bistandaną

bistandō (active first-person indicative singular)
bistandaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bistandai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bistandizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bistandaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bistand (active imperative second-person singular)
bistandazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bistandaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bistandidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bistandai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bistandadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bistandadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bistandaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bistandōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bistandaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bistandadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bistandaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bistandadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bistandamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bistandaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bistandandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bistandaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bistandid (active indicative plural second-person)
bistandaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bistandid (active imperative plural second-person)
bistandandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bistandaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bistandandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bistandain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bistandandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bistandandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bistandaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bistōþ (active first-person indicative singular)
bistōdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bistōst (active indicative second-person singular)
bistōdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bistōþ (active indicative singular third-person)
bistōdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bistōdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bistōdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bistōdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bistōdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bistōdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bistōdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bistōdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bistōdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bistōdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bistōdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bistandandz (active participle present)
bistadanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bistandan

Old English: bestandan

Middle English: bestanden, bistanden

English: bestand

Old Frisian: *bistanda, *bistonda

Saterland Frisian: bestounde

Old Saxon: *bistandan

Middle Low German: bestanden

⇒ Middle Low German: bestandinge

Old Dutch: *bistandan

Middle Dutch: bestanden

Old High German: bistantan; bīstantan

Middle High German: *bestanden

⇒ Middle High German: bestandunge

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (bistandan)


biskīnaną

biskīnō (active first-person indicative singular)
biskīnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
biskīnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
biskīnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
biskīnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
biskīn (active imperative second-person singular)
biskīnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
biskīnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
biskīnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
biskīnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
biskīnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
biskīnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
biskīnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
biskīnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
biskīnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
biskīnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
biskīnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
biskīnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
biskīnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
biskīnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
biskīnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
biskīnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
biskīnid (active indicative plural second-person)
biskīnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
biskīnid (active imperative plural second-person)
biskīnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
biskīnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
biskīnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
biskīnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
biskīnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
biskīnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
biskīnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
biskain (active first-person indicative singular)
biskinį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
biskaint (active indicative second-person singular)
biskinīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
biskain (active indicative singular third-person)
biskinī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
biskinū (active dual first-person indicative)
biskinīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
biskinudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
biskinīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
biskinum (active first-person indicative plural)
biskinīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
biskinud (active indicative plural second-person)
biskinīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
biskinun (active indicative plural third-person)
biskinīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
biskīnandz (active participle present)
biskinanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *biskīnan
Old English: besċīnan
Middle English: beschinen, beshinen
English: beshine
Old Frisian: biskīna
Saterland Frisian: beskiene
West Frisian: beskine
Old Saxon: *biskīnan
Middle Low German: beschînen
German Low German: beschienen
Plautdietsch: beschienen
Old Dutch: *biskīnan
Middle Dutch: beschinen
Dutch: beschijnen
Old High German: biskīnan
Middle High German: beschīnen
German: bescheinen

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽 (biskeinan)


skankijaną

skankijō (active first-person indicative singular)
skankijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skankijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skankīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skankijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skankī (active imperative second-person singular)
skankijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skankijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skankīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skankijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skankijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skankijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skankijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skankijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skankijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skankijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skankijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skankijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skankijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skankijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skankijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skankijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skankīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skankijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skankīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skankijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skankijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skankijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skankijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skankijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skankijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skankijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skankidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skankidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skankidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skankidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skankidē (active indicative singular third-person)
skankidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skankidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skankidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skankidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skankidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skankidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skankidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skankidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skankidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skankidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skankidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skankijandz (active participle present)
skankidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skankijan
Old English: sċenċan
Middle English: schenken, schenchen
English: shink, skink
Scots: skink
Old Frisian: skenka
Saterland Frisian: schoanke, skoanke
West Frisian: skinke
Old Saxon: skenkian
Middle Low German: schenken
German Low German: schenken
Plautdietsch: schenkjen
→ Old Norse: skenkja (“to pour (drink)”)
Icelandic: skenkja (“to pour (drink); to give”)
Faroese: skeinkja (“to pour (drink); to serve wine; to give”)
Norwegian Nynorsk: skjenkja, skjenkje, skjenka, skjenke (“to pour (drink); to serve (alcohol); to bestow”)
Norwegian Bokmål: skjenke
→ Old Swedish: skænkia
Swedish: skänka
→ Elfdalian: stjaintja
→ Old Danish: skænkæ
Danish: skænke
→ Gutnish: skänke, skänk', skänka
Old Dutch: skenken
Middle Dutch: schenken
Dutch: schenken
Old High German: scenken
Middle High German: schenken
German: schenken
Hunsrik: schenke
Yiddish: שענקען (shenken)

desc

Old Norse: skekkja (“to skew; displace”)

Icelandic: skekkja (“to skew; (poetic) to pour (drink)”)


biwindaną

biwindō (active first-person indicative singular)
biwindaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
biwindai (first-person indicative passive singular)
biwindizi (active indicative second-person singular)
biwindaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
biwind (active imperative second-person singular)
biwindazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
biwindaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
biwindidi (active indicative singular third-person)
biwindai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
biwindadau (active imperative singular third-person)
biwindadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
biwindaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
biwindōz (active dual first-person indicative)
biwindaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
biwindadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
biwindaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
biwindadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
biwindamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
biwindaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
biwindandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
biwindaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
biwindid (active indicative plural second-person)
biwindaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
biwindid (active imperative plural second-person)
biwindandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
biwindaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
biwindandi (active indicative plural third-person)
biwindain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
biwindandau (active imperative plural third-person)
biwindandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
biwindaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
biwand (active first-person indicative singular)
biwundį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
biwanst (active indicative second-person singular)
biwundīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
biwand (active indicative singular third-person)
biwundī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
biwundū (active dual first-person indicative)
biwundīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
biwundudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
biwundīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
biwundum (active first-person indicative plural)
biwundīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
biwundud (active indicative plural second-person)
biwundīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
biwundun (active indicative plural third-person)
biwundīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
biwindandz (active participle present)
biwundanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *biwindan

