wammijaną

wammijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wammijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wammijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wammīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wammijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wammī (active imperative second-person singular)
wammijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wammijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wammīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wammijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wammijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wammijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wammijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wammijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wammijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wammijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wammijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wammijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wammijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wammijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wammijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wammijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wammīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wammijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wammīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wammijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wammijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wammijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wammijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wammijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wammijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wammijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wammidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wammidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wammidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wammidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wammidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wammidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wammidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wammidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wammidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wammidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wammidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wammidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wammidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wammidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wammidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wammidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wammijandz (active participle present)
wammidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wammijan
Old English: wemman
Middle English: wemmen
Scots: wem
English: wem
Old Frisian: wemma
Old Saxon: wemmian
>? Middle Low German: wemmen
Old High German: *wemmen
>? Middle High German: wimmen, wimen
⇒ Old High German: giwemmit (“stained, spotted, flecked”, ppt)
⇒ Old High German: wemmāri (“corruptor”)
⇒ Old High German: biwemmen
⇒ Old High German: giwemman)

Old Norse: *vemja

Danish: væmmes

Old Swedish: væmia

Swedish: vämjas

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*wammjan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (anawammjan)


swin-

From Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound”). Cognate with Latin sonō (“sound, resound”), Latin sonus (“sound, noise”), Russian звон (zvon, “ringing, jingle”), Old Irish seinnid (“play (an instrument)”).

cog

swinsian

Proto-West Germanic: *swinisōn or *swinisēn


sweltaną

sweltō (active first-person indicative singular)
sweltaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sweltai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swiltizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sweltaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swelt (active imperative second-person singular)
sweltazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sweltaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swiltidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sweltai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sweltadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sweltadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sweltaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sweltōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sweltaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sweltadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sweltaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sweltadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sweltamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sweltaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sweltandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sweltaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swiltid (active indicative plural second-person)
sweltaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swiltid (active imperative plural second-person)
sweltandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sweltaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sweltandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sweltain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sweltandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sweltandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sweltaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swalt (active first-person indicative singular)
swultį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swalst (active indicative second-person singular)
swultīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swalt (active indicative singular third-person)
swultī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swultū (active dual first-person indicative)
swultīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swultudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swultīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swultum (active first-person indicative plural)
swultīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swultud (active indicative plural second-person)
swultīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swultun (active indicative plural third-person)
swultīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sweltandz (active participle present)
swultanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sweltan

desctree

Old English: sweltan, swealtan, swiltan, swyltan
Middle English: swelten, swelte, squelt, suelt, sweltan
English: swelt
Scots: swelt, swalt

Old Saxon: sweltan

Old Dutch: *sweltan

Middle Dutch: swelten

Dutch: zwelten

West Flemish: zwelten

desc

⇒ West Flemish: zwelte (“lazy woman”, noun)

Old High German: swelzan

Middle High German: swëlzen

Old Norse: svelta

Icelandic: svelta

Faroese: svølta

Old Swedish: svælta

Swedish: svälta

Danish: svelte (archaic or dialectal), sulte (-u- under influence from adjective/participle sulten and noun sult)

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌻𐍄𐌰𐌽 (swiltan)

Crimean Gothic: schwalth

From Proto-Indo-European *swel- (“to smolder; burn; scorch”). Cognate with Old Armenian քաղց (kʻałcʻ).


hrappijaną

hrappijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrappijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrappijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrappīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrappijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrappī (active imperative second-person singular)
hrappijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrappijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrappīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrappijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrappijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrappijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrappijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrappijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hrappijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrappijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrappijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrappijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrappijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrappijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrappijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrappijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrappīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hrappijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrappīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hrappijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrappijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrappijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrappijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrappijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrappijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrappijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hrappidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hrappidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrappidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hrappidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrappidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hrappidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrappidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hrappidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrappidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrappidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrappidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hrappidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrappidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hrappidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrappidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hrappidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrappijandz (active participle present)
hrappidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrappijan, *hrappjan
Old English: hreppan, (hrepian)
Middle English: repen
English: repe; rap, rape (to scratch)
Old Frisian: hreppa, reppa
North Frisian: rippe
Saterland Frisian: räppe
West Frisian: reppe
⇒ Old Frisian: bihreppa
Old Saxon: *hreppian
Middle Low German: reppen
Low German: reppen
Old Dutch: *reppen
Middle Dutch: reppen
Dutch: reppen
Afrikaans: rep
Old High German: *hrapfen, *hraffen
Middle High German: raffen, reffen
German: raffen

Old Norse: hreppa

Icelandic: hreppa

Swedish: repa

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreb- (“to turn, bend, shrink, rotate, touch, attack”). Cognate with Lithuanian krapštyti (“to pick, peck, scratch, claw”).


hrapōną

hrapō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrapǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrapōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrapōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrapōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrapō (active imperative second-person singular)
hrapōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrapōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrapōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrapō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrapōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrapōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrapōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrapōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hrapōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrapōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrapōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrapōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrapōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrapōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrapōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrapōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrapōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hrapōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrapōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hrapōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrapōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrapōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrapōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrapōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrapōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrapōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hrapōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hrapōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrapōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hrapōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrapōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hrapōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrapōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hrapōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrapōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrapōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrapōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hrapōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrapōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hrapōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrapōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hrapōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrapōndz (active participle present)
hrapōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrapōn
Old English: *hrapian, hrepian
Middle English: rapen, rappen, repen
English: rape, rap, repe
Old Frisian: *hrapia
Saterland Frisian: rappe
West Frisian: raepje
Old Saxon: *hrapon, hrappōn
Middle Low German: rapen, *rappen
Low German: rapen, rappen
Old Dutch: *rapon
Middle Dutch: rāpen
Dutch: rapen
Old High German: *hraffōn, *raffōn
Middle High German: raffen
German: raffen
Luxembourgish: rafen
→ Vulgar Latin: *raffō
Galician: rafar
Italian: arraffare
→ Old French: raffer, rafer
Middle English: *raffen
→ English: raff
→ Vulgar Latin: *frappō (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hrapa

Swedish: rappa

Danish: rappe

Gothic: *𐌷𐍂𐌰𐍀𐍉𐌽 (*hrapōn)

