skeutaną

skeutō (active first-person indicative singular)
skeutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skeutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skiutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skeutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skeut (active imperative second-person singular)
skeutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skeutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skiutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skeutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skeutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skeutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skeutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skeutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skeutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skeutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skeutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skeutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skeutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skeutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skeutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skeutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skiutid (active indicative plural second-person)
skeutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skiutid (active imperative plural second-person)
skeutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skeutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skeutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skeutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skeutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skeutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skeutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skaut (active first-person indicative singular)
skutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skaust (active indicative second-person singular)
skutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skaut (active indicative singular third-person)
skutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skutū (active dual first-person indicative)
skutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skutum (active first-person indicative plural)
skutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skutud (active indicative plural second-person)
skutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skutun (active indicative plural third-person)
skutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skeutandz (active participle present)
skutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skeutan
Old English: sċēotan
Middle English: shoten, shuten, sheten
English: shoot, skeet
Scots: schute, schuit, schote, schoot, schete
Old Frisian: skiata
West Frisian: sjitte
Old Saxon: skiotan
Middle Low German: scheten
Low German: scheten
Old Dutch: skietan
Middle Dutch: schieten
Dutch: schieten
Afrikaans: skiet
Berbice Creole Dutch: skiti
Jersey Dutch: sxjite
Negerhollands: skud, skit, skiet
→ Indonesian: sekip
→ Papiamentu: skit
Limburgish: sjete
Old High German: skioȥan, scioȥan, skioȥȥan, scioȥȥan — early
Middle High German: schieȥen
Alemannic German: schieße
Bavarian: schiaßn
Central Franconian: schieße, scheeße (Ripuarian, northern Moselle Franconian)
German: schießen
Hunsrik: schiese
Luxembourgish: schéissen
Vilamovian: śisa
Yiddish: שיסן (shisn)

Old Norse: skjóta
Icelandic: skjóta
Faroese: skjóta
Norwegian Nynorsk: skjota, skyta
Jamtish: skjǿte
Elfdalian: stjuota
Old Swedish: skiūta
Swedish: skjuta
Old Danish: skiūtæ
Danish: skyde
→ Norwegian Bokmål: skyte
Scanian: skjúda, skúda
Old Gutnish: skiauta
Gutnish: skjaute, skiauta

Crimean Gothic: schieten

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewd- (“to advance, propel”), and compared with Albanian hedh (“to throw”). However, Kroonen prefers to take the word as a back-formation from the iterative verb *skuttōną (“to shoot”) (whence Old Norse skotra (“to shove, push”), Icelandic skota (“idem”)), which he derives from a Proto-Indo-European *sket- (“to drive forward”), and connects with Lithuanian skàsti (“to jump, hop”), Latin scatō (“to gush forth, swarm”).


krītaną

krītō (active first-person indicative singular)
krītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
krītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
krītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
krītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
krīt (active imperative second-person singular)
krītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
krītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
krītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
krītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
krītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
krītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
krītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
krītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
krītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
krītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
krītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
krītid (active indicative plural second-person)
krītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krītid (active imperative plural second-person)
krītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
krītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
krītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
krītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
krītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
krītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
krait (active first-person indicative singular)
kritį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kraist (active indicative second-person singular)
kritīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
krait (active indicative singular third-person)
kritī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kritū (active dual first-person indicative)
kritīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kritudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kritīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kritum (active first-person indicative plural)
kritīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kritud (active indicative plural second-person)
kritīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kritun (active indicative plural third-person)
kritīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krītandz (active participle present)
kritanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *krītan
Old Frisian: *krīta
Saterland Frisian: kriete
West Frisian: krite
Old Saxon: *krītan
Middle Low German: krîten
Low German: krieten
Old Dutch: *crītan
Middle Dutch: criten
Dutch: krijten
Afrikaans: kryt
Old High German: *krīzan
Middle High German: krīzen
German: kreißen

>? Crimean Gothic: eriten (possible writo for criten)

From Proto-Indo-European *greyd-, *grey- (“to shout”), which appears to be connected to *gerh₂- (“to cry hoarsely; crane”); the assignment of this reconstruction to the level of Proto-Germanic rests on the Crimean Gothic hapax eriten (taken to be a misspelling of *criten or the like). Cognate with Lithuanian gùrti (“to sound soundly”), Middle Irish grith (“a cry”), Welsh gryd (“a scream”), Latin gingriō (“cackle; squawk; quack”, verb). Thought by some to be the origin of Vulgar Latin *crītāre.


wirkijaną

wirkijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wirkijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wirkijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wirkīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wirkijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wirkī (active imperative second-person singular)
wirkijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wirkijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wirkīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wirkijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wirkijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wirkijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wirkijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wirkijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wirkijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wirkijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wirkijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wirkijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wirkijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wirkijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wirkijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wirkijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wirkīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wirkijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wirkīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wirkijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wirkijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wirkijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wirkijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wirkijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wirkijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wirkijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wirkidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wirkidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wirkidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wirkidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wirkidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wirkidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wirkidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wirkidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wirkidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wirkidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wirkidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wirkidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wirkidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wirkidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wirkidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wirkidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wirkijandz (active participle present)
wirkidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wirkijan
Old English: wyrċan, wyrċean, wirċean, wirċan
Middle English: werchen, wirchen, werken
English: work, wrought (from past participle worhte)
Scots: wark, wirk
Old Frisian: wirka, wirza, werka
West Frisian: wurkje
Old Saxon: wirkian
Middle Low German: werken
German Low German: warken, werken
Old Dutch: wirken
Middle Dutch: werken
Dutch: werken
Afrikaans: werk
Limburgish: wèrke
Old High German: wirken, wirchen
Middle High German: wirken
German: wirken
Luxembourgish: wierken

Old Norse: virkja

Icelandic: virkja

Faroese: virkja, virka

Norwegian: virke

Swedish: virka

Danish: virke

→ Icelandic: virka


kalzōną

kalzō (active first-person indicative singular)
kalzǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kalzōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
kalzōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kalzōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kalzō (active imperative second-person singular)
kalzōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kalzōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kalzōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kalzō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kalzōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kalzōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kalzōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kalzōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kalzōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kalzōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kalzōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kalzōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kalzōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kalzōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kalzōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kalzōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kalzōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kalzōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kalzōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kalzōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kalzōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kalzōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kalzōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kalzōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kalzōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kalzōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kalzōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kalzōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kalzōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kalzōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kalzōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
kalzōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kalzōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kalzōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kalzōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kalzōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kalzōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kalzōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kalzōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kalzōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kalzōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kalzōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kalzōndz (active participle present)
kalzōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kalʀōn

Old English: ceallian

Middle English: callen, kallen

Scots: call, caw

English: call

⇒ Old Frisian: kaltia

>? Old Frisian: kella

Old Saxon: *kallōn

Middle Low German: kallen

Low German: kallen

Old Dutch: *kallon

Middle Dutch: callen

Dutch: kallen

Limburgish: kalle

Old High German: kallōn

Middle High German: kallen

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: khallan

Central Franconian: kalle

German: kallen (obsolete)

Old Norse: kalla
Icelandic: kalla
Faroese: kalla
Norwegian Nynorsk: kalla, kalle
Norwegian Bokmål: kalle
Old Swedish: kalla
Swedish: kalla
Elfdalian: kolla
Old Danish: kallæ
Danish: kalde

Possibly derived from an unattested noun *kalzaz, cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *galsas (“voice”), from a hypothetical Proto-Indo-European *golsos, from a root *gel(H)- (“to vocalize, call, shout”).


