hwōsaną

hwōsō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwōsaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwōsai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwōsizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwōsaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwōs (active imperative second-person singular)
hwōsazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwōsaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwōsidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwōsai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwōsadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwōsadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwōsaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwōsōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hwōsaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwōsadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwōsaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwōsadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwōsamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwōsaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwōsandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwōsaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwōsid (active indicative plural second-person)
hwōsaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwōsid (active imperative plural second-person)
hwōsandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwōsaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwōsandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwōsain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwōsandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwōsandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwōsaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwehwōs (active first-person indicative singular)
hwehwōzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwehwōst (active indicative second-person singular)
hwehwōzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwehwōs (active indicative singular third-person)
hwehwōzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwehwōzū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwehwōzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwehwōzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwehwōzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwehwōzum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwehwōzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwehwōzud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwehwōzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwehwōzun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwehwōzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwōsandz (active participle present)
hwōzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: hwōsan

Middle English: hwosen

/ˈxʷɔː.sɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂s- (“to cough”).


rōaną

rōō (active first-person indicative singular)
rōaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rōai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rōizi (active indicative second-person singular)
rōaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rō (active imperative second-person singular)
rōazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rōaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rōidi (active indicative singular third-person)
rōai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rōadau (active imperative singular third-person)
rōadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rōaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rōōz (active dual first-person indicative)
rōaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rōadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rōaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rōadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rōamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rōaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rōandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rōaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rōid (active indicative plural second-person)
rōaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rōid (active imperative plural second-person)
rōandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rōaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rōandi (active indicative plural third-person)
rōain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rōandau (active imperative plural third-person)
rōandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rōaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rerō (active first-person indicative singular)
rerōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rerōt (active indicative second-person singular)
rerōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rerō (active indicative singular third-person)
rerōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rerōū (active dual first-person indicative)
rerōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rerōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rerōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rerōum (active first-person indicative plural)
rerōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rerōud (active indicative plural second-person)
rerōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rerōun (active indicative plural third-person)
rerōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rōandz (active participle present)
rōanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rōan
Old English: rōwan
Middle English: rowen
Scots: row
English: row
Old Frisian: *rōia
Saterland Frisian: roie
West Frisian: roeie
Old Saxon: *rōian
Middle Low German: rōen, rōien, rōjen
Old Dutch: *ruoien
Middle Dutch: roeyen
Dutch: roeien
Afrikaans: roei
Old High German: *ruojan
Middle High German: rüejen, rüegen, ruogen
German: rojen

Old Norse: róa
Icelandic: róa
Faroese: rógva
Norwegian: ro
Old Swedish: rōa
Swedish: ro
Danish: ro

/ˈrɔː.ɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁roh₁-(ye-)-ti, from *h₁reh₁- (“to row”).


hawwaną

hawwō (active first-person indicative singular)
hawwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hawwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hawwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hawwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haww (active imperative second-person singular)
hawwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hawwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hawwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hawwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hawwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hawwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hawwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hawwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hawwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hawwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hawwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hawwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hawwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hawwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hawwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hawwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hawwid (active indicative plural second-person)
hawwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hawwid (active imperative plural second-person)
hawwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hawwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hawwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hawwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hawwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hawwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hawwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hehau (active first-person indicative singular)
hehauw (active first-person indicative singular)
hehawwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hehaut (active indicative second-person singular)
hehauwt (active indicative second-person singular)
hehawwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hehau (active indicative singular third-person)
hehauw (active indicative singular third-person)
hehawwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hehawwū (active dual first-person indicative)
hehawwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hehawwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hehawwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hehawwum (active first-person indicative plural)
hehawwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hehawwud (active indicative plural second-person)
hehawwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hehawwun (active indicative plural third-person)
hehawwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hawwandz (active participle present)
hawwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hauwan
Old English: hēawan
Middle English: hewen
English: hew
Scots: hew, hewe
Old Frisian: hāwa, hauwa, hōwa, houwa
North Frisian: hauen, houwen
Saterland Frisian: haue
West Frisian: houwe
Old Saxon: hauwan
Middle Low German: houwen, howen, hauwen
German Low German: hauen
Old Dutch: houwan
Middle Dutch: houwen
Dutch: houwen
Afrikaans: hou
Limburgish: houwe
Old High German: houwan
Middle High German: houwen
Cimbrian: hauan
German: hauen
Luxembourgish: haen

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᚷᚹᚨᚾ (*hagwan /haggwan/)

desctree

Old Norse: hǫggva
Icelandic: höggva
Faroese: høgga
Norwegian Nynorsk: hogga
→ Norwegian Bokmål: hogge
Jamtish: hǫgge
Elfdalian: ogga
Old Swedish: hugga, hogga
Swedish: hugga
Old Danish: huggæ, hoggæ
Danish: hugge
Norwegian Bokmål: hugge
Scanian: hogga
Gutnish: hagge

From Proto-Indo-European *kewh₂- (“to beat, hew, forge”).


wōpijaną

wōpijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wōpijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wōpijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wōpīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wōpijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wōpī (active imperative second-person singular)
wōpijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wōpijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wōpīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wōpijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wōpijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wōpijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wōpijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wōpijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wōpijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wōpijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wōpijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wōpijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wōpijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wōpijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wōpijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wōpijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wōpīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wōpijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wōpīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wōpijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wōpijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wōpijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wōpijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wōpijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wōpijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wōpijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wewōp (active first-person indicative singular)
wewōpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wewōft (active indicative second-person singular)
wewōpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wewōp (active indicative singular third-person)
wewōpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wewōpū (active dual first-person indicative)
wewōpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wewōpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wewōpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wewōpum (active first-person indicative plural)
wewōpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wewōpud (active indicative plural second-person)
wewōpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wewōpun (active indicative plural third-person)
wewōpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wōpijandz (active participle present)
wōpanaz (active participle past subjunctive)
wōpijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wōpijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wōpijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wōpīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wōpijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wōpī (active imperative second-person singular)
wōpijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wōpijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wōpīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wōpijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wōpijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wōpijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wōpijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wōpijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wōpijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wōpijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wōpijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wōpijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wōpijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wōpijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wōpijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wōpijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wōpīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wōpijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wōpīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wōpijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wōpijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wōpijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wōpijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wōpijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wōpijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wōpijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wōpidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wōpidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wōpidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wōpidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wōpidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wōpidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wōpidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wōpidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wōpidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wōpidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wōpidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wōpidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wōpidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wōpidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wōpidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wōpidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wōpijandz (active participle present)
wōpidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wōpijan
Old English: wēpan
Middle English: wepen
Scots: wep, wepe, weip
English: weep
Old Frisian: wēpa
Saterland Frisian: wapia
Old Saxon: wōpian
Middle Low German: wōpen
Old Dutch: wuopan
Old High German: wuofan, wuoffan, wuofen
Middle High German: wuofen, wüefen

