bindaną

bindō (active first-person indicative singular)
bindaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bindai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bindizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bindaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bind (active imperative second-person singular)
bindazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bindaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bindidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bindai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bindadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bindadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bindaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bindōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bindaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bindadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bindaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bindadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bindamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bindaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bindandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bindaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bindid (active indicative plural second-person)
bindaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bindid (active imperative plural second-person)
bindandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bindaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bindandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bindain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bindandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bindandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bindaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
band (active first-person indicative singular)
bundį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
banst (active indicative second-person singular)
bundīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
band (active indicative singular third-person)
bundī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bundū (active dual first-person indicative)
bundīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bundudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bundīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bundum (active first-person indicative plural)
bundīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bundud (active indicative plural second-person)
bundīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bundun (active indicative plural third-person)
bundīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bindandz (active participle present)
bundanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bindan
Old English: bindan
Middle English: binden, bynden
English: bind
Scots: bind
Old Frisian: binda
North Frisian:
Helgoland: bin
Föhr-Amrum and Sylt: binj
Mooring: bine
Saterland Frisian: biende
West Frisian: bine
Old Saxon: bindan
Middle Low German: binden
Low German: binnen, binden
Plautdietsch: binjen
Old Dutch: *bindan
Middle Dutch: binden
Dutch: binden
Afrikaans: bind
Berbice Creole Dutch: bendi
Negerhollands: bind, bint, bin
Limburgish: binje
Old High German: bintan, pintan
Middle High German: binden
Bavarian: bindn
German: binden
Luxembourgish: bannen

Old Norse: binda
Icelandic: binda
Faroese: binda
Norn: binda
Norwegian Nynorsk: binda, binde
Norwegian Bokmål: binde
Old Swedish: binda
Swedish: binda
Danish: binde
Gutnish: binde, bind', binda

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (bindan)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰéndʰ-e-ti, from *bʰendʰ- (“to tie, bind”).


beudaną

beudō (active first-person indicative singular)
beudaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
beudai (first-person indicative passive singular)
biudizi (active indicative second-person singular)
beudaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
beud (active imperative second-person singular)
beudazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
beudaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
biudidi (active indicative singular third-person)
beudai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
beudadau (active imperative singular third-person)
beudadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
beudaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
beudōz (active dual first-person indicative)
beudaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
beudadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
beudaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
beudadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
beudamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
beudaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
beudandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
beudaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
biudid (active indicative plural second-person)
beudaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
biudid (active imperative plural second-person)
beudandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
beudaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
beudandi (active indicative plural third-person)
beudain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
beudandau (active imperative plural third-person)
beudandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
beudaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
baud (active first-person indicative singular)
budį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
baust (active indicative second-person singular)
budīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baud (active indicative singular third-person)
budī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
budū (active dual first-person indicative)
budīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bududiz (active dual indicative second-person)
budīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
budum (active first-person indicative plural)
budīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
budud (active indicative plural second-person)
budīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
budun (active indicative plural third-person)
budīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
beudandz (active participle present)
budanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *beudan
Old English: bēodan
Middle English: beden
Scots: bid, bede
English: bid, bede
Old Frisian: biāda
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: bad
Halligen: biide
Mooring: biidje
Saterland Frisian: biada, bjoode
West Frisian: biede
Old Saxon: biodan
Middle Low German: bēden
Low German: bieden, beden
Old Dutch: biedan
Middle Dutch: bieden
Dutch: bieden
Limburgish: beje, bijje
Old High German: biotan, piotan
Middle High German: bieten
German: bieten
Luxembourgish: bidden

Old Norse: bjóða
Icelandic: bjóða
Faroese: bjóða
Norwegian Nynorsk: bjoda, bjode
Jamtish: bjǿðe
Elfdalian: biuoða
Old Swedish: biūþa
Swedish: bjuda
Old Danish: biūthæ
Danish: byde
Norwegian Bokmål: by, byde
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: by, byde, byda
Scanian: býða
Old Gutnish: biauþa
Gutnish: bjaude

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰéwdʰeti (“to be awake, aware”).


fehtaną

fehtō (active first-person indicative singular)
fehtaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fehtai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fihtizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fehtaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
feht (active imperative second-person singular)
fehtazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fehtaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fihtidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fehtai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fehtadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fehtadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fehtaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fehtōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fehtaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fehtadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fehtaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fehtadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fehtamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fehtaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fehtandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fehtaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fihtid (active indicative plural second-person)
fehtaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fihtid (active imperative plural second-person)
fehtandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fehtaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fehtandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fehtain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fehtandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fehtandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fehtaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
faht (active first-person indicative singular)
fuhtį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fahst (active indicative second-person singular)
fuhtīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
faht (active indicative singular third-person)
fuhtī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fuhtū (active dual first-person indicative)
fuhtīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fuhtudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fuhtīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fuhtum (active first-person indicative plural)
fuhtīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fuhtud (active indicative plural second-person)
fuhtīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fuhtun (active indicative plural third-person)
fuhtīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fehtandz (active participle present)
fuhtanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fehtan
Old English: feohtan
Middle English: fighten, fehten, feghten, feighten, fihhtenn, fiȝten
English: fight
Scots: fecht, ficht
Old Frisian: fiuchta, fiuhta
Saterland Frisian: fjuchte
West Frisian: fjochtsje, fjuchte
Old Saxon: fehtan
Middle Low German: vechten
Low German: fechten
→ Danish: fægte
→ Norwegian: fekte
→ Saterland Frisian: fächtje
→ Swedish: fäkta
Old Dutch: fehtan
Middle Dutch: vechten
Dutch: vechten
Afrikaans: veg
Berbice Creole Dutch: purkaru
Negerhollands: vekkete, fegete, figiti, fikiti
→ Virgin Islands Creole: fikiti (dated)
Limburgish: vechte
West Flemish: vichten
Old High German: fehtan
Middle High German: vëhten
Alemannic German: fëchte
German: fechten
→ Russian: фехтовать (fextovatʹ)

From Proto-Indo-European *peḱ- (“to pluck, ruffle, tousle, shear”), with semantic shift "pluck hair" > "struggle" > "fight". Cognate with Latin pectō (“to comb, thrash”).


hauzijaną

hauzijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hauzijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hauzijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hauzīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hauzijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hauzī (active imperative second-person singular)
hauzijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hauzijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hauzīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hauzijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hauzijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hauzijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hauzijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hauzijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hauzijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hauzijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hauzijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hauzijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hauzijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hauzijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hauzijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hauzijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hauzīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hauzijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hauzīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hauzijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hauzijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hauzijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hauzijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hauzijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hauzijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hauzijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hauzidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hauzidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hauzidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hauzidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hauzidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hauzidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hauzidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hauzidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hauzidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hauzidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hauzidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hauzidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hauzidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hauzidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hauzidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hauzidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hauzijandz (active participle present)
hauzidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hauʀijan
Old English: hīeran, hīran — Early West Saxon, hȳran — Late West Saxon, hēran — Anglian, Kentish
Middle English: heren
English: hear
Scots: her, hear
Yola: hert (preterite)
Old Frisian: hēra, heera
Saterland Frisian: here
West Frisian: hearre
Old Saxon: hōrian
Middle Low German: hōren
Low German: hören, heuren, höörn
Plautdietsch: hieren
Old Dutch: *hōren
Middle Dutch: hôren
Dutch: horen
Afrikaans: hoor
Berbice Creole Dutch: horo
Jersey Dutch: hôre
Negerhollands: hoor
→ Virgin Islands Creole: hoor (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: hoar
Limburgish: huuere, heure
Old High German: hōren
Middle High German: hœren
Bavarian: hearn
Cimbrian: hòrran, höarn (Luserna)
Central Franconian: hüre, hiere (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: heere
Luxembourgish: héieren
German: hören
Vilamovian: hüchia
Yiddish: הערן (hern)

