samnōną

samnō (active first-person indicative singular)
samnǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
samnōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
samnōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
samnōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
samnō (active imperative second-person singular)
samnōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
samnōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
samnōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
samnō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
samnōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
samnōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
samnōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
samnōs (active dual first-person indicative)
samnōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
samnōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
samnōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
samnōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
samnōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
samnōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
samnōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
samnōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
samnōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
samnōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
samnōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
samnōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
samnōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
samnōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
samnōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
samnōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
samnōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
samnōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
samnōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
samnōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
samnōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
samnōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
samnōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
samnōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
samnōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
samnōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
samnōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
samnōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
samnōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
samnōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
samnōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
samnōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
samnōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
samnōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
samnōndz (active participle present)
samnōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *samnōn, *samanōn
Old English: samnian, somnian
Middle English: samnen, sammen, somnien, sumnien
English: sam
Scots: sammer
Old Frisian: samenia, samnia, somnia, samena
Old Saxon: samnoian, samnōn
Middle Low German: sāmenen, sammenen, samnen, sammen
Old Dutch: samanon
Middle Dutch: sāmenen
Old High German: samanōn
Middle High German: samenen, samnen, samen

Old Norse: samna, safna

Icelandic: samna, safna

Faroese: savna

Old Swedish: samna

From *samanai (“together”) + *-ōną, from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one”).

to bring together; gather; collect; assemble


werzaną

werzō (active first-person indicative singular)
werzaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
werzai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wirzizi (active indicative second-person singular)
werzaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
werz (active imperative second-person singular)
werzazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
werzaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wirzidi (active indicative singular third-person)
werzai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
werzadau (active imperative singular third-person)
werzadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
werzaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
werzōz (active dual first-person indicative)
werzaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
werzadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
werzaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
werzadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
werzamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
werzaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
werzandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
werzaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wirzid (active indicative plural second-person)
werzaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wirzid (active imperative plural second-person)
werzandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
werzaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
werzandi (active indicative plural third-person)
werzain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
werzandau (active imperative plural third-person)
werzandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
werzaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
warz (active first-person indicative singular)
wurzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
warzt (active indicative second-person singular)
wurzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
warz (active indicative singular third-person)
wurzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wurzū (active dual first-person indicative)
wurzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wurzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wurzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wurzum (active first-person indicative plural)
wurzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wurzud (active indicative plural second-person)
wurzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wurzun (active indicative plural third-person)
wurzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
werzandz (active participle present)
wurzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *werran
Old Saxon: werran
Middle Low German: werren
Old Dutch: *werran
Middle Dutch: werren, warren
Dutch: warren
Old High German: werran
Middle High German: wërren
German: wirren; verwirren
→ Swedish: virra; förvirra
→ Old French: guerrier, guerrer
→ Middle English: werren
English: war (verb)
Middle French: guerrer

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wers- (“to haul, drag, grind, hone, whet, polish”).

der

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)


galpōną

galpō (active first-person indicative singular)
galpǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
galpōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
galpōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
galpōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
galpō (active imperative second-person singular)
galpōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
galpōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
galpōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
galpō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
galpōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
galpōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
galpōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
galpōs (active dual first-person indicative)
galpōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
galpōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
galpōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
galpōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
galpōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
galpōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
galpōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
galpōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
galpōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
galpōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
galpōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
galpōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
galpōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
galpōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
galpōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
galpōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
galpōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
galpōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
galpōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
galpōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
galpōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
galpōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
galpōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
galpōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
galpōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
galpōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
galpōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
galpōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
galpōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
galpōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
galpōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
galpōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
galpōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
galpōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
galpōndz (active participle present)
galpōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *galpōn
Old English: *galpian, *gealpian
Middle English: galpen
English: galp, gaup
Scots: gaup
⇒ Old English: galpettan
Old Frisian: *galpia
Saterland Frisian: galpje
West Frisian: gjalpje, gjealpje, gjalpe
Old Saxon: galpōn
Middle Low German: galpen
German Low German: galpen
Old Dutch: *galpon
Middle Dutch: galpen
Dutch: galpen
Old High German: *galpfōn
Middle High German: galpen (possibly borrowed from Low German)
German: galpen
→ Vulgar Latin: *galpāre
Old Occitan: jaupar, japar
→ Old French: japer
Middle French: japper
French: japper
→? Middle English: japen
English: jape
Scots: jap

Old Norse: *galpa

Swedish: galpa (dialectal)

/ˈɡɑl.pɔː.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰolb-, from *gʰel- (“to call, cry out, shout, scream”).


fradraganą

fradragō (active first-person indicative singular)
fradragaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fradragai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fradragizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fradragaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fradrag (active imperative second-person singular)
fradragazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fradragaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fradragidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fradragai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fradragadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fradragadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fradragaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fradragōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fradragaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fradragadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fradragaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fradragadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fradragamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fradragaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fradragandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fradragaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fradragid (active indicative plural second-person)
fradragaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fradragid (active imperative plural second-person)
fradragandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fradragaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fradragandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fradragain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fradragandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fradragandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fradragaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fradrōg (active first-person indicative singular)
fradrōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fradrōht (active indicative second-person singular)
fradrōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fradrōg (active indicative singular third-person)
fradrōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fradrōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
fradrōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fradrōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fradrōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fradrōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
fradrōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fradrōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
fradrōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fradrōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
fradrōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fradragandz (active participle present)
fradraganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *fordragan

desc

Middle English: fordraȝen, fordrawen, fordrauen

Old Frisian: *fordraga

⇒ Old Frisian: *fordrēga

Saterland Frisian: ferdreege

Old Saxon: fardragan

Middle Low German: vordrāgen

German Low German: verdragen

Old Dutch: *fardragan

desctree

Middle Dutch: verdrāgen
Dutch: verdragen
Afrikaans: verdra
Limburgish: verdrage

Old High German: fartragan, firtragan

Middle High German: vertragen

Cimbrian: vortràgan

German: vertragen

Luxembourgish: verdroen

/ˌɸrɑ.ˈdrɑ.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/

From *fra- (“for-”) + *draganą (“to draw”).