þrēaną

þrēō (active first-person indicative singular)
þrēaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrēai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þrēizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þrēaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrē (active imperative second-person singular)
þrēazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þrēaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þrēidi (active indicative singular third-person)
þrēai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrēadau (active imperative singular third-person)
þrēadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þrēaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þrēōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þrēaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrēadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrēaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrēadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þrēamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þrēaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrēandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þrēaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þrēid (active indicative plural second-person)
þrēaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrēid (active imperative plural second-person)
þrēandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þrēaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þrēandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þrēain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrēandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þrēandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þrēaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þeþrō (active first-person indicative singular)
þeþrōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þeþrōt (active indicative second-person singular)
þeþrōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þeþrō (active indicative singular third-person)
þeþrōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þeþrōū (active dual first-person indicative)
þeþrōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þeþrōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þeþrōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þeþrōum (active first-person indicative plural)
þeþrōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þeþrōud (active indicative plural second-person)
þeþrōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þeþrōun (active indicative plural third-person)
þeþrōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrēandz (active participle present)
þrēanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þrāan
Old English: þrāwan
Middle English: throwen, thrawen, thorwen
English: throw
Northumbrian: thraa
Scots: thraw
Yola: drowe, draugh
Old Frisian: thrāia
North Frisian: treie
West Frisian: draaie, triuwe
Old Saxon: thrāian
Middle Low German: dreien, dreyen, drêgen, dreigen
German Low German: dreihen
Low German: draien, dreien
→ Norwegian Bokmål: dreie
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dreie
→ Swedish: dreja
→ Danish: dreje
Old Dutch: thrāien
Middle Dutch: drâyen
Dutch: draaien
Limburgish: drejje, dreie
Old High German: drāen
Middle High German: dræjen, dræn
Bavarian: drahn
Cimbrian: dréenan
Central Franconian: driehe, drähe, drähne
Hunsrik: drehe
Luxembourgish: dréien, dréinen
German: drehen
Yiddish: דרייען (dreyen)

/ˈθrɛː.ɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *tréh₁-e-ti, from *treh₁-, *terh₁- (“to rub, turn, pierce”).


þrinhwaną

þrinhwō (active first-person indicative singular)
þrinhwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrinhwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þrinhwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þrinhwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrinhw (active imperative second-person singular)
þrinhwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þrinhwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þrinhwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
þrinhwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrinhwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
þrinhwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þrinhwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þrinhwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þrinhwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrinhwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrinhwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrinhwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þrinhwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þrinhwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrinhwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þrinhwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þrinhwid (active indicative plural second-person)
þrinhwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrinhwid (active imperative plural second-person)
þrinhwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þrinhwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þrinhwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þrinhwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrinhwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þrinhwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þrinhwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þranhw (active first-person indicative singular)
þrungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þranht (active indicative second-person singular)
þrungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þranhw (active indicative singular third-person)
þrungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrungū (active dual first-person indicative)
þrungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrungum (active first-person indicative plural)
þrungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrungud (active indicative plural second-person)
þrungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrungun (active indicative plural third-person)
þrungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrinhwandz (active participle present)
þrunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þringwan
Old English: þringan
Middle English: thringen
Scots: thring, dring
English: thring
Old Frisian: thringa
Saterland Frisian: tringe
(West Frisian: kringe ?)
Old Saxon: thringan
Middle Low German: dringen
German Low German: dringen
Low German: dringen
Old Dutch: *thringan
Middle Dutch: dringen
Dutch: dringen
Afrikaans: dring
Limburgish: dringe
Old High German: dringan
Middle High German: dringen
German: dringen
Luxembourgish: dréngen
Yiddish: דרינגען (dringen)

Old Norse: þryngva

Icelandic: þryngva

(Faroese: treingja)

Norwegian: trenge (press)

Gothic: 𐌸𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þreihan)

/ˈθrĩː.xʷɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *trenkʷ- (“to beat, hew, press”).


þwahaną

þwahō (active first-person indicative singular)
þwahaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þwahai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þwahizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þwahaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þwah (active imperative second-person singular)
þwahazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þwahaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þwahidi (active indicative singular third-person)
þwahai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þwahadau (active imperative singular third-person)
þwahadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þwahaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þwahōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þwahaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þwahadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þwahaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þwahadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þwahamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þwahaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þwahandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þwahaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þwahid (active indicative plural second-person)
þwahaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þwahid (active imperative plural second-person)
þwahandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þwahaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þwahandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þwahain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þwahandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þwahandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þwahaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þwōh (active first-person indicative singular)
þwōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þwōht (active indicative second-person singular)
þwōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þwōh (active indicative singular third-person)
þwōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þwōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
þwōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þwōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þwōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þwōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
þwōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þwōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
þwōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þwōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
þwōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þwahandz (active participle present)
þwaganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þwahan
Old English: þwēan
Middle English: thwēn; athwean
Old Frisian: *thwā, *thwān
North Frisian: tau, taui, tüünj
Old Saxon: thwahan
Middle Low German: dwân, dwāgen, twagen
Old Dutch: thwān
Middle Dutch: dwâen
Dutch: dwaan
Old High German: dwahan
Middle High German: dwahen, dwān, twahen, twān, zwahen, zwehen
German: zwagen

Old Norse: þvá
Icelandic: þvo
Faroese: tváa
Norwegian: två
Old Swedish: þvā
Swedish: två, tvaga (from past participle)
Old Danish: þwā, thwo, tho
Danish: to

Gothic: 𐌸𐍅𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þwahan)

From pre-Germanic *twók-e-ti, of unclear further origin; possibly related to Old Prussian twaxtan (“brushwood for bathing”), presuming a root Proto-Indo-European *twek-.