Old English: bewindan

Middle English: bewinden, biwinden

English: bewind

Old Saxon: biwindan

Middle Low German: bewinden

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: bewinden

Dutch: bewinden

Old High German: biwintan

Middle High German: bewinden

German: bewinden

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (biwindan)


rafjaną

rafjō (active first-person indicative singular)
rafjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rafjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rafisi (active indicative second-person singular)
rafjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rafi (active imperative second-person singular)
rafjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rafjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rafiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rafjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rafjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rafjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rafjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rafjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rafjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rafjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rafjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rafjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rafjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rafjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rafjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rafjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rafiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rafjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rafiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rafjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rafjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rafjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rafjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rafjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rafjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rafjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rōf (active first-person indicative singular)
rōbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rōft (active indicative second-person singular)
rōbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rōf (active indicative singular third-person)
rōbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rōbū (active dual first-person indicative)
rōbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rōbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rōbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rōbum (active first-person indicative plural)
rōbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rōbud (active indicative plural second-person)
rōbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rōbun (active indicative plural third-person)
rōbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rafjandz (active participle present)
rabanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *rafan

⇒ Old English: *berafan (attested once as berōfon)

Likely from pre-Germanic *h₁rh̥́₁p-(y)e-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁p-.


fralētaną

fralētō (active first-person indicative singular)
fralētaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fralētai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fralētizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fralētaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fralēt (active imperative second-person singular)
fralētazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fralētaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fralētidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fralētai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fralētadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fralētadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fralētaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fralētōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fralētaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fralētadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fralētaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fralētadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fralētamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fralētaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fralētandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fralētaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fralētid (active indicative plural second-person)
fralētaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fralētid (active imperative plural second-person)
fralētandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fralētaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fralētandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fralētain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fralētandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fralētandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fralētaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fralelōt (active first-person indicative singular)
fralelōtį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fralelōst (active indicative second-person singular)
fralelōtīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fralelōt (active indicative singular third-person)
fralelōtī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fralelōtū (active dual first-person indicative)
fralelōtīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fralelōtudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fralelōtīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fralelōtum (active first-person indicative plural)
fralelōtīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fralelōtud (active indicative plural second-person)
fralelōtīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fralelōtun (active indicative plural third-person)
fralelōtīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fralētandz (active participle present)
fralētanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fralātan

Old English: forlǣtan

Middle English: forleten

Scots: forleet

English: forlet

Old Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: ferläite

West Frisian: forlitte

Old Saxon: farlātan

Middle Low German: vorlaten

→ Danish: forlade

→ Norwegian: forlate

→ Old Swedish: forlata

Swedish: förlåta

desctree

Old Dutch: farlātan
Middle Dutch: verlâten
Dutch: verlaten
Afrikaans: verlaat
Berbice Creole Dutch: lahan, lasan
Negerhollands: verlaat, verlaet

Old High German: firlāzzan, farlāzan

Middle High German: verlāzzen, verlāzen

Alemannic German: verlaa

Bavarian: verlåssn

desc

Cimbrian: vorlassan, borlassan (Mezzaselva)

German: verlassen

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍄𐌰𐌽 (fralētan)

/ˈɸrɑ.ˌlɛː.tɑ.nɑ̃/


slīpaną

slīpō (active first-person indicative singular)
slīpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slīpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
slīpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
slīpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slīp (active imperative second-person singular)
slīpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
slīpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
slīpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
slīpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slīpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
slīpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
slīpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
slīpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
slīpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slīpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slīpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slīpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
slīpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
slīpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slīpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
slīpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
slīpid (active indicative plural second-person)
slīpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slīpid (active imperative plural second-person)
slīpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
slīpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
slīpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
slīpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slīpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
slīpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
slīpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
slaip (active first-person indicative singular)
slipį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slaift (active indicative second-person singular)
slipīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slaip (active indicative singular third-person)
slipī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slipū (active dual first-person indicative)
slipīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slipudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slipīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slipum (active first-person indicative plural)
slipīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slipud (active indicative plural second-person)
slipīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slipun (active indicative plural third-person)
slipīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slīpandz (active participle present)
slipanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *slīpan
Old Frisian: slīpa
West Frisian: slypje
Old Saxon: *slīpan
Middle Low German: slîpen
Low German: sliepen
→ Swedish: slipa
→ Finnish: liipata
Old Dutch: *slīpan
Middle Dutch: slipen
Dutch: slijpen
Afrikaans: slyp
Limburgish: sliepe
Old High German: slīfan
German: schleifen

From Proto-Indo-European *sley- (“smooth; slick; sticky; slimy”). Cognate with Cornish lym, Ancient Greek ὀλιβρός (olibrós, “smooth”), Latin limax.


