dreusaną

dreusō (active first-person indicative singular)
dreusaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dreusai (first-person indicative passive singular)
driusizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dreusaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dreus (active imperative second-person singular)
dreusazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dreusaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
driusidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dreusai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dreusadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dreusadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dreusaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dreusōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dreusaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dreusadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dreusaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dreusadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dreusamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dreusaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dreusandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dreusaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
driusid (active indicative plural second-person)
dreusaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
driusid (active imperative plural second-person)
dreusandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dreusaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dreusandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dreusain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dreusandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dreusandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dreusaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
draus (active first-person indicative singular)
druzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
draust (active indicative second-person singular)
druzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
draus (active indicative singular third-person)
druzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
druzū (active dual first-person indicative)
druzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
druzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
druzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
druzum (active first-person indicative plural)
druzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
druzud (active indicative plural second-person)
druzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
druzun (active indicative plural third-person)
druzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dreusandz (active participle present)
druzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dreusan
Old English: drēosan
Middle English: drēsen
English: drowse
Old Saxon: driosan
Middle Low German: *drūsen
Low German: drusen, drusken
→? German: dräuschen (Central German; may be inherited, but not attested in Old and Middle High German)
Old Dutch: *driosan
Middle Dutch: druschen, druyschen
Dutch: druisen
Afrikaans: druis

Old Norse: *drjósa

Norwegian Bokmål: drysse

Norwegian Nynorsk: drjose, drysse

Old Danish: drysa

Danish: drysse

Swedish: drösa

Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 (driusan)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewHs- (“to fall down, break off”). Cognate with Russian дры́хнуть (drýxnutʹ, “to sleep”).


dangijaną

dangijō (active first-person indicative singular)
dangijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dangijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dangīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
dangijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dangī (active imperative second-person singular)
dangijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dangijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dangīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dangijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dangijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dangijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dangijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dangijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dangijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dangijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dangijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dangijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dangijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dangijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dangijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dangijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dangīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dangijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dangīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dangijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dangijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dangijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dangijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dangijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dangijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dangijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dangidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dangidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dangidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dangidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dangidē (active indicative singular third-person)
dangidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dangidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dangidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dangidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dangidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dangidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dangidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dangidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dangidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dangidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dangidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dangijandz (active participle present)
dangidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dangijan
Old English: denċġan, denġan
Middle English: dingen
English: dinge
Old High German: *tengen
Middle High German: tengen

Old Norse: dengja

Icelandic: dengja

Faroese: deingja

Old Swedish: dængia

Swedish: dänga

Danish: dænge

Elfdalian: daindja

→ Proto-Samic: *tāmčëtēk (see there for further descendants)

From *dingwaną + *-janą; apparently with delabialization of -gw- caused by following what was originally a round vowel and coming before the suffix -j-.


dingwaną

dingwō (active first-person indicative singular)
dingwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dingwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dingwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dingwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dingw (active imperative second-person singular)
dingwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dingwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dingwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dingwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dingwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dingwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dingwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dingwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dingwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dingwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dingwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dingwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dingwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dingwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dingwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dingwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dingwid (active indicative plural second-person)
dingwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dingwid (active imperative plural second-person)
dingwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dingwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dingwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dingwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dingwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dingwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dingwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dangw (active first-person indicative singular)
dungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
danht (active indicative second-person singular)
dungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dangw (active indicative singular third-person)
dungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dungū (active dual first-person indicative)
dungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dungum (active first-person indicative plural)
dungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dungud (active indicative plural second-person)
dungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dungun (active indicative plural third-person)
dungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dingwandz (active participle present)
dunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *dingan

Middle English: dingen

English: ding

Old Swedish: diunga

/ˈdiŋʷ.ɡʷɑ.nɑ̃/

From pre-Germanic *dʰengʷʰ-, probably of onomatopoeic origin.

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeic

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


lahaną

lahō (active first-person indicative singular)
lahaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lahai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lahizi (active indicative second-person singular)
lahaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lah (active imperative second-person singular)
lahazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lahaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lahidi (active indicative singular third-person)
lahai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lahadau (active imperative singular third-person)
lahadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lahaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lahōz (active dual first-person indicative)
lahaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lahadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lahaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lahadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lahamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lahaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lahandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lahaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lahid (active indicative plural second-person)
lahaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lahid (active imperative plural second-person)
lahandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lahaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lahandi (active indicative plural third-person)
lahain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lahandau (active imperative plural third-person)
lahandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lahaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lōg (active first-person indicative singular)
lōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lōht (active indicative second-person singular)
lōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lōg (active indicative singular third-person)
lōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
lōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
lōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
lōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
lōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lahandz (active participle present)
laganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lahan
Old English: lēan
Middle English: *lēen (attested in past tense lough)
Old Saxon: lahan
Old High German: lahan

Old Norse: *lá

Icelandic: lá

⇒? Proto-Finnic: *laittadak

From Proto-Indo-European *lok- (“to blame”). Compare Old Irish locht (“fault, vice”).


badōną

badō (active first-person indicative singular)
badǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
badōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
badōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
badōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
badō (active imperative second-person singular)
badōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
badōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
badōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
badō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
badōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
badōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
badōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
badōs (active dual first-person indicative)
badōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
badōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
badōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
badōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
badōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
badōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
badōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
badōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
badōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
badōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
badōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
badōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
badōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
badōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
badōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
badōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
badōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
badōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
badōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
badōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
badōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
badōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
badōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
badōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
badōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
badōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
badōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
badōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
badōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
badōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
badōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
badōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
badōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
badōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
badōndz (active participle present)
badōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *badōn

⇒ Old Saxon: undarbadōn

Old Norse: *baða

Norwegian: bada

/ˈbɑ.ðɔː.nɑ̃/

From *badą (“pressure, trouble, distress”) + *-ōną.