þrangwijaną

þrangwijō (active first-person indicative singular)
þrangwijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrangwijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þrangwīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
þrangwijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrangwī (active imperative second-person singular)
þrangwijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þrangwijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þrangwīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þrangwijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrangwijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þrangwijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þrangwijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þrangwijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þrangwijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrangwijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrangwijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrangwijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þrangwijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þrangwijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrangwijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þrangwijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þrangwīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þrangwijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrangwīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þrangwijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þrangwijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þrangwijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þrangwijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrangwijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þrangwijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þrangwijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þrangwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þrangwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrangwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þrangwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrangwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
þrangwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrangwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þrangwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrangwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrangwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrangwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þrangwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrangwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þrangwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrangwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þrangwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrangwijandz (active participle present)
þrangwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þrangwijan
Old English: *þrengan
Middle English: threngen (possibly also via Old Norse)
Old Saxon: *threngian
Middle Low German: drengen
German Low German: drängen
Old Dutch: *threngen
Middle Dutch: drengen
Old High German: drengen
Middle High German: drengen
German: drängen (merged with drangen)
Luxembourgish: drängen

Old Norse: þrøngva

Icelandic: þröngva

Old Swedish: þrængia

Swedish: tränga

Norwegian: trenge

Danish: trænge

/ˈθrɑŋʷ.ɡʷi.jɑ.nɑ̃/


berganą

bergō (active first-person indicative singular)
bergaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bergai (first-person indicative passive singular)
birgizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bergaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
berg (active imperative second-person singular)
bergazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bergaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
birgidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bergai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bergadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bergadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bergaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bergōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bergaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bergadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bergaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bergadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bergamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bergaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bergandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bergaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
birgid (active indicative plural second-person)
bergaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
birgid (active imperative plural second-person)
bergandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bergaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bergandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bergain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bergandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bergandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bergaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
barg (active first-person indicative singular)
burgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
barht (active indicative second-person singular)
burgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
barg (active indicative singular third-person)
burgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
burgū (active dual first-person indicative)
burgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
burgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
burgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
burgum (active first-person indicative plural)
burgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
burgud (active indicative plural second-person)
burgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
burgun (active indicative plural third-person)
burgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bergandz (active participle present)
burganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bergan
Old English: beorgan
Middle English: berwen, berȝen, bergen, berghen, beregen, berrȝhenn
Old Frisian: berga
Saterland Frisian: bierge
West Frisian: bergje
Old Saxon: bergan
Middle Low German: bergen, bargen
Low German: bargen, baargen, biärgen, bergen, borgen
German Low German: bargen
→ Swedish: bärga (partly)
→? Finnish: pärjätä
Old Dutch: bergan
Middle Dutch: bergen
Dutch: bergen
Afrikaans: berg
Limburgish: bèrge
Old High German: bergan, percan
Middle High German: bergen
German: bergen, birgen
Luxembourgish: biergen

Old Norse: bjarga
Icelandic: bjarga
Faroese: bjarga
Norwegian: berge
Old Swedish: biærgha
Swedish: bärga (partly)
Old Danish: biærghæ
Danish: bjærge

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌽 (bairgan)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰergʰ- (“to take care of, protect, preserve”). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *bergtei (“to take care of”), Old Irish commairge (“protection, security”).


blēaną

blēō (active first-person indicative singular)
blēaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blēai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blēizi (active indicative second-person singular)
blēaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blē (active imperative second-person singular)
blēazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blēaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blēidi (active indicative singular third-person)
blēai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blēadau (active imperative singular third-person)
blēadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blēaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blēōz (active dual first-person indicative)
blēaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blēadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blēaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blēadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blēamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blēaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blēandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blēaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blēid (active indicative plural second-person)
blēaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blēid (active imperative plural second-person)
blēandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blēaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blēandi (active indicative plural third-person)
blēain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blēandau (active imperative plural third-person)
blēandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blēaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
beblō (active first-person indicative singular)
beblōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
beblōt (active indicative second-person singular)
beblōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
beblō (active indicative singular third-person)
beblōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
beblōū (active dual first-person indicative)
beblōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
beblōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
beblōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
beblōum (active first-person indicative plural)
beblōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
beblōud (active indicative plural second-person)
beblōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
beblōun (active indicative plural third-person)
beblōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blēandz (active participle present)
blēanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blāan
Old English: blāwan
Middle English: blowen, blouen, blow, blowe, blowyn, blawe (Northern or Kent), blawen, bloawen (Early Middle English)
English: blow
Geordie English: blaw
Scots: blaw
Yola: blay
Old Frisian: blā, blīa
North Frisian: bleie
Old Saxon: blāian
(Middle Low German: blêen)
Old Dutch: *blāien
Middle Dutch: blâyen
Dutch: blaaien (obsolete)
Old High German: blāhan, plāhan, blājan
Middle High German: blǣjen, blǣwen
German: blähen
⇒ Cimbrian: inpléenanzich

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₁- (“to blow”). Cognate with Latin flō (“to breathe, blow”).


draganą

dragō (active first-person indicative singular)
dragaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dragai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dragizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dragaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drag (active imperative second-person singular)
dragazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dragaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dragidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dragai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dragadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dragadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dragaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dragōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dragaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dragadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dragaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dragadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dragamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dragaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dragandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dragaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dragid (active indicative plural second-person)
dragaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dragid (active imperative plural second-person)
dragandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dragaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dragandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dragain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dragandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dragandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dragaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
drōg (active first-person indicative singular)
drōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
drōht (active indicative second-person singular)
drōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drōg (active indicative singular third-person)
drōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
drōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
drōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
drōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
drōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
drōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dragandz (active participle present)
draganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dragan
Old English: dragan
Middle English: dragen, draȝen, drawen, drauen, drayen
English: draw
Scots: draw
Old Frisian: draga, drega
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: dreeg
Mooring: dreege
Saterland Frisian: drege, dreege
West Frisian: drage
Old Saxon: dragan
Middle Low German: dragen, dregen
Low German: dregen, dragen
Old Dutch: dragan
Middle Dutch: drāgen
Dutch: dragen
Limburgish: drage
Zealandic: draege
Old High German: tragan
Middle High German: tragen
Alemannic German: trage, traga, traa
Bavarian: drong, drång
Central Franconian: drage, draan, droon
Luxembourgish: droen
German: tragen
Yiddish: טראָגן (trogn)

Old Norse: draga, dræga — Trønder dialect of Old Norwegian
Icelandic: draga
Faroese: draga
Norn: draga
Norwegian Nynorsk: draga, dra; (dialectal) drågå, draga, drøgø
Elfdalian: drågå
Old Swedish: dragha
Swedish: draga, dra
→ Finnish: raahata
Scanian: drağa
Danish: drage; (Norway) dra
Norwegian Bokmål: drage, dra
Gutnish: dräge, dräg', dräga, draga, dra
→ Middle English: dragen, draggen
Scots: dreg
English: drag

Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽 (dragan)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrógʰ-e-ti, traditionally derived from *dʰregʰ- (“to pull, draw, drag”) (though Kroonen is skeptical and leaves the origin open).


