atstandaną

atstandō (active first-person indicative singular)
atstandaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
atstandai (first-person indicative passive singular)
atstandizi (active indicative second-person singular)
atstandaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
atstand (active imperative second-person singular)
atstandazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
atstandaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
atstandidi (active indicative singular third-person)
atstandai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
atstandadau (active imperative singular third-person)
atstandadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
atstandaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
atstandōz (active dual first-person indicative)
atstandaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
atstandadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
atstandaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
atstandadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
atstandamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
atstandaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
atstandandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
atstandaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
atstandid (active indicative plural second-person)
atstandaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
atstandid (active imperative plural second-person)
atstandandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
atstandaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
atstandandi (active indicative plural third-person)
atstandain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
atstandandau (active imperative plural third-person)
atstandandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
atstandaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
atstōþ (active first-person indicative singular)
atstōdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
atstōst (active indicative second-person singular)
atstōdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
atstōþ (active indicative singular third-person)
atstōdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
atstōdū (active dual first-person indicative)
atstōdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
atstōdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
atstōdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
atstōdum (active first-person indicative plural)
atstōdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
atstōdud (active indicative plural second-person)
atstōdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
atstōdun (active indicative plural third-person)
atstōdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
atstandandz (active participle present)
atstadanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: ætstandan

Middle English: atstonden

Old High German: azstantan

Gothic: 𐌰𐍄𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (atstandan)


atberaną

atberō (active first-person indicative singular)
atberaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
atberai (first-person indicative passive singular)
atbirizi (active indicative second-person singular)
atberaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
atber (active imperative second-person singular)
atberazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
atberaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
atbiridi (active indicative singular third-person)
atberai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
atberadau (active imperative singular third-person)
atberadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
atberaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
atberōz (active dual first-person indicative)
atberaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
atberadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
atberaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
atberadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
atberamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
atberaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
atberandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
atberaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
atbirid (active indicative plural second-person)
atberaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
atbirid (active imperative plural second-person)
atberandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
atberaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
atberandi (active indicative plural third-person)
atberain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
atberandau (active imperative plural third-person)
atberandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
atberaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
atbar (active first-person indicative singular)
atbērį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
atbart (active indicative second-person singular)
atbērīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
atbar (active indicative singular third-person)
atbērī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
atbērū (active dual first-person indicative)
atbērīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
atbērudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
atbērīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
atbērum (active first-person indicative plural)
atbērīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
atbērud (active indicative plural second-person)
atbērīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
atbērun (active indicative plural third-person)
atbērīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
atberandz (active participle present)
atburanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *atberan
Old English: ætberan
Middle English: atberen

Old Swedish: atbæra

Gothic: 𐌰𐍄𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (atbairan)

PIE word
 *h₂éd
From *at + *beraną.
The formation may be older, as identical constructions are found in other Indo-European languages: compare Proto-Italic *adferō (whence Latin adferō, later afferō), Proto-Celtic *adbereti, Phrygian αββερετ (abberet), Proto-Iranian *ābarati (whence e.g. Younger Avestan 𐬁𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (ābaraⁱti)), Sanskrit आभरति (ābharati).


anabeudaną

anabeudō (active first-person indicative singular)
anabeudaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
anabeudai (first-person indicative passive singular)
anabiudizi (active indicative second-person singular)
anabeudaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
anabeud (active imperative second-person singular)
anabeudazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
anabeudaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
anabiudidi (active indicative singular third-person)
anabeudai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
anabeudadau (active imperative singular third-person)
anabeudadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
anabeudaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
anabeudōz (active dual first-person indicative)
anabeudaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
anabeudadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
anabeudaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
anabeudadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
anabeudamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
anabeudaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
anabeudandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
anabeudaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
anabiudid (active indicative plural second-person)
anabeudaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
anabiudid (active imperative plural second-person)
anabeudandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
anabeudaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
anabeudandi (active indicative plural third-person)
anabeudain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
anabeudandau (active imperative plural third-person)
anabeudandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
anabeudaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
anabaud (active first-person indicative singular)
anabudį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
anabaust (active indicative second-person singular)
anabudīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
anabaud (active indicative singular third-person)
anabudī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
anabudū (active dual first-person indicative)
anabudīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
anabududiz (active dual indicative second-person)
anabudīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
anabudum (active first-person indicative plural)
anabudīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
anabudud (active indicative plural second-person)
anabudīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
anabudun (active indicative plural third-person)
anabudīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
anabeudandz (active participle present)
anabudanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *anabeudan
Old English: onbēodan
Old Saxon: anbiodan

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽 (anabiudan)


gerdaną

gerdō (active first-person indicative singular)
gerdaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gerdai (first-person indicative passive singular)
girdizi (active indicative second-person singular)
gerdaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gerd (active imperative second-person singular)
gerdazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gerdaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
girdidi (active indicative singular third-person)
gerdai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gerdadau (active imperative singular third-person)
gerdadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gerdaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gerdōz (active dual first-person indicative)
gerdaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gerdadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gerdaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gerdadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gerdamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gerdaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gerdandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gerdaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
girdid (active indicative plural second-person)
gerdaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
girdid (active imperative plural second-person)
gerdandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gerdaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gerdandi (active indicative plural third-person)
gerdain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gerdandau (active imperative plural third-person)
gerdandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gerdaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gard (active first-person indicative singular)
gurdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
garst (active indicative second-person singular)
gurdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gard (active indicative singular third-person)
gurdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gurdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gurdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gurdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gurdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gurdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gurdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gurdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gurdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gurdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gurdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gerdandz (active participle present)
gurdanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

