armāną

armō (active first-person indicative singular)
armaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
armai (active imperative second-person singular)
armāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
armaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
armāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
armāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
armōs (active dual first-person indicative)
armāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
armāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
armāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
armānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
armaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
armaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
armānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
armānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
armānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
armānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
armadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
armadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
armadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
armadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
armadē (active indicative singular third-person)
armadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
armadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
armadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
armadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
armadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
armadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
armadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
armadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
armadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
armadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
armadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
armāndz (active participle present)
armadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *armēn
Old English: earmian
Old Saxon: armōn
Middle Low German: armen
Old Dutch: *armon
Middle Dutch: armen
Old High German: armēn
Middle High German: armen

Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽 (arman)

Vandalic: *arman


fneusaną

fneusō (active first-person indicative singular)
fneusaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fneusai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fniusizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fneusaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fneus (active imperative second-person singular)
fneusazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fneusaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fniusidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fneusai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fneusadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fneusadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fneusaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fneusōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fneusaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fneusadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fneusaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fneusadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fneusamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fneusaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fneusandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fneusaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fniusid (active indicative plural second-person)
fneusaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fniusid (active imperative plural second-person)
fneusandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fneusaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fneusandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fneusain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fneusandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fneusandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fneusaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fnaus (active first-person indicative singular)
fnuzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fnaust (active indicative second-person singular)
fnuzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fnaus (active indicative singular third-person)
fnuzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fnuzū (active dual first-person indicative)
fnuzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fnuzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fnuzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fnuzum (active first-person indicative plural)
fnuzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fnuzud (active indicative plural second-person)
fnuzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fnuzun (active indicative plural third-person)
fnuzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fneusandz (active participle present)
fnuzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fneusan
Old English: fnēosan
Middle English: snesen, fnesen, fnese, sniesen, snese
English: sneeze
Scots: sneeze, sneesh
Old Dutch: *fniesan
Middle Dutch: fniesen
Dutch: fniezen
Old High German: *fniosan, *fnūsan
Middle High German: phnūsen, pfnūsen, *snūsen, phūsen
German: pfnausen (archaic)
⇒ Middle High German: snūsen n (noun)

Old Norse: *fnjósa, fnýsa

Icelandic: fnýsa

Faroese: fnýsa

Norwegian: fnysa (dialectal)

Swedish: fnysa

Danish: fnyse

From Proto-Indo-European *pnew-, but presumably interpreted as onomatopoeic judging from the variety in the initial consonants.


hneusaną

hneusō (active first-person indicative singular)
hneusaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hneusai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hniusizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hneusaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hneus (active imperative second-person singular)
hneusazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hneusaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hniusidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hneusai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hneusadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hneusadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hneusaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hneusōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hneusaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hneusadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hneusaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hneusadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hneusamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hneusaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hneusandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hneusaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hniusid (active indicative plural second-person)
hneusaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hniusid (active imperative plural second-person)
hneusandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hneusaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hneusandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hneusain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hneusandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hneusandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hneusaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hnaus (active first-person indicative singular)
hnuzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnaust (active indicative second-person singular)
hnuzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnaus (active indicative singular third-person)
hnuzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnuzū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnuzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnuzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnuzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnuzum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnuzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnuzud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnuzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnuzun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnuzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hneusandz (active participle present)
hnuzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hneusan
Old English: *hnēosan (possibly a loan)
Middle English: nesen
English: neeze
Scots: nese, neese
Old Saxon: *hniosan
Middle Low German: nēsen, neisen
Old Dutch: *niesan
Middle Dutch: niesen
Dutch: niezen
Afrikaans: nies
Old High German: niosan
Middle High German: niesen
German: niesen
Yiddish: ניסן (nisn)

Old Norse: hnjósa

Icelandic: hnjósa

Faroese: njósa

Norwegian Bokmål: nyse

Norwegian Nynorsk: nyse

Old Swedish: niūsa

Swedish: nysa, njusa

Danish: nyse

From Proto-Indo-European *pnew-, but presumably interpreted as onomatopoeic judging from the variety in the initial consonants. Forms with initial h- may show interference from Proto-Indo-European *(s)knus- (“to sneeze”).


ananą

anō (active first-person indicative singular)
anaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
anai (first-person indicative passive singular)
anizi (active indicative second-person singular)
anaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
an (active imperative second-person singular)
anazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
anaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
anidi (active indicative singular third-person)
anai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
anadau (active imperative singular third-person)
anadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
anaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
anōz (active dual first-person indicative)
anaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
anadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
anaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
anadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
anamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
anaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
anandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
anaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
anid (active indicative plural second-person)
anaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
anid (active imperative plural second-person)
anandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
anaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
anandi (active indicative plural third-person)
anain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
anandau (active imperative plural third-person)
anandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
anaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ōn (active first-person indicative singular)
ōnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ōnt (active indicative second-person singular)
ōnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ōn (active indicative singular third-person)
ōnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ōnū (active dual first-person indicative)
ōnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ōnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ōnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ōnum (active first-person indicative plural)
ōnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ōnud (active indicative plural second-person)
ōnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ōnun (active indicative plural third-person)
ōnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
anandz (active participle present)
ananaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: *𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*anan) (in 𐌿𐌶𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽 (uzanan))

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”).


flahaną

flahō (active first-person indicative singular)
flahaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flahai (first-person indicative passive singular)
flahizi (active indicative second-person singular)
flahaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flah (active imperative second-person singular)
flahazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
flahaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
flahidi (active indicative singular third-person)
flahai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flahadau (active imperative singular third-person)
flahadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
flahaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
flahōz (active dual first-person indicative)
flahaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flahadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flahaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flahadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
flahamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
flahaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flahandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
flahaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
flahid (active indicative plural second-person)
flahaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flahid (active imperative plural second-person)
flahandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
flahaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
flahandi (active indicative plural third-person)
flahain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flahandau (active imperative plural third-person)
flahandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
flahaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
flōh (active first-person indicative singular)
flōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flōht (active indicative second-person singular)
flōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flōh (active indicative singular third-person)
flōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
flōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
flōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
flōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
flōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flahandz (active participle present)
flaganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *flahan
Old English: flēan
Middle English: flen
English: flay
Old Dutch: *flān
Middle Dutch: vlâen
West Flemish: vlaan

Old Norse: flá
Icelandic: flá
Faroese: fláa
Norwegian: flå
Old Swedish: flā
Swedish: flå
Old Danish: flaa
Danish: flå

From Pre-Germanic *plok-. Kroonen connects with Ancient Greek πλάξ (pláx, “plane, plain, something flat”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat, broad, plain”), sharing several Germanic cognates with Proto-Germanic *flaką (“something flat”); more at English flake.


