krimpaną

krimpō (active first-person indicative singular)
krimpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
krimpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
krimpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
krimpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
krimp (active imperative second-person singular)
krimpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
krimpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
krimpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
krimpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krimpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
krimpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
krimpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
krimpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
krimpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krimpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krimpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krimpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
krimpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
krimpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krimpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
krimpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
krimpid (active indicative plural second-person)
krimpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krimpid (active imperative plural second-person)
krimpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
krimpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
krimpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
krimpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krimpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
krimpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
krimpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kramp (active first-person indicative singular)
krumpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kramft (active indicative second-person singular)
krumpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kramp (active indicative singular third-person)
krumpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krumpū (active dual first-person indicative)
krumpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krumpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krumpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krumpum (active first-person indicative plural)
krumpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krumpud (active indicative plural second-person)
krumpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krumpun (active indicative plural third-person)
krumpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krimpandz (active participle present)
krumpanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *crimpan (attested in ġecrympan)

Middle English: crimpen, crympen

Scots: crimp

English: crimp

Old Frisian: *krimpa

Saterland Frisian: krimpe

West Frisian: krimpe

Old Saxon: *krimpan

Middle Low German: krimpen

German Low German: krimpen

→ German: krimpen

Old Dutch: *crimpan
Middle Dutch: crimpen
Dutch: krimpen
Afrikaans: krimp
Limburgish: krömpe

desc

Old High German: *krimpfan, *krimphan, *krimfan (attested as krimfit)

Middle High German: krimpfen, grimpfen

German: krimpfen

Old Norse: kreppa, *krimpa (eastern); kroppinn (ppt.)

Icelandic: kreppa

Norwegian Nynorsk: kreppe

Old Swedish: krympa; krumpin

Swedish: krympa, dial. krimpa

Danish: krympe

Originally *krimbaną, with contamination of -p- from the iterative *krumpōną, from Pre-Germanic *grembʰ-, a nasalized form of Proto-Indo-European *grebʰ- (“to be crooked”). Possibly related to Proto-Slavic *gъrbъ (“hump”).


strīdaną

strīdō (active first-person indicative singular)
strīdaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
strīdai (first-person indicative passive singular)
strīdizi (active indicative second-person singular)
strīdaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
strīd (active imperative second-person singular)
strīdazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
strīdaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
strīdidi (active indicative singular third-person)
strīdai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
strīdadau (active imperative singular third-person)
strīdadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
strīdaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
strīdōz (active dual first-person indicative)
strīdaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
strīdadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
strīdaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
strīdadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
strīdamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
strīdaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
strīdandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
strīdaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
strīdid (active indicative plural second-person)
strīdaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
strīdid (active imperative plural second-person)
strīdandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
strīdaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
strīdandi (active indicative plural third-person)
strīdain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
strīdandau (active imperative plural third-person)
strīdandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
strīdaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
straid (active first-person indicative singular)
stridį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
straist (active indicative second-person singular)
stridīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
straid (active indicative singular third-person)
stridī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stridū (active dual first-person indicative)
stridīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stridudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stridīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stridum (active first-person indicative plural)
stridīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stridud (active indicative plural second-person)
stridīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stridun (active indicative plural third-person)
stridīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
strīdandz (active participle present)
stridanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *strīdan
Old English: strīdan
Middle English: strīden
English: stride
Scots: stryde, stride
Old Frisian: strīda
Saterland Frisian: striedje
West Frisian: stride, strijde
Old Saxon: strīdan
Middle Low German: strîden
German Low German: strieden
Old Dutch: *strīdan
Middle Dutch: striden
Dutch: strijden
Afrikaans: stry
Limburgish: strieje
Old High German: strītan
Middle High German: strīten
German: streiten
Luxembourgish: streiden

Old Norse: *stríða

Old Swedish: strīþa

Swedish: strida

Probably from Pre-Germanic *streydʰh₁-, a compound of a Proto-Indo-European *strey- (“to resist”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to put”). Probably related to Latvian strīdēties, striêtiês (“to resist, quarrel”), Lithuanian strainùs (“unruly”).


fukkōną

fukkō (active first-person indicative singular)
fukkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fukkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
fukkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fukkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fukkō (active imperative second-person singular)
fukkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fukkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fukkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fukkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fukkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fukkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fukkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fukkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fukkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fukkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fukkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fukkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fukkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fukkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fukkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fukkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fukkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fukkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fukkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fukkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fukkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fukkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fukkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fukkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fukkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fukkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fukkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fukkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fukkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fukkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fukkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
fukkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fukkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fukkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fukkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fukkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fukkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fukkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fukkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fukkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fukkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fukkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fukkōndz (active participle present)
fukkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fokkōn

Old Dutch: *fokkon

Middle Dutch: vocken

Old High German: fohhōn, fochōn

Middle High German: fochen

Old Norse: *fokka

Icelandic: fokka

⇒ Faroese: fokka (“foresail”, noun)

From Pre-Germanic *pugnéh₂-. Likely related to Latvian puga (“gust of wind”), as well as perhaps Old Armenian փուք (pʻukʻ, “breath, air”).


fukkōną

Proto-West Germanic: *fukkōn

desctree

Old English: *fuccian
Middle English: *fukken, *fuken
English: fuck (see there for further descendants)
Early Scots: *fuken
Middle Scots: fuk
Scots: fuck, fuk
Geordie English: fook