staldaną

staldō (active first-person indicative singular)
staldaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
staldai (first-person indicative passive singular)
staldizi (active indicative second-person singular)
staldaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stald (active imperative second-person singular)
staldazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
staldaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
staldidi (active indicative singular third-person)
staldai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
staldadau (active imperative singular third-person)
staldadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
staldaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
staldōz (active dual first-person indicative)
staldaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
staldadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
staldaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
staldadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
staldamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
staldaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
staldandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
staldaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
staldid (active indicative plural second-person)
staldaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
staldid (active imperative plural second-person)
staldandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
staldaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
staldandi (active indicative plural third-person)
staldain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
staldandau (active imperative plural third-person)
staldandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
staldaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stestald (active first-person indicative singular)
stestaldį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stestalst (active indicative second-person singular)
stestaldīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stestald (active indicative singular third-person)
stestaldī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stestaldū (active dual first-person indicative)
stestaldīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stestaldudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stestaldīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stestaldum (active first-person indicative plural)
stestaldīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stestaldud (active indicative plural second-person)
stestaldīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stestaldun (active indicative plural third-person)
stestaldīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
staldandz (active participle present)
staldanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: stealdan

Gothic: *𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽 (*staldan) (in 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽 (andstaldan), 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽 (gastaldan))

From Proto-Indo-European *stel- (“to locate, put in place”), see also Latin stultus, Latvian stulms.


hneudaną

hneudō (active first-person indicative singular)
hneudaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hneudai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hniudizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hneudaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hneud (active imperative second-person singular)
hneudazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hneudaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hniudidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hneudai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hneudadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hneudadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hneudaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hneudōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hneudaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hneudadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hneudaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hneudadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hneudamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hneudaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hneudandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hneudaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hniudid (active indicative plural second-person)
hneudaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hniudid (active imperative plural second-person)
hneudandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hneudaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hneudandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hneudain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hneudandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hneudandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hneudaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hnaud (active first-person indicative singular)
hnudį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnaust (active indicative second-person singular)
hnudīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnaud (active indicative singular third-person)
hnudī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnudū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnudīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnududiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnudīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnudum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnudīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnudud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnudīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnudun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnudīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hneudandz (active participle present)
hnudanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hneudan
Old Saxon: *hniodan
Middle Low German: nêden
Old Dutch: *niedan
Middle Dutch: nieden
Old High German: *hniotan, *niotan
Middle High German: nieten
German: nieten
→ Swedish: nita
→ Finnish: niitata
→ Danish: nitte
⇒ Old High German: bihniotan

Old Norse: hnjóða

Icelandic: hnjóða

Compare *knudaną (“to rivet, knead”), source of Old Norse hnoða (“to rivet”). Also compared to Ancient Greek κνύθος (knúthos, “small thorn”), but Kroonen finds this semantically unconvincing.


tiunijaną

tiunijō (active first-person indicative singular)
tiunijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tiunijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tiunīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
tiunijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tiunī (active imperative second-person singular)
tiunijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tiunijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tiunīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tiunijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tiunijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tiunijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tiunijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tiunijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tiunijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tiunijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tiunijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tiunijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tiunijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tiunijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tiunijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tiunijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tiunīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tiunijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tiunīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tiunijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tiunijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tiunijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tiunijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tiunijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tiunijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tiunijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tiunidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tiunidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tiunidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tiunidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tiunidē (active indicative singular third-person)
tiunidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tiunidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tiunidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tiunidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tiunidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tiunidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tiunidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tiunidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tiunidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tiunidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tiunidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tiunijandz (active participle present)
tiunidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tiunijan
Old English: tēonian, tīenan, tȳnan
Middle English: tenen, tinen (merged with Old English tēonian and Old Norse týna)
English: teen, tine
Scots: tyne
Old Frisian: tiūna, tiōna
West Frisian: tsjoene (“to hex, enchant, bewitch; to cast a spell”)
Old Saxon: *tiunian
⇒ Old Saxon: gitiunian

Old Norse: týna

Icelandic: týna

Faroese: týna

Norwegian Nynorsk: tyne

Norwegian Bokmål: tyne

Swedish: tyna

Danish: tyne

From *teuną (“ruin, lack, damage”) + *-janą.


hrōpijaną

hrōpijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrōpijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrōpijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrōpīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrōpijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrōpī (active imperative second-person singular)
hrōpijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrōpijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrōpīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrōpijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrōpijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrōpijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrōpijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrōpijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hrōpijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrōpijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrōpijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrōpijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrōpijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrōpijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrōpijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrōpijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrōpīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hrōpijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrōpīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hrōpijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrōpijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrōpijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrōpijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrōpijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrōpijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrōpijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hrōpidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hrōpidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrōpidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hrōpidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrōpidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hrōpidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrōpidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hrōpidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrōpidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrōpidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrōpidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hrōpidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrōpidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hrōpidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrōpidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hrōpidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrōpijandz (active participle present)
hrōpidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrōpijan
Old English: hrēpan
Old Saxon: *hrōpian
⇒ Old Saxon: *gihrōpian
⇒ Old Saxon: gihrōpidi
Old High German: *hruofen, ruofen
Middle High German: rüefen

Old Norse: hrœpa

Danish: røbe

Gothic: 𐌷𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hrōpjan)


frīdijaną

frīdijō (active first-person indicative singular)
frīdijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frīdijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
frīdīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
frīdijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frīdī (active imperative second-person singular)
frīdijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
frīdijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
frīdīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
frīdijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frīdijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
frīdijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
frīdijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
frīdijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
frīdijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frīdijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frīdijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frīdijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
frīdijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
frīdijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frīdijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
frīdijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
frīdīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
frīdijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frīdīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
frīdijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
frīdijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
frīdijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
frīdijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frīdijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
frīdijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
frīdijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frīdidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
frīdidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frīdidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
frīdidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frīdidē (active indicative singular third-person)
frīdidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frīdidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
frīdidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frīdidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frīdidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frīdidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
frīdidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frīdidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
frīdidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frīdidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
frīdidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frīdijandz (active participle present)
frīdidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *frīdijan
Old High German: frīten

Old Norse: fríða

Icelandic: fríða

Norwegian Nynorsk: freda

Norwegian Bokmål: frede

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (freidjan)

From *frīdaz (“beloved; beautiful”) + *-janą.