bakaną

bakō (active first-person indicative singular)
bakaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bakai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bakizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bakaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bak (active imperative second-person singular)
bakazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bakaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bakidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bakai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bakadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bakadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bakaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bakōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bakaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bakadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bakaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bakadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bakamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bakaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bakandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bakaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bakid (active indicative plural second-person)
bakaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bakid (active imperative plural second-person)
bakandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bakaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bakandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bakain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bakandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bakandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bakaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bōk (active first-person indicative singular)
bōkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bōht (active indicative second-person singular)
bōkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bōk (active indicative singular third-person)
bōkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bōkū (active dual first-person indicative)
bōkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bōkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bōkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bōkum (active first-person indicative plural)
bōkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bōkud (active indicative plural second-person)
bōkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bōkun (active indicative plural third-person)
bōkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bakandz (active participle present)
bakanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bakan
Old English: bacan
Middle English: baken, bakyn, bake, bakenn
English: bake
Scots: bake
Yola: baake
→ Irish: bácáil
Old Frisian: *baka, *bakka
North Frisian:
Amrum, Feer: baag
Hoolmer, Mooring, Ockholm: bååge
Langenhorn, Hoorninger, Wiedingharder: baage
Sylt: baak
Saterland Frisian: boake
West Frisian: bakke
Old Saxon: bakkan
Middle Low German: backen
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: backen
Sauerländisch: backen
Westmünsterländisch: backen
Plautdietsch: baken
Old Dutch: *bakan, *bakkan
Middle Dutch: baken, backen
Dutch: bakken
→ Sranan Tongo: baka
Old High German: bahhan, backan
Middle High German: bachen, backen
Bavarian: båchn
German: backen, (early, dialectal) bachen
Luxembourgish: baken
Yiddish: באַקן (bakn)

Old Norse: baka
Icelandic: baka
Faroese: baka
Norn: båke
Norwegian Nynorsk: baka
Elfdalian: båkå
Old Swedish: baka
Swedish: baka
Danish: bage
Norwegian Bokmål: bake
Old Gutnish: baka
Gutnish: bake

From Pre-Germanic *bʰh₃g-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₃g- (“to roast, bake”). Related to Ancient Greek φώγω (phṓgō, “to roast”).


swabjaną

swabjō (active first-person indicative singular)
swabjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swabjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swabisi (active indicative second-person singular)
swabjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swabi (active imperative second-person singular)
swabjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swabjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swabiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
swabjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swabjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
swabjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swabjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swabjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
swabjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swabjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swabjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swabjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swabjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swabjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swabjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swabjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swabiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
swabjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swabiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
swabjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swabjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swabjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
swabjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swabjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
swabjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swabjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swabidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
swabidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swabidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
swabidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swabidē (active indicative singular third-person)
swabidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swabidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
swabidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swabidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swabidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swabidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
swabidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swabidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
swabidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swabidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
swabidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swabjandz (active participle present)
swabidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swabbjan
Old English: swebban
Middle English: swebben
English: sweb
Old Saxon: swebbian
Old High German: swebben, sweppen
⇒ Old High German: inswebben

Old Norse: svefja

Icelandic: svefja


frawerþaną

frawerþō (active first-person indicative singular)
frawerþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frawerþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
frawirþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
frawerþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frawerþ (active imperative second-person singular)
frawerþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
frawerþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
frawirþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
frawerþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frawerþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
frawerþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
frawerþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
frawerþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
frawerþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frawerþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frawerþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frawerþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
frawerþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
frawerþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frawerþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
frawerþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
frawirþid (active indicative plural second-person)
frawerþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frawirþid (active imperative plural second-person)
frawerþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
frawerþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
frawerþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
frawerþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frawerþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
frawerþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
frawerþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frawarþ (active first-person indicative singular)
frawurdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frawarst (active indicative second-person singular)
frawurdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frawarþ (active indicative singular third-person)
frawurdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frawurdū (active dual first-person indicative)
frawurdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frawurdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frawurdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frawurdum (active first-person indicative plural)
frawurdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frawurdud (active indicative plural second-person)
frawurdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frawurdun (active indicative plural third-person)
frawurdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frawerþandz (active participle present)
frawurdanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *frawerþan
Old English: forweorþan
Middle English: forworthen
Scots: forworth
English: forworth
Old Frisian: urwertha
Old Saxon: farwerthan
Old Dutch: *farwerthan
Middle Dutch: verwerden
Dutch: verworden
Old High German: firwerdan

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌽 (frawairþan)


frawardijaną

frawardijō (active first-person indicative singular)
frawardijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frawardijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
frawardīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
frawardijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frawardī (active imperative second-person singular)
frawardijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
frawardijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
frawardīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
frawardijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frawardijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
frawardijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
frawardijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
frawardijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
frawardijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frawardijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frawardijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frawardijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
frawardijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
frawardijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frawardijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
frawardijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
frawardīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
frawardijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frawardīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
frawardijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
frawardijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
frawardijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
frawardijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frawardijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
frawardijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
frawardijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frawardidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
frawardidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frawardidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
frawardidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frawardidē (active indicative singular third-person)
frawardidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frawardidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
frawardidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frawardidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frawardidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frawardidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
frawardidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frawardidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
frawardidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frawardidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
frawardidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frawardijandz (active participle present)
frawardidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *frawardijan
Old English: forwierdan
Old Dutch: farwerden
Middle Dutch: verwerden
Old High German: farwerten

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (frawardjan)


hrōpaną

hrōpō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrōpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrōpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrōpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrōpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrōp (active imperative second-person singular)
hrōpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrōpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrōpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrōpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrōpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrōpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrōpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrōpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hrōpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrōpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrōpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrōpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrōpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrōpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrōpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrōpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrōpid (active indicative plural second-person)
hrōpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrōpid (active imperative plural second-person)
hrōpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrōpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrōpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrōpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrōpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrōpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrōpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hehrōp (active first-person indicative singular)
hehrōpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hehrōft (active indicative second-person singular)
hehrōpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hehrōp (active indicative singular third-person)
hehrōpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hehrōpū (active dual first-person indicative)
hehrōpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hehrōpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hehrōpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hehrōpum (active first-person indicative plural)
hehrōpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hehrōpud (active indicative plural second-person)
hehrōpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hehrōpun (active indicative plural third-person)
hehrōpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrōpandz (active participle present)
hrōpanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrōpan
Old English: hrōpan
Middle English: ropen, rope, roupe, rupe
English: roop, roup
Scots: roup; croup
→ English: croup
→ Dutch: kroep
→ French: croup
Old Frisian: hrōpa
Saterland Frisian: ropa
Saterland Frisian: roupe
West Frisian: roppe
Old Saxon: hrōpan
Middle Low German: rôpen
German Low German: ropen
Old Dutch: ruopan
Middle Dutch: roepen
Dutch: roepen (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: rope
Old High German: ruofan, hruofan
Middle High German: ruofen
Bavarian: ruafn
Central Franconian: rofe
German: rufen
Luxembourgish: ruffen
Yiddish: רופֿן (rufn)