trakjaną

trakjō (active first-person indicative singular)
trakjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
trakjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
trakisi (active indicative second-person singular)
trakjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
traki (active imperative second-person singular)
trakjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
trakjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
trakiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
trakjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
trakjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
trakjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
trakjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
trakjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
trakjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
trakjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
trakjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
trakjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
trakjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
trakjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
trakjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
trakjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
trakiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
trakjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
trakiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
trakjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
trakjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
trakjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
trakjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
trakjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
trakjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
trakjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
trakidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
trakidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
trakidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
trakidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
trakidē (active indicative singular third-person)
trakidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
trakidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
trakidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
trakidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
trakidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
trakidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
trakidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
trakidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
trakidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
trakidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
trakidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
trakjandz (active participle present)
trakidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *trakkjan
Old Frisian: trekka
West Frisian: trekke
Old Saxon: *trekkian
Middle Low German: trecken
Low German: trecken
→ German: trecken
Plautdietsch: trakjen
→ Danish: trække
→ Norwegian: trekke
→ Icelandic: trekkja
→ Faroese: trekkja
Old Dutch: *trecken
Middle Dutch: trecken
Dutch: trekken
Afrikaans: trek
→ English: trek
Jersey Dutch: träkke
Negerhollands: trek, treek
→ Papiamentu: trèk
Old High German: trecchen
Middle High German: trechen, trecken
(German: trecken) (chiefly a Low German loan)
Central Franconian: trecke (native)


griwjaną

griwjō (active first-person indicative singular)
griwjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
griwjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
griwisi (active indicative second-person singular)
griwjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
griwi (active imperative second-person singular)
griwjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
griwjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
griwiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
griwjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
griwjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
griwjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
griwjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
griwjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
griwjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
griwjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
griwjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
griwjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
griwjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
griwjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
griwjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
griwjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
griwiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
griwjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
griwiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
griwjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
griwjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
griwjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
griwjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
griwjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
griwjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
griwjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
griwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
griwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
griwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
griwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
griwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
griwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
griwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
griwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
griwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
griwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
griwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
griwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
griwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
griwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
griwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
griwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
griwjandz (active participle present)
griwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: *grýja (attested nominalization)

Norwegian: gry

Old Swedish: *grȳia, grȳ

Swedish: gry

Old Danish: *grȳ

Danish: gry

Elfdalian: gry

Gutnish: grya

i

possibly; if it continues earlier <i class="Latn mention" lang="fo">*griggja</i>

Faroese: gliggja (possibly; if it continues earlier *griggja)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₁u-, *ǵʰreh₁- (“to dawn, shine”). Cognate with Hittite 𒅗𒊒𒌑 (ka-ru-ú, “early; up to now”).


dintaną

dintō (active first-person indicative singular)
dintaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dintai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dintizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dintaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dint (active imperative second-person singular)
dintazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dintaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dintidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dintai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dintadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dintadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dintaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dintōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dintaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dintadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dintaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dintadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dintamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dintaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dintandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dintaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dintid (active indicative plural second-person)
dintaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dintid (active imperative plural second-person)
dintandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dintaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dintandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dintain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dintandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dintandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dintaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dant (active first-person indicative singular)
duntį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
danst (active indicative second-person singular)
duntīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dant (active indicative singular third-person)
duntī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
duntū (active dual first-person indicative)
duntīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
duntudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
duntīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
duntum (active first-person indicative plural)
duntīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
duntud (active indicative plural second-person)
duntīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
duntun (active indicative plural third-person)
duntīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dintandz (active participle present)
duntanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: detta

Icelandic: detta

Faroese: detta

Norwegian: detta

Elfdalian: detta


laikaną

laikō (active first-person indicative singular)
laikaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laikai (first-person indicative passive singular)
laikizi (active indicative second-person singular)
laikaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laik (active imperative second-person singular)
laikazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
laikaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
laikidi (active indicative singular third-person)
laikai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laikadau (active imperative singular third-person)
laikadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
laikaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
laikōz (active dual first-person indicative)
laikaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laikadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laikaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laikadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
laikamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
laikaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laikandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
laikaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
laikid (active indicative plural second-person)
laikaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laikid (active imperative plural second-person)
laikandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
laikaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
laikandi (active indicative plural third-person)
laikain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laikandau (active imperative plural third-person)
laikandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
laikaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lelaik (active first-person indicative singular)
lelaikį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lelaiht (active indicative second-person singular)
lelaikīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lelaik (active indicative singular third-person)
lelaikī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lelaikū (active dual first-person indicative)
lelaikīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lelaikudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lelaikīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lelaikum (active first-person indicative plural)
lelaikīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lelaikud (active indicative plural second-person)
lelaikīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lelaikun (active indicative plural third-person)
lelaikīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laikandz (active participle present)
laikanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *laikan
Old English: lācan
Middle English: laken
English: lake, laak (dialectal)
>? Old High German: *leihhan
Middle High German: leichen
German: laichen

Old Norse: leika
Icelandic: leika
Faroese: leika
Norwegian Nynorsk: leika
→ Norwegian Bokmål: leike
Old Swedish: lēka
Swedish: leka
Danish: lege
Norwegian Bokmål: leke
Scanian: lega
Gutnish: laika
→ Middle English: layken, leyken, leiken, laiken
English: lake, laik
Scots: laik

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽 (laikan)

From Proto-Indo-European *leyg- (“to jump around, bounce, shake, tremble”).