→ Vulgar Latin: *rappō

Asturian: rapar

Old Galician-Portuguese: rapar

Galician: rapar

Portuguese: rapar

Spanish: rapar

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreb- (“to turn, bend, shrink, rotate, touch, attack”), from *(s)ker- (“to turn; bend”). Cognate with Lithuanian krapštyti (“to pick, peck, scratch, claw”).


taljaną

taljō (active first-person indicative singular)
taljaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
taljai (first-person indicative passive singular)
talisi (active indicative second-person singular)
taljais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tali (active imperative second-person singular)
taljasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
taljaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
taliþi (active indicative singular third-person)
taljai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
taljaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
taljaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
taljaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
taljōs (active dual first-person indicative)
taljaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
taljaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
taljaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
taljaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
taljamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
taljaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
taljanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
taljainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
taliþ (active indicative plural second-person)
taljaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
taliþ (active imperative plural second-person)
taljanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
taljainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
taljanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
taljain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
taljanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
taljanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
taljainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
talidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
talidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
talidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
talidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
talidē (active indicative singular third-person)
talidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
talidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
talidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
talidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
talidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
talidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
talidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
talidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
talidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
talidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
talidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
taljandz (active participle present)
talidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *talljan
Old English: tellan
Middle English: tellen
English: tell
Scots: tell
Yola: tolth, told (preterite)
Old Frisian: tella
Saterland Frisian: tälle
West Frisian: telle
Old Saxon: tellian, tallian
Middle Low German: tellen
Low German: tellen
Old Dutch: tellen
Middle Dutch: tellen
Dutch: tellen
Limburgish: tèlle
Old High German: zellen, zellan
Middle High German: zellen, zeln
Bavarian: zäihn, zöhln, zöhn
Central Franconian: zälle, zähle, zeahle
Luxembourgish: zielen
Cimbrian: zelan
German: zählen
Yiddish: ציילן (tseyln)

Old Norse: telja
Icelandic: telja
Faroese: telja
Norwegian Nynorsk: telja
Old Swedish: tælia
Swedish: tälja
Danish: tælle
Norwegian Bokmål: telle

From *talō (“narration, calculation”) + *-janą. Cognate with Latin dolus (“guile, deception”).


frōdijaną

frōdijō (active first-person indicative singular)
frōdijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frōdijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
frōdīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
frōdijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frōdī (active imperative second-person singular)
frōdijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
frōdijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
frōdīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
frōdijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frōdijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
frōdijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
frōdijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
frōdijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
frōdijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frōdijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frōdijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frōdijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
frōdijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
frōdijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frōdijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
frōdijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
frōdīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
frōdijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frōdīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
frōdijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
frōdijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
frōdijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
frōdijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frōdijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
frōdijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
frōdijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frōdidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
frōdidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frōdidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
frōdidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frōdidē (active indicative singular third-person)
frōdidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frōdidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
frōdidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frōdidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frōdidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frōdidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
frōdidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frōdidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
frōdidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frōdidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
frōdidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frōdijandz (active participle present)
frōdidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *frōdijan
Old English: frēdan
Middle English: freden, frede
Old Dutch: *fruoden
Middle Dutch: vroeden; (bevroeden)
Dutch: vroeden; (bevroeden)
Old High German: fruotēn
Middle High German: vrüeten

Old Norse: frǿða

Icelandic: fræða


bargijaną

bargijō (active first-person indicative singular)
bargijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bargijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bargīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
bargijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bargī (active imperative second-person singular)
bargijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bargijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bargīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bargijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bargijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bargijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bargijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bargijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bargijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bargijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bargijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bargijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bargijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bargijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bargijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bargijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bargīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bargijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bargīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bargijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bargijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bargijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bargijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bargijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bargijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bargijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bargidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bargidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bargidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bargidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bargidē (active indicative singular third-person)
bargidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bargidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bargidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bargidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bargidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bargidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bargidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bargidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bargidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bargidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bargidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bargijandz (active participle present)
bargidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bargijan
Old English: biergan, berġan — Anglian, birġan, byrġan — Late West Saxon, beorġan, berian, byriġan
Middle English: büriȝen
Old High German: *bergen
⇒ Old High German: bergita (“cake”)

Old Norse: bergja

Icelandic: bergja

Norwegian: bergja

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰergʷ-, *bʰergʷʰ- (“to feed”). Cognate with Ancient Greek φέρβω (phérbō, “to feed, nourish, graze”), Sanskrit भर्वति (bhárvati, “he chews, eats, devours”).


fetaną

fetō (active first-person indicative singular)
fetaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fetai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fitizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fetaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fet (active imperative second-person singular)
fetazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fetaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fitidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fetai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fetadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fetadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fetaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fetōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fetaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fetadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fetaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fetadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fetamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fetaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fetandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fetaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fitid (active indicative plural second-person)
fetaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fitid (active imperative plural second-person)
fetandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fetaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fetandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fetain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fetandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fetandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fetaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fat (active first-person indicative singular)
fētį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fast (active indicative second-person singular)
fētīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fat (active indicative singular third-person)
fētī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fētū (active dual first-person indicative)
fētīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fētudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fētīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fētum (active first-person indicative plural)
fētīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fētud (active indicative plural second-person)
fētīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fētun (active indicative plural third-person)
fētīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fetandz (active participle present)
fetanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fetan

Old English: fetan

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (fitan)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ped- (“to give birth”). Cognate with Old Irish idu (“labour pains”).


fetaną

Proto-West Germanic: *fetan

desc

Old English: *fetan (“to fall”), ġefetan

Old High German: fezzan (“to fall”)

Old Norse: feta (“to step”)

Icelandic: feta

Swedish: fjäta (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *ped- (“to walk, stumble, fall”). Cognate with Russian па́дать (pádatʹ, “to fall, drop, decrease, decline”).


