gaginjaną

gaginjō (active first-person indicative singular)
gaginjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaginjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gaginisi (active indicative second-person singular)
gaginjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gagini (active imperative second-person singular)
gaginjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gaginjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gaginiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gaginjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gaginjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gaginjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gaginjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gaginjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gaginjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gaginjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gaginjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gaginjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gaginjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gaginjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gaginjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gaginjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gaginiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gaginjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gaginiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gaginjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gaginjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gaginjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gaginjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gaginjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gaginjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gaginjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gaginidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
gaginidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaginidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
gaginidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaginidē (active indicative singular third-person)
gaginidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gaginidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gaginidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gaginidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gaginidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gaginidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gaginidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gaginidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gaginidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gaginidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gaginidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gaginjandz (active participle present)
gaginidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *gaginijan
Old English: ġieġnan, ġīnan, ġȳnan
Old Saxon: geginian
Middle Low German: gēgenen
⇒ Middle Low German: begēgenen, bejēgenen
German Low German: begegen
Old Dutch: *jegenen, *gegenen
Middle Dutch: jēgenen
⇒ Middle Dutch: bejēgenen
Dutch: bejegenen
Afrikaans: bejeën
Old High German: geginen
Middle High German: gegenen
⇒ Old High German: bigaganen
Middle High German: begegenen
German: begegnen

Old Norse: gegna

Icelandic: gegna

Old Danish: genæ

Danish: genne

desc

→ Middle English: geȝȝnen, geinen, geynen, gaynen, gainen

English: gain

Scots: gain (“to be fitting or suitable”)

From *gagin (“towards, against”) + *-janą.


hlībijaną

hlībijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlībijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlībijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hlībīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlībijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlībī (active imperative second-person singular)
hlībijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlībijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hlībīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlībijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlībijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlībijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlībijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hlībijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hlībijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlībijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlībijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlībijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlībijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlībijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlībijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlībijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hlībīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hlībijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlībīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hlībijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlībijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hlībijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlībijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlībijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlībijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlībijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hlībidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hlībidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlībidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hlībidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlībidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hlībidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlībidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hlībidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlībidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlībidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlībidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hlībidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlībidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hlībidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlībidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hlībidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlībijandz (active participle present)
hlībidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hlībijan
Old High German: hlīben, līben

Old Norse: hlífa

Icelandic: hlífa

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hleibjan)

From *hlībō (“shelter, covering”) + *-janą.


haginjaną

haginjō (active first-person indicative singular)
haginjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haginjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
haginisi (active indicative second-person singular)
haginjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hagini (active imperative second-person singular)
haginjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
haginjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
haginiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
haginjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haginjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
haginjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
haginjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
haginjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
haginjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haginjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haginjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haginjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
haginjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
haginjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haginjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
haginjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
haginiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
haginjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haginiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
haginjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
haginjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
haginjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
haginjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haginjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
haginjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
haginjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
haginidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
haginidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haginidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
haginidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haginidē (active indicative singular third-person)
haginidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haginidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
haginidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haginidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haginidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haginidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
haginidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haginidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
haginidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haginidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
haginidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haginjandz (active participle present)
haginidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *haginijan

Old Saxon: *heginian

Middle Low German: hēgenen, heinen

Old Dutch: *hegenen

Middle Dutch: heinen, hēgenen

Dutch: heinen

⇒ Dutch: omheinen

Old Norse: hegna

Icelandic: hegna

Norwegian Nynorsk: hegna

Swedish: hägna

Danish: hegne

→ Middle English: *heynen, *haynen

English: hain

Scots: hain, hane

From *haginaz (“fence, hedge”) + *-janą.


argijaną

argijō (active first-person indicative singular)
argijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
argijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
argīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
argijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
argī (active imperative second-person singular)
argijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
argijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
argīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
argijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
argijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
argijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
argijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
argijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
argijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
argijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
argijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
argijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
argijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
argijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
argijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
argijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
argīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
argijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
argīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
argijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
argijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
argijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
argijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
argijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
argijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
argijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
argidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
argidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
argidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
argidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
argidē (active indicative singular third-person)
argidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
argidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
argidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
argidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
argidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
argidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
argidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
argidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
argidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
argidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
argidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
argijandz (active participle present)
argidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *argijan
Old Saxon: *ergian
Middle Low German: ergen
Old Dutch: *ergen
Middle Dutch: ergen, argen
Dutch: ergen, argen (obsolete or dialectal)
Afrikaans: erg
Old High German: *ergen
Middle High German: ergen

Old Norse: *ergja (only attested in the passive, ergjask (“to become a coward”))

Icelandic: ergja

From *argaz (“unworthy, cowardly”) + *-janą.


