mīmrōną

mīmrō (active first-person indicative singular)
mīmrǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mīmrōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
mīmrōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
mīmrōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mīmrō (active imperative second-person singular)
mīmrōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mīmrōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mīmrōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
mīmrō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mīmrōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
mīmrōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mīmrōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mīmrōs (active dual first-person indicative)
mīmrōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mīmrōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mīmrōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mīmrōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mīmrōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mīmrōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mīmrōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mīmrōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mīmrōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
mīmrōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mīmrōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
mīmrōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mīmrōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mīmrōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
mīmrōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mīmrōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
mīmrōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mīmrōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mīmrōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
mīmrōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mīmrōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
mīmrōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mīmrōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
mīmrōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mīmrōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
mīmrōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mīmrōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mīmrōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mīmrōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
mīmrōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mīmrōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
mīmrōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mīmrōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
mīmrōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mīmrōndz (active participle present)
mīmrōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *mī̆mrōn

Old English: mimorian, mymerian

Middle English: *mimmeren

English: mimmer

⇒ English: mimmering

Old Frisian: *mī̆meria

Saterland Frisian: miemerje

West Frisian: mimerje

Old Saxon: *mīmarōn

Middle Low German: *mîmeren, *mîmern

German Low German: mimereren

Low German: mimeren, mimern

→ Danish: mimre

→ Norwegian: mimre

Old Dutch: *mīmaron

desc

Middle Dutch: mimeren, mijmelen, mimmeren

Dutch: mijmeren, mimmeren

Afrikaans: mymer

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)mer- (“to fall into thought, remember, care for”). Cognate with *maimrōną (“to think, ponder, muse, think out”), Latin memor (“mindful, thoughtful”), Sanskrit स्मरति (smárati, “he remembers, recollects”).

cog

to think, keep in mind, be mindful, muse.


maimrōną

maimrō (active first-person indicative singular)
maimrǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
maimrōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
maimrōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
maimrōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
maimrō (active imperative second-person singular)
maimrōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
maimrōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
maimrōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
maimrō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
maimrōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
maimrōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
maimrōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
maimrōs (active dual first-person indicative)
maimrōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
maimrōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
maimrōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
maimrōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
maimrōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
maimrōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
maimrōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
maimrōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
maimrōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
maimrōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
maimrōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
maimrōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
maimrōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
maimrōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
maimrōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
maimrōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
maimrōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
maimrōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
maimrōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
maimrōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
maimrōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
maimrōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
maimrōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
maimrōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
maimrōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
maimrōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
maimrōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
maimrōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
maimrōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
maimrōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
maimrōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
maimrōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
maimrōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
maimrōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
maimrōndz (active participle present)
maimrōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *maimrōn

Old English: māmrian

Middle English: mameren

English: mammer

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)mer- (“to fall into thought, remember, care for”). Cognate with *mīmrōną (“to think, keep in mind, be mindful, muse”), Latin memor (“mindful, thoughtful”), Sanskrit स्मरति (smárati, “he remembers, recollects”).

(West Germanic) to think, be in thought, think out, ponder.


akaną

akō (active first-person indicative singular)
akaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
akai (first-person indicative passive singular)
akizi (active indicative second-person singular)
akaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ak (active imperative second-person singular)
akazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
akaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
akidi (active indicative singular third-person)
akai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
akadau (active imperative singular third-person)
akadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
akaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
akōz (active dual first-person indicative)
akaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
akadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
akaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
akadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
akamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
akaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
akandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
akaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
akid (active indicative plural second-person)
akaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
akid (active imperative plural second-person)
akandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
akaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
akandi (active indicative plural third-person)
akain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
akandau (active imperative plural third-person)
akandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
akaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ōk (active first-person indicative singular)
ōkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ōht (active indicative second-person singular)
ōkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ōk (active indicative singular third-person)
ōkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ōkū (active dual first-person indicative)
ōkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ōkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ōkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ōkum (active first-person indicative plural)
ōkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ōkud (active indicative plural second-person)
ōkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ōkun (active indicative plural third-person)
ōkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
akandz (active participle present)
akanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Old Norse: aka
Icelandic: aka
Faroese: aka
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: aka, ake
Norwegian Bokmål: ake, åke
Dalian: aka
Elfdalian: åka
Old Swedish: aka
Swedish: åka
Scanian: aga
Old Danish: akæ
Danish: age
Gutnish: ake
→ Scots: oag, hoag; aik
→ English: aik (Northern England, Scotland, rare)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti, from *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”). Cognate with Latin agō (“drive”), Ancient Greek ἄγω (ágō, “direct, drive, lead, draw, go”), Sanskrit अजति (ájati, “he drives”).

cog

(North Germanic) to drive, sail, navigate


akaną

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *akan
Old English: acan
Middle English: aken, ake, eken
English: ache
Scots: yawk
Yola: aake
Old Frisian: *aka
Saterland Frisian: ääke, eeke
Old Saxon: *akan
Middle Low German: aken
Low German: aken, äken, achen
Old Dutch: *akan
⇒ Middle Dutch: ākel
⇒ Dutch: akelig

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eg- (“sin, crime”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄγος (ágos, “curse, blood-guilt, penance”), Sanskrit आगस् (ā́gas, “offence, injury, sin, fault”). According to Orel, "[d]espite the semantic discrepancy, these forms are historically identical", referring to the verb for the 'drive' described above and referencing Seebold, p.74-5. Indeed, Kroonen prefers to reconstruct the proto-form as *h₂eǵ- and adduces as cognates, in contrast to the above, Sanskrit आजि (ājí, “race, competition, fight”), Avestan 𐬁𐬰𐬌 (āzi, “greed, desire”), Persian آز (âz, “greed”).


beuną

biumi (active first-person indicative singular)
biwjǭ? (active first-person singular subjunctive)
biusi (active indicative second-person singular)
biwjēs? (active second-person singular subjunctive)
beu (active imperative second-person singular)
biuþi (active indicative singular third-person)
biwjē? (active singular subjunctive third-person)
beuþau (active imperative singular third-person)
beū? (active dual first-person indicative)
biwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
biuþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
biwīþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
biudiz (active dual imperative second-person)
beum (active first-person indicative plural)
biwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
beud (active indicative plural second-person)
biwīþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
beuþ (active imperative plural second-person)
biunþi (active indicative plural third-person)
biwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
beunþau (active imperative plural third-person)
was (active first-person indicative singular)
wēzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wast (active indicative second-person singular)
wēzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
was (active indicative singular third-person)
wēzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wēzū (active dual first-person indicative)
wēzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wēzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wēzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wēzum (active first-person indicative plural)
wēzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wēzud (active indicative plural second-person)
wēzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wēzun (active indicative plural third-person)
wēzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wesandz (active participle present)

*beuną (infinitive)

desctree

Old English: bēon, bīon
Middle English: been, be, bean, ben, beon, boen, seen, sen
English: be; been (dialectal)
Scots: be
Yola: ba, b', bee, be