þrībaną

þrībō (active first-person indicative singular)
þrībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þrībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þrībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrīb (active imperative second-person singular)
þrībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þrībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þrībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
þrībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
þrībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þrībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þrībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þrībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þrībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þrībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þrībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þrībid (active indicative plural second-person)
þrībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrībid (active imperative plural second-person)
þrībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þrībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þrībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þrībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þrībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þrībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þraib (active first-person indicative singular)
þribį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þraift (active indicative second-person singular)
þribīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þraib (active indicative singular third-person)
þribī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þribū (active dual first-person indicative)
þribīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þribudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þribīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þribum (active first-person indicative plural)
þribīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þribud (active indicative plural second-person)
þribīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þribun (active indicative plural third-person)
þribīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrībandz (active participle present)
þribanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: þrífa

Icelandic: þrífa (“to clean; to grab”)

Faroese: tríva

Norwegian Nynorsk: triva

Norwegian Bokmål: trive

desc

Old Norse: þrífast (“to thrive”, weak verb, deponent)

Icelandic: þrífast

Norwegian Nynorsk: trivast

Old Swedish: þrīvas

Swedish: trivas

Old Danish: thrivæs

Danish: trives

Norwegian Bokmål: trives

desctree

→ Middle English: thryven
English: thrive
Scots: thrive
Yola: threeve

/ˈθriː.βɑ.nɑ̃/

Apparently from a Proto-Indo-European *treyp- (“to seize”), whose origin Kroonen leaves open. That said, note similarities to Proto-Indo-European *terp- (“to satisfy, enjoy”), *trep- (“to turn”).


hīgōną

hīgō (active first-person indicative singular)
hīgǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hīgōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hīgōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hīgōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hīgō (active imperative second-person singular)
hīgōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hīgōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hīgōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hīgō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hīgōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hīgōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hīgōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hīgōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hīgōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hīgōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hīgōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hīgōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hīgōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hīgōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hīgōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hīgōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hīgōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hīgōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hīgōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hīgōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hīgōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hīgōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hīgōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hīgōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hīgōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hīgōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hīgōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hīgōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hīgōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hīgōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hīgōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hīgōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hīgōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hīgōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hīgōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hīgōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hīgōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hīgōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hīgōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hīgōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hīgōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hīgōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hīgōndz (active participle present)
hīgōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hīgōn
Old English: hīgian (“to hasten, hurry”, < *hīgōjan)
Middle English: hyen
English: hie
Scots: hie
Old Saxon: *hīgōn
Middle Low German: hîgen, hîchen; (hêgen, heigen)
Low German: higen
Old Dutch: *hīgon
Middle Dutch: hīgen, hīghen
Dutch: hijgen; hikken
Afrikaans: hyg
Old High German: *hīgōn (?)
⇒? Middle High German: hecheln, hacheln (“to copulate”) (probably of different origin)
>? German: hechen, heichen, hecheln (“to pant”) (possibly from Low German)

Old Norse: *híga; (hexta)

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: hike, hika, (hikke, hikka)

(Norwegian Bokmål: hikke)

(Swedish: hicka, (dialectal) hikja)

Scanian: hiğa

Danish: hige (hikke)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: hige

/ˈxiː.ɣɔː.nɑ̃/

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey(H)gʰ- (“to move quickly, jump; swift, fierce”), thereby cognate with e.g. Russian сига́ть (sigátʹ, “to spring, jump”) (Proto-Slavic *sigáti) and maybe Sanskrit शीघ्र (śīghrá-, “quick, fast”); if so, Old English may preserve the original sense. Further derived from *ḱey- (“to move”); compare Latin cieō (“set in motion, invoke, provoke”), Ancient Greek κινέω (kinéō, “move, set in motion”).

cog

to breathe (heavily), pant, snort, wheeze


bangōną

banganą (canonical)
bangōną (canonical)
bangō (active first-person indicative singular)
bangǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bangōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
bangōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
bangōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bangō (active imperative second-person singular)
bangōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bangōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bangōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bangō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bangōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bangōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bangōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bangōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bangōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bangōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bangōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bangōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bangōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bangōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bangōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bangōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bangōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bangōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bangōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bangōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bangōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bangōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bangōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bangōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bangōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bangōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bangōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bangōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bangōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bangōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bangōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
bangōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bangōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bangōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bangōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bangōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bangōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bangōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bangōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bangōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bangōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bangōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bangōndz (active participle present)
bangōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*bungōną (alternative)
*bankōną (alternative)
*bunkōną (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *bangōn

Old English: *bangian

Middle English: *bangen; >? bonchen, bunchen

English: bang

Scots: bang, bung

desc

Old Frisian: *bangia, *bongia, *bunkia, *bonkia

Saterland Frisian: boangje; >? bunkje

West Frisian: bonkje

Old Saxon: *bangōn

Middle Low German: bangen; >? bunken

Low German: bangen, bangeln

→ German: bangen

>? Old Dutch: *bungon, *bonkon

Middle Dutch: bongen

Dutch: bonken

Old High German: bangōn, *bankan, *bankōn

Middle High German: bangen, pangen; >? bungen

Alemannic German: bangen (“to bump, push, butt”)

German: banken (dialectal)

desctree

Old Norse: banga
Danish: banke
→ Faroese: banka
→ Icelandic: banka
Faroese: banga
Icelandic: banga
Norwegian Bokmål: banke
Norwegian Nynorsk: banka, banke
Old Swedish: bånga
Swedish: banka
Elfdalian: baunka
Gutnish: banke
→? Middle English: *bangen
English: bang
Scots: bang, bung

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰen- (“to hit, strike, injure”) or *bʰe(n)g- (“to smash, break”); ultimately onomatopoeic.