Old Norse: heyra
Icelandic: heyra
Faroese: hoyra
Norn: høra
Norwegian Nynorsk: høyra; (dialectal) haura
Elfdalian: ära
Old Swedish: hø̄ra
Swedish: höra
Scanian: høra
Old Danish: hø̄ræ
Danish: høre
Norwegian Bokmål: høre
Old Gutnish: hoyra
Gutnish: håire

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hausjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ḱh₂owsyéti (“to be sharp-eared”), from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) + *h₂ows- (“ear”) + *-yéti (denominative suffix).


sprekaną

sprekō (active first-person indicative singular)
sprekaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sprekai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sprikizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sprekaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprek (active imperative second-person singular)
sprekazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sprekaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sprikidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sprekai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprekadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sprekadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sprekaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sprekōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sprekaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprekadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprekaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprekadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sprekamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sprekaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprekandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sprekaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sprikid (active indicative plural second-person)
sprekaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprikid (active imperative plural second-person)
sprekandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sprekaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sprekandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sprekain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprekandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sprekandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sprekaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sprak (active first-person indicative singular)
sprēkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spraht (active indicative second-person singular)
sprēkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprak (active indicative singular third-person)
sprēkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprēkū (active dual first-person indicative)
sprēkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprēkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprēkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprēkum (active first-person indicative plural)
sprēkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprēkud (active indicative plural second-person)
sprēkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprēkun (active indicative plural third-person)
sprēkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprekandz (active participle present)
sprekanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sprekan
Old English: sprecan, spreocan, spræcan, specan
Middle English: speken, speke
English: speak
Middle Scots: speke, speik
Scots: speik, speak, spik, spikk
Old Frisian: spreka, sprekan
Saterland Frisian: spreke
West Frisian: sprekke
Old Saxon: sprekan
Middle Low German: sprēken
Low German: spreken
Plautdietsch: spräakjen
Old Dutch: sprecan
Middle Dutch: sprēken
Dutch: spreken
Limburgish: spraeke
Old High German: sprëhhan, sprëchan
Middle High German: sprëchen
Central Franconian: sjprèche
German: sprechen
→ Czech: šprechtit
→ Polish: szprechać
→ Serbo-Croatian: šprȅhati /шпре̏хати
→ Ukrainian: шпрехати (šprexaty)
Hunsrik: spreche
Luxembourgish: spriechen

Probably from a Proto-Indo-European *spregʰ- (“to crackle”), and cognate with Old Norse spraka (“to crackle, patter”), Lithuanian spragė́ti (“to crackle, patter”). Alternatively, suggested to be from a Proto-Indo-European *spreg- on the basis of Albanian shpreh (“to express, voice”).

cog

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


sēaną

sēō (active first-person indicative singular)
sēaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sēai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sēizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sēaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sē (active imperative second-person singular)
sēazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sēaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sēidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sēai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sēadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sēadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sēaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sēōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sēaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sēadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sēaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sēadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sēamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sēaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sēandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sēaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sēid (active indicative plural second-person)
sēaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sēid (active imperative plural second-person)
sēandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sēaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sēandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sēain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sēandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sēandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sēaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sezō (active first-person indicative singular)
sezōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sezōt (active indicative second-person singular)
sezōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sezō (active indicative singular third-person)
sezōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sezōū (active dual first-person indicative)
sezōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sezōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sezōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sezōum (active first-person indicative plural)
sezōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sezōud (active indicative plural second-person)
sezōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sezōun (active indicative plural third-person)
sezōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sēandz (active participle present)
sēanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sāan
Old English: sāwan
Middle English: sawen, sowȝen, sewȝen, soghen, sowen
English: sow
Scots: saw
Old Frisian: seā, siā
>? West Frisian: saaie (possibly borrowed from Dutch)
Old Saxon: sāian
Middle Low German: seien, seyen, seygen, seigen, sêgen, seigen, seighen, seigen, segen, seghen, seegen, zeygen, zeyghen, zegen, saien, sajen, seien, zeien, seihen, seggen
German Low German: saien
Old Dutch: *sāien
Middle Dutch: sâyen
Dutch: zaaien
Afrikaans: saai
Berbice Creole Dutch: sai
Negerhollands: saai, saey, saej
→ Aukan: sai
Limburgish: zèjje
Old High German: sāwen, sāen
Middle High German: sāwen, sæwen, sæhen, sææen, sēgen, sēwen, sēn, sein, sān, sæn, sæen, sæjen
German: säen
Luxembourgish: séien

Old Norse: sá

Icelandic: sá

Faroese: sáa

Old Swedish: sā

Swedish: så

Danish: så

Norwegian: så

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌽 (saian)

→⇒? Proto-Finnic: *heittädäk (< earlier *sēja-/*sēje-)

→? Proto-Finnic: *haja- (< *sāja-, later borrowing)

/ˈsɛː.ɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (“to sow”).


wēaną

wēō (active first-person indicative singular)
wēaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wēai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wēizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wēaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wē (active imperative second-person singular)
wēazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wēaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wēidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wēai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wēadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wēadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wēaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wēōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wēaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wēadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wēaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wēadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wēamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wēaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wēandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wēaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wēid (active indicative plural second-person)
wēaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wēid (active imperative plural second-person)
wēandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wēaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wēandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wēain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wēandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wēandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wēaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wewō (active first-person indicative singular)
wewōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wewōt (active indicative second-person singular)
wewōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wewō (active indicative singular third-person)
wewōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wewōū (active dual first-person indicative)
wewōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wewōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wewōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wewōum (active first-person indicative plural)
wewōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wewōud (active indicative plural second-person)
wewōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wewōun (active indicative plural third-person)
wewōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wēandz (active participle present)
wēanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wāan
Old English: wāwan
Old Frisian: wēia, wāia
West Frisian: waaie
Old Saxon: wāian
Middle Low German: weien
Low German: weihn
Old Dutch: wāien
Middle Dutch: wâyen
Dutch: waaien
Limburgish: wèjje
Old High German: wāen, wāhen
Middle High German: wæjen
German: wehen

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌽 (waian)

/ˈwɛː.ɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wḗh₁ti, from *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”).


tēkaną

tēkō (active first-person indicative singular)
tēkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tēkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tēkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
tēkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tēk (active imperative second-person singular)
tēkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tēkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tēkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
tēkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tēkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
tēkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tēkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tēkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
tēkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tēkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tēkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tēkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tēkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tēkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tēkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tēkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tēkid (active indicative plural second-person)
tēkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tēkid (active imperative plural second-person)
tēkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tēkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tēkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
tēkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tēkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
tēkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tēkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tetōk (active first-person indicative singular)
tetōkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tetōht (active indicative second-person singular)
tetōkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tetōk (active indicative singular third-person)
tetōkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tetōkū (active dual first-person indicative)
tetōkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tetōkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tetōkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tetōkum (active first-person indicative plural)
tetōkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tetōkud (active indicative plural second-person)
tetōkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tetōkun (active indicative plural third-person)
tetōkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tēkandz (active participle present)
tēkanaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*takaną (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *takan

Old Saxon: *takan

Middle Low German: tacken (= tācken?, otherwise secondarily geminated)

