skīrijaną

skīrijō (active first-person indicative singular)
skīrijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skīrijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skīrīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skīrijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skīrī (active imperative second-person singular)
skīrijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skīrijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skīrīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skīrijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skīrijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skīrijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skīrijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skīrijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skīrijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skīrijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skīrijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skīrijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skīrijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skīrijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skīrijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skīrijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skīrīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skīrijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skīrīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skīrijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skīrijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skīrijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skīrijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skīrijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skīrijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skīrijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skīridǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skīridēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skīridēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skīridēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skīridē (active indicative singular third-person)
skīridēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skīridēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skīridēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skīridēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skīridēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skīridēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skīridēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skīridēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skīridēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skīridēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skīridēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skīrijandz (active participle present)
skīridaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skīrijan
Old English: sċīran
Middle English: schiren
Old Frisian: *skīra, skīria (the latter from *skīrōn)
⇒ Old Frisian: biskīra
Old Saxon: *skīrian
Middle Low German: schīren
Old Dutch: *scīren
Middle Dutch: schiren
Dutch: schieren
Old High German: *skieren
Middle High German: schīren
⇒ Old High German: giskieren
⇒ Old High German: inskieren

Old Norse: skíra

Icelandic: skíra

Faroese: skíra

Old Swedish: skīra

Swedish: skira

desc

Gothic: *𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*skeirjan), 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaskeirjan)

From *skīriz (“pure, clear, sheer”) + *-janą.


auþijaną

auþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
auþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
auþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
auþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
auþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
auþī (active imperative second-person singular)
auþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
auþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
auþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
auþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
auþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
auþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
auþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
auþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
auþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
auþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
auþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
auþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
auþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
auþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
auþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
auþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
auþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
auþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
auþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
auþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
auþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
auþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
auþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
auþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
auþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
auþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
auþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
auþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
auþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
auþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
auþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
auþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
auþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
auþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
auþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
auþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
auþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
auþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
auþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
auþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
auþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
auþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
auþijandz (active participle present)
auþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *auþijan
Old English: īeþan, ȳþan
Old High German: *ōden
Middle High German: öden
German: öden (chiefly in compounds)

Old Norse: eyða

Icelandic: eyða

Faroese: oyða

Norwegian Nynorsk: øyda

Old Swedish: ø̄þa

Swedish: öda


blīþijaną

blīþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
blīþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blīþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blīþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
blīþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blīþī (active imperative second-person singular)
blīþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blīþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blīþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
blīþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blīþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
blīþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blīþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blīþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
blīþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blīþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blīþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blīþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blīþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blīþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blīþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blīþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blīþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
blīþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blīþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
blīþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blīþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blīþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
blīþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blīþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
blīþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blīþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
blīþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
blīþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blīþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
blīþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blīþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
blīþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blīþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
blīþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blīþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blīþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blīþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
blīþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blīþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
blīþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blīþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
blīþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blīþijandz (active participle present)
blīþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *blīþijan
Old Frisian: *blīda
⇒ Old Frisian: forblīda
West Frisian: ferblide, ferblije
Old Dutch: blīthen
Middle Dutch: bliden
Dutch: blijden (obsolete)
⇒ Middle Dutch: verbliden
Dutch: verblijden
Old High German: blīden
Middle High German: blīden

Old Norse: blíða

Icelandic: blíða

Gothic: 𐌱𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bleiþjan)


walgōną

walgō (active first-person indicative singular)
walgǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
walgōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
walgōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
walgōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
walgō (active imperative second-person singular)
walgōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
walgōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
walgōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
walgō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
walgōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
walgōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
walgōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
walgōs (active dual first-person indicative)
walgōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
walgōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
walgōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
walgōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
walgōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
walgōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
walgōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
walgōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
walgōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
walgōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
walgōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
walgōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
walgōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
walgōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
walgōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
walgōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
walgōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
walgōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
walgōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
walgōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
walgōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
walgōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
walgōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
walgōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
walgōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
walgōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
walgōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
walgōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
walgōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
walgōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
walgōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
walgōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
walgōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
walgōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
walgōndz (active participle present)
walgōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Frisian: *walgia

West Frisian: walgje

Old Saxon: *walgōn

Middle Low German: walgen

Low German: walgen

Old Dutch: *walgon

Middle Dutch: walgen, walghen

Dutch: walgen

Afrikaans: walg

Old High German: walgōn, walagōn

Middle High German: walgen

German: walgen

/ˈwɑl.ɣɔː.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *wolk- (“to roll”), from *wel- (“to turn; wind; roll”).


burjaną

burjō (active first-person indicative singular)
burjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
burjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
burisi (active indicative second-person singular)
burjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
buri (active imperative second-person singular)
burjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
burjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
buriþi (active indicative singular third-person)
burjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
burjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
burjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
burjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
burjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
burjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
burjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
burjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
burjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
burjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
burjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
burjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
burjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
buriþ (active indicative plural second-person)
burjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
buriþ (active imperative plural second-person)
burjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
burjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
burjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
burjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
burjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
burjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
burjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
buridǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
buridēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
buridēz (active indicative second-person singular)
buridēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
buridē (active indicative singular third-person)
buridēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
buridēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
buridēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
buridēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
buridēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
buridēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
buridēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
buridēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
buridēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
buridēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
buridēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
burjandz (active participle present)
buridaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *burjan
Old English: byrian
Middle English: birren, biren
Old Frisian: bera
Old Saxon: burian
Middle Low German: boren, bören
Low German: böhren
Old Dutch: *burien
Middle Dutch: bueren
Dutch: beuren
Afrikaans: beur
Limburgish: beure, bäöre
Old High German: burien, burren
Middle High German: bürn