(older sense) to make beloved, take care of


spannaną

spannō (active first-person indicative singular)
spannaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spannai (first-person indicative passive singular)
spannizi (active indicative second-person singular)
spannaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spann (active imperative second-person singular)
spannazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
spannaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
spannidi (active indicative singular third-person)
spannai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spannadau (active imperative singular third-person)
spannadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
spannaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
spannōz (active dual first-person indicative)
spannaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spannadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spannaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spannadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
spannamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
spannaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spannandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
spannaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
spannid (active indicative plural second-person)
spannaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spannid (active imperative plural second-person)
spannandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
spannaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
spannandi (active indicative plural third-person)
spannain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spannandau (active imperative plural third-person)
spannandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
spannaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
spespann (active first-person indicative singular)
spespannį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spespannt (active indicative second-person singular)
spespannīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spespann (active indicative singular third-person)
spespannī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spespannū (active dual first-person indicative)
spespannīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spespannudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spespannīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spespannum (active first-person indicative plural)
spespannīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spespannud (active indicative plural second-person)
spespannīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spespannun (active indicative plural third-person)
spespannīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spannandz (active participle present)
spannanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: spannan

Middle English: spannen

English: span

Scots: span

Old Frisian: spanna, sponna

Saterland Frisian: sponne

West Frisian: spanne

Old Saxon: spannan

Middle Low German: spannen

German Low German: spannen

Old Dutch: *spannan

Middle Dutch: spannen

Dutch: spannen

Afrikaans: span

Old High German: spannan

Middle High German: spannen

German: spannen

Originally a strong verb of the seventh class, the long -n- comes from an earlier form *spanwaną-. Perhaps ultimately an ablautive form from the same source as *spinnaną (“to spin”), though Kroonen alternatively derives the verb from a Proto-Indo-European *spend- (“to stretch”), comparing Lithuanian spę́sti (“to snare”), Latvian spanda (“strap”), Old Church Slavonic спѫдъ (spǫdŭ, “corn-measure, measure, peck”).


safjaną

safjō (active first-person indicative singular)
safjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
safjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
safisi (active indicative second-person singular)
safjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
safi (active imperative second-person singular)
safjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
safjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
safiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
safjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
safjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
safjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
safjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
safjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
safjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
safjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
safjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
safjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
safjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
safjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
safjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
safjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
safiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
safjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
safiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
safjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
safjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
safjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
safjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
safjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
safjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
safjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sōf (active first-person indicative singular)
sōbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sōft (active indicative second-person singular)
sōbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sōf (active indicative singular third-person)
sōbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sōbū (active dual first-person indicative)
sōbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sōbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sōbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sōbum (active first-person indicative plural)
sōbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sōbud (active indicative plural second-person)
sōbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sōbun (active indicative plural third-person)
sōbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
safjandz (active participle present)
sabanaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*sabjaną (alternative)

Old Saxon: anseffian, biseffian

Old High German: intseffen

Middle High German: entseben

From pre-Germanic *sh̥́₁p-ye-, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁p-. Related to Latin sapiō.


stinganą

stingō (active first-person indicative singular)
stingaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stingai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stingizi (active indicative second-person singular)
stingaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sting (active imperative second-person singular)
stingazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stingaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stingidi (active indicative singular third-person)
stingai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stingadau (active imperative singular third-person)
stingadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stingaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stingōz (active dual first-person indicative)
stingaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stingadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stingaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stingadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stingamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stingaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stingandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stingaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stingid (active indicative plural second-person)
stingaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stingid (active imperative plural second-person)
stingandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stingaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stingandi (active indicative plural third-person)
stingain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stingandau (active imperative plural third-person)
stingandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stingaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stang (active first-person indicative singular)
stungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stanht (active indicative second-person singular)
stungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stang (active indicative singular third-person)
stungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stungū (active dual first-person indicative)
stungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stungum (active first-person indicative plural)
stungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stungud (active indicative plural second-person)
stungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stungun (active indicative plural third-person)
stungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stingandz (active participle present)
stunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stingan
Old English: stingan
Middle English: styngen, sting, stinge, stingen, styng, stynge, styngge
English: sting
Scots: sting
Old High German: stingan

Old Norse: stinga

Icelandic: stinga

Faroese: stinga

Norwegian Nynorsk: stinga

Swedish: stinga

Danish: stinge

Norwegian Bokmål: stinge

⇒ Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (usstaggan)

Traditionally derived from a Proto-Indo-European *stengʰ- (“to be stiff, sting; rod, blade”), and compared with Ancient Greek στᾰ́χῡς (stắkhūs, “ear of grain”) (< *stngʰ-u-s). However, a substrate origin for the Greek is quite possible, based on the variant ἄστᾰχῠς (ástăkhŭs, “ear of corn; bandage”), which would render the Germanic without outside cognates.


karjaną

karjō (active first-person indicative singular)
karjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
karjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
karisi (active indicative second-person singular)
karjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kari (active imperative second-person singular)
karjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
karjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kariþi (active indicative singular third-person)
karjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
karjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
karjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
karjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
karjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
karjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
karjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
karjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
karjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
karjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
karjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
karjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
karjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kariþ (active indicative plural second-person)
karjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kariþ (active imperative plural second-person)
karjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
karjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
karjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
karjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
karjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
karjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
karjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
karidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
karidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
karidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
karidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
karidē (active indicative singular third-person)
karidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
karidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
karidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
karidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
karidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
karidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
karidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
karidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
karidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
karidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
karidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
karjandz (active participle present)
karidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Saxon: kerian, keren