German Low German: tacken

Old Dutch: *takan

Middle Dutch: tāken
Dutch: taken
Limburgish: take

Old Norse: taka
Icelandic: taka
Faroese: taka
Norn: taka
Norwegian Nynorsk: taka, ta; (dialectal) tåkå, tå
Jamtish: ta
Elfdalian: tågå
Old Swedish: taka, tagha
Swedish: taga, ta
Old Danish: taka, taghæ
Danish: tage
Norwegian Bokmål: ta
Scanian: tâga
Old Gutnish: taka
→ Old English: tacan
Middle English: taken
English: take
Geordie English: tyek
Scots: tak, ta
Yola: taake

Gothic: 𐍄𐌴𐌺𐌰𐌽 (tēkan)

From an apparent Proto-Indo-European *deh₁g- (“to touch”), with the only formal cognate being Tocharian B täk- (“to touch, feel (with the hand); to fetch”), ceśäṃ (“touches; takes”, 3sg.pres.). Ringe suggests that either pre-Germanic or pre-Tocharian borrowed the word from the other.
Several authors have noted the similarity of this root to Proto-Indo-European *teh₂g- (“to touch, take (by the hand)”) (whence *þakkōną (“to touch lightly, tap”), Latin tangō (“I touch”), Ancient Greek τεταγών (tetagṓn, “having seized”, ptcp.)), but the two cannot be reconciled by traditional means, as the "unshifted" Germanic *t is not expected to come from PIE *t in this phonetic environment, nor should Germanic *ē (as in the Gothic descendant only) have developed from PIE *eh₂, and Tocharian short *ä cannot continue PIE *eh₂ under normal conditions. However, the stop consonant in Germanic can be explained if it developed from a cluster *dg with voicing assimilation from earlier *tg. According to the hypothesis by Mottausch, the reduplicated form *te-th₂g- (as in Latin tetigī (“have touched”), Ancient Greek τεταγών (tetagṓn)) regularly lost its laryngeal in pre-Germanic, and so the resulting *te-tg- would have required voicing assimilation to *te-dg-, which was subsequently back-formed to *de-dg- to restore the normal pattern of reduplication, resulting in the unshifted Germanic /t/. Additionally, the pre-form *deh₁g- that resulted in the long vowel in Germanic can be maintained, if it is assumed that the second stop in this pre-Germanic *dedg- underwent dissimilation to glottalic *h₁ = [ʔ]. Kroonen upholds this derivation, though he notes its great difficulties. For a partial alternative, he suggests a back-formation of *tēkaną from iterative *þakkōną (cf. his similar derivation of *slēpaną from *slapp/bōną).


rēdaną

rēdō (active first-person indicative singular)
rēdaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rēdai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rēdizi (active indicative second-person singular)
rēdaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rēd (active imperative second-person singular)
rēdazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rēdaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rēdidi (active indicative singular third-person)
rēdai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rēdadau (active imperative singular third-person)
rēdadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rēdaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rēdōz (active dual first-person indicative)
rēdaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rēdadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rēdaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rēdadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rēdamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rēdaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rēdandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rēdaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rēdid (active indicative plural second-person)
rēdaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rēdid (active imperative plural second-person)
rēdandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rēdaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rēdandi (active indicative plural third-person)
rēdain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rēdandau (active imperative plural third-person)
rēdandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rēdaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rerōd (active first-person indicative singular)
rerdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rerōst (active indicative second-person singular)
rerdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rerōd (active indicative singular third-person)
rerdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rerdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rerdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rerdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rerdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rerdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rerdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rerdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rerdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rerdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rerdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rēdandz (active participle present)
rēdanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rādan
Old English: rǣdan
Middle English: reden
English: read, rede
Scots: rede
Old Frisian: rēda
Saterland Frisian: räide
West Frisian: riede
Old Saxon: rādan
Middle Low German: râden
German Low German: raden
Low German: raden
Old Dutch: rādan
Middle Dutch: râden
Dutch: raden
Limburgish: raoje
Old High German: rātan
Middle High German: rāten
German: raten
Luxembourgish: roden
Yiddish: ראָטן (rotn)

Old Norse: ráða, ᚱᛅᚦᛅ (raþa) — infinitive, Runic form, ᚱᛅᚦᚱ (raþr) — second/third singular present indicative, Runic form, ᚱᛁᚦ (riþ), ᚱᛆᛁᚦ (raiþ) — first/third singular past indicative, Runic form, ᚱᛅᚦᛁ (raþi), ᚱᚮᚦᛁ (roþi) — third singular present subjunctive, Runic form, ᚱᛅᚦ (raþ) — second singular imperative, Runic form
Icelandic: ráða
Faroese: ráða
Norwegian Nynorsk: rå, råda
Old Swedish: rāþa
Swedish: råda
Danish: råde
Norwegian Bokmål: råde, rå

Gothic: *𐍂𐌴𐌳𐌰𐌽 (*rēdan)

/ˈrɛː.ðɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *Hréh₁dʰeti, from *Hreh₁dʰ- (“to think, arrange”).


grētaną

grētō (active first-person indicative singular)
grētaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grētai (first-person indicative passive singular)
grētizi (active indicative second-person singular)
grētaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grēt (active imperative second-person singular)
grētazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grētaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grētidi (active indicative singular third-person)
grētai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grētadau (active imperative singular third-person)
grētadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grētaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grētōz (active dual first-person indicative)
grētaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grētadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grētaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grētadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grētamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grētaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grētandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grētaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grētid (active indicative plural second-person)
grētaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grētid (active imperative plural second-person)
grētandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grētaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grētandi (active indicative plural third-person)
grētain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grētandau (active imperative plural third-person)
grētandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grētaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gegrōt (active first-person indicative singular)
gegrōtį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gegrōst (active indicative second-person singular)
gegrōtīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gegrōt (active indicative singular third-person)
gegrōtī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gegrōtū (active dual first-person indicative)
gegrōtīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gegrōtudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gegrōtīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gegrōtum (active first-person indicative plural)
gegrōtīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gegrōtud (active indicative plural second-person)
gegrōtīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gegrōtun (active indicative plural third-person)
gegrōtīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grētandz (active participle present)
grētanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *grātan
Old English: grǣtan
Middle English: greten
Scots: grete, greit
English: greet
Old Saxon: grātan
Middle Low German: gretten, grötten
Low German: graten
Old High German: grāzzan
Middle High German: grāzen; grazieren
Alemannic German: graasse
→ Old French: regrater, regreter
Middle French: regreter, regretter
French: regretter
→ Middle English: regretten
English: regret

Old Norse: gráta
Icelandic: gráta
Faroese: gráta
Norwegian: gråta
→ Norwegian Bokmål: gråte
Elfdalian: gråta
Old Swedish: grāta
Swedish: gråta
Old Danish: grǣtæ
Danish: græde
Scanian: grǽda
Gutnish: grate

Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐌴𐍄𐌰𐌽 (grētan)

/ˈɣrɛː.tɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₁d- (“to sound”).