Old Frisian: *fokkia

West Frisian: fokje

Old Dutch: *fokkon, *fukkon

Middle Dutch: fokken

Dutch: fokken

Afrikaans: fok

→ West Frisian: fokke

Old High German: *fuhhōn

desc

⇒? Old High German: fitafuhhōn, fitafuchōn (“to lust for, seek fornication, beg for prostitution”) (with uncertain initial component; possibly related to fitnessi (“pimping, match-making, tempting flattery, wantonness”))

Old Norse: *fukka

Faroese: fukka

Norwegian Nynorsk: fukka (dialectal)

Swedish: fokka (Bohuslän)

From Pre-Germanic *pugnéh₂-, likely a zero-grade iterative from Proto-Indo-European *pug-, *pewǵ- (“to strike, assail”). Related to Latin pugnus (“fist”), Ancient Greek πυγμή (pugmḗ, “fist”), possibly also Russian пуга́ть (pugátʹ, “to frighten, scare”).


faukōną

faukō (active first-person indicative singular)
faukǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
faukōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
faukōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
faukōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
faukō (active imperative second-person singular)
faukōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
faukōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
faukōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
faukō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
faukōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
faukōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
faukōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
faukōs (active dual first-person indicative)
faukōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
faukōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
faukōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
faukōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
faukōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
faukōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
faukōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
faukōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
faukōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
faukōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
faukōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
faukōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
faukōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
faukōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
faukōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
faukōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
faukōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
faukōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
faukōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
faukōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
faukōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
faukōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
faukōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
faukōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
faukōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
faukōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
faukōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
faukōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
faukōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
faukōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
faukōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
faukōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
faukōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
faukōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
faukōndz (active participle present)
faukōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

English: feak (obsolete)

Norwegian: faukast (dialectal)

/ˈɸɑu̯.kɔː.nɑ̃/

From Pre-Germanic *powgnéh₂-, an o-grade variant to *fukkōną (“to strike, assail”).


truttōną

truttōną. (canonical)
truttō (active first-person indicative singular)
truttǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
truttōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
truttōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
truttōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
truttō (active imperative second-person singular)
truttōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
truttōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
truttōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
truttō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
truttōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
truttōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
truttōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
truttōs (active dual first-person indicative)
truttōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
truttōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
truttōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
truttōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
truttōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
truttōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
truttōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
truttōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
truttōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
truttōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
truttōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
truttōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
truttōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
truttōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
truttōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
truttōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
truttōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
truttōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
truttōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
truttōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
truttōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
truttōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
truttōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
truttōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
truttōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
truttōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
truttōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
truttōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
truttōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
truttōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
truttōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
truttōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
truttōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
truttōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
truttōndz (active participle present)
truttōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *trottōn
Old English: tryddian (with unexpected umlaut)
Old Frisian: trottia
West Frisian: troaie
Old Dutch: *trotton, *troton
Middle Dutch: trotten, troten, troden, torten, torden
Dutch: trotten, troten, torten, torden
Old High German: trotōn
Middle High German: trotten, troten
→ Medieval Latin: *trottō, *trotō
Old French: troter, trotter
→ Middle English: trotten
English: trot

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *trettōn
Old English: treddian
Old Frisian: *treddia
West Frisian: tredzje, tredje
Old Saxon: *treddōn
Middle Low German: tredden, trēden
Old Dutch: *treddon, *tretton
Middle Dutch: tredden, tretten
Old High German: trettōn
Middle High German: tretten, treten

Old Norse: *troða

Elfdalian: troðå

From Pre-Germanic *dr̥tnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to *trudaną (“to tread”).


lubāną

lubō (active first-person indicative singular)
lubaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
lubai (active imperative second-person singular)
lubāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lubaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
lubāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
lubāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lubōs (active dual first-person indicative)
lubāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lubāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lubāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lubānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lubaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
lubaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
lubānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lubānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
lubānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
lubānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lubadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
lubadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lubadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
lubadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lubadē (active indicative singular third-person)
lubadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lubadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
lubadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lubadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lubadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lubadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
lubadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lubadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
lubadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lubadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
lubadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lubāndz (active participle present)
lubadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: *𐌻𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌽 (*luban), implied by deverbal 𐌻𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (lubains)

From *lubō (“love”) + *-āną. Related to Latin libet (“it is pleasing”).


knuttōną

knuttō (active first-person indicative singular)
knuttǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
knuttōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
knuttōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
knuttōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
knuttō (active imperative second-person singular)
knuttōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
knuttōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
knuttōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
knuttō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
knuttōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
knuttōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
knuttōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
knuttōs (active dual first-person indicative)
knuttōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
knuttōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
knuttōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
knuttōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
knuttōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
knuttōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
knuttōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
knuttōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
knuttōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
knuttōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
knuttōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
knuttōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
knuttōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
knuttōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
knuttōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
knuttōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
knuttōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
knuttōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
knuttōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
knuttōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
knuttōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
knuttōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
knuttōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
knuttōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
knuttōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
knuttōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
knuttōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
knuttōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
knuttōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
knuttōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
knuttōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
knuttōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
knuttōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
knuttōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
knuttōndz (active participle present)
knuttōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

German: knotzen (dialectal)

From Pre-Germanic *gn̥tnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to *knudaną (“to knead”).