>? Old Frisian: gerda (may also derive from *gurdijaną)

Old Norse: *gjarða

q

Faroese: gjarða (weak, but may have been strong originally)

Gothic: *𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌽 (*gairdan) (in 𐌱𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌽 (bigairdan), 𐌿𐍆𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌽 (ufgairdan))

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰerdʰ- (“to enclose”).


gurdijaną

gurdijō (active first-person indicative singular)
gurdijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gurdijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gurdīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
gurdijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gurdī (active imperative second-person singular)
gurdijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gurdijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gurdīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gurdijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gurdijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gurdijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gurdijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gurdijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gurdijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gurdijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gurdijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gurdijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gurdijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gurdijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gurdijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gurdijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gurdīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gurdijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gurdīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gurdijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gurdijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gurdijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gurdijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gurdijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gurdijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gurdijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gurdidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
gurdidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gurdidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
gurdidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gurdidē (active indicative singular third-person)
gurdidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gurdidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gurdidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gurdidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gurdidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gurdidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gurdidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gurdidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gurdidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gurdidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gurdidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gurdijandz (active participle present)
gurdidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gurdijan
Old English: gyrdan, girdan
Middle English: gurden, gyrden, girden
English: gird
Scots: gyrd, gird
Old Frisian: *gerda, *gurdia
West Frisian: gurdzja
Old Saxon: gurdian, gurdan
Middle Low German: gorden
Low German: gorren
Old Dutch: gurden
Middle Dutch: gorden
Dutch: gorden
Afrikaans: gord
Old High German: gurten
Middle High German: gurten, gürten
German: gürten

Old Norse: gyrða
Faroese: gyrða
Icelandic: gyrða
Norwegian Nynorsk: gyrda, gjorda, jula
Norwegian Bokmål: gyrde, gjorde, jule
Old Swedish: giurþa, giorþa
Swedish: gjorda (obsolete)
Danish: gjorde

Zero-grade ye-present, pre-Germanic *gʰr̥dʰye/o-, from the root of *gerdaną.


strībaną

strībō (active first-person indicative singular)
strībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
strībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
strībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
strībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
strīb (active imperative second-person singular)
strībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
strībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
strībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
strībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
strībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
strībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
strībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
strībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
strībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
strībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
strībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
strībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
strībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
strībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
strībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
strībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
strībid (active indicative plural second-person)
strībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
strībid (active imperative plural second-person)
strībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
strībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
strībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
strībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
strībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
strībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
strībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
straib (active first-person indicative singular)
stribį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
straift (active indicative second-person singular)
stribīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
straib (active indicative singular third-person)
stribī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stribū (active dual first-person indicative)
stribīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stribudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stribīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stribum (active first-person indicative plural)
stribīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stribud (active indicative plural second-person)
stribīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stribun (active indicative plural third-person)
stribīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
strībandz (active participle present)
stribanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *strīban
Old Dutch: *strīvan
Middle Dutch: *striven
Dutch: strijven
Old High German: *strīban
Middle High German: strīben
→ Old French: estriver
French: étriver
→ Middle English: striven, strive, striwen, strife, striffe
English: strive
Yola: streu (preterite)

From Proto-Indo-European *streybʰ- (“to be stiff”), from *ster- (“rigid; stiff”), for which see Proto-Germanic *staraz (“stiff”) for more.


rekaną

rekō (active first-person indicative singular)
rekaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rekai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rikizi (active indicative second-person singular)
rekaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rek (active imperative second-person singular)
rekazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rekaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rikidi (active indicative singular third-person)
rekai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rekadau (active imperative singular third-person)
rekadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rekaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rekōz (active dual first-person indicative)
rekaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rekadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rekaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rekadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rekamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rekaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rekandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rekaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rikid (active indicative plural second-person)
rekaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rikid (active imperative plural second-person)
rekandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rekaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rekandi (active indicative plural third-person)
rekain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rekandau (active imperative plural third-person)
rekandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rekaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rak (active first-person indicative singular)
rēkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raht (active indicative second-person singular)
rēkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rak (active indicative singular third-person)
rēkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rēkū (active dual first-person indicative)
rēkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rēkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rēkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rēkum (active first-person indicative plural)
rēkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rēkud (active indicative plural second-person)
rēkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rēkun (active indicative plural third-person)
rēkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rekandz (active participle present)
rekanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rekan
Old English: recan
Middle English: reken
English: reke (dialectal)
Scots: reke, reik
Old Frisian: reka
Old Saxon: *rekan
Middle Low German: rēken
German Low German: reken
Old Dutch: *recan
Middle Dutch: rēken, reecken
Dutch: reken
Old High German: rëhhan
Middle High German: rëchen
Cimbrian: rechan
German: rechen

Old Norse:

Old Danish: rag

Gothic: 𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽 (rikan)
→ Catalan: recar
→ Italian: recare