sprūtaną

sprūtō (active first-person indicative singular)
sprūtaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sprūtai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sprūtizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sprūtaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprūt (active imperative second-person singular)
sprūtazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sprūtaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sprūtidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sprūtai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprūtadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sprūtadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sprūtaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sprūtōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sprūtaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprūtadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprūtaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprūtadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sprūtamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sprūtaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprūtandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sprūtaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sprūtid (active indicative plural second-person)
sprūtaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprūtid (active imperative plural second-person)
sprūtandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sprūtaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sprūtandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sprūtain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprūtandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sprūtandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sprūtaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
spraut (active first-person indicative singular)
sprutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spraust (active indicative second-person singular)
sprutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spraut (active indicative singular third-person)
sprutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprutū (active dual first-person indicative)
sprutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprutum (active first-person indicative plural)
sprutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprutud (active indicative plural second-person)
sprutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprutun (active indicative plural third-person)
sprutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprūtandz (active participle present)
sprutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)


feukaną

*fūkaną (alternative)
feukō (active first-person indicative singular)
feukaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
feukai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fiukizi (active indicative second-person singular)
feukaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
feuk (active imperative second-person singular)
feukazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
feukaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fiukidi (active indicative singular third-person)
feukai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
feukadau (active imperative singular third-person)
feukadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
feukaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
feukōz (active dual first-person indicative)
feukaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
feukadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
feukaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
feukadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
feukamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
feukaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
feukandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
feukaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fiukid (active indicative plural second-person)
feukaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fiukid (active imperative plural second-person)
feukandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
feukaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
feukandi (active indicative plural third-person)
feukain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
feukandau (active imperative plural third-person)
feukandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
feukaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fauk (active first-person indicative singular)
fukį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fauht (active indicative second-person singular)
fukīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fauk (active indicative singular third-person)
fukī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fukū (active dual first-person indicative)
fukīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fukudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fukīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fukum (active first-person indicative plural)
fukīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fukud (active indicative plural second-person)
fukīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fukun (active indicative plural third-person)
fukīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
feukandz (active participle present)
fukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Old Norse: fjúka
Icelandic: fjúka (“to be blown away”)
Faroese: fúka (“to drift, dash, be blown away”)
Norwegian Nynorsk: fyke, fyka (“to fly away”)
Jamtish: fýke
Old Swedish: fiūka, fȳka
Swedish: fjuka, fyka (“to be drifted by the wind”)
Scanian: fýga
Danish: fyge (“to be moved by the wind”)
Norwegian Bokmål: fyke

Proto-West Germanic: *feukan:

Dutch: fijcken (=fuiken)

Proto-West Germanic: *fūkan

Dutch: fuiken (“to thrust”) (obsolete)

German: fauchen (“to hiss”)

Probably backformed to the iterative *fukkōną (“to blow, gust”). From Proto-Indo-European *pewg- (“billow, bulge, drift”). Cognate with Latvian pūgà (“gust, blast, storm, blizzard”).


wallaną

wallō (active first-person indicative singular)
wallaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wallai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wallizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wallaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wall (active imperative second-person singular)
wallazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wallaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wallidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wallai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
walladau (active imperative singular third-person)
walladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wallaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wallōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wallaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
walladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wallaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
walladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wallamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wallaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wallandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wallaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wallid (active indicative plural second-person)
wallaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wallid (active imperative plural second-person)
wallandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wallaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wallandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wallain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wallandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wallandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wallaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wewal (active first-person indicative singular)
wewall (active first-person indicative singular)
wewallį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wewalt (active indicative second-person singular)
wewallt (active indicative second-person singular)
wewallīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wewal (active indicative singular third-person)
wewall (active indicative singular third-person)
wewallī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wewallū (active dual first-person indicative)
wewallīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wewalludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wewallīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wewallum (active first-person indicative plural)
wewallīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wewallud (active indicative plural second-person)
wewallīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wewallun (active indicative plural third-person)
wewallīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wallandz (active participle present)
wallanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wallan
Old English: wallan, weallan
Middle English: wallen
Scots: wall, wal
English: wall
Old Frisian: walla
(West Frisian: wâlje)
Old Saxon: wallan
Middle Low German: wallen
German Low German: wallen
Old Dutch: wallan
Middle Dutch: wallen
Dutch: wallen
Old High German: wallan
Middle High German: wallen
German: wallen

From Pre-Germanic *wolH-n- (“to undulate”), an o-grade intensive formation. Both *wallaną and e-grade *wellaną (“to well up”) were probably created to the archaic zero-grade present *wulaną (“idem”).


anadōną

anadō (active first-person indicative singular)
anadǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
anadōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
anadōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
anadōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
anadō (active imperative second-person singular)
anadōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
anadōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
anadōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
anadō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
anadōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
anadōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
anadōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
anadōs (active dual first-person indicative)
anadōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
anadōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
anadōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
anadōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
anadōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
anadōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
anadōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
anadōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
anadōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
anadōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
anadōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
anadōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
anadōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
anadōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
anadōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
anadōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
anadōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
anadōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
anadōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
anadōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
anadōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
anadōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
anadōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
anadōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
anadōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
anadōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
anadōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
anadōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
anadōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
anadōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
anadōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
anadōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
anadōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
anadōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
anadōndz (active participle present)
anadōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *anadōn
Old English: andian, andiġan
Middle English: anden, onden (through merger with the Old Norse form)
English: and, onde (dialectal)
Scots: ande, aind, eand
Old Saxon: andōn
Middle Low German: anden, ānden
Old Dutch: andon
Middle Dutch: anden
Old High German: antōn
Middle High German: anden
German: ahnden

Old Norse: anda

Icelandic: anda

Faroese: anda

Norwegian: ånde

Old Swedish: anda

Swedish: andas

Danish: ånde

Scanian: ánða

From *anadô (“breath, spirit, zeal”) + *-ōną.