abalagjaną

abalagjō (active first-person indicative singular)
abalagjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
abalagjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
abalagisi (active indicative second-person singular)
abalagjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
abalagi (active imperative second-person singular)
abalagjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
abalagjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
abalagiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
abalagjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
abalagjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
abalagjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
abalagjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
abalagjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
abalagjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
abalagjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
abalagjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
abalagjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
abalagjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
abalagjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
abalagjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
abalagjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
abalagiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
abalagjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
abalagiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
abalagjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
abalagjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
abalagjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
abalagjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
abalagjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
abalagjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
abalagjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
abalagidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
abalagidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
abalagidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
abalagidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
abalagidē (active indicative singular third-person)
abalagidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
abalagidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
abalagidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
abalagidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
abalagidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
abalagidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
abalagidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
abalagidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
abalagidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
abalagidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
abalagidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
abalagjandz (active participle present)
abalagidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *abalaggjan

Old English: ofleċġan
Middle English: oflæien
English: offlay (possibly re-borrowed or created anew)

Old Frisian: ofledza

Old Saxon: *afleggian

→ Middle High German: afleggen

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: aveleggen, afleggen

Dutch: afleggen
Afrikaans: aflê
Negerhollands: lee af
→ Papiamentu: lèg

Old High German: *abaleggen

Middle High German: abelegen

German: ablegen

Luxembourgish: ofleeën

Old Norse: afleggja
Icelandic: afleggja
Norwegian Nynorsk: avleggja
Old Swedish: afläggia
Swedish: avlägga
Danish: aflægge
Norwegian Bokmål: avlegge

Gothic: 𐌰𐍆𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (aflagjan)

/ˌɑ.βɑ.ˈlɑɣ.jɑ.nɑ̃/


skuppōną

skuppō (active first-person indicative singular)
skuppǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skuppōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skuppōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skuppōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skuppō (active imperative second-person singular)
skuppōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skuppōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skuppōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skuppō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skuppōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skuppōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skuppōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skuppōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skuppōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skuppōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skuppōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skuppōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skuppōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skuppōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skuppōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skuppōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skuppōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skuppōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skuppōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skuppōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skuppōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skuppōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skuppōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skuppōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skuppōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skuppōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skuppōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skuppōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skuppōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skuppōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skuppōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skuppōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skuppōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skuppōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skuppōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skuppōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skuppōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skuppōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skuppōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skuppōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skuppōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skuppōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skuppōndz (active participle present)
skuppōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Middle Low German: schuppen

Middle Dutch: scuppen, *scoppen

Dutch: schoppen

Afrikaans: skop

desc

Middle High German: schopfen, schupfen, schüpfen; (northern) schoppen, schuppen

Bavarian: schupfn

(German: schubsen); schuppen, schupfen (regional)

Old Norse: *skopa

Icelandic: skopa

Faroese: skopa

Norwegian: skubba, skuppa, skopa

From Pre-Germanic *skubʰnéh₂-, an iterative formation to *skeubaną (“to shove”). Particularly close in formation to Lithuanian skùbinti (“to rush, hurry”).


skuppōną

Middle Low German: schoven

Dutch: schobben, schoppen (early modern)

Middle High German: schopfen

Old Norse: skopa

Icelandic: skopa

Old Swedish: skopa

Considered by Kroonen to be a secondary zero-grade iterative to a Proto-Indo-European *skep- (“to mock”), and not equivalent to the "shove" sense of Etymology 1. Probably related to Ancient Greek σκώπτω (skṓptō, “to mock”).


streukaną

streukō (active first-person indicative singular)
streukaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
streukai (first-person indicative passive singular)
striukizi (active indicative second-person singular)
streukaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
streuk (active imperative second-person singular)
streukazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
streukaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
striukidi (active indicative singular third-person)
streukai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
streukadau (active imperative singular third-person)
streukadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
streukaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
streukōz (active dual first-person indicative)
streukaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
streukadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
streukaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
streukadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
streukamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
streukaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
streukandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
streukaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
striukid (active indicative plural second-person)
streukaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
striukid (active imperative plural second-person)
streukandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
streukaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
streukandi (active indicative plural third-person)
streukain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
streukandau (active imperative plural third-person)
streukandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
streukaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
strauk (active first-person indicative singular)
strukį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
strauht (active indicative second-person singular)
strukīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
strauk (active indicative singular third-person)
strukī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
strukū (active dual first-person indicative)
strukīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
strukudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
strukīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
strukum (active first-person indicative plural)
strukīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
strukud (active indicative plural second-person)
strukīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
strukun (active indicative plural third-person)
strukīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
streukandz (active participle present)
strukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: strjúka

Icelandic: strjúka

Faroese: strúka

Norwegian: stryke

Old Swedish: strȳka

Swedish: stryka

Old Danish: strȳkæ

Danish: stryge

Elfdalian: striuoka

Gutnish: sträuke

Probably originally *streuganą, with -k- due to influence from the iterative *strukkōną, from a Proto-Indo-European *strewgʰ- (“to stroke, shave”). Related to Proto-Slavic *strъgati (“to scrape”), Lithuanian strùgas (“short, cropped”). Compare also *strīkaną (“to stroke”), which is apparently unrelated, despite strikingly similar phonetics and semantics.


strukkōną

strukkō (active first-person indicative singular)
strukkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
strukkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
strukkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
strukkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
strukkō (active imperative second-person singular)
strukkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
strukkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
strukkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
strukkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
strukkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
strukkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
strukkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
strukkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
strukkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
strukkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
strukkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
strukkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
strukkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
strukkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
strukkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
strukkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
strukkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
strukkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
strukkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
strukkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
strukkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
strukkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
strukkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
strukkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
strukkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
strukkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
strukkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
strukkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
strukkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
strukkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
strukkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
strukkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
strukkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
strukkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
strukkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
strukkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
strukkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
strukkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
strukkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
strukkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
strukkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
strukkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
strukkōndz (active participle present)
strukkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *strukkōn