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵeti (“to make straight”), via semantic shift "make straight" > "erect (a pile)" > "rake and pile up".


andabindaną

andabindō (active first-person indicative singular)
andabindaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
andabindai (first-person indicative passive singular)
andabindizi (active indicative second-person singular)
andabindaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
andabind (active imperative second-person singular)
andabindazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
andabindaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
andabindidi (active indicative singular third-person)
andabindai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
andabindadau (active imperative singular third-person)
andabindadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
andabindaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
andabindōz (active dual first-person indicative)
andabindaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
andabindadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
andabindaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
andabindadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
andabindamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
andabindaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
andabindandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
andabindaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
andabindid (active indicative plural second-person)
andabindaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
andabindid (active imperative plural second-person)
andabindandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
andabindaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
andabindandi (active indicative plural third-person)
andabindain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
andabindandau (active imperative plural third-person)
andabindandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
andabindaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
andaband (active first-person indicative singular)
andabundį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
andabanst (active indicative second-person singular)
andabundīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
andaband (active indicative singular third-person)
andabundī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
andabundū (active dual first-person indicative)
andabundīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
andabundudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
andabundīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
andabundum (active first-person indicative plural)
andabundīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
andabundud (active indicative plural second-person)
andabundīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
andabundun (active indicative plural third-person)
andabundīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
andabindandz (active participle present)
andabundanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *andabindan

Old English: onbindan, unbindan

Middle English: unbinden, unbynden

English: unbind

Scots: unbynd, unbind

Old Frisian: andbinda, undbinda

Saterland Frisian: äntbiende

West Frisian: ûntbine

Old Saxon: andbindan, antbindan

Middle Low German: untbinden, entbinden

German Low German: entbinden, entbinnen

Old Dutch: antbindan

Middle Dutch: ontbinden

Dutch: ontbinden

Old High German: intbintan

Middle High German: enbinden, entbinden

German: entbinden

Luxembourgish: entbannen

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (andbindan)


stammijaną

stammijō (active first-person indicative singular)
stammijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stammijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stammīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
stammijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stammī (active imperative second-person singular)
stammijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stammijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stammīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
stammijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stammijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
stammijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stammijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stammijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
stammijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stammijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stammijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stammijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stammijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stammijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stammijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stammijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stammīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
stammijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stammīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
stammijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stammijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stammijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
stammijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stammijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
stammijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stammijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stammidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
stammidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stammidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
stammidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stammidē (active indicative singular third-person)
stammidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stammidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
stammidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stammidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stammidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stammidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
stammidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stammidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
stammidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stammidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
stammidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stammijandz (active participle present)
stammidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stammijan
Old English: *stemman
Middle English: stemmen
English: stem
⇒ Old English: forstemman
Old Saxon: *stemmian
Middle Low German: stemmen
Old Dutch: *stemmen
Middle Dutch: stemmen
Dutch: stemmen
Old High German: *stemmen
Middle High German: stemmen
German: stemmen

Old Norse: stemma

Icelandic: stemma

Faroese: stemma

Old Swedish: stæmma

Swedish: stämma

Old Danish: stæmmæ

Danish: stæmme, stemme

The causative to an unattested strong verb *stimmaną, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *stemH- (“to stutter, push”), whence also Latvian stumt (“to pull, push”).


uzhaitaną

uzhaitō (active first-person indicative singular)
uzhaitaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzhaitai (first-person indicative passive singular)
uzhaitizi (active indicative second-person singular)
uzhaitaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzhait (active imperative second-person singular)
uzhaitazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
uzhaitaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
uzhaitidi (active indicative singular third-person)
uzhaitai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzhaitadau (active imperative singular third-person)
uzhaitadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
uzhaitaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
uzhaitōz (active dual first-person indicative)
uzhaitaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzhaitadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzhaitaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzhaitadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
uzhaitamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
uzhaitaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzhaitandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
uzhaitaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
uzhaitid (active indicative plural second-person)
uzhaitaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzhaitid (active imperative plural second-person)
uzhaitandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
uzhaitaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
uzhaitandi (active indicative plural third-person)
uzhaitain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzhaitandau (active imperative plural third-person)
uzhaitandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
uzhaitaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
uzhehait (active first-person indicative singular)
uzhehaitį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzhehaist (active indicative second-person singular)
uzhehaitīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzhehait (active indicative singular third-person)
uzhehaitī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzhehaitū (active dual first-person indicative)
uzhehaitīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzhehaitudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzhehaitīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzhehaitum (active first-person indicative plural)
uzhehaitīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzhehaitud (active indicative plural second-person)
uzhehaitīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzhehaitun (active indicative plural third-person)
uzhehaitīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzhaitandz (active participle present)
uzhaitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *uʀhaitan
Old English: āhātan

Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (ushaitan)


fōgijaną

fōgijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fōgijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fōgijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fōgīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fōgijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fōgī (active imperative second-person singular)
fōgijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fōgijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fōgīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fōgijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fōgijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fōgijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fōgijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fōgijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fōgijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fōgijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fōgijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fōgijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fōgijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fōgijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fōgijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fōgijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fōgīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fōgijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fōgīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fōgijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fōgijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fōgijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fōgijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fōgijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fōgijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fōgijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fōgidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fōgidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fōgidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fōgidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fōgidē (active indicative singular third-person)
fōgidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fōgidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fōgidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fōgidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fōgidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fōgidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fōgidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fōgidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fōgidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fōgidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fōgidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fōgijandz (active participle present)
fōgidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fōgijan
Old English: fēġan
Middle English: feyen
English: fay
Old Saxon: fōgian
Middle Low German: vȫgen, vôgen
Low German: fögen
→ Old Danish: fø̄ghæ
Danish: føje
→ Old Swedish: fōgha, fø̄ghia
Swedish: foga
Old Dutch: fuogen
Middle Dutch: voegen
Dutch: voegen
Afrikaans: voeg
Limburgish: voge
Old High German: fuogen
Middle High German: vuogen, vüegen
German: fügen

/ˈɸɔː.ɣi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *poh₂ḱ-éye-, causative of the root *peh₂ḱ- (“to join, attach”), which implies an unattested strong *fahaną.


grindaną

grindō (active first-person indicative singular)
grindaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grindai (first-person indicative passive singular)
grindizi (active indicative second-person singular)
grindaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grind (active imperative second-person singular)
grindazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grindaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grindidi (active indicative singular third-person)
grindai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grindadau (active imperative singular third-person)
grindadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grindaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grindōz (active dual first-person indicative)
grindaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grindadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grindaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grindadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grindamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grindaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grindandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grindaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grindid (active indicative plural second-person)
grindaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grindid (active imperative plural second-person)
grindandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grindaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grindandi (active indicative plural third-person)
grindain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grindandau (active imperative plural third-person)
grindandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grindaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
grand (active first-person indicative singular)
grundį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
granst (active indicative second-person singular)
grundīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grand (active indicative singular third-person)
grundī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grundū (active dual first-person indicative)
grundīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grundudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grundīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grundum (active first-person indicative plural)
grundīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grundud (active indicative plural second-person)
grundīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grundun (active indicative plural third-person)
grundīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grindandz (active participle present)
grundanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *grindan
Old English: grindan
Middle English: grynden, grinden, grenden
English: grind
Scots: grynde, grynd, grind
Yola: grieend, griende
Old Frisian: *grinda
Saterland Frisian: gríende, griene
Old Saxon: *grindan
Middle Low German: grinden
Old Dutch: *grindan
Middle Dutch: grinden, grenden
Dutch: grinden

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰrendʰ- (“to crush; gnash”). Cognate with Latin frendō (“to grind; gnash”), Lithuanian grę́sti (“to plane, scour”).


skiljaną

skiljō (active first-person indicative singular)
skiljaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skiljai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skilisi (active indicative second-person singular)
skiljais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skili (active imperative second-person singular)
skiljasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skiljaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skiliþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skiljai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skiljaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skiljaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skiljaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skiljōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skiljaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skiljaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skiljaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skiljaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skiljamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skiljaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skiljanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skiljainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skiliþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skiljaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skiliþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skiljanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skiljainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skiljanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skiljain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skiljanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skiljanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skiljainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skilidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skilidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skilidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skilidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skilidē (active indicative singular third-person)
skilidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skilidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skilidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skilidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skilidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skilidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skilidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skilidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skilidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skilidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skilidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skiljandz (active participle present)
skilidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: sċiellan

⇒ Old English: āsċiellan, āsċilian

Old Frisian: skilla (“to fight”)

Old Dutch: skillen

Middle Dutch: schillen

Dutch: schillen, schelen

Old Norse: skilja

→ Old English: scielian (partially)

Middle English: skillen

English: skill

Scots: skylle, skill

Icelandic: skilja

Faroese: skilja

Old Swedish: skilia

Swedish: skilja

Old Danish: skilia

Danish: skille

Elfdalian: stjila

Gothic: *𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*skiljan) (possibly)

⇒ Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰 (skilja)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to cut, separate”).


hrībaną

hrībō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrīb (active imperative second-person singular)
hrībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hrībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrībid (active indicative plural second-person)
hrībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrībid (active imperative plural second-person)
hrībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hraib (active first-person indicative singular)
hribį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hraift (active indicative second-person singular)
hribīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hraib (active indicative singular third-person)
hribī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hribū (active dual first-person indicative)
hribīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hribudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hribīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hribum (active first-person indicative plural)
hribīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hribud (active indicative plural second-person)
hribīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hribun (active indicative plural third-person)
hribīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrībandz (active participle present)
hribanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrīban
⇒ Old English: hrīfnian
⇒ Old English: ġehrīfnian
Old Frisian: *hrīva, rīva
North Frisian: riwwe, rewe
Saterland Frisian: rieuwe
⇒ Old Frisian: hrīvia, rīvia
Old Dutch: *rīvan
Middle Dutch: riven
Dutch: rijven

Old Norse: hrífa

Icelandic: hrífa

Faroese: ríva

Norwegian Bokmål: rive

Swedish: riva

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreybʰ-. Doublet of *skrībaną.