Old Norse: ǿpa, œpa
Icelandic: æpa
Faroese: øpa, epa
Norwegian Bokmål: øpe
Old Swedish: ø̄pa
Old Danish: ø̄pæ

Gothic: 𐍅𐍉𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wōpjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *weh₂b- (“to call, shout, complain”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *vabiti (“to lure”).


wurkijaną

wurkijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wurkijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wurkijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wurkīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wurkijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wurkī (active imperative second-person singular)
wurkijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wurkijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wurkīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wurkijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wurkijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wurkijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wurkijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wurkijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wurkijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wurkijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wurkijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wurkijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wurkijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wurkijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wurkijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wurkijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wurkīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wurkijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wurkīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wurkijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wurkijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wurkijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wurkijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wurkijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wurkijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wurkijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wurhtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wurhtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wurhtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wurhtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wurhtē (active indicative singular third-person)
wurhtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wurhtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wurhtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wurhtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wurhtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wurhtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wurhtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wurhtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wurhtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wurhtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wurhtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wurkijandz (active participle present)
wurkidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wurkijan
Old English: wyrċan
Middle English: werken, worken, worchen
English: work
Old Frisian: werka
West Frisian: werke
Old Saxon: workian, wurkian
Old High German: wurken
Middle High German: werken, würken

desc

Proto-Norse: ᚹᛟᚱᚨᚺᛏᛟ (worahto /worᵃhtō/), ᚹᚢᚱᛏᛖ (wurte /wurtē/), ᛟᚱᛏᛖ (orte /ortē/)

desctree

Old Norse: yrkja
Icelandic: yrkja, orka
Faroese: yrkja, orka
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: yrke, orke
Norwegian Nynorsk: yrkja, yrke, orka, orke
Elfdalian: yrtja, uorka
Old Swedish: yrkia, orka
Swedish: yrka, orka
Old Danish: yrkæ, orkæ
Danish: ørke, orke
Old Gutnish: yrkia, orka
Gutnish: yrke, orke
→ Middle English: irken
English: irk

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (waurkjan)

⇒ Crimean Gothic: warthata

→? Proto-Finnic: *pürkidäk

→? Proto-Samic: *përkëtēk

From Proto-Indo-European *wr̥ǵyéti, from *werǵ-, whence also *werką and *wirkijaną.


atjaną

atjō (active first-person indicative singular)
atjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
atjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
atisi (active indicative second-person singular)
atjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ati (active imperative second-person singular)
atjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
atjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
atiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
atjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
atjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
atjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
atjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
atjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
atjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
atjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
atjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
atjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
atjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
atjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
atjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
atjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
atiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
atjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
atiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
atjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
atjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
atjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
atjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
atjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
atjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
atjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
atidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
atidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
atidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
atidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
atidē (active indicative singular third-person)
atidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
atidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
atidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
atidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
atidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
atidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
atidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
atidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
atidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
atidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
atidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
atjandz (active participle present)
atidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *anattjan
Old Dutch: anetten
Old High German: anazzen
→ Old French: anesser

⇒? Proto-West Germanic: *ūtattjan

⇒? Old Frisian: ūtetta

Old Norse: etja
Icelandic: etja

From Pre-Germanic *h₃odéyeti, causative of Proto-Indo-European *h₃ed- (“to hate”).


atjaną

Proto-West Germanic: *attjan
Old English: ettan
Middle English: etten, eten (merged with Old English etan)
Old Frisian: etta
⇒? West Frisian: ettjen, eattjen
Old Saxon: *ettian
Middle Low German: etten
German Low German: etten
Old Dutch: *etten
Middle Dutch: etten
Dutch: etten
Old High German: *azzen, ezzen
Middle High German: atzen, etzen
Alemannic German: etze
Cimbrian: etzan
German: ätzen, etzen
→ German Low German: ätzen
→ Danish: ætse
→ Finnish: etsata
→ Dutch: etsen
→ English: etch

Old Norse: etja

Faroese: etja

Icelandic: etja

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fraatjan)

From *etaną + *-janą (causative suffix). Diachronically from Proto-Indo-European *h₁odéyeti; compare Sanskrit आदयति (ādáyati, “to feed”).

to cause/allow to eat, feed (an animal)
to pasture; graze


drankijaną

drankijō (active first-person indicative singular)
drankijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
drankijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
drankīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
drankijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drankī (active imperative second-person singular)
drankijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
drankijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
drankīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
drankijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drankijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
drankijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
drankijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
drankijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
drankijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drankijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drankijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drankijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
drankijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
drankijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drankijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
drankijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
drankīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
drankijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
drankīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
drankijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
drankijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
drankijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
drankijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
drankijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
drankijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
drankijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
drankidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
drankidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
drankidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
drankidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drankidē (active indicative singular third-person)
drankidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drankidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
drankidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drankidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drankidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drankidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
drankidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drankidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
drankidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
drankidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
drankidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
drankijandz (active participle present)
drankidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *drankijan
Old English: drenċan
Middle English: drenchen
English: drench
Old Frisian: drenka, drentza
North Frisian:
Mooring/Ockholm-Hoolmer: drånke
Wiedingharde: dranke
Langenhorn-Hoorninger: drange
Sylt: dreenk
West Frisian: drinzje
Old Saxon: drenkian
Middle Low German: drenken
Low German: dränken
Old Dutch: drenken
Middle Dutch: drenken
Dutch: drenken
Old High German: trenken
Middle High German: trenken
German: tränken
Luxembourgish: dränken