swellaną

swellō (active first-person indicative singular)
swellaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swellai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swillizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swellaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swell (active imperative second-person singular)
swellazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swellaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swillidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swellai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swelladau (active imperative singular third-person)
swelladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swellaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swellōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swellaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swelladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swellaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swelladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swellamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swellaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swellandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swellaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swillid (active indicative plural second-person)
swellaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swillid (active imperative plural second-person)
swellandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swellaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swellandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swellain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swellandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swellandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swellaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swall (active first-person indicative singular)
swullį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swallt (active indicative second-person singular)
swullīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swall (active indicative singular third-person)
swullī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swullū (active dual first-person indicative)
swullīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swulludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swullīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swullum (active first-person indicative plural)
swullīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swullud (active indicative plural second-person)
swullīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swullun (active indicative plural third-person)
swullīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swellandz (active participle present)
swullanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: swellan

Middle English: swellen

Scots: swell

English: swell

Old Frisian: swella

Saterland Frisian: swälle

West Frisian: swolle; (swolgje)

Old Saxon: swellan

Middle Low German: swellen, swillen

Low German: swellen

Plautdietsch: schwalen

Old Dutch: *swellan
Middle Dutch: swellen
Dutch: zwellen
Limburgish: zwèlle

Old High German: swellan

Middle High German: swëllen

German: schwellen

Luxembourgish: schwëllen

Old Norse: svella

Icelandic: svella

Faroese: svella

Norwegian: svelle

Old Swedish: svælla

Swedish: svälla

(Danish: svulme)

Unknown. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *swel- (“to swell”) or *swelH- (Melchert, 2005).


fraisōną

fraisō (active first-person indicative singular)
fraisǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraisōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
fraisōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fraisōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fraisō (active imperative second-person singular)
fraisōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fraisōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fraisōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fraisō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fraisōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fraisōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fraisōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fraisōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fraisōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fraisōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fraisōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fraisōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fraisōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fraisōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fraisōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fraisōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fraisōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fraisōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fraisōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fraisōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fraisōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fraisōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fraisōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraisōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fraisōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fraisōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fraisōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fraisōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraisōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fraisōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fraisōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
fraisōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fraisōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fraisōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fraisōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fraisōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fraisōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fraisōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fraisōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fraisōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fraisōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fraisōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraisōndz (active participle present)
fraisōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fraisōn

Old English: frāsian

Middle English: fraisen

Scots: fraise, fraize, phrase

English: fraise

Old Frisian: *frāsia, *frēsia

Saterland Frisian: freezje

West Frisian: freezje, freze

Old Saxon: frēsōn

Middle Low German: vrêsen

Old Dutch: *frēson

Middle Dutch: vrêsen

Dutch: vrezen

Old High German: freisōn

Middle High German: vreisen

German: freisen

Old Norse: *freisa (possibly giving rise to the Middle English word)

/ˈɸrɑi̯.sɔː.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to go forth, risk, try”). Equivalent to *fraisō (“fear”) + *-ōną.


fanþijaną

fanþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fanþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fanþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fanþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fanþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fanþī (active imperative second-person singular)
fanþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fanþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fanþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fanþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fanþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fanþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fanþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fanþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fanþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fanþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fanþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fanþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fanþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fanþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fanþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fanþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fanþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fanþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fanþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fanþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fanþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fanþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fanþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fanþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fanþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fanþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fanþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fanþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fanþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fanþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fanþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
fanþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fanþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fanþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fanþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fanþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fanþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fanþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fanþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fanþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fanþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fanþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fanþijandz (active participle present)
fanþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: fēþan

Likely derived from a lost substantive *fanþ-, from Proto-Indo-European *pónth₁s, *pónteh₁s. For the noun, compare Ancient Greek πόντος (póntos, “sea”), Sanskrit पन्था (panthā), पथ (patha, “road, way”), Latin pōns (“bridge”). For the derived verb, compare Ancient Greek πατέω (patéō, “to tread, walk”), Sanskrit पन्थति (panthati) or पन्थयति (panthayati, “to go, move”).


walwijaną

walwijō (active first-person indicative singular)
walwijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
walwijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
walwīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
walwijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
walwī (active imperative second-person singular)
walwijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
walwijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
walwīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
walwijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
walwijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
walwijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
walwijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
walwijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
walwijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
walwijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
walwijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
walwijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
walwijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
walwijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
walwijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
walwijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
walwīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
walwijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
walwīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
walwijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
walwijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
walwijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
walwijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
walwijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
walwijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
walwijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
walwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
walwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
walwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
walwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
walwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
walwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
walwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
walwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
walwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
walwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
walwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
walwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
walwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
walwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
walwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
walwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
walwijandz (active participle present)
walwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *walwijan

desctree

Old English: wielwan, wylwan, wilwan, welwan, wilwian, wilian, wiliġan, wylian, welian
Middle English: welwen (“to roll”)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *walwōn

Old English: wealwian, wealowian, wealuwian, wealowiġan
Middle English: walwen
English: wallow
Scots: wallow

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*walwjan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (atwalwjan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐍆𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (afwalwjan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (faurwalwjan)

→? Proto-Finnic: *valvadak (see there for further descendants)

From *waluz (“staff, stick”) + *-ijaną (“denominal suffix”), invoking the original sense of "roll up". Cognate with Latin volvō (“roll”).


barjaną

barjō (active first-person indicative singular)
barjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
barjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
barisi (active indicative second-person singular)
barjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bari (active imperative second-person singular)
barjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
barjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bariþi (active indicative singular third-person)
barjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
barjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
barjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
barjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
barjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
barjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
barjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
barjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
barjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
barjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
barjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
barjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
barjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bariþ (active indicative plural second-person)
barjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bariþ (active imperative plural second-person)
barjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
barjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
barjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
barjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
barjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
barjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
barjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
baridǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
baridēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
baridēz (active indicative second-person singular)
baridēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baridē (active indicative singular third-person)
baridēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
baridēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
baridēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
baridēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
baridēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
baridēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
baridēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
baridēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
baridēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
baridēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
baridēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
barjandz (active participle present)
baridaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *barjan
Old English: berian (attested as ġebered (ppt))
Middle English: berien, beryen
Scots: berrie, berry, barrie
English: berry (verb)
(Old Frisian: ber)
Old High German: berjan, perjan, berien, *berren
Middle High German: berjen, berren, beren, bern
German: beren