*biumi (1st person singular present)

Old English: bēom, bīom

Old Frisian: bem, ben
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: bian
Goesharde: biin
Halligen: bian
Heligoland: Bean
Mooring: biinj
Sylt: Biin
Wiedingharde: biin
Saterland Frisian: Been
West Frisian: bien

Old Saxon: bīum, bīom, bīon
Middle Low German: bün, bin
Dutch Low Saxon: bun
German Low German: bün, bin

Old Dutch: bim

Middle Dutch: bim, bin

Dutch: ben

Jersey Dutch: bän

Limburgish: bön

Old High German: bim
Middle High German: bin
German: bin

Middle High German: bin

Alemannic German: bi, bin

Swabian: bin, ben, bee

Bavarian: bin

Cimbrian: pin, pinn

German: bin

Pennsylvania German: bin

Yiddish: בין (bin)

*biusi (2nd person singular present) (see there for further descendants)

*biuþi (3rd person singular present)

Old English: biþ, bioþ, byþ, byt
Middle English: bith, biþ, beth, bis, bes
English: bes, beeth (now obsolete or dialectal)
Fingallian: bes
Yola: beeth

*biunþi (3rd person plural present)

Old English: bēoþ

Middle English: beth

*beu (2nd person singular imperative)

Old English: bēo

Middle English: be

English: be

Scots: be

*beuþ (2nd person plural imperative)

Old English: bēoþ

Middle English: beth

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

The present tense is from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-yé-ti, zero-grade yé-present of *bʰuH- (“to grow, become, come into being, appear”), although this is uncertain.
For the past tense see *wesaną.


silāną

silō (active first-person indicative singular)
silaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
silai (active imperative second-person singular)
silāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
silaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
silāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
silāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
silōs (active dual first-person indicative)
silāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
silāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
silāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
silānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
silaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
silaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
silānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
silānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
silānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
silānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
siladǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
siladēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
siladēz (active indicative second-person singular)
siladēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
siladē (active indicative singular third-person)
siladēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
siladēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
siladēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
siladēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
siladēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
siladēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
siladēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
siladēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
siladēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
siladēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
siladēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
silāndz (active participle present)
siladaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *silēn

⇒? Proto-West Germanic: *silōþu

Old English: seoloþ (“sea”)

desc

⇒? Old Norse: sil (“slow flowing water”)

Icelandic: sil

⇒ Icelandic: silvetni (“calm water”)

Faroese: sil (“calm, dead”)

⇒ Faroese: silvetni (“calm sea”)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽 (anasilan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *hilja (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *seyl- (“still, windless, quiet, slow”). Cognate with Latin sileō (“be silent”). Related to Old English sālnes (“silence”), Old Norse sil (“slow flowing water”).


alaną

alō (active first-person indicative singular)
alaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
alai (first-person indicative passive singular)
alizi (active indicative second-person singular)
alaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
al (active imperative second-person singular)
alazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
alaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
alidi (active indicative singular third-person)
alai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aladau (active imperative singular third-person)
aladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
alaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
alōz (active dual first-person indicative)
alaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
alaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
alamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
alaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
alandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
alaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
alid (active indicative plural second-person)
alaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
alid (active imperative plural second-person)
alandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
alaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
alandi (active indicative plural third-person)
alain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
alandau (active imperative plural third-person)
alandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
alaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ōl (active first-person indicative singular)
ōlį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ōlt (active indicative second-person singular)
ōlīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ōl (active indicative singular third-person)
ōlī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ōlū (active dual first-person indicative)
ōlīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ōludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ōlīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ōlum (active first-person indicative plural)
ōlīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ōlud (active indicative plural second-person)
ōlīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ōlun (active indicative plural third-person)
ōlīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
alandz (active participle present)
alanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *alan
Old English: alan

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: ala
Icelandic: ala
Faroese: ala
Norwegian Nynorsk: ala
Norwegian Bokmål: ale
Old Swedish: ala
Swedish: uppala
Old Danish: alæ
Old Gutnish: ala

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽 (alan)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂életi, from *h₂el- (“to raise, feed, nourish”). Cognate with Latin alō (“nourish”, verb).


alaną

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁elh₂- (“to drive, move, go”). Compare Ancient Greek ἐλαύνω (elaúnō, “move”), Latin alacer (“lively, active, brisk”).

der

to spurn, kick-start, drive, set in motion, move


frehnaną

frehnō (active first-person indicative singular)
frehnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frehnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
frihnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
frehnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frehn (active imperative second-person singular)
frehnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
frehnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
frihnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
frehnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frehnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
frehnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
frehnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
frehnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
frehnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frehnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frehnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frehnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
frehnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
frehnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frehnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
frehnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
frihnid (active indicative plural second-person)
frehnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frihnid (active imperative plural second-person)
frehnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
frehnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
frehnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
frehnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frehnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
frehnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
frehnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frah (active first-person indicative singular)
frēgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraht (active indicative second-person singular)
frēgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frah (active indicative singular third-person)
frēgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frēgū (active dual first-person indicative)
frēgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frēgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frēgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frēgum (active first-person indicative plural)
frēgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frēgud (active indicative plural second-person)
frēgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frēgun (active indicative plural third-person)
frēgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frehnandz (active participle present)
freganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fregnan
Old English: friġnan, fræġnan, freġnan, frīnan, freġna — Northumbrian
Middle English: fraynen, frain, fraine, frainen, frayn, frayne, freinen, freyne, fræine, fræinien, vraini (Early Middle English), fraȝȝnenn (Ormulum)
English: frain
Scots: frain, frane, frayn, frayne
Old Saxon: fregnan
⇒ Old High German: gifrëgnan

Old Norse: fregna

Icelandic: fregna

Faroese: fregna

Old Swedish: fræghna

Old Danish: fræghnæ

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌽𐌰𐌽 (fraihnan)

From Proto-Indo-European *preḱ- (“to ask, woo”). Cognate with Lithuanian prašýti (“to ask, request”), Latin precor (“ask, beseech”).