Old Norse: hrópa

Icelandic: hrópa

Faroese: rópa

Norwegian: rope

Old Swedish: rōpa

Swedish: ropa

Danish: råbe

Of unclear origin. The traditional connection with *hrōþiz (“glory, fame”) is phonetically problematic due to the unknown function and origin of the suffix *-p-. That said, Kroonen appears to suggest the tentative possibility that the word is indeed from the same root as *hrōþiz, with the *-p- arising from analogical association with the semantically similar but unrelated Proto-Germanic *wōpijaną (“to cry out, lament”).
Other theories connect the word to Ancient Greek κόραξ (kórax), Latin corvus (“raven”), Lithuanian šárka (“magpie”) in the sense of "caw".


breutaną

breutō (active first-person indicative singular)
breutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
breutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
briutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
breutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
breut (active imperative second-person singular)
breutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
breutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
briutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
breutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
breutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
breutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
breutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
breutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
breutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
breutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
breutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
breutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
breutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
breutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
breutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
breutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
briutid (active indicative plural second-person)
breutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
briutid (active imperative plural second-person)
breutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
breutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
breutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
breutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
breutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
breutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
breutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
braut (active first-person indicative singular)
brutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
braust (active indicative second-person singular)
brutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
braut (active indicative singular third-person)
brutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brutū (active dual first-person indicative)
brutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brutum (active first-person indicative plural)
brutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brutud (active indicative plural second-person)
brutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brutun (active indicative plural third-person)
brutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
breutandz (active participle present)
brutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *breutan
Old English: brēotan
Middle English: breten
Old High German: *briozan
Middle High German: briezen

desc

Proto-Norse: ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ (bᴀriutiþ /bᵃriutiþ/), ᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ (bᴀrutʀ /bᵃrȳtʀ/)

desctree

Old Norse: brjóta, ᛒᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁ (briuti) — Runic form, 3rd singular present subjunctive
Icelandic: brjóta
Faroese: bróta
Norwegian Nynorsk: brjota, bryta
Jamtish: brǿte
Elfdalian: briuota
Old Swedish: brȳta
Swedish: bryta
Old Danish: brȳtæ
Danish: bryde
Norwegian Bokmål: bryte
Scanian: brýda
Gutnish: braute

Suevic or Gothic: *𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (*briutan) (based on evidence from loanwords)

→ Galician: britar

→ Portuguese: britar

Related to, perhaps via back-formation, to *brutōną (“to bud”), itself from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewd- (“to bud”), which Kroonen compares to Latin frōns (“foliage, leaves”). Others have compared the word to Old East Slavic бръснути (brŭsnuti, “rake”), Old English brȳsan (“to break”), Latin frustum (“piece, crumb”).
Whether the intransitive counterpart *breuþaną is related is unclear.


lamjaną

lamjō (active first-person indicative singular)
lamjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lamjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lamisi (active indicative second-person singular)
lamjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lami (active imperative second-person singular)
lamjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lamjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lamiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
lamjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lamjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
lamjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lamjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lamjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
lamjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lamjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lamjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lamjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lamjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lamjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lamjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lamjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lamiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
lamjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lamiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
lamjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lamjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lamjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
lamjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lamjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
lamjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lamjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lamidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
lamidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lamidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
lamidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lamidē (active indicative singular third-person)
lamidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lamidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
lamidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lamidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lamidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lamidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
lamidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lamidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
lamidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lamidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
lamidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lamjandz (active participle present)
lamidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lammjan
Old English: lemman, lemian
Middle English: lemen
Old Frisian: lemma, lamma
Old Saxon: *lemmian
Middle Low German: lemmen, lēmen
⇒ Old Saxon: bilemmian
Old Dutch: *lemmen
Middle Dutch: lemmen, lēmen
Dutch: lemmen (obsolete)
Old High German: lemmen
Middle High German: lemmen, lemen
German: lähmen

Old Norse: lemja

Icelandic: lemja

Faroese: lemja

Norwegian Nynorsk: lemje

Old Danish: læmiæ

Danish: læmme

Old Swedish: læmia

Swedish: lämma, läma

From *lamaz (“lame”) + *-janą. Cognate with Old Church Slavonic ломити (lomiti) and Old Prussian limtwei.


hrīnaną

hrīnō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrīnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrīnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrīnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrīnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrīn (active imperative second-person singular)
hrīnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrīnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrīnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrīnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrīnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrīnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrīnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrīnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hrīnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrīnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrīnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrīnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrīnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrīnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrīnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrīnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrīnid (active indicative plural second-person)
hrīnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrīnid (active imperative plural second-person)
hrīnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrīnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrīnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrīnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrīnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrīnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrīnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hrain (active first-person indicative singular)
hrinį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hraint (active indicative second-person singular)
hrinīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrain (active indicative singular third-person)
hrinī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrinū (active dual first-person indicative)
hrinīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrinudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrinīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrinum (active first-person indicative plural)
hrinīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrinud (active indicative plural second-person)
hrinīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrinun (active indicative plural third-person)
hrinīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrīnandz (active participle present)
hrinanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrīnan
Old English: hrīnan
Middle English: rinen
Scots: rin
English: rine
Old Saxon: hrīnan
Old Dutch: *rīnan
Middle Dutch: rinen
Old High German: hrīnan, rīnan

Old Norse: hrína
Icelandic: hrína
Faroese: rína
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: rine
Norwegian Bokmål: rine (weak)

From Proto-Indo-European *krey- (“to strip, touch”).

der

to touch, brush (against), make contact (with), graze


hwerbaną

hwerbō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwerbaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwerbai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwirbizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwerbaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwerb (active imperative second-person singular)
hwerbazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwerbaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwirbidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwerbai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwerbadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwerbadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwerbaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwerbōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hwerbaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwerbadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwerbaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwerbadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwerbamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwerbaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwerbandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwerbaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwirbid (active indicative plural second-person)
hwerbaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwirbid (active imperative plural second-person)
hwerbandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwerbaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwerbandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwerbain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwerbandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwerbandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwerbaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwarb (active first-person indicative singular)
hurbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwarft (active indicative second-person singular)
hurbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwarb (active indicative singular third-person)
hurbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hurbū (active dual first-person indicative)
hurbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hurbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hurbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hurbum (active first-person indicative plural)
hurbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hurbud (active indicative plural second-person)
hurbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hurbun (active indicative plural third-person)
hurbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwerbandz (active participle present)
hurbanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hwerban
Old English: hweorfan
Middle English: wherven, wharven
English: wharve, wherve
Old Frisian: hwerva
Old Saxon: hwervan, hwerban
Middle Low German: warven, warben
Old Dutch: *wervan
Middle Dutch: werven
Dutch: werven
Limburgish: wèrve
Old High German: hwerban, werban
Middle High German: werben, werven
German: werben
→ Polish: werbować
→ Belarusian: вербава́ць (vjerbavácʹ, “to recruit; to enlist”)
→ Russian: вербова́ть (verbovátʹ, “to recruit; to enlist”)
→ Ukrainian: вербува́ти (verbuváty, “to recruit; to enlist”)