Old Norse: byrja
Icelandic: byrja
Faroese: byrja
Norwegian Nynorsk: byrja; bydja, byrre, børja, børje (dialectal)
Old Swedish: byria
Swedish: börja
Old Danish: byriæ
Danish: børje, burde
Scanian: børja
Gutnish: byre

Zero-grade ye-present, pre-Germanic *bʰr̥ye/o-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”).


blauþijaną

blauþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
blauþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blauþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blauþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
blauþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blauþī (active imperative second-person singular)
blauþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blauþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blauþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
blauþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blauþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
blauþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blauþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blauþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
blauþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blauþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blauþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blauþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blauþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blauþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blauþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blauþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blauþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
blauþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blauþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
blauþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blauþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blauþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
blauþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blauþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
blauþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blauþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
blauþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
blauþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blauþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
blauþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blauþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
blauþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blauþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
blauþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blauþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blauþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blauþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
blauþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blauþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
blauþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blauþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
blauþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blauþijandz (active participle present)
blauþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blauþijan
Old Saxon: blōthian
Middle Low German: blôden, blöden
Old High German: blōden
Middle High German: blœ̄den
German: blöden (archaic)
→ Vulgar Latin: *blaudīre, *blōdīre; *exblaudīre, *exblōdīre
Old Occitan:
Old Catalan: esbalausir
Catalan: esbalair
Occitan: esblauzir
Old French: esbleuir
Middle French: esblouir
French: éblouir
→⇒ Middle English: abloy (hapax)

Old Norse: bleyða

Icelandic: bleyðast

Gothic: 𐌱𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (blauþjan)


hrespaną

hrespō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrespaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrespai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrispizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrespaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hresp (active imperative second-person singular)
hrespazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrespaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrispidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrespai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrespadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrespadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrespaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrespōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hrespaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrespadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrespaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrespadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrespamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrespaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrespandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrespaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrispid (active indicative plural second-person)
hrespaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrispid (active imperative plural second-person)
hrespandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrespaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrespandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrespain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrespandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrespandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrespaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hrasp (active first-person indicative singular)
hruspį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrasft (active indicative second-person singular)
hruspīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrasp (active indicative singular third-person)
hruspī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hruspū (active dual first-person indicative)
hruspīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hruspudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hruspīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hruspum (active first-person indicative plural)
hruspīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hruspud (active indicative plural second-person)
hruspīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hruspun (active indicative plural third-person)
hruspīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrespandz (active participle present)
hruspanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrespan
⇒ Old English: ġehrespan
Old Frisian: hrespa
Old High German: hrespan, respan
Middle High German: rëspen

From earlier *hrepspaną, *hrepsaną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreb-, *(s)krebʰ- (“to turn; bend; shrink”), from *(s)ker- (“to turn; bend”).


snarkijaną

snarkijō (active first-person indicative singular)
snarkijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snarkijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
snarkīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
snarkijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snarkī (active imperative second-person singular)
snarkijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
snarkijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
snarkīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
snarkijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snarkijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
snarkijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
snarkijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
snarkijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
snarkijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snarkijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snarkijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snarkijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
snarkijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
snarkijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snarkijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
snarkijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
snarkīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
snarkijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snarkīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
snarkijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
snarkijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
snarkijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
snarkijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snarkijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
snarkijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
snarkijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
snarkidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
snarkidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snarkidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
snarkidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snarkidē (active indicative singular third-person)
snarkidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snarkidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
snarkidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snarkidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snarkidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snarkidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
snarkidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snarkidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
snarkidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snarkidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
snarkidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snarkijandz (active participle present)
snarkidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *snarkijan

Old English: *snerċan, *snierċan

Middle English: *snerchen, snarchen

Old Norse: snerkja

Icelandic: snerkja

Faroese: snerkja

(Norwegian: snyrkja)

Old Swedish: snærkia

→ Middle English: *snerken

Scots: snirk; snirkle

English: snirket (ppt) (dialectal)

to draw together; contract; shrink; constrict


snerkaną

snerkō (active first-person indicative singular)
snerkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snerkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
snirkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
snerkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snerk (active imperative second-person singular)
snerkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
snerkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
snirkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
snerkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snerkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
snerkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
snerkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
snerkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
snerkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snerkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snerkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snerkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
snerkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
snerkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snerkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
snerkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
snirkid (active indicative plural second-person)
snerkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snirkid (active imperative plural second-person)
snerkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
snerkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
snerkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
snerkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snerkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
snerkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
snerkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
snark (active first-person indicative singular)
snurkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snarht (active indicative second-person singular)
snurkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snark (active indicative singular third-person)
snurkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snurkū (active dual first-person indicative)
snurkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snurkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snurkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snurkum (active first-person indicative plural)
snurkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snurkud (active indicative plural second-person)
snurkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snurkun (active indicative plural third-person)
snurkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snerkandz (active participle present)
snurkanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *snerkan

Old English: *sneorcan

⇒ Old English: ġesneorcan
>? Middle English: *snerchen, snarchen (alternatively from Old English *snerċan, *snierċan, from Proto-West Germanic *snarkijan)

Old Norse: *snerka; *snorkinn; snorkil (noun)

Icelandic: snorkinn (ppt)

Norwegian: snerka, snerke (dialectal)

Old Swedish: snorkin

→ Middle English: *snirken; snorkil

Scots: snirk (intransitive senses)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)nerg-, *(s)nerk- (“to turn; wind; lace; shrink; shrivel”).