Old Norse: drekkja, drenkja

Icelandic: drekkja

Norwegian: drenke

Elfdalian: drettja

Old Swedish: drænkia

Swedish: dränka

Danish: drænke

Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (dragkjan)


bilībaną

bilībō (active first-person indicative singular)
bilībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bilībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bilībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bilībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bilīb (active imperative second-person singular)
bilībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bilībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bilībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bilībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bilībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bilībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bilībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bilībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bilībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bilībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bilībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bilībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bilībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bilībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bilībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bilībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bilībid (active indicative plural second-person)
bilībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bilībid (active imperative plural second-person)
bilībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bilībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bilībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bilībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bilībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bilībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bilībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bilaib (active first-person indicative singular)
bilibį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bilaift (active indicative second-person singular)
bilibīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bilaib (active indicative singular third-person)
bilibī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bilibū (active dual first-person indicative)
bilibīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bilibudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bilibīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bilibum (active first-person indicative plural)
bilibīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bilibud (active indicative plural second-person)
bilibīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bilibun (active indicative plural third-person)
bilibīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bilībandz (active participle present)
bilibanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bilīban
Old English: belīfan
Middle English: beliven
English: belive, blive, belave
Scots: beleve, beleif
Old Frisian: bilīva, blīva
North Frisian: bliwe, bliiw bläwe
Saterland Frisian: blieuwe
West Frisian: bliuwe
Old Saxon: bilīvan, bilīƀan, bilīvian, bilīƀian
Middle Low German: blîven
Low German: blieven
Plautdietsch: bliewen
→ Faroese: blíva
→ Icelandic: blífa
→ Norwegian: blive, bli
→ Swedish: bliva, bli
→ Danish: blive
Old Dutch: blīvan
Middle Dutch: bliven
Dutch: blijven
Afrikaans: bly
Javindo: belijf
Jersey Dutch: blāive
Negerhollands: bliev, blief, bli
Limburgish: blieve
Zealandic: bluve
Old High German: bilīban
Middle High German: belīben, blīben
Alemannic German: bliibe
Cimbrian: bolàiban
Central Franconian:
Kölsch: blieve
Hunsrik: bleive
Luxembourgish: bleiwen
German: bleiben
Vilamovian: błajn
Yiddish: בלײַבן (blaybn)

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (bileiban)

From *bi- + *lībaną, the latter from Proto-Indo-European *leyp-.


bilaibijaną

bilaibijō (active first-person indicative singular)
bilaibijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bilaibijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bilaibīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
bilaibijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bilaibī (active imperative second-person singular)
bilaibijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bilaibijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bilaibīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bilaibijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bilaibijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bilaibijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bilaibijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bilaibijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bilaibijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bilaibijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bilaibijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bilaibijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bilaibijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bilaibijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bilaibijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bilaibijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bilaibīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bilaibijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bilaibīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bilaibijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bilaibijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bilaibijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bilaibijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bilaibijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bilaibijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bilaibijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bilaibidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bilaibidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bilaibidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bilaibidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bilaibidē (active indicative singular third-person)
bilaibidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bilaibidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bilaibidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bilaibidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bilaibidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bilaibidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bilaibidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bilaibidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bilaibidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bilaibidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bilaibidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bilaibijandz (active participle present)
bilaibidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bilaibijan

Old English: belǣfan
Middle English: beleven, bleven
English: beleave
Scots: beleve

Old Frisian: bilēva

Old Saxon: *bilēvian

Middle Low German: belêven

Old Dutch: *bileiven

Middle Dutch: beleeven

Dutch: bleven

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bilaibjan)


laibijaną

laibijō (active first-person indicative singular)
laibijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laibijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
laibīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
laibijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laibī (active imperative second-person singular)
laibijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
laibijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
laibīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
laibijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laibijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
laibijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
laibijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
laibijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
laibijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laibijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laibijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laibijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
laibijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
laibijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laibijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
laibijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
laibīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
laibijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laibīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
laibijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
laibijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
laibijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
laibijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laibijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
laibijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
laibijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laibidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
laibidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laibidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
laibidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laibidē (active indicative singular third-person)
laibidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laibidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
laibidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laibidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laibidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laibidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
laibidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laibidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
laibidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laibidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
laibidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laibijandz (active participle present)
laibidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *laibijan
Old English: lǣfan
Middle English: leven, leaven, lefven
English: leave
Scots: leve, leif
Yola: laave, lea, lee
Old Frisian: lēva
Old Saxon: lēvian
Middle Low German: lêven
Old High German: leiben
Middle High German: leiben

Old Norse: leifa

Icelandic: leifa

Faroese: leiva

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: leive

Norwegian Nynorsk: leiva, leive

Old Swedish: lēva
Swedish: leva (obsolete)

Old Gutnish: laifa

Gothic: *𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*laibjan) (in 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bilaibjan))


lībaną

lībō (active first-person indicative singular)
lībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
lībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
līb (active imperative second-person singular)
lībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
lībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
lībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
lībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lībid (active indicative plural second-person)
lībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lībid (active imperative plural second-person)
lībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
lībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
lībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laib (active first-person indicative singular)
libį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laift (active indicative second-person singular)
libīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laib (active indicative singular third-person)
libī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
libū (active dual first-person indicative)
libīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
libudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
libīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
libum (active first-person indicative plural)
libīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
libud (active indicative plural second-person)
libīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
libun (active indicative plural third-person)
libīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lībandz (active participle present)
libanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

According to Kroonen from Proto-Indo-European *leyp- (“to stick”), although the appearance of the voiced (unstressed) Verner alternant b is unexpected. The verb may be back-formed from an older verb with the voiced alternant, such as *libjaną.
Less likely, from Proto-Indo-European *leykʷ- (“to leave, remain, be left”).
See also *librō (“liver”).