Old Norse: hverfa

Icelandic: hverfa

Faroese: hvørva

Norwegian: kverve

Danish: hverre (partly; conflated with the causative *hwarbijaną)

Old Swedish: hværva

Swedish: värva

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 (ƕairban)

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kʷerp-, in which case the original form would have been *hwerfaną. If so, then it might be related to Ancient Greek καρπός (karpós, “wrist”), though deriving the latter from a root with initial labiovelar presents difficulties.


werpaną

werpō (active first-person indicative singular)
werpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
werpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wirpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
werpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
werp (active imperative second-person singular)
werpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
werpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wirpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
werpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
werpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
werpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
werpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
werpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
werpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
werpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
werpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
werpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
werpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
werpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
werpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
werpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wirpid (active indicative plural second-person)
werpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wirpid (active imperative plural second-person)
werpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
werpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
werpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
werpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
werpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
werpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
werpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
warp (active first-person indicative singular)
wurpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
warft (active indicative second-person singular)
wurpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
warp (active indicative singular third-person)
wurpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wurpū (active dual first-person indicative)
wurpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wurpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wurpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wurpum (active first-person indicative plural)
wurpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wurpud (active indicative plural second-person)
wurpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wurpun (active indicative plural third-person)
wurpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
werpandz (active participle present)
wurpanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *werpan
Old English: weorpan, wurpan
Middle English: werpen
English: warp
Scots: warp
Old Frisian: werpa
North Frisian: werpe
West Frisian: werpe
Old Saxon: werpan
Middle Low German: werpen
Low German: warpen
Old Dutch: werpan
Middle Dutch: werpen
Dutch: werpen
Afrikaans: werp
Limburgish: wèrpe
Old High German: werfan, ƿerpan — Manuscript spelling
Middle High German: wërfen
German: werfen

Old Norse: verpa
Icelandic: verpa
Faroese: verpa
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: verpe
Norwegian Nynorsk: verpe, verpa
Old Swedish: værpa
Swedish: värpa
Old Danish: wærpæ
Danish: værpe

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍀𐌰𐌽 (wairpan)

From Proto-Indo-European *wergʷ- (“to bend, spin, warp”), with the *-p- in the Germanic form likely being the expected result after resonants in words beginning with a labial consonant (compare *fimf (“five”) and *wulfaz (“wolf”) for other Proto-Germanic terms with similar outcomes). Cognate with Ancient Greek ῥέμβω (rhémbō, “to turn in circles”) (whence ῥόμβος (rhómbos, “spinning top”), borrowed into English as rhombus), and possibly Proto-Slavic *vèrťi (“to throw, leap”) (though Kroonen is skeptical of the link to the Slavic).


hleutaną

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language

hleutō (active first-person indicative singular)
hleutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hleutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hliutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hleutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hleut (active imperative second-person singular)
hleutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hleutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hliutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hleutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hleutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hleutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hleutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hleutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hleutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hleutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hleutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hleutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hleutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hleutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hleutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hleutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hliutid (active indicative plural second-person)
hleutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hliutid (active imperative plural second-person)
hleutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hleutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hleutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hleutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hleutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hleutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hleutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hlaut (active first-person indicative singular)
hlutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlaust (active indicative second-person singular)
hlutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlaut (active indicative singular third-person)
hlutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlutū (active dual first-person indicative)
hlutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlutum (active first-person indicative plural)
hlutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlutud (active indicative plural second-person)
hlutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlutun (active indicative plural third-person)
hlutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hleutandz (active participle present)
hlutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hleutan
Old English: hlēotan
Old Saxon: hliotan
Old High German: hliozan, liozan
Middle High German: liezen

Old Norse: hljóta

Icelandic: hljóta

Faroese: ljóta

Old Swedish: liūta

Swedish: ljuta

→? Proto-Finnic: *leütädäk

The pre-Germanic root form *klewd- seems unattested outside Germanic, but it is likely an extension of the same Proto-Indo-European root *klewH- (“lot, fate”) as seen in Lithuanian kliū́ti (“to stick, hang on”) and Latvian kļũt (“to become, succeed”), especially in view of Latvian kļũtas (“fate”).
Less likely from Proto-Indo-European *(s)klēh₂w- (“to shut, close, lock; to check, hamper, hem in”).


hlutōną

hlutō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlutǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlutōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hlutōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlutōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlutō (active imperative second-person singular)
hlutōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlutōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hlutōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlutō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlutōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlutōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlutōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hlutōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hlutōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlutōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlutōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlutōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlutōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlutōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlutōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlutōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hlutōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hlutōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlutōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hlutōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlutōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hlutōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlutōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlutōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlutōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlutōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hlutōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hlutōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlutōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hlutōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlutōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hlutōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlutōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hlutōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlutōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlutōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlutōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hlutōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlutōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hlutōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlutōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hlutōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlutōndz (active participle present)
hlutōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Frisian: lotia

West Frisian: lotsje

Old Saxon: *loton

Middle Low German: loten, lotten

Old Dutch: *loton

Middle Dutch: loten

Dutch: loten

i

Old High German: (may be a recent formation from the noun)

German: losen

Old Norse: hluta

Icelandic: hluta

Faroese: luta

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: luta

Old Swedish: luta, lota

Swedish: lotta

From *hlutą (“lot, share, fate”) + *-ōną.


slītaną

slītō (active first-person indicative singular)
slītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
slītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
slītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slīt (active imperative second-person singular)
slītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
slītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
slītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
slītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
slītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
slītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
slītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
slītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
slītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
slītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
slītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
slītid (active indicative plural second-person)
slītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slītid (active imperative plural second-person)
slītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
slītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
slītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
slītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
slītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
slītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
slait (active first-person indicative singular)
slitį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slaist (active indicative second-person singular)
slitīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slait (active indicative singular third-person)
slitī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slitū (active dual first-person indicative)
slitīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slitudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slitīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slitum (active first-person indicative plural)
slitīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slitud (active indicative plural second-person)
slitīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slitun (active indicative plural third-person)
slitīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slītandz (active participle present)
slitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *slītan
Old English: slītan
Middle English: sliten
English: slit, slite
Scots: slite, slyte
Old Frisian: slīta
North Frisian: slitten
Saterland Frisian: sliete
West Frisian: slite
Old Saxon: slītan
Middle Low German: slîten
German Low German: slieten
Old Dutch: *slītan
Middle Dutch: sliten
Dutch: slijten
Afrikaans: slyt
Limburgish: sliete
Old High German: slīzan
Middle High German: slīzen
German: schleißen
Luxembourgish: schläissen
→ Old French: esclicer [1080 CE] (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: slíta