sparāną

sparō (active first-person indicative singular)
sparaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
sparai (active imperative second-person singular)
sparāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sparaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sparāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sparāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sparōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sparāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sparāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sparāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sparānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sparaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sparaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sparānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sparānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sparānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sparānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sparadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sparadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sparadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sparadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sparadē (active indicative singular third-person)
sparadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sparadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sparadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sparadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sparadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sparadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sparadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sparadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sparadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sparadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sparadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sparāndz (active participle present)
sparadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sparēn
Old English: sparian
Middle English: sparien, sparen
Scots: spar, spair
English: spare
Old Frisian: sparia, spara
Saterland Frisian: spoarje
West Frisian: sparje
Old Saxon: sparōn
Middle Low German: sparen
German Low German: sparen
Old Dutch: *sparon
Middle Dutch: spāren
Dutch: sparen
Afrikaans: spaar
Negerhollands: spaar, spaer
→ Caribbean Javanese: separ, nyepar
→ Papiamentu: spar, spaar
Old High German: sparēn, sparōn
Middle High German: sparn
German: sparen
Yiddish: שפּאָרן (shporn)
Esperanto: ŝpari
Luxembourgish: spueren
→ Vulgar Latin: sparāniō (attested in the Reichenau Glossary)
Italo-Romance:
Italian: sparagnare ⇒ risparmiare
Central dialects: sparagnà ⇒ risparagnà, resparagnà, risparmià, risparambià
Neapolitan: sparagnà
Sicilian: sparagnari
Padanian:
Emilian: sparmier, sparer ⇒ rasparar, arsparmier
Lombard: spargnar, sparmir
Piedmontese: spargné
Romagnol: sparmier, sparanear ⇒ arpsamear
Northern Gallo-Romance:
Franc-Comtois: éparmaî
Franco-Provençal: épargnèr, éparmar
Valdôtain: éparmir
Old Bourgignon: arsparmer, esparmer
⇒ Bourguignon: reparmer
Old French: espargnier, esparigner, esparnier, esparnir, esparner, aperner
French: épargner
Walloon: spârgnî
Southern Gallo-Romance:
Occitan: esparnhar

Old Norse: spara

Icelandic: spara

Faroese: spara

Norwegian Nynorsk: spara

Old Swedish: spara

Swedish: spara

Danish: spare

Norwegian Bokmål: spare

From *sparaz (“sparing, frugal”) + *-āną.

to be thrifty; be conservative; be sparing


sparōną

sparō (active first-person indicative singular)
sparǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sparōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
sparōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sparōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sparō (active imperative second-person singular)
sparōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sparōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sparōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sparō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sparōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sparōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sparōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sparōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sparōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sparōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sparōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sparōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sparōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sparōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sparōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sparōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sparōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sparōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sparōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sparōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sparōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sparōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sparōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sparōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sparōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sparōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sparōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sparōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sparōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sparōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sparōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sparōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sparōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sparōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sparōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sparōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sparōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sparōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sparōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sparōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sparōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sparōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sparōndz (active participle present)
sparōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)


funsijaną

funsijō (active first-person indicative singular)
funsijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
funsijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
funsīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
funsijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
funsī (active imperative second-person singular)
funsijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
funsijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
funsīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
funsijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
funsijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
funsijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
funsijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
funsijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
funsijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
funsijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
funsijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
funsijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
funsijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
funsijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
funsijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
funsijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
funsīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
funsijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
funsīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
funsijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
funsijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
funsijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
funsijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
funsijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
funsijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
funsijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
funsidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
funsidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
funsidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
funsidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
funsidē (active indicative singular third-person)
funsidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
funsidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
funsidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
funsidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
funsidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
funsidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
funsidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
funsidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
funsidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
funsidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
funsidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
funsijandz (active participle present)
funsidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *funsijan
Old English: fȳsan, fȳsian, fēsan, fēsian — Anglian
Middle English: füsen, fesen (with unexpected /ɛː/)
English: feeze, fease, faze
Scots: faize
Old Saxon: fūsian

Old Norse: fýsa

Icelandic: fýsa

Faroese: fýsa

Norwegian Nynorsk: fysa

Norwegian Bokmål: fyse

From *funsaz (“ready, willing”) + *-janą.

to predispose; make favourable; make ready


hwatjaną

hwatjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwatjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwatjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwatisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwatjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwati (active imperative second-person singular)
hwatjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwatjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwatiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwatjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwatjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwatjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwatjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwatjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hwatjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwatjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwatjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwatjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwatjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwatjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwatjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwatjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwatiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hwatjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwatiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hwatjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwatjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwatjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwatjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwatjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwatjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwatjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwatidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hwatidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwatidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hwatidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwatidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hwatidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwatidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwatidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwatidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwatidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwatidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwatidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwatidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwatidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwatidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwatidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwatjandz (active participle present)
hwatidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwattjan
Old English: hwettan
Middle English: whetten, qwete, whett, whette, whettyn, whætte (Early Middle English)
English: whet
Scots: what
Yola: what
Old Frisian: *hwetta; *hwettia
Saterland Frisian: wätje
West Frisian: hwetsje, hotsje
Old Saxon: *hwettian
Middle Low German: wetten
German Low German: wetten
Old Dutch: *wetten
Middle Dutch: wetten
Dutch: wetten
Old High German: hwezzen, wezzen
Middle High German: wetzen
Cimbrian: bétzan
German: wetzen

Old Norse: hvetja

Icelandic: hvetja

Faroese: hvøtja

Norwegian: kvetja

Old Swedish: hvætia

Swedish: vättja, hvättja (dialectal)

Danish: hvæde, hvætte (dialectal)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍈𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaƕatjan)

From *hwataz (“quick, sharp, brave”) + *-janą.