nesaną

nesō (active first-person indicative singular)
nesaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nesai (first-person indicative passive singular)
nisizi (active indicative second-person singular)
nesaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nes (active imperative second-person singular)
nesazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
nesaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
nisidi (active indicative singular third-person)
nesai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nesadau (active imperative singular third-person)
nesadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
nesaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
nesōz (active dual first-person indicative)
nesaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nesadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nesaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nesadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
nesamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
nesaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nesandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
nesaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
nisid (active indicative plural second-person)
nesaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nisid (active imperative plural second-person)
nesandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
nesaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
nesandi (active indicative plural third-person)
nesain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nesandau (active imperative plural third-person)
nesandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
nesaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
nas (active first-person indicative singular)
nēzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nast (active indicative second-person singular)
nēzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nas (active indicative singular third-person)
nēzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nēzū (active dual first-person indicative)
nēzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nēzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nēzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nēzum (active first-person indicative plural)
nēzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nēzud (active indicative plural second-person)
nēzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nēzun (active indicative plural third-person)
nēzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nesandz (active participle present)
nezanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: nesan

⇒ Old English: ġenesan

Old Saxon: nesan

Middle Low German: nēsen

Old Dutch: *nesan

Middle Dutch: nēsen

Old High German: nësan

Middle High German: nësen

⇒ Old High German: irnësan

From Proto-Indo-European *nes- (“to return, heal”).


nazjaną

nazjō (active first-person indicative singular)
nazjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nazjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
nazisi (active indicative second-person singular)
nazjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nazi (active imperative second-person singular)
nazjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
nazjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
naziþi (active indicative singular third-person)
nazjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nazjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
nazjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
nazjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
nazjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
nazjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nazjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nazjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nazjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
nazjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
nazjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nazjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
nazjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
naziþ (active indicative plural second-person)
nazjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
naziþ (active imperative plural second-person)
nazjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
nazjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
nazjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
nazjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nazjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
nazjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
nazjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
nazidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
nazidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nazidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
nazidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nazidē (active indicative singular third-person)
nazidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nazidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
nazidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nazidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nazidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nazidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
nazidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nazidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
nazidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nazidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
nazidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nazjandz (active participle present)
nazidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *naʀjan
Old English: nerian
Middle English: nerian (early)
Old Frisian: nera
Saterland Frisian: neere
Old Saxon: nerian
Middle Low German: neren
German Low German: nähren
→ Old Swedish: næra
Swedish: nära
→ Old Danish: næræ
Danish: nære
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: nære
Norwegian Nynorsk: nære, næra
→ Old Norse: næra
Icelandic: næra
Old Dutch: neren
Middle Dutch: nēren
⇒ Middle Dutch: genēren
Dutch: (obsolete) generen
⇒ Middle Dutch: neringhe
Dutch: nering
Old High German: nerien, nerjan, nerren, neren
Middle High German: nerren, nern, nerigen
German: nähren
Hunsrik: neere
Luxembourgish: nieren
Yiddish: נערן (nern)

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (nasjan)

From *nesaną (“to save, heal”) + *-janą (“causative suffix”).


rīsaną

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

rīsō (active first-person indicative singular)
rīsaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rīsai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rīsizi (active indicative second-person singular)
rīsaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rīs (active imperative second-person singular)
rīsazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rīsaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rīsidi (active indicative singular third-person)
rīsai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rīsadau (active imperative singular third-person)
rīsadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rīsaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rīsōz (active dual first-person indicative)
rīsaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rīsadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rīsaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rīsadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rīsamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rīsaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rīsandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rīsaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rīsid (active indicative plural second-person)
rīsaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rīsid (active imperative plural second-person)
rīsandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rīsaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rīsandi (active indicative plural third-person)
rīsain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rīsandau (active imperative plural third-person)
rīsandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rīsaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rais (active first-person indicative singular)
rizį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raist (active indicative second-person singular)
rizīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rais (active indicative singular third-person)
rizī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rizū (active dual first-person indicative)
rizīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rizudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rizīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rizum (active first-person indicative plural)
rizīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rizud (active indicative plural second-person)
rizīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rizun (active indicative plural third-person)
rizīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rīsandz (active participle present)
rizanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rīsan
Old English: rīsan
Middle English: risen
Scots: rise
English: rise
Old Frisian: rīsa
Saterland Frisian: risa
Saterland Frisian: riese
West Frisian: rize
Old Saxon: rīsan
Middle Low German: rîsen
German Low German: riesen
Low German: risen
Old Dutch: *rīsan
Middle Dutch: risen
Dutch: rijzen
Limburgish: rieze
Old High German: rīsan (“to fall”)
Middle High German: rīsen (“to fall, rise”)
German: reisen (“to fall”) (obsolete or dialectal)

Old Norse: rísa
Icelandic: rísa
Faroese: rísa
Norwegian Nynorsk: risa, rise
Old Swedish: rīsa
Swedish: risa
Old Danish: resæ, risæ, (merged with rejse)

Gothic: *𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (*reisan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌿𐍂𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (urreisan)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁réy-(h₁)se-ti, from *h₁rey- (“to rise”) + *-(h₁)seti (“desiderative imperfect verbal suffix”).

suf

to scale; move vertically (either up or down)


raizijaną

raizijō (active first-person indicative singular)
raizijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raizijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
raizīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
raizijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raizī (active imperative second-person singular)
raizijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
raizijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
raizīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
raizijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raizijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
raizijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
raizijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
raizijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
raizijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raizijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raizijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raizijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
raizijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
raizijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raizijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
raizijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
raizīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
raizijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raizīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
raizijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
raizijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
raizijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
raizijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raizijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
raizijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
raizijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raizidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
raizidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raizidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
raizidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raizidē (active indicative singular third-person)
raizidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raizidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
raizidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raizidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raizidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raizidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
raizidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raizidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
raizidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raizidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
raizidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raizijandz (active participle present)
raizidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *raiʀijan