tamjaną

tamjō (active first-person indicative singular)
tamjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tamjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tamisi (active indicative second-person singular)
tamjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tami (active imperative second-person singular)
tamjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tamjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tamiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tamjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tamjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tamjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tamjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tamjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tamjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tamjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tamjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tamjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tamjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tamjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tamjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tamjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tamiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tamjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tamiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tamjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tamjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tamjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tamjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tamjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tamjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tamjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tamidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tamidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tamidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tamidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tamidē (active indicative singular third-person)
tamidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tamidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tamidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tamidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tamidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tamidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tamidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tamidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tamidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tamidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tamidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tamjandz (active participle present)
tamidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tammjan
Old English: temian, *temman
Middle English: temien, temen; tamen
English: tame
Scots: team, tame
Old Frisian: temia, tema
Saterland Frisian: tieme
West Frisian: teme
Old Saxon: *temian, *temmian
Middle Low German: temen, temmen
German Low German: tähmen
Low German: temmen
Old Dutch: *temmen
Middle Dutch: temmen
Dutch: temmen
Afrikaans: tem
Old High German: zemen, zemmen
Middle High German: zemen
German: zähmen (with a long vowel by analogy with zahm)
Hunsrik: zaame
Luxembourgish: zeemen

Old Norse: temja

Icelandic: temja

Faroese: temja

Old Swedish: tæmia

Swedish: tämja

Danish: tæmme

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gatamjan)

>? Proto-Albanian: *dalma

Albanian: delme

Latin: Dalmatae

→ Proto-Samic: *tāmëtēk (see there for further descendants)


mūk-

mūk- (canonical)
muk- (canonical)
mug- (canonical)
*muk- (alternative)
*mug- (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)mewgʰ- (“to conceal, swindle, thieve”). Cognate with Latin muger (“cheater”), Old Irish formúighte, formúchthae (“hidden”).
The forms with geminate *-kk- and its voicing alternation with *-gg- may point to an original n-suffix in pre-Germanic, likely iterative *(s)mugʰ-néh₂-ti which resulted in Proto-Germanic *mukkōną ~ *muggōną, whence the other terms were derived; long *-ū- likely formed for compensatory lengthening upon the degemination of a following *-kk- to *-k-.

der

mich

Middle English: müchen, michen; müchere; Scots


bad-

Old English: bædan; >? bæddel, >? bædling

>? Middle English: badde

Scots: bad, baud

English: bad

Old High German: pad

Unknown. Compare Proto-Indo-European *bʰodʰ- (“to dig; plot of ground”), relating to "ground, dirt", ablaut form of Proto-Indo-European *bʰedʰ-


missijaną

missijō (active first-person indicative singular)
missijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
missijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
missīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
missijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
missī (active imperative second-person singular)
missijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
missijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
missīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
missijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
missijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
missijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
missijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
missijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
missijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
missijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
missijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
missijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
missijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
missijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
missijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
missijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
missīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
missijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
missīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
missijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
missijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
missijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
missijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
missijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
missijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
missijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
missidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
missidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
missidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
missidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
missidē (active indicative singular third-person)
missidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
missidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
missidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
missidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
missidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
missidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
missidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
missidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
missidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
missidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
missidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
missijandz (active participle present)
missidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *missijan
Old English: missan
Middle English: missen
Scots: mis, mys, miss
English: miss
→ Maltese: mmisja
→ Danish: misse
Old Frisian: missa
Saterland Frisian: misje, miste
West Frisian: misse
Old Saxon: *missian
Middle Low German: missen
German Low German: missen
Old Dutch: *missen
Middle Dutch: missen
Dutch: missen
Old High German: missen
Middle High German: missen
German: missen
Luxembourgish: mëssen

Old Norse: missa
Icelandic: missa
Faroese: missa
Norwegian Nynorsk: missa, mista; (dialectal) myssa
Elfdalian: mista
Old Swedish: mista
Swedish: mista, missa
Old Danish: mistæ
Danish: miste, misse
Norwegian Bokmål: miste, misse
Scanian: mysta
Gutnish: miste

→ Proto-Samic: *mëssētēk (see there for further descendants)

From *missaz (“alternate, abberant, wrong”) + *-janą.


abnijaną

abnijō (active first-person indicative singular)
abnijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
abnijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
abnīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
abnijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
abnī (active imperative second-person singular)
abnijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
abnijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
abnīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
abnijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
abnijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
abnijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
abnijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
abnijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
abnijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
abnijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
abnijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
abnijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
abnijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
abnijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
abnijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
abnijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
abnīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
abnijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
abnīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
abnijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
abnijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
abnijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
abnijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
abnijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
abnijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
abnijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
abnidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
abnidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
abnidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
abnidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
abnidē (active indicative singular third-person)
abnidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
abnidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
abnidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
abnidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
abnidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
abnidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
abnidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
abnidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
abnidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
abnidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
abnidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
abnijandz (active participle present)
abnidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *abnijan
Old English: æfnan, efnan

Old Norse: efna

Icelandic: efna

Faroese: evna

Norwegian: emna, evna

→ Norwegian Bokmål: emne

Old Swedish: æmna, æmpna

Swedish: ämna

Danish: evne

Norwegian Bokmål: evne

Generally derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₃op-, *h₃ep- (“to work; the result of work, income, wealth”) (which Kroonen gives as *h₂ep-), and compared with Sanskrit अप्नस् (ápnas, “possession, work”), Ancient Greek ἄφνος (áphnos, “riches, wealth”), as well as Latin ops (“help”), Lithuanian apstus (“rich, plentiful, abundant”). Kroonen is skeptical, and prefers an internal derivation from Proto-Germanic *ab (“from, off”) + a suffix *-nijaną also seen in *darknijaną (“to soil”) (whence Old High German terhcinen (“to obscure, soil, defile”)).


hugjaną

hugjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hugjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hugaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hugjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hugai (active imperative second-person singular)
hugaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hugjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hugjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hugjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hugjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hugjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hugjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hugjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hugjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hugjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hugaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hugjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hugaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hugjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hugjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hugjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hugdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hugdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hugdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hugdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hugdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hugdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hugdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hugdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hugdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hugdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hugdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hugdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hugdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hugdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hugdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hugdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hugjandz (active participle present)
hugdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *huggjan
Old English: hyċġan
Middle English: huyen, hoyen
Scots: huik
Old Saxon: huggian
Middle Low German: hugen, hogen, hügen, hȫgen
Low German: högen
Old Dutch: *huggen
Middle Dutch: hōgen, huegen
Dutch: heugen
Old High German: bihuggen, gihuggen