Old Norse: berja

Icelandic: berja

Faroese: berja

Norwegian: berja, berje

Old Swedish: bæria

Swedish: bärja

Old Danish: bærie

Danish: bærje

Elfdalian: berras

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to pierce, strike”). Cognate with Latin ferīre (“to beat, strike”), Proto-Slavic *borniti (“to defend”).


garaidijaną

garaidijō (active first-person indicative singular)
garaidijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
garaidijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
garaidīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
garaidijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
garaidī (active imperative second-person singular)
garaidijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
garaidijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
garaidīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
garaidijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
garaidijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
garaidijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
garaidijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
garaidijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
garaidijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
garaidijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
garaidijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
garaidijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
garaidijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
garaidijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
garaidijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
garaidijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
garaidīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
garaidijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
garaidīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
garaidijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
garaidijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
garaidijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
garaidijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
garaidijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
garaidijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
garaidijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
garaididǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
garaididēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
garaididēz (active indicative second-person singular)
garaididēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
garaididē (active indicative singular third-person)
garaididēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
garaididēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
garaididēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
garaididēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
garaididēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
garaididēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
garaididēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
garaididēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
garaididēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
garaididēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
garaididēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
garaidijandz (active participle present)
garaididaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *garaidijan
Old English: ġerǣdan
Middle English: geræden, gereden, ȝeræden, ireden
English: ready (partly backformed from the adjective)
Old Saxon: *girēdian
Middle Low German: gerêden
Old Dutch: *gireiden, *girēden
Middle Dutch: gereiden, gerêden
Dutch: gereden, gereiden (obsolete or dialectal)
Old High German: *gireiten (suggested by derivatives: gireitungī, gireitnissī, etc.)
Middle High German: gereiten

Old Norse: greiða
Icelandic: greiða
Faroese: greiða
Norwegian: (dialectal) greia, greide
Norwegian Nynorsk: greia, greida
Norwegian Bokmål: greie
→ Danish: greje
→ Swedish: greja
Swedish: gre, greda
Danish: grede
Norwegian Bokmål: gre
→ Middle English: graithen, greithen
English: graith
Scots: graith
→ Old French: greer, greier
French: gréer

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (garaidjan)

From *garaidaz (“ready, prepared”) + *-janą.


kwerraną

kwerrō (active first-person indicative singular)
kwerraų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwerrai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kwirrizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kwerraiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwerr (active imperative second-person singular)
kwerrazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kwerraizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kwirridi (active indicative singular third-person)
kwerrai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kwerradau (active imperative singular third-person)
kwerradai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kwerraidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kwerrōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kwerraiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kwerradiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kwerraidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kwerradiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kwerramaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kwerraim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kwerrandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kwerraindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kwirrid (active indicative plural second-person)
kwerraid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kwirrid (active imperative plural second-person)
kwerrandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kwerraindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kwerrandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kwerrain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kwerrandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kwerrandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kwerraindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kwar (active first-person indicative singular)
kwarr (active first-person indicative singular)
kurrį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwart (active indicative second-person singular)
kwarrt (active indicative second-person singular)
kurrīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwar (active indicative singular third-person)
kwarr (active indicative singular third-person)
kurrī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kurrū (active dual first-person indicative)
kurrīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kurrudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kurrīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kurrum (active first-person indicative plural)
kurrīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kurrud (active indicative plural second-person)
kurrīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kurrun (active indicative plural third-person)
kurrīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kwerrandz (active participle present)
kurranaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwerran
Old English: *cweorran
⇒ Old English: ācweorran

Kroonen reconstructs Proto-Indo-European thematic present *gʷérh₃-e-ti, from *gʷerh₃- (“to devour”) + *-eti, yet doesn't explain the geminated *-rr-. Possibly instead a secondary strong verb to lost iterative *kurrōną, from earlier paradigm *kurrōþi ~ *kurunanþi, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥h₃-néh₂-ti ~ *gʷr̥h₃-n̥h₂-énti, from *gʷerh₃- (“to devour”) + *-néh₂ti.


hurskijaną

hurskijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hurskijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hurskijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hurskīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hurskijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hurskī (active imperative second-person singular)
hurskijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hurskijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hurskīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hurskijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hurskijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hurskijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hurskijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hurskijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hurskijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hurskijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hurskijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hurskijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hurskijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hurskijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hurskijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hurskijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hurskīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hurskijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hurskīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hurskijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hurskijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hurskijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hurskijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hurskijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hurskijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hurskijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hurskidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hurskidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hurskidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hurskidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hurskidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hurskidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hurskidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hurskidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hurskidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hurskidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hurskidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hurskidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hurskidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hurskidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hurskidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hurskidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hurskijandz (active participle present)
hurskidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hurskijan

Old English: *hyrsċan, hrysċan

desc

Middle English: hourshen, ruschen, russhen

Scots: rusch

English: rush

⇒ Middle English: horsinge

Old High German: hurscen, hursken, hursgen

(Middle High German: hurren)

⇒ Old High German: gihursken

⇒ Old High German: irhursken

Gothic: *𐌷𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽 (*hruskan) (< *hurskāną?)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌷𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽 (andhruskan)


teldaną

teldō (active first-person indicative singular)
teldaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
teldai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tildizi (active indicative second-person singular)
teldaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
teld (active imperative second-person singular)
teldazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
teldaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tildidi (active indicative singular third-person)
teldai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
teldadau (active imperative singular third-person)
teldadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
teldaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
teldōz (active dual first-person indicative)
teldaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
teldadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
teldaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
teldadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
teldamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
teldaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
teldandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
teldaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tildid (active indicative plural second-person)
teldaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tildid (active imperative plural second-person)
teldandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
teldaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
teldandi (active indicative plural third-person)
teldain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
teldandau (active imperative plural third-person)
teldandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
teldaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tald (active first-person indicative singular)
tuldį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
talst (active indicative second-person singular)
tuldīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tald (active indicative singular third-person)
tuldī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tuldū (active dual first-person indicative)
tuldīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tuldudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tuldīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tuldum (active first-person indicative plural)
tuldīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tuldud (active indicative plural second-person)
tuldīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tuldun (active indicative plural third-person)
tuldīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
teldandz (active participle present)
tuldanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *teldan