skaiþaną

skaiþō (active first-person indicative singular)
skaiþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skaiþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skaiþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skaiþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skaiþ (active imperative second-person singular)
skaiþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skaiþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skaiþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skaiþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skaiþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skaiþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skaiþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skaiþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skaiþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skaiþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skaiþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skaiþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skaiþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skaiþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skaiþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skaiþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skaiþid (active indicative plural second-person)
skaiþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skaiþid (active imperative plural second-person)
skaiþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skaiþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skaiþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skaiþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skaiþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skaiþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skaiþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skeskaiþ (active first-person indicative singular)
skeskaidį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skeskaist (active indicative second-person singular)
skeskaidīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skeskaiþ (active indicative singular third-person)
skeskaidī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skeskaidū (active dual first-person indicative)
skeskaidīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skeskaidudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skeskaidīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skeskaidum (active first-person indicative plural)
skeskaidīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skeskaidud (active indicative plural second-person)
skeskaidīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skeskaidun (active indicative plural third-person)
skeskaidīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skaiþandz (active participle present)
skaidanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skaiþan
Old English: sċēadan, sċādan
Middle English: sheden, scheden, schoden
English: shed
Scots: sched, scheid, schade
Old Frisian: skētha
Saterland Frisian: skeede
West Frisian: skiede
Old Saxon: skēthan
Middle Low German: schêden, scheiden
German Low German: scheden
→ Swedish: skeda
Old Dutch: skeithan
Middle Dutch: scheiden
Dutch: scheiden
Afrikaans: skei
Negerhollands: skeid, skei, skee, skej
Petjo: scheien, schejen
Limburgish: sjeie
Old High German: skeidan
Middle High German: scheiden
Alemannic German: scheide
German: scheiden
Luxembourgish: scheeden

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽 (skaidan)

From Proto-Indo-European *skóyt-e-ti, the o-grade of a t-extension of *skey- (“to split, dissect”).


fanhaną

fanhō (active first-person indicative singular)
fanhaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fanhai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fanhizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fanhaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fanh (active imperative second-person singular)
fanhazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fanhaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fanhidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fanhai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fanhadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fanhadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fanhaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fanhōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fanhaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fanhadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fanhaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fanhadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fanhamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fanhaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fanhandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fanhaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fanhid (active indicative plural second-person)
fanhaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fanhid (active imperative plural second-person)
fanhandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fanhaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fanhandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fanhain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fanhandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fanhandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fanhaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fefanh (active first-person indicative singular)
fefangį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fefanht (active indicative second-person singular)
fefangīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fefanh (active indicative singular third-person)
fefangī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fefangū (active dual first-person indicative)
fefangīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fefangudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fefangīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fefangum (active first-person indicative plural)
fefangīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fefangud (active indicative plural second-person)
fefangīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fefangun (active indicative plural third-person)
fefangīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fanhandz (active participle present)
fanganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fą̄han
Old English: fōn
Middle English: fon, fangen
Scots: fang
English: fang
Old Frisian: fā
Saterland Frisian: fange
West Frisian: fange
Old Saxon: fāhan
Low German: fangen
Old Dutch: fān
Middle Dutch: vâen
Dutch: vangen
Afrikaans: vang
Berbice Creole Dutch: fanggi
Negerhollands: vang, faṅ
Skepi Creole Dutch: fank
→ Aukan: fanga
→ Sranan Tongo: fanga
→ Caribbean Javanese: fangah, mangah
Limburgish: vange
Old High German: fāhan
Middle High German: vāhen, vān
Alemannic German: faa, faahe
Bavarian: fångan, fånga
Cimbrian: vangan, bangan (Mezzaselva)
German: fangen, (obsolete) fahen
Luxembourgish: fänken

Old Norse: fá, ᚠᛅᚦᛁ (faþi), ᚠᛆᚦᛁ (faþi) — third singular past indicative
Icelandic: fá
Faroese: fáa, fá
Norwegian: få
Elfdalian: fą̊
Old Swedish: fā
Swedish: få
Old Danish: fā
Danish: få

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽 (fahan)

/ˈɸɑ̃ː.xɑ.nɑ̃/

Different origins have been proposed:
* From Proto-Indo-European *ph₂-né-ḱ- ~ *ph₂-n̥-ḱ-, nasal-infix present of the root *peh₂ḱ- (“secure, attach, strengthen”). Related to *fōgijaną.
* From Pre-Germanic *ponḱ-, apparently a univerbation of Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó + *h₂n(e)ḱ- (“to reach, attain”).


falþaną

falþō (active first-person indicative singular)
falþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
falþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
falþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
falþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
falþ (active imperative second-person singular)
falþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
falþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
falþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
falþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
falþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
falþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
falþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
falþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
falþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
falþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
falþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
falþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
falþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
falþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
falþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
falþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
falþid (active indicative plural second-person)
falþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
falþid (active imperative plural second-person)
falþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
falþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
falþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
falþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
falþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
falþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
falþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fefalþ (active first-person indicative singular)
fefaldį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fefalst (active indicative second-person singular)
fefaldīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fefalþ (active indicative singular third-person)
fefaldī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fefaldū (active dual first-person indicative)
fefaldīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fefaldudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fefaldīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fefaldum (active first-person indicative plural)
fefaldīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fefaldud (active indicative plural second-person)
fefaldīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fefaldun (active indicative plural third-person)
fefaldīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
falþandz (active participle present)
faldanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *falþan
Old English: faldan, fealdan
Middle English: falden, folden (merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic *faldōn)
Scots: fald, fauld
English: fold
Old Frisian: *falda
⇒ Saterland Frisian: foolden (past participle/adjective)
West Frisian: fâlde (merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic *faldōn)
Old Saxon: faldan
Middle Low German: valden, volden, vōlden (merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic *faldōn)
German Low German: folden, folgen, follen, folen
Plautdietsch: foljen
Old Dutch: *faldan
Middle Dutch: vouden (merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic *faldōn)
Dutch: vouwen
Afrikaans: vou
Old High German: faldan, faltan — less common
Middle High German: valden, valten (merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic *faldōn)
German: falten
Luxembourgish: falen

Old Norse: falda

Old Swedish: falda

Swedish: fålla

Danish: folde

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌰𐌽 (falþan)

→ Galician: faldra

→ Portuguese: fralda, falda

→ Spanish: falda

/ˈɸɑl.θɑ.nɑ̃/

From pre-Germanic *polt-, with suffixal *-t-, from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“to fold”).

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


aukaną

aukō (active first-person indicative singular)
aukaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aukai (first-person indicative passive singular)
aukizi (active indicative second-person singular)
aukaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
auk (active imperative second-person singular)
aukazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
aukaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
aukidi (active indicative singular third-person)
aukai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aukadau (active imperative singular third-person)
aukadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
aukaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
aukōz (active dual first-person indicative)
aukaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aukadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aukaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aukadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
aukamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
aukaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aukandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
aukaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
aukid (active indicative plural second-person)
aukaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aukid (active imperative plural second-person)
aukandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
aukaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
aukandi (active indicative plural third-person)
aukain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aukandau (active imperative plural third-person)
aukandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
aukaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
eauk (active first-person indicative singular)
eaukį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
eauht (active indicative second-person singular)
eaukīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
eauk (active indicative singular third-person)
eaukī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
eaukū (active dual first-person indicative)
eaukīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
eaukudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
eaukīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
eaukum (active first-person indicative plural)
eaukīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
eaukud (active indicative plural second-person)
eaukīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
eaukun (active indicative plural third-person)
eaukīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aukandz (active participle present)
aukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *aukan
Old English: ēacan
Middle English: eken
Scots: eik
English: eke
Old Frisian: āka
Old Saxon: ōkan
Old Saxon: ôken
Old Dutch: *ōkan
Middle Dutch: ôken
Dutch: oken
Old High German: ouhhan, ouchan (in derivatives)