tuskijaną

tuskijō (active first-person indicative singular)
tuskijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tuskijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tuskīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
tuskijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tuskī (active imperative second-person singular)
tuskijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tuskijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tuskīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tuskijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tuskijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tuskijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tuskijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tuskijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tuskijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tuskijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tuskijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tuskijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tuskijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tuskijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tuskijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tuskijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tuskīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tuskijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tuskīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tuskijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tuskijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tuskijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tuskijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tuskijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tuskijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tuskijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tuskidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tuskidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tuskidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tuskidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tuskidē (active indicative singular third-person)
tuskidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tuskidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tuskidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tuskidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tuskidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tuskidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tuskidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tuskidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tuskidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tuskidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tuskidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tuskijandz (active participle present)
tuskidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old High German: zusken, zuscen

→? Proto-Finnic: *tuhka (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *dh₂uske-, sk-present to Proto-Indo-European *deh₂-, *deh₂w-. Compare Ancient Greek δαίω (daíō, “to burn”), Welsh deifio (“to kindle”).


uznaną

uznō (active first-person indicative singular)
uznaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uznōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
uznais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uznō (active imperative second-person singular)
uznōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
uznai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uznōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
uznōs (active dual first-person indicative)
uznaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uznaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uznaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uznaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
uznamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
uznaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uznaþ (active indicative plural second-person)
uznaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uznaþ (active imperative plural second-person)
uznanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
uznain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uznanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
uznōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
uznōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uznōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
uznōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uznōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
uznōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uznōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
uznōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uznōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uznōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uznōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
uznōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uznōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
uznōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uznōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
uznōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uznandz (active participle present)

Old Norse: *orna

Faroese: orna

Icelandic: orna

Old Swedish: orna

From Pre-Germanic *Hus-néh₂-, from one of two possible sources:
* Proto-Indo-European *h₁ews- (“to burn”). Cognate with Ancient Greek εὕω (heúō, “to singe”), Latin ūrō (“to burn”), Sanskrit ओषति (óṣati, “to burn”).
* Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews- (“dawn”).

(North Germanic) to become warm, warm up


greutaną

greutō (active first-person indicative singular)
greutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
greutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
griutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
greutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
greut (active imperative second-person singular)
greutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
greutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
griutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
greutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
greutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
greutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
greutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
greutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
greutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
greutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
greutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
greutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
greutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
greutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
greutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
greutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
griutid (active indicative plural second-person)
greutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
griutid (active imperative plural second-person)
greutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
greutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
greutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
greutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
greutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
greutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
greutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
graut (active first-person indicative singular)
grutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
graust (active indicative second-person singular)
grutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
graut (active indicative singular third-person)
grutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grutū (active dual first-person indicative)
grutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grutum (active first-person indicative plural)
grutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grutud (active indicative plural second-person)
grutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grutun (active indicative plural third-person)
grutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
greutandz (active participle present)
grutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *greutan
Old High German: *griozan
Middle High German: griezen

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰrewd-, *gʰer- (“to rub, grind, remove”). Cognate with Lithuanian grūsti (“to crush, tamp”), Russian гру́да (grúda, “pile, heap”).


reudaną

reudō (active first-person indicative singular)
reudaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
reudai (first-person indicative passive singular)
riudizi (active indicative second-person singular)
reudaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
reud (active imperative second-person singular)
reudazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
reudaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
riudidi (active indicative singular third-person)
reudai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
reudadau (active imperative singular third-person)
reudadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
reudaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
reudōz (active dual first-person indicative)
reudaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
reudadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
reudaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
reudadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
reudamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
reudaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
reudandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
reudaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
riudid (active indicative plural second-person)
reudaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
riudid (active imperative plural second-person)
reudandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
reudaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
reudandi (active indicative plural third-person)
reudain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
reudandau (active imperative plural third-person)
reudandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
reudaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raud (active first-person indicative singular)
rudį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raust (active indicative second-person singular)
rudīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raud (active indicative singular third-person)
rudī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rudū (active dual first-person indicative)
rudīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rududiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rudīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rudum (active first-person indicative plural)
rudīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rudud (active indicative plural second-person)
rudīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rudun (active indicative plural third-person)
rudīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
reudandz (active participle present)
rudanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *reudan
Old English: rēodan

Old Norse: rjóða

Icelandic: rjóða

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”).


reudaną

Proto-West Germanic: *reudan
Old English: rēodan
Old High German: *riotan
Middle High German: rieten

Old Norse: rjóða

Icelandic: rjóða

Apparently from a Proto-Indo-European *Hrewdʰ- (“to clear out”), though with no certain cognates outside of Germanic. The main cited possible cognate is Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬀 (raoⁱδiia, “(possibly) to be made arable”), though this is uncertain due to the Avestan term itself having an uncertain interpretation. Said root has been linked to Proto-Indo-European *(H)rewH- (“to dig out”) (whence also Latin ruo (“I dig out”), Proto-Slavic *rъvati (“to tear”)).


flōaną

flōō (active first-person indicative singular)
flōaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flōai (first-person indicative passive singular)
flōizi (active indicative second-person singular)
flōaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flō (active imperative second-person singular)
flōazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
flōaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
flōidi (active indicative singular third-person)
flōai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flōadau (active imperative singular third-person)
flōadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
flōaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
flōōz (active dual first-person indicative)
flōaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flōadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flōaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flōadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
flōamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
flōaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flōandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
flōaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
flōid (active indicative plural second-person)
flōaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flōid (active imperative plural second-person)
flōandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
flōaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
flōandi (active indicative plural third-person)
flōain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flōandau (active imperative plural third-person)
flōandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
flōaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
feflō (active first-person indicative singular)
feflōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
feflōt (active indicative second-person singular)
feflōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
feflō (active indicative singular third-person)
feflōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
feflōū (active dual first-person indicative)
feflōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
feflōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
feflōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
feflōum (active first-person indicative plural)
feflōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
feflōud (active indicative plural second-person)
feflōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
feflōun (active indicative plural third-person)
feflōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flōandz (active participle present)
flōanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *flōan