uzlaubijaną

uzlaubijō (active first-person indicative singular)
uzlaubijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzlaubijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
uzlaubīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
uzlaubijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzlaubī (active imperative second-person singular)
uzlaubijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
uzlaubijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
uzlaubīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
uzlaubijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzlaubijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
uzlaubijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
uzlaubijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
uzlaubijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
uzlaubijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzlaubijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzlaubijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzlaubijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
uzlaubijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
uzlaubijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzlaubijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
uzlaubijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
uzlaubīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
uzlaubijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzlaubīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
uzlaubijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
uzlaubijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
uzlaubijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
uzlaubijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzlaubijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
uzlaubijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
uzlaubijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
uzlaubidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
uzlaubidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzlaubidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
uzlaubidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzlaubidē (active indicative singular third-person)
uzlaubidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzlaubidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
uzlaubidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzlaubidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzlaubidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzlaubidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
uzlaubidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzlaubidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
uzlaubidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzlaubidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
uzlaubidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzlaubijandz (active participle present)
uzlaubidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *uʀlaubijan

desc

Old English: ālīefan, ālȳfan, ālēfan, ālīfan

(Middle English: leven)

Old Saxon: *irlōvian, *arlōvian, *alōvian

Middle Low German: erlȫven

Low German: erloven; erlauwen (Westphalian)

Old Dutch: *irlouven

Middle Dutch: *erloven; orloven (possibly a new creation)

Dutch: oorloven

⇒ Dutch: veroorloven

→ West Frisian: feroorloovje

Old High German: arlauben, erlaupen, arlouben, irlouben

Middle High German: erlouben

German: erlauben

→ Saterland Frisian: ärlaubje

Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (uslaubjan)


hnītaną

hnītō (active first-person indicative singular)
hnītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hnītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hnītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnīt (active imperative second-person singular)
hnītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hnītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hnītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hnītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hnītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hnītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hnītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hnītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hnītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hnītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hnītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hnītid (active indicative plural second-person)
hnītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnītid (active imperative plural second-person)
hnītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hnītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hnītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hnītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hnītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hnītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hnait (active first-person indicative singular)
hnitį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnaist (active indicative second-person singular)
hnitīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnait (active indicative singular third-person)
hnitī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnitū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnitīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnitudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnitīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnitum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnitīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnitud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnitīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnitun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnitīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnītandz (active participle present)
hnitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hnītan
Old English: hnītan
Middle English: *niten, *nyten
Scots: noit, knoit, note
→ English: note
Old Frisian: *hnīta
⇒ West Frisian: nytsje
Old Saxon: *hnītan
Middle Low German: nîten
German Low German: nieten
→ German: nieten
→ Danish: nitte
⇒ Old Saxon: ofhnītan
Old Dutch: *nītan
Middle Dutch: *niten
Dutch: nijten (dialectal)

Old Norse: hníta
Icelandic: hníta
Norwegian Nynorsk: nita, nite
Swedish: nita

From Proto-Indo-European *kneyd-, from *ken- (“to scratch; scrape; rub”).


hwōpaną

hwōpō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwōpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwōpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwōpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwōpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwōp (active imperative second-person singular)
hwōpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwōpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwōpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwōpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwōpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwōpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwōpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwōpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hwōpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwōpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwōpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwōpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwōpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwōpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwōpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwōpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwōpid (active indicative plural second-person)
hwōpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwōpid (active imperative plural second-person)
hwōpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwōpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwōpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwōpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwōpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwōpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwōpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwehwōp (active first-person indicative singular)
hwehwōpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwehwōft (active indicative second-person singular)
hwehwōpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwehwōp (active indicative singular third-person)
hwehwōpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwehwōpū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwehwōpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwehwōpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwehwōpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwehwōpum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwehwōpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwehwōpud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwehwōpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwehwōpun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwehwōpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwōpandz (active participle present)
hwōpanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: hwōpan

Middle English: whopen

English: whoop

Gothic: 𐍈𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌽 (ƕōpan)

/ˈxʷɔː.pɑ.nɑ̃/


hnukāną

hnukō (active first-person indicative singular)
hnukaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hnukai (active imperative second-person singular)
hnukāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hnukaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hnukāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hnukāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hnukōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hnukāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnukāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hnukāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hnukānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hnukaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hnukaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hnukānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hnukānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hnukānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hnukānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hnukadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hnukadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnukadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hnukadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnukadē (active indicative singular third-person)
hnukadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnukadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnukadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnukadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnukadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnukadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnukadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnukadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnukadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnukadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnukadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnukāndz (active participle present)
hnukadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hnukēn

Old English: ġehnycned; ġenycled (for *ġehnycled)

Old Frisian: *nukja, *nukkia

Saterland Frisian: Nukke

West Frisian: neuke

Old Saxon: *hnukian; *hnukōn

Middle Low German: *nuken, *noken

German Low German: nucken, nöken

Old Dutch: *nuken; *nukon

Middle Dutch: *noken, *neuken

Dutch: neuken, n**ken, n*uken, n...ken, ne*ken (censored)
Afrikaans: neuk
→ English: nookie (possibly)

Old Norse: hnykkja

Icelandic: hnykkja

Faroese: nykkja

Old Swedish: nykkia

Swedish: nycka (dialectal)

Danish: nykke

From Proto-Indo-European *knewg- (“to press; push; bend”), from *ken- (“to press; pinch”).

der

to be bent, flex, curve, draw up, shrink, wrinkle, become pinched


aikijaną

aikijō (active first-person indicative singular)
aikijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aikijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
aikīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
aikijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aikī (active imperative second-person singular)
aikijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
aikijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
aikīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
aikijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aikijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
aikijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
aikijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
aikijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
aikijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aikijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aikijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aikijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
aikijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
aikijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aikijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
aikijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
aikīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
aikijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aikīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
aikijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
aikijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
aikijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
aikijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aikijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
aikijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
aikijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
aikidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
aikidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aikidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
aikidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aikidē (active indicative singular third-person)
aikidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aikidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
aikidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aikidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aikidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aikidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
aikidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aikidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
aikidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aikidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
aikidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aikijandz (active participle present)
aikidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Norwegian: eikja