hlaupaną

hlaupō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlaupaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlaupai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hlaupizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlaupaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlaup (active imperative second-person singular)
hlaupazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlaupaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hlaupidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlaupai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlaupadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlaupadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlaupaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hlaupōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hlaupaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlaupadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlaupaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlaupadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlaupamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlaupaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlaupandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlaupaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hlaupid (active indicative plural second-person)
hlaupaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlaupid (active imperative plural second-person)
hlaupandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlaupaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hlaupandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlaupain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlaupandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlaupandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlaupaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hehlaup (active first-person indicative singular)
hehlaupį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hehlauft (active indicative second-person singular)
hehlaupīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hehlaup (active indicative singular third-person)
hehlaupī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hehlaupū (active dual first-person indicative)
hehlaupīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hehlaupudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hehlaupīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hehlaupum (active first-person indicative plural)
hehlaupīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hehlaupud (active indicative plural second-person)
hehlaupīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hehlaupun (active indicative plural third-person)
hehlaupīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlaupandz (active participle present)
hlaupanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hlaupan
Old English: hlēapan
Middle English: lepen, leapen, leopen, leppen, luppen
English: leap
Scots: lepe, leip, leap
Old Frisian: hlāpa
Saterland Frisian: loope
West Frisian: ljeppe
Old Saxon: hlōpan
Middle Low German: lôpen
Low German: lopen
Old Dutch: lōpan
Middle Dutch: lôpen
Dutch: lopen, loopen (archaic)
Afrikaans: loop
Negerhollands: loop, loo, lo, lu
Skepi Creole Dutch: lop, louphe, luffi, loup
Limburgish: loupe
→ Central Franconian: loope
Old High German: hloufan, loufan
Middle High German: loufen
Alemannic German: laufe, lauffe, loufe
Swabian: laufe
Vorarlbergisch: loufa
Bavarian: laffa
Cimbrian: loavan, lóofan (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno:
Central Franconian: loofe, laafe
Hunsrik: laafe
Kölsch: laufe, loufe
Luxembourgish: lafen
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: laafn
Upper Saxon German: loofen
Vilamovian: łaojfa
East Franconian:
German: laufen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: laafe
Yiddish: לויפֿן (loyfn)
→⇒ Old French: gualoper, galoper (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hlaupa
Icelandic: hlaupa
Faroese: leypa
Norn: lopa
Norwegian Nynorsk: laupa
Elfdalian: lopa
Old Swedish: lø̄pa
Swedish: löpa
→ Elfdalian: löpa
Old Danish: løpæ
Danish: løbe
Norwegian Bokmål: løpe
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: løpa
Scanian: lǿba
Old Gutnish: laupa
Gutnish: laupe
→ Middle English: lopen, loupen, laupen
English: lope
Scots: lowp, loup
Yola: laupe

⇒ Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌽 (ushlaupan)

From Proto-Indo-European *klewb- (“to spring; to hop”). Compare Lithuanian klùpti, Latvian klupt (“to stumble”).


rinnaną

rinnō (active first-person indicative singular)
rinnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rinnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rinnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
rinnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rinn (active imperative second-person singular)
rinnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rinnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rinnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
rinnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rinnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
rinnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rinnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rinnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
rinnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rinnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rinnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rinnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rinnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rinnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rinnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rinnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rinnid (active indicative plural second-person)
rinnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rinnid (active imperative plural second-person)
rinnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rinnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rinnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
rinnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rinnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
rinnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rinnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rann (active first-person indicative singular)
runnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rannt (active indicative second-person singular)
runnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rann (active indicative singular third-person)
runnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
runnū (active dual first-person indicative)
runnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
runnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
runnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
runnum (active first-person indicative plural)
runnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
runnud (active indicative plural second-person)
runnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
runnun (active indicative plural third-person)
runnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rinnandz (active participle present)
runnanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rinnan
Old English: rinnan, irnan, iernan, yrnan
Middle English: rennen
English: run, rin
Scots: rin
Yola: rhin, rin
Old Frisian: renna, rinna, runna
Saterland Frisian: rinne
West Frisian: rinne
Old Saxon: rinnan
Middle Low German: rinnen
Low German: rennen
German Low German: rennen, roenen, rœnnen, rönnen
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: rinnen
Sauerländisch: rennen
Westmünsterländisch: rennen, rannen
Plautdietsch: ranen
Old Dutch: rinnan
Middle Dutch: rinnen
Dutch: rinnen (obsolete), rennen
Limburgish: rinne, rènne
Old High German: rennan, rinnan
Middle High German: rinnen
German: rennen, rinnen
Luxembourgish: rënnen

Old Norse: rinna, renna
Icelandic: renna
Faroese: renna
Norn: rinna
Norwegian: renne
Elfdalian: rinna
Old Swedish: rinna
Swedish: rinna
Danish: rinde
Gutnish: rinne, rinn', rinna

Gothic: 𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (rinnan)
→ Latin: haliurunna (uncertain etymology, but possibly from *𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌾𐍉𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰 (*haljōrunna, “witch, one who travels to the netherworld”))

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

Two main etymological pathways have been proposed.
* Most likely from the root Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- (“to undulate, churn”), either via either a nasal-infix present *h₃ri-né-H-ti or a *-néwti present *h₃riH-néw-ti.
** These forms are supported by cognates Sanskrit रिणाति (rinā́ti, “to make turbulent, cause to flow”), Ancient Greek ὀρί̄νω (orí̄nō, “to churn up”), and Russian ри́нуться (rínutʹsja, “to rush”).
** Under this etymology, further cognates outside Germanic include Middle Irish rian (“river, way”), Proto-Slavic *rěka (“river”), Latin rivus (“stream”), and Gaulish Rēnos (“that which flows”), which is the source of the name of the river Rhine.
* Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥-néw-ti (“to flow, move, run”)., whence also Sanskrit ऋति (ṛti, “course, way”).
Either way, both paths ultimately trace back to the same root, *h₃er- (“to move, stir”).


rannijaną

rannijō (active first-person indicative singular)
rannijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rannijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rannīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
rannijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rannī (active imperative second-person singular)
rannijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rannijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rannīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rannijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rannijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rannijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rannijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rannijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rannijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rannijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rannijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rannijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rannijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rannijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rannijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rannijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rannīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rannijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rannīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rannijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rannijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rannijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rannijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rannijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rannijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rannijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rannidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rannidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rannidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rannidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rannidē (active indicative singular third-person)
rannidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rannidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rannidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rannidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rannidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rannidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rannidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rannidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rannidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rannidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rannidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rannijandz (active participle present)
rannidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rannijan
Old English: *rennan, ærnan
Middle English: rennen
Old Frisian: renna
Old Saxon: rennian
Middle Low German: rennen
German Low German: rennen
Old Dutch: *rennan
Middle Dutch: rennen
Dutch: rennen
Afrikaans: ren
Old High German: rennan
Middle High German: rennen
German: rennen
→⇒ Old French: randir
Middle French: randir, raindir
Picard: randir
Norman: randir

Old Norse: renna
Icelandic: renna
Faroese: renna
Norwegian Nynorsk: renna, renne
Old Swedish: rænna
Swedish: ränna
Old Danish: rænnæ
Danish: rende