Old English: stroccian

Old Dutch: *strockōn

Middle Dutch: *strocken

Dutch: stroocken (early modern)

Old Norse: *stroka, *strokka

Icelandic: stroka

Norwegian: strokka

Elfdalian: strukå

From earlier paradigm *strukkōþi ~ *skugunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *strugʰ-nā́-ti ~ *strugʰ-un-ánti, iterative to *streukaną (“to stroke”).


stikkōną

stikkō (active first-person indicative singular)
stikkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stikkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
stikkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
stikkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stikkō (active imperative second-person singular)
stikkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stikkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stikkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
stikkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stikkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
stikkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stikkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stikkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
stikkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stikkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stikkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stikkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stikkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stikkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stikkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stikkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stikkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
stikkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stikkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
stikkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stikkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stikkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
stikkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stikkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
stikkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stikkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stikkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
stikkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stikkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
stikkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stikkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
stikkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stikkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
stikkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stikkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stikkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stikkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
stikkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stikkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
stikkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stikkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
stikkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stikkōndz (active participle present)
stikkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: stician

Middle Dutch: sticken

From pre-Germanic *stignéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to *stikaną (“to stick”). Piecewise doublet of *stukkōną.

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


swallijaną

swallijō (active first-person indicative singular)
swallijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swallijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swallīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
swallijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swallī (active imperative second-person singular)
swallijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swallijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swallīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
swallijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swallijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
swallijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swallijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swallijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
swallijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swallijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swallijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swallijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swallijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swallijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swallijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swallijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swallīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
swallijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swallīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
swallijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swallijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swallijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
swallijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swallijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
swallijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swallijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swallidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
swallidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swallidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
swallidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swallidē (active indicative singular third-person)
swallidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swallidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
swallidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swallidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swallidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swallidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
swallidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swallidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
swallidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swallidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
swallidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swallijandz (active participle present)
swallidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Dutch: *swellen

Middle Dutch: swellen

Old High German: swellen

Middle High German: swellen

Gothic: *𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*swalljan) (in prefixed form in the noun derivate 𐌿𐍆𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (ufswalleins))


bruzdōną

bruzdō (active first-person indicative singular)
bruzdǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bruzdōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
bruzdōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
bruzdōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bruzdō (active imperative second-person singular)
bruzdōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bruzdōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bruzdōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bruzdō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bruzdōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bruzdōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bruzdōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bruzdōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bruzdōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bruzdōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bruzdōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bruzdōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bruzdōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bruzdōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bruzdōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bruzdōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bruzdōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bruzdōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bruzdōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bruzdōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bruzdōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bruzdōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bruzdōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bruzdōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bruzdōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bruzdōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bruzdōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bruzdōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bruzdōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bruzdōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bruzdōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
bruzdōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bruzdōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bruzdōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bruzdōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bruzdōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bruzdōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bruzdōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bruzdōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bruzdōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bruzdōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bruzdōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bruzdōndz (active participle present)
bruzdōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *broʀdōn
Old Saxon: brordōn
Old High German: brortōn (only as past participle gibrortot)
→ Old French: brosder, broder, broider
Middle French: broder
French: broder
→ Middle High German: brudieren
→ Old Occitan: broydar
Occitan: brodar

Old Norse: brodda

Gothic: *𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌶𐌳𐍉𐌽 (*bruzdōn) (see there for further descendants)

Derived from *bruzdaz (“point, spike, thorn”) + *-ōną.


leuþōną

leuþō (active first-person indicative singular)
leuþǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
leuþōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
leuþōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
leuþōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
leuþō (active imperative second-person singular)
leuþōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
leuþōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
leuþōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
leuþō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
leuþōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
leuþōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
leuþōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
leuþōs (active dual first-person indicative)
leuþōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
leuþōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
leuþōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
leuþōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
leuþōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
leuþōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
leuþōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
leuþōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
leuþōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
leuþōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
leuþōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
leuþōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
leuþōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
leuþōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
leuþōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
leuþōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
leuþōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
leuþōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
leuþōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
leuþōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
leuþōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
leuþōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
leuþōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
leuþōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
leuþōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
leuþōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
leuþōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
leuþōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
leuþōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
leuþōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
leuþōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
leuþōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
leuþōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
leuþōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
leuþōndz (active participle present)
leuþōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *leuþōn
Old English: lēoþian
Old High German: liudōn

Old Norse: ljóða

Icelandic: ljóða

Faroese: ljóða

desc

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐍉𐌽 (liuþōn), 𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐌽 (awiliudōn) (< *awjaleuþōną)

Derived from *leuþą (“song, verse”) + *-ōną.


