Old Frisian: *kīna
Saterland Frisian: kiene
Old Saxon: kīnan
Middle Low German: kînen, ⇒ kîmen (influenced by kīme)
German Low German: kienen
Old Dutch: *kīnan
Middle Dutch: kinen
Old High German: kīnan
Middle High German: kīnen, ⇒ kīmen (influenced by kīme)
German: keimen
→⇒ Old French: rekigner, reschignier, rechignier (“to grimace”)
Old French: *rekin, reschin (“shark”)
Middle French: requin (via Norman French)
French: requin
→ English: requin

Gothic: 𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽 (keinan)

From Pre-Germanic *ǵey-n-, originally a nasal-present from Proto-Indo-European *ǵeyH- (“to break open, germinate”). Cognate with Lithuanian žydė́ti (“to flower, bloom”).

der

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


bēganą

bēgō (active first-person indicative singular)
bēgaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bēgai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bēgizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bēgaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bēg (active imperative second-person singular)
bēgazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bēgaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bēgidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bēgai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bēgadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bēgadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bēgaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bēgōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bēgaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bēgadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bēgaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bēgadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bēgamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bēgaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bēgandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bēgaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bēgid (active indicative plural second-person)
bēgaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bēgid (active imperative plural second-person)
bēgandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bēgaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bēgandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bēgain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bēgandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bēgandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bēgaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bebēg (active first-person indicative singular)
bebēgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bebēht (active indicative second-person singular)
bebēgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bebēg (active indicative singular third-person)
bebēgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bebēgū (active dual first-person indicative)
bebēgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bebēgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bebēgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bebēgum (active first-person indicative plural)
bebēgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bebēgud (active indicative plural second-person)
bebēgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bebēgun (active indicative plural third-person)
bebēgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bēgandz (active participle present)
bēganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: bageren

desctree

Old High German: bāgan, pāgan
Middle High German: bāgen
⇒ German: bägern
Bavarian: bägen
⇒ Swabian: bägeren
→ Middle French: bagarot
→ Occitan: bagarro
→ French: bagarre; bagarrer
→ Italian: bagarre

Old Norse: bága

Faroese: bága

⇒ Old Norse: bægja

Icelandic: bægja

→ Proto-Samic: *piekōtēk, *pākētēk (see there for further descendants)

/ˈbɛː.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/

Uncertain; perhaps, related to Old Irish bág (“war”) and Old Irish bágaid (“to battle”), which has been proposed to stem from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₁ǵʰ- (“to dispute, quarrel”).

der

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


hellaną

hellō (active first-person indicative singular)
hellaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hellai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hillizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hellaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hell (active imperative second-person singular)
hellazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hellaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hillidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hellai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
helladau (active imperative singular third-person)
helladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hellaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hellōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hellaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
helladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hellaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
helladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hellamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hellaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hellandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hellaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hillid (active indicative plural second-person)
hellaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hillid (active imperative plural second-person)
hellandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hellaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hellandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hellain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hellandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hellandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hellaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hall (active first-person indicative singular)
hullį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hallt (active indicative second-person singular)
hullīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hall (active indicative singular third-person)
hullī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hullū (active dual first-person indicative)
hullīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hulludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hullīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hullum (active first-person indicative plural)
hullīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hullud (active indicative plural second-person)
hullīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hullun (active indicative plural third-person)
hullīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hellandz (active participle present)
hullanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *hiellan (attested as hieldon (plural past tense) < *hallijaną)

Old Dutch: *hellan

Middle Dutch: hellen

Old High German: hellan

Middle High German: hellen

German: hellen

A verbal formation from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁- (“to call, make noise”). The semantic shift from "make noise" > "loud" > "clear, bright" in the High German descendants parallels that of Latin clārus (“loud, clear”), from the same root.