stuþjaną

stuþjō (active first-person indicative singular)
stuþjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stuþjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stuþisi (active indicative second-person singular)
stuþjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stuþi (active imperative second-person singular)
stuþjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stuþjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stuþiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
stuþjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stuþjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
stuþjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stuþjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stuþjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
stuþjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stuþjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stuþjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stuþjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stuþjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stuþjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stuþjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stuþjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stuþiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
stuþjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stuþiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
stuþjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stuþjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stuþjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
stuþjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stuþjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
stuþjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stuþjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stuþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
stuþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stuþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
stuþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stuþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
stuþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stuþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
stuþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stuþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stuþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stuþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
stuþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stuþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
stuþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stuþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
stuþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stuþjandz (active participle present)
stuþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *stuþþjan
Old High German: studden, studen
Middle High German: stüden

Old Norse: styðja

Icelandic: styðja

Swedish: stödja

From *stuþs (“support, prop, post”) + *-janą.


fratwijaną

fratwijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fratwijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fratwijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fratwīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fratwijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fratwī (active imperative second-person singular)
fratwijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fratwijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fratwīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fratwijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fratwijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fratwijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fratwijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fratwijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fratwijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fratwijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fratwijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fratwijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fratwijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fratwijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fratwijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fratwijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fratwīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fratwijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fratwīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fratwijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fratwijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fratwijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fratwijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fratwijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fratwijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fratwijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fratwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fratwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fratwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fratwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fratwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
fratwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fratwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fratwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fratwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fratwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fratwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fratwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fratwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fratwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fratwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fratwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fratwijandz (active participle present)
fratwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fratwijan
Old English: frætwan

Gothic: *𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍄𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*fratwjan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍄𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (usfratwjan)

From *fratwō (“ornament, adornment, decoration”) + *-janą.


fērijaną

fērijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fērijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fērijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fērīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fērijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fērī (active imperative second-person singular)
fērijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fērijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fērīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fērijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fērijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fērijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fērijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fērijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fērijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fērijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fērijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fērijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fērijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fērijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fērijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fērijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fērīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fērijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fērīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fērijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fērijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fērijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fērijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fērijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fērijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fērijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fēridǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fēridēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fēridēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fēridēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fēridē (active indicative singular third-person)
fēridēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fēridēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fēridēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fēridēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fēridēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fēridēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fēridēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fēridēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fēridēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fēridēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fēridēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fērijandz (active participle present)
fēridaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fārijan
Old English: fǣran
Middle English: feren
English: fear
⇒ Old English: fored, forod (“broken, fractured, weakened, crippled, void”) (< *fārōn)
Old Dutch: *fāren
Middle Dutch: vâren
⇒ Middle Dutch: vervâren
Dutch: vervaren

Old Norse: færa


flatjaną

flatjō (active first-person indicative singular)
flatjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flatjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
flatisi (active indicative second-person singular)
flatjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flati (active imperative second-person singular)
flatjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
flatjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
flatiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
flatjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flatjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
flatjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
flatjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
flatjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
flatjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flatjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flatjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flatjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
flatjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
flatjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flatjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
flatjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
flatiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
flatjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flatiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
flatjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
flatjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
flatjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
flatjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flatjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
flatjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
flatjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
flatidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
flatidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flatidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
flatidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flatidē (active indicative singular third-person)
flatidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flatidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
flatidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flatidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flatidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flatidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
flatidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flatidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
flatidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flatidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
flatidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flatjandz (active participle present)
flatidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *flattjan
→ Old French: flatir
⇒ Old French: flastrir
Middle French: flestrir
French: flétrir
→ Middle English: flatten
English: flat

Old Norse: fletja

Icelandic: fletja


gaigijaną

gaigijō (active first-person indicative singular)
gaigijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaigijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gaigīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
gaigijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaigī (active imperative second-person singular)
gaigijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gaigijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gaigīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gaigijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gaigijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gaigijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gaigijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gaigijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gaigijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gaigijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gaigijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gaigijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gaigijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gaigijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gaigijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gaigijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gaigīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gaigijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gaigīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gaigijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gaigijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gaigijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gaigijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gaigijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gaigijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gaigijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gaigidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
gaigidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaigidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
gaigidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaigidē (active indicative singular third-person)
gaigidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gaigidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gaigidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gaigidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gaigidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gaigidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gaigidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gaigidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gaigidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gaigidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gaigidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gaigijandz (active participle present)
gaigidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *gaigijan
Old English: *gǣġan
Middle English: *geyen
>? English: geg, gaig, gay (possibly from or merged with Old Norse geiga)
⇒ Old English: forgǣġan
⇒ Old English: ofergǣġan
Old Frisian: gēia
Old High German: *geigen
Middle High German: *geigen
German: geigen (“to move around, move back and forth”) (dialectal; possibly from *gīgāną instead)

Old Norse: geiga

Icelandic: geiga

Norwegian Nynorsk: geige

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰeyǵʰ-, *gʰeygʰ- (“to gape, protrude”), from *ǵʰēy(w)-, *ǵʰyāw- (“to yawn, gape”).