Old English: rǣran

Middle English: reren

English: rear

Scots: rere, reir

desctree

Proto-Norse: ᚱᛡᛁᛋᛁᛞᛟ (rᴀisido) (first-person singular past indicative)
Old Norse: reisa (first-person singular past indicative reista)
Icelandic: reisa
Faroese: reisa
Norwegian Nynorsk: reisa
Old Swedish: rēsa
Swedish: resa
Danish: rejse
Norwegian Bokmål: reise
→ Middle English: reisen, raisen
Scots: rais, rase, raise
English: raise

Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (raisjan)

to cause (someone, something) to rise; raise


grōtijaną

grōtijō (active first-person indicative singular)
grōtijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grōtijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
grōtīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
grōtijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grōtī (active imperative second-person singular)
grōtijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grōtijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grōtīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
grōtijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grōtijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
grōtijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grōtijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grōtijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
grōtijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grōtijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grōtijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grōtijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grōtijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grōtijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grōtijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grōtijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grōtīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
grōtijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grōtīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
grōtijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grōtijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grōtijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
grōtijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grōtijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
grōtijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grōtijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
grōtidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
grōtidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grōtidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
grōtidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grōtidē (active indicative singular third-person)
grōtidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grōtidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
grōtidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grōtidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grōtidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grōtidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
grōtidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grōtidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
grōtidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grōtidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
grōtidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grōtijandz (active participle present)
grōtidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *grōtijan
Old English: grētan, grœ̄tan — Anglian
Middle English: greten
English: greet
Scots: grete, greit
Old Frisian: grēta
Saterland Frisian: gröitje
West Frisian: groetsje
Old Saxon: grōtian
Middle Low German: grö̂ten
German Low German: gröten
Old Dutch: *gruoten
Middle Dutch: groeten, gruten
Dutch: groeten
Afrikaans: groet
Negerhollands: groet, gruet, groetnes
→ Caribbean Javanese: khrut
Old High German: gruozen, gruozzen
Middle High German: grüezen
Alemannic German: grüesse
Bavarian: griaßn
Cimbrian: grüazan, grüusan (Sette Comuni)
German: grüßen
Luxembourgish: gréissen
→? Vulgar Latin: *grōtiāre
Old French: grocier, grucier, groucier, grouchier
→ Middle English: grouchen, grucchen
English: grouch, grutch, grudge, grouse
Scots: gruch, grutch, grunch

Old Norse: grǿta, grœta

Icelandic: græta

Faroese: grøta

Norwegian Nynorsk: grøta

Old Swedish: grø̄ta


wakjaną

wakjō (active first-person indicative singular)
wakjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wakjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wakisi (active indicative second-person singular)
wakjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waki (active imperative second-person singular)
wakjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wakjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wakiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wakjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wakjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wakjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wakjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wakjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wakjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wakjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wakjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wakjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wakjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wakjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wakjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wakjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wakiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wakjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wakiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wakjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wakjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wakjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wakjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wakjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wakjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wakjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wakidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wakidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wakidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wakidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wakidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wakidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wakidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wakidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wakidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wakidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wakidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wakidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wakidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wakidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wakidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wakidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wakjandz (active participle present)
wakidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wakkjan
Old English: wæċċan, weċċan
Middle English: wecchen
English: watch
Old Saxon: wekkian
Middle Low German: wekken
Old Dutch: *wecken
Middle Dutch: wecken
Dutch: wekken
Afrikaans: wek
Old High German: wecchen
Middle High German: wecken
German: wecken

Old Norse: vekja
Icelandic: vekja
Faroese: vekja
Norwegian Nynorsk: vekkja, vekja
Old Swedish: vækia, vækkia
Swedish: väcka
Old Danish: wække
Danish: vække
Norwegian Bokmål: vekke

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*wakjan) (in 𐌿𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (uswakjan))

From Proto-Indo-European *woǵ-éye-. By surface analysis, *wakaną (“to wake”) + *-janą (“causative suffix”).


hlōgijaną

hlōgijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlōgijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlōgijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hlōgīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlōgijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlōgī (active imperative second-person singular)
hlōgijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlōgijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hlōgīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlōgijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlōgijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlōgijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlōgijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hlōgijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hlōgijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlōgijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlōgijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlōgijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlōgijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlōgijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlōgijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlōgijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hlōgīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hlōgijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlōgīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hlōgijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlōgijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hlōgijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlōgijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlōgijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlōgijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlōgijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hlōgidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hlōgidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlōgidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hlōgidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlōgidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hlōgidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlōgidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hlōgidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlōgidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlōgidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlōgidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hlōgidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlōgidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hlōgidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlōgidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hlōgidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlōgijandz (active participle present)
hlōgidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: hlœgja

Icelandic: hlægja

Gothic: *𐌷𐌻𐍉𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*hlōhjan)

Gothic: 𐌿𐍆𐌷𐌻𐍉𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ufhlōhjan)


sandijaną

sandijō (active first-person indicative singular)
sandijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sandijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sandīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sandijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sandī (active imperative second-person singular)
sandijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sandijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sandīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sandijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sandijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sandijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sandijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sandijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sandijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sandijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sandijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sandijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sandijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sandijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sandijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sandijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sandīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sandijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sandīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sandijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sandijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sandijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sandijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sandijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sandijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sandijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sandidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sandidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sandidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sandidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sandidē (active indicative singular third-person)
sandidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sandidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sandidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sandidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sandidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sandidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sandidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sandidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sandidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sandidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sandidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sandijandz (active participle present)
sandidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sandijan
Old English: sendan
Middle English: senden
Scots: send
English: send
→ Esperanto: sendi
Old Frisian: senda
Saterland Frisian: seende
West Frisian: seine
Old Saxon: sendian
Middle Low German: senden
Low German: senden, sengen, sennen
Old Dutch: senden
Middle Dutch: senden
Dutch: zenden
Limburgish: zènje
Old High German: sendan, senten
Middle High German: senden
German: senden
Luxembourgish: senden

Old Norse: senda
Icelandic: senda
Faroese: senda
Norwegian Nynorsk: senda
Old Swedish: sænda
Swedish: sända
Old Danish: sændæ
Danish: sende
Norwegian Bokmål: sende
Gutnish: sände
Scanian: sænða

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (sandjan)