skrinkwaną

skrinkwō (active first-person indicative singular)
skrinkwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrinkwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skrinkwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skrinkwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrinkw (active imperative second-person singular)
skrinkwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skrinkwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skrinkwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skrinkwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrinkwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skrinkwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skrinkwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skrinkwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skrinkwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrinkwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrinkwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrinkwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skrinkwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skrinkwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrinkwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skrinkwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skrinkwid (active indicative plural second-person)
skrinkwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrinkwid (active imperative plural second-person)
skrinkwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skrinkwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skrinkwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skrinkwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrinkwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skrinkwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skrinkwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skrankw (active first-person indicative singular)
skrunkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skranht (active indicative second-person singular)
skrunkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrankw (active indicative singular third-person)
skrunkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrunkū (active dual first-person indicative)
skrunkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrunkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrunkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrunkum (active first-person indicative plural)
skrunkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrunkud (active indicative plural second-person)
skrunkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrunkun (active indicative plural third-person)
skrunkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrinkwandz (active participle present)
skrunkanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Old English: sċrincan
Middle English: schrynken, schrinke, schryngke, schrynke, schrynkyn, shrincke, shrinke, shrinken, scrinkin
English: shrink
Scots: scrink

Old Dutch: *skrinkan

Middle Dutch: *schrinken

Dutch: schrinken

Old Norse: *skrykkva, *skrøkkva

Norwegian: skrøkka

Old Swedish: skrunkin (attested as past participle)

Of uncertain origin. Apparently from a Proto-Indo-European *skringʷ-onom, which may be from a derived root from Proto-Indo-European *sker- (“to turn, bend (wrinkle, wither)”); compare Polish kurczyć; also compare Lithuanian skrę̃sti (“to be covered with a crust”).


skrankijaną

skrankijō (active first-person indicative singular)
skrankijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrankijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skrankīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skrankijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrankī (active imperative second-person singular)
skrankijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skrankijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skrankīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skrankijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrankijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skrankijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skrankijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skrankijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skrankijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrankijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrankijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrankijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skrankijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skrankijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrankijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skrankijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skrankīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skrankijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrankīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skrankijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skrankijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skrankijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skrankijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrankijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skrankijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skrankijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skrankidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skrankidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrankidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skrankidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrankidē (active indicative singular third-person)
skrankidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrankidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skrankidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrankidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrankidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrankidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skrankidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrankidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skrankidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrankidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skrankidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrankijandz (active participle present)
skrankidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: ġesċrenċan

Middle English: shrenchen

From *skrinkwaną (“to shrink”) + *-janą.


skrankijaną

Old English: sċrenċan

Middle English: shrenchen

Old Dutch: *skrenken

Middle Dutch: screnken

Dutch: schrenken

Old High German: *skrenken

Middle High German: schrenken

German: schränken

to limit, restrict; to ensnare, catch someone up


mēaną

mēō (active first-person indicative singular)
mēaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mēai (first-person indicative passive singular)
mēizi (active indicative second-person singular)
mēaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mē (active imperative second-person singular)
mēazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mēaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mēidi (active indicative singular third-person)
mēai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mēadau (active imperative singular third-person)
mēadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mēaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mēōz (active dual first-person indicative)
mēaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mēadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mēaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mēadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mēamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mēaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mēandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mēaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mēid (active indicative plural second-person)
mēaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mēid (active imperative plural second-person)
mēandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mēaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mēandi (active indicative plural third-person)
mēain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mēandau (active imperative plural third-person)
mēandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mēaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
memō (active first-person indicative singular)
memōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
memōt (active indicative second-person singular)
memōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
memō (active indicative singular third-person)
memōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
memōū (active dual first-person indicative)
memōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
memōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
memōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
memōum (active first-person indicative plural)
memōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
memōud (active indicative plural second-person)
memōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
memōun (active indicative plural third-person)
memōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mēandz (active participle present)
mēanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *māan
Old English: māwan
Middle English: mowen
English: mow
Scots: maw
Old Frisian: *meā, *miā
Saterland Frisian: mjo
West Frisian: mjeane, meane
Old Saxon: *māian
Middle Low German: meien, meyen, meygen, meigen, mêgen
German Low German: maihen
→ Swedish: meja
→ Danish: meje
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: meie
Norwegian Nynorsk: meia, meie
Old Dutch: *māien
Middle Dutch: mâyen
Dutch: maaien
Afrikaans: maai
Old High German: māen
Middle High German: mæjen
German: mähen
Luxembourgish: méien