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂oygéyeti, causative of *h₂eyg- (“to stir, set in motion”). Equivalent to *aikaną + *-janą.


raikijaną

raikijō (active first-person indicative singular)
raikijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raikijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
raikīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
raikijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raikī (active imperative second-person singular)
raikijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
raikijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
raikīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
raikijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raikijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
raikijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
raikijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
raikijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
raikijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raikijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raikijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raikijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
raikijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
raikijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raikijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
raikijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
raikīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
raikijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raikīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
raikijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
raikijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
raikijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
raikijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raikijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
raikijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
raikijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raikidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
raikidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raikidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
raikidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raikidē (active indicative singular third-person)
raikidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raikidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
raikidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raikidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raikidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raikidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
raikidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raikidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
raikidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raikidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
raikidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raikijandz (active participle present)
raikidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *raikijan
Old English: rǣċan
Middle English: rechen
Scots: reche, reich
English: reach
Old Frisian: rēka, rētza
North Frisian: reke
Saterland Frisian: räkke
West Frisian: reke, rikke
Old Saxon: *rēkian
Middle Low German: rêken, rêiken
German Low German: recken
Old Dutch: *reiken
Middle Dutch: reiken
Dutch: reiken
Afrikaans: reik
Old High German: reichen, reihhen
Middle High German: reichen
Bavarian: reicha, reichn
Cimbrian: rékhan
German: reichen
Yiddish: גרייכן (greykhn)

From Proto-Indo-European *Hroyǵ-éye-ti, a causative o-grade of *Hreyǵ- (“to stretch out, reach”). Cognate with Lithuanian ráižytis (“to keep stretching”), réižti (“to stretch, tighten”), Old Irish rigid (“to stretch”).


klukkwōną

klukkwō (active first-person indicative singular)
klukkwǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klukkwōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
klukkwōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
klukkwōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klukkwō (active imperative second-person singular)
klukkwōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
klukkwōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
klukkwōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
klukkwō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klukkwōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
klukkwōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
klukkwōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
klukkwōs (active dual first-person indicative)
klukkwōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klukkwōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klukkwōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klukkwōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
klukkwōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
klukkwōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klukkwōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
klukkwōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
klukkwōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
klukkwōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klukkwōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
klukkwōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
klukkwōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
klukkwōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
klukkwōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klukkwōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
klukkwōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
klukkwōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
klukkwōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
klukkwōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klukkwōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
klukkwōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klukkwōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
klukkwōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klukkwōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
klukkwōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klukkwōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klukkwōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klukkwōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
klukkwōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klukkwōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
klukkwōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klukkwōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
klukkwōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klukkwōndz (active participle present)
klukkwōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *klukkwōn
Old English: cloccian, cluccian
Middle English: clokken, clocken, cloken, clokkyn
English: clock; cluck
Middle Scots: clock, cloik
Scots: clock, cloak
Old Saxon: *klukkōn
Middle Low German: klucken
Low German: klucken
Old Dutch: *klukkōn
Middle Dutch: clocken
Dutch: klokken
Old High German: klokkōn, klokkēn
Middle High German: klucken
Cimbrian: khlukhan
German: klucken
⇒ Middle High German: glucken (by dissimilation)
German: glucken

Old Norse: kløkkva, kløkka

Icelandic: klökkva

Swedish: klucka

Danish: klukke

onomatopoeic

imitative


hakkōną

hakkō (active first-person indicative singular)
hakkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hakkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hakkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hakkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hakkō (active imperative second-person singular)
hakkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hakkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hakkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hakkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hakkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hakkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hakkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hakkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hakkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hakkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hakkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hakkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hakkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hakkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hakkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hakkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hakkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hakkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hakkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hakkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hakkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hakkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hakkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hakkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hakkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hakkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hakkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hakkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hakkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hakkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hakkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hakkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hakkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hakkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hakkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hakkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hakkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hakkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hakkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hakkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hakkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hakkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hakkōndz (active participle present)
hakkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*hakōną (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hakkōn
Old English: *haccian
Middle English: hakken
English: hack
Scots: hak, hack
Old Frisian: *hakkia, *hakia
Saterland Frisian: häkje
West Frisian: hakje
⇒ Old Frisian: tohakia, *tohakkia
Old Saxon: *hakkōn
Middle Low German: hacken
German Low German: hacken
Plautdietsch: haken
→ Danish: hakke
→ Swedish: hacka
→ Norn: hakka
→ Norwegian: hakke
→ Faroese: hakka
→ Icelandic: hakka
→ Gutnish: hakke
Old Dutch: *hakkon, *hakon
Middle Dutch: hacken
Dutch: hakken
Limburgish: hakke
Old High German: hacchōn, *hakkōn
Middle High German: hacken
Bavarian: håckn
Cimbrian: hàkhan
German: hacken
→ Estonian: hakkima
→ Old French: hacher (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finnic:

Estonian: hakkama

Finnish: hakata
→ Votic: hakatõ

Karelian: hakata

Livonian: akkõ

From Proto-Indo-European *keg-, *keng- (“to be sharp; peg; hook; handle”).


hakjaną

hakjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hakjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hakjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hakisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hakjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haki (active imperative second-person singular)
hakjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hakjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hakiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hakjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hakjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hakjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hakjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hakjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hakjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hakjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hakjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hakjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hakjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hakjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hakjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hakjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hakiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hakjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hakiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hakjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hakjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hakjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hakjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hakjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hakjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hakjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hakidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hakidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hakidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hakidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hakidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hakidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hakidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hakidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hakidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hakidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hakidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hakidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hakidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hakidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hakidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hakidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hakjandz (active participle present)
hakidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: hæċċan; (ofhæċċan)