Gothic: *𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*rannjan)


springaną

springō (active first-person indicative singular)
springaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
springai (first-person indicative passive singular)
springizi (active indicative second-person singular)
springaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spring (active imperative second-person singular)
springazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
springaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
springidi (active indicative singular third-person)
springai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
springadau (active imperative singular third-person)
springadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
springaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
springōz (active dual first-person indicative)
springaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
springadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
springaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
springadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
springamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
springaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
springandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
springaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
springid (active indicative plural second-person)
springaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
springid (active imperative plural second-person)
springandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
springaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
springandi (active indicative plural third-person)
springain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
springandau (active imperative plural third-person)
springandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
springaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sprang (active first-person indicative singular)
sprungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spranht (active indicative second-person singular)
sprungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprang (active indicative singular third-person)
sprungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprungū (active dual first-person indicative)
sprungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprungum (active first-person indicative plural)
sprungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprungud (active indicative plural second-person)
sprungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprungun (active indicative plural third-person)
sprungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
springandz (active participle present)
sprunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *springan
Old English: springan
Middle English: spryngen
English: spring; sprink
Scots: spring
Old Frisian: springa
Saterland Frisian: springe
West Frisian: springe
Old Saxon: springan, sprengan
Middle Low German: springen
German Low German: springen
Old Dutch: *springan
Middle Dutch: springen
Dutch: springen
Afrikaans: spring
Berbice Creole Dutch: pringgi
Jersey Dutch: spring, springe, spränge
Negerhollands: spriṅ
Limburgish: springe
Old High German: springan
Middle High German: springen
Alemannic German: springe, schpringe
Cimbrian: springen
German: springen
Luxembourgish: sprangen
Pennsylvania German: schpringe
Yiddish: שפּרינגען (shpringen)

Old Norse: springa

Icelandic: springa (“to burst”)

Faroese: springa

Norwegian: springe, sprekke

Old Swedish: springa
Swedish: springa (“to run”), spricka (“to crack”)

Old Danish: springæ

Danish: springe, sprække

Gutnish: springge, springga

From Proto-Indo-European *sprenǵʰ-, nasalised form of Proto-Indo-European *sperǵʰ- (“to move energetically, hurry, spring”). Compare Ancient Greek σπέρχω (spérkhō, “to set in rapid motion, haste, hurry”), Sanskrit स्पृहयति (spṛháyati, “to be eager”), Albanian shpërthej (“to pop open, puncture, lance, make explode, blow up”), Lithuanian spreñgti (“to push (in)”).


sprangijaną

sprangijō (active first-person indicative singular)
sprangijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sprangijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sprangīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sprangijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprangī (active imperative second-person singular)
sprangijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sprangijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sprangīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sprangijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprangijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sprangijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sprangijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sprangijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sprangijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprangijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprangijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprangijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sprangijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sprangijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprangijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sprangijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sprangīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sprangijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprangīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sprangijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sprangijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sprangijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sprangijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprangijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sprangijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sprangijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sprangidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sprangidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sprangidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sprangidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprangidē (active indicative singular third-person)
sprangidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprangidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sprangidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprangidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprangidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprangidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sprangidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprangidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sprangidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprangidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sprangidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprangijandz (active participle present)
sprangidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sprangijan
Old English: sprenġan, sprenġċan, sprænġan
Middle English: sprengen, sprenge, springe
English: springe (obsolete)
Old Frisian: sprenga, sprendza
Saterland Frisian: spränge
Old Saxon: *sprengian
Middle Low German: sprengen
German Low German: sprengen
Old Dutch: *sprengen
Middle Dutch: sprengen
Dutch: sprengen
Old High German: sprengen
Middle High German: sprengen
Alemannic German: sprengge
German: sprengen

Old Norse: sprengja

Icelandic: sprengja

Faroese: spreingja

Norwegian Nynorsk: sprengja, sprenga

Old Swedish: sprængia
Swedish: spränga

Danish: sprænge

Norwegian Bokmål: sprenge

From *springaną (“to jump”) + *-janą (“causative suffix”).


fleuhaną

fleuhō (active first-person indicative singular)
fleuhaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fleuhai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fliuhizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fleuhaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fleuh (active imperative second-person singular)
fleuhazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fleuhaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fliuhidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fleuhai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fleuhadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fleuhadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fleuhaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fleuhōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fleuhaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fleuhadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fleuhaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fleuhadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fleuhamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fleuhaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fleuhandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fleuhaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fliuhid (active indicative plural second-person)
fleuhaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fliuhid (active imperative plural second-person)
fleuhandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fleuhaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fleuhandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fleuhain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fleuhandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fleuhandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fleuhaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
flauh (active first-person indicative singular)
flugį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flauht (active indicative second-person singular)
flugīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flauh (active indicative singular third-person)
flugī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flugū (active dual first-person indicative)
flugīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flugudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flugīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flugum (active first-person indicative plural)
flugīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flugud (active indicative plural second-person)
flugīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flugun (active indicative plural third-person)
flugīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fleuhandz (active participle present)
fluganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fleuhan
Old English: flēon
Middle English: flen, fleon
English: flee
Scots: flee
Old Frisian: fliā
Old Saxon: fliohan
Old Dutch: flian
Middle Dutch: vlien
Dutch: vlieden
Afrikaans: vlied
Old High German: fliohan
Middle High German: vliehen
Alemannic German: flie
German: fliehen

Old Norse: flýja
Icelandic: flýja
Faroese: flýggja
Norwegian Nynorsk: fly
Norwegian Bokmål: fly
Elfdalian: fly
Old Swedish: flȳia, flȳa
Swedish: fly
Scanian: flý
Old Danish: flȳ
Danish: fly
Gutnish: flöi

Gothic: 𐌸𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þliuhan)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *plewk-, enlargement of *plew- (“flow”), assuming that the þ- in Gothic 𐌸𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þliuhan) was secondary (with sound change *fl- > þl-). Kroonen instead believes that the Gothic þ- was primary; if that was the case *fleuganą would have influenced its replacement by f- elsewhere in Germanic. He assigns no etymology.


fleuganą

fleugō (active first-person indicative singular)
fleugaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fleugai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fliugizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fleugaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fleug (active imperative second-person singular)
fleugazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fleugaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fliugidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fleugai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fleugadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fleugadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fleugaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fleugōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fleugaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fleugadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fleugaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fleugadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fleugamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fleugaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fleugandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fleugaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fliugid (active indicative plural second-person)
fleugaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fliugid (active imperative plural second-person)
fleugandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fleugaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fleugandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fleugain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fleugandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fleugandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fleugaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
flaug (active first-person indicative singular)
flugį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flauht (active indicative second-person singular)
flugīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flaug (active indicative singular third-person)
flugī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flugū (active dual first-person indicative)
flugīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flugudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flugīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flugum (active first-person indicative plural)
flugīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flugud (active indicative plural second-person)
flugīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flugun (active indicative plural third-person)
flugīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fleugandz (active participle present)
fluganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fleugan
Old English: flēogan
Middle English: flien
English: fly
Scots: fle
Yola: vlee
Old Frisian: fliāga
Saterland Frisian: fljoge
West Frisian: fleane
Old Saxon: fliogan
Middle Low German: vlêgen
Low German: fliegen
German Low German: flegen
Plautdietsch: fläje
Old Dutch: fliegan
Middle Dutch: vliegen
Dutch: vliegen
Limburgish: vlege
Old High German: fliogan, fliocan
Middle High German: vliegen
Central Franconian: fleeje
German: fliegen
Luxembourgish: fléien
Yiddish: פֿליִען (flien)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: fljúga
Icelandic: fljúga
Faroese: flúgva, fljúgva, fljúga
Norn: floga
Norwegian Nynorsk: fljuga, flyga (partially from present flyg), fly
→ Norwegian Bokmål: flyge
Elfdalian: fliuoga
Old Swedish: flȳgha, fliūgha
Swedish: flyga
Old Danish: flȳghæ
Danish: flyve
Norwegian Bokmål: flyve, fly
Gutnish: flauge
Scanian: flyğa