Old Norse: hyggja

Icelandic: hyggja

Faroese: hyggja

Norwegian Nynorsk: hyggja, hygga

Old Swedish: hyggia

Swedish: hygga

Old Danish: hyggæ

Danish: hygge

Norwegian Bokmål: hygge

Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hugjan)

Uncertain. Synchronically analyzable as *hugiz (“understanding, mind”) + *-janą (“factitive suffix”).


bregdaną

bregdō (active first-person indicative singular)
bregdaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bregdai (first-person indicative passive singular)
brigdizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bregdaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bregd (active imperative second-person singular)
bregdazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bregdaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brigdidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bregdai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bregdadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bregdadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bregdaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bregdōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bregdaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bregdadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bregdaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bregdadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bregdamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bregdaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bregdandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bregdaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brigdid (active indicative plural second-person)
bregdaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brigdid (active imperative plural second-person)
bregdandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bregdaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bregdandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bregdain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bregdandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bregdandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bregdaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bragd (active first-person indicative singular)
brugdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brahst (active indicative second-person singular)
brugdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bragd (active indicative singular third-person)
brugdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brugdū (active dual first-person indicative)
brugdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brugdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brugdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brugdum (active first-person indicative plural)
brugdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brugdud (active indicative plural second-person)
brugdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brugdun (active indicative plural third-person)
brugdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bregdandz (active participle present)
brugdanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bregdan
Old English: breġdan, brēdan
Middle English: breiden, breden
English: braid
Scots: breed, brade, braid, bray
Old Frisian: breida, brēda, brīda
North Frisian: brüjen
Saterland Frisian: braidje
West Frisian: breidzje
Old Saxon: bregdan
Middle Low German: breiden
Low German: breien, breiden
Old Dutch: *bregdan
Middle Dutch: breiden
Dutch: breien
Afrikaans: brei
Old High German: brettan
Middle High German: brëtten
German: bretten (obsolete)

Old Norse: bregða

Icelandic: bregða

Faroese: bregða

Old Swedish: breghþa

Danish: brejde, bebrejde

→ Scots: bregd, breg; braith, brath

From *breh- (“to flash, move quickly”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrēḱ-, *bʰrēǵ- (“to shine, shimmer”).
An alternative etymology derives *breh- from Proto-Indo-European *mrekʷ-, *merǝkʷ-, *merǝgʷ- (“to shimmer”). If so, then cognate with Lithuanian mirkčioti (“to blink, flicker, wink, twinkle, shimmer, sparkle”), Russian морга́ть (morgátʹ, “to blink, wink”).

cog

to flicker, flutter, jerk, tug (on), twitch, flinch, move, swing


waldaną

waldō (active first-person indicative singular)
waldaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waldai (first-person indicative passive singular)
waldizi (active indicative second-person singular)
waldaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wald (active imperative second-person singular)
waldazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
waldaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
waldidi (active indicative singular third-person)
waldai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waldadau (active imperative singular third-person)
waldadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
waldaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
waldōz (active dual first-person indicative)
waldaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waldadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waldaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waldadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
waldamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
waldaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waldandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
waldaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
waldid (active indicative plural second-person)
waldaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waldid (active imperative plural second-person)
waldandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
waldaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
waldandi (active indicative plural third-person)
waldain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waldandau (active imperative plural third-person)
waldandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
waldaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wewald (active first-person indicative singular)
wewaldį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wewalst (active indicative second-person singular)
wewaldīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wewald (active indicative singular third-person)
wewaldī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wewaldū (active dual first-person indicative)
wewaldīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wewaldudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wewaldīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wewaldum (active first-person indicative plural)
wewaldīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wewaldud (active indicative plural second-person)
wewaldīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wewaldun (active indicative plural third-person)
wewaldīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waldandz (active participle present)
waldanaz (active participle past subjunctive)
wulþǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wulþēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wulþēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wulþēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wulþē (active indicative singular third-person)
wulþēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wulþēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wulþēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wulþēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wulþēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wulþēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wulþēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wulþēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wulþēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wulþēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wulþēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wulþaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *waldan
Old English: wealdan
Middle English: welden, weld, welde, weldon, wielde, wild, wilde, wold, wolde, wolden, weld, welde, weild, weilde, veild (northwest Midlands), weild, weilde, veild, wald, walde (Northern), walden, wælden (early southwest Midlands), wald, walde, wealde, wealden, uelden (Early Middle English)
English: wield, English: wald
Scots: wield, Scots: wald
Old Frisian: walda (weak verb)
Old Saxon: waldan
Middle Low German: wolden
Low German: wolden
Old Dutch: waldan
⇒ Middle Dutch: gewouden (strong verb)
Old High German: waltan
Middle High German: walten, walden
German: walten (weak verb)
→ Danish: valte

Old Norse: valda
Icelandic: valda
Faroese: valda
Norwegian: valda
Elfdalian: uolda
Old Swedish: valda, valla, volda
Swedish: vålla
Old Danish: waldæ
Danish: volde
Old Gutnish: walda
Gutnish: valde

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽 (waldan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *valdit'ak (see there for further descendants)

Kroonen supposes a back-formation from the preterite *wulþǭ (compare Old Norse past olla), which continues an extended aorist root, Pre-Proto-Germanic *h₂wl̥h₁-t-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁- (“to rule, be strong”).
LIV² posits a *-dʰ-present *wélH-dʰe-ti to the root (there reconstructed as Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to be strong, hold sway”)), from which a Pre-Proto-Germanic iterative *we-wólH-dʰe-ti was derived, in which case it is close cognate to Lithuanian veldėti (“to inherit, possess, govern”) and Old Church Slavonic власти (vlasti, “to rule”).