Old English: flōwan

Middle English: flowen

English: flow

Scots: flow, flou

Old Frisian: *flōja

Saterland Frisian: flouje

West Frisian: floeie

Old Saxon: *flōian

desc

Middle Low German: vlôien, vlôigen, vlôgen

Low German: floien, flojen

Old Dutch: *fluoien

Middle Dutch: vloeyen

Dutch: vloeien

Afrikaans: vloei

Old High German: flouwen, flawjan, flawen, flewen

Middle High German: flæjen, vlæjen, vlæen, vlæn

German: flaien

Old Norse: flóa

Icelandic: flóa

Norwegian Nynorsk: flo

Swedish: floa (dialectal)

/ˈɸlɔː.ɑ.nɑ̃/

Possibly from a pre-form *plōw-, the lengthened o-grade form of Proto-Indo-European *plew- (“to flow, swim”) or perhaps *pleh₃(w)-. Alternatively, from *pleh₃-,
Kroonen explains the alternation between -w- (in Anglo-Saxon) and -j- (in Low German) as a result of hiatus after the regular loss of *u after *ō.


baidijaną

baidijō (active first-person indicative singular)
baidijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
baidijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
baidīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
baidijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baidī (active imperative second-person singular)
baidijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
baidijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
baidīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
baidijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
baidijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
baidijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
baidijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
baidijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
baidijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
baidijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
baidijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
baidijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
baidijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
baidijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
baidijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
baidijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
baidīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
baidijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
baidīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
baidijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
baidijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
baidijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
baidijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
baidijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
baidijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
baidijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
baididǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
baididēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
baididēz (active indicative second-person singular)
baididēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baididē (active indicative singular third-person)
baididēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
baididēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
baididēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
baididēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
baididēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
baididēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
baididēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
baididēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
baididēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
baididēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
baididēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
baidijandz (active participle present)
baididaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *baidijan
Old English: bǣdan
Old Saxon: bēdian
Old Dutch: beidan
Middle Dutch: beiden
Dutch: beiden
Old High German: beiten
Middle High German: beiten

Old Norse: beiða
Icelandic: beiða
Faroese: beiða
Old Swedish: bēþa
⇒ Old Swedish: bēþas (from passive)
Swedish: bedas

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (baidjan)

→ Proto-Finnic:

Finnish: paidata

Ingrian: paijata


maitaną

maitō (active first-person indicative singular)
maitaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
maitai (first-person indicative passive singular)
maitizi (active indicative second-person singular)
maitaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mait (active imperative second-person singular)
maitazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
maitaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
maitidi (active indicative singular third-person)
maitai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
maitadau (active imperative singular third-person)
maitadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
maitaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
maitōz (active dual first-person indicative)
maitaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
maitadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
maitaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
maitadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
maitamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
maitaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
maitandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
maitaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
maitid (active indicative plural second-person)
maitaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
maitid (active imperative plural second-person)
maitandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
maitaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
maitandi (active indicative plural third-person)
maitain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
maitandau (active imperative plural third-person)
maitandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
maitaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
memait (active first-person indicative singular)
memaitį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
memaist (active indicative second-person singular)
memaitīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
memait (active indicative singular third-person)
memaitī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
memaitū (active dual first-person indicative)
memaitīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
memaitudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
memaitīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
memaitum (active first-person indicative plural)
memaitīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
memaitud (active indicative plural second-person)
memaitīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
memaitun (active indicative plural third-person)
memaitīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
maitandz (active participle present)
maitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *maitan
(Old English: mǣded, mǣdd, ġemǣded, ġemǣdd (ppt; adj))
(Middle English: madd, medd, mad, med)
(Scots: madde, mad)
(English: mad)
Old High German: meizan
Middle High German: meizen

Old Norse: meita (wk vb) (through confluence with *maitijaną)

Icelandic: meita

Norwegian: meita

Swedish: meta

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (maitan)

From Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“small”) or *meh₂y- (“to cut”) (compare Proto-Celtic *mailos (“bald”)).
In view of the likely causative *maidijaną (“to hurt”), Kroonen assumes the original form of this verb was *maiþaną, from Pre-Germanic *moitH-, with contamination from the related *mittōną (“to cut”).


þrautōną

þrautō (active first-person indicative singular)
þrautǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrautōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
þrautōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
þrautōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrautō (active imperative second-person singular)
þrautōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þrautōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þrautōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þrautō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrautōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þrautōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þrautōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þrautōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þrautōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrautōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrautōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrautōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þrautōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þrautōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrautōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þrautōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þrautōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þrautōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrautōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þrautōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þrautōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þrautōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þrautōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrautōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þrautōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þrautōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þrautōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þrautōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrautōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þrautōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrautōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
þrautōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrautōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þrautōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrautōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrautōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrautōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þrautōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrautōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þrautōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrautōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þrautōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrautōndz (active participle present)
þrautōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: þrēatian

Middle English: threten, threaten

Scots: threte, thret, threit

English: threat

Old Saxon: *thrōtōn

desc

Middle Low German: droten, drōten, drôten

Old Dutch: *throuton, *thrōton

Middle Dutch: droten

Dutch: droten

/ˈθrɑu̯.tɔː.nɑ̃/

An o-grade iterative to *þreutaną (“to harass”).


wreskwaną

wreskwō (active first-person indicative singular)
wreskwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wreskwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wriskwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wreskwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wreskw (active imperative second-person singular)
wreskwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wreskwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wriskwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wreskwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wreskwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wreskwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wreskwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wreskwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wreskwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wreskwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wreskwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wreskwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wreskwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wreskwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wreskwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wreskwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wriskwid (active indicative plural second-person)
wreskwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wriskwid (active imperative plural second-person)
wreskwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wreskwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wreskwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wreskwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wreskwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wreskwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wreskwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wraskw (active first-person indicative singular)
wruskį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wrasht (active indicative second-person singular)
wruskīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wraskw (active indicative singular third-person)
wruskī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wruskū (active dual first-person indicative)
wruskīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wruskudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wruskīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wruskum (active first-person indicative plural)
wruskīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wruskud (active indicative plural second-person)
wruskīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wruskun (active indicative plural third-person)
wruskīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wreskwandz (active participle present)
wruskwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: roskinn, *vroskinn (attested only by the past participle)