Icelandic: slíta

Faroese: slíta

Norwegian Bokmål: slite

Norwegian Nynorsk: slita, slite

Old Swedish: slīta

Swedish: slita

Old Danish: slitæ

Danish: slide

Of unknown origin. Has been taken to be from the same root as Proto-Germanic *skalō (“shell, husk”), though the lack of a *-k- in the word's proto-form makes this suspect. Others take the word from a Proto-Indo-European *sleyd- (“to rend, injure, crumble”).

der

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)


surgāną

surgō (active first-person indicative singular)
surgaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
surgai (active imperative second-person singular)
surgāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
surgaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
surgāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
surgāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
surgōs (active dual first-person indicative)
surgāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
surgāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
surgāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
surgānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
surgaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
surgaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
surgānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
surgānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
surgānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
surgānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
surgadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
surgadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
surgadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
surgadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
surgadē (active indicative singular third-person)
surgadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
surgadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
surgadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
surgadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
surgadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
surgadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
surgadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
surgadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
surgadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
surgadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
surgadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
surgāndz (active participle present)
surgadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sorgēn, *sorgōn (North Sea Germanic)
Old English: sorgian, sorhgian, *sœrgian, *sergian
Middle English: sorȝen, serȝhen, sorwen, serwen
English: sorrow
Scots: sorow, sorrow
Old Frisian: sorgia
Saterland Frisian: súurgje, sourgje (Strukelje)
West Frisian: soargje
Old Saxon: sorgōn
Middle Low German: sorgen, sörgen
German Low German: sörgen
Old Dutch: sorgon
Middle Dutch: sorgen
Dutch: zorgen
Afrikaans: sorg
Negerhollands: sorg
→ Aukan: solugu
→ Papiamentu: sòru
→ Saramaccan: solúgu
→ Sranan Tongo: sorgu
→ Caribbean Javanese: sorgu, nyoru, nyorgoni
→ Kari'na: sorukuma
Limburgish: zórge, zörge
Old High German: sorgēn, sworgōn, sorgōn
Middle High German: sorgen
German: sorgen
→ Esperanto: zorgi
Yiddish: זאָרגן (zorgn)
Luxembourgish: suergen

Old Norse: syrgja

Icelandic: syrgja

Faroese: syrgja

Norwegian Nynorsk: syrgja, sørge

Norwegian Bokmål: sørge

Swedish: sörja

Danish: sørge

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌽 (saurgān)

From *surgō (“worry, sorrow, care”) + *-āną.


reukaną

reukō (active first-person indicative singular)
reukaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
reukai (first-person indicative passive singular)
riukizi (active indicative second-person singular)
reukaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
reuk (active imperative second-person singular)
reukazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
reukaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
riukidi (active indicative singular third-person)
reukai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
reukadau (active imperative singular third-person)
reukadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
reukaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
reukōz (active dual first-person indicative)
reukaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
reukadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
reukaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
reukadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
reukamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
reukaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
reukandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
reukaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
riukid (active indicative plural second-person)
reukaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
riukid (active imperative plural second-person)
reukandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
reukaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
reukandi (active indicative plural third-person)
reukain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
reukandau (active imperative plural third-person)
reukandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
reukaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rauk (active first-person indicative singular)
rukį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rauht (active indicative second-person singular)
rukīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rauk (active indicative singular third-person)
rukī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rukū (active dual first-person indicative)
rukīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rukudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rukīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rukum (active first-person indicative plural)
rukīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rukud (active indicative plural second-person)
rukīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rukun (active indicative plural third-person)
rukīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
reukandz (active participle present)
rukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *reukan
Old English: rēocan
Middle English: reken
Scots: rek, reke, reik
English: reek
Old Frisian: riāka
North Frisian: röke
West Frisian: reekje
Old Saxon: *riokan, *rūkan
Middle Low German: rêken, rûken
Low German: rüken
→ Saterland Frisian: ruuke
→ West Frisian: rûke
Old Dutch: riecan, riekan, riechon, ruecon
Middle Dutch: ruken
Dutch: ruiken, rieken
Afrikaans: ruik
Limburgish: ruke
Old High German: riohhan
Middle High German: riechen
German: riechen
Bavarian: riacha
Luxembourgish: richen

Old Norse: rjúka
Icelandic: rjúka
Faroese: rúka
Norwegian Nynorsk: ryka, ryke, rjuka
Old Swedish: riūka
Swedish: ryka
Danish: ryge
Norwegian Bokmål: ryke

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewg- (“to vomit, burp, roar”) (though Kroonen appears implicitly skeptical).


haldaną

haldō (active first-person indicative singular)
haldaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haldai (first-person indicative passive singular)
haldizi (active indicative second-person singular)
haldaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hald (active imperative second-person singular)
haldazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
haldaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
haldidi (active indicative singular third-person)
haldai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haldadau (active imperative singular third-person)
haldadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
haldaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
haldōz (active dual first-person indicative)
haldaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haldadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haldaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haldadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
haldamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
haldaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haldandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
haldaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
haldid (active indicative plural second-person)
haldaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haldid (active imperative plural second-person)
haldandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
haldaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
haldandi (active indicative plural third-person)
haldain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haldandau (active imperative plural third-person)
haldandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
haldaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hehald (active first-person indicative singular)
hehaldį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hehalst (active indicative second-person singular)
hehaldīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hehald (active indicative singular third-person)
hehaldī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hehaldū (active dual first-person indicative)
hehaldīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hehaldudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hehaldīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hehaldum (active first-person indicative plural)
hehaldīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hehaldud (active indicative plural second-person)
hehaldīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hehaldun (active indicative plural third-person)
hehaldīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haldandz (active participle present)
haldanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haldan
Old English: healdan, haldan — Anglian
Middle English: holden, halden, halde, halt
English: hold
Geordie English: ha'd
Scots: hald, hauld, haud, had
Yola: houle
Old Frisian: halda
Saterland Frisian: hoolde
West Frisian: hâlde
Old Saxon: haldan
Middle Low German: halden, hōlden
Low German: hallen, halden (Paderbornisch); holen, holden, hollen, hooln
Plautdietsch: hoolen
Old Dutch: haldan
Middle Dutch: houden, halden, holden
Dutch: houden, (informal) houwen, houen
Afrikaans: hou
Berbice Creole Dutch: hau
Negerhollands: hou, how
Skepi Creole Dutch: how, ow
→ Antillean Creole: béc aou (Martinique)
Limburgish: haaje
Old High German: haltan
Middle High German: halten, halden
Bavarian: hoiten
Cimbrian: haltan, haltn (Luserna)
German: halten
Luxembourgish: halen
Yiddish: האַלטן (haltn)