From *sinþaną + *-janą, with quasi-Indo-European form *sont-éye-ti. Related to *sinnaną (“to feel, consider, head for”), with Kroonen considering *sandijaną as the causative of *sinnaną.


wazjaną

wazjō (active first-person indicative singular)
wazjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wazjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wazisi (active indicative second-person singular)
wazjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wazi (active imperative second-person singular)
wazjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wazjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
waziþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wazjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wazjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wazjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wazjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wazjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wazjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wazjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wazjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wazjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wazjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wazjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wazjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wazjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
waziþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wazjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waziþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wazjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wazjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wazjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wazjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wazjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wazjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wazjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wazidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wazidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wazidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wazidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wazidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wazidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wazidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wazidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wazidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wazidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wazidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wazidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wazidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wazidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wazidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wazidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wazjandz (active participle present)
wazidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *waʀjan
Old English: werian
Middle English: werien, weren
Scots: were, weir
English: wear
Old Saxon: werian
Old High German: werian, werien, werren

Old Norse: verja (verb); verja (noun)

Icelandic: verja

Faroese: verja

Norwegian: gangverja (noun)

→ Middle English: waren ("to lay out, spend, invest")

Scots: wair, ware

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wasjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *woséyeti, from *wes-.


tandijaną

tandijō (active first-person indicative singular)
tandijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tandijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tandīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
tandijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tandī (active imperative second-person singular)
tandijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tandijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tandīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tandijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tandijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tandijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tandijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tandijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tandijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tandijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tandijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tandijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tandijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tandijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tandijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tandijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tandīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tandijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tandīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tandijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tandijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tandijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tandijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tandijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tandijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tandijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tandidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tandidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tandidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tandidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tandidē (active indicative singular third-person)
tandidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tandidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tandidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tandidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tandidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tandidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tandidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tandidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tandidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tandidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tandidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tandijandz (active participle present)
tandidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: tendan

Scots: teind

English: teend, tend

Old Norse: *tenda

Middle Norwegian: tenda

Norwegian Nynorsk: tenda, tenna

Old Swedish: tænda

Swedish: tända

Danish: tænde

Norwegian Bokmål: tenne

-r- from <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*tundrą</i> (“tinder”)?

⇒ Old Norse: tendra (-r- from *tundrą (“tinder”)?)
Icelandic: tendra
Faroese: tendra
Middle Norwegian: tendra
Norwegian Nynorsk: tendra

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (tandjan)

Causative of *tinnaną (“to burn”) (with quasi-Indo-European form *dondʰ-éye-ti), derived at a time when it had not yet assimilated the inherited dental to -nn-.


tawjaną

tawjō (active first-person indicative singular)
tawjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tawjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tawisi (active indicative second-person singular)
tawjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tawi (active imperative second-person singular)
tawjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tawjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tawiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tawjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tawjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tawjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tawjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tawjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tawjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tawjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tawjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tawjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tawjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tawjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tawjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tawjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tawiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tawjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tawiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tawjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tawjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tawjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tawjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tawjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tawjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tawjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tawidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tawidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tawidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tawidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tawidē (active indicative singular third-person)
tawidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tawidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tawidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tawidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tawidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tawidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tawidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tawidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tawidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tawidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tawidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tawjandz (active participle present)
tawidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *tauwjan, *tawōn
Old English: tawian (class 2 weak) (< *tawōn); tēaġan, tēan
Middle English: tawen, tauwen, tewen
English: taw, tew
Scots: taw
Old Saxon: *tōian
Middle Low German: touwen
Old Dutch: *touwen, *tōien
Middle Dutch: touwen, tôyen, tooyen
Dutch: touwen, tooien
Afrikaans: tooi
Old High German: zouwen
Middle High German: zouwen (in bezouwen, enzouwen, erzouwen, etc.), zöuwen

desc

Proto-Norse: ᛏᚨᚹᛁᛞᛟ (tawidō, 1st singular past indicative), ᛏᚨᚹᛁᛞᛖ (tawidē, 3rd singular past indicative)

Old Norse: tjá, tœja, tǿja, týja, tjóa

Icelandic: tjá, tæja, týja, tjóa

Swedish: te, töja, tya, tjuga

desctree

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽 (taujan)
→ Galician: ataviar
→ Portuguese: ataviar
→ Spanish: ataviar

Factitive derived from an adjective *tawaz, from Pre-Germanic *dowh₂os, from Proto-Indo-European *dewh₂- (“to fit”). Possibly attested as *gatawaz, borrowed into Proto-Slavic *gotovъ, though this is disputed.
Cognate with Tocharian B tsuwa and Ancient Greek δύναμαι (dúnamai).


drībaną

drībō (active first-person indicative singular)
drībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
drībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
drībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
drībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drīb (active imperative second-person singular)
drībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
drībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
drībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
drībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
drībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
drībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
drībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
drībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
drībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
drībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
drībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
drībid (active indicative plural second-person)
drībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
drībid (active imperative plural second-person)
drībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
drībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
drībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
drībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
drībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
drībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
drībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
draib (active first-person indicative singular)
dribį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
draift (active indicative second-person singular)
dribīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
draib (active indicative singular third-person)
dribī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dribū (active dual first-person indicative)
dribīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dribudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dribīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dribum (active first-person indicative plural)
dribīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dribud (active indicative plural second-person)
dribīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dribun (active indicative plural third-person)
dribīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
drībandz (active participle present)
dribanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *drīban
Old English: drīfan
Middle English: driven, drifen, drifven
English: drive
Scots: dryve
Yola: dhreeve, dhrive, dreeve, drieve, drive
Old Frisian: drīva
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: driiw
Mooring: driwe
Sylt: driiv
Wiedingharde: driwwe
Saterland Frisian: drieuwe
West Frisian: driuwe
Old Saxon: drīvan, drīƀan
Middle Low German: driven
Low German: drieven
Old Dutch: drīvan
Middle Dutch: driven
Dutch: drijven
Afrikaans: dryf, drywe
Papiamentu: drif
Limburgish: drieve
Old High German: trīban
Middle High German: trīben
Alemannic German: triibe
Bavarian: dreibm, dreim
Central Franconian: drieve, dreive
Hunsrik: dreive
Luxembourgish: dreiwen
German: treiben
Yiddish: טרײַבן (traybn)