Middle Low German: kēren

Low German: keren, ankeren

Old Dutch: *keren, *kerren

desctree

Middle Dutch: kēren
Dutch: keren
Limburgish: kaere

desc

Old High German: kerien, kerren, cherjen, cherren

Middle High German: keren, kern

Cimbrian: khéeran

German: kehren

Mayrhofer appears to derive the root from a Proto-Indo-European *ǵewH- (“to force, drive”); see Sanskrit जू (jū, “to press forward”) for more.
Other theories connect the verb to Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to scrape”) or Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to turn, bend”).


hwapjaną

hwapjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwapjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwapjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwapisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwapjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwapi (active imperative second-person singular)
hwapjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwapjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwapiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwapjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwapjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwapjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwapjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwapjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hwapjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwapjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwapjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwapjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwapjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwapjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwapjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwapjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwapiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hwapjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwapiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hwapjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwapjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwapjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwapjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwapjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwapjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwapjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwapidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hwapidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwapidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hwapidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwapidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hwapidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwapidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwapidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwapidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwapidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwapidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwapidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwapidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwapidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwapidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwapidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwapjandz (active participle present)
hwapidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hwappjan
Old High German: *hwepfen, *wepfen
Middle High German: wepfen
⇒ Middle High German: ferwepfen, verwepfen

Gothic: *𐍈𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*ƕapjan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐍆𐍈𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (afƕapjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *kwep- (“to smoke, seethe, boil, surge”).


raþjaną

raþjō (active first-person indicative singular)
raþjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raþjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
raþisi (active indicative second-person singular)
raþjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raþi (active imperative second-person singular)
raþjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
raþjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
raþiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
raþjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raþjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
raþjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
raþjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
raþjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
raþjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raþjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raþjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raþjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
raþjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
raþjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raþjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
raþjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
raþiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
raþjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raþiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
raþjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
raþjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
raþjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
raþjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raþjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
raþjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
raþjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rōþ (active first-person indicative singular)
rōdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rōst (active indicative second-person singular)
rōdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rōþ (active indicative singular third-person)
rōdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rōdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rōdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rōdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rōdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rōdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rōdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rōdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rōdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rōdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rōdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raþjandz (active participle present)
radanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (garaþjan)

From pre-Germanic *h₂rh̥́₁-t-(y)e-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂reh₁-. Related to Latin reor.


slindaną

slindō (active first-person indicative singular)
slindaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slindai (first-person indicative passive singular)
slindizi (active indicative second-person singular)
slindaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slind (active imperative second-person singular)
slindazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
slindaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
slindidi (active indicative singular third-person)
slindai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slindadau (active imperative singular third-person)
slindadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
slindaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
slindōz (active dual first-person indicative)
slindaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slindadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slindaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slindadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
slindamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
slindaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slindandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
slindaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
slindid (active indicative plural second-person)
slindaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slindid (active imperative plural second-person)
slindandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
slindaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
slindandi (active indicative plural third-person)
slindain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slindandau (active imperative plural third-person)
slindandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
slindaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sland (active first-person indicative singular)
slundį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slanst (active indicative second-person singular)
slundīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sland (active indicative singular third-person)
slundī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slundū (active dual first-person indicative)
slundīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slundudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slundīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slundum (active first-person indicative plural)
slundīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slundud (active indicative plural second-person)
slundīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slundun (active indicative plural third-person)
slundīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slindandz (active participle present)
slundanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *slindan
Old Frisian: *slinda
West Frisian: sline
Old Saxon: slindan
Middle Low German: slinden
Low German: slinden
Old Dutch: *slindan
Middle Dutch: slinden
Dutch: slinden (obsolete)
Old High German: slintan
Middle High German: slinden
German: schlinden

From Proto-Indo-European *slendʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *sel- (“to creep, crawl”).


lakjaną

lakjō (active first-person indicative singular)
lakjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lakjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lakisi (active indicative second-person singular)
lakjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laki (active imperative second-person singular)
lakjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lakjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lakiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
lakjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lakjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
lakjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lakjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lakjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
lakjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lakjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lakjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lakjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lakjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lakjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lakjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lakjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lakiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
lakjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lakiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
lakjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lakjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lakjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
lakjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lakjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
lakjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lakjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lakidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
lakidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lakidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
lakidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lakidē (active indicative singular third-person)
lakidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lakidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
lakidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lakidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lakidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lakidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
lakidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lakidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
lakidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lakidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
lakidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lakjandz (active participle present)
lakidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lakkjan
Old English: leċċan
Middle English: *lecchen, *lechen
English: leach
Old Frisian: *letza, lekka
Saterland Frisian: läkke
West Frisian: lekke
Old Saxon: *lekkian
Middle Low German: lecken, legkken
German Low German: lecken
→ Danish: lække
Norwegian Bokmål: lekke
Old Dutch: *lecken
Middle Dutch: lecken
Dutch: lekken
Afrikaans: lek
Old High German: lekken, lecken
Middle High German: lecken
German: lecken


ginōną

ginō (active first-person indicative singular)
ginǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ginōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
ginōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
ginōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ginō (active imperative second-person singular)
ginōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ginōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ginōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
ginō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ginōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
ginōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ginōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ginōs (active dual first-person indicative)
ginōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ginōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ginōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ginōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ginōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ginōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ginōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ginōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ginōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
ginōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ginōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
ginōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ginōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ginōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
ginōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ginōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
ginōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ginōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ginōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
ginōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ginōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
ginōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ginōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
ginōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ginōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
ginōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ginōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ginōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ginōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
ginōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ginōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
ginōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ginōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
ginōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ginōndz (active participle present)
ginōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *ginōn