Icelandic: roskinn

Gothic: *𐍅𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌵𐌰𐌽 (*wrisqan) (in 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌵𐌰𐌽 (gawrisqan))


tarbijaną

tarbijō (active first-person indicative singular)
tarbijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tarbijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tarbīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
tarbijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tarbī (active imperative second-person singular)
tarbijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tarbijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tarbīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tarbijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tarbijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tarbijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tarbijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tarbijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tarbijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tarbijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tarbijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tarbijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tarbijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tarbijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tarbijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tarbijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tarbīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tarbijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tarbīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tarbijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tarbijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tarbijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tarbijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tarbijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tarbijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tarbijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tarbidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tarbidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tarbidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tarbidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tarbidē (active indicative singular third-person)
tarbidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tarbidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tarbidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tarbidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tarbidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tarbidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tarbidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tarbidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tarbidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tarbidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tarbidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tarbijandz (active participle present)
tarbidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tarbijan
Old English: *tierfan, *tyrfan, *tyrfian
Middle English: tirven, tyrven, terven
⇒ English: topsy-turvy
Scots: tirvie
⇒ Middle English: overterven, overtarven
Scots: overtirve, ourtirve
⇒ Middle English: tyrf, tyrfe
English: tirfe
⇒ Old English: ġetyrfan, ġetyrfian
Old High German: zerben
Middle High German: zirben

From Proto-Indo-European *dorbʰéyeti, a causative formation of Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“to plait, braid, twist, spin, weave, wind”). A direct cognate with दर्भयति (darbháyati).


galaubijaną

galaubijō (active first-person indicative singular)
galaubijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
galaubijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
galaubīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
galaubijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
galaubī (active imperative second-person singular)
galaubijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
galaubijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
galaubīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
galaubijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
galaubijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
galaubijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
galaubijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
galaubijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
galaubijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
galaubijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
galaubijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
galaubijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
galaubijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
galaubijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
galaubijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
galaubijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
galaubīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
galaubijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
galaubīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
galaubijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
galaubijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
galaubijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
galaubijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
galaubijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
galaubijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
galaubijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
galaubidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
galaubidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
galaubidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
galaubidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
galaubidē (active indicative singular third-person)
galaubidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
galaubidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
galaubidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
galaubidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
galaubidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
galaubidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
galaubidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
galaubidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
galaubidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
galaubidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
galaubidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
galaubijandz (active participle present)
galaubidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *galaubijan
Old English: ġelīefan, ġelȳfan — Late West Saxon, ġelēfan — Anglian
Middle English: ȝeleven, yleven, ileven
Old Frisian: lēva
Saterland Frisian: leeuwe
West Frisian: liuwa, lyowa
Old Saxon: gilōvian
Middle Low German: gelôven
German Low German: glöven, löven
Plautdietsch: jleewe
Old Dutch: gilōven
Middle Dutch: gelôven
Dutch: geloven
Afrikaans: glo
Berbice Creole Dutch: glofu
Javindo: gelofen
Jersey Dutch: xjelôve
Negerhollands: geloof, gloof
Limburgish: geluive
Old High German: gilouben
Middle High German: gelouben, gelöuben
Central Franconian: jläuve, jlööve, gleewe, glaawe
Luxembourgish: gleewen
Hunsrik: glaave
Cimbrian: klóoban
German: glauben, (obsolete) gläuben
Yiddish: גלייבן (gleybn)

Old Norse: *gleyfa, leyfa
Icelandic: leyfa
Faroese: loyva
Norwegian Nynorsk: løyva
→ Norwegian Bokmål: løyve

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (galaubjan)


hailisōną

hailisō (active first-person indicative singular)
hailisǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hailisōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hailisōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hailisōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hailisō (active imperative second-person singular)
hailisōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hailisōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hailisōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hailisō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hailisōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hailisōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hailisōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hailisōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hailisōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hailisōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hailisōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hailisōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hailisōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hailisōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hailisōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hailisōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hailisōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hailisōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hailisōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hailisōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hailisōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hailisōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hailisōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hailisōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hailisōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hailisōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hailisōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hailisōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hailisōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hailisōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hailisōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hailisōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hailisōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hailisōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hailisōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hailisōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hailisōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hailisōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hailisōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hailisōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hailisōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hailisōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hailisōndz (active participle present)
hailisōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hailisōn

desc

Old English: hālsian, *hǣlsian, hēalsian

desctree

Middle English: halsen, hals, halse, halsi, halsiȝe, halsien, halsow
English: halse
Middle Scots: hals, halse
Yola: hawlse

Old High German: heilisōn

Middle High German: heilsen

Old Norse: heilsa
Icelandic: heilsa
Faroese: heilsa
Norwegian Nynorsk: helse, helsa, heilsa
Norwegian Bokmål: helse
Old Swedish: hēlsa, hælsa
Swedish: hälsa
Old Danish: helsæ
Danish: helsen
Scanian: hælsa
→ Middle English: hailsen, haylsen
Scots: hailse, helse

From *hailaz (“hail, healthy”) + *-isōną (“denominal suffix”).