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *plew-
Proto-Indo-European *plewk-der.
Proto-Germanic *fleuganą
From Proto-Indo-European *plewk-, enlargement of *plew- (“flow”).


fallijaną

fallijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fallijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fallijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fallīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fallijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fallī (active imperative second-person singular)
fallijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fallijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fallīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fallijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fallijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fallijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fallijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fallijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fallijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fallijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fallijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fallijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fallijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fallijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fallijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fallijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fallīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fallijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fallīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fallijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fallijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fallijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fallijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fallijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fallijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fallijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fallidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fallidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fallidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fallidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fallidē (active indicative singular third-person)
fallidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fallidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fallidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fallidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fallidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fallidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fallidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fallidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fallidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fallidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fallidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fallijandz (active participle present)
fallidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fallijan
Old English: fellan, fiellan
Middle English: fellen
Scots: fell
English: fell
Old Frisian: fella, falla
West Frisian: falle
Old Saxon: fellian
Middle Low German: vellen
Low German: fällen
Old Dutch: *fellen
Middle Dutch: vellen
Dutch: vellen
Afrikaans: vel
Old High German: fellen
Middle High German: vellen
German: fällen

Old Norse: fella

Icelandic: fella

Faroese: fella

Norwegian: felle

Old Swedish: fælla

Swedish: fälla

Danish: fælde


malaną

malō (active first-person indicative singular)
malaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
malai (first-person indicative passive singular)
malizi (active indicative second-person singular)
malaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mal (active imperative second-person singular)
malazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
malaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
malidi (active indicative singular third-person)
malai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
maladau (active imperative singular third-person)
maladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
malaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
malōz (active dual first-person indicative)
malaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
maladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
malaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
maladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
malamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
malaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
malandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
malaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
malid (active indicative plural second-person)
malaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
malid (active imperative plural second-person)
malandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
malaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
malandi (active indicative plural third-person)
malain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
malandau (active imperative plural third-person)
malandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
malaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mōl (active first-person indicative singular)
mōlį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mōlt (active indicative second-person singular)
mōlīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mōl (active indicative singular third-person)
mōlī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mōlū (active dual first-person indicative)
mōlīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mōludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mōlīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mōlum (active first-person indicative plural)
mōlīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mōlud (active indicative plural second-person)
mōlīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mōlun (active indicative plural third-person)
mōlīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
malandz (active participle present)
malanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *malan
Old Frisian:
West Frisian: mealle
Old Saxon: malan
Middle Low German: malen
Low German: mahlen
Old Dutch: *malan
Middle Dutch: mālen
Dutch: malen
Afrikaans: maal
Berbice Creole Dutch: mali
Negerhollands: maal
Limburgish: male
Old High German: malan
Middle High German: malen, maln
Bavarian: måhln, moihn
German: mahlen
Luxembourgish: muelen
Mòcheno: moln

Old Norse: mala
Icelandic: mala
Faroese: mala
Norwegian: male
Old Swedish: mala
Swedish: mala
Danish: male

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽 (malan)

From Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“to beat, crush, grind”). Cognate with Latin molō (“mill, grist, grind”, verb).


wadaną

wadō (active first-person indicative singular)
wadaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wadai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wadizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wadaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wad (active imperative second-person singular)
wadazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wadaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wadidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wadai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wadadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wadadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wadaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wadōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wadaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wadadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wadaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wadadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wadamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wadaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wadandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wadaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wadid (active indicative plural second-person)
wadaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wadid (active imperative plural second-person)
wadandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wadaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wadandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wadain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wadandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wadandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wadaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wōd (active first-person indicative singular)
wōdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wōst (active indicative second-person singular)
wōdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wōd (active indicative singular third-person)
wōdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wōdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wōdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wōdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wōdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wōdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wōdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wōdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wōdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wōdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wōdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wadandz (active participle present)
wadanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wadan
Old English: wadan
Middle English: waden
English: wade
Scots: wad, wade
Old Frisian: wada
Saterland Frisian: waadje
West Frisian: wâdzje
Old Saxon: wadan
Middle Low German: wāden
German Low German: waden
Old Dutch: *wadan
Middle Dutch: wāden
Dutch: waden
Afrikaans: waad
Old High German: watan
Middle High German: waten
German: waten

Old Norse: vaða
Icelandic: vaða
Faroese: vaða
Norwegian Nynorsk: vada, va
Old Swedish: vaþa
Swedish: vada
Old Danish: vade
Danish: vade
Norwegian Bokmål: vade

/ˈwɑ.ðɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *weh₂dʰ-. Cognate with Proto-Italic *wāðō, Old Armenian գամ (gam).


skabaną

skabō (active first-person indicative singular)
skabaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skabai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skabizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skabaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skab (active imperative second-person singular)
skabazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skabaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skabidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skabai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skabadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skabadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skabaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skabōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skabaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skabadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skabaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skabadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skabamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skabaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skabandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skabaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skabid (active indicative plural second-person)
skabaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skabid (active imperative plural second-person)
skabandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skabaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skabandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skabain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skabandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skabandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skabaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skōb (active first-person indicative singular)
skōbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skōft (active indicative second-person singular)
skōbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skōb (active indicative singular third-person)
skōbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skōbū (active dual first-person indicative)
skōbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skōbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skōbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skōbum (active first-person indicative plural)
skōbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skōbud (active indicative plural second-person)
skōbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skōbun (active indicative plural third-person)
skōbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skabandz (active participle present)
skabanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skaban
Old English: sċafan, sċeafan
Middle English: schaven, shaven
English: shave
→ Welsh: siafio
Scots: schave, schaif, schaiff; shaav (through confluence with Norwegian skave)
Old Frisian: *skava
Saterland Frisian: skoawje
West Frisian: skave
Old Saxon: skavan, skaƀan
Middle Low German: schāven
German Low German: schaven
Low German: schaven
Old Dutch: *scavan
Middle Dutch: schāven
Dutch: schaven
Limburgish: sjave
Old High German: skaban
Middle High German: schaben
German: schaben
Luxembourgish: schuewen (archaic)
Yiddish: שאָבן (shobn)

Old Norse: skafa, skava
Icelandic: skafa
Faroese: skava
Norwegian: skave
Elfdalian: skåvå
Old Swedish: skava
Swedish: skava
Old Danish: skauæ
Danish: skave
Scanian: skawa
Gutnish: skave
→ Scots: skave, skaave

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽 (skaban)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kaappidak (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *skábʰ-e-, present tense of Proto-Indo-European *skabʰ- (“to scratch”).