Old English: ġinian, ġeonian, ġynian

Middle English: yenen, yonen, yanen

English: yawn

Old Frisian: *jinia, *jenia, *jania

North Frisian: jåne

Saterland Frisian: jaanje, joanje

Old Saxon: ginōn

Middle Low German: gēnen, jēnen, jānen

German Low German: jahnen

Old Dutch: *ginon

Middle Dutch: gēnen, ghēnen

Old High German: ginōn

desc

Middle High German: ginen, genen, ginnen

German: gähnen (partially)

Old Norse: gina

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰh₂ey-, itself from *ǵʰeh₂- (“to yawn, gape”) + *-ey-, with the suffix *-néh₂ti. See also *gīnaną.


arbaidijaną

arbaidijō (active first-person indicative singular)
arbaidijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
arbaidijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
arbaidīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
arbaidijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
arbaidī (active imperative second-person singular)
arbaidijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
arbaidijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
arbaidīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
arbaidijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
arbaidijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
arbaidijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
arbaidijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
arbaidijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
arbaidijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
arbaidijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
arbaidijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
arbaidijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
arbaidijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
arbaidijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
arbaidijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
arbaidijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
arbaidīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
arbaidijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
arbaidīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
arbaidijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
arbaidijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
arbaidijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
arbaidijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
arbaidijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
arbaidijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
arbaidijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
arbaididǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
arbaididēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
arbaididēz (active indicative second-person singular)
arbaididēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
arbaididē (active indicative singular third-person)
arbaididēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
arbaididēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
arbaididēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
arbaididēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
arbaididēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
arbaididēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
arbaididēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
arbaididēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
arbaididēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
arbaididēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
arbaididēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
arbaidijandz (active participle present)
arbaididaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *arbaidijan
Old Saxon: arvēdian (“to offer”)
Middle Low German: arbeiden (“to work”)
Low German: arbeiden, arbaiden
→ Danish: arbejde
→ Faroese: arbeiða
→ Norwegian: arbeide, arbeida
→ Old Swedish: arbeida, arbeta
Swedish: arbeta
Old Dutch: *arveiden, *arbeiden (attested as arvithen)
Middle Dutch: arbeiden
Dutch: arbeiden
Old High German: arabeiten, arbeiten
Middle High German: arebeiten, arbeiten
Bavarian: arwadn, arweddn, oaweddn, oaweitn, oaweidn, orbeita
Cimbrian: arbatn, èrbatan (Sette Comuni)
Kölsch: arbigge
German: arbeiten
Yiddish: אַרבעטן (arbetn)

desc

Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (arbaidjan, “to work, toil, strive, struggle”)

From *arbaidiz (“labour, work, toil, hardship, suffering”) + *-janą.


skurtōną

skurtō (active first-person indicative singular)
skurtǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skurtōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skurtōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skurtōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skurtō (active imperative second-person singular)
skurtōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skurtōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skurtōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skurtō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skurtōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skurtōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skurtōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skurtōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skurtōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skurtōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skurtōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skurtōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skurtōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skurtōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skurtōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skurtōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skurtōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skurtōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skurtōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skurtōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skurtōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skurtōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skurtōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skurtōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skurtōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skurtōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skurtōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skurtōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skurtōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skurtōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skurtōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skurtōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skurtōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skurtōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skurtōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skurtōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skurtōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skurtōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skurtōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skurtōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skurtōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skurtōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skurtōndz (active participle present)
skurtōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skortōn

desctree

merged with descendant of Proto-Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*skurtāną</i>

Old English: sċortian, sċeortian (merged with descendant of Proto-Germanic *skurtāną)
Middle English: schorten, shorten
English: short
Scots: schort

Old Saxon: *skortōn

Middle Low German: schorten, schörten

German Low German: schörten

Old High German: *skorzōn

⇒ Old High German: ūfskorzōn

Either from *skurtaz (“short”) + *-ōną or a parallel formation from *skertaną as an original iterative.


natjaną

natjō (active first-person indicative singular)
natjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
natjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
natisi (active indicative second-person singular)
natjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nati (active imperative second-person singular)
natjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
natjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
natiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
natjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
natjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
natjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
natjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
natjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
natjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
natjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
natjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
natjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
natjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
natjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
natjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
natjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
natiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
natjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
natiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
natjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
natjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
natjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
natjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
natjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
natjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
natjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
natidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
natidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
natidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
natidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
natidē (active indicative singular third-person)
natidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
natidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
natidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
natidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
natidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
natidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
natidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
natidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
natidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
natidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
natidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
natjandz (active participle present)
natidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *nattjan
Old English: *nettan
⇒? Middle English: netting (possibly from Middle Low German nette (“wetness, urine”), nattinge (“wetness”))
English: netting (“urine”)
Old Saxon: *nettian
Middle Low German: netten, natten
German Low German: natten, nattjen
Old Dutch: *netten
Middle Dutch: netten, natten
Dutch: netten
Old High German: nezzen
Middle High German: netzen
German: netzen (archaic); benetzen, nässen
Luxembourgish: netzen

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (natjan)


natjaną

Proto-West Germanic: *nattjan
Old High German: *nezzen
Middle High German: netzen
⇒ Old High German: benezzen

Old Norse: netja


anþijaną

anþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
anþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
anþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
anþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
anþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
anþī (active imperative second-person singular)
anþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
anþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
anþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
anþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
anþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
anþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
anþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
anþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
anþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
anþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
anþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
anþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
anþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
anþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
anþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
anþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
anþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
anþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
anþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
anþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
anþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
anþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
anþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
anþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
anþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
anþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
anþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
anþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
anþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
anþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
anþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
anþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
anþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
anþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
anþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
anþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
anþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
anþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
anþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
anþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
anþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
anþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
anþijandz (active participle present)
anþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *anþijan