to take a wrong direction, to transgress


lunjaną

lunjō (active first-person indicative singular)
lunjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lunjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lunisi (active indicative second-person singular)
lunjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
luni (active imperative second-person singular)
lunjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lunjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
luniþi (active indicative singular third-person)
lunjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lunjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
lunjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lunjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lunjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
lunjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lunjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lunjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lunjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lunjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lunjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lunjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lunjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
luniþ (active indicative plural second-person)
lunjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
luniþ (active imperative plural second-person)
lunjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lunjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lunjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
lunjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lunjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
lunjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lunjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lunidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
lunidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lunidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
lunidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lunidē (active indicative singular third-person)
lunidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lunidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
lunidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lunidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lunidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lunidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
lunidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lunidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
lunidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lunidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
lunidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lunjandz (active participle present)
lunidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *uzlunnjan

Old English: alynnan

⇒ Gothic: *𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*uslunjan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (usluneins)


līkijaną

līkijō (active first-person indicative singular)
līkijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
līkijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
līkīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
līkijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
līkī (active imperative second-person singular)
līkijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
līkijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
līkīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
līkijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
līkijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
līkijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
līkijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
līkijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
līkijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
līkijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
līkijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
līkijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
līkijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
līkijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
līkijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
līkijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
līkīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
līkijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
līkīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
līkijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
līkijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
līkijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
līkijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
līkijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
līkijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
līkijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
līkidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
līkidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
līkidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
līkidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
līkidē (active indicative singular third-person)
līkidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
līkidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
līkidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
līkidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
līkidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
līkidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
līkidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
līkidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
līkidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
līkidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
līkidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
līkijandz (active participle present)
līkidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *līkijan
Old Saxon: līkian
Middle Low German: līken
Old Dutch: *līken
Middle Dutch: liken
Old High German: līhhen
Middle High German: līchen

Old Norse: líkja

Icelandic: líkja

From *līkiją (“shape, appearance”) + *-janą.

to make similar to, to make alike, to even


kwirkijaną

kwirkijō (active first-person indicative singular)
kwirkijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwirkijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kwirkīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kwirkijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwirkī (active imperative second-person singular)
kwirkijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kwirkijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kwirkīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kwirkijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kwirkijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kwirkijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kwirkijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kwirkijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kwirkijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kwirkijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kwirkijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kwirkijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kwirkijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kwirkijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kwirkijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kwirkijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kwirkīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kwirkijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kwirkīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kwirkijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kwirkijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kwirkijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kwirkijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kwirkijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kwirkijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kwirkijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kwirkidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kwirkidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwirkidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kwirkidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwirkidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kwirkidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kwirkidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kwirkidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kwirkidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kwirkidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kwirkidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kwirkidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kwirkidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kwirkidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kwirkidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kwirkidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kwirkijandz (active participle present)
kwirkidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwirkijan
Old Frisian: querka, quertsa
Old Saxon: *quirkian
Middle Low German: querken

Old Norse: kvirkja, kyrkja

Icelandic: kyrkja

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: kyrka, kyrke, kyrkja, kyrkje

→ Middle English: querken

English: querk, quirk

Scots: querk

⇒ Middle English: querkenen

English: querken

→ Proto-Finnic: *kurgistadak (see there for further descendants)


murgijaną

murgijō (active first-person indicative singular)
murgijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
murgijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
murgīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
murgijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
murgī (active imperative second-person singular)
murgijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
murgijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
murgīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
murgijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
murgijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
murgijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
murgijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
murgijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
murgijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
murgijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
murgijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
murgijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
murgijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
murgijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
murgijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
murgijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
murgīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
murgijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
murgīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
murgijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
murgijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
murgijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
murgijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
murgijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
murgijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
murgijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
murgidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
murgidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
murgidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
murgidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
murgidē (active indicative singular third-person)
murgidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
murgidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
murgidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
murgidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
murgidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
murgidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
murgidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
murgidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
murgidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
murgidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
murgidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
murgijandz (active participle present)
murgidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *murgijan

Old English: myrgan

Middle English: mirien, murgen

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gamaurgjan)

(of time or duration) to be spend leisurely or pleasurably


stahlijaną

stahlijō (active first-person indicative singular)
stahlijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stahlijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stahlīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
stahlijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stahlī (active imperative second-person singular)
stahlijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stahlijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stahlīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
stahlijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stahlijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
stahlijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stahlijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stahlijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
stahlijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stahlijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stahlijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stahlijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stahlijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stahlijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stahlijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stahlijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stahlīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
stahlijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stahlīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
stahlijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stahlijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stahlijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
stahlijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stahlijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
stahlijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stahlijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stahlidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
stahlidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stahlidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
stahlidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stahlidē (active indicative singular third-person)
stahlidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stahlidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
stahlidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stahlidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stahlidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stahlidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
stahlidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stahlidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
stahlidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stahlidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
stahlidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stahlijandz (active participle present)
stahlidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stahlijan
Old English: stilan
Old Saxon: *stelian
Middle Low German: stēlen
Old High German: stehelen, stahelen
Middle High German: stehelen, stahelen
German: stählen