slahaną

slahō (active first-person indicative singular)
slahaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slahai (first-person indicative passive singular)
slahizi (active indicative second-person singular)
slahaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slah (active imperative second-person singular)
slahazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
slahaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
slahidi (active indicative singular third-person)
slahai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slahadau (active imperative singular third-person)
slahadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
slahaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
slahōz (active dual first-person indicative)
slahaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slahadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slahaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slahadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
slahamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
slahaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slahandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
slahaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
slahid (active indicative plural second-person)
slahaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slahid (active imperative plural second-person)
slahandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
slahaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
slahandi (active indicative plural third-person)
slahain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slahandau (active imperative plural third-person)
slahandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
slahaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
slōh (active first-person indicative singular)
slōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slōht (active indicative second-person singular)
slōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slōh (active indicative singular third-person)
slōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
slōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
slōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
slōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
slōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slahandz (active participle present)
slaganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *slahan
Old English: slēan, sla, slan, slæan — Mercian, sla, slæ — Northumbrian
Middle English: sleen, slayn
Scots: slay
English: slay
Old Frisian: slā
Saterland Frisian: slo
West Frisian: slaan
Old Saxon: slahan
Middle Low German: slān
Low German: slaan
German Low German: slaan
Old Dutch: slān
Middle Dutch: slâen
Dutch: slaan, slagen
Afrikaans: slaan, slaag
Limburgish: slaon
Old High German: slahan
Middle High German: slahen, slagen, slân
Alemannic German: schlaa
Central Franconian: schlon
German: schlagen
Hunsrik: schlaan
Luxembourgish: schloen

Proto-Norse: ᛊᛚᚨᚷᛁᚾᚨᛉ (slaginaʀ) (past participle)

Old Norse: slá
Icelandic: slá
Faroese: sláa, slá
Norwegian: slå
Old Swedish: slā
Swedish: slå
Danish: slå
Old Gutnish: sla

Gothic: 𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽 (slahan)

From a Proto-Indo-European *slak- (“to hit, strike, throw”), apparently of onomatopoeic origin. Cognate with Middle Irish slachta (“hit”).


sabjaną

sabjō (active first-person indicative singular)
sabjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sabjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sabisi (active indicative second-person singular)
sabjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sabi (active imperative second-person singular)
sabjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sabjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sabiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sabjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sabjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sabjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sabjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sabjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sabjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sabjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sabjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sabjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sabjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sabjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sabjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sabjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sabiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sabjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sabiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sabjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sabjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sabjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sabjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sabjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sabjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sabjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sōf (active first-person indicative singular)
sōbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sōft (active indicative second-person singular)
sōbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sōf (active indicative singular third-person)
sōbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sōbū (active dual first-person indicative)
sōbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sōbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sōbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sōbum (active first-person indicative plural)
sōbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sōbud (active indicative plural second-person)
sōbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sōbun (active indicative plural third-person)
sōbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sabjandz (active participle present)
sabanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sabbjan
Old Frisian: *sebba, *seffa
⇒ Old Frisian: *biseffa
West Frisian: beseffe
Old Saxon: sebbian, seffian
⇒ Old Saxon: biseffian, afsebbian, afseffian, anseffian
Old Dutch: *seffen
⇒ Old Dutch: *biseffen
Middle Dutch: beseffen, beseven
Dutch: beseffen
Afrikaans: besef
Old High German: sebben, seffen
⇒ Old High German: *intsebben, *antsebben
Middle High German: seben; entseben
German: entseben

From Proto-Indo-European *sep- (“to taste, try out”).


diganą

digō (active first-person indicative singular)
digaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
digai (first-person indicative passive singular)
digizi (active indicative second-person singular)
digaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dig (active imperative second-person singular)
digazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
digaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
digidi (active indicative singular third-person)
digai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
digadau (active imperative singular third-person)
digadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
digaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
digōz (active dual first-person indicative)
digaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
digadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
digaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
digadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
digamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
digaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
digandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
digaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
digid (active indicative plural second-person)
digaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
digid (active imperative plural second-person)
digandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
digaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
digandi (active indicative plural third-person)
digain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
digandau (active imperative plural third-person)
digandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
digaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
daig (active first-person indicative singular)
digį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
daiht (active indicative second-person singular)
digīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
daig (active indicative singular third-person)
digī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
digū (active dual first-person indicative)
digīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
digudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
digīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
digum (active first-person indicative plural)
digīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
digud (active indicative plural second-person)
digīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
digun (active indicative plural third-person)
digīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
digandz (active participle present)
diganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (digan)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to knead”).


stikaną

stikō (active first-person indicative singular)
stikaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stikai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stikizi (active indicative second-person singular)
stikaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stik (active imperative second-person singular)
stikazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stikaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stikidi (active indicative singular third-person)
stikai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stikadau (active imperative singular third-person)
stikadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stikaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stikōz (active dual first-person indicative)
stikaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stikadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stikaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stikadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stikamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stikaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stikandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stikaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stikid (active indicative plural second-person)
stikaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stikid (active imperative plural second-person)
stikandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stikaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stikandi (active indicative plural third-person)
stikain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stikandau (active imperative plural third-person)
stikandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stikaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
staik (active first-person indicative singular)
stikį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
staiht (active indicative second-person singular)
stikīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
staik (active indicative singular third-person)
stikī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stikū (active dual first-person indicative)
stikīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stikudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stikīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stikum (active first-person indicative plural)
stikīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stikud (active indicative plural second-person)
stikīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stikun (active indicative plural third-person)
stikīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stikandz (active participle present)
stikanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stekan
Old Frisian: steka (class 5)
West Frisian: stekke
Old Saxon: stekan
Middle Low German: stēken
German Low German: steken
Old Dutch: *stecan
Middle Dutch: steken
Dutch: steken
Afrikaans: steek
Old High German: stëhhan, stëchan
Middle High German: stëchen
German: stechen
Luxembourgish: stiechen
Yiddish: שטעכן (shtekhn)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to be sharp, to stab, to goad, to puncture”).


wiganą

wigō (active first-person indicative singular)
wigaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wigai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wigizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wigaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wig (active imperative second-person singular)
wigazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wigaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wigidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wigai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wigadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wigadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wigaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wigōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wigaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wigadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wigaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wigadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wigamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wigaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wigandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wigaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wigid (active indicative plural second-person)
wigaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wigid (active imperative plural second-person)
wigandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wigaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wigandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wigain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wigandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wigandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wigaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
waih (active first-person indicative singular)
wigį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waiht (active indicative second-person singular)
wigīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waih (active indicative singular third-person)
wigī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wigū (active dual first-person indicative)
wigīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wigudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wigīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wigum (active first-person indicative plural)
wigīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wigud (active indicative plural second-person)
wigīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wigun (active indicative plural third-person)
wigīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wigandz (active participle present)
wiganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wīgan
Old English: wīgan
Old Dutch: *wigan
Middle Dutch: wigen
Dutch: wijgen
Old High German: wīgan