Middle English: hacchen

English: hatch

desc

Old High German: hecchen, hekken, hecken

Middle High German: hechen, hecken

German: hecken

→ Danish: hække

→ Swedish: häcka


þweraną

þwerō (active first-person indicative singular)
þweraų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þwerai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þwirizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þweraiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þwer (active imperative second-person singular)
þwerazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þweraizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þwiridi (active indicative singular third-person)
þwerai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þweradau (active imperative singular third-person)
þweradai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þweraidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þwerōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þweraiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þweradiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þweraidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þweradiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þweramaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þweraim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þwerandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þweraindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þwirid (active indicative plural second-person)
þweraid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þwirid (active imperative plural second-person)
þwerandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þweraindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þwerandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þwerain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þwerandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þwerandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þweraindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þwar (active first-person indicative singular)
þwērį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þwart (active indicative second-person singular)
þwērīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þwar (active indicative singular third-person)
þwērī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þwērū (active dual first-person indicative)
þwērīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þwērudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þwērīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þwērum (active first-person indicative plural)
þwērīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þwērud (active indicative plural second-person)
þwērīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þwērun (active indicative plural third-person)
þwērīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þwerandz (active participle present)
þuranaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þweran
Old English: þweran
Old Saxon: *thweran
Middle Low German: dwēren
German Low German: dweren
Old High German: *dweran, *tweran
Middle High German: dweren, dwërn, tweren, twërn, thueran, tuiran, dueran
German: zweren (obsolete)
Bavarian: zweren

Old Norse: *þwera

Norwegian: tvære

Swedish: tvära (dialectal)

Danish: tvære

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)twérH-e-ti, from *(s)twerH- (“to stir; to propel”).


kaupijaną

kaupijō (active first-person indicative singular)
kaupijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kaupijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kaupīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kaupijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kaupī (active imperative second-person singular)
kaupijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kaupijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kaupīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kaupijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kaupijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kaupijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kaupijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kaupijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kaupijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kaupijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kaupijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kaupijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kaupijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kaupijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kaupijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kaupijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kaupīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kaupijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kaupīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kaupijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kaupijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kaupijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kaupijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kaupijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kaupijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kaupijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kaupidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kaupidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kaupidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kaupidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kaupidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kaupidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kaupidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kaupidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kaupidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kaupidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kaupidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kaupidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kaupidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kaupidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kaupidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kaupidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kaupijandz (active participle present)
kaupidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kaupijan
Old English: ċīepan, ċȳpan
Middle English: chepen (merged with descendant of *kaupōn)
Scots: chepe, cheip
English: cheap
Old Saxon: kōpian
Middle Low German: kö̂pen
Low German: köpen
Old Dutch: cōpen
Middle Dutch: côpen
Dutch: kopen
Afrikaans: koop
Berbice Creole Dutch: kopu
Negerhollands: koop, kop
Skepi Creole Dutch: kop
Limburgish: koupe
Old High German: koufen
Old High German: koufen, keufen
German: käufen

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: keypa

Icelandic: keypa

Faroese: keypa

Norwegian Nynorsk: kaupa, køypa

Old Swedish: kø̄pa

Swedish: köpa

Old Danish: køpæ (merged with descendant of *kaupōną)

Danish: købe

Norwegian Bokmål: kjøpe

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kjøpa

Elfdalian: tjyöpa (merged with descendant of *kaupōną)

Scanian: køba

→ Finnish: kaupita

i

→ Proto-Slavic: *kupiti (possibly via unattested Gothic *kaupjan)


sūpaną

sūpō (active first-person indicative singular)
sūpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sūpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sūpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sūpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sūp (active imperative second-person singular)
sūpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sūpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sūpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sūpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sūpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sūpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sūpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sūpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sūpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sūpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sūpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sūpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sūpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sūpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sūpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sūpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sūpid (active indicative plural second-person)
sūpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sūpid (active imperative plural second-person)
sūpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sūpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sūpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sūpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sūpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sūpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sūpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
saup (active first-person indicative singular)
supį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sauft (active indicative second-person singular)
supīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
saup (active indicative singular third-person)
supī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
supū (active dual first-person indicative)
supīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
supudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
supīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
supum (active first-person indicative plural)
supīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
supud (active indicative plural second-person)
supīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
supun (active indicative plural third-person)
supīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sūpandz (active participle present)
supanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sūpan
Old English: sūpan
Middle English: soupen
Scots: soup, sowp, sup
English: sup, soup
Old Frisian: *sūpa
Saterland Frisian: suupe
West Frisian: sûpe
Old Saxon: sūpan
Middle Low German: sūpen
German Low German: supen
Old Dutch: *sūpan
Middle Dutch: supen
Dutch: zuipen
Afrikaans: suip
→ Saramaccan: zoin
Limburgish: zoepe
Old High German: sūfan
Middle High German: sūfen
Alemannic German: suufe, süfä (Formazza)
Central Franconian: suffe
Bavarian: saufn
German: saufen, süffeln
Hunsrik: saufe
Luxembourgish: saufen
Yiddish: זויפֿן (zoyfn)

Old Norse: súpa
Icelandic: súpa
Faroese: súpa
Norwegian Nynorsk: supa, supe
Old Swedish: sūpa
Swedish: supa

Danish: supe, suppe, søbe
Norwegian Bokmål: supe
Scanian: suva, syppa, suppa, syba
Elfdalian: saupa
Gutnish: säupa

According to Kroonen, a back-formation from the iterative *suppōną (“to soak”).