Old Norse: stæla

Icelandic: stæla

Faroese: stæla


raipijaną

raipijō (active first-person indicative singular)
raipijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raipijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
raipīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
raipijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raipī (active imperative second-person singular)
raipijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
raipijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
raipīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
raipijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raipijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
raipijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
raipijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
raipijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
raipijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raipijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raipijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raipijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
raipijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
raipijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raipijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
raipijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
raipīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
raipijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raipīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
raipijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
raipijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
raipijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
raipijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raipijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
raipijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
raipijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raipidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
raipidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raipidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
raipidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raipidē (active indicative singular third-person)
raipidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raipidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
raipidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raipidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raipidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raipidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
raipidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raipidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
raipidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raipidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
raipidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raipijandz (active participle present)
raipidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *raipijan
Old English: rǣpan
Old Saxon: *rēpian
Middle Low German: rêpen
Old Dutch: *rēpen
Middle Dutch: repen
Dutch: repen
Old High German: *reifen
⇒ Old High German: bireifen

Old Norse: reipa

Icelandic: reipa

Norwegian Nynorsk: reipa

From *raipaz (“strap, band, rope”) + *-janą.


hnaisijaną

hnaisijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hnaisijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnaisijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hnaisīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hnaisijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnaisī (active imperative second-person singular)
hnaisijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hnaisijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hnaisīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hnaisijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnaisijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hnaisijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hnaisijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hnaisijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hnaisijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnaisijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnaisijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnaisijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hnaisijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hnaisijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnaisijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hnaisijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hnaisīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hnaisijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnaisīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hnaisijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hnaisijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hnaisijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hnaisijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnaisijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hnaisijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hnaisijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hnaisidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hnaisidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnaisidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hnaisidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnaisidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hnaisidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnaisidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnaisidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnaisidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnaisidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnaisidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnaisidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnaisidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnaisidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnaisidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnaisidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnaisijandz (active participle present)
hnaisidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hnaisijan
Old High German: *neisen
Middle High German: neisen

Old Norse: hneisa

Icelandic: hneisa

From *hnaisō (“disgrace, shame”) + *-janą.


rūtijaną

rūtijō (active first-person indicative singular)
rūtijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rūtijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rūtīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
rūtijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rūtī (active imperative second-person singular)
rūtijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rūtijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rūtīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rūtijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rūtijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rūtijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rūtijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rūtijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rūtijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rūtijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rūtijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rūtijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rūtijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rūtijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rūtijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rūtijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rūtīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rūtijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rūtīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rūtijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rūtijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rūtijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rūtijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rūtijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rūtijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rūtijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rūtidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rūtidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rūtidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rūtidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rūtidē (active indicative singular third-person)
rūtidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rūtidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rūtidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rūtidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rūtidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rūtidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rūtidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rūtidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rūtidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rūtidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rūtidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rūtijandz (active participle present)
rūtidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *rūtijan

Old Dutch: *rūten

Middle Dutch: ruten

Old High German: rūzen

Middle High German: rūzen

Old Norse: rýta


hnaitijaną

hnaitijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hnaitijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnaitijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hnaitīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hnaitijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnaitī (active imperative second-person singular)
hnaitijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hnaitijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hnaitīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hnaitijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnaitijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hnaitijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hnaitijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hnaitijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hnaitijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnaitijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnaitijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnaitijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hnaitijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hnaitijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnaitijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hnaitijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hnaitīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hnaitijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnaitīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hnaitijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hnaitijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hnaitijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hnaitijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnaitijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hnaitijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hnaitijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hnaitidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hnaitidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnaitidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hnaitidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnaitidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hnaitidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnaitidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnaitidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnaitidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnaitidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnaitidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnaitidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnaitidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnaitidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnaitidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnaitidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnaitijandz (active participle present)
hnaitidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hnaitijan
Old Saxon: *hnētian
Middle Low German: nêten
Old High German: neizen
Middle High German: neizen

Old Norse: hneita

From *hnītaną (“to push, knock”) + *-janą.


rankijaną

rankijō (active first-person indicative singular)
rankijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rankijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rankīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
rankijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rankī (active imperative second-person singular)
rankijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rankijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rankīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rankijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rankijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rankijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rankijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rankijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rankijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rankijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rankijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rankijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rankijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rankijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rankijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rankijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rankīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rankijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rankīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rankijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rankijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rankijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rankijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rankijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rankijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rankijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rankidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rankidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rankidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rankidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rankidē (active indicative singular third-person)
rankidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rankidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rankidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rankidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rankidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rankidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rankidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rankidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rankidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rankidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rankidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rankijandz (active participle present)
rankidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *uzrankijan

Old English: ārenċan

Old Norse: rekkja

Icelandic: rekkja

From *rankaz (“upright, erect”) + *-janą.