wargijaną

wargijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wargijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wargijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wargīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wargijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wargī (active imperative second-person singular)
wargijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wargijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wargīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wargijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wargijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wargijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wargijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wargijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wargijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wargijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wargijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wargijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wargijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wargijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wargijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wargijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wargīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wargijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wargīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wargijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wargijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wargijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wargijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wargijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wargijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wargijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wargidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wargidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wargidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wargidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wargidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wargidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wargidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wargidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wargidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wargidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wargidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wargidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wargidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wargidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wargidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wargidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wargijandz (active participle present)
wargidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wargijan
Old English: wierġan, werġian, wirġean
Middle English: werȝen, werien, warien, warrien
English: warry
Old Saxon: wargian
⇒ Old High German: furwergen

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*wargjan) (in 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gawargjan))


frakunnaną

frakann (active first-person indicative singular)
frakunnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frakannt (active indicative second-person singular)
frakunnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frakann (active indicative singular third-person)
frakunnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frakunnū (active dual first-person indicative)
frakunnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frakunnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frakunnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frakunnum (active first-person indicative plural)
frakunnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frakunnud (active indicative plural second-person)
frakunnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frakunnun (active indicative plural third-person)
frakunnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frakunþǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
frakunþēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frakunþēz (active indicative second-person singular)
frakunþēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frakunþē (active indicative singular third-person)
frakunþēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frakunþēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
frakunþēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frakunþēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frakunþēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frakunþēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
frakunþēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frakunþēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
frakunþēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frakunþēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
frakunþēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frakunnandz (active participle present)
frakunþaz (active participle past subjunctive)

⇒ Old English: forcūþ (attested only in the past participle); fracoþ, fracod

Middle English: forcouth; fraked

English: fraked

Old High German: farkunnan, firkunnan

Old Norse: fyrirkunna

Icelandic: fyrirkunna

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (frakunnan)


furaiganganą

furaigangō (active first-person indicative singular)
furaigangaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
furaigangai (first-person indicative passive singular)
furaigangizi (active indicative second-person singular)
furaigangaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
furaigang (active imperative second-person singular)
furaigangazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
furaigangaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
furaigangidi (active indicative singular third-person)
furaigangai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
furaigangadau (active imperative singular third-person)
furaigangadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
furaigangaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
furaigangōz (active dual first-person indicative)
furaigangaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
furaigangadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
furaigangaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
furaigangadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
furaigangamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
furaigangaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
furaigangandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
furaigangaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
furaigangid (active indicative plural second-person)
furaigangaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
furaigangid (active imperative plural second-person)
furaigangandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
furaigangaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
furaigangandi (active indicative plural third-person)
furaigangain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
furaigangandau (active imperative plural third-person)
furaigangandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
furaigangaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
furaigegang (active first-person indicative singular)
furaigegangį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
furaigeganht (active indicative second-person singular)
furaigegangīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
furaigegang (active indicative singular third-person)
furaigegangī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
furaigegangū (active dual first-person indicative)
furaigegangīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
furaigegangudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
furaigegangīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
furaigegangum (active first-person indicative plural)
furaigegangīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
furaigegangud (active indicative plural second-person)
furaigegangīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
furaigegangun (active indicative plural third-person)
furaigegangīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
furaigangandz (active participle present)
furaiganganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: foregangan

Old Saxon: foragangan

Middle Low German: vöregān, vörgangend

Old High German: foragangan

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (fauragaggan)

/ˌɸu.rɑi̯.ˈɣɑŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃/


smarōną

smarō (active first-person indicative singular)
smarǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smarōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
smarōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
smarōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smarō (active imperative second-person singular)
smarōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
smarōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
smarōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
smarō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smarōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
smarōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
smarōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
smarōs (active dual first-person indicative)
smarōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smarōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smarōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smarōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
smarōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
smarōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smarōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
smarōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
smarōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
smarōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smarōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
smarōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
smarōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
smarōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
smarōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smarōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
smarōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
smarōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
smarōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
smarōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smarōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
smarōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smarōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
smarōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smarōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
smarōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smarōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smarōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smarōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
smarōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smarōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
smarōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smarōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
smarōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smarōndz (active participle present)
smarōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*smerōną (alternative)

Old English: smerian; bismerian; bismer, bismor; smercian, smearcian

desc

Middle English: bismer, bismar, bysmare, bissemare; smirken

Scots: bismere, bysmer; smirk, smirkle, smerkle

English: bismer; smirk; (besmear)

(Old Frisian: smere)

i

(Saterland Frisian: besmeere (possibly a borrowing from Middle Low German))

(West Frisian: smoar; besmjirkje, besmoarkje)

Old Saxon: *bismerōn; bismer

Middle Low German: besmēren

German Low German: besmeren

Old Dutch: bismeron; bismer

(Middle Dutch: besmeren, besmaren)

(Dutch: besmeren, besmeuren)

Old High German: bismarōn; bismerōn; bismar, bismer; (bismirwen)

Middle High German: smieren; (besmirwen, besmiren)

German: schmieren; (beschmieren)

Uncertain. Perhaps related to *smīlijaną (“to smile”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mey- (“to laugh”).


furaikweþaną

furaikweþō (active first-person indicative singular)
furaikweþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
furaikweþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
furaikwiþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
furaikweþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
furaikweþ (active imperative second-person singular)
furaikweþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
furaikweþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
furaikwiþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
furaikweþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
furaikweþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
furaikweþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
furaikweþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
furaikweþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
furaikweþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
furaikweþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
furaikweþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
furaikweþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
furaikweþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
furaikweþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
furaikweþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
furaikweþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
furaikwiþid (active indicative plural second-person)
furaikweþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
furaikwiþid (active imperative plural second-person)
furaikweþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
furaikweþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
furaikweþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
furaikweþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
furaikweþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
furaikweþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
furaikweþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
furaikwaþ (active first-person indicative singular)
furaikwēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
furaikwast (active indicative second-person singular)
furaikwēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
furaikwaþ (active indicative singular third-person)
furaikwēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
furaikwēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
furaikwēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
furaikwēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
furaikwēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
furaikwēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
furaikwēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
furaikwēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
furaikwēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
furaikwēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
furaikwēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
furaikweþandz (active participle present)
furaikwedanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: forecweþan