mōjaną

mōjō (active first-person indicative singular)
mōjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mōjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
mōisi (active indicative second-person singular)
mōjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mōi (active imperative second-person singular)
mōjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mōjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mōiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
mōjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mōjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
mōjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mōjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mōjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
mōjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mōjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mōjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mōjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mōjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mōjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mōjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mōjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mōiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
mōjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mōiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
mōjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mōjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mōjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
mōjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mōjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
mōjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mōjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mōidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
mōidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mōidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
mōidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mōidē (active indicative singular third-person)
mōidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mōidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
mōidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mōidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mōidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mōidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
mōidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mōidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
mōidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mōidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
mōidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mōjandz (active participle present)
mōidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *mōjan
Old Frisian: mōia
Saterland Frisian: möie
West Frisian: muoie
Old Saxon: *mōian
Middle Low German: mōien, möien
German Low German: möjen
Old Dutch: *muojan
Middle Dutch: moeyen
Dutch: moeien
Limburgish: möjje
Old High German: muojan, muoen
Middle High German: muon, müen, müewen, müejen
German: mühen

Gothic: *𐌼𐍉𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*mōjan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐍆𐌼𐍉𐌾𐌰𐌽 (afmōjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *meh₃-ye-ti, from *meh₃- (“to cause toil, be a burden”). Cognate with Tocharian A māskā- (“to be difficult”), Proto-Slavic *màjati (“to detain, tire, exhaust”), Ancient Greek μῶλος (môlos, “turmoil”), Latin mōlēs (“burden, mass”).


glīsōną

glīsō (active first-person indicative singular)
glīsǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glīsōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
glīsōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
glīsōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glīsō (active imperative second-person singular)
glīsōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
glīsōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
glīsōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
glīsō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glīsōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
glīsōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
glīsōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
glīsōs (active dual first-person indicative)
glīsōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glīsōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glīsōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glīsōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
glīsōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
glīsōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glīsōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
glīsōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
glīsōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
glīsōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glīsōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
glīsōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
glīsōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
glīsōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
glīsōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glīsōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
glīsōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
glīsōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
glīsōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
glīsōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glīsōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
glīsōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glīsōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
glīsōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glīsōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
glīsōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glīsōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glīsōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glīsōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
glīsōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glīsōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
glīsōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glīsōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
glīsōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glīsōndz (active participle present)
glīsōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *glīsōn

Old English: glīsian

Old Frisian: glisia

Old Saxon: *glīsōn

Middle Low German: glîsen, glîssen

German Low German:

Low Prussian: glissen

Old Dutch: *glīsōn

Middle Dutch: *glîsen, *glîssen

Dutch: glijssen (dialectal)

Old Norse: *glísa

Norwegian: glisa

Swedish: glisa (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰleys-, from *ǵʰley- (“to shine”).


kīkaną

kīkō (active first-person indicative singular)
kīkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kīkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kīkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kīkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kīk (active imperative second-person singular)
kīkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kīkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kīkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kīkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kīkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kīkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kīkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kīkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kīkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kīkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kīkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kīkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kīkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kīkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kīkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kīkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kīkid (active indicative plural second-person)
kīkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kīkid (active imperative plural second-person)
kīkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kīkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kīkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kīkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kīkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kīkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kīkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kaik (active first-person indicative singular)
kikį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kaiht (active indicative second-person singular)
kikīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kaik (active indicative singular third-person)
kikī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kikū (active dual first-person indicative)
kikīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kikudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kikīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kikum (active first-person indicative plural)
kikīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kikud (active indicative plural second-person)
kikīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kikun (active indicative plural third-person)
kikīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kīkandz (active participle present)
kikanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kīkan
⇒ Old Frisian: *kīkia
West Frisian: kytse
Saterland Frisian: kiekje
Old Saxon: kīkan
Middle Low German: kîken
Low German: kieken
→ Dutch: kieken
Plautdietsch: kjikjen
→ Middle English: kiken, keken, kyken
Scots: keek
English: keek
→ German: kieken
→ Icelandic: kíkja
→ Faroese: kika
→ Norn: kika
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kika, kikka
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kike
→ Swedish: kika
→ Finnish: tsiigata
→ Danish: kigge, kikke, kige (dialect)
Norwegian Bokmål: kikke
→ Gutnish: keike, keik', keika
Old Dutch: *kīcan
Middle Dutch: kiken
Dutch: kijken
Afrikaans: kyk

desc

→ Estonian: (possibly via Middle Low German) kiikama

Unknown. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ikos, related to Proto-Italic *kaikos, in which case it would be a doublet of *haihaz (“one-eyed”); this is formally problematic, however. Alternatively suggested to be sound-symbolic.
Perhaps related to German gucken (“to watch, look”), but this word is itself of obscure origin.

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)


hliuþijaną

hliuþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hliuþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hliuþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hliuþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hliuþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hliuþī (active imperative second-person singular)
hliuþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hliuþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hliuþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hliuþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hliuþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hliuþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hliuþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hliuþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hliuþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hliuþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hliuþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hliuþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hliuþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hliuþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hliuþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hliuþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hliuþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hliuþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hliuþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hliuþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hliuþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hliuþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hliuþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hliuþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hliuþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hliuþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hliuþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hliuþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hliuþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hliuþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hliuþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hliuþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hliuþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hliuþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hliuþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hliuþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hliuþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hliuþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hliuþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hliuþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hliuþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hliuþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hliuþijandz (active participle present)
hliuþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Old Norse: hlýða
Icelandic: hlýða
Faroese: lýða
Norwegian Bokmål: lyde
Norwegian Nynorsk: lyda
Old Swedish: lȳþa
Swedish: lyda
Danish: lyde
Old Gutnish: lyþa