Old English: ēþian, ōþian


biraubōną

biraubō (active first-person indicative singular)
biraubǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
biraubōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
biraubōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
biraubōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
biraubō (active imperative second-person singular)
biraubōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
biraubōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
biraubōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
biraubō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
biraubōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
biraubōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
biraubōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
biraubōs (active dual first-person indicative)
biraubōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
biraubōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
biraubōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
biraubōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
biraubōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
biraubōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
biraubōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
biraubōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
biraubōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
biraubōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
biraubōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
biraubōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
biraubōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
biraubōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
biraubōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
biraubōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
biraubōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
biraubōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
biraubōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
biraubōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
biraubōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
biraubōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
biraubōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
biraubōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
biraubōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
biraubōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
biraubōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
biraubōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
biraubōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
biraubōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
biraubōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
biraubōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
biraubōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
biraubōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
biraubōndz (active participle present)
biraubōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: berēafian

Middle English: bireven

English: bereave

Scots: bereve, bereif

Old Frisian: birāvia

Saterland Frisian: beroowje

West Frisian: berôvje

Old Saxon: birōvōn

Middle Low German: berôven

German Low German: beroven

Old Dutch: *birōvon

Middle Dutch: beroven

Dutch: beroven

Afrikaans: beroof, berowe

Old High German: biroubon

Middle High German: berouben

German: berauben

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌱𐍉𐌽 (biraubōn)


triwwijaną

triwwijō (active first-person indicative singular)
triwwijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
triwwijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
triwwīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
triwwijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
triwwī (active imperative second-person singular)
triwwijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
triwwijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
triwwīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
triwwijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
triwwijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
triwwijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
triwwijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
triwwijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
triwwijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
triwwijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
triwwijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
triwwijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
triwwijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
triwwijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
triwwijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
triwwijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
triwwīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
triwwijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
triwwīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
triwwijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
triwwijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
triwwijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
triwwijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
triwwijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
triwwijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
triwwijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
triwwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
triwwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
triwwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
triwwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
triwwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
triwwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
triwwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
triwwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
triwwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
triwwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
triwwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
triwwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
triwwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
triwwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
triwwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
triwwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
triwwijandz (active participle present)
triwwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *triuwijan
Old English: trēowan, trīewan, trȳwan
Middle English: trewen, trowen (partially)
English: trow
Scots: trew, trow
Old Frisian: triūwa, trōwa, trouwa
Saterland Frisian: trjoue
West Frisian: trouwe, trouje
Old Dutch: *triuwen
Middle Dutch: truwen, trouwen
Dutch: trouwen
Old Saxon: triuwian
Middle Low German: trûwen, trouwen
Old High German: *triuwen
Middle High German: triuwen, trouwen, trawen, trōwen, tröuwen
German: trauen
⇒ Old High German: gitriuwen

Old Norse: tryggja, tryggva
Icelandic: tryggja
Faroese: tryggja
Norwegian Nynorsk: tryggja
Swedish: trygga
Danish: trygge
Norwegian Bokmål: trygge

From *triwwiz (“true, faithful”) + *-janą and *trewwō (“fidelity, pledge”) + *-janą.

(transitive) to ally, form a relation with


uzsehwaną

uzsehwō (active first-person indicative singular)
uzsehwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzsehwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
uzsihwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
uzsehwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzsehw (active imperative second-person singular)
uzsehwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
uzsehwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
uzsihwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
uzsehwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzsehwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
uzsehwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
uzsehwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
uzsehwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
uzsehwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzsehwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzsehwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzsehwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
uzsehwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
uzsehwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzsehwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
uzsehwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
uzsihwid (active indicative plural second-person)
uzsehwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzsihwid (active imperative plural second-person)
uzsehwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
uzsehwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
uzsehwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
uzsehwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzsehwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
uzsehwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
uzsehwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
uzsahw (active first-person indicative singular)
uzsēwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzsaht (active indicative second-person singular)
uzsēwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzsahw (active indicative singular third-person)
uzsēwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzsēgū (active dual first-person indicative)
uzsēwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzsēgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzsēwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzsēgum (active first-person indicative plural)
uzsēwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzsēgud (active indicative plural second-person)
uzsēwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzsēgun (active indicative plural third-person)
uzsēwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzsehwandz (active participle present)
uzsewanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: āsēon

Middle English: asēn

Old Frisian: āsiā

Old Saxon: *arsehan

Middle Low German: ersēn

Old High German: arsehan, irsehan

desc

Middle High German: irsēn, irsegen, ersehen

German: ersehen

Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽 (ussaiƕan)