Old English: *teldan

⇒ Old English: beteldan

q

Norwegian: tjalða (a weak verb, possibly from *teldōną instead)

Uncertain. Possibly derived from a Proto-Indo-European *delH- (“to flatten, spread out”), with an extension *-dʰ- (perhaps from *dʰeh₁- (“to put”)), giving *delH-dʰh₁- (“to put flat”). Potential cognates include Lithuanian délna (“palm of hand”), Proto-Slavic *dòlnь (“idem”).


sprittōną

sprittō (active first-person indicative singular)
sprittǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sprittōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
sprittōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sprittōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprittō (active imperative second-person singular)
sprittōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sprittōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sprittōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sprittō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprittōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sprittōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sprittōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sprittōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sprittōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprittōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprittōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprittōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sprittōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sprittōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprittōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sprittōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sprittōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sprittōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprittōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sprittōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sprittōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sprittōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sprittōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprittōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sprittōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sprittōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sprittōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sprittōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sprittōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sprittōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprittōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sprittōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprittōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sprittōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprittōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprittōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprittōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sprittōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprittōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sprittōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprittōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sprittōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprittōndz (active participle present)
sprittōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Middle High German: sprützen

German: spritzen

Yiddish: שפּריצן (shpritsn)

→ English: spritz

desc

הִשְׁפְּרִיץ

→ Hebrew: הִשְׁפְּרִיץ (hishpríts)

Norwegian: sprita

From Pre-Germanic *spritnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to *sprīþaną (“to break up”).


buttōną

buttō (active first-person indicative singular)
buttǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
buttōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
buttōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
buttōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
buttō (active imperative second-person singular)
buttōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
buttōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
buttōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
buttō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
buttōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
buttōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
buttōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
buttōs (active dual first-person indicative)
buttōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
buttōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
buttōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
buttōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
buttōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
buttōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
buttōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
buttōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
buttōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
buttōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
buttōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
buttōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
buttōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
buttōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
buttōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
buttōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
buttōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
buttōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
buttōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
buttōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
buttōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
buttōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
buttōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
buttōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
buttōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
buttōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
buttōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
buttōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
buttōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
buttōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
buttōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
buttōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
buttōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
buttōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
buttōndz (active participle present)
buttōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Middle Dutch: botten

Alsatian: butzen

Bavarian: herbutzen (beat up)

Norwegian: butta

From earlier paradigm *buttōþi ~ *butunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *bʰud-nā́-ti ~ *bʰud-un-ánti, iterative to *bautaną (“to beat”).


tinhaną

tinhō (active first-person indicative singular)
tinhaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tinhai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tinhizi (active indicative second-person singular)
tinhaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tinh (active imperative second-person singular)
tinhazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tinhaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tinhidi (active indicative singular third-person)
tinhai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tinhadau (active imperative singular third-person)
tinhadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tinhaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tinhōz (active dual first-person indicative)
tinhaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tinhadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tinhaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tinhadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tinhamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tinhaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tinhandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tinhaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tinhid (active indicative plural second-person)
tinhaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tinhid (active imperative plural second-person)
tinhandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tinhaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tinhandi (active indicative plural third-person)
tinhain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tinhandau (active imperative plural third-person)
tinhandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tinhaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tanh (active first-person indicative singular)
tungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tanht (active indicative second-person singular)
tungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tanh (active indicative singular third-person)
tungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tungū (active dual first-person indicative)
tungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tungum (active first-person indicative plural)
tungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tungud (active indicative plural second-person)
tungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tungun (active indicative plural third-person)
tungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tinhandz (active participle present)
tunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *tingan, ġetingan

From Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite, sting”).


tūmōną

tūmō (active first-person indicative singular)
tūmǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tūmōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
tūmōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
tūmōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tūmō (active imperative second-person singular)
tūmōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tūmōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tūmōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tūmō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tūmōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tūmōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tūmōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tūmōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tūmōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tūmōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tūmōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tūmōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tūmōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tūmōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tūmōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tūmōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tūmōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tūmōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tūmōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tūmōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tūmōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tūmōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tūmōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tūmōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tūmōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tūmōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tūmōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tūmōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tūmōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tūmōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tūmōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
tūmōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tūmōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tūmōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tūmōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tūmōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tūmōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tūmōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tūmōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tūmōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tūmōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tūmōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tūmōndz (active participle present)
tūmōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Old English: tumbian
Middle English: tumben, tomben, toumbe (conflated with Old French tumber)
English: tumb
⇒ Middle English: tumblen
English: tumble
Scots: tummyll, tumbill, tummle

Old Frisian: *tumbia

⇒ Old Frisian: *tūmlia

Saterland Frisian: tuumelje

Old Saxon: *tūmōn

⇒ Old Saxon: *tūmilōn

Middle Low German: tumelen, tummelen

German Low German: dummeln

Old Dutch: *tūmon
Middle Dutch: tumen
⇒ Middle Dutch: tumelen
Dutch: tuimelen
Afrikaans: tuimel

desc

→? Vulgar Latin: *tumbāre (possibly also from Old Norse, or a native onomatopoeia)

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: tumbã

Romanian: tumbă

Italian: tomare, *tombare

desctree

Old French: tumber, tumer, tomber
Middle French: tomber, tumber
French: tomber, tumer (dialectal)

Old Occitan:

Catalan: tombar

Occitan: tumber, tomber

West Iberian:

Portuguese: tombar

Spanish: tumbar

>? Old High German: tūmōn

Middle High German: tumen

desc

⇒ Old High German: tūmalōn, tūmilōn, tumelen

Middle High German: tūmeln, tumeln

German: taumeln, tummeln

Luxembourgish: tommelen

Old Norse: tumba

Icelandic: tumba

Unknown. Orel considers the word of onomatopoeic origin, similar to Romanian tumbă (“somersault”) and its Romance cognates. Etymologiebank, apparently citing LIV 149, says that it is possibly related to Sanskrit धावति (dhāvati, “to flee, run”), Ancient Greek θύω (thúō, “I rage, storm, rush in”), Latin furō (“I rage”), suggesting a hypothetical Proto-Indo-European *dʰewH- (“shake, roar”).


ruppōną

ruppō (active first-person indicative singular)
ruppǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ruppōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
ruppōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
ruppōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ruppō (active imperative second-person singular)
ruppōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ruppōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ruppōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
ruppō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ruppōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
ruppōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ruppōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ruppōs (active dual first-person indicative)
ruppōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ruppōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ruppōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ruppōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ruppōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ruppōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ruppōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ruppōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ruppōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
ruppōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ruppōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
ruppōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ruppōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ruppōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
ruppōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ruppōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
ruppōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ruppōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ruppōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
ruppōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ruppōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
ruppōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ruppōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
ruppōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ruppōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
ruppōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ruppōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ruppōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ruppōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
ruppōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ruppōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
ruppōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ruppōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
ruppōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ruppōndz (active participle present)
ruppōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ruppōn
>? Old English: *rubbian
Middle English: rubben (possibly borrowed)
English: rub
Old Frisian: *robbia
Saterland Frisian: robje
Old Saxon: *roppōn
Middle Low German: roppen
Low German: rubben
Old Dutch: *roppon
Middle Dutch: roppen
Dutch: roppen, robben, rubben
Old High German: ropfōn, *ruphōn
Middle High German: ropfen, rupfen
German: rupfen
Luxembourgish: rappen

Old Norse: ruppa, *rubba

Icelandic: rubba

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: rubbe

Norwegian Nynorsk: rubbe, rubba

Swedish: rubba

Danish: rubbe

From Pre-Germanic *Hrupnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to *reufaną (“to break off, open”).


ruppōną

Proto-West Germanic: *roppōn
Old Dutch: *roppon
Middle Dutch: roppen, ruppen
Dutch: roppen
Old High German: *ropfōn
Middle High German: ropfen

Old Norse: ropa

Icelandic: ropa

Faroese: ropa

An iterative verb likely of onomatopoeic origin.


rīfaną

rīfō (active first-person indicative singular)
rīfaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rīfai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rīfizi (active indicative second-person singular)
rīfaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rīf (active imperative second-person singular)
rīfazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rīfaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rīfidi (active indicative singular third-person)
rīfai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rīfadau (active imperative singular third-person)
rīfadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rīfaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rīfōz (active dual first-person indicative)
rīfaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rīfadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rīfaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rīfadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rīfamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rīfaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rīfandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rīfaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rīfid (active indicative plural second-person)
rīfaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rīfid (active imperative plural second-person)
rīfandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rīfaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rīfandi (active indicative plural third-person)
rīfain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rīfandau (active imperative plural third-person)
rīfandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rīfaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raif (active first-person indicative singular)
ribį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raift (active indicative second-person singular)
ribīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raif (active indicative singular third-person)
ribī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ribū (active dual first-person indicative)
ribīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ribudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ribīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ribum (active first-person indicative plural)
ribīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ribud (active indicative plural second-person)
ribīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ribun (active indicative plural third-person)
ribīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rīfandz (active participle present)
ribanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *rīfan
Old English: *rīfan
Middle English: riven
English: rive
Old Frisian: rīva

Old Norse: rífa

Icelandic: rífa

Norwegian Bokmål: rive

Old Danish: riuæ

Danish: rive

Old Swedish: rīva

Swedish: riva

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁reyp- (“to tear”).


sinþōną

sinþō (active first-person indicative singular)
sinþǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sinþōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
sinþōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sinþōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sinþō (active imperative second-person singular)
sinþōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sinþōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sinþōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sinþō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sinþōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sinþōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sinþōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sinþōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sinþōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sinþōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sinþōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sinþōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sinþōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sinþōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sinþōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sinþōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sinþōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sinþōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sinþōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sinþōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sinþōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sinþōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sinþōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sinþōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sinþōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sinþōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sinþōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sinþōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sinþōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sinþōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sinþōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sinþōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sinþōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sinþōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sinþōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sinþōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sinþōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sinþōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sinþōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sinþōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sinþōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sinþōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sinþōndz (active participle present)
sinþōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sinþōn
Old English: sīþian
Middle English: sithen
Old Saxon: sīthon
Old High German: sindōn
Middle High German: sinden, sinnen

Old Norse: sinna

Icelandic: sinna

Derived from *sinþaz (“journey”) + *-ōną.


uzberaną

uzberō (active first-person indicative singular)
uzberaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzberai (first-person indicative passive singular)
uzbirizi (active indicative second-person singular)
uzberaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzber (active imperative second-person singular)
uzberazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
uzberaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
uzbiridi (active indicative singular third-person)
uzberai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzberadau (active imperative singular third-person)
uzberadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
uzberaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
uzberōz (active dual first-person indicative)
uzberaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzberadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzberaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzberadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
uzberamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
uzberaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzberandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
uzberaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
uzbirid (active indicative plural second-person)
uzberaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzbirid (active imperative plural second-person)
uzberandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
uzberaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
uzberandi (active indicative plural third-person)
uzberain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzberandau (active imperative plural third-person)
uzberandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
uzberaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
uzbar (active first-person indicative singular)
uzbērį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzbart (active indicative second-person singular)
uzbērīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzbar (active indicative singular third-person)
uzbērī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzbērū (active dual first-person indicative)
uzbērīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzbērudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzbērīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzbērum (active first-person indicative plural)
uzbērīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzbērud (active indicative plural second-person)
uzbērīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzbērun (active indicative plural third-person)
uzbērīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzberandz (active participle present)
uzburanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *uʀberan
Old English: āberan
Middle English: aberen
English: abear
Old High German: irberan
Middle High German: erbërn
German: erbären