Old High German: foraquedan

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽 (fauraqiþan)

to foretell, prophesy, predict, say beforehand


frakunþaz

Equivalent to *frakunnaną (“to despise”) + *-þaz, or *fra- + *kunþaz.


furibeudaną

furibeudō (active first-person indicative singular)
furibeudaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
furibeudai (first-person indicative passive singular)
furibiudizi (active indicative second-person singular)
furibeudaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
furibeud (active imperative second-person singular)
furibeudazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
furibeudaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
furibiudidi (active indicative singular third-person)
furibeudai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
furibeudadau (active imperative singular third-person)
furibeudadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
furibeudaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
furibeudōz (active dual first-person indicative)
furibeudaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
furibeudadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
furibeudaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
furibeudadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
furibeudamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
furibeudaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
furibeudandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
furibeudaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
furibiudid (active indicative plural second-person)
furibeudaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
furibiudid (active imperative plural second-person)
furibeudandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
furibeudaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
furibeudandi (active indicative plural third-person)
furibeudain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
furibeudandau (active imperative plural third-person)
furibeudandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
furibeudaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
furibaud (active first-person indicative singular)
furibudį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
furibaust (active indicative second-person singular)
furibudīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
furibaud (active indicative singular third-person)
furibudī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
furibudū (active dual first-person indicative)
furibudīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
furibududiz (active dual indicative second-person)
furibudīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
furibudum (active first-person indicative plural)
furibudīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
furibudud (active indicative plural second-person)
furibudīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
furibudun (active indicative plural third-person)
furibudīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
furibeudandz (active participle present)
furibudanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *furibeudan
Old English: forbēodan
Middle English: forbeoden, forbeden, vorbeoden, verbeode, forboden, forbuden, forbiden, forbidden
English: forbid
Scots: forbede, forbeid, forbid, forbyd
Old Frisian: forbiada
Old Saxon: farbiodan
Middle Low German: vörbēden, vorbēden, vorbeeden, vorbeyden, vorbeiden, vorbīden, verbēden
Low German: vorbeden, verbeden
→ Old Swedish: forbiuþa (or perhaps from Old English)
Swedish: förbjuda
→ Elfdalian: febiuoða
Old Dutch: *farbiodan
Middle Dutch: verbieden
Dutch: verbieden
Afrikaans: verbied
Limburgish: verbijje
Old High German: firbiotan, furibiotan
Middle High German: verbieten
Cimbrian: borpòotan
German: verbieten
Luxembourgish: verbidden

Old Norse: fyrirbjóða, forbjóða (descendants influenced by Middle Low German)
Icelandic: fyrirbjóða, forbjóða
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: forby
Norwegian Nynorsk: forby, forbyde, forbyda
Old Danish: forbiudhe
Danish: forbyde
Swedish: förbjuda

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽 (faurbiudan)

to forbid, prohibit, command against (doing something)


frawurkijaną

frawurkijō (active first-person indicative singular)
frawurkijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frawurkijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
frawurkīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
frawurkijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frawurkī (active imperative second-person singular)
frawurkijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
frawurkijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
frawurkīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
frawurkijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frawurkijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
frawurkijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
frawurkijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
frawurkijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
frawurkijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frawurkijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frawurkijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frawurkijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
frawurkijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
frawurkijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frawurkijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
frawurkijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
frawurkīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
frawurkijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frawurkīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
frawurkijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
frawurkijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
frawurkijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
frawurkijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frawurkijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
frawurkijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
frawurkijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frawurhtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
frawurhtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frawurhtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
frawurhtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frawurhtē (active indicative singular third-person)
frawurhtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frawurhtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
frawurhtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frawurhtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frawurhtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frawurhtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
frawurhtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frawurhtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
frawurhtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frawurhtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
frawurhtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frawurkijandz (active participle present)
frawurkidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *frawurkijan
Old English: forwyrcan
Middle English: forwurchen
English: forwork
Old Saxon: farwirkian
Old High German: firwurken

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (frawaurkjan)


knuzlijaną

knuzlijō (active first-person indicative singular)
knuzlijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
knuzlijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
knuzlīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
knuzlijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
knuzlī (active imperative second-person singular)
knuzlijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
knuzlijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
knuzlīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
knuzlijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
knuzlijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
knuzlijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
knuzlijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
knuzlijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
knuzlijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
knuzlijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
knuzlijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
knuzlijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
knuzlijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
knuzlijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
knuzlijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
knuzlijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
knuzlīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
knuzlijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
knuzlīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
knuzlijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
knuzlijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
knuzlijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
knuzlijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
knuzlijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
knuzlijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
knuzlijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
knuzlidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
knuzlidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
knuzlidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
knuzlidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
knuzlidē (active indicative singular third-person)
knuzlidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
knuzlidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
knuzlidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
knuzlidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
knuzlidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
knuzlidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
knuzlidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
knuzlidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
knuzlidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
knuzlidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
knuzlidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
knuzlijandz (active participle present)
knuzlidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: cnyllan; cnyllsan, cnylsian

desc

Middle English: knullen, knyllen, knillen, knellen

Scots: knell; knool

English: knell

Old High German: knullen

Middle High German: knüllen

German: knüllen

→ German Low German: knüllen

Old Norse: knylla

Danish: knolde

Icelandic: knylla, hnylla

Faroese: knylla

Norwegian Bokmål: knulle

Swedish: knulla

From *knus- (“to crush; grind”), from Proto-Indo-European *gen- (“to squeeze; pinch; kink; bale”).