sinnaną

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

sinnō (active first-person indicative singular)
sinnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sinnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sinnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sinnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sinn (active imperative second-person singular)
sinnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sinnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sinnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sinnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sinnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sinnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sinnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sinnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sinnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sinnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sinnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sinnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sinnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sinnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sinnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sinnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sinnid (active indicative plural second-person)
sinnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sinnid (active imperative plural second-person)
sinnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sinnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sinnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sinnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sinnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sinnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sinnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sann (active first-person indicative singular)
sunnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sannt (active indicative second-person singular)
sunnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sann (active indicative singular third-person)
sunnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sunnū (active dual first-person indicative)
sunnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sunnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sunnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sunnum (active first-person indicative plural)
sunnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sunnud (active indicative plural second-person)
sunnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sunnun (active indicative plural third-person)
sunnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sinnandz (active participle present)
sunnanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sinnan
Old English: sinnan (“to heed, meditate over”)
Old Frisian: sinna (“to think”)
Saterland Frisian: sinne
West Frisian: sinne (“to ponder”)
Old Saxon: *sinnan
Middle Low German: sinnen (“to strive, request, suppose”)
German Low German: sinnen (“to contemplate”)
→ Old Norse: sinna
Icelandic: sinna (“to attend to”)
Faroese: sinna
Swedish: sinna
Old Danish: sinde
Old Dutch: *sinnan
Middle Dutch: sinnen (“to request”) (strong verb), sinnen (“to think, contamplate”) (weak verb)
Dutch: zinnen (“to consider”) (strong verb)
Old High German: sinnan (“to consider”)
Middle High German: sinnen
German: sinnen (“to contemplate”)
→⇒ Old French: *sener (in asener, forsener)
Middle French: assener, forcener
(French: assener, forcener)
→ Italian: senno, assennare

From earlier *sennaną, *senþnaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sent-n-, from *sent- (“to feel”).
Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *senh₂- (“to obtain”).

m+

to consider, think about; aim, plan, plot


belganą

belgō (active first-person indicative singular)
belgaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
belgai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bilgizi (active indicative second-person singular)
belgaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
belg (active imperative second-person singular)
belgazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
belgaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bilgidi (active indicative singular third-person)
belgai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
belgadau (active imperative singular third-person)
belgadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
belgaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
belgōz (active dual first-person indicative)
belgaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
belgadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
belgaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
belgadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
belgamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
belgaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
belgandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
belgaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bilgid (active indicative plural second-person)
belgaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bilgid (active imperative plural second-person)
belgandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
belgaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
belgandi (active indicative plural third-person)
belgain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
belgandau (active imperative plural third-person)
belgandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
belgaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
balg (active first-person indicative singular)
bulgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
balht (active indicative second-person singular)
bulgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
balg (active indicative singular third-person)
bulgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bulgū (active dual first-person indicative)
bulgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bulgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bulgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bulgum (active first-person indicative plural)
bulgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bulgud (active indicative plural second-person)
bulgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bulgun (active indicative plural third-person)
bulgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
belgandz (active participle present)
bulganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *belgan
Old English: belgan
Middle English: *belȝen, bellen
English: bell
Old Frisian: belga
Old Saxon: belgan
Middle Low German: belgen
Low German: belgen
Old Dutch: belgan
Middle Dutch: belgen
Dutch: belgen
Old High German: belgan
Middle High German: bëlgen

Old Norse: bólginn (“swollen”, past participle)
Icelandic: bólginn
Old Swedish: bulghin

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵʰ- (“to swell”).


skundijaną

skundijō (active first-person indicative singular)
skundijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skundijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skundīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skundijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skundī (active imperative second-person singular)
skundijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skundijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skundīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skundijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skundijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skundijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skundijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skundijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skundijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skundijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skundijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skundijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skundijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skundijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skundijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skundijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skundīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skundijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skundīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skundijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skundijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skundijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skundijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skundijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skundijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skundijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skundidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skundidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skundidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skundidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skundidē (active indicative singular third-person)
skundidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skundidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skundidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skundidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skundidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skundidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skundidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skundidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skundidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skundidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skundidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skundijandz (active participle present)
skundidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skundijan

Old English: sċyndan, sċendan

desc

Middle English: shunden, schunten, schounten, shunten

English: shunt

Old Saxon: skundian

Middle Low German: schunden, schünden

Old Dutch: scunden

Old High German: scunten

Middle High German: schunden, schünden

German: schünden (obsolete)

desctree

Old Norse: skynda, skunda
Faroese: skynda
Icelandic: skynda, skunda
Norwegian
Norwegian Nynorsk: skunda
Norwegian Bokmål: skynde
Old Swedish: skynda
Swedish: skynda
Danish: skynde
→ Scots: skint

Unknown; has been derived from a nasal-infixed form of Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewt- (“to shake, rattle”).


brausijaną

brausijō (active first-person indicative singular)
brausijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brausijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
brausīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
brausijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brausī (active imperative second-person singular)
brausijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brausijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brausīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
brausijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brausijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
brausijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brausijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brausijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
brausijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brausijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brausijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brausijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brausijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brausijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brausijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brausijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brausīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
brausijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brausīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
brausijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brausijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brausijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
brausijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brausijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
brausijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brausijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brausidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
brausidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brausidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
brausidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brausidē (active indicative singular third-person)
brausidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brausidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
brausidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brausidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brausidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brausidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
brausidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brausidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
brausidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brausidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
brausidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brausijandz (active participle present)
brausidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: brīesan; brȳsan (also possibly from *brūsijaną)