Old Norse: halda
Icelandic: halda
Faroese: halda
Norn: halda
Norwegian Nynorsk: halda
Old Swedish: halda, holda, halla
Swedish: hålla, hall (dialectal)
Danish: holde
Norwegian Bokmål: holde
Old Gutnish: halda
Gutnish: halde, alde, hald', halda

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽 (haldan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *haldit'ak (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to hide, conceal”). Other theories connect the word to Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“to rise”), *kel- (“to drive”).


blēsaną

blēsō (active first-person indicative singular)
blēsaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blēsai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blēsizi (active indicative second-person singular)
blēsaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blēs (active imperative second-person singular)
blēsazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blēsaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blēsidi (active indicative singular third-person)
blēsai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blēsadau (active imperative singular third-person)
blēsadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blēsaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blēsōz (active dual first-person indicative)
blēsaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blēsadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blēsaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blēsadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blēsamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blēsaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blēsandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blēsaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blēsid (active indicative plural second-person)
blēsaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blēsid (active imperative plural second-person)
blēsandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blēsaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blēsandi (active indicative plural third-person)
blēsain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blēsandau (active imperative plural third-person)
blēsandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blēsaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
beblēs (active first-person indicative singular)
beblēzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
beblēst (active indicative second-person singular)
beblēzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
beblēs (active indicative singular third-person)
beblēzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
beblēzū (active dual first-person indicative)
beblēzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
beblēzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
beblēzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
beblēzum (active first-person indicative plural)
beblēzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
beblēzud (active indicative plural second-person)
beblēzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
beblēzun (active indicative plural third-person)
beblēzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blēsandz (active participle present)
blēzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blāsan
Old English: *blāsan, *blǣsan
Middle English: blasen
English: blaze (“to blow, trumpet”)
Scots: blase, blaze
Old Frisian: *blāsa, *blēsa
Saterland Frisian: bloasje, bleesje, bloazje, bläizje
West Frisian: blieze
Old Saxon: *blāsan
Middle Low German: blâsen
Low German: blasen
Plautdietsch: blosen
→ West Frisian: blaze
Old Dutch: *blāsan
Middle Dutch: blâsen
Dutch: blazen
Afrikaans: blaas
Berbice Creole Dutch: blasi
Negerhollands: blaas, aass, blaes
Petjo: blazen
→ Papiamentu: blas
Limburgish: blaoze
Zealandic: blaeze
→ French: blaser
⇒ French: blasé
→ English: blasé
→ German: blasiert
Old High German: blāsan
Middle High German: blāsen
Bavarian: blåsn
German: blasen
Luxembourgish: blosen
Yiddish: בלאָזן (blozn)

Old Norse: blása

Icelandic: blása

Faroese: blása

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: blåse

Norwegian Nynorsk: blåsa, blåse

Old Swedish: blāsa

Swedish: blåsa

Old Danish: blǣsæ

Danish: blæse

Elfdalian: blåsa

Gutnish: blase

Scanian: blæsa

Gothic: *𐌱𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌰𐌽 (*blēsan) (in 𐌿𐍆𐌱𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌰𐌽 (ufblēsan))

From Pre-Germanic *bʰleh₁s-, sigmatic aorist to *bʰleh₁- (“to blow”).


stautaną

stautō (active first-person indicative singular)
stautaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stautai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stautizi (active indicative second-person singular)
stautaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
staut (active imperative second-person singular)
stautazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stautaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stautidi (active indicative singular third-person)
stautai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stautadau (active imperative singular third-person)
stautadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stautaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stautōz (active dual first-person indicative)
stautaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stautadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stautaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stautadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stautamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stautaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stautandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stautaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stautid (active indicative plural second-person)
stautaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stautid (active imperative plural second-person)
stautandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stautaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stautandi (active indicative plural third-person)
stautain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stautandau (active imperative plural third-person)
stautandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stautaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stestaut (active first-person indicative singular)
stestautį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stestaust (active indicative second-person singular)
stestautīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stestaut (active indicative singular third-person)
stestautī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stestautū (active dual first-person indicative)
stestautīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stestautudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stestautīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stestautum (active first-person indicative plural)
stestautīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stestautud (active indicative plural second-person)
stestautīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stestautun (active indicative plural third-person)
stestautīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stautandz (active participle present)
stautanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *stautan
Old English: *stēatan
Middle English: steten
Old Frisian: stēta
North Frisian: stiete
Saterland Frisian: stete, steete
West Frisian: stjitte
Old Saxon: stōtan
Middle Low German: stôten
German Low German: stöten
Old Dutch: stōtan
Middle Dutch: stôten
Dutch: stoten
Afrikaans: stoot
Limburgish: stoeate
Old High German: stōzan
Middle High German: stōzen
German: stoßen
Hunsrik: stose
Luxembourgish: stoussen
Polish: stosować

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (stautan)

From Pre-Germanic *stówd-e-ti, an o-grade intensive formation from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewd- (“to push, hit”).


waskaną

waskō (active first-person indicative singular)
waskaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waskai (first-person indicative passive singular)
waskizi (active indicative second-person singular)
waskaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wask (active imperative second-person singular)
waskazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
waskaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
waskidi (active indicative singular third-person)
waskai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waskadau (active imperative singular third-person)
waskadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
waskaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
waskōz (active dual first-person indicative)
waskaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waskadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waskaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waskadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
waskamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
waskaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waskandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
waskaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
waskid (active indicative plural second-person)
waskaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waskid (active imperative plural second-person)
waskandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
waskaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
waskandi (active indicative plural third-person)
waskain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waskandau (active imperative plural third-person)
waskandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
waskaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wewask (active first-person indicative singular)
wewaskį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wewast (active indicative second-person singular)
wewaskīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wewask (active indicative singular third-person)
wewaskī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wewaskū (active dual first-person indicative)
wewaskīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wewaskudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wewaskīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wewaskum (active first-person indicative plural)
wewaskīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wewaskud (active indicative plural second-person)
wewaskīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wewaskun (active indicative plural third-person)
wewaskīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waskandz (active participle present)
waskanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *waskan
Old English: wascan, wæscan, wacsan, waxan
Middle English: wasshen, wasch, wasche, waschen, waschsche, washe, washen, wasse, wasschen, wasshe, weschen, waischen, waissche, waisshen, wayschen, whasche, whaschen
English: wash
→ Swazi: washa
Scots: wash, wesh
Old Frisian: waska
Saterland Frisian: waaske
West Frisian: waskje
Old Saxon: waskan
Middle Low German: waschen
Low German: waschen, wasken
Old Dutch: wascan
Middle Dutch: wasschen
Dutch: wassen
Limburgish: wasje, wesje
Old High German: wascan, waskan
Middle High German: waschen
Alemannic German: wäsche
Cimbrian: bèssan
German: waschen
Luxembourgish: wäschen
Yiddish: וואַשן (vashn)
→ Old French: waschier, guaschier, gascher
Middle French: gascher
French: gâcher
→ Italian: guazzare