þingōną

þingō (active first-person indicative singular)
þingǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þingōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
þingōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
þingōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þingō (active imperative second-person singular)
þingōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þingōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þingōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þingō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þingōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þingōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þingōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þingōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þingōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þingōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þingōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þingōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þingōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þingōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þingōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þingōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þingōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þingōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þingōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þingōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þingōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þingōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þingōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þingōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þingōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þingōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þingōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þingōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þingōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þingōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þingōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
þingōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þingōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þingōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þingōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þingōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þingōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þingōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þingōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þingōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þingōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þingōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þingōndz (active participle present)
þingōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þingōn
Old English: þingian
Middle English: thingien, thingen (likely conflated with the descendant of *þingijan)
English: thing
Old Frisian: thingia
Saterland Frisian: tingje
West Frisian: tingje
Old Saxon: thingōn
Middle Low German: dingen
German Low German: dingen
Old Dutch: *thingon
Middle Dutch: dingen
Dutch: dingen
Afrikaans: ding
Old High German: dingōn
Middle High German: dingen (likely conflated with the descendant of *þingijan)
German: dingen
→ Esperanto: dungi

Old Norse: þinga

Icelandic: þinga

Faroese: tinga

Old Swedish: þinga

Swedish: tinga

Danish: tinge

/ˈθiŋ.ɡɔː.nɑ̃/

Derived from *þingą (“meeting, matter of discussion”) + *-ōną.

suffix

to hold a meeting, discuss, speak for or of


andijōną

andijō (active first-person indicative singular)
andijǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
andijōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
andijōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
andijōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
andijō (active imperative second-person singular)
andijōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
andijōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
andijōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
andijō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
andijōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
andijōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
andijōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
andijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
andijōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
andijōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
andijōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
andijōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
andijōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
andijōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
andijōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
andijōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
andijōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
andijōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
andijōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
andijōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
andijōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
andijōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
andijōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
andijōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
andijōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
andijōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
andijōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
andijōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
andijōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
andijōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
andijōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
andijōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
andijōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
andijōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
andijōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
andijōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
andijōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
andijōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
andijōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
andijōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
andijōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
andijōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
andijōndz (active participle present)
andijōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *andijōn
Old English: endian, ændian
Middle English: enden
English: end
Scots: ende, end
Old Frisian: endia
Saterland Frisian: eendje
West Frisian: ein
Old Saxon: endōn, endiōn
Middle Low German: enden
German Low German: enden, ennen
Old Dutch: endon
Middle Dutch: enden, einden
Dutch: enden, einden
Old High German: enteōn, entōn
Middle High German: enden
German: enden

Old Norse: enda

Icelandic: enda

Faroese: enda

Old Swedish: ænda

Old Swedish: ända

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: ende

Norwegian Nynorsk: enda, ende

Danish: ende


birhtijaną

birhtijō (active first-person indicative singular)
birhtijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
birhtijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
birhtīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
birhtijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
birhtī (active imperative second-person singular)
birhtijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
birhtijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
birhtīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
birhtijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
birhtijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
birhtijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
birhtijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
birhtijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
birhtijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
birhtijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
birhtijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
birhtijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
birhtijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
birhtijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
birhtijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
birhtijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
birhtīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
birhtijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
birhtīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
birhtijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
birhtijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
birhtijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
birhtijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
birhtijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
birhtijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
birhtijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
birhtidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
birhtidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
birhtidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
birhtidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
birhtidē (active indicative singular third-person)
birhtidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
birhtidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
birhtidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
birhtidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
birhtidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
birhtidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
birhtidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
birhtidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
birhtidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
birhtidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
birhtidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
birhtijandz (active participle present)
birhtidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *birhtijan
Old English: birhtan, brihtan, bierhtan, bryhtan, beorhtan
Middle English: brihten, briʒten, brighten, bryghten
English: brighten

Old Norse: birta

Icelandic: birta

Faroese: birta

Norwegian: byrta

Old Danish: birta

Swedish: *birta (evidenced by a late derivation, birtan, attested in the 17th century)

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bairhtjan)


braidijaną

braidijō (active first-person indicative singular)
braidijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
braidijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
braidīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
braidijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
braidī (active imperative second-person singular)
braidijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
braidijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
braidīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
braidijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
braidijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
braidijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
braidijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
braidijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
braidijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
braidijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
braidijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
braidijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
braidijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
braidijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
braidijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
braidijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
braidīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
braidijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
braidīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
braidijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
braidijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
braidijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
braidijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
braidijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
braidijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
braidijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
braididǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
braididēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
braididēz (active indicative second-person singular)
braididēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
braididē (active indicative singular third-person)
braididēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
braididēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
braididēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
braididēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
braididēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
braididēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
braididēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
braididēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
braididēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
braididēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
braididēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
braidijandz (active participle present)
braididaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *braidijan
Old English: brǣdan
Middle English: breden
English: brede, bread
Old Frisian: brēda
Old Saxon: brēdian
Middle Low German: brêden
Old Dutch: brēden, *breiden
Middle Dutch: brêden, breiden
Dutch: breden, breiden
⇒ Middle Dutch: verbrêden, verbreiden
Dutch: verbreden, verbreiden
Old High German: breiten
Middle High German: breiten
German: breiten

Old Norse: breiða

Icelandic: breiða

Norwegian Bokmål: bre

Old Swedish: brēþa

Swedish: breda, bre

Danish: brede

desc

Gothic: *𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*braidjan), 𐌿𐍃𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (usbraidjan)


fradailijaną

fradailijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fradailijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fradailijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fradailīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fradailijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fradailī (active imperative second-person singular)
fradailijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fradailijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fradailīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fradailijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fradailijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fradailijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fradailijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fradailijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fradailijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fradailijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fradailijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fradailijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fradailijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fradailijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fradailijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fradailijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fradailīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fradailijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fradailīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fradailijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fradailijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fradailijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fradailijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fradailijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fradailijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fradailijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fradailidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fradailidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fradailidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fradailidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fradailidē (active indicative singular third-person)
fradailidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fradailidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fradailidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fradailidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fradailidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fradailidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fradailidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fradailidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fradailidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fradailidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fradailidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fradailijandz (active participle present)
fradailidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fradailijan
Old English: fordǣlan
Old Dutch: fardēlen, fardeilen, fardeilon
Middle Dutch: verdelen, verdeilen
Dutch: verdelen
Afrikaans: verdeel
Old High German: farteilen, firteilen
Middle High German: verteilen
German: verteilen
Luxembourgish: verdeelen