dwīnaną

dwīnō (active first-person indicative singular)
dwīnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dwīnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dwīnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dwīnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dwīn (active imperative second-person singular)
dwīnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dwīnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dwīnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dwīnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dwīnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dwīnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dwīnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dwīnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dwīnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dwīnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dwīnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dwīnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dwīnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dwīnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dwīnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dwīnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dwīnid (active indicative plural second-person)
dwīnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dwīnid (active imperative plural second-person)
dwīnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dwīnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dwīnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dwīnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dwīnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dwīnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dwīnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dwain (active first-person indicative singular)
dwinį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dwaint (active indicative second-person singular)
dwinīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dwain (active indicative singular third-person)
dwinī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dwinū (active dual first-person indicative)
dwinīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dwinudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dwinīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dwinum (active first-person indicative plural)
dwinīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dwinud (active indicative plural second-person)
dwinīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dwinun (active indicative plural third-person)
dwinīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dwīnandz (active participle present)
dwinanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *dwīnan
Old English: dwīnan
Middle English: dwinen
Scots: dwyne, dwine
English: dwine; dwindle
Old Frisian: *dwīna
⇒ Saterland Frisian: ferdwiene
⇒ West Frisian: ferdwyne, ferdwine
Old Saxon: *dwīnan
Middle Low German: *dwînen
Low German: dwienen
⇒ Low German: verdwienen
Old Dutch: *dwīnan
Middle Dutch: dwinen
Dutch: dwijnen
⇒ Middle Dutch: verdwinen
Dutch: verdwijnen

Old Norse: dvína

Icelandic: dvína

Faroese: dvína

Swedish: dvina

According to Orel, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwey- (“to slip away; dwindle; die”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰew- (“to die; pass away”). Given that Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰ generally becomes Proto-Germanic *w word-internally, according to Kroonen, this would rather be from Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰey- (“to decline, perish”).


fullijaną

fullijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fullijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fullijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fullīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fullijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fullī (active imperative second-person singular)
fullijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fullijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fullīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fullijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fullijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fullijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fullijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fullijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fullijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fullijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fullijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fullijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fullijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fullijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fullijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fullijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fullīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fullijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fullīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fullijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fullijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fullijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fullijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fullijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fullijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fullijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fullidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fullidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fullidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fullidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fullidē (active indicative singular third-person)
fullidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fullidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fullidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fullidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fullidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fullidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fullidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fullidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fullidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fullidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fullidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fullijandz (active participle present)
fullidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fullijan
Old English: fyllan
Middle English: fillen, felle, fellen, fil, fill, fille, fillyn, fulle, fullen, fylle, velle, vullen, fillenn (Ormulum)
English: fill
Scots: fill
Yola: vill
Old Frisian:
West Frisian: folje
Old Saxon: fullian
Low German: füllen
Old Dutch: *fullen
Middle Dutch: vullen
Dutch: vullen
Afrikaans: vul
Negerhollands: ful, voel
→ Caribbean Javanese: fèl, ngefèl
Limburgish: völle
Old High German: fullen
Middle High German: vüllen
Bavarian: fuin, fülln, fün
Cimbrian: vüllan, büllan (Mezzaselva)
German: füllen
Luxembourgish: fëllen

Old Norse: fylla
Icelandic: fylla
Faroese: fylla
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: fylle
Norwegian Nynorsk: fylla, fylle
Old Swedish: fylla
Swedish: fylla
Old Danish: fyllæ
Danish: fylde

Gothic: 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fulljan)

From *fullaz (“full”) + *-ijaną. Compare Proto-Slavic *pьlniti.


freusaną

freusō (active first-person indicative singular)
freusaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
freusai (first-person indicative passive singular)
friusizi (active indicative second-person singular)
freusaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
freus (active imperative second-person singular)
freusazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
freusaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
friusidi (active indicative singular third-person)
freusai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
freusadau (active imperative singular third-person)
freusadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
freusaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
freusōz (active dual first-person indicative)
freusaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
freusadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
freusaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
freusadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
freusamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
freusaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
freusandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
freusaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
friusid (active indicative plural second-person)
freusaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
friusid (active imperative plural second-person)
freusandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
freusaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
freusandi (active indicative plural third-person)
freusain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
freusandau (active imperative plural third-person)
freusandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
freusaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fraus (active first-person indicative singular)
fruzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraust (active indicative second-person singular)
fruzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fraus (active indicative singular third-person)
fruzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fruzū (active dual first-person indicative)
fruzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fruzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fruzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fruzum (active first-person indicative plural)
fruzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fruzud (active indicative plural second-person)
fruzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fruzun (active indicative plural third-person)
fruzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
freusandz (active participle present)
fruzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *freusan
Old English: frēosan
Middle English: fresen, freese, frese, freosen
English: freeze
→ Maltese: ffriża
Scots: frese
Old Frisian: *friāsa
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: friis
Sölring: früüs
Saterland Frisian: frjoze
West Frisian: frieze
Old Saxon: friosan
Middle Low German: vrêsen, vreisen
German Low German: fresen
Low German: freern, freren, fresen
Old Dutch: *friesan
Middle Dutch: vriesen
Dutch: vriezen
Afrikaans: vries
→ Papiamentu: fris
Limburgish: vrere, vreze
Old High German: friosan
Middle High German: vriesen, vrieren
Bavarian: frian
Cimbrian: vriizan, briizan (Mezzaselva)
Central Franconian: freese, früüse, friere
Luxembourgish: fréieren
German: frieren
Yiddish: פֿרירן (frirn)

Old Norse: frjósa
Icelandic: frjósa
⇒ Faroese: frosin (adj) (via past participle)
Jamtish: frýse
Elfdalian: friuosa
Old Swedish: frȳsa
Swedish: frysa; fryse (Ångermanland)
Old Danish: frȳsæ
Scanian: frýsa
Danish: fryse
Norwegian Bokmål: fryse
Gutnish: frausa, frause

From Proto-Indo-European *prews- (“to freeze; frost”). Cognate with Latin pruīna (“hoarfrost, frost”).