Old Norse: vaska

Danish: vaske

Norwegian Bokmål: vaske

Faroese: vaska

Icelandic: vaska

Swedish: vaska

Norwegian Nynorsk: vaska

Russenorsk: vaskom

From earlier *watskaną, from Proto-Indo-European *wod-ske-, a ske-present formation from *wed- (“wet, water”).


grabaną

grabō (active first-person indicative singular)
grabaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grabai (first-person indicative passive singular)
grabizi (active indicative second-person singular)
grabaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grab (active imperative second-person singular)
grabazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grabaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grabidi (active indicative singular third-person)
grabai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grabadau (active imperative singular third-person)
grabadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grabaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grabōz (active dual first-person indicative)
grabaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grabadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grabaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grabadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grabamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grabaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grabandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grabaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grabid (active indicative plural second-person)
grabaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grabid (active imperative plural second-person)
grabandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grabaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grabandi (active indicative plural third-person)
grabain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grabandau (active imperative plural third-person)
grabandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grabaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
grōb (active first-person indicative singular)
grōbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grōft (active indicative second-person singular)
grōbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grōb (active indicative singular third-person)
grōbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grōbū (active dual first-person indicative)
grōbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grōbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grōbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grōbum (active first-person indicative plural)
grōbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grōbud (active indicative plural second-person)
grōbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grōbun (active indicative plural third-person)
grōbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grabandz (active participle present)
grabanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *graban
Old English: grafan
Middle English: graven, grafe, grave, gravyn
English: grave (obsolete)
⇒ English: engrave
Scots: grave
Old Frisian: greva
Saterland Frisian: greeuwe
Old Saxon: gravan
Middle Low German: graven, grāven
German Low German: graven
→ West Frisian: grave
Old Dutch: gravan
Middle Dutch: grāven
Dutch: graven
Afrikaans: graaf
Jersey Dutch: xrâve
Negerhollands: graav, graev
Limburgish: grave
Old High German: graban
Middle High German: graben
German: graben
Luxembourgish: gruewen
Yiddish: גראָבן (grobn)
→ Vulgar Latin: *grabō (“to engrave”) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: grafa
Icelandic: grafa
Faroese: grava
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: grave
Norwegian Nynorsk: grave, grava
Elfdalian: gråvå
Old Swedish: grava, græva
Swedish: grava, gräva; grafva, gräfva (pre-1906 spelling)
Danish: grave

Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽 (graban)

/ˈɣrɑ.βɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰróbʰ-, o-grade form of Proto-Indo-European *gʰrebʰ- (“to dig, scratch, bury”).


dūkaną

dūkō (active first-person indicative singular)
dūkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dūkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dūkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dūkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dūk (active imperative second-person singular)
dūkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dūkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dūkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dūkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dūkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dūkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dūkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dūkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dūkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dūkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dūkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dūkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dūkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dūkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dūkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dūkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dūkid (active indicative plural second-person)
dūkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dūkid (active imperative plural second-person)
dūkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dūkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dūkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dūkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dūkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dūkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dūkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dauk (active first-person indicative singular)
dukį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dauht (active indicative second-person singular)
dukīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dauk (active indicative singular third-person)
dukī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dukū (active dual first-person indicative)
dukīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dukudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dukīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dukum (active first-person indicative plural)
dukīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dukud (active indicative plural second-person)
dukīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dukun (active indicative plural third-person)
dukīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dūkandz (active participle present)
dukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dūkan
Old English: *dūcan
Middle English: duken, douken
English: duck
Scots: douk, dook
Old Frisian: dūka
West Frisian: dûke
Old Saxon: *dūkan
Middle Low German: dûken
Low German: duken
→ Swedish: dyka, duka
Old Dutch: *dūcan
Middle Dutch: duken
Dutch: duiken
Limburgish: duke
Old High German: *tūhhan, *tūchan
Middle High German: tūchen, douchen
German: tauchen
Luxembourgish: dauchen

No clear etymology. Possibly related to *duganą (“to be fit”), if the Pre-Germanic form was *dʰugʰnéh₂-, supposing that the original meaning was "to fall" and evolved to mean "to happen, be fit" (compare German Zufall (“to happen, chance”)).


gawahwaną

gawahwō (active first-person indicative singular)
gawahwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gawahwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gawahwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
gawahwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gawahw (active imperative second-person singular)
gawahwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gawahwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gawahwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
gawahwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gawahwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
gawahwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gawahwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gawahwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
gawahwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gawahwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gawahwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gawahwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gawahwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gawahwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gawahwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gawahwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gawahwid (active indicative plural second-person)
gawahwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gawahwid (active imperative plural second-person)
gawahwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gawahwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gawahwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
gawahwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gawahwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
gawahwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gawahwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gawōhw (active first-person indicative singular)
gawōwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gawōht (active indicative second-person singular)
gawōwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gawōhw (active indicative singular third-person)
gawōwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gawōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
gawōwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gawōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gawōwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gawōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
gawōwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gawōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
gawōwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gawōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
gawōwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gawahwandz (active participle present)
gawawanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *gawahwan
Old Saxon: *giwahan
Middle Low German: *gewahen, gewagen; (wāgen (without prefix) < *wahwaną)
Old Dutch: *giwān
Middle Dutch: gewāgen
Dutch: gewagen
Afrikaans: gewaag
Old High German: giwahan, giwahanen
Middle High German: gewahen, gewähenen
German: gewähnen; erwähnen (with a different prefix)
→ Saterland Frisian: ärwääne

/ɣɑ.ˈwɑ.xʷɑ.nɑ̃/

From *ga- + *wahwaną, from Proto-Indo-European *wekʷ- (“to speak”).