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fradailjan)

to deal away, give away, distribute, expend


mēlijaną

mēlijō (active first-person indicative singular)
mēlijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mēlijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
mēlīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
mēlijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mēlī (active imperative second-person singular)
mēlijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mēlijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mēlīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
mēlijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mēlijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
mēlijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mēlijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mēlijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
mēlijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mēlijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mēlijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mēlijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mēlijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mēlijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mēlijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mēlijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mēlīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
mēlijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mēlīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
mēlijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mēlijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mēlijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
mēlijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mēlijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
mēlijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mēlijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mēlidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
mēlidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mēlidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
mēlidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mēlidē (active indicative singular third-person)
mēlidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mēlidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
mēlidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mēlidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mēlidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mēlidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
mēlidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mēlidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
mēlidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mēlidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
mēlidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mēlijandz (active participle present)
mēlidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *mālijan
Old English: mǣlan
Old Frisian: mēlia
West Frisian: mielje

Old Norse: mæla

Icelandic: mæla

Gothic: 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (mēljan)


analagjaną

analagjō (active first-person indicative singular)
analagjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
analagjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
analagisi (active indicative second-person singular)
analagjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
analagi (active imperative second-person singular)
analagjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
analagjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
analagiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
analagjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
analagjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
analagjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
analagjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
analagjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
analagjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
analagjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
analagjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
analagjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
analagjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
analagjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
analagjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
analagjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
analagiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
analagjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
analagiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
analagjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
analagjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
analagjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
analagjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
analagjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
analagjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
analagjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
analagidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
analagidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
analagidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
analagidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
analagidē (active indicative singular third-person)
analagidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
analagidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
analagidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
analagidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
analagidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
analagidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
analagidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
analagidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
analagidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
analagidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
analagidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
analagjandz (active participle present)
analagidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *onlecgan, onlecgende

Middle English: onleien, onleggen

English: onlay

Scots: onlay

Old Frisian: onledza

Middle Dutch: aneleggen, aenleggen

Dutch: aanleggen

Old High German: *analeggen

Middle High German: anelegen

Cimbrian: leng å

German: anlegen

Luxembourgish: uleeën

Old Norse: leggja á

Icelandic: leggja á

Old Swedish: ālæggia

Swedish: ålägga

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (analagjan)


fradōmijaną

fradōmijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fradōmijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fradōmijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fradōmīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fradōmijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fradōmī (active imperative second-person singular)
fradōmijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fradōmijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fradōmīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fradōmijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fradōmijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fradōmijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fradōmijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fradōmijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fradōmijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fradōmijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fradōmijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fradōmijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fradōmijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fradōmijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fradōmijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fradōmijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fradōmīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fradōmijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fradōmīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fradōmijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fradōmijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fradōmijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fradōmijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fradōmijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fradōmijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fradōmijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fradōmidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fradōmidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fradōmidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fradōmidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fradōmidē (active indicative singular third-person)
fradōmidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fradōmidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fradōmidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fradōmidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fradōmidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fradōmidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fradōmidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fradōmidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fradōmidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fradōmidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fradōmidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fradōmijandz (active participle present)
fradōmidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: fordēman

Middle English: fordemen

English: fordeem

Old Frisian: fordēma

Old Saxon: fardōmian

Middle Low German: vordōmen

→ Old Swedish: fordøma

Swedish: fördöma

→ Danish: fordømme

Old Dutch: *farduomen

Middle Dutch: verdoemen

Dutch: verdoemen

Afrikaans: verdoem

Old High German: firtuomen, fartuomen

Middle High German: vertüemen

Old Norse: fyrirdœma, fordœma

Icelandic: fyrirdæma, fordæma

From *fra- + *dōmijaną (“to judge, deem”).


augijaną

augijō (active first-person indicative singular)
augijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
augijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
augīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
augijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
augī (active imperative second-person singular)
augijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
augijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
augīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
augijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
augijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
augijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
augijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
augijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
augijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
augijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
augijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
augijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
augijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
augijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
augijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
augijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
augīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
augijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
augīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
augijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
augijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
augijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
augijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
augijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
augijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
augijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
augidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
augidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
augidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
augidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
augidē (active indicative singular third-person)
augidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
augidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
augidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
augidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
augidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
augidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
augidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
augidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
augidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
augidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
augidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
augijandz (active participle present)
augidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *augijan, *auwjan (Anglo-Frisian)
Old English: ēowan, īewan, īwan, ȳwan
Old Frisian: āuwa, āwa
Old Saxon: ōgian
Middle Low German: ö̂gen, öugen
German Low German: ögen
⇒ Middle Low German: ö̂gelen
German Low German: ögeln
→ English: ogle
Old Dutch: ōgen
Middle Dutch: ôgen
Dutch: ogen
Old High German: ougen
Middle High German: öugen, ougen
German: äugen

Old Norse: eygja
Icelandic: eygja
Norwegian Nynorsk: øygja, øygje
Old Swedish: ø̄ghia

Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (augjan)

From *augô (“eye”) + *-janą, or perhaps inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₃okʷéyeti (“to cause to see”), from *h₃ekʷ- (“to see; eye”) + *-éyeti (causative), with the same metathesis *agw- > *aug- seen in the noun; in the latter case it is unclear which word influenced the other. Piecewise doublet of *augnijaną, an apparently more recent formation.