hūwilōną

hūwilō (active first-person indicative singular)
hūwilǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hūwilōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hūwilōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hūwilōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hūwilō (active imperative second-person singular)
hūwilōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hūwilōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hūwilōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hūwilō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hūwilōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hūwilōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hūwilōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hūwilōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hūwilōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hūwilōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hūwilōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hūwilōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hūwilōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hūwilōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hūwilōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hūwilōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hūwilōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hūwilōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hūwilōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hūwilōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hūwilōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hūwilōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hūwilōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hūwilōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hūwilōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hūwilōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hūwilōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hūwilōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hūwilōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hūwilōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hūwilōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hūwilōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hūwilōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hūwilōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hūwilōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hūwilōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hūwilōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hūwilōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hūwilōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hūwilōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hūwilōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hūwilōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hūwilōndz (active participle present)
hūwilōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*hūwulōną (alternative)
*hūlōną (alternative)
*hiuwilōną (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hūilōn, *hūlōn
Old English: *hūlian
Middle English: howlen, howlyn, hulen
English: howl
Scots: howl
Yola: hol
Old Frisian: *hūlia
Saterland Frisian: huulje
West Frisian: huilje
Old Saxon: *hūwilōn, *hūlōn
Middle Low German: hü̂len, hûlen
German Low German: hulen
→ Danish: hyle
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: hyle
Norwegian Nynorsk: hyla
→ Swedish: hyla
Old Dutch: *hūlon
Middle Dutch: hulen
Dutch: huilen
Afrikaans: huil
Negerhollands: hyelen, hyel
Limburgish: hule
Old High German: hūwilōn, hūlōn; hiuwilōn, hiwilōn
Middle High German: hūwelen, hūwlen, hūlen; hiuwelen, hiulen, hielen
Alemannic German: hüüwle
German: heulen
→ Old French: uller, ouler

Old Norse: ýla, úla

Icelandic: ýla

Faroese: ýla

Norwegian Nynorsk: yla, ula

Swedish: yla

Ultimately of imitative origin. Said by Pokorny to be from Proto-Indo-European *kū-, but others dispute this. Also compare *heufaną (“to lament”), *uwwalǭ (“owl”) and Proto-West Germanic *hūō.

onomatopoeic

imitative


marjaną

marjō (active first-person indicative singular)
marjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
marjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
marisi (active indicative second-person singular)
marjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mari (active imperative second-person singular)
marjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
marjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mariþi (active indicative singular third-person)
marjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
marjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
marjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
marjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
marjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
marjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
marjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
marjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
marjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
marjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
marjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
marjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
marjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mariþ (active indicative plural second-person)
marjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mariþ (active imperative plural second-person)
marjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
marjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
marjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
marjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
marjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
marjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
marjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
maridǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
maridēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
maridēz (active indicative second-person singular)
maridēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
maridē (active indicative singular third-person)
maridēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
maridēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
maridēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
maridēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
maridēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
maridēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
maridēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
maridēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
maridēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
maridēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
maridēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
marjandz (active participle present)
maridaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: merian

Middle English: meren

Old Saxon: *merian

Middle Low German: mēren

Old High German: *meren

Middle High German: meren, mern

Old Norse: merja

Faroese: merja

Icelandic: merja

From Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to rub, grab, steal”).


fahaną

fahō (active first-person indicative singular)
fahaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fahai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fahizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fahaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fah (active imperative second-person singular)
fahazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fahaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fahidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fahai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fahadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fahadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fahaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fahōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fahaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fahadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fahaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fahadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fahamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fahaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fahandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fahaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fahid (active indicative plural second-person)
fahaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fahid (active imperative plural second-person)
fahandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fahaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fahandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fahain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fahandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fahandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fahaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fōg (active first-person indicative singular)
fōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fōht (active indicative second-person singular)
fōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fōg (active indicative singular third-person)
fōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
fōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
fōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
fōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
fōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fahandz (active participle present)
faganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ḱ- (“to fasten, place”). Cognate with Latin pangere (“to fasten”).


garwakōną

garwakō (active first-person indicative singular)
garwakǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
garwakōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
garwakōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
garwakōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
garwakō (active imperative second-person singular)
garwakōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
garwakōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
garwakōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
garwakō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
garwakōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
garwakōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
garwakōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
garwakōs (active dual first-person indicative)
garwakōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
garwakōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
garwakōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
garwakōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
garwakōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
garwakōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
garwakōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
garwakōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
garwakōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
garwakōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
garwakōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
garwakōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
garwakōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
garwakōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
garwakōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
garwakōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
garwakōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
garwakōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
garwakōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
garwakōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
garwakōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
garwakōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
garwakōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
garwakōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
garwakōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
garwakōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
garwakōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
garwakōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
garwakōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
garwakōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
garwakōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
garwakōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
garwakōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
garwakōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
garwakōndz (active participle present)
garwakōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *garwakōn

desctree

Old English: ġearcian, ġærcian
Middle English: ȝarken, ȝærken, ȝerken, yarken
English: yark, yerk
>? English: jerk (probably)
Scots: yerk, yirk, yark

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰrebʰ- (“to grab, take”).


stukōną

stukō (active first-person indicative singular)
stukǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stukōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
stukōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
stukōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stukō (active imperative second-person singular)
stukōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stukōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stukōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
stukō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stukōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
stukōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stukōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stukōs (active dual first-person indicative)
stukōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stukōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stukōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stukōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stukōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stukōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stukōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stukōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stukōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
stukōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stukōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
stukōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stukōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stukōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
stukōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stukōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
stukōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stukōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stukōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
stukōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stukōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
stukōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stukōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
stukōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stukōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
stukōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stukōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stukōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stukōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
stukōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stukōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
stukōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stukōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
stukōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stukōndz (active participle present)
stukōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stokōn
>? Old English: *stocian
Middle English: stoken (possibly a borrowing)
English: stoke
Old Saxon: *stokon
Middle Low German: stōken, stȫken, stöcken
⇒ German Low German: stökeln; stökern
Old Dutch: *stokon
Middle Dutch: stōken
Dutch: stoken
Afrikaans: stook
→ Old French: estoquer; estochier
Middle French: estoquer
French: estoquer
Spanish: estoquear
>? Old High German: *stohhōn
>? Middle High German: *stochen
German: stochen (since 15th c., possibly from Low German)
⇒ German: stochern

Old Norse: *stoka

Norwegian Nynorsk: stauka

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewg- (“to beat, push”).