geldaną

geldō (active first-person indicative singular)
geldaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
geldai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gildizi (active indicative second-person singular)
geldaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
geld (active imperative second-person singular)
geldazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
geldaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gildidi (active indicative singular third-person)
geldai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
geldadau (active imperative singular third-person)
geldadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
geldaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
geldōz (active dual first-person indicative)
geldaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
geldadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
geldaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
geldadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
geldamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
geldaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
geldandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
geldaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gildid (active indicative plural second-person)
geldaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gildid (active imperative plural second-person)
geldandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
geldaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
geldandi (active indicative plural third-person)
geldain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
geldandau (active imperative plural third-person)
geldandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
geldaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gald (active first-person indicative singular)
guldį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
galst (active indicative second-person singular)
guldīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gald (active indicative singular third-person)
guldī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
guldū (active dual first-person indicative)
guldīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
guldudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
guldīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
guldum (active first-person indicative plural)
guldīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
guldud (active indicative plural second-person)
guldīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
guldun (active indicative plural third-person)
guldīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
geldandz (active participle present)
guldanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *geldan
Old English: ġieldan, ġildan — Early West Saxon, ġyldan — Late West Saxon, ġeldan — Anglian, Kentish
Middle English: yelden, yielden
English: yield
Scots: ȝeld, yeild, yield
Old Frisian: ielda, jelda
North Frisian: jilde
Saterland Frisian: jeelde
West Frisian: jilde
Old Saxon: geldan
Middle Low German: gelden
Low German: gellen
Old Dutch: *geldan
Middle Dutch: gelden
Dutch: gelden
Limburgish: gèlje
Old High German: geltan
Middle High German: gëlten
Cimbrian: ghèltan
German: gelten
Luxembourgish: gëllen

Old Norse: gjalda
Icelandic: gjalda
Faroese: gjalda
Norwegian Nynorsk: gjelda; (dialectal) galda, gjedla, gjelja
Norwegian Bokmål: gjelde
Old Swedish: giælda, gialda, giælla, gælla
Swedish: gälla, gälda
Old Danish: gialdæ
Danish: gælde

Gothic: *𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽 (*gildan) (in derivatives)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

Akin to Proto-Slavic *želsti (attested only in Old Church Slavonic жлѣсти (žlěsti) and Old East Slavic желести (želesti)). If not an early borrowing from Germanic, these may be from common Proto-Indo-European *gʰeldʰ-. Old Irish gell (“pledge”) may also continue the same root. On the other hand, the pre-Germanic root may need to be *gʰelt- (> *gelþ-) in order to explain Old Swedish gjalla (“to repay”).


klimbaną

klimbō (active first-person indicative singular)
klimbaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klimbai (first-person indicative passive singular)
klimbizi (active indicative second-person singular)
klimbaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klimb (active imperative second-person singular)
klimbazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
klimbaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
klimbidi (active indicative singular third-person)
klimbai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klimbadau (active imperative singular third-person)
klimbadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
klimbaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
klimbōz (active dual first-person indicative)
klimbaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klimbadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klimbaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klimbadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
klimbamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
klimbaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klimbandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
klimbaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
klimbid (active indicative plural second-person)
klimbaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klimbid (active imperative plural second-person)
klimbandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
klimbaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
klimbandi (active indicative plural third-person)
klimbain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klimbandau (active imperative plural third-person)
klimbandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
klimbaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
klamb (active first-person indicative singular)
klumbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klamft (active indicative second-person singular)
klumbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klamb (active indicative singular third-person)
klumbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klumbū (active dual first-person indicative)
klumbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klumbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klumbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klumbum (active first-person indicative plural)
klumbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klumbud (active indicative plural second-person)
klumbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klumbun (active indicative plural third-person)
klumbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klimbandz (active participle present)
klumbanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *klimban
Old English: climban
Middle English: climben
Scots: clim, clym
English: climb
Old Frisian: *klimba
West Frisian: klimme
Old Saxon: klimban
Middle Low German: klimmen
German Low German: klimmen
Old Dutch: *climban
Middle Dutch: climmen
Dutch: klimmen
Limburgish: klumme, klömme
Old High German: klimban, chlimban
Middle High German: klimmen
Central Franconian: klemme, klömme, klomme, klamme
Luxembourgish: klammen
German: klimmen (now chiefly in erklimmen)

Possibly a nasalized variant of *klībaną (“to stick, cleave”), itself from Proto-Indo-European *gleybʰ-, an extended form of *gley- (“to stick”).


leuganą

leugō (active first-person indicative singular)
leugaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
leugai (first-person indicative passive singular)
liugizi (active indicative second-person singular)
leugaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
leug (active imperative second-person singular)
leugazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
leugaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
liugidi (active indicative singular third-person)
leugai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
leugadau (active imperative singular third-person)
leugadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
leugaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
leugōz (active dual first-person indicative)
leugaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
leugadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
leugaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
leugadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
leugamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
leugaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
leugandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
leugaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
liugid (active indicative plural second-person)
leugaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
liugid (active imperative plural second-person)
leugandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
leugaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
leugandi (active indicative plural third-person)
leugain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
leugandau (active imperative plural third-person)
leugandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
leugaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laug (active first-person indicative singular)
lugį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lauht (active indicative second-person singular)
lugīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laug (active indicative singular third-person)
lugī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lugū (active dual first-person indicative)
lugīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lugudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lugīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lugum (active first-person indicative plural)
lugīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lugud (active indicative plural second-person)
lugīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lugun (active indicative plural third-person)
lugīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
leugandz (active participle present)
luganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *leugan
Old English: lēogan
Middle English: lien
English: lie
Scots: lee
Old Frisian: liāga
Saterland Frisian: ljooge
West Frisian: lige
Old Saxon: liogan
Middle Low German: lēgen
Low German: liegen, legen, lögen
Old Dutch: liegan
Middle Dutch: liegen
Dutch: liegen
Afrikaans: lieg
Berbice Creole Dutch: liki
Jersey Dutch: lîxe
Negerhollands: lug, lik, lieg
Skepi Creole Dutch: lig
Limburgish: lege
Old High German: liogan
Middle High German: liegen
German: lügen
Central Franconian: leeje, lieje, lüjje
Luxembourgish: léien
Bavarian: liagn, liang
Yiddish: לײַגן (laygn)

Old Norse: ljúga
Icelandic: ljúga
Faroese: lúgva, ljúgva
Norwegian Nynorsk: ljuga, lyga
Norwegian Bokmål: ljuge, lyge, juge
Elfdalian: liuoga
Old Swedish: liūgha
Swedish: ljuga
Old Danish: liughæ, lyffuæ, liffuæ
Danish: lyve
Norwegian Bokmål: lyve
Scanian: ljuğa
Gutnish: ljauge

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (liugan)

From Proto-Indo-European *lewgʰ- (“to tell publicly”).