/ˈmɛː.ɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂meh₁- (“to mow”).


hwelbaną

hwelbō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwelbaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwelbai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwilbizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwelbaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwelb (active imperative second-person singular)
hwelbazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwelbaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwilbidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwelbai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwelbadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwelbadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwelbaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwelbōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hwelbaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwelbadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwelbaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwelbadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwelbamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwelbaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwelbandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwelbaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwilbid (active indicative plural second-person)
hwelbaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwilbid (active imperative plural second-person)
hwelbandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwelbaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwelbandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwelbain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwelbandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwelbandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwelbaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwalb (active first-person indicative singular)
hulbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwalft (active indicative second-person singular)
hulbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwalb (active indicative singular third-person)
hulbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hulbū (active dual first-person indicative)
hulbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hulbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hulbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hulbum (active first-person indicative plural)
hulbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hulbud (active indicative plural second-person)
hulbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hulbun (active indicative plural third-person)
hulbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwelbandz (active participle present)
hulbanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Dutch: *welvan

Middle Dutch: welven
Dutch: welven
Afrikaans: welf, welwe

Old High German: *welban

Middle High German: *welben (only the past singular walb is attested)

German: wölben

Old Norse: *hvelfa (only the past participle holfinn is attested)

Norwegian: kvelva

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷelp- (“to bend”), with -b- instead of -f- due to influence from either the adjective or causative.


tīhaną

tīhō (active first-person indicative singular)
tīhaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tīhai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tīhizi (active indicative second-person singular)
tīhaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tīh (active imperative second-person singular)
tīhazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tīhaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tīhidi (active indicative singular third-person)
tīhai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tīhadau (active imperative singular third-person)
tīhadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tīhaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tīhōz (active dual first-person indicative)
tīhaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tīhadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tīhaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tīhadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tīhamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tīhaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tīhandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tīhaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tīhid (active indicative plural second-person)
tīhaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tīhid (active imperative plural second-person)
tīhandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tīhaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tīhandi (active indicative plural third-person)
tīhain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tīhandau (active imperative plural third-person)
tīhandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tīhaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
taih (active first-person indicative singular)
tigį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
taiht (active indicative second-person singular)
tigīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
taih (active indicative singular third-person)
tigī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tigū (active dual first-person indicative)
tigīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tigudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tigīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tigum (active first-person indicative plural)
tigīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tigud (active indicative plural second-person)
tigīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tigun (active indicative plural third-person)
tigīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tīhandz (active participle present)
tiganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *tīhan
Old English: tēon
Middle English: tēn
⇒ Old Saxon: aftīhan
Old Dutch: *tīan
Middle Dutch: tiën
Dutch: tijgen, aantijgen
Afrikaans: aantyg
Old High German: zīhan
Middle High German: zīhen
German: zeihen

Old Norse: tjá

Icelandic: tjá

Faroese: tíggja

Norwegian Nynorsk: te

Old Swedish: tēa

Swedish: te

Danish: te

Norwegian Bokmål: te

Gothic: *𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽 (*teihan)

From Proto-Indo-European *déyḱti, from *deyḱ- (“to show”). Cognate with Latin dīcō (“speak, say, tell”), Ancient Greek δείκνυμι (deíknumi, “show, point out, explain, teach”).