Old Norse: auka
Icelandic: auka
Faroese: eyka
Norwegian Nynorsk: auka
→ Norwegian Bokmål: auke
Old Swedish: ø̄ka
Swedish: öka
Old Danish: økæ
Danish: øge
Norwegian Bokmål: øke
→ Faroese: økja
Scanian: øga
Old Gutnish: auka
Gutnish: aukä

Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (aukan)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwg-e-ti, from *h₂ewg- (“to increase”). Cognate with Latin augeō (“I augment”).


swarjaną

swarjō (active first-person indicative singular)
swarjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swarjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swarisi (active indicative second-person singular)
swarjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swari (active imperative second-person singular)
swarjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swarjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swariþi (active indicative singular third-person)
swarjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swarjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
swarjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swarjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swarjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
swarjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swarjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swarjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swarjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swarjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swarjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swarjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swarjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swariþ (active indicative plural second-person)
swarjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swariþ (active imperative plural second-person)
swarjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swarjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swarjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
swarjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swarjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
swarjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swarjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swōr (active first-person indicative singular)
swōrį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swōrt (active indicative second-person singular)
swōrīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swōr (active indicative singular third-person)
swōrī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swōrū (active dual first-person indicative)
swōrīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swōrudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swōrīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swōrum (active first-person indicative plural)
swōrīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swōrud (active indicative plural second-person)
swōrīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swōrun (active indicative plural third-person)
swōrīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swarjandz (active participle present)
swuranaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *swarjan
Old English: swerian, swarian
Middle English: swerien, sweren
English: swear
Scots: swer, swere, sweir
Old Frisian: swera, swara
Saterland Frisian: swere
West Frisian: swarre
Old Saxon: swerian
Middle Low German: sweren
Low German: swören, sweren
Old Dutch: sweren, *swerien
Middle Dutch: swēren, swerren
Dutch: zweren
Afrikaans: sweer
Negerhollands: sweer
Limburgish: zwaere
Old High German: sweren, swerien, swerren
Middle High German: swern
Alemannic German: schwere
German: schwören
Luxembourgish: schwieren

Old Norse: sverja
Icelandic: sverja
Faroese: svørja
Norwegian Nynorsk: sverja
Elfdalian: swera
Old Swedish: sværia
Swedish: svära, svärja, ſwaͤrja
Scanian: sværa
Old Danish: swæriæ, swæræ
Danish: sværge
Norwegian Bokmål: sverge
Gutnish: sväre

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 (swaran)

From Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to resound loudly, swear”).


bīdaną

bīdō (active first-person indicative singular)
bīdaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bīdai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bīdizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bīdaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bīd (active imperative second-person singular)
bīdazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bīdaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bīdidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bīdai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bīdadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bīdadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bīdaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bīdōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bīdaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bīdadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bīdaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bīdadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bīdamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bīdaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bīdandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bīdaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bīdid (active indicative plural second-person)
bīdaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bīdid (active imperative plural second-person)
bīdandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bīdaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bīdandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bīdain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bīdandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bīdandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bīdaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
baid (active first-person indicative singular)
bidį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
baist (active indicative second-person singular)
bidīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baid (active indicative singular third-person)
bidī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bidū (active dual first-person indicative)
bidīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bidudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bidīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bidum (active first-person indicative plural)
bidīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bidud (active indicative plural second-person)
bidīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bidun (active indicative plural third-person)
bidīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bīdandz (active participle present)
bidanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bīdan
Old English: bīdan
Middle English: biden
English: bide
Scots: byde, bide
Old Frisian: *bīda
North Frisian: bida
Old Saxon: bīdan
Middle Low German: bîden
Low German: bieden
Old Dutch: bīdan
Middle Dutch: biden
Dutch: beiden (obsolete)
Old High German: bītan, pītan
Middle High German: bīten
Alemannic German: beite
Cimbrian: paiten
German: beiten (dialectal)

Old Norse: bíða
Icelandic: bíða
Faroese: bíða
Norwegian Bokmål: bie, bissens
Norwegian Nynorsk: bie bia, bide, bida
Elfdalian: baiða
Old Swedish: bīþa
Swedish: bida
Old Danish: bīthæ
Danish: bie
Scanian: bíða
Gutnish: bide

Gothic: 𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽 (beidan)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰéydʰeti, from *bʰeydʰ- (“to trust”).


werþaną

werþō (active first-person indicative singular)
werþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
werþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wirþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
werþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
werþ (active imperative second-person singular)
werþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
werþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wirþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
werþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
werþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
werþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
werþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
werþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
werþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
werþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
werþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
werþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
werþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
werþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
werþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
werþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wirþid (active indicative plural second-person)
werþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wirþid (active imperative plural second-person)
werþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
werþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
werþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
werþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
werþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
werþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
werþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
warþ (active first-person indicative singular)
wurdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
warst (active indicative second-person singular)
wurdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
warþ (active indicative singular third-person)
wurdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wurdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wurdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wurdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wurdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wurdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wurdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wurdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wurdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wurdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wurdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
werþandz (active participle present)
wurdanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *werþan
Old English: weorþan, wearþan — Anglian, weorðan — edh spelling, wurþan — Late West Saxon
Middle English: werthen
Scots: worth (dated)
English: worth, word (dialectal)
Old Frisian: wertha
North Frisian:
Mooring: wårde
Föhr-Amrum: wurd
Saterland Frisian: wäide
West Frisian: wurde
Old Saxon: werthan
Middle Low German: warden
Low German: werden, worden, warden, warrn, worrn
German Low German: werden, worden
Old Dutch: werthan
Middle Dutch: werden
Dutch: worden
Afrikaans: word
Negerhollands: word
Petjo: worden
Limburgish: waere
Old High German: werdan, ƿerdan — Manuscript spelling
Middle High German: werden
Alemannic German: wërde
Swabian: werra
Central Franconian: wääde, wääre (Moselle Franconian, but in limited use)
German: werden
Luxembourgish: wäerten
Pennsylvania German: waerre
Yiddish: ווערן (vern)

Old Norse: verða
Icelandic: verða
Faroese: verða
Norwegian Bokmål: vart (past tense of bli, 1938-2005)
Norwegian Nynorsk: verta, verte
Elfdalian: werda
Old Swedish: værþa, varþa
Swedish: varda
Old Danish: warthæ
Danish: vorde (archaic)
→ Norwegian Bokmål: vorde (archaic)
Old Gutnish: warþa

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌽 (wairþan)

From Proto-Indo-European *wértti, from *wert- (“to turn”), with semantic shift "to turn" > "to become (turn into)".