Middle English: brusen, bresen, brisen

Scots: brizz

English: bruise

(Old Frisian: *brūse)

(West Frisian: brûze)

(Old Saxon: *brūsian)

(Middle Low German: brûsen)

(Low German: brusen)

(→ Old Norse: brúsa)

(Danish: bruse)

(Swedish: brusa)

(Old Dutch: *brūsen)

(Middle Dutch: brusen)

(Old High German: *brūsen)

(Middle High German: brūsen)

(German: brausen)

(Norwegian: brosa (“storm; tempest”) (dialectal))

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrews- (“to break”).


burōną

burō (active first-person indicative singular)
burǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
burōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
burōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
burōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
burō (active imperative second-person singular)
burōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
burōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
burōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
burō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
burōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
burōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
burōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
burōs (active dual first-person indicative)
burōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
burōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
burōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
burōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
burōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
burōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
burōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
burōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
burōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
burōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
burōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
burōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
burōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
burōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
burōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
burōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
burōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
burōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
burōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
burōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
burōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
burōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
burōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
burōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
burōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
burōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
burōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
burōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
burōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
burōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
burōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
burōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
burōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
burōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
burōndz (active participle present)
burōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *borōn
Old English: borian
Middle English: boren
Scots: bore, boir
English: bore
Old Frisian: *boria
Saterland Frisian: boorje
West Frisian: boarje
Old Saxon: borōn
Middle Low German: bōren
German Low German: bohren
Old Dutch: *boron
Middle Dutch: bōren
Dutch: boren
Old High German: borōn
Middle High German: boren
German: bohren
Luxembourgish: bueren

Old Norse: bora

Icelandic: bora

Faroese: bora

Norwegian: bore

Old Swedish: bora, bura

Swedish: borra

Danish: bore

Gutnish: bure, bur', bura

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to carve; split; cut; rub; pierce; strike”). Equivalent to *burō (“bore”) + *-ōną. Cognate with Latin forō (“bore”, verb), Proto-Slavic *borti (“to fight”).


klinganą

klingō (active first-person indicative singular)
klingaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klingai (first-person indicative passive singular)
klingizi (active indicative second-person singular)
klingaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kling (active imperative second-person singular)
klingazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
klingaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
klingidi (active indicative singular third-person)
klingai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klingadau (active imperative singular third-person)
klingadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
klingaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
klingōz (active dual first-person indicative)
klingaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klingadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klingaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klingadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
klingamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
klingaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klingandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
klingaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
klingid (active indicative plural second-person)
klingaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klingid (active imperative plural second-person)
klingandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
klingaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
klingandi (active indicative plural third-person)
klingain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klingandau (active imperative plural third-person)
klingandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
klingaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
klang (active first-person indicative singular)
klungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klanht (active indicative second-person singular)
klungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klang (active indicative singular third-person)
klungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klungū (active dual first-person indicative)
klungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klungum (active first-person indicative plural)
klungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klungud (active indicative plural second-person)
klungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klungun (active indicative plural third-person)
klungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klingandz (active participle present)
klunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Frisian: klinga

North Frisian: klinke

Saterland Frisian: klinge

West Frisian: klinke

Old Saxon: *klingan

Middle Low German: klingen, clingen

Low German:

German Low German: klingen

Westphalian:

Münsterländer: klingen (Westmünsterländisch)

East Westphalian: klingen (Ravensberger)

Plautdietsch: kjlinjen

→ Old Norse: klingja, *klinga

Icelandic: klingja

Faroese: klinga

→ Old Swedish: klinga

Swedish: klinga

Danish: klinge

desctree

Old Dutch: *clingan
Middle Dutch: clingen
Dutch: klingen, klinken
Afrikaans: klink
→⇒ French: clinquant
→ English: clinquant
Limburgish: klinge, klinke
→ Middle English: clinken
English: clink
Scots: clink

Old High German: klingan

Middle High German: klingen

German: klingen

Luxembourgish: kléngen

Yiddish: קלינגען (klingen)

From Pre-Germanic *glengʰ- (“sound”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gal-, *gelH- (“to call, sound”) (compare *golH-s- (“voice, cry”)), the root whence also *kalzōną, and/or ultimately onomatopoeic, similar to Latin clangō (“to clang”).


klinganą

Old English: clingan

Middle English: clingen

English: cling

Old Saxon: *klingan

Middle Low German: *klingen, klinken

German Low German: klingen, klinken

→ Danish: klinke

Old Dutch: *clingan

Middle Dutch: clingen, clinken

Dutch: klingen, klinken

Old High German: klingan

Middle High German: klingen

From Proto-Indo-European *gley- (“to glue, stick together”). Originally a regular verb assimilated into strong verb class 3.