stankwijaną

stankwijō (active first-person indicative singular)
stankwijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stankwijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stankwīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
stankwijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stankwī (active imperative second-person singular)
stankwijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stankwijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stankwīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
stankwijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stankwijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
stankwijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stankwijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stankwijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
stankwijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stankwijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stankwijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stankwijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stankwijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stankwijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stankwijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stankwijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stankwīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
stankwijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stankwīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
stankwijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stankwijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stankwijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
stankwijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stankwijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
stankwijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stankwijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stankwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
stankwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stankwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
stankwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stankwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
stankwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stankwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
stankwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stankwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stankwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stankwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
stankwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stankwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
stankwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stankwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
stankwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stankwijandz (active participle present)
stankwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *stankwijan
Old English: stenċan
Middle English: stenchen, stenche
English: stench (obsolete)
Old Saxon: *stenkian
Middle Low German: stenken
Old High German: stenken
Middle High German: stenken

Old Norse: stǫkkva

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌲𐌵𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gastagqjan)

From *stinkwaną (“to hit, to clash, to stink”) + *-janą.


huzdijaną

huzdijō (active first-person indicative singular)
huzdijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
huzdijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
huzdīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
huzdijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
huzdī (active imperative second-person singular)
huzdijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
huzdijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
huzdīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
huzdijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
huzdijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
huzdijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
huzdijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
huzdijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
huzdijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
huzdijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
huzdijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
huzdijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
huzdijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
huzdijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
huzdijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
huzdijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
huzdīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
huzdijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
huzdīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
huzdijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
huzdijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
huzdijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
huzdijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
huzdijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
huzdijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
huzdijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
huzdidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
huzdidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
huzdidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
huzdidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
huzdidē (active indicative singular third-person)
huzdidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
huzdidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
huzdidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
huzdidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
huzdidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
huzdidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
huzdidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
huzdidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
huzdidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
huzdidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
huzdidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
huzdijandz (active participle present)
huzdidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *huʀdijan
Old High German: *hurten
Middle High German: hürten

Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐌶𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (huzdjan)

From *huzdą (“treasure, hoard”) + *-janą.


skuwwijaną

skuwwijō (active first-person indicative singular)
skuwwijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skuwwijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skuwwīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skuwwijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skuwwī (active imperative second-person singular)
skuwwijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skuwwijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skuwwīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skuwwijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skuwwijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skuwwijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skuwwijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skuwwijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skuwwijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skuwwijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skuwwijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skuwwijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skuwwijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skuwwijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skuwwijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skuwwijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skuwwīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skuwwijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skuwwīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skuwwijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skuwwijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skuwwijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skuwwijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skuwwijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skuwwijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skuwwijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skuwwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skuwwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skuwwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skuwwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skuwwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
skuwwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skuwwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skuwwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skuwwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skuwwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skuwwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skuwwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skuwwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skuwwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skuwwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skuwwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skuwwijandz (active participle present)
skuwwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skūwijan
Old English: *sċȳwan
⇒ Old English: *āsċȳwan
⇒ Old English: āsċȳwung
⇒ Old English: *foresċȳwan
⇒ Old English: foresċȳwung
Old High German: skūwen, skūen

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᛊᚲᚢᚷᚹᛁᛃᚨᚾ (*skugwijan /skuggwijan/)

Old Norse: skyggva, skyggja

Icelandic: skyggja

Norwegian Nynorsk: skyggja

Old Swedish: skygga

Swedish: skygga

Danish: skygge

Norwegian Bokmål: skygge

From *skuwwô (“shadow, reflection”) + *-janą.


rōtijaną

rōtijō (active first-person indicative singular)
rōtijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rōtijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rōtīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
rōtijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rōtī (active imperative second-person singular)
rōtijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rōtijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rōtīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rōtijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rōtijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rōtijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rōtijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rōtijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rōtijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rōtijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rōtijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rōtijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rōtijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rōtijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rōtijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rōtijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rōtīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rōtijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rōtīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rōtijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rōtijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rōtijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rōtijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rōtijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rōtijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rōtijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rōtidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rōtidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rōtidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rōtidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rōtidē (active indicative singular third-person)
rōtidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rōtidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rōtidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rōtidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rōtidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rōtidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rōtidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rōtidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rōtidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rōtidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rōtidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rōtijandz (active participle present)
rōtidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rōtijan
Old English: rētan
⇒ Old English: ārētan

Old Norse: rǿta

Icelandic: ræta


knuttijaną

knuttijō (active first-person indicative singular)
knuttijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
knuttijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
knuttīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
knuttijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
knuttī (active imperative second-person singular)
knuttijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
knuttijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
knuttīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
knuttijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
knuttijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
knuttijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
knuttijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
knuttijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
knuttijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
knuttijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
knuttijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
knuttijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
knuttijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
knuttijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
knuttijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
knuttijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
knuttīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
knuttijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
knuttīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
knuttijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
knuttijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
knuttijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
knuttijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
knuttijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
knuttijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
knuttijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
knuttidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
knuttidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
knuttidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
knuttidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
knuttidē (active indicative singular third-person)
knuttidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
knuttidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
knuttidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
knuttidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
knuttidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
knuttidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
knuttidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
knuttidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
knuttidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
knuttidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
knuttidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
knuttijandz (active participle present)
knuttidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *knuttijan
Old English: cnyttan, cnittan
Middle English: knytten, knutten, knetten, knitten
English: knit
Scots: knyt, knit
Old Saxon: *knuttian
Middle Low German: knütten
Low German: knütten
Old Dutch: *knutten
Middle Dutch: cnutten
Dutch: knutten (dialectal)