cog

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


baþōną

baþō (active first-person indicative singular)
baþǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
baþōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
baþōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
baþōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baþō (active imperative second-person singular)
baþōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
baþōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
baþōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
baþō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
baþōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
baþōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
baþōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
baþōs (active dual first-person indicative)
baþōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
baþōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
baþōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
baþōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
baþōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
baþōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
baþōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
baþōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
baþōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
baþōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
baþōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
baþōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
baþōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
baþōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
baþōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
baþōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
baþōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
baþōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
baþōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
baþōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
baþōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
baþōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baþōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
baþōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
baþōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
baþōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
baþōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
baþōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
baþōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
baþōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
baþōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
baþōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
baþōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
baþōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
baþōndz (active participle present)
baþōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *baþōn
Old English: baþian, baðian — edh spelling
Middle English: bathen, baathe, bathe, bathien, baþen, baþie, baþiȝe, baðien, beaðien (Early Middle English)
English: bathe
Scots: bathe, baith, bauthe
Old Frisian: *bathia
Saterland Frisian: boadje
West Frisian: baaie
Old Saxon: *bathōn
Middle Low German: bāden
German Low German: baden
Plautdietsch: boden
Old Dutch: bathon
Middle Dutch: bāden
Dutch: baden
Afrikaans: bad
Limburgish: bejje
Old High German: badōn
Middle High German: baden
Central Franconian: bade, boade
Hunsrik: baade
Luxembourgish: bueden
German: baden
Yiddish: באָדן (bodn)

Old Norse: baða; (baðask, baðast, mediopassive)

Icelandic: baða

Faroese: baða

Norwegian: bade

Old Swedish: badha, bada, baþa
Swedish: bada

Danish: bade

Gutnish: bade

→ English: bask

/ˈbɑ.θɔː.nɑ̃/


blōþijaną

blōþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
blōþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blōþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blōþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
blōþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blōþī (active imperative second-person singular)
blōþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blōþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blōþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
blōþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blōþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
blōþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blōþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blōþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
blōþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blōþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blōþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blōþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blōþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blōþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blōþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blōþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blōþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
blōþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blōþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
blōþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blōþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blōþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
blōþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blōþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
blōþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blōþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
blōþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
blōþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blōþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
blōþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blōþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
blōþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blōþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
blōþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blōþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blōþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blōþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
blōþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blōþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
blōþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blōþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
blōþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blōþijandz (active participle present)
blōþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *blōdijan
Old English: blœ̄dan, blēdan
Middle English: bleden
Scots: blede, bleid
English: bleed
Old Frisian: blēda
North Frisian: blädje
Saterland Frisian: bläide
West Frisian: bliede
Old Saxon: *blōdian
Middle Low German: blṏden
German Low German: bloden, blöden
Low German: blöden
Old Dutch: *bluoden
Middle Dutch: bloeden
Dutch: bloeden
Old High German: bluoten
Middle High German: bluoten
Bavarian: bliatn
German: bluten
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: blude
Luxembourgish: bludden

Old Norse: blǿða, blœða
Icelandic: blæða
Faroese: bløða
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: blø
Norwegian Nynorsk: blø, bløde, bløda
Old Swedish: blø̄þa
Swedish: blöda
Old Danish:
Danish: bløde


budōną

budō (active first-person indicative singular)
budǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
budōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
budōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
budōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
budō (active imperative second-person singular)
budōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
budōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
budōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
budō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
budōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
budōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
budōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
budōs (active dual first-person indicative)
budōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
budōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
budōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
budōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
budōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
budōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
budōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
budōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
budōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
budōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
budōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
budōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
budōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
budōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
budōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
budōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
budōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
budōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
budōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
budōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
budōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
budōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
budōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
budōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
budōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
budōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
budōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
budōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
budōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
budōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
budōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
budōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
budōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
budōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
budōndz (active participle present)
budōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bodōn
Old English: bodian
Middle English: bōdien, boden
Scots: bode, bod
English: bode
Old Frisian: bodia
Old Saxon: *bodōn
Middle Low German: bōden
Old Dutch: *bodon
Middle Dutch: bōden
Dutch: boden (dialectal)
Old High German: *botōn
Middle High German: boten, poten
⇒ Old High German: forabotōn
⇒ Old High German: inbotōn

Old Norse: boða

Icelandic: boða

Faroese: boða

Old Swedish: buþa, bodha

Swedish: båda

Norwegian Nynorsk: bode

From *budą (“message”) + *-ōną or *budô (“messenger”) + *-ōną.


balþijaną

balþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
balþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
balþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
balþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
balþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
balþī (active imperative second-person singular)
balþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
balþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
balþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
balþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
balþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
balþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
balþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
balþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
balþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
balþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
balþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
balþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
balþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
balþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
balþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
balþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
balþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
balþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
balþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
balþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
balþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
balþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
balþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
balþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
balþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
balþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
balþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
balþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
balþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
balþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
balþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
balþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
balþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
balþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
balþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
balþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
balþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
balþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
balþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
balþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
balþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
balþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
balþijandz (active participle present)
balþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *balþijan
Old English: bieldan, byldan, bildan — Late West Saxon
Middle English: belden, beelde, beelden, belde, bilden, beld, beilde, byld (Northern), beldenn, beoldenn (Ormulum), bealden (Early Middle English, West Midlands)
English: bield
Middle Scots: belde, beild, bield
Scots: bield, beild
Old Saxon: beldian
Old High German: belden
Middle High German: belden, balden