krūdaną

krūdō (active first-person indicative singular)
krūdaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
krūdai (first-person indicative passive singular)
krūdizi (active indicative second-person singular)
krūdaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
krūd (active imperative second-person singular)
krūdazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
krūdaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
krūdidi (active indicative singular third-person)
krūdai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krūdadau (active imperative singular third-person)
krūdadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
krūdaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
krūdōz (active dual first-person indicative)
krūdaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krūdadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krūdaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krūdadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
krūdamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
krūdaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krūdandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
krūdaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
krūdid (active indicative plural second-person)
krūdaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krūdid (active imperative plural second-person)
krūdandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
krūdaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
krūdandi (active indicative plural third-person)
krūdain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krūdandau (active imperative plural third-person)
krūdandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
krūdaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kraud (active first-person indicative singular)
krudį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kraust (active indicative second-person singular)
krudīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kraud (active indicative singular third-person)
krudī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krudū (active dual first-person indicative)
krudīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krududiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krudīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krudum (active first-person indicative plural)
krudīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krudud (active indicative plural second-person)
krudīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krudun (active indicative plural third-person)
krudīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krūdandz (active participle present)
krudanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *krūdan
Old English: crūdan
Middle English: cruden, crouden, croden
English: crowd
Scots: crood
Old Frisian: *krūde, *krūe, *krūie
Saterland Frisian: kröie
West Frisian: kruie
Old Saxon: *krūdan
Middle Low German: krǖden, krōden, kruden, kroden
German Low German: kroden
Old Dutch: *crūdan
Middle Dutch: cruden
Dutch: kruien
Afrikaans: kruie, krui
Old High German: *krūtan
Middle High German: kruden, kroten, kröten

Apparently from a Proto-Indo-European *grewt- (“to push; press”), an extension of a root *grew-, which may be related to Ancient Greek βρύω (brúō, “to be full to bursting, swell”) (< *gʷru-).


hampijaną

hampijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hampijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hampijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hampīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hampijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hampī (active imperative second-person singular)
hampijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hampijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hampīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hampijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hampijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hampijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hampijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hampijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hampijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hampijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hampijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hampijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hampijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hampijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hampijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hampijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hampīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hampijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hampīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hampijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hampijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hampijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hampijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hampijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hampijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hampijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hampidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hampidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hampidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hampidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hampidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hampidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hampidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hampidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hampidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hampidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hampidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hampidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hampidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hampidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hampidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hampidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hampijandz (active participle present)
hampidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: *happa, *heppa

Norwegian: heppa

Swedish: hampa

Danish: happe

→ Middle English: happen (> happenen, hapnen)

English: hap; happen

From *hampą (“good luck, chance”) + *-janą.


blankijaną

blankijō (active first-person indicative singular)
blankijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blankijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blankīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
blankijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blankī (active imperative second-person singular)
blankijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blankijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blankīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
blankijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blankijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
blankijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blankijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blankijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
blankijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blankijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blankijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blankijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blankijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blankijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blankijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blankijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blankīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
blankijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blankīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
blankijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blankijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blankijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
blankijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blankijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
blankijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blankijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
blankidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
blankidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blankidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
blankidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blankidē (active indicative singular third-person)
blankidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blankidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
blankidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blankidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blankidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blankidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
blankidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blankidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
blankidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blankidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
blankidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blankijandz (active participle present)
blankidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blankijan
Old English: blenċan
Middle English: blenchen (Midlands, southern)
English: blench
Middle English: blenken (northern)
Scots: blenk
>? Old Frisian: blenkia (weak 2 verb)
Saterland Frisian: blinkje
Old Saxon: *blenkian
Middle Low German: blenken
Old Dutch: *blenken
Middle Dutch: blenken, blinken
Old High German: *blenken
Middle High German: blenken
German: blenken, blänken

Old Norse: blekkja

Icelandic: blekkja

From *blinkaną (“to shine”) + *-janą or *blankaz (“shining, white”) + *-janą.


bōkōną

bōkō (active first-person indicative singular)
bōkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bōkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
bōkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
bōkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bōkō (active imperative second-person singular)
bōkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bōkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bōkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bōkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bōkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bōkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bōkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bōkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bōkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bōkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bōkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bōkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bōkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bōkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bōkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bōkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bōkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bōkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bōkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bōkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bōkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bōkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bōkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bōkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bōkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bōkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bōkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bōkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bōkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bōkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bōkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
bōkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bōkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bōkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bōkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bōkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bōkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bōkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bōkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bōkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bōkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bōkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bōkōndz (active participle present)
bōkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bōkōn
Old English: bōcian
Middle English: booken, boken
English: book
Scots: buik, beuk
Old Frisian: bōkia
West Frisian: boekje
Old Saxon: *bōkon
Middle Low German: bôken
German Low German: boken
Old Dutch: *buocon
Middle Dutch: boeken
Dutch: boeken
Old High German: *buohhōn, *buochōn
Middle High German: buochen

Old Norse: bóka

Icelandic: bóka

Swedish: boka

From *bōks (“letter, written message”) + *-ōną.

af

to book (i.e. make a book, put in a book, write a book, etc.)


burgōną

burgō (active first-person indicative singular)
burgǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
burgōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
burgōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
burgōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
burgō (active imperative second-person singular)
burgōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
burgōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
burgōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
burgō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
burgōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
burgōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
burgōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
burgōs (active dual first-person indicative)
burgōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
burgōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
burgōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
burgōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
burgōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
burgōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
burgōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
burgōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
burgōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
burgōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
burgōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
burgōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
burgōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
burgōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
burgōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
burgōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
burgōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
burgōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
burgōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
burgōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
burgōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
burgōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
burgōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
burgōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
burgōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
burgōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
burgōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
burgōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
burgōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
burgōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
burgōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
burgōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
burgōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
burgōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
burgōndz (active participle present)
burgōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *borgōn
Old English: borgian, borġian
Middle English: borȝien, borwen
English: borrow
Old Frisian: borgia
West Frisian: boargje
Old Saxon: *borgōn
Middle Low German: borgen
Low German: borgen
Old Dutch: *borgon
Middle Dutch: borgen
Dutch: borgen
Afrikaans: borg
Old High German: borgōn, porcōn, borgēn
Middle High German: borgen
German: borgen