Old Norse: viga, vega

Icelandic: vega

Old Swedish: vægha

desc

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽 (weihan), 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉 (andwaihandō) (< continuing the original present stem)

Originally a zero-grade present, from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to fight”). Related to Latin vincō (“to conquer”), Old Irish fichid (“to fight”). Likely related to English weaken (“make yield”).


bītaną

bītō (active first-person indicative singular)
bītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bīt (active imperative second-person singular)
bītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bītid (active indicative plural second-person)
bītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bītid (active imperative plural second-person)
bītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bait (active first-person indicative singular)
bitį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
baist (active indicative second-person singular)
bitīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bait (active indicative singular third-person)
bitī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bitū (active dual first-person indicative)
bitīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bitudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bitīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bitum (active first-person indicative plural)
bitīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bitud (active indicative plural second-person)
bitīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bitun (active indicative plural third-person)
bitīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bītandz (active participle present)
bitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bītan
Old English: bītan
Middle English: biten
English: bite
Scots: bite
Old Frisian: bīta
Saterland Frisian: biete
West Frisian: bite
Old Saxon: bītan
Middle Low German: bîten
Low German: bieten
Old Dutch: *bītan
Middle Dutch: biten
Dutch: bijten
Afrikaans: byt
Berbice Creole Dutch: biti
Skepi Creole Dutch: bet, bit
→? Sranan Tongo: beti
Limburgish: biete
Old High German: bīȥan, pīȥan
Middle High German: bīȥen
German: beißen
Hunsrik: beise
Luxembourgish: bäissen
Rhine Franconian: beiße
Vilamovian: bȧjsa
Yiddish: בײַסן (baysn)

Old Norse: bíta
Icelandic: bíta
Faroese: bíta
Norwegian Nynorsk: bita; (dialectal) bida
Elfdalian: baita
Old Swedish: bīta
Swedish: bita
Scanian: bída
Old Danish: bītæ
Danish: bide
Norwegian Bokmål: bite
Gutnish: bäite

Gothic: 𐌱𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (beitan)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰéydt, from *bʰeyd- (“to split”).

biti

*bitiz (“bite”, noun); Proto-West Germanic


snīþaną

snīþō (active first-person indicative singular)
snīþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snīþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
snīþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
snīþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snīþ (active imperative second-person singular)
snīþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
snīþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
snīþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
snīþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snīþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
snīþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
snīþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
snīþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
snīþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snīþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snīþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snīþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
snīþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
snīþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snīþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
snīþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
snīþid (active indicative plural second-person)
snīþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snīþid (active imperative plural second-person)
snīþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
snīþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
snīþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
snīþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snīþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
snīþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
snīþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
snaiþ (active first-person indicative singular)
snidį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snaist (active indicative second-person singular)
snidīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snaiþ (active indicative singular third-person)
snidī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snidū (active dual first-person indicative)
snidīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snidudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snidīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snidum (active first-person indicative plural)
snidīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snidud (active indicative plural second-person)
snidīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snidun (active indicative plural third-person)
snidīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snīþandz (active participle present)
snidanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *snīþan
Old English: snīþan
Middle English: snithen
English: snithe
⇒ English: snide
Old Frisian: snītha
Saterland Frisian: sniede
West Frisian: snije
Old Saxon: snīthan
Middle Low German: snîden
German Low German: snieden
Low German: snieden
Old Dutch: snīthan
Middle Dutch: sniden
Dutch: snijden, snijen (dialectal)
Afrikaans: sny
Limburgish: snieje
Old High German: snīdan
Middle High German: snīden
German: schneiden
Luxembourgish: schneiden
Yiddish: שנײַדן (shnaydn)

Old Norse: sníða (*sniðka, snikka)

Icelandic: sníða (snikka)

Faroese: sníða

Swedish: snida

Danish: snide

Gothic: 𐍃𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽 (sneiþan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *niittädäk (see there for further descendants)

Of uncertain origin. Traditionally derived from a Proto-Indo-European *sneyt- (“to cut”), and compared with Proto-Slavic *snětь (“block, log, branch”) (< *snoit-o-s) (whence Czech snět (“log, block of wood”)), as well as Old Irish snéid (“small, short”), Proto-Celtic *snadeti (“to hew, carve”). However, Kroonen and Orel express doubt regarding this theory, particularly as the Celtic terms do not formally agree with the consonant finals.


skīnaną

skīnō (active first-person indicative singular)
skīnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skīnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skīnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skīnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skīn (active imperative second-person singular)
skīnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skīnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skīnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skīnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skīnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skīnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skīnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skīnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skīnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skīnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skīnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skīnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skīnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skīnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skīnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skīnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skīnid (active indicative plural second-person)
skīnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skīnid (active imperative plural second-person)
skīnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skīnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skīnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skīnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skīnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skīnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skīnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skain (active first-person indicative singular)
skinį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skaint (active indicative second-person singular)
skinīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skain (active indicative singular third-person)
skinī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skinū (active dual first-person indicative)
skinīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skinudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skinīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skinum (active first-person indicative plural)
skinīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skinud (active indicative plural second-person)
skinīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skinun (active indicative plural third-person)
skinīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skīnandz (active participle present)
skinanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skīnan
Old English: sċīnan
Middle English: shinen, schinen
English: shine
Old Frisian: skīna
Saterland Frisian: skiene
West Frisian: skine, skyne
Old Saxon: skīnan
Low German: schienen
Old Dutch: skīnan
Middle Dutch: schinen
Dutch: schijnen
Afrikaans: skyn
Limburgish: sjiene
Old High German: skīnan
Middle High German: schīnen
German: scheinen
→ Esperanto: ŝajni
Hunsrik: scheine
Luxembourgish: schéngen
Yiddish: שײַנען (shaynen)

Old Norse: skína
Icelandic: skína
Faroese: skína
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: skinne
Norwegian Nynorsk: skina, skine
Old Swedish: skīna
Swedish: skina
Danish: skinne

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽 (skeinan)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₁y- (“to shine, shimmer”).


kleubaną

kleubō (active first-person indicative singular)
kleubaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kleubai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kliubizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kleubaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kleub (active imperative second-person singular)
kleubazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kleubaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kliubidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kleubai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kleubadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kleubadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kleubaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kleubōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kleubaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kleubadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kleubaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kleubadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kleubamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kleubaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kleubandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kleubaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kliubid (active indicative plural second-person)
kleubaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kliubid (active imperative plural second-person)
kleubandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kleubaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kleubandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kleubain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kleubandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kleubandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kleubaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
klaub (active first-person indicative singular)
klubį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klauft (active indicative second-person singular)
klubīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klaub (active indicative singular third-person)
klubī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klubū (active dual first-person indicative)
klubīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klubudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klubīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klubum (active first-person indicative plural)
klubīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klubud (active indicative plural second-person)
klubīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klubun (active indicative plural third-person)
klubīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kleubandz (active participle present)
klubanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kleuban
Old English: clēofan
Middle English: cleven
English: cleave
Scots: cleave
Old Saxon: kliovan
Middle Low German: klûven (with alternative present-tense vowel)
Low German: klöven
Old Dutch: *clievan
Middle Dutch: clieven
Dutch: klieven
Limburgish: kleive
Old High German: klioban
Middle High German: klieben
Cimbrian: khliipan
German: klieben