Old Norse: bella

Elfdalian: bella

Icelandic: bella

Norwegian Nynorsk: belle

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (balþjan)


sundrōną

sundrō (active first-person indicative singular)
sundrǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sundrōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
sundrōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sundrōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sundrō (active imperative second-person singular)
sundrōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sundrōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sundrōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sundrō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sundrōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sundrōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sundrōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sundrōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sundrōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sundrōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sundrōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sundrōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sundrōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sundrōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sundrōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sundrōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sundrōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sundrōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sundrōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sundrōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sundrōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sundrōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sundrōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sundrōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sundrōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sundrōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sundrōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sundrōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sundrōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sundrōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sundrōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sundrōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sundrōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sundrōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sundrōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sundrōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sundrōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sundrōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sundrōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sundrōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sundrōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sundrōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sundrōndz (active participle present)
sundrōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sundrōn
Old English: sundrian
Middle English: sundren
English: sunder
Scots: sunder, sinder
Old Frisian: *sundria
Saterland Frisian: sunnerje
West Frisian: sûnderje
Old Saxon: *sundrōn
Middle Low German: sunderen, sönderen, sünderen (merged with descendant of Proto-Germanic *sundrijaną)
German Low German: sünnern
Plautdietsch: sondren
Old Dutch: *sunderon
Middle Dutch: sonderen
Dutch: zonderen
Old High German: suntarōn
Middle High German: sundern
German: sondern

Old Norse: sundra

Icelandic: sundra

From *sundraz (“separate, isolated, alone”) + *-ōną.


batāną

batō (active first-person indicative singular)
bataisi (active indicative second-person singular)
batai (active imperative second-person singular)
batāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bataiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
batāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
batāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
batōs (active dual first-person indicative)
batāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
batāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
batāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
batānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bataiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bataiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
batānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
batānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
batānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
batānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
batadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
batadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
batadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
batadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
batadē (active indicative singular third-person)
batadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
batadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
batadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
batadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
batadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
batadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
batadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
batadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
batadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
batadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
batadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
batāndz (active participle present)
batadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *batēn
Old English: batian
Middle English: *baten
Scots: bat
⇒ Middle English: batful, badful
English: batful
⇒ Old English: *batol
Middle English: *batel
English: batell, battle
Scots: baittle, bettle
Old Frisian: batia
Saterland Frisian: baatje
West Frisian: bate, baatsje
Old Saxon: *batōn
Middle Low German: baten
Low German: batten
→ Danish: batte, både
→ Swedish: båta
Old Dutch: *baton
Middle Dutch: bāten
Dutch: baten
Afrikaans: baat
Old High German: bazzēn


hradjaną

hradjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hradjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hradjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hradisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hradjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hradi (active imperative second-person singular)
hradjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hradjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hradiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hradjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hradjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hradjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hradjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hradjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hradjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hradjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hradjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hradjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hradjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hradjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hradjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hradjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hradiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hradjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hradiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hradjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hradjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hradjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hradjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hradjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hradjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hradjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hradidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hradidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hradidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hradidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hradidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hradidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hradidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hradidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hradidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hradidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hradidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hradidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hradidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hradidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hradidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hradidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hradjandz (active participle present)
hradidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hraddjan
Old English: hreddan
Middle English: redden, redde, reddenn (Ormulum)
English: redd, red; rid
Scots: redd, red
Yola: red
Old Frisian: hredda, reda
Saterland Frisian: rädje
West Frisian: rêde
Old Saxon: *hreddian
Middle Low German: redden
Low German: redden
→ Danish: redde
→ Icelandic: redda
→ Swedish: rädda
→ Norwegian: redde
Old Dutch: *redden
Middle Dutch: redden
Dutch: redden
Afrikaans: red
Old High German: retten
Middle High German: retten
German: retten
Luxembourgish: retten

Equivalent to *hradaz (“fast”) + *-janą; the original meaning was probably "to be quick", which underwent semantic shift > "to drive, save".

(West Germanic) to loosen; set free; deliver; rescue; save


warōną

warō (active first-person indicative singular)
warǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
warōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
warōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
warōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
warō (active imperative second-person singular)
warōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
warōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
warōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
warō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
warōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
warōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
warōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
warōs (active dual first-person indicative)
warōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
warōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
warōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
warōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
warōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
warōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
warōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
warōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
warōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
warōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
warōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
warōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
warōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
warōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
warōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
warōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
warōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
warōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
warōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
warōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
warōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
warōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
warōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
warōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
warōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
warōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
warōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
warōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
warōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
warōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
warōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
warōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
warōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
warōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
warōndz (active participle present)
warōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *warōn
Old English: warian, werian
Middle English: waren, warien
English: ware
Scots: war, ware
Yola: waur
Old Frisian: waria, weria
Saterland Frisian: woarje
West Frisian: warje
Old Saxon: warōn
Middle Low German: wāren
German Low German: wahren
Old Dutch: *waron
Middle Dutch: wāren
Old High German: warōn
Middle High German: waren, warn
German: wahren
→ Slovene: varati (dialectal)
→ Serbo-Croatian: varati
→ Vulgar Latin: *warāre
Old French: warer, garer
Middle French: guerrer, garrer
French: garer; garage
→ Dutch: garage
→ English: garage
→ Portuguese: garagem
Occitan: guarer, garar

Old Norse: vara

Icelandic: vara

Faroese: vara

Norwegian: vare

Old Swedish: vara

Swedish: vara

Danish: vare

From Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to become aware of, heed”). Equivalent to *waraz (“cautious”) + *-ōną.


dewaną

dewō (active first-person indicative singular)
dewaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dewai (first-person indicative passive singular)
diwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dewaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dew (active imperative second-person singular)
dewazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dewaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
diwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dewai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dewadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dewadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dewaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dewōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dewaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dewadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dewaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dewadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dewamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dewaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dewandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dewaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
diwid (active indicative plural second-person)
dewaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
diwid (active imperative plural second-person)
dewandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dewaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dewandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dewain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dewandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dewandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dewaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
daw (active first-person indicative singular)
dēwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dawt (active indicative second-person singular)
dēwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
daw (active indicative singular third-person)
dēwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dēwū (active dual first-person indicative)
dēwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dēwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dēwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dēwum (active first-person indicative plural)
dēwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dēwud (active indicative plural second-person)
dēwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dēwun (active indicative plural third-person)
dēwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dewandz (active participle present)
dewanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽 (diwan)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰew-, *dʰwey- (“to die”). Cognate with Latin fūnus (“funeral, burial, death, murder”).