ammōną

ammō (active first-person indicative singular)
ammǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ammōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
ammōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
ammōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ammō (active imperative second-person singular)
ammōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ammōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ammōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
ammō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ammōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
ammōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ammōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ammōs (active dual first-person indicative)
ammōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ammōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ammōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ammōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ammōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ammōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ammōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ammōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ammōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
ammōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ammōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
ammōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ammōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ammōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
ammōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ammōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
ammōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ammōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ammōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
ammōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ammōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
ammōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ammōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
ammōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ammōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
ammōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ammōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ammōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ammōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
ammōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ammōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
ammōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ammōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
ammōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ammōndz (active participle present)
ammōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: ama

Icelandic: ama

Faroese: ama

Norwegian: ama, amma

From earlier paradigm *ammōþi ~ *amunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *am-nā́-ti ~ *am-un-ánti, iterative from Proto-Indo-European *h₃emh₃- (“to insist, urge”).


wrikkōną

wrikkō (active first-person indicative singular)
wrikkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wrikkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
wrikkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wrikkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wrikkō (active imperative second-person singular)
wrikkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wrikkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wrikkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wrikkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wrikkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wrikkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wrikkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wrikkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wrikkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wrikkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wrikkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wrikkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wrikkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wrikkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wrikkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wrikkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wrikkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wrikkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wrikkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wrikkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wrikkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wrikkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wrikkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrikkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wrikkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wrikkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wrikkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wrikkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wrikkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wrikkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wrikkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
wrikkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wrikkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wrikkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wrikkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wrikkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wrikkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wrikkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wrikkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wrikkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wrikkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wrikkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrikkōndz (active participle present)
wrikkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: wrigian

desc

Middle English: wrien, wricken, wriggen, wrigglen (with frequentative suffix)

Low German: wriggen, wrikken

Dutch: wrikken

German: wricken

From Pre-Germanic *wriḱnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative from Proto-Indo-European *wreyḱ- (“to twist, turn”).


skittōną

skittō (active first-person indicative singular)
skittǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skittōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skittōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skittōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skittō (active imperative second-person singular)
skittōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skittōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skittōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skittō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skittōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skittōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skittōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skittōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skittōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skittōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skittōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skittōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skittōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skittōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skittōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skittōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skittōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skittōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skittōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skittōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skittōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skittōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skittōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skittōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skittōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skittōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skittōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skittōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skittōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skittōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skittōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skittōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skittōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skittōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skittōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skittōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skittōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skittōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skittōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skittōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skittōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skittōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skittōndz (active participle present)
skittōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: *skitta

Faroese: skitta

From Pre-Germanic *skidnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative from *skītaną (“to shit, defecate”).


naitijaną

naitijō (active first-person indicative singular)
naitijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
naitijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
naitīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
naitijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
naitī (active imperative second-person singular)
naitijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
naitijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
naitīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
naitijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
naitijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
naitijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
naitijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
naitijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
naitijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
naitijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
naitijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
naitijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
naitijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
naitijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
naitijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
naitijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
naitīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
naitijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
naitīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
naitijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
naitijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
naitijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
naitijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
naitijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
naitijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
naitijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
naitidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
naitidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
naitidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
naitidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
naitidē (active indicative singular third-person)
naitidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
naitidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
naitidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
naitidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
naitidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
naitidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
naitidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
naitidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
naitidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
naitidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
naitidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
naitijandz (active participle present)
naitidaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*hnaitijaną (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *naitijan

Old English: nǣtan

Old Saxon: *nētian

Middle Low German: nêten

Old High German: neizen, neizzen

Middle High German: neizen, neisen

German: neißen, neisen

→⇒ Middle Dutch: vernesen

Old Norse: hneita (merged with *hnaitijaną, causative of *hnītaną, a related verb)

Gothic: *𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*naitjan) in (𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ganaitjan))

From earlier *hnaitijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃neyd- (“to revile, insult”).


knukōną

knukō (active first-person indicative singular)
knukǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
knukōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
knukōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
knukōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
knukō (active imperative second-person singular)
knukōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
knukōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
knukōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
knukō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
knukōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
knukōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
knukōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
knukōs (active dual first-person indicative)
knukōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
knukōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
knukōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
knukōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
knukōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
knukōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
knukōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
knukōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
knukōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
knukōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
knukōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
knukōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
knukōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
knukōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
knukōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
knukōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
knukōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
knukōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
knukōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
knukōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
knukōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
knukōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
knukōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
knukōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
knukōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
knukōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
knukōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
knukōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
knukōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
knukōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
knukōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
knukōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
knukōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
knukōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
knukōndz (active participle present)
knukōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *knokōn
Old English: cnucian, cnocian
Middle English: knokken, cnoken, knocke, knok, knoke, knokke, knokkyn
English: knock
→ Dutch: knokken; nokken
Scots: knock, tnock, knack
Yola: knockt (preterite)
Old Saxon: *knokōn
Middle Low German: *knoken
⇒ Middle Low German: ûtknoken, ûtknōken
Old High German: *knohhōn, *knochōn
Middle High German: knochen

Old Norse: knoka

Icelandic: knoka

Norwegian: knuge

Swedish: knocka

Danish: knuge

desc

→ Middle Irish: *cnagaid (via Old English and/or Old Norse)

Irish: cnag

Scottish Gaelic: cnag

From *knukô (“bone”) + *-ōną, perhaps reinforced by sound-symbolism.