Old Norse: kljúfa
Icelandic: kljúfa
Faroese: klúgva
Norwegian Nynorsk: kljuva, kluva, kløyva; (dialectal) kljuga, kluba
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kløyve
Elfdalian: kliuova
Old Swedish: klȳva
Swedish: klyva
Old Danish: klȳuæ
Scanian: kløva
Danish: kløve
Norwegian Bokmål: kløve
Old Gutnish: kliaufa
Gutnish: klaue

From Proto-Indo-European *glewbʰ- (“to split”).


blewwaną

blewwō (active first-person indicative singular)
blewwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blewwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bliwwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
blewwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bleww (active imperative second-person singular)
blewwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blewwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bliwwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
blewwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blewwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
blewwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blewwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blewwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
blewwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blewwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blewwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blewwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blewwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blewwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blewwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blewwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bliwwid (active indicative plural second-person)
blewwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bliwwid (active imperative plural second-person)
blewwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blewwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blewwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
blewwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blewwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
blewwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blewwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
blau (active first-person indicative singular)
blauw (active first-person indicative singular)
bluwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blaut (active indicative second-person singular)
blauwt (active indicative second-person singular)
bluwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blau (active indicative singular third-person)
blauw (active indicative singular third-person)
bluwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bluwū (active dual first-person indicative)
bluwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bluwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bluwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bluwum (active first-person indicative plural)
bluwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bluwud (active indicative plural second-person)
bluwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bluwun (active indicative plural third-person)
bluwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blewwandz (active participle present)
bluwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bleuwan
Old Saxon: bliuwan
Middle Low German: blǖwen, bluwen
→ Middle English: blēwe, northern and East Midlands blowe, blaw
Scots: blaw
English: blow
Old Dutch: *bliuwan
Middle Dutch: blouwen
Dutch: blouwen
Old High German: bliuwan
Middle High German: bliuwen, blūwen, blouwen, bliugen, pliuwen, pliugen
German: bleuen, bläuen

Gothic: 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽 (bliggwan)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *mléw-e-, from Proto-Indo-European *mlew-. Related to Ancient Greek ἀμβλύς (amblús, “blunt; dim, faint”), Avestan 𐬨𐬭𐬎𐬙𐬀 (mruta, “crushed (?), weak”).


brewwaną

brewwō (active first-person indicative singular)
brewwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brewwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
briwwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
brewwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
breww (active imperative second-person singular)
brewwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brewwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
briwwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
brewwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brewwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
brewwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brewwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brewwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
brewwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brewwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brewwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brewwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brewwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brewwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brewwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brewwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
briwwid (active indicative plural second-person)
brewwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
briwwid (active imperative plural second-person)
brewwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brewwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brewwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
brewwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brewwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
brewwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brewwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brau (active first-person indicative singular)
brauw (active first-person indicative singular)
bruwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
braut (active indicative second-person singular)
brauwt (active indicative second-person singular)
bruwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brau (active indicative singular third-person)
brauw (active indicative singular third-person)
bruwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bruwū (active dual first-person indicative)
bruwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bruwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bruwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bruwum (active first-person indicative plural)
bruwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bruwud (active indicative plural second-person)
bruwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bruwun (active indicative plural third-person)
bruwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brewwandz (active participle present)
bruwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *breuwan
Old English: brēowan
Middle English: brewen
Scots: brew
English: brew
Old Frisian: briūwa
North Frisian: bruwen
West Frisian: brouwe
Saterland Frisian: bjoue
Old Saxon: briuwan, breuwan
Middle Low German: bruwen, brouwen
Low German: bruen, bruggen, brauen, broen
Old Dutch: *breuwan, *briuwan
Middle Dutch: bruwen, brouwen
Dutch: brouwen
Afrikaans: brou
Old High German: briuwan
Middle High German: briuwen, brūwen
German: brauen
Luxembourgish: brauen

Old Norse: *bryggja (strong verb) (attested in brugginn (past participle)); brugga (weak verb)

Icelandic: brugga

Faroese: bryggja

Middle Norwegian: bryggja
Norwegian Nynorsk: bryggja

Old Swedish: bryggia

Swedish: brygga

Danish: brygge

Norwegian Bokmål: brygge

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁-, related to Ancient Greek ἀπέφρυσεν (apéphrusen, “brewed”).


kewwaną

kewwō (active first-person indicative singular)
kewwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kewwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kiwwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kewwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
keww (active imperative second-person singular)
kewwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kewwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kiwwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kewwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kewwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kewwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kewwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kewwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kewwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kewwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kewwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kewwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kewwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kewwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kewwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kewwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kiwwid (active indicative plural second-person)
kewwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kiwwid (active imperative plural second-person)
kewwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kewwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kewwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kewwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kewwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kewwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kewwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kau (active first-person indicative singular)
kauw (active first-person indicative singular)
kuwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kaut (active indicative second-person singular)
kauwt (active indicative second-person singular)
kuwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kau (active indicative singular third-person)
kauw (active indicative singular third-person)
kuwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kuwū (active dual first-person indicative)
kuwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kuwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kuwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kuwum (active first-person indicative plural)
kuwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kuwud (active indicative plural second-person)
kuwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kuwun (active indicative plural third-person)
kuwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kewwandz (active participle present)
kuwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *keuwan
Old English: ċēowan
Middle English: chewen, chewe, chyewe, cheowen, chiewe, chiewen, chiwen, chowen, chuen, chawen, chewwenn (Ormulum)
English: chew
→ Pennsylvania German: tschaae
Scots: chow, chaw
Old Frisian: *kiāwa, *kiāwja
West Frisian: kôgje, kôchje, koaie
Saterland Frisian: kauje
Old Saxon: kiuwan, kiwan
Middle Low German: keuwen, kuwen
Low German: käwwen
Old Dutch: *kiuwan, *kūwan
Middle Dutch: kewen, ceuwen, cuwen
Old High German: kiuwan
Middle High German: kiuwen, kūwen, kewen
Alemannic German: chüüwe
Bavarian: kuin
Cimbrian: khòjan
German: kauen
Hunsrik: kaue
Pennsylvania German: kaue

Old Norse: tyggja, tyggva (< *kjuwwa; t- maybe from synonym tǫgla or from dissimilation)

Icelandic: tyggja

Faroese: tyggja

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: tygge

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: tygga, tygge, tyggja, tyggje

Old Swedish: tiugga, tugga

Swedish: tugga

Danish: tygge

Dalian: tugga

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵyewh₁- (“to chew”); compare Latin gingīva (“gums”), Tocharian B śuwaṃ (“to eat”), Polish żuć (“to chew”), Persian جویدن (javidan), Pashto [script needed] (žovạl, “to bite, gnaw”).