Old Norse: knytja, knyta

Icelandic: knýta, hnýta

Faroese: knýta

Norwegian Nynorsk: knyte, knyta

Norwegian Bokmål: knyte

Swedish: knyta

Danish: knytte

Norwegian Bokmål: knytte


skrītaną

skrītō (active first-person indicative singular)
skrītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skrītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skrītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrīt (active imperative second-person singular)
skrītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skrītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skrītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skrītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skrītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skrītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skrītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skrītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skrītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skrītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skrītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skrītid (active indicative plural second-person)
skrītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrītid (active imperative plural second-person)
skrītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skrītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skrītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skrītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skrītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skrītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skrait (active first-person indicative singular)
skritį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skraist (active indicative second-person singular)
skritīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrait (active indicative singular third-person)
skritī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skritū (active dual first-person indicative)
skritīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skritudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skritīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skritum (active first-person indicative plural)
skritīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skritud (active indicative plural second-person)
skritīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skritun (active indicative plural third-person)
skritīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrītandz (active participle present)
skritanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skrītan

Old High German: *scrīzan

Middle High German: *schrīzen

Bavarian: schritzen

desc

Switzerland German: schreissen, schrissen

⇒ Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌺𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (disskreitan)

Most likely from the same source as *hrītaną, but with an s-mobile. Related to Middle Irish scrissid (“to cut”). Could be an unusual extension of *(s)ker- (“to cut, carve”) in the same pattern as *wlītaną from *wel-, *wrītaną from *wer-, though this formation is rarely found outside of Germanic; compare also *hrībaną.


smeukaną

smeukō (active first-person indicative singular)
smeukaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smeukai (first-person indicative passive singular)
smiukizi (active indicative second-person singular)
smeukaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smeuk (active imperative second-person singular)
smeukazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
smeukaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
smiukidi (active indicative singular third-person)
smeukai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smeukadau (active imperative singular third-person)
smeukadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
smeukaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
smeukōz (active dual first-person indicative)
smeukaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smeukadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smeukaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smeukadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
smeukamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
smeukaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smeukandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
smeukaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
smiukid (active indicative plural second-person)
smeukaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smiukid (active imperative plural second-person)
smeukandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
smeukaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
smeukandi (active indicative plural third-person)
smeukain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smeukandau (active imperative plural third-person)
smeukandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
smeukaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
smauk (active first-person indicative singular)
smukį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smauht (active indicative second-person singular)
smukīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smauk (active indicative singular third-person)
smukī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smukū (active dual first-person indicative)
smukīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smukudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smukīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smukum (active first-person indicative plural)
smukīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smukud (active indicative plural second-person)
smukīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smukun (active indicative plural third-person)
smukīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smeukandz (active participle present)
smukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*smūkaną (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *smeukan, *smūkan

desctree

Old English: smēocan
Middle English: smeken
Scots: smeke, smeek

Old Dutch: *smiekan, *smūkan

Middle Dutch: smieken, smuken

Dutch: smuiken

Old High German: *smiohhan, *smiochan

Middle High German: smiechen

German: smiehen (dialectal)

Bavarian: smiechen

From Proto-Indo-European *smewgʰ- (“smoke”), a term whose exact form is difficult to reconstruct due to subtly different phonetics in its descendants. Cognate with Ancient Greek σμὐχω (smukhō, “to burn up, smoulder away”), Lithuanian smáugti (“to choke”), Old Irish múch (“fire”), Welsh mwg (“fire”), Old Armenian մուխ (mux, “smoke”). Kroonen assumes the verb was back-formed to the iterative *smukkōną ~ *smukōną (“to smoke”) (whence Proto-West Germanic *smokōn), which explains the 'k' instead of the expected 'g'.


kreustaną

kreustō (active first-person indicative singular)
kreustaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kreustai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kriustizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kreustaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kreust (active imperative second-person singular)
kreustazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kreustaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kriustidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kreustai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kreustadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kreustadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kreustaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kreustōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kreustaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kreustadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kreustaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kreustadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kreustamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kreustaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kreustandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kreustaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kriustid (active indicative plural second-person)
kreustaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kriustid (active imperative plural second-person)
kreustandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kreustaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kreustandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kreustain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kreustandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kreustandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kreustaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kraust (active first-person indicative singular)
krustį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kraust (active indicative second-person singular)
krustīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kraust (active indicative singular third-person)
krustī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krustū (active dual first-person indicative)
krustīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krustudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krustīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krustum (active first-person indicative plural)
krustīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krustud (active indicative plural second-person)
krustīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krustun (active indicative plural third-person)
krustīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kreustandz (active participle present)
krustanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *krustijan