(intransitive) to come to be, to come into existence

(auxiliary) used to form the passive voice, together with a past participle


līhwaną

līhwō (active first-person indicative singular)
līhwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
līhwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
līhwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
līhwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
līhw (active imperative second-person singular)
līhwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
līhwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
līhwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
līhwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
līhwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
līhwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
līhwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
līhwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
līhwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
līhwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
līhwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
līhwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
līhwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
līhwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
līhwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
līhwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
līhwid (active indicative plural second-person)
līhwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
līhwid (active imperative plural second-person)
līhwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
līhwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
līhwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
līhwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
līhwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
līhwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
līhwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laihw (active first-person indicative singular)
liwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laiht (active indicative second-person singular)
liwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laihw (active indicative singular third-person)
liwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ligū (active dual first-person indicative)
liwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ligudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
liwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ligum (active first-person indicative plural)
liwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ligud (active indicative plural second-person)
liwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ligun (active indicative plural third-person)
liwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
līhwandz (active participle present)
liwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *līhwan
Old English: lēon
Old Frisian: līa
Old Saxon: līhan
Old Dutch: līan
Middle Dutch: liën
Old High German: līhan
Middle High German: līhen
German: leihen
Yiddish: לײַען (layen)

Old Norse: léa, ljá

Icelandic: ljá

Faroese: líggja

Old Swedish: lǣa

Gothic: 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽 (leiƕan)
→ Proto-Slavic: *lixva (via a noun *𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍈𐌰 (*leiƕa))
Old Church Slavonic: лихва (lixva)

From Proto-Indo-European *léykʷt, from *leykʷ- (“to leave behind”).


dōmijaną

dōmijō (active first-person indicative singular)
dōmijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dōmijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dōmīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
dōmijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dōmī (active imperative second-person singular)
dōmijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dōmijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dōmīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dōmijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dōmijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dōmijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dōmijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dōmijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dōmijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dōmijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dōmijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dōmijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dōmijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dōmijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dōmijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dōmijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dōmīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dōmijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dōmīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dōmijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dōmijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dōmijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dōmijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dōmijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dōmijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dōmijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dōmidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dōmidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dōmidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dōmidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dōmidē (active indicative singular third-person)
dōmidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dōmidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dōmidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dōmidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dōmidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dōmidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dōmidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dōmidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dōmidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dōmidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dōmidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dōmijandz (active participle present)
dōmidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *dōmijan
Old English: dēman, dœ̄man — Anglian
Middle English: demen
English: deem
Scots: deme
Old Frisian: dēma
North Frisian: dema
Old Saxon: dōmian
Middle Low German: dōmen
Old Dutch: duomen
Middle Dutch: doemen
Dutch: doemen
Old High German: tuomjan, tuommen, tuomen
Middle High German: tüemen

Old Norse: dǿma, dœma, dæma
Icelandic: dæma
Faroese: døma
Norwegian Nynorsk: døma
Elfdalian: dyöma
Old Swedish: dø̄ma
Swedish: döma
Old Danish: dømæ
Danish: dømme
Norwegian Bokmål: dømme
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dømma
Old Gutnish: dyma

Gothic: 𐌳𐍉𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (dōmjan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *toomit'ak (see there for further descendants)


salbōną

salbō (active first-person indicative singular)
salbǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
salbōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
salbōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
salbōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
salbō (active imperative second-person singular)
salbōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
salbōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
salbōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
salbō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
salbōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
salbōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
salbōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
salbōs (active dual first-person indicative)
salbōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
salbōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
salbōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
salbōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
salbōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
salbōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
salbōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
salbōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
salbōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
salbōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
salbōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
salbōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
salbōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
salbōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
salbōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
salbōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
salbōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
salbōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
salbōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
salbōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
salbōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
salbōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
salbōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
salbōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
salbōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
salbōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
salbōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
salbōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
salbōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
salbōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
salbōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
salbōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
salbōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
salbōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
salbōndz (active participle present)
salbōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *salbōn
Old English: sealfian
Middle English: salven, salf, salfe, salve, salvyn, sallfenn (Ormulum)
English: salve
Old Frisian: salwia
Old Saxon: salbon
Old Dutch: salvon
Middle Dutch: salven
Old High German: salbon
Middle High German: salben
German: salben
Luxembourgish: sallefen, salewen

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍉𐌽 (salbōn)

/ˈsɑl.βɔː.nɑ̃/

From *salbō (“salve, ointment”) + *-ōną.


stelaną

stelō (active first-person indicative singular)
stelaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stelai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stilizi (active indicative second-person singular)
stelaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stel (active imperative second-person singular)
stelazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stelaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stilidi (active indicative singular third-person)
stelai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
steladau (active imperative singular third-person)
steladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stelaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stelōz (active dual first-person indicative)
stelaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
steladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stelaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
steladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stelamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stelaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stelandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stelaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stilid (active indicative plural second-person)
stelaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stilid (active imperative plural second-person)
stelandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stelaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stelandi (active indicative plural third-person)
stelain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stelandau (active imperative plural third-person)
stelandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stelaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stal (active first-person indicative singular)
stēlį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stalt (active indicative second-person singular)
stēlīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stal (active indicative singular third-person)
stēlī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stēlū (active dual first-person indicative)
stēlīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stēludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stēlīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stēlum (active first-person indicative plural)
stēlīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stēlud (active indicative plural second-person)
stēlīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stēlun (active indicative plural third-person)
stēlīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stelandz (active participle present)
stulanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *stelan
Old English: stelan
Middle English: stelen
English: steal
Old Frisian: stela
West Frisian: stelle
Old Saxon: stelan
Middle Low German: stēlen
Low German: stehlen
Old Dutch: *stelan
Middle Dutch: stēlen
Dutch: stelen
Afrikaans: steel
Limburgish: staele
Old High German: stelan
Middle High German: stelen, steln
Bavarian: stäihn, stöhln, stöhn
German: stehlen
→ Esperanto: ŝteli
Luxembourgish: stielen

Old Norse: stela, stjala
Icelandic: stela
Faroese: stjala
Norwegian Nynorsk: stela, stele
Jamtish: stjæła
Elfdalian: stjälå
Old Swedish: stiæla, stæla, stiala
Swedish: stjäla
Old Danish: stælæ, stialæ, stiælæ
Danish: stjæle
Norwegian Bokmål: stjele
Scanian: stjæla
Gutnish: stjäle

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽 (stilan)

Vandalic: *stel-

According to Kroonen & Lubotsky (2009), from Proto-Indo-European *tsel- (“to sneak”) (compare e.g. Sanskrit त्सर् (tsar), Shughni сӗрт (“to steal, sneak”), Old Armenian սողիմ (sołim, “to creep, to steal”)). The supposed metathesis *ts > *st has no exact parallels, but a similar development appears in *spenô (“nipple”), from Proto-Indo-European *pstḗn (“breast”). Numerous other etymologies with semantic or phonetic difficulties have been earlier proposed as well.


þankōną

þankō (active first-person indicative singular)
þankǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þankōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
þankōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
þankōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þankō (active imperative second-person singular)
þankōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þankōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þankōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þankō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þankōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þankōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þankōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þankōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þankōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þankōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þankōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þankōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þankōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þankōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þankōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þankōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þankōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þankōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þankōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þankōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þankōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þankōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þankōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þankōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þankōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þankōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þankōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þankōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þankōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þankōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þankōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
þankōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þankōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þankōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þankōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þankōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þankōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þankōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þankōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þankōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þankōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þankōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þankōndz (active participle present)
þankōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þankōn
Old English: þancian, þoncian
Middle English: thanken, thonken
English: thank
Scots: thank, thonk
Old Frisian: thankia, thonkia
Saterland Frisian: tonkje
West Frisian: taensjen, tankje, tanke
Old Saxon: thankōn, thancōn
Middle Low German: danken
Low German: danken
Old Dutch: thancon
Middle Dutch: danken
Dutch: danken
Afrikaans: dank
Limburgish: danke
Old High German: dankōn, thankōn — Upper Franconian
Middle High German: danken
Cimbrian: dånkan
German: danken
Luxembourgish: danken
Yiddish: דאַנקען (danken)
→⇒ Czech: děkovat
→⇒ Old Polish: dziękować
Polish: dziękować, dziekować (Middle Polish)
→ Kashubian: dzãkòwac
Silesian: dziynkować
→ Old Ruthenian: дѧ́ковати (djákovati), дєковати (djekovati), дѧкувати (djakuvati), дѧковать (djakovatʹ), дїѧковати (dijakovati), дъѧковати (dʺjakovati)
Belarusian: дзя́каваць (dzjákavacʹ)
Carpathian Rusyn: дя́ковати (djákovaty)
Ukrainian: дя́кувати (djákuvaty), дя́чувати (djáčuvaty); дє́кувати (djékuvaty) (dialectal)
→ Russian: дя́кувать (djákuvatʹ), дя́кать (djákatʹ) (dialectal)
→⇒ Russian: дя́ковать (djákovatʹ)
→⇒ Slovak: ďakovať
→⇒ Sorbian:
Lower Sorbian: źěkowaś
Upper Sorbian: dźakować
→⇒ Lithuanian: dėkoti