Old Norse: drífa

Icelandic: drífa

Faroese: dríva

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: drive

Norwegian Nynorsk: driva, drive

Old Swedish: drīva
Swedish: driva

Danish: drive

Elfdalian: draiva

Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (dreiban)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰreybʰ- (“to drive, push”). Cognate with Irish drip (“bustle”) and possibly Lithuanian dri̇̀bti (“to fall, trickle”).


draibijaną

draibijō (active first-person indicative singular)
draibijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
draibijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
draibīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
draibijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
draibī (active imperative second-person singular)
draibijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
draibijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
draibīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
draibijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
draibijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
draibijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
draibijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
draibijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
draibijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
draibijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
draibijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
draibijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
draibijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
draibijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
draibijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
draibijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
draibīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
draibijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
draibīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
draibijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
draibijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
draibijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
draibijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
draibijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
draibijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
draibijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
draibidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
draibidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
draibidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
draibidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
draibidē (active indicative singular third-person)
draibidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
draibidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
draibidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
draibidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
draibidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
draibidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
draibidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
draibidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
draibidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
draibidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
draibidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
draibijandz (active participle present)
draibidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *draibijan
Old English: drǣfan
Middle English: dreven
English: dreave
Scots: drefe

Old Norse: dreifa

Icelandic: dreifa

Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (draibjan)


wagjaną

wagjō (active first-person indicative singular)
wagjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wagjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wagisi (active indicative second-person singular)
wagjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wagi (active imperative second-person singular)
wagjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wagjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wagiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wagjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wagjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wagjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wagjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wagjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wagjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wagjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wagjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wagjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wagjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wagjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wagjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wagjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wagiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wagjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wagiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wagjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wagjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wagjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wagjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wagjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wagjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wagjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wagidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wagidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wagidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wagidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wagidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wagidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wagidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wagidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wagidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wagidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wagidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wagidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wagidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wagidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wagidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wagidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wagjandz (active participle present)
wagidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *waggjan
Old English: weċġan
Middle English: weggen
English: wedge
Old Saxon: weggian
Middle Low German: weggen
Old Dutch: *weggen
Middle Dutch: weggen
Old High German: weggen

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wagjan)

An iterative-intensive formation from *weganą + *-janą.


dailijaną

dailijō (active first-person indicative singular)
dailijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dailijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dailīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
dailijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dailī (active imperative second-person singular)
dailijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dailijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dailīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dailijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dailijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dailijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dailijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dailijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dailijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dailijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dailijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dailijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dailijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dailijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dailijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dailijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dailīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dailijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dailīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dailijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dailijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dailijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dailijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dailijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dailijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dailijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dailidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dailidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dailidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dailidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dailidē (active indicative singular third-person)
dailidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dailidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dailidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dailidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dailidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dailidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dailidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dailidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dailidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dailidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dailidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dailijandz (active participle present)
dailidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *dailijan
Old English: dǣlan
Middle English: delen
Scots: dele, deil
English: deal
Old Frisian: dēla
Saterland Frisian: deele
West Frisian: diele
Old Saxon: dēlian
Middle Low German: dēlen, deilen
Low German: delen
Plautdietsch: deele
Old Dutch: *deilen, *dēlen, deilon
Middle Dutch: deilen, delen
Dutch: delen
Afrikaans: deel
Old High German: teilen
Middle High German: teilen
German: teilen
Luxembourgish: deelen

Proto-Norse: ᛞᚨᛚᛁᛞᚢᚾ (dalidun, 3pl.past.ind.)
Old Norse: deila (3rd plural past indicative deildu)
Icelandic: deila
Faroese: deila
Norwegian Bokmål: dele
Norwegian Nynorsk: dela
Old Swedish: dēla
Swedish: dela
Danish: dele

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (dailjan)


ganganą

gangō (active first-person indicative singular)
gangaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gangai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gangizi (active indicative second-person singular)
gangaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gang (active imperative second-person singular)
gangazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gangaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gangidi (active indicative singular third-person)
gangai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gangadau (active imperative singular third-person)
gangadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gangaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gangōz (active dual first-person indicative)
gangaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gangadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gangaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gangadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gangamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gangaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gangandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gangaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gangid (active indicative plural second-person)
gangaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gangid (active imperative plural second-person)
gangandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gangaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gangandi (active indicative plural third-person)
gangain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gangandau (active imperative plural third-person)
gangandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gangaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gegang (active first-person indicative singular)
gegangį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
geganht (active indicative second-person singular)
gegangīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gegang (active indicative singular third-person)
gegangī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gegangū (active dual first-person indicative)
gegangīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gegangudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gegangīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gegangum (active first-person indicative plural)
gegangīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gegangud (active indicative plural second-person)
gegangīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gegangun (active indicative plural third-person)
gegangīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gangandz (active participle present)
ganganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *gangan
Old English: gangan, gongan, gancgan
Middle English: gangen, gongen
English: gang
Scots: gang
Old Frisian: ganga, gunga
Saterland Frisian: gunge (“in part”)
Old Saxon: gangan
Middle Low German: gangen
Old Dutch: *gangan
Middle Dutch: gangen (only in rhyme)
Old High German: gangan
Middle High German: gangen
Swabian: ganga
⇒ Central Franconian: jeng, jejange; jank (suppletive past forms and imperative of john)
⇒ German: ging, gegangen (suppletive past forms of gehen)

Old Norse: ganga
Icelandic: ganga
Faroese: ganga
Norwegian Nynorsk: ganga; (dialectal) gånga, gå
Dalian: ganga
Old Swedish: ganga
Swedish: gånga (archaic)
Danish: gange (archaic)
Norwegian Bokmål: gange (archaic)
Old Gutnish: ganga

q

suppletive past tense from *gāną: <i class="Goth mention" lang="got">𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰</i> (iddja)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (gaggan) (suppletive past tense from *gāną: 𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰 (iddja))

/ˈɣɑŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰengʰ- (“to walk, step”). Cognate with Lithuanian žeñgti (“to step”), as well as perhaps Sanskrit जंगहे (jaṃgahe).


gāną

gō (active first-person indicative singular)
gaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
gai (active imperative second-person singular)
gaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
ijjǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
ijjēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ijjēz (active indicative second-person singular)
ijjēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ijjē (active indicative singular third-person)
ijjēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ijjēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
ijjēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ijjēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ijjēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ijjēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
ijjēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ijjēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
ijjēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ijjēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
ijjēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gāndz (active participle present)
gānaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*gēną (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gān
Old English: gān
Middle English: gon, gan, ga, goo, goon, go
English: go
Geordie English: gan
Middle Scots: go, goe, gone
Scots: gan, gae, ga, gang
Yola: goe, go, goeth (influnced by Irish silent -th), gow
Old Frisian: gān
Saterland Frisian: geen (simple past, past participle of gunge)
West Frisian: gean
Old Saxon: gān
Middle Low German: gân
Low German: gahn
Dutch Low Saxon: gan, gaan, gaon
German Low German: gahn
Plautdietsch: gone
Old Dutch: gān
Middle Dutch: gâen
Dutch: gaan
Afrikaans: gaan
Javindo: ha, haat
Jersey Dutch: xân, xâne
Petjo: gaan, haan
Limburgish: gaon
Old High German: gān, gēn, kēn
Middle High German: gān, gēn, kēn
Alemannic German: gaa, gan, ge, gi, goo, gu
Swabian: gau, geha
Bavarian: geh, gea, gean, gian
Cimbrian: gian, ghéenan (Sette Comuni)
Northern Bavarian: [ɡ̊ɛi]
Central Franconian: giehn, gohn (northeastern Moselle Franconian), john, jonn (Ripuarian)
Hunsrik: gehn, keen
Luxembourgish: goen
East Central German: gii, giin (Erzgebirgisch)
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: gejn
East Franconian:
German: gehen
Rhine Franconian: geh, gehe, gäh, gähe, gäj, gäje, gih, gihe, gej, geje
Frankfurterisch: [g̥ε̃ː]
Pennsylvania German: geh
Yiddish: גיין (geyn)

Old Norse: gá (East Old Norse)

Icelandic: gá

Faroese: gá

Norwegian Nynorsk: gå

Elfdalian: gą̊

Old Swedish: gā

Swedish: gå

Danish: gå

Norwegian Bokmål: gå

q

only the past tense forms, e.g. <i class="Goth mention" lang="got">𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰</i> (iddja)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (gaggan) (only the past tense forms, e.g. 𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰 (iddja))

Crimean Gothic: geen (infinitive only)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₁- (“to go, reach”). The suppletive past tense is from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to go”), although all modern Germanic languages have eliminated this stem by further suppletion or innovation.


wainōną

wainō (active first-person indicative singular)
wainǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wainōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
wainōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wainōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wainō (active imperative second-person singular)
wainōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wainōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wainōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wainō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wainōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wainōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wainōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wainōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wainōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wainōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wainōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wainōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wainōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wainōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wainōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wainōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wainōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wainōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wainōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wainōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wainōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wainōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wainōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wainōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wainōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wainōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wainōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wainōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wainōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wainōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wainōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
wainōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wainōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wainōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wainōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wainōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wainōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wainōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wainōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wainōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wainōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wainōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wainōndz (active participle present)
wainōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wainōn
Old English: wānian
Middle English: wanien, weinen, wonien, wonen
English: ween (Northern England)
Scots: ween
Old Frisian: wēnia, wainia, weinia
North Frisian: weynen
West Frisian: weine
Old Saxon: wēnon, weinōn
Middle Low German: wēnen, weinen
Low German: weinen
German Low German: wenen
Old Dutch: wēnon
Middle Dutch: wênen
Dutch: wenen
Afrikaans: ween
Limburgish: weine, wiene, wèène
Old High German: weinōn
Middle High German: weinen
German: weinen

Old Norse: veina

Icelandic: veina

Old Swedish: vēna

From *wai (“woe! (expression of anguish)”) + *-inōną (“verbal suffix”).


neutaną

neutō (active first-person indicative singular)
neutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
neutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
niutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
neutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
neut (active imperative second-person singular)
neutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
neutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
niutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
neutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
neutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
neutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
neutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
neutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
neutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
neutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
neutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
neutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
neutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
neutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
neutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
neutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
niutid (active indicative plural second-person)
neutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
niutid (active imperative plural second-person)
neutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
neutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
neutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
neutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
neutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
neutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
neutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
naut (active first-person indicative singular)
nutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
naust (active indicative second-person singular)
nutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
naut (active indicative singular third-person)
nutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nutū (active dual first-person indicative)
nutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nutum (active first-person indicative plural)
nutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nutud (active indicative plural second-person)
nutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nutun (active indicative plural third-person)
nutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
neutandz (active participle present)
nutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *neutan
Old English: nēotan
Middle English: neoten (in derivatives)
Old Frisian: niāta, nieta
Old Saxon: niotan
Middle Low German: nēten
Old Dutch: nietan
Middle Dutch: nieten
Dutch: nieten (obsolete)
Limburgish: nete
Old High German: niozan, nioȥȥan — early
Middle High German: nieȥen
German: nießen

Old Norse: njóta
Icelandic: njóta
Faroese: njóta
Old Swedish: niūta
Swedish: njuta
Old Danish: *niute
Danish: nyde

Gothic: 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (niutan)

From Proto-Indo-European *newd- (“to seize; grasp; use”). Cognate with Lithuanian naudà (“utility, usefulness, note”), as well as perhaps Proto-Slavic *nùďa (“need, necessity”).


kunþaz

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language

*kunnaną (“to know”) + *-þaz (past participle suffix). See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
May also be analyzed as from pre-Germanic *ǵń̥h₃tos, via unexplained accent shift from Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₃tós, or analogical replacement of the suffix.