→ Late Latin: *crusciō

Old French: croissir (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: *krjósta

Icelandic: kreista

Faroese: kroysta

Old Swedish: krýsta

Swedish: krysta

Gothic: 𐌺𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 (kriustan)

Possibly related to Latvian skraustêt (“to crackle”) and Proto-Slavic *xrustěti (“to crackle”) (compare Russian хруст (xrust, “to crackle, crunch”), which is considered to be imitative).


hreudaną

hreudō (active first-person indicative singular)
hreudaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hreudai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hriudizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hreudaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hreud (active imperative second-person singular)
hreudazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hreudaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hriudidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hreudai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hreudadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hreudadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hreudaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hreudōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hreudaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hreudadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hreudaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hreudadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hreudamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hreudaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hreudandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hreudaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hriudid (active indicative plural second-person)
hreudaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hriudid (active imperative plural second-person)
hreudandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hreudaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hreudandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hreudain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hreudandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hreudandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hreudaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hraud (active first-person indicative singular)
hrudį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hraust (active indicative second-person singular)
hrudīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hraud (active indicative singular third-person)
hrudī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrudū (active dual first-person indicative)
hrudīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrududiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrudīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrudum (active first-person indicative plural)
hrudīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrudud (active indicative plural second-person)
hrudīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrudun (active indicative plural third-person)
hrudīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hreudandz (active participle present)
hrudanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hreudan

Old English: hrēodan

Old Norse: hrjóða (only attested in this sense in the past participle hroðinn)

From Proto-Indo-European *krewH-dʰh₁-e-ti, from Proto-Indo-European *krewH- (“to heap up”) and cognate with Lithuanian kráuju, kráuti (“to put on top of each other”) and Proto-Slavic *krỳti (“to cover”).


greupaną

greupō (active first-person indicative singular)
greupaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
greupai (first-person indicative passive singular)
griupizi (active indicative second-person singular)
greupaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
greup (active imperative second-person singular)
greupazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
greupaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
griupidi (active indicative singular third-person)
greupai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
greupadau (active imperative singular third-person)
greupadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
greupaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
greupōz (active dual first-person indicative)
greupaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
greupadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
greupaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
greupadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
greupamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
greupaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
greupandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
greupaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
griupid (active indicative plural second-person)
greupaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
griupid (active imperative plural second-person)
greupandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
greupaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
greupandi (active indicative plural third-person)
greupain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
greupandau (active imperative plural third-person)
greupandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
greupaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
graup (active first-person indicative singular)
grupį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grauft (active indicative second-person singular)
grupīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
graup (active indicative singular third-person)
grupī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grupū (active dual first-person indicative)
grupīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grupudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grupīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grupum (active first-person indicative plural)
grupīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grupud (active indicative plural second-person)
grupīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grupun (active indicative plural third-person)
grupīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
greupandz (active participle present)
grupanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: *grjópa, *grúpa

Norwegian:

Nynorsk: grjupe, grupe

Elfdalian: griuopa

Swedish: grjopa

Gutnish: gröipa, grypa

Kroonen assumes a back-formation from the iterative *gruppōną (“to dig, hollow out”) - *grubōną, with the quasi-Proto-Indo-European form of the root as *gʰrewbʰ- (“to grind”).


hreusaną

hreusō (active first-person indicative singular)
hreusaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hreusai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hriusizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hreusaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hreus (active imperative second-person singular)
hreusazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hreusaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hriusidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hreusai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hreusadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hreusadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hreusaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hreusōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hreusaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hreusadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hreusaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hreusadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hreusamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hreusaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hreusandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hreusaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hriusid (active indicative plural second-person)
hreusaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hriusid (active imperative plural second-person)
hreusandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hreusaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hreusandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hreusain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hreusandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hreusandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hreusaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hraus (active first-person indicative singular)
hruzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hraust (active indicative second-person singular)
hruzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hraus (active indicative singular third-person)
hruzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hruzū (active dual first-person indicative)
hruzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hruzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hruzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hruzum (active first-person indicative plural)
hruzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hruzud (active indicative plural second-person)
hruzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hruzun (active indicative plural third-person)
hruzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hreusandz (active participle present)
hruzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hreusan

Old English: hrēosan

Middle English: rēsen

Old High German: riosan

>? Old Norse: hrjósa

Icelandic: hrjósa

Norwegian:

Nynorsk: rjosa

Swedish: rysa

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *krows- (“to bump, strike, push”); related to Ancient Greek κρούω (kroúō, “to strike”), Lithuanian krùšti (“to trample”).