Old Norse: þakka
Icelandic: þakka
Faroese: takka
Norwegian Nynorsk: takka
Norwegian Bokmål: takke
Old Swedish: þakka
Swedish: tacka
Danish: takke
→ Inari Sami: takkâ

/ˈθɑŋ.kɔː.nɑ̃/


gebaną

gebō (active first-person indicative singular)
gebaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gebai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gibizi (active indicative second-person singular)
gebaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
geb (active imperative second-person singular)
gebazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gebaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gibidi (active indicative singular third-person)
gebai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gebadau (active imperative singular third-person)
gebadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gebaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gebōz (active dual first-person indicative)
gebaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gebadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gebaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gebadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gebamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gebaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gebandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gebaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gibid (active indicative plural second-person)
gebaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gibid (active imperative plural second-person)
gebandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gebaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gebandi (active indicative plural third-person)
gebain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gebandau (active imperative plural third-person)
gebandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gebaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gab (active first-person indicative singular)
gēbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaft (active indicative second-person singular)
gēbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gab (active indicative singular third-person)
gēbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gēbū (active dual first-person indicative)
gēbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gēbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gēbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gēbum (active first-person indicative plural)
gēbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gēbud (active indicative plural second-person)
gēbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gēbun (active indicative plural third-person)
gēbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gebandz (active participle present)
gebanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *geban
Old English: ġiefan, ġifan — West Saxon, ġyfan — Late West Saxon, ġefan, ġeofan, ġiofan — Anglian, Kentish
Middle English: yiven, ȝeven, ȝiven, yeven
English: yive, yeve
Yola: yie, ye, yive
⇒ Middle English: given, gifen, geven
English: give
Scots: gie, geve, gewe, gif, gyf, gefe
Yola: gee
 (influenced by Old Norse gefa)
Old Frisian: jeva
North Frisian: jiw
Föhr-Amrum: jiiw
Mooring: jeewe
West Frisian: jaan
Old Saxon: gevan, geƀan
Middle Low German: geven
Low German: geven, gewen, giäwen, giewen
Old Dutch: gevan
Middle Dutch: gēven
Dutch: geven
Afrikaans: gee
Javindo: heef
Jersey Dutch: xêve
Negerhollands: gie, gi, giev, gief
Skepi Creole Dutch: gef
Limburgish: gaeve
Old High German: geban, (chiefly Bavarian) keban, kepan, (Central Franconian) gevan
Middle High German: gëben, (contracted) gēn, (Bavarian seldom) këben, (Central Franconian) gëven
Alemannic German: gë, gua, gää, gea
Bavarian: gebn
Cimbrian: gem, ghèban (Sette Comuni)
Central Franconian: jevve, jenn, gewe, gewwe, genn
Hunsrik: gewe
Luxembourgish: ginn
East Franconian: geb, gebe, gewe
German: geben
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: gewwe
Vilamovian: gaon, gann
Yiddish: געבן (gebn)

desc

Proto-Norse: ᚷᛁᛒᚢ (gibu, 1sg.pres.ind.), ᚷᛡᚠ (gᴀf, 1/3sg.past.ind.)

desctree

Old Norse: gefa, ᚴᛅᚠ (kaf) — first/third singular past indicative, Runic form, ᚴᛅᚠᚢ (kafu) — third plural past indicative, Runic form
Icelandic: gefa
Faroese: geva
Norwegian Nynorsk: gjeva, gjeve, gje; (dialectal) giva, gjåvå
Elfdalian: djävå
Old Swedish: giva, gæva, giffua, giffwa
Swedish: giva
Danish: give
Norwegian Bokmål: gi; (obsolete) give
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: gi
Scanian: gi
Hallandian: ge
Gutnish: giva, gi
→ Middle English: given (influenced by native Old English ġiefan)
Scots: gie, geve, gewe, gif, gyf, gefe
English: give

Gothic: 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (giban)

/ˈɣe.βɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰebʰ-e-ti, from *gʰebʰ- (“to give, move”) (traditionally *gʰabʰ-). Cognate with Latvian gãbtiês (“to snatch, grab, seize”), Lithuanian góbti (id.), Proto-Slavic *gabati (“to seize, take”) and Sanskrit गभस्ति (gábhasti, “arm, hand”).
However, some Leiden scholars reject the existence of *gʰebʰ- without a laryngeal, reconstructing it as *gʰeHbʰ-, and therefore reject the appurtenance of Germanic *geb-. Kortlandt proposes to connect Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep- (“to seize”) and assumes it was prefixed in Proto-Germanic with *ga-; this is supported by Kroonen.


snīwaną

snīwō (active first-person indicative singular)
snīwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snīwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
snīwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
snīwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snīw (active imperative second-person singular)
snīwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
snīwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
snīwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
snīwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snīwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
snīwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
snīwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
snīwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
snīwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snīwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snīwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snīwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
snīwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
snīwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snīwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
snīwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
snīwid (active indicative plural second-person)
snīwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snīwid (active imperative plural second-person)
snīwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
snīwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
snīwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
snīwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snīwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
snīwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
snīwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
snaiw (active first-person indicative singular)
sniwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snaiwt (active indicative second-person singular)
sniwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snaiw (active indicative singular third-person)
sniwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sniwū (active dual first-person indicative)
sniwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sniwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sniwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sniwum (active first-person indicative plural)
sniwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sniwud (active indicative plural second-person)
sniwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sniwun (active indicative plural third-person)
sniwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snīwandz (active participle present)
sniwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *snīwan
Old English: snīwan
Middle English: snewen, sneuwen, snew, snewe, sniwe
English: snew
Old Frisian: *snīa
West Frisian: snije
Old Saxon: *snīwan
Middle Low German: snîen
Low German: snien
Plautdietsch: schnieen
Old Dutch: *snīwan
Middle Dutch: snuwen
Dutch: snuwen
Limburgish: snieë, snieëje
Old High German: snīwan
Middle High German: snīen, snīwen
Bavarian: schneibn
Cimbrian: snaiban, snaim (Luserna)
German: schneien
Luxembourgish: schneien
Yiddish: שנייען (shneyen)

Old Norse: snjóva, snæva, snjáva
Icelandic: snjóa
Norwegian Nynorsk: snø, snøa, snjova
Norwegian: snya, snjóge (dialectal)
Norwegian Bokmål: snø
Swedish: snö
Danish: sne

From Proto-Indo-European *sneygʷʰ- (“to snow”).