treganą

tregō (active first-person indicative singular)
tregaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tregai (first-person indicative passive singular)
trigizi (active indicative second-person singular)
tregaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
treg (active imperative second-person singular)
tregazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tregaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
trigidi (active indicative singular third-person)
tregai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tregadau (active imperative singular third-person)
tregadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tregaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tregōz (active dual first-person indicative)
tregaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tregadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tregaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tregadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tregamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tregaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tregandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tregaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
trigid (active indicative plural second-person)
tregaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
trigid (active imperative plural second-person)
tregandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tregaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tregandi (active indicative plural third-person)
tregain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tregandau (active imperative plural third-person)
tregandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tregaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
trag (active first-person indicative singular)
trēgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
traht (active indicative second-person singular)
trēgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
trag (active indicative singular third-person)
trēgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
trēgū (active dual first-person indicative)
trēgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
trēgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
trēgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
trēgum (active first-person indicative plural)
trēgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
trēgud (active indicative plural second-person)
trēgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
trēgun (active indicative plural third-person)
trēgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tregandz (active participle present)
treganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tregan
Old English: treġian (weak verb)
Middle English: treyen
Old Saxon: tregan
Old Dutch: *tregon
Middle Dutch: tregen (weak verb)

Old Norse: trega (weak verb)

Icelandic: trega

Old Swedish: trægha
Swedish: träga

From Proto-Indo-European *dreǵʰ- (“to be unwilling, vexed”).


hinþaną

hinþō (active first-person indicative singular)
hinþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hinþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hinþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hinþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hinþ (active imperative second-person singular)
hinþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hinþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hinþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hinþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hinþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hinþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hinþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hinþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hinþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hinþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hinþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hinþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hinþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hinþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hinþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hinþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hinþid (active indicative plural second-person)
hinþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hinþid (active imperative plural second-person)
hinþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hinþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hinþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hinþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hinþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hinþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hinþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hanþ (active first-person indicative singular)
hundį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hanst (active indicative second-person singular)
hundīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hanþ (active indicative singular third-person)
hundī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hundū (active dual first-person indicative)
hundīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hundudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hundīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hundum (active first-person indicative plural)
hundīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hundud (active indicative plural second-person)
hundīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hundun (active indicative plural third-person)
hundīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hinþandz (active participle present)
hundanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: hinna

Old Swedish: hinna

Swedish: hinna

Elfdalian: inna

Scanian: hinðe

Danish: hinde (obsolete)

Gutnish: hinna

Gothic: *𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌽 (*hinþan)

⇒ 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌽 (frahinþan)

⇒ 𐌼𐌹𐌸𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌽 (miþfrahinþan)

⇒ 𐌿𐍃𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌽 (ushinþan)

Possibly from a Proto-Indo-European *ḱent- (“to reach, sting”) (alternatively reconstructed as *kent-). While Kroonen adduces no cognates, Orel compares Ancient Greek κεντέω (kentéō, “to sting, goad”), which is supported by Beekes; see the Greek for more cognates.

cog

hann

>? Proto-Germanic: *hinþǭ ~ *hinþō (or related to Old Irish ceinn); North Frisian

Proto-West Germanic: *huntōnOld English: huntianMiddle English: huntien


serþaną

serþō (active first-person indicative singular)
serþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
serþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sirþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
serþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
serþ (active imperative second-person singular)
serþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
serþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sirþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
serþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
serþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
serþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
serþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
serþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
serþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
serþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
serþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
serþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
serþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
serþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
serþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
serþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sirþid (active indicative plural second-person)
serþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sirþid (active imperative plural second-person)
serþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
serþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
serþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
serþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
serþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
serþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
serþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sarþ (active first-person indicative singular)
surdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sarst (active indicative second-person singular)
surdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sarþ (active indicative singular third-person)
surdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
surdū (active dual first-person indicative)
surdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
surdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
surdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
surdum (active first-person indicative plural)
surdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
surdud (active indicative plural second-person)
surdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
surdun (active indicative plural third-person)
surdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
serþandz (active participle present)
surdanaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*serdaną (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *serþan, *serdan