From *hleuþą (“hearing, listening”) + *-janą.


langōną

langō (active first-person indicative singular)
langǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
langōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
langōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
langōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
langō (active imperative second-person singular)
langōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
langōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
langōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
langō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
langōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
langōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
langōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
langōs (active dual first-person indicative)
langōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
langōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
langōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
langōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
langōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
langōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
langōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
langōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
langōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
langōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
langōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
langōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
langōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
langōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
langōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
langōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
langōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
langōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
langōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
langōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
langōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
langōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
langōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
langōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
langōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
langōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
langōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
langōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
langōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
langōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
langōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
langōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
langōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
langōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
langōndz (active participle present)
langōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *langōn

Old English: langian; belangian; ġelangian; (lengan; ġelengan < *langijaną)

Middle English: langen, longen; belangen, belongen

Scots: lang; belang

English: long; belong

Old Frisian: *langia; *belangia

Saterland Frisian: beloangje

West Frisian: belangje

Old Saxon: langon

Middle Low German: langen; belangen

German Low German: langen; belangen; verlangen

Old Dutch: *langon; (*langen < *langijaną)

Middle Dutch: langhen; belangen

Dutch: langen, verlangen; belang

Old High German: gilangōn; (langēn, belangēn < *langijaną)

Middle High German: gelangen; (langen)

German: gelangen; langen; (verlangen)

Old Norse: langa

Icelandic: langa

(Norwegian: lengte)

Old Swedish: langa

Swedish: långa (archaic)

Danish: længes

/ˈlɑŋ.ɡɔː.nɑ̃/

Of uncertain origin. Often taken as related to *langaz (“long (in length)”), with semantic development "long length" > "reach, extend" > "wish to reach to, long for". However, Orel appears implicitly skeptical, and prefers to connect the root, as well as Old English andlang (“along”) and its relatives, with Proto-Balto-Slavic *lénktei (“to bend, twine”) instead.
Other derive the verb from Proto-Indo-European *lengʷʰ-, *legʷʰ- (“to be easy, be quick, jump, move around, vary”).


wanjaną

wanjō (active first-person indicative singular)
wanjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wanjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wanisi (active indicative second-person singular)
wanjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wani (active imperative second-person singular)
wanjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wanjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
waniþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wanjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wanjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wanjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wanjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wanjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wanjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wanjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wanjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wanjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wanjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wanjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wanjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wanjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
waniþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wanjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waniþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wanjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wanjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wanjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wanjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wanjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wanjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wanjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wanidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wanidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wanidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wanidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wanidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wanidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wanidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wanidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wanidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wanidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wanidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wanidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wanidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wanidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wanidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wanidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wanjandz (active participle present)
wanidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wannjan
Old English: wenian, wennan
Middle English: wenen
English: wean
Scots: wain
Old Frisian: wena, wenia, wennia, winnia
>? Saterland Frisian: woane
West Frisian: wenne
Old Saxon: wennian
Middle Low German: wennen, wenen, wēnen
German Low German: wennen
Old Dutch: *wennen
Middle Dutch: wennen
Dutch: wennen
Afrikaans: wen
Old High German: wenian, wennan

Old Norse: venja
Icelandic: venja
Faroese: venja
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: venne
Norwegian Nynorsk: venje, venja
Elfdalian: wena
Old Swedish: vænia
Swedish: vänja
Old Danish: wæniæ
Scanian: vænna
Danish: vænne
Gutnish: väne

From *wanaz (“accustomed”) + *-janą (“factitive suffix”).


raustijaną

raustijō (active first-person indicative singular)
raustijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raustijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
raustīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
raustijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raustī (active imperative second-person singular)
raustijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
raustijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
raustīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
raustijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raustijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
raustijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
raustijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
raustijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
raustijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raustijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raustijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raustijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
raustijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
raustijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raustijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
raustijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
raustīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
raustijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raustīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
raustijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
raustijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
raustijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
raustijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raustijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
raustijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
raustijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raustidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
raustidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raustidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
raustidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raustidē (active indicative singular third-person)
raustidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raustidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
raustidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raustidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raustidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raustidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
raustidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raustidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
raustidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raustidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
raustidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raustijandz (active participle present)
raustidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *raustijan
Old English: rīestan, rēstan

Old Norse: reysta

Icelandic: reysta

Swedish: rösta

From *raustiz (“voice”) + *-janą, from Proto-Indo-European *Hres- (“to shout, speak”). Compare the noun *razdō (“voice”).


murnaną

murnō (active first-person indicative singular)
murnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
murnōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
murnais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
murnō (active imperative second-person singular)
murnōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
murnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
murnōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
murnōs (active dual first-person indicative)
murnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
murnaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
murnaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
murnaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
murnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
murnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
murnaþ (active indicative plural second-person)
murnaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
murnaþ (active imperative plural second-person)
murnanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
murnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
murnanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
murnōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
murnōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
murnōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
murnōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
murnōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
murnōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
murnōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
murnōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
murnōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
murnōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
murnōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
murnōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
murnōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
murnōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
murnōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
murnōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
murnandz (active participle present)

Proto-West Germanic: *murnan

Old English: murnan

Middle English: mournen, mornen, murnen

Scots: murne, murn

English: mourn

Old Saxon: mornan; (murnian, mornian); (mornōn)

Middle Low German: vormornen

→ Old French: morner

Middle French: *morner; amorner, amornir

French: morné

(Old High German: mornēn < Proto-Germanic *murnāną)

Old Norse: morna

Icelandic: morna

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 (maurnan)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)mer- (“to think; remember”).
For the meaning development compare commemorate, Russian помина́ть (pominátʹ), поми́нки (pomínki), помина́льный (pominálʹnyj).