melukōną

melukō (active first-person indicative singular)
melukǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
melukōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
melukōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
melukōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
melukō (active imperative second-person singular)
melukōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
melukōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
melukōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
melukō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
melukōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
melukōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
melukōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
melukōs (active dual first-person indicative)
melukōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
melukōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
melukōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
melukōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
melukōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
melukōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
melukōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
melukōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
melukōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
melukōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
melukōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
melukōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
melukōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
melukōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
melukōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
melukōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
melukōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
melukōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
melukōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
melukōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
melukōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
melukōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
melukōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
melukōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
melukōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
melukōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
melukōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
melukōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
melukōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
melukōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
melukōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
melukōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
melukōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
melukōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
melukōndz (active participle present)
melukōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *melukōn
Old English: meolcian, milcian
Middle English: melken, milken
Scots: melk, mylk, milk
English: milk
Old Frisian: *melokia, *melkia
West Frisian: melkje, meltsje
Old Saxon: *melkōn
Middle Low German: melken
Low German: melken

Old Norse: mjǫlka, molka, mjólka

Icelandic: mjólka

Faroese: mjólka

Norwegian: mjølka; (dialectal) mjelka, mjolke

→ Norwegian Bokmål: mjølke, mjelke

Old Swedish: miolka, molka

Swedish: mjölka

Old Danish: maalke, molke, mælke

Danish: malke, mælke

Norwegian Bokmål: melke


klaubijaną

klaubijō (active first-person indicative singular)
klaubijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klaubijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
klaubīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
klaubijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klaubī (active imperative second-person singular)
klaubijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
klaubijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
klaubīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
klaubijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klaubijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
klaubijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
klaubijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
klaubijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
klaubijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klaubijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klaubijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klaubijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
klaubijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
klaubijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klaubijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
klaubijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
klaubīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
klaubijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klaubīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
klaubijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
klaubijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
klaubijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
klaubijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klaubijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
klaubijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
klaubijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
klaubidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
klaubidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klaubidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
klaubidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klaubidē (active indicative singular third-person)
klaubidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klaubidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
klaubidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klaubidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klaubidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klaubidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
klaubidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klaubidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
klaubidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klaubidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
klaubidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klaubijandz (active participle present)
klaubidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Saxon: klōvian

Middle Low German: kloven, klöven

Low German: klöven

Old Dutch: *klouven

Middle Dutch: kloven

Dutch: kloven


faihijaną

faihijō (active first-person indicative singular)
faihijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
faihijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
faihīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
faihijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
faihī (active imperative second-person singular)
faihijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
faihijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
faihīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
faihijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
faihijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
faihijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
faihijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
faihijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
faihijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
faihijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
faihijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
faihijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
faihijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
faihijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
faihijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
faihijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
faihīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
faihijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
faihīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
faihijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
faihijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
faihijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
faihijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
faihijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
faihijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
faihijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
faihidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
faihidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
faihidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
faihidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
faihidē (active indicative singular third-person)
faihidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
faihidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
faihidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
faihidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
faihidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
faihidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
faihidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
faihidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
faihidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
faihidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
faihidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
faihijandz (active participle present)
faihidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *faihijan
Old English: fǣġan
Middle English: feahen
Old High German: fēhen
Middle High German: vēhen

desc

Proto-Norse: ᚠᚨᛁᚺᛁᛞᛟ (faihido), ᚠᚨᚺᛁᛞᛟ (fahido), ᚠᚨᚺᛁ (fahi)

desctree

Old Norse: fá, ᚠᛅᚦᛁ (faþi), ᚠᛆᚦᛁ (faþi) — third singular past indicative
Icelandic: fá
Norwegian Nynorsk: få (uncommon)

From *faihaz (“colored, painted”) + *-janą.


hlōaną

hlōō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlōaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlōai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hlōizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlōaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlō (active imperative second-person singular)
hlōazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlōaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hlōidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlōai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlōadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlōadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlōaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hlōōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hlōaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlōadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlōaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlōadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlōamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlōaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlōandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlōaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hlōid (active indicative plural second-person)
hlōaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlōid (active imperative plural second-person)
hlōandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlōaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hlōandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlōain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlōandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlōandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlōaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hehlō (active first-person indicative singular)
hehlōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hehlōt (active indicative second-person singular)
hehlōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hehlō (active indicative singular third-person)
hehlōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hehlōū (active dual first-person indicative)
hehlōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hehlōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hehlōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hehlōum (active first-person indicative plural)
hehlōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hehlōud (active indicative plural second-person)
hehlōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hehlōun (active indicative plural third-person)
hehlōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlōandz (active participle present)
hlōanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hlōan
Old English: hlōwan
Middle English: lowen, louen, loowen, louwen, lhouen
English: low
Scots: low
Old Saxon: hlōjan, *hlōgian
Middle Low German: lōien, lūgen
Old Dutch: luoien
Middle Dutch: loeyen
Dutch: loeien
Afrikaans: loei
Old High German: hlōjan, hlōon, hluoen, lōwan, luoen, luon, luogen
Middle High German: luogen, lüewen, lüejen, lüen

Old Norse: hlóa; hlói m

Icelandic: hlóa

From Proto-Indo-European *kloh₁-ye-, frequentative form of *kleh₁- (“to call, shout”), from *kelh₁- (“to shout”). Cognate with Latin clāmō (“cry out, shout, claim”), Ancient Greek καλέω (kaléō, “call, summon, invite”).