Old English: seorþan

Middle English: serden

English: sard

Scots: sard

Old Saxon: *serthan

Middle Low German: serden

Old Dutch: *serthan

Middle Dutch: serden

Dutch: zeerden

Old High German: sertan

Middle High German: serten

German: serten

desctree

Old Norse: serða
Icelandic: serða
Old Swedish: særþa

Kroonen reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *sert- (“to hit (?); to rub against, move obliquely against”). Compare Hittite 𒊬𒋫𒄿 (šar-ta-i, “to wipe, rub”) and perhaps Welsh serth (“obscene”). Kloekhorst meanwhile argues for *serdʰH- based on Hittite.

der

to hit; to violate sexually (apparently linked with rape, homosexuality and bestiality)


sakaną

sakō (active first-person indicative singular)
sakaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sakai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sakizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sakaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sak (active imperative second-person singular)
sakazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sakaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sakidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sakai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sakadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sakadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sakaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sakōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sakaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sakadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sakaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sakadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sakamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sakaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sakandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sakaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sakid (active indicative plural second-person)
sakaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sakid (active imperative plural second-person)
sakandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sakaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sakandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sakain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sakandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sakandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sakaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sōk (active first-person indicative singular)
sōkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sōht (active indicative second-person singular)
sōkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sōk (active indicative singular third-person)
sōkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sōkū (active dual first-person indicative)
sōkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sōkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sōkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sōkum (active first-person indicative plural)
sōkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sōkud (active indicative plural second-person)
sōkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sōkun (active indicative plural third-person)
sōkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sakandz (active participle present)
sakanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sakan
Old English: sacan
Old Saxon: sakan
Old Dutch: *sacan
Middle Dutch: sāken
Old High German: sahhan

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽 (sakan)
→ Asturian: sacar
→ Galician: sacar
→ Portuguese: sacar
→ Spanish: sacar

From Pre-Germanic *sh₂g-, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂g- (“to seek out”).


wikkōną

wikkō (active first-person indicative singular)
wikkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wikkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
wikkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wikkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wikkō (active imperative second-person singular)
wikkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wikkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wikkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wikkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wikkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wikkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wikkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wikkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wikkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wikkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wikkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wikkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wikkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wikkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wikkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wikkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wikkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wikkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wikkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wikkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wikkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wikkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wikkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wikkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wikkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wikkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wikkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wikkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wikkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wikkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wikkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
wikkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wikkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wikkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wikkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wikkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wikkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wikkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wikkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wikkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wikkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wikkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wikkōndz (active participle present)
wikkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wikkōn, *wikkijōn
Old English: wiċċian (< *wikkijōn)
Middle English: wicchen
English: witch
Scots: wich, wech, witch
Old Frisian: *wikkia, *wikia
Saterland Frisian: wikje
West Frisian: wikje
Old Saxon: *wikkōn; *wikkiōn
Middle Low German: wicken
German Low German: wicken
Old Dutch: *wikkon
Middle Dutch: wicken
Dutch: wikken
→ West Frisian: wikke
Old High German: *wikkōn, *wihhōn
Middle High German: wicken
German: wicken (obsolete)

From earlier paradigm *wikkōþi ~ *wigunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *wik-nā́-ti ~ *wik-un-ánti, from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to separate (out as holy)”).