(Old Norse: bera (“to bear off, away”))

Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (usbairan)


liuhtijaną

liuhtijō (active first-person indicative singular)
liuhtijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
liuhtijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
liuhtīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
liuhtijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
liuhtī (active imperative second-person singular)
liuhtijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
liuhtijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
liuhtīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
liuhtijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
liuhtijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
liuhtijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
liuhtijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
liuhtijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
liuhtijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
liuhtijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
liuhtijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
liuhtijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
liuhtijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
liuhtijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
liuhtijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
liuhtijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
liuhtīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
liuhtijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
liuhtīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
liuhtijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
liuhtijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
liuhtijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
liuhtijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
liuhtijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
liuhtijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
liuhtijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
liuhtidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
liuhtidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
liuhtidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
liuhtidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
liuhtidē (active indicative singular third-person)
liuhtidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
liuhtidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
liuhtidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
liuhtidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
liuhtidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
liuhtidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
liuhtidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
liuhtidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
liuhtidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
liuhtidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
liuhtidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
liuhtijandz (active participle present)
liuhtidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *liuhtijan
Old English: līehtan
Middle English: lihten, lighten
English: light
Scots: licht
Old Saxon: liuhtian
Middle Low German: luchten
German Low German: lüchten
→ Polabian: löxtår (“lantern”)
Old Dutch: liuhten
Middle Dutch: luchten
Dutch: luchten (obsolete)
Old High German: liuhten
Middle High German: liuhten
German: leuchten
Yiddish: לײַכטן (laykhtn), Yiddish: לויכטן (loykhtn)
Bavarian: laichdn

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (liuhtjan)

From *leuhtą (“light”) + *-janą (“denominative suffix”) or *leuhtaz (“light, bright”) + *-janą (“factitive suffix”), both ultimately from the same Proto-Indo-European root.


inliuhtijaną

inliuhtijō (active first-person indicative singular)
inliuhtijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
inliuhtijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
inliuhtīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
inliuhtijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
inliuhtī (active imperative second-person singular)
inliuhtijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
inliuhtijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
inliuhtīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
inliuhtijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
inliuhtijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
inliuhtijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
inliuhtijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
inliuhtijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
inliuhtijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
inliuhtijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
inliuhtijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
inliuhtijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
inliuhtijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
inliuhtijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
inliuhtijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
inliuhtijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
inliuhtīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
inliuhtijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
inliuhtīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
inliuhtijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
inliuhtijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
inliuhtijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
inliuhtijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
inliuhtijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
inliuhtijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
inliuhtijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
inliuhtidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
inliuhtidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
inliuhtidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
inliuhtidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
inliuhtidē (active indicative singular third-person)
inliuhtidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
inliuhtidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
inliuhtidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
inliuhtidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
inliuhtidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
inliuhtidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
inliuhtidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
inliuhtidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
inliuhtidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
inliuhtidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
inliuhtidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
inliuhtijandz (active participle present)
inliuhtidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desc

Old English: inlīhtan, onlīhtan, enlīhtan

Middle English: inlightnen, enlightenen inlighten

English: enlight, inlight; inlighten (archaic)

Old Frisian: *inliuchta

West Frisian: inljochtsje

Old Saxon: *inliuhtian

Middle Low German: inlüchten

Low German: inlüchten

Old Dutch: *inliuhten

Middle Dutch: inluchten, inlichten

Dutch: inlichten

Afrikaans: inlig

Old High German: inliuhten

Middle High German: īnliuhten

German: einleuchten

Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (inliuhtjan)


gaburjōną

gaburjō (active first-person indicative singular)
gaburjǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaburjōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
gaburjōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
gaburjōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaburjō (active imperative second-person singular)
gaburjōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gaburjōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gaburjōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gaburjō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gaburjōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gaburjōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gaburjōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gaburjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gaburjōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gaburjōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gaburjōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gaburjōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gaburjōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gaburjōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gaburjōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gaburjōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gaburjōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gaburjōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gaburjōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gaburjōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gaburjōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gaburjōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gaburjōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gaburjōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gaburjōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gaburjōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gaburjōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
gaburjōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaburjōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
gaburjōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaburjōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
gaburjōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gaburjōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gaburjōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gaburjōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gaburjōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gaburjōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gaburjōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gaburjōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gaburjōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gaburjōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gaburjōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gaburjōndz (active participle present)
gaburjōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: ġebyrian

(Old Norse: byrja)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂 (gabaur, “revelry”)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌱𐌰 (gabaurjaba)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌾𐍉𐌸𐌿𐍃 (gabaurjōþus)

Derived from *gaburiz (“favorable time, condition”), from *buriz (“favorable condition, wind”), + *-ōną.


gadraganą

gadragō (active first-person indicative singular)
gadragaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gadragai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gadragizi (active indicative second-person singular)
gadragaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gadrag (active imperative second-person singular)
gadragazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gadragaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gadragidi (active indicative singular third-person)
gadragai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gadragadau (active imperative singular third-person)
gadragadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gadragaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gadragōz (active dual first-person indicative)
gadragaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gadragadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gadragaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gadragadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gadragamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gadragaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gadragandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gadragaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gadragid (active indicative plural second-person)
gadragaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gadragid (active imperative plural second-person)
gadragandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gadragaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gadragandi (active indicative plural third-person)
gadragain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gadragandau (active imperative plural third-person)
gadragandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gadragaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gadrōg (active first-person indicative singular)
gadrōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gadrōht (active indicative second-person singular)
gadrōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gadrōg (active indicative singular third-person)
gadrōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gadrōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
gadrōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gadrōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gadrōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gadrōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
gadrōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gadrōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
gadrōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gadrōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
gadrōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gadragandz (active participle present)
gadraganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Saxon: gidragan

Middle Low German: gedregen

Old High German: *gitragan

Middle High German: getragen

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽 (gadragan)

/ɣɑ.ˈdrɑ.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/

to draw together, bring together; to accumulate