weganą

wegō (active first-person indicative singular)
wegaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wegai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wigizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wegaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
weg (active imperative second-person singular)
wegazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wegaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wigidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wegai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wegadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wegadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wegaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wegōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wegaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wegadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wegaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wegadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wegamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wegaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wegandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wegaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wigid (active indicative plural second-person)
wegaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wigid (active imperative plural second-person)
wegandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wegaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wegandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wegain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wegandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wegandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wegaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wag (active first-person indicative singular)
wēgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waht (active indicative second-person singular)
wēgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wag (active indicative singular third-person)
wēgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wēgū (active dual first-person indicative)
wēgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wēgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wēgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wēgum (active first-person indicative plural)
wēgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wēgud (active indicative plural second-person)
wēgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wēgun (active indicative plural third-person)
wēgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wegandz (active participle present)
weganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wegan
Old English: wegan
Middle English: weien, weȝen, weghen
English: weigh
Scots: wey, wee
Old Frisian: wega, waga
Saterland Frisian: weege
West Frisian: weage, wage
Old Saxon: wegan
Middle Low German: wegen, wēgen, weigen
German Low German: wegen
Old Dutch: *wegan
Middle Dutch: wēgen
Dutch: wegen (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: waege
Old High German: wegan
Middle High German: wegen; wigen (north-western, from present singular)
Alemannic German: weigge
Cimbrian: béegan
German: wiegen, wägen
Luxembourgish: weien

Old Norse: vega
Icelandic: vega
Faroese: viga
Norwegian Nynorsk: vega; (dialectal) vågå, vaga
>? Russenorsk: vegom
Old Swedish: vægha
Swedish: väga
Old Danish: wæghæ
Danish: veje
Norwegian Bokmål: veie

Gothic: *𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (*wigan) (attested in prefixed variant 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (gawigan))

From Proto-Indo-European *wéǵʰeti, from *weǵʰ- (“to convey, transport”).


þewāną

þewō (active first-person indicative singular)
þewaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
þewai (active imperative second-person singular)
þewāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þewaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þewāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þewāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þewōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þewāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þewāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þewāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þewānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þewaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þewaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þewānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þewānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þewānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þewānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þewadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þewadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þewadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þewadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þewadē (active indicative singular third-person)
þewadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þewadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þewadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þewadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þewadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þewadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þewadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þewadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þewadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þewadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þewadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þewāndz (active participle present)
þewadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þewēn
Old English: þeowian
Old High German: dewēn

Old Norse: þéa, þjá

Icelandic: þjá

Norwegian Nynorsk: tjå

Gothic: *𐌸𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽 (*þiwan) (𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌸𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽 (anaþiwan), 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽 (gaþiwan))

From *þewaz (“servile, slavish”) + *-āną or *þewaz (“slave”) + *-āną.


metaną

metō (active first-person indicative singular)
metaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
metai (first-person indicative passive singular)
mitizi (active indicative second-person singular)
metaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
met (active imperative second-person singular)
metazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
metaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mitidi (active indicative singular third-person)
metai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
metadau (active imperative singular third-person)
metadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
metaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
metōz (active dual first-person indicative)
metaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
metadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
metaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
metadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
metamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
metaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
metandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
metaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mitid (active indicative plural second-person)
metaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mitid (active imperative plural second-person)
metandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
metaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
metandi (active indicative plural third-person)
metain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
metandau (active imperative plural third-person)
metandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
metaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mat (active first-person indicative singular)
mētį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mast (active indicative second-person singular)
mētīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mat (active indicative singular third-person)
mētī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mētū (active dual first-person indicative)
mētīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mētudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mētīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mētum (active first-person indicative plural)
mētīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mētud (active indicative plural second-person)
mētīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mētun (active indicative plural third-person)
mētīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
metandz (active participle present)
metanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *metan
Old English: metan
Middle English: meten
Scots: mete, meit
English: mete
Old Frisian: meta
Saterland Frisian: meete
West Frisian: mjitte (>ôfmjitte)
Old Saxon: metan
Middle Low German: meten
Low German: meten
Old Dutch: metan
Middle Dutch: meten
Dutch: meten
Limburgish: maete
Old High German: mezzan
Middle High German: mezzen
German: messen
Luxembourgish: miessen
Yiddish: מעסטן (mestn)

Old Norse: meta

Icelandic: meta

Faroese: meta

Norwegian: meta

Old Swedish: mæta, miæta

Swedish: mäta

Old Danish: mætæ

Danish: måde, (merged with måle)

Scanian: meda, máda, máttas

Elfdalian: mät åv ?

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (mitan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *mët'ëldak (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to measure”).


miskijaną

miskijō (active first-person indicative singular)
miskijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
miskijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
miskīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
miskijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
miskī (active imperative second-person singular)
miskijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
miskijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
miskīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
miskijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
miskijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
miskijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
miskijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
miskijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
miskijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
miskijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
miskijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
miskijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
miskijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
miskijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
miskijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
miskijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
miskīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
miskijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
miskīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
miskijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
miskijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
miskijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
miskijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
miskijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
miskijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
miskijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
miskidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
miskidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
miskidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
miskidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
miskidē (active indicative singular third-person)
miskidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
miskidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
miskidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
miskidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
miskidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
miskidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
miskidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
miskidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
miskidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
miskidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
miskidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
miskijandz (active participle present)
miskidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *miskijan, *miskōn

Old English: *mixian, miscian

Middle English: mixen (attested in myxyd (past participle))

Scots: mix

English: mix

→ Esperanto: miksi

→ Dutch: mixen

→ German: mixen

Old Frisian: *miskia

Saterland Frisian: miskje

West Frisian: mjuksje

Old Saxon: *misken, *miskōn

Middle Low German: mischen, meschen

German Low German: mischen, misken

Frankish: *misken, *miscen; *misklōn; *misklinga

desctree

Old Dutch: misken
Middle Dutch: mischen, misschen
Dutch: (obsolete) misschen, (dialectal) missen, miesjen, meisjen
Limburgish: miesje
⇒ Middle Dutch: misschelen
Dutch: (obsolete) misschelen, misselen

→⇒ Old French: meslinges, meslance (likely, due to the fossilised germanic suffix appended to this word)

Middle French: meslange, mélange

French: mélange; mélanger

desc

Old High German: miskian, misgēn, miskēn; miscilōn, miskilōn, miskelōn

Middle High German: mischen

German: mischen

Luxembourgish: mëschen

From earlier *mihsk-, from Proto-Indo-European *miḱ-sḱé- (*sḱé- inchoative present) (whence Latin misceō (“mix”), Ancient Greek μίσγω (mísgō, “mix”)), from *meyǵ-, *meyḱ- (“to mix, knead”). Cognate with *maiskaz, *maiskō (“mixture”), Old Irish mescaid (“mix”), Sanskrit मेक्षयति (mekṣáyati, “to mingle, mix”).


hrainisōną

hrainisō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrainisǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrainisōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrainisōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrainisōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrainisō (active imperative second-person singular)
hrainisōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrainisōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrainisōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrainisō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrainisōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrainisōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrainisōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrainisōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hrainisōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrainisōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrainisōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrainisōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrainisōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrainisōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrainisōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrainisōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrainisōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hrainisōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrainisōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hrainisōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrainisōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrainisōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrainisōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrainisōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrainisōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrainisōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hrainisōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hrainisōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrainisōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hrainisōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrainisōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hrainisōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrainisōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hrainisōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrainisōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrainisōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrainisōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hrainisōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrainisōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hrainisōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrainisōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hrainisōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrainisōndz (active participle present)
hrainisōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrainisōn
Old High German: reinisōn
→ Old French: rincer (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hreinsa

Icelandic: hreinsa

Faroese: reinsa

Norwegian Bokmål: rense

Norwegian Nynorsk: reinse, reinsa

Old Swedish: rēnsa

Swedish: rensa

Old Danish: rēnsæ

Danish: rense

Elfdalian: rįesa

Gutnish: rense

Scanian: rénsa

From *hrainiz (“clean, pure”) + *-isōną.