dawjaną

dawjō (active first-person indicative singular)
dawjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dawjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dawisi (active indicative second-person singular)
dawjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dawi (active imperative second-person singular)
dawjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dawjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dawiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dawjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dawjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dawjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dawjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dawjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dawjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dawjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dawjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dawjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dawjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dawjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dawjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dawjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dawiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dawjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dawiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dawjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dawjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dawjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dawjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dawjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dawjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dawjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dōw (active first-person indicative singular)
dōwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dōwt (active indicative second-person singular)
dōwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dōw (active indicative singular third-person)
dōwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dōwū (active dual first-person indicative)
dōwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dōwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dōwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dōwum (active first-person indicative plural)
dōwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dōwud (active indicative plural second-person)
dōwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dōwun (active indicative plural third-person)
dōwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dawjandz (active participle present)
dawanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dauwjan
Old English: *dīeġan
Middle English: deyen, deȝen, dien, deien, digen, degen, deghen, deȝen
English: die, dye
→ Vietnamese: đai
Geordie English: dee
Scots: de, dee, dey
Yola: dee
Old Frisian: deia, deja
Old Saxon: dōian
Middle Low German: doeien
Low German: döen (archaic)
Old Dutch: *douwen, *dōien
Middle Dutch: douwen, dôyen
Dutch: douwen (archaic)
Old High German: touwen, tewen
Middle High German: touwen, töuwen
German: tauen (archaic)

Old Norse: deyja
Middle English: deyen
English: die
Icelandic: deyja
Faroese: doyggja
Norwegian Nynorsk: døy, døya
Dalecarlian:
Mora: däja
Elfdalian: däia, däa
Old Swedish: dø̄ia
Swedish: dö
Old Danish: dø̄
Scanian: dǿja
Danish: dø
Norwegian Bokmål: dø
Old Gutnish: doyia
Gutnish: dåie, dåi, doä

Often compared with Proto-Indo-European *dʰew- (“to flow; to die”), and *dʰweh₂-, but Kroonen prefers to connect it with Hittite [script needed] (tuḫḫušzi, “to end”), from *dʰuH-.


lūtaną

lūtō (active first-person indicative singular)
lūtaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lūtai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lūtizi (active indicative second-person singular)
lūtaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lūt (active imperative second-person singular)
lūtazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lūtaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lūtidi (active indicative singular third-person)
lūtai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lūtadau (active imperative singular third-person)
lūtadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lūtaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lūtōz (active dual first-person indicative)
lūtaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lūtadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lūtaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lūtadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lūtamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lūtaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lūtandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lūtaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lūtid (active indicative plural second-person)
lūtaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lūtid (active imperative plural second-person)
lūtandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lūtaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lūtandi (active indicative plural third-person)
lūtain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lūtandau (active imperative plural third-person)
lūtandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lūtaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laut (active first-person indicative singular)
lutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laust (active indicative second-person singular)
lutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laut (active indicative singular third-person)
lutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lutū (active dual first-person indicative)
lutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lutum (active first-person indicative plural)
lutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lutud (active indicative plural second-person)
lutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lutun (active indicative plural third-person)
lutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lūtandz (active participle present)
lutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lūtan
Old English: lūtan
Middle English: louten
Scots: loot, lout
English: lout

Old Norse: lúta

Icelandic: lúta

Faroese: lúta

Norwegian: lute

Old Swedish: lūta

Swedish: luta

Danish: lude

Elfdalian: lauta

From Proto-Indo-European *lewd- (“to duck, crouch, feign, cringe, become small”), a root whose purported descendants are uncertain, but which usually includes Lithuanian liū̃dnas (“sad”), liū̃sti (“to become sad”). By synchronic analysis, Kroonen takes the word as a back-formation from the iterative *luttōną (“to stoop, droop”) (apparently from the same root), and tentatively compares Old Irish lott (“damage, destruction”).


wītaną

wītō (active first-person indicative singular)
wītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wīt (active imperative second-person singular)
wītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wītid (active indicative plural second-person)
wītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wītid (active imperative plural second-person)
wītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wait (active first-person indicative singular)
witį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waist (active indicative second-person singular)
witīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wait (active indicative singular third-person)
witī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
witū (active dual first-person indicative)
witīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
witudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
witīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
witum (active first-person indicative plural)
witīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
witud (active indicative plural second-person)
witīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
witun (active indicative plural third-person)
witīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wītandz (active participle present)
witanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wītan
Old English: wītan
Middle English: wīten, wyten
Scots: wyte
English: wite
Old Frisian: wīta
Saterland Frisian: wiete
Old Saxon: wītan
Middle Low German: wīten
Old Dutch: wītan
Middle Dutch: witen
Dutch: wijten
Afrikaans: wyt
Limburgish: wiete
Old High German: wīzan, wīzzan
Middle High German: wīzen
German: weisen
→ German Low German: wiesen
→ Old French: *guider, guier (also possibly from Gothic)
Middle French: guider
French: guider
→ Middle English: guiden, giden, gyden; guien, gien, gyen
English: guide; guy
→ Occitan: guidar, guizar
→ Italian: guidare
→ Spanish: guiar
→ Portuguese: guiar

Old Norse: víta

Icelandic: víta

Old Swedish: vīta

Gothic: *𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (*weitan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (inweitan)

From Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to see; look; look for; find”).


kreupaną

kreupō (active first-person indicative singular)
kreupaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kreupai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kriupizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kreupaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kreup (active imperative second-person singular)
kreupazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kreupaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kriupidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kreupai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kreupadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kreupadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kreupaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kreupōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kreupaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kreupadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kreupaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kreupadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kreupamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kreupaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kreupandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kreupaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kriupid (active indicative plural second-person)
kreupaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kriupid (active imperative plural second-person)
kreupandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kreupaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kreupandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kreupain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kreupandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kreupandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kreupaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kraup (active first-person indicative singular)
krupį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
krauft (active indicative second-person singular)
krupīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kraup (active indicative singular third-person)
krupī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krupū (active dual first-person indicative)
krupīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krupudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krupīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krupum (active first-person indicative plural)
krupīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krupud (active indicative plural second-person)
krupīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krupun (active indicative plural third-person)
krupīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kreupandz (active participle present)
krupanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kreupan
Old English: crēopan
Middle English: crepen
English: creep
Scots: crepe, creip
Old Frisian: krūpa, kriāpa, kriēpa, krēpa
Saterland Frisian: krjope, kjoope
West Frisian: krippe, krûpe
Old Saxon: kriopan
Middle Low German: krêpen, krûpen
German Low German: krepen, krupen
Old Dutch: *crūpan
Middle Dutch: crupen
Dutch: kruipen
Afrikaans: kruip
Negerhollands: krup, kryb
Limburgish: kroepe
Old High German: kriofan, *krūfan
Middle High German: kriefen, krūfen
German: kraufen, krüpfen
Alemannic German: chrüpfen
Central Franconian: kruffe