namnijaną

namnijō (active first-person indicative singular)
namnijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
namnijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
namnīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
namnijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
namnī (active imperative second-person singular)
namnijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
namnijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
namnīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
namnijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
namnijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
namnijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
namnijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
namnijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
namnijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
namnijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
namnijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
namnijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
namnijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
namnijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
namnijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
namnijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
namnīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
namnijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
namnīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
namnijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
namnijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
namnijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
namnijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
namnijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
namnijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
namnijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
namnidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
namnidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
namnidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
namnidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
namnidē (active indicative singular third-person)
namnidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
namnidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
namnidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
namnidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
namnidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
namnidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
namnidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
namnidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
namnidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
namnidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
namnidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
namnijandz (active participle present)
namnidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *namnijan
Old English: nemnan, nemnian
Middle English: nemnen, nempnen, nevnen, nevenen
Scots: nemmin, nem, neme, nevin
English: neven
Old Frisian: namna, nemna, nomna, nanna, nenna
Saterland Frisian: namme
Old Saxon: nemnian
Middle Low German: nemnen, nemmen
Plautdietsch: nanen, neemen
Old Dutch: *nemnen
Middle Dutch: nennen
Old High German: nemnen
Middle High German: nemnen, nennen
German: nennen
Hunsrik: nenne
Luxembourgish: nennen

Old Norse: nefna, nemna
Icelandic: nefna
Faroese: nevna
Norwegian Nynorsk: nemna, nemne
Norwegian Bokmål: nevne
Old Swedish: næmna
Swedish: nämna
Danish: nævne

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (namnjan)

PIE word
 *h₁nómn̥
From *namô + *-janą. Compare Ancient Greek ὀνομαίνω (onomaínō) for a parallel formation.


-āną

-ō (active first-person indicative singular)
-aisi (active indicative second-person singular)
-ai (active imperative second-person singular)
-āsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
-aiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
-āþau (active imperative singular third-person)
-āþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
-ōs (active dual first-person indicative)
-āþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-āþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
-āmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
-ānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
-aiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
-aiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
-ānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
-ānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
-ānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
-ānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
-adǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
-adēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-adēz (active indicative second-person singular)
-adēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-adē (active indicative singular third-person)
-adēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-adēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
-adēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-adēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-adēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-adēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
-adēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-adēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
-adēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-adēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
-adēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-āndz (active participle present)
-adaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *-ēn
Old English: -ian (in a few cases; preceded by a palatalised consonant or non-backed æ)
Old High German: -ēn
Middle High German: -en
German: -en

Old Norse: -ja (only after short stems)

Icelandic: -ja

Faroese: -ja

Gothic: -𐌰𐌽 (-ān)

Somewhat uncertain. Reconstructed by Ringe as originating from earlier *-ajaną, from Proto-Indo-European *-oyéti (factitive verb suffix). The reconstruction of this Indo-European suffix is uncertain, but it would also be the origin of the Ancient Greek -όω (-óō) contracted verbs.

der

Creates stative - fientive verbs from other verbs, from adjectives and from nouns.

Creates factitive verbs from adjectives.


-ōną

-ō (active first-person indicative singular)
-ǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-ōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
-ōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
-ōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-ō (active imperative second-person singular)
-ōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
-ōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-ōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
-ō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-ōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
-ōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
-ōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-ōs (active dual first-person indicative)
-ōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-ōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-ōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-ōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
-ōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
-ōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-ōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
-ōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
-ōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
-ōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-ōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
-ōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
-ōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-ōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
-ōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-ōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
-ōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
-ōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-ōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
-ōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-ōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
-ōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-ōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
-ōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-ōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
-ōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-ōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-ōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-ōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
-ōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-ōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
-ōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-ōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
-ōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-ōndz (active participle present)
-ōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-ōn
Old English: -ian
Middle English: -ien, -en
Scots: -e (obsolete)
English: -en, -e (obsolete)
Old Frisian: -ia
North Frisian: -je
Saterland Frisian: -je
West Frisian: -je
Old Saxon: -ōn, -oian
Middle Low German: -en
Low German: -en
Old Dutch: -ōn
Middle Dutch: -en
Dutch: -en
Old High German: -ōn
Middle High German: -en
German: -en

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -a
Danish: -e
Icelandic: -a
Faroese: -a
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: -e, -a
Old Swedish: -a
Swedish: -a

Gothic: -𐍉𐌽 (-ōn)

From two sources, both reflecting earlier *-ōjaną:
* From Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti, an innovated compound suffix from *-éh₂ (eh₂-stem noun suffix) + *-yéti (verbal suffix). These were originally formed as denominative verbs from ō-stem nouns. When attached to thematic (a-stem) nouns, the thematic vowel was also retained, but the resulting compound suffix *-eyé- became part of the first weak class instead.
* From Proto-Indo-European *-(e)h₂yéti, an innovated compound suffix from *-(e)h₂ti (factitive verb suffix) which was originally athematic, but later extended with the thematic present suffix *-yéti.
Cognates include Latin -āre (the whole first conjugation in the present) together with its Proto-Italic ancestor *-āō, Ancient Greek -άω (-áō, contracted verb), -अयति (-ayati) (for the causative in Sanskrit), Proto-Celtic *-āti and Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā́ˀtei (whence the infinite Proto-Slavic *-ati, referring again to the whole conjugation).
Note that Ringe (2017) reconstructs this suffix with a trimoric vowel, *-ôną (or, following his own conventions, *-ō̄ną). See Ringe (2017: 160).

cog

Suffix of the infinitive. Creates denominative verbs from nouns.

Suffix of the infinitive. Creates factitive verbs from adjectives.


-aną

3-į̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)

Old English: -an

Middle English: -en, -e

English: (obsolete) -en, -e

Old Frisian: -a

North Frisian: -e

Saterland Frisian: -e

West Frisian: -e

Old Saxon: -an

Middle Low German: -en

Low German: -en

Old Dutch: -an

desc

Middle Dutch: -en (merged with all other verbs)

Dutch: -en

Old High German: -an

Middle High German: -en

German: -en (merged with all other verbs)

Old Norse: -a

Icelandic: -a

Faroese: -a

Norwegian Nynorsk: -a

Swedish: -a

Danish: -e

Norwegian Bokmål: -e

Gothic: -𐌰𐌽 (-an)

From Proto-Indo-European *-onom, from *-o- (thematic vowel) + *-nom (verbal noun suffix). The few remaining athematic verbs (which were irregular in Proto-Germanic) accordingly used only *-ną. Cognate with Sanskrit -अन (-ana).


-naną

-nō (active first-person indicative singular)
-naų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-nōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
-nais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-nō (active imperative second-person singular)
-nōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
-nai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-nōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
-nōs (active dual first-person indicative)
-naiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-naþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-naiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-naþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
-namaz (active first-person indicative plural)
-naim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-naþ (active indicative plural second-person)
-naiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-naþ (active imperative plural second-person)
-nanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
-nain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-nanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
-nōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
-nōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-nōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
-nōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-nōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
-nōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-nōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
-nōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-nōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-nōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-nōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
-nōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-nōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
-nōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-nōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
-nōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-nandz (active participle present)

Proto-West Germanic: *-nan

Old English: -nian

Middle English: -nen, -enen

English: -en

Scots: -in

Old High German: -nēn

Old Norse: -na

Icelandic: -na

Faroese: -na

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: -na

Norwegian Bokmål: -ne

Swedish: -na

Danish: -ne

Gothic: -𐌽𐌰𐌽 (-nan)

Reconstructed by Ringe from an alternating suffix *-nō- (singular) ~ *-na- (nonsingular), from Proto-Indo-European *-néh₂- ~ *-nh₂-, from n-infix presents to laryngeal-final roots that were reanalysed as a separate suffix (as in several other branches).