wunskijaną

wunskijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wunskijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wunskijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wunskīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wunskijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wunskī (active imperative second-person singular)
wunskijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wunskijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wunskīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wunskijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wunskijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wunskijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wunskijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wunskijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wunskijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wunskijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wunskijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wunskijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wunskijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wunskijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wunskijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wunskijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wunskīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wunskijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wunskīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wunskijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wunskijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wunskijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wunskijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wunskijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wunskijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wunskijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wunskidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wunskidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wunskidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wunskidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wunskidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wunskidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wunskidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wunskidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wunskidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wunskidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wunskidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wunskidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wunskidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wunskidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wunskidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wunskidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wunskijandz (active participle present)
wunskidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wunskijan
Old English: wȳsċan
Middle English: wüschen, wischen, wisshen
Scots: wis
English: wish
Yola: vish
Old Frisian: *wenskia, *wunskia (likely a borrowing?)
Saterland Frisian: wonskje
West Frisian: winskje
Old Saxon: *wunskian
Middle Low German: wunschen
German Low German: wönschen, wünsken (Westphalian)
Low German: wöösken
Plautdietsch: wenschen
Old Dutch: *wunsken
Middle Dutch: wonschen (eastern), wunschen (eastern), wenschen (western)
Dutch: wensen
Afrikaans: wens
Limburgish: wönsje
Old High German: wunsken, wunscen
Middle High German: wunschen
German: wünschen
→ Czech: vinšovat
→ Polish: winszować
→ Belarusian: віншава́ць (vinšavácʹ)
→ Ukrainian: віншува́ти (vinšuváty)
→ Carpathian Rusyn: вінчова́ти (vinčováty)
→ Slovak: vinšovať
Luxembourgish: wënschen
Yiddish: ווינטשן (vintshn)
→ Serbo-Croatian: приу̀штити, priùštiti
→ Slovene: voščiti, privoščiti

Old Norse: œskja, ǿskja, ýskja
Icelandic: æskja
Faroese: ynskja
Norwegian Nynorsk: ynskja, ønskja; (dialectal) yskje, yski
Jamtish: ønskje
Old Swedish: ȳskia, ø̄skia, ønskia
Swedish: önska
Old Danish: ȳskæ
Danish: ønske
Norwegian Bokmål: ønske
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: ønske, ønska
Elfdalian: yönstja
Gutnish: ynske

→? Proto-Finnic: *uskodak

From *wunskaz (“wish”) + *-janą or *wunskō (“wish”) + *-janą.


brestaną

brestō (active first-person indicative singular)
brestaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brestai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bristizi (active indicative second-person singular)
brestaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brest (active imperative second-person singular)
brestazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brestaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bristidi (active indicative singular third-person)
brestai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brestadau (active imperative singular third-person)
brestadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brestaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brestōz (active dual first-person indicative)
brestaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brestadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brestaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brestadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brestamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brestaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brestandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brestaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bristid (active indicative plural second-person)
brestaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bristid (active imperative plural second-person)
brestandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brestaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brestandi (active indicative plural third-person)
brestain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brestandau (active imperative plural third-person)
brestandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brestaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brast (active first-person indicative singular)
brustį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brast (active indicative second-person singular)
brustīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brast (active indicative singular third-person)
brustī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brustū (active dual first-person indicative)
brustīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brustudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brustīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brustum (active first-person indicative plural)
brustīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brustud (active indicative plural second-person)
brustīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brustun (active indicative plural third-person)
brustīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brestandz (active participle present)
brustanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *brestan
Old English: berstan
Middle English: bresten, bersten
English: burst, bust
Scots: brist, bryst
Old Frisian: bersta
North Frisian: baast (Föhr-Amrum)
Saterland Frisian: bäärste
West Frisian: barste, boarste
Old Saxon: *brestan
Middle Low German: bersten, barsten, borsten
German Low German: barsten, basten
Old Dutch: brestan
Middle Dutch: bersten, barsten
Dutch: barsten, bersten
Afrikaans: bars
Old High German: *brestan, prestan, *bristan
Middle High German: brësten, bresten
German: bresten, bersten
Luxembourgish: baschten
→ Old French: brisier, briser; debrisier
Middle French: briser; debriser
French: briser; débris
→ English: debris
→ Middle Dutch: *brisen; briselen
Dutch: verbrijzelen

Old Norse: bresta

Icelandic: bresta

Faroese: bresta

Old Swedish: brista, bræsta

Swedish: brista

Norwegian Bokmål: briste

Norwegian Nynorsk: breste

Danish: briste

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰres- (“to burst, break, crack, split, separate”).


bandijaną

bandijō (active first-person indicative singular)
bandijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bandijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bandīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
bandijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bandī (active imperative second-person singular)
bandijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bandijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bandīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bandijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bandijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bandijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bandijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bandijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bandijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bandijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bandijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bandijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bandijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bandijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bandijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bandijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bandīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bandijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bandīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bandijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bandijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bandijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bandijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bandijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bandijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bandijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bandidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bandidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bandidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bandidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bandidē (active indicative singular third-person)
bandidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bandidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bandidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bandidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bandidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bandidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bandidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bandidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bandidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bandidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bandidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bandijandz (active participle present)
bandidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bandijan
Old English: bendan
Middle English: benden
English: bend
Scots: bend
Old Saxon: *bendian
Middle Low German: benden
Old High German: *benten
Middle High German: benden
→ Old French: bender, bander
Middle French: bander
French: bander
→ Occitan: bendar
→ Italian: bendare, bandare
→ Spanish: vendar, bandar
→ Portuguese: vendar, bandar

Old Norse: benda

Icelandic: benda

Faroese: benda

Norwegian: bende

Old Swedish: bænda
Swedish: bända

Danish: bænde

From *bindaną + *-janą. The sense to "bend, inflect" (Old Norse and Old English only) is probably derived from the act of bending a bow in order to bind it.

(transitive) To bind, fetter, restrain; stretch


dwaiskijaną

dwaiskijō (active first-person indicative singular)
dwaiskijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dwaiskijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dwaiskīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
dwaiskijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dwaiskī (active imperative second-person singular)
dwaiskijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dwaiskijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dwaiskīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dwaiskijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dwaiskijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dwaiskijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dwaiskijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dwaiskijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dwaiskijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dwaiskijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dwaiskijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dwaiskijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dwaiskijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dwaiskijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dwaiskijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dwaiskijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dwaiskīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dwaiskijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dwaiskīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dwaiskijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dwaiskijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dwaiskijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dwaiskijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dwaiskijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dwaiskijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dwaiskijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dwaiskidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dwaiskidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dwaiskidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dwaiskidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dwaiskidē (active indicative singular third-person)
dwaiskidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dwaiskidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dwaiskidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dwaiskidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dwaiskidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dwaiskidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dwaiskidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dwaiskidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dwaiskidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dwaiskidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dwaiskidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dwaiskijandz (active participle present)
dwaiskidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *dwaiskijan

Old English: dwǣsċan

Middle English: duschen

English: dush

Scots: dusch

⇒ Old English: ādwǣsċan

Middle English: adweschen

⇒ Old English: tōdwǣsċan

Old Frisian: *dwēska

West Frisian: dwêste

⇒ West Frisian: dwêstgje, dwêstje

⇒ West Frisian: sândwêste

⇒ West Frisian: útdwêste

Old Dutch: *dwēsken

Middle Dutch: dwesscen, dwisscen

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰwey- (“to slip away; dwindle; die”), from *dʰew- (“to dwindle, die”).

der

(West Germanic) (transitive) to suffocate, extinguish