lingwaną

lingwō (active first-person indicative singular)
lingwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lingwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lingwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
lingwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lingw (active imperative second-person singular)
lingwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lingwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lingwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
lingwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lingwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
lingwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lingwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lingwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
lingwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lingwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lingwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lingwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lingwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lingwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lingwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lingwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lingwid (active indicative plural second-person)
lingwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lingwid (active imperative plural second-person)
lingwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lingwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lingwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
lingwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lingwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
lingwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lingwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
langw (active first-person indicative singular)
lungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lanht (active indicative second-person singular)
lungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
langw (active indicative singular third-person)
lungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lungū (active dual first-person indicative)
lungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lungum (active first-person indicative plural)
lungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lungud (active indicative plural second-person)
lungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lungun (active indicative plural third-person)
lungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lingwandz (active participle present)
lunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lingwan
Old Saxon: *lingan
Middle Low German: lingen
German Low German: lingen
Old High German: lingan
Middle High German: lingen
German: lingen
⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *galingwan
Old Saxon: *gilingan
Middle Low German: gelingen
Old Dutch: *gilingan
Middle Dutch: gelingen
Dutch: gelingen
Old High German: gilingan
Middle High German: gelingen
German: gelingen
Luxembourgish: geléngen
Yiddish: געלינגען (gelingen)

/ˈliŋʷ.ɡʷɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁lengʷʰ- (“lightweight; swift”).

der

(West Germanic) to make progress, succeed


tinganą

tingō (active first-person indicative singular)
tingaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tingai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tingizi (active indicative second-person singular)
tingaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ting (active imperative second-person singular)
tingazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tingaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tingidi (active indicative singular third-person)
tingai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tingadau (active imperative singular third-person)
tingadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tingaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tingōz (active dual first-person indicative)
tingaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tingadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tingaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tingadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tingamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tingaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tingandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tingaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tingid (active indicative plural second-person)
tingaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tingid (active imperative plural second-person)
tingandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tingaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tingandi (active indicative plural third-person)
tingain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tingandau (active imperative plural third-person)
tingandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tingaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tang (active first-person indicative singular)
tungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tanht (active indicative second-person singular)
tungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tang (active indicative singular third-person)
tungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tungū (active dual first-person indicative)
tungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tungum (active first-person indicative plural)
tungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tungud (active indicative plural second-person)
tungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tungun (active indicative plural third-person)
tungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tingandz (active participle present)
tunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *tingan, getingan

From Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”), with -ng- instead of expected -nh-. But compare Old English *þingan, geþingan (“to thrive”) which continues Proto-Germanic *þinhaną.


fleutaną

fleutō (active first-person indicative singular)
fleutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fleutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fliutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fleutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fleut (active imperative second-person singular)
fleutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fleutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fliutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fleutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fleutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fleutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fleutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fleutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fleutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fleutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fleutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fleutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fleutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fleutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fleutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fleutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fliutid (active indicative plural second-person)
fleutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fliutid (active imperative plural second-person)
fleutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fleutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fleutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fleutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fleutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fleutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fleutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
flaut (active first-person indicative singular)
flutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flaust (active indicative second-person singular)
flutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flaut (active indicative singular third-person)
flutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flutū (active dual first-person indicative)
flutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flutum (active first-person indicative plural)
flutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flutud (active indicative plural second-person)
flutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flutun (active indicative plural third-person)
flutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fleutandz (active participle present)
flutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fleutan
Old English: flēotan
Middle English: fleten, fleoten, flete, fleetyn, fleete
English: fleet
Scots: fleet
Old Frisian: fliāta
Saterland Frisian: fljoote
Old Saxon: fliotan
Middle Low German: vlêten
Low German: flieten
Old Dutch: flietan
Middle Dutch: vlieten
Dutch: vlieten
Old High German: flioȥan
Middle High German: vlieȥen
German: fließen
Luxembourgish: fléissen
Yiddish: פֿליסן (flisn)

Old Norse: fljóta
Icelandic: fljóta
Faroese: fljóta, flóta
Norwegian Nynorsk: fljota, flyta
Elfdalian: fliuota
Old Swedish: flȳta, fliūta
Swedish: flyta
Old Danish: flytæ
Danish: flyde
Norwegian Bokmål: flyte
Gutnish: flauta

From Proto-Indo-European *plewd- (“to flow, run”).