Old Norse: krjúpa
Icelandic: krjúpa
Faroese: krúpa
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: krype
Norwegian Nynorsk: krype, krypa
Old Swedish: krȳpa
Swedish: krypa
Old Danish: krȳpæ
Danish: krybe
Elfdalian: kriuopa
Gutnish: kräupe
Scanian: krýba
→ Scottish Gaelic: crùb

According to Kroonen, the derivations containing -p(p)- and -b(b)- show that the root was originally Pre-Germanic *kreupp-, from Proto-Indo-European *grewbʰ- (“to crawl”), rather than the traditionally given *grewb-. He gives Lithuanian grubinė́ti (“to stumble”) as a cognate.


harjōną

harjō (active first-person indicative singular)
harjǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
harjōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
harjōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
harjōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
harjō (active imperative second-person singular)
harjōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
harjōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
harjōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
harjō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
harjōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
harjōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
harjōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
harjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
harjōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
harjōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
harjōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
harjōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
harjōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
harjōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
harjōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
harjōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
harjōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
harjōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
harjōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
harjōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
harjōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
harjōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
harjōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
harjōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
harjōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
harjōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
harjōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
harjōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
harjōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
harjōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
harjōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
harjōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
harjōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
harjōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
harjōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
harjōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
harjōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
harjōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
harjōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
harjōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
harjōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
harjōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
harjōndz (active participle present)
harjōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *harjōn, *harigōn
Old English: hergian, herian
Middle English: herien, harien, haryen, herȝien, herȝen, herwen, harwen
Scots: hery, herry, hary
English: harrow, harry
Old Frisian: *heria
Saterland Frisian: heerje
Old Saxon: heriōn
Middle Low German: hēren
German Low German: heren
Old Dutch: herron
Middle Dutch: hēren, hergen, hēregen, hērien
Old Norse: herja
Old Danish: hæriæ
Danish: hærge
Norwegian Bokmål: herje
Norwegian Nynorsk: herje, herja
Old High German: harjōn, herjōn, herrōn
Middle High German: herjen, hergen, heren, hern
German: heeren
→ Old French: harier, hariien, harer; harigoter
Middle French: haricot
French: haricot
→ English: haricot

Old Norse: herja
Icelandic: herja
Faroese: herja
Norwegian Nynorsk: herja
Old Swedish: hæria
Swedish: härja
Old Danish: hæriæ
Danish: hærge
Early Norwegian Bokmål: hærje
Norwegian Bokmål: herje (also from Norwegian herja)

to overrun with an army; lay waste; ravage; devastate


handijaną

handijō (active first-person indicative singular)
handijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
handijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
handīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
handijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
handī (active imperative second-person singular)
handijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
handijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
handīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
handijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
handijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
handijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
handijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
handijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
handijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
handijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
handijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
handijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
handijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
handijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
handijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
handijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
handīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
handijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
handīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
handijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
handijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
handijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
handijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
handijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
handijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
handijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
handidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
handidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
handidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
handidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
handidē (active indicative singular third-person)
handidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
handidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
handidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
handidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
handidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
handidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
handidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
handidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
handidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
handidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
handidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
handijandz (active participle present)
handidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *handijan
Old English: *hendan
Middle English: henden
English: hend
⇒ Middle English: handen, honden (form influenced by hand, hond)
English: hand
Scots: hand
⇒ Old English: ġehendan
Old Frisian: henda, handa
⇒ Saterland Frisian: houndje
West Frisian: heine
Old Saxon: *hendian
Middle Low German: *henden, *handen (form influenced by hant)
⇒ Middle Low German: hendære, hender, handære
⇒ Middle Low German: afhenden
⇒ Middle Low German: vörhenden, vörhanden
⇒ Middle Low German: belîfhanden
⇒ Middle Low German: enthanden, enhanden
Old Dutch: *henden
Middle Dutch: henden, handen
Dutch: henden, handen, heinen (dialectal)
Old High German: hanten, *henten
Middle High German: henden, handen
⇒ Middle High German: behenden
⇒ Middle High German: enthenden
⇒ Old High German: gihantit (ppt)

Old Norse: henda
Icelandic: henda
Faroese: henda
Norwegian Bokmål: hende
Old Swedish: hænda
Swedish: hända
Danish: hænde

to take by the hand; seize; grip; capture


kinkōną

kinkō (active first-person indicative singular)
kinkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kinkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
kinkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kinkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kinkō (active imperative second-person singular)
kinkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kinkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kinkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kinkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kinkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kinkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kinkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kinkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kinkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kinkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kinkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kinkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kinkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kinkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kinkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kinkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kinkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kinkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kinkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kinkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kinkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kinkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kinkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kinkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kinkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kinkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kinkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kinkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kinkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kinkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kinkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
kinkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kinkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kinkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kinkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kinkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kinkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kinkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kinkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kinkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kinkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kinkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kinkōndz (active participle present)
kinkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *cincian (attested in cincung); *cenċan

Middle English: kinken, kynken; kenchen; kinkehost

Scots: kink; kinkhoste

English: kink; chincough

Old Frisian: *kinkja

West Frisian: kinkhoast

Old Saxon: *kinkōn

Middle Low German: *kinken; kinkhōste

Low German: kinkhōst

(→ German: Keichhusten, Keuchhusten)

→ Danish: kighoste

→ Icelandic: kíghósti

→ Swedish: kikhosta

Old Dutch: *kinkon

Middle Dutch: kincken, kinken; kinkhōste

Dutch: kinken; kinkhoest

From Proto-Indo-European *gang-, *ganǵ- (“to mock, insult”). Cognate with Sanskrit गञ्ज (gañja, “disrespect”).