fullnaną

fullnō (active first-person indicative singular)
fullnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fullnōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fullnais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fullnō (active imperative second-person singular)
fullnōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fullnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fullnōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fullnōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fullnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fullnaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fullnaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fullnaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fullnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fullnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fullnaþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fullnaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fullnaþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fullnanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fullnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fullnanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fullnōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fullnōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fullnōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fullnōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fullnōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
fullnōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fullnōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fullnōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fullnōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fullnōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fullnōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fullnōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fullnōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fullnōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fullnōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fullnōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fullnandz (active participle present)

Old Norse: fullna

Icelandic: fullna

Gothic: 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌽𐌰𐌽 (fullnan)


lifnaną

lifnō (active first-person indicative singular)
lifnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lifnōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
lifnais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lifnō (active imperative second-person singular)
lifnōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
lifnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lifnōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
lifnōs (active dual first-person indicative)
lifnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lifnaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lifnaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lifnaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lifnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lifnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lifnaþ (active indicative plural second-person)
lifnaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lifnaþ (active imperative plural second-person)
lifnanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
lifnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lifnanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
lifnōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
lifnōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lifnōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
lifnōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lifnōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
lifnōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lifnōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
lifnōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lifnōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lifnōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lifnōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
lifnōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lifnōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
lifnōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lifnōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
lifnōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lifnandz (active participle present)

desctree

Old Norse: lifna
Icelandic: lifna (“to be left”) (obsolete)
Norwegian Bokmål: livne
Old Swedish: limna, lifna
lämna (“to leave”)
Old Danish: leffnæ
Danish: levne (“to leave”)
→ Norwegian Bokmål: levne

Gothic: *𐌻𐌹𐍆𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*lifnan)

desc

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐍆𐌻𐌹𐍆𐌽𐌰𐌽 (aflifnan, “to remain”)


hailnaną

hailnō (active first-person indicative singular)
hailnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hailnōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hailnais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hailnō (active imperative second-person singular)
hailnōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hailnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hailnōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hailnōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hailnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hailnaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hailnaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hailnaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hailnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hailnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hailnaþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hailnaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hailnaþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hailnanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hailnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hailnanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hailnōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hailnōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hailnōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hailnōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hailnōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hailnōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hailnōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hailnōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hailnōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hailnōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hailnōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hailnōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hailnōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hailnōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hailnōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hailnōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hailnandz (active participle present)

Old Norse: *hailna

Old Gutnish: hailna

Gothic: *𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*hailnan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌽𐌰𐌽 (gahailnan)

From *hailaz (“whole, healthy”) + *-naną.


stuttijaną

stuttijō (active first-person indicative singular)
stuttijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stuttijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stuttīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
stuttijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stuttī (active imperative second-person singular)
stuttijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stuttijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stuttīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
stuttijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stuttijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
stuttijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stuttijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stuttijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
stuttijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stuttijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stuttijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stuttijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stuttijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stuttijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stuttijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stuttijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stuttīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
stuttijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stuttīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
stuttijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stuttijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stuttijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
stuttijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stuttijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
stuttijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stuttijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stuttidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
stuttidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stuttidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
stuttidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stuttidē (active indicative singular third-person)
stuttidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stuttidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
stuttidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stuttidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stuttidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stuttidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
stuttidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stuttidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
stuttidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stuttidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
stuttidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stuttijandz (active participle present)
stuttidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stuttijan
Old Saxon: *stuttian
Middle Low German: stütten
→ Norwegian: støtte
→ Swedish: stötta
→ Danish: støtte
Old Dutch: *stutten
Middle Dutch: stutten
Dutch: stutten
Afrikaans: stut
⇒ Old High German: untarstuzzen
Middle High German: understützen
Bavarian: stitzn, unterstitzn
German: stützen, unterstützen

From *stuþs (“support, prop, post”) + *-nō- (factitive) + *-janą.


freuþaną

freuþō (active first-person indicative singular)
freuþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
freuþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
friuþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
freuþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
freuþ (active imperative second-person singular)
freuþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
freuþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
friuþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
freuþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
freuþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
freuþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
freuþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
freuþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
freuþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
freuþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
freuþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
freuþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
freuþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
freuþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
freuþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
freuþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
friuþid (active indicative plural second-person)
freuþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
friuþid (active imperative plural second-person)
freuþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
freuþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
freuþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
freuþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
freuþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
freuþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
freuþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frauþ (active first-person indicative singular)
fruþį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraust (active indicative second-person singular)
fruþīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frauþ (active indicative singular third-person)
fruþī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fruþū (active dual first-person indicative)
fruþīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fruþudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fruþīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fruþum (active first-person indicative plural)
fruþīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fruþud (active indicative plural second-person)
fruþīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fruþun (active indicative plural third-person)
fruþīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
freuþandz (active participle present)
fruþanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *freuþan

⇒ Old English: āfrēoþan

From Proto-Indo-European *prewtH- (“to splash”). Related to Sanskrit प्रोथति (próthati, “to snort”).