Forms fientive verbs, with a sense of 'to become (the base)'.


waknaną

waknō (active first-person indicative singular)
waknaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waknōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
waknais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waknō (active imperative second-person singular)
waknōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
waknai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waknōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
waknōs (active dual first-person indicative)
waknaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waknaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waknaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waknaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
waknamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
waknaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waknaþ (active indicative plural second-person)
waknaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waknaþ (active imperative plural second-person)
waknanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
waknain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waknanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
waknōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
waknōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waknōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
waknōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waknōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
waknōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waknōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
waknōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waknōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waknōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waknōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
waknōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waknōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
waknōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waknōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
waknōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waknandz (active participle present)

Old English: wæcnan

Middle English: waknen

English: waken

Scots: wakin, waikin, walkin

Old Norse: vakna

Icelandic: vakna

Faroese: vakna

Norn: vakna

Norwegian Nynorsk: vakna

→ Norwegian Bokmål: vakne

Elfdalian: wakken

Old Swedish: vakna

Swedish: vakna

Old Danish: wognæ, vokne

Danish: vågne

Norwegian Bokmål: våkne

Gutnish: vakkne

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌺𐌽𐌰𐌽 (gawaknan)


libjaną

libjō (active first-person indicative singular)
libjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
libaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
libjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
libai (active imperative second-person singular)
libaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
libjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
libjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
libjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
libjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
libjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
libjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
libjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
libjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
libjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
libaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
libjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
libaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
libjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
libjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
libjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
libdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
libdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
libdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
libdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
libdē (active indicative singular third-person)
libdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
libdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
libdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
libdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
libdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
libdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
libdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
libdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
libdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
libdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
libdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
libjandz (active participle present)
libdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *libbjan
Old English: libban, lybban, lifian — Anglian
Middle English: lyven, leeve, lefe, leve, leven, libbe, libben, lifen, live, liven, lybbe, lyve, libbæn, libbenn, livie, livien, luvien (Early Middle English)
English: live
Scots: leeve
Yola: live
Old Frisian: leva
Saterland Frisian: líeuwje
West Frisian: libje
Old Saxon: libbian
Middle Low German: leven
Low German: leven
German Low German: lęven, lewen, lewe (in other dialects, including Low Prussian)
Old Dutch: libben
Middle Dutch: leven
Dutch: leven, leeven (obsolete)
Afrikaans: leef, lewe
Berbice Creole Dutch: lefu
Jersey Dutch: lêve
Negerhollands: leev, lif, leven
Limburgish: laeve
Middle Dutch: leven
Dutch: leven, leeven (obsolete)
Afrikaans: leef, lewe
Berbice Creole Dutch: lefu
Jersey Dutch: lêve
Negerhollands: leev, lif, leven
Limburgish: laeve
Old High German: lebēn
Middle High German: lëben
Alemannic German: lëëbe
Alsatian: lawe
Swabian: läba
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: lem
Mòcheno: lem
German: leben
Luxembourgish: liewen
Vilamovian: łaowa
Yiddish: לעבן (lebn)

Old Norse: lifa
Icelandic: lifa
Faroese: liva
Norwegian Nynorsk: leva, liva (pre-1917 spelling)
Old Swedish: liva, leffua
Swedish: leva, lefva (pre-1906 spelling)
Danish: leve
Norwegian Bokmål: leve

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (liban)

From Proto-Indo-European *leyp- (“leave, cling, linger”), with semantic development "to leave, cling" > "to remain" > "to live".


þagjaną

þagjō (active first-person indicative singular)
þagjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þagaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
þagjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þagai (active imperative second-person singular)
þagaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þagjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þagjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þagjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þagjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þagjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þagjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þagjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þagjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þagjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þagaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þagjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þagaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þagjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þagjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þagjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þagdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þagdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þagdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þagdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þagdē (active indicative singular third-person)
þagdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þagdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þagdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þagdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þagdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þagdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þagdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þagdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þagdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þagdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þagdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þagjandz (active participle present)
þagdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þagēn
Old High German: dagēn
German: dagen (obsolete)

Old Norse: þegja
Icelandic: þegja
Faroese: tiga
Norwegian Nynorsk: tegja, teia; (dialectal) tea, tigja, tiga, teiga, tyjå
Elfdalian: taja
Old Swedish: þighia
Swedish: tiga
Old Danish: thighæ
Danish: tie
Norwegian Bokmål: tie
Scanian: tæğa, tiğa
Gutnish: tige

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þahan)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *tak- or *tHk-. Cognate with Proto-Italic *takēō.

/ˈθɑɣ.jɑ.nɑ̃/


þagjaną

þagjō (active first-person indicative singular)
þagjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þagjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þagisi (active indicative second-person singular)
þagjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þagi (active imperative second-person singular)
þagjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þagjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þagiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þagjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þagjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þagjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þagjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þagjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þagjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þagjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þagjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þagjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þagjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þagjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þagjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þagjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þagiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þagjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þagiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þagjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þagjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þagjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þagjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þagjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þagjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þagjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þagidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þagidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þagidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þagidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þagidē (active indicative singular third-person)
þagidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þagidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þagidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þagidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þagidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þagidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þagidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þagidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þagidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þagidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þagidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þagjandz (active participle present)
þagidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þagjan

Old English: þeċġan, āþeċġan

Iterative-intensive formation derived from *þigjaną.