tizdailijaną

tizdailijō (active first-person indicative singular)
tizdailijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tizdailijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tizdailīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
tizdailijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tizdailī (active imperative second-person singular)
tizdailijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tizdailijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tizdailīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tizdailijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tizdailijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tizdailijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tizdailijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tizdailijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tizdailijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tizdailijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tizdailijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tizdailijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tizdailijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tizdailijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tizdailijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tizdailijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tizdailīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tizdailijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tizdailīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tizdailijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tizdailijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tizdailijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tizdailijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tizdailijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tizdailijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tizdailijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tizdailidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tizdailidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tizdailidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tizdailidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tizdailidē (active indicative singular third-person)
tizdailidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tizdailidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tizdailidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tizdailidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tizdailidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tizdailidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tizdailidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tizdailidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tizdailidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tizdailidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tizdailidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tizdailijandz (active participle present)
tizdailidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: tōdǣlan

desc

Middle English: todælen, todealen, todelen

Old High German: zeteilen

Middle High German: zerteilen

German: zertheilen, zerteilen

Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (disdailjan) (< replacement of *tiz- with foreign-influenced 𐌳𐌹𐍃- (dis-))


flutōną

flutō (active first-person indicative singular)
flutǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flutōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
flutōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
flutōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flutō (active imperative second-person singular)
flutōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
flutōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
flutōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
flutō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flutōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
flutōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
flutōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
flutōs (active dual first-person indicative)
flutōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flutōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flutōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flutōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
flutōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
flutōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flutōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
flutōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
flutōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
flutōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flutōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
flutōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
flutōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
flutōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
flutōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flutōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
flutōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
flutōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
flutōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
flutōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flutōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
flutōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flutōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
flutōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flutōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
flutōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flutōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flutōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flutōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
flutōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flutōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
flutōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flutōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
flutōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flutōndz (active participle present)
flutōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *flotōn
Old English: flotian
Middle English: floten
Scots: flot, flote, floit
English: float
→ German: floaten
Old Frisian: *flotia
Saterland Frisian: flotje
West Frisian: flotsje
Old Saxon: flotōn
Middle Low German: vloten, vlotten
German Low German: flötten, flöttjen
Old Dutch: *fluton, *floton
Middle Dutch: vloten, vlotten, vlutten
Dutch: vlotten
Afrikaans: vlot
Old High German: *flozzōn
Middle High German: flōzen, vlōzen
→ Old French: floter
Middle French: flotter
French: flotter
→ Italian: fiottare
→ Spanish: flotar

Old Norse: flota

Icelandic: flota

Faroese: flota

Norwegian: flote

Swedish: flotta

Danish: flåde

The iterative of *fleutaną (“to float, stream”), from Proto-Indo-European *plewd- (“to float, swim, fly”).


uberganganą

ubergangō (active first-person indicative singular)
ubergangaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ubergangai (first-person indicative passive singular)
ubirgangizi (active indicative second-person singular)
ubergangaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ubergang (active imperative second-person singular)
ubergangazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ubergangaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ubirgangidi (active indicative singular third-person)
ubergangai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ubergangadau (active imperative singular third-person)
ubergangadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ubergangaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ubergangōz (active dual first-person indicative)
ubergangaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ubergangadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ubergangaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ubergangadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ubergangamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ubergangaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ubergangandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ubergangaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ubirgangid (active indicative plural second-person)
ubergangaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ubirgangid (active imperative plural second-person)
ubergangandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ubergangaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ubergangandi (active indicative plural third-person)
ubergangain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ubergangandau (active imperative plural third-person)
ubergangandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ubergangaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ubergegang (active first-person indicative singular)
ubergegangį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ubergeganht (active indicative second-person singular)
ubergegangīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ubergegang (active indicative singular third-person)
ubergegangī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ubergegangū (active dual first-person indicative)
ubergegangīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ubergegangudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ubergegangīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ubergegangum (active first-person indicative plural)
ubergegangīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ubergegangud (active indicative plural second-person)
ubergegangīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ubergegangun (active indicative plural third-person)
ubergegangīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ubergangandz (active participle present)
uberganganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: ofergangan

Middle English: overgangen

English: overgang

Old Saxon: ovargangan

Old High German: ubargangan

(Old Norse: ganga yfir)

Gothic: 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (ufargaggan)

/ˌu.βer.ˈɣɑŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃/


dammijaną

dammijō (active first-person indicative singular)
dammijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dammijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dammīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
dammijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dammī (active imperative second-person singular)
dammijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dammijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dammīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dammijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dammijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dammijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dammijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dammijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dammijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dammijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dammijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dammijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dammijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dammijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dammijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dammijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dammīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dammijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dammīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dammijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dammijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dammijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dammijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dammijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dammijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dammijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dammidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dammidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dammidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dammidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dammidē (active indicative singular third-person)
dammidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dammidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dammidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dammidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dammidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dammidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dammidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dammidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dammidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dammidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dammidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dammijandz (active participle present)
dammidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dammijan
Old English: *demman
Middle English: demmen, dammen
English: dam
Early Scots: dem, daime
Scots: dem, daim
⇒ Old English: fordemman
Old Frisian: demma, damma
Old Saxon: *demmian
Middle Low German: demmen, dammen
German Low German: dämmen, dammen
Old Dutch: *demmen, *dammon
Middle Dutch: *demmen, dammen
Dutch: dammen
Old High German: *temmen
⇒ Old High German: bitemmen
Middle High German: temmen
German: dämmen

Old Norse: demma

Icelandic: demma

Faroese: demma

Norwegian: demme

Old Swedish: dæmma

Swedish: dämma

Old Danish: dæmmæ

Danish: dæmme

Gutnish: däme, däm', däma

Gothic: *𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*dammjan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (faurdammjan)