/ˈθɑɣ.jɑ.nɑ̃/


fijāną

fijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fijaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
fijai (active imperative second-person singular)
fijāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fijaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fijāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fijāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fijāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fijāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fijāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fijānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fijaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fijaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fijānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fijānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fijānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fijānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fijadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fijadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fijadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fijadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fijadē (active indicative singular third-person)
fijadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fijadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fijadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fijadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fijadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fijadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fijadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fijadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fijadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fijadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fijadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fijāndz (active participle present)
fijadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fijēn
Old English: fēoġan
Old High German: fīēn

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: fjá, fía

Icelandic: fjá, fía

Faroese: fíggja

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fijan)

From Pre-Germanic *ph₁ih₁yé-, from an original stative *ph₁yéh₁-, to a ye-present formation from Proto-Indo-European *peh₁- (“to hate”). Cognate with Sanskrit पीयति (pī́yati, “to blame”).


frijōną

frijō (active first-person indicative singular)
frijǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frijōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
frijōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
frijōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frijō (active imperative second-person singular)
frijōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
frijōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
frijōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
frijō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frijōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
frijōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
frijōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
frijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
frijōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frijōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frijōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frijōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
frijōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
frijōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frijōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
frijōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
frijōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
frijōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frijōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
frijōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
frijōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
frijōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
frijōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frijōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
frijōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
frijōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frijōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
frijōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frijōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
frijōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frijōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
frijōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frijōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
frijōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frijōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frijōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frijōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
frijōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frijōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
frijōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frijōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
frijōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frijōndz (active participle present)
frijōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *frijōn, *frijigōn
Old English: frīġan, frēoġan, frēon
Middle English: freen, freoȝen, freoen, fren
Scots: fre, frey, frie
English: free
Old Frisian: frīa, frīaia, friāia, frāia
Saterland Frisian: fräie
West Frisian: frije
Old Saxon: friehōn, friohōn
Middle Low German: vrîen, vrigen, vrihen, freien
German Low German: frejen
Low German: frijen
Old Dutch: *frīon
Middle Dutch: vrien, vrihen, vrijen
Dutch: vrijen, (obsolete) vrijden
Afrikaans: vry
Berbice Creole Dutch: freri
Negerhollands: fri, vrie
Old High German: *frīhōn, *frīwōn, *frijōn
Middle High German: frīen, vrīen, vrijen, vrigen
German: freien
Luxembourgish: freien

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: frjá, fría

Icelandic: frjá, fría

Faroese: fríggja

Norwegian: fri

Old Swedish: fria

Swedish: fria
→ Finnish: riiata, riiustaa, friiata

Danish: fri

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽 (frijōn)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *priHéh₂ti (“pleased, loved”). By surface analysis, *frijaz (“free”) + *-ōną. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *prijati (“to please, favor”).


rihtijaną

rihtijō (active first-person indicative singular)
rihtijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rihtijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rihtīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
rihtijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rihtī (active imperative second-person singular)
rihtijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rihtijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rihtīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rihtijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rihtijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rihtijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rihtijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rihtijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rihtijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rihtijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rihtijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rihtijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rihtijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rihtijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rihtijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rihtijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rihtīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rihtijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rihtīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rihtijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rihtijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rihtijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rihtijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rihtijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rihtijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rihtijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rihtidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rihtidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rihtidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rihtidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rihtidē (active indicative singular third-person)
rihtidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rihtidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rihtidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rihtidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rihtidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rihtidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rihtidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rihtidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rihtidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rihtidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rihtidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rihtijandz (active participle present)
rihtidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rihtijan
Old English: rihtan, rehtan, ryhtan
Middle English: riȝten, righten, reghten
English: right
Old Frisian: riuchta
Old Saxon: rihtian
Middle Low German: richten
Low German: richten
Old Dutch: rihten
Middle Dutch: richten
Dutch: richten
Afrikaans: rig
Limburgish: richte
Old High German: rihten
Middle High German: richten
German: richten
Luxembourgish: riichten

q

Old Norse: rétta (a class 1 weak verb, the descendants have mostly moved it to class 2)

Icelandic: rétta

Faroese: rætta

Norwegian: rette

Old Swedish: rǣtta

Swedish: rätta, räta

Danish: rette

Elfdalian: retta, raita

Gutnish: rete, ret', reta


fraetaną

fraetō (active first-person indicative singular)
fraetaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraetai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fraitizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fraetaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fraet (active imperative second-person singular)
fraetazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fraetaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fraitidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fraetai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fraetadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fraetadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fraetaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fraetōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fraetaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fraetadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fraetaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fraetadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fraetamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fraetaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fraetandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fraetaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fraitid (active indicative plural second-person)
fraetaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fraitid (active imperative plural second-person)
fraetandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fraetaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fraetandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fraetain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraetandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fraetandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fraetaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fraēt (active first-person indicative singular)
fraētį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraēst (active indicative second-person singular)
fraētīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fraēt (active indicative singular third-person)
fraētī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fraētū (active dual first-person indicative)
fraētīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fraētudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fraētīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fraētum (active first-person indicative plural)
fraētīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fraētud (active indicative plural second-person)
fraētīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fraētun (active indicative plural third-person)
fraētīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraetandz (active participle present)
fraetanaz (active participle past subjunctive)
fraitō (active first-person indicative singular)
fraitaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraitai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fraitizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fraitaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frait (active imperative second-person singular)
fraitazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fraitaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fraitidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fraitai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fraitadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fraitadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fraitaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fraitōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fraitaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fraitadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fraitaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fraitadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fraitamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fraitaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fraitandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fraitaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fraitid (active indicative plural second-person)
fraitaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fraitid (active imperative plural second-person)
fraitandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fraitaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fraitandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fraitain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraitandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fraitandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fraitaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frēt (active first-person indicative singular)
frētį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frēst (active indicative second-person singular)
frētīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frēt (active indicative singular third-person)
frētī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frētū (active dual first-person indicative)
frētīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frētudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frētīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frētum (active first-person indicative plural)
frētīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frētud (active indicative plural second-person)
frētīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frētun (active indicative plural third-person)
frētīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraitandz (active participle present)
fraitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)
fretō (active first-person indicative singular)
fretaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fretai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fritizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fretaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fret (active imperative second-person singular)
fretazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fretaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fritidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fretai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fretadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fretadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fretaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fretōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fretaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fretadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fretaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fretadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fretamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fretaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fretandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fretaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fritid (active indicative plural second-person)
fretaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fritid (active imperative plural second-person)
fretandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fretaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fretandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fretain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fretandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fretandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fretaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frēt (active first-person indicative singular)
frētį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frēst (active indicative second-person singular)
frētīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frēt (active indicative singular third-person)
frētī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frētū (active dual first-person indicative)
frētīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frētudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frētīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frētum (active first-person indicative plural)
frētīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frētud (active indicative plural second-person)
frētīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frētun (active indicative plural third-person)
frētīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fretandz (active participle present)
fretanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fraetan
Old English: fretan
Middle English: freten, ffrete, frete, fretyn, vreten, freoten
English: fret
Scots: frete, freet
Old Frisian: freta
Saterland Frisian: freete
West Frisian: frette
Old Saxon: fretan
Middle Low German: vrēten
German Low German: freten, friätten
→ Swedish: fräta
Old Dutch: *fretan
Middle Dutch: vrēten
Dutch: vreten
Afrikaans: vreet
Limburgish: vraete
Old High German: frëȥȥan, firëȥȥan
Middle High German: vrëȥȥen
Cimbrian: vrèssan, brèssan, vrèzzan
German: fressen
→ English: fress (or from Yiddish)
→ Polish: frasować
Luxembourgish: friessen
Vilamovian: fraosa
Yiddish: פֿרעסן (fresn)
→ English: fress (or from German)

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (fraitan)