Old Norse: borga

Old Swedish: borgha

Swedish: borga

Danish: borge

From *burgaz (“promise, debt”) + *-ōną. *burgaz is from Proto-Indo-European *bʰergʰ- (“to protect”).


bibāną

bibō (active first-person indicative singular)
bibaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
bibai (active imperative second-person singular)
bibāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bibaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bibāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bibāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bibōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bibāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bibāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bibāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bibānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bibaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bibaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bibānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bibānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bibānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bibānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bibadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bibadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bibadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bibadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bibadē (active indicative singular third-person)
bibadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bibadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bibadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bibadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bibadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bibadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bibadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bibadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bibadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bibadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bibadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bibāndz (active participle present)
bibadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bibēn
Old English: bifian, biofian, beofian
Middle English: bivien, beovien, buvien, befien, byfien (Early Middle English)
⇒ Middle English: biveren, bevere, beveren
English: bever, bibber (Irish)
Scots: bever, baiver, baver, bevver
Yola: bebber
Old Frisian: bivia
North Frisian: bevern
Saterland Frisian: bieuwje
West Frisian: beevje
Old Saxon: bivon
Middle Low German: bēven
German Low German: beven
⇒ Middle Low German: *bibberen
German Low German: bibbern
→ German: bibbern
Old Dutch: *bevon
Middle Dutch: bēven
Dutch: beven
Afrikaans: bewe
Berbice Creole Dutch: befu
Negerhollands: beev, beeven
→ Aukan: beifi
→ Sranan Tongo: beifi
Old High German: bibēn
Middle High German: biben
Cimbrian: böoban
German: beben (influenced by Middle Low German beven)
Luxembourgish: biewen

Old Norse: bifa

Icelandic: bifa

Faroese: biva

Swedish: bäva (possibly from Middle Low German)

Norwegian Bokmål: beve (possibly from Middle Low German)

Norwegian Nynorsk: biva

Danish: bæve (possibly from Middle Low German)

⇒ Old Norse: bifra

Icelandic: bifra

Danish: bævre

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰe-bʰóyh₂-e ~ *bʰe-bʰih₂-ḗr, reduplicated stative of *bʰeyh₂- (“to fear, to be afraid”). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *bajā́ˀtei (“to fear, be afraid”), Sanskrit बिभाय (bibhā́ya, “to fear”), Avestan 𐬠𐬌𐬡𐬌𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬵 (biβiuuāh, “to be afraid”).


kaurijaną

Old Norse: keyra

Icelandic: keyra

Faroese: koyra

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: kjøre

Norwegian Nynorsk: køyre

Old Swedish: kø̄ra

Swedish: köra

Old Danish: kø̄ræ

Danish: køre

Elfdalian: tjyöra

Gutnish: kåire

Scanian: køra

→ Middle English: cairen, kayren

English: cair

Old Dutch: kēren

Middle Dutch: keren

Dutch: keren


upanōną

upanō (active first-person indicative singular)
upanǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
upanōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
upanōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
upanōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
upanō (active imperative second-person singular)
upanōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
upanōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
upanōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
upanō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
upanōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
upanōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
upanōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
upanōs (active dual first-person indicative)
upanōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
upanōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
upanōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
upanōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
upanōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
upanōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
upanōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
upanōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
upanōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
upanōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
upanōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
upanōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
upanōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
upanōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
upanōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
upanōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
upanōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
upanōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
upanōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
upanōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
upanōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
upanōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
upanōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
upanōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
upanōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
upanōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
upanōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
upanōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
upanōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
upanōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
upanōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
upanōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
upanōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
upanōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
upanōndz (active participle present)
upanōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*upinōną (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *opanōn
Old English: openian
Middle English: openen
English: open
Scots: apen
Old Frisian: epenia
Saterland Frisian: epenje, eepenje
West Frisian: iepenje
Old Saxon: opanōn
Middle Low German: ȫpenen, ōpenen, āpenen, ōpenen, öppenen, uppenen
Old Dutch: opanon
Middle Dutch: ōpenen
Dutch: openen
Afrikaans: open
Negerhollands: open, hopo
Limburgish: aope
Old High German: offanōn
Middle High German: offenen
German: öffnen
Yiddish: עפֿענען (efenen)

Old Norse: opna

Icelandic: opna

Faroese: opna

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: åpne

Norwegian Nynorsk: opna, opne

Old Swedish: opna, ypna

Swedish: öppna, (dialectal) öppten

Old Danish: opnæ

Danish: åbne

Gutnish: upne, ypne

Scanian: obna

From *upanaz (“open”) + *-ōną. Compare *uppijaną.


aldijaną

aldijō (active first-person indicative singular)
aldijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aldijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
aldīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
aldijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aldī (active imperative second-person singular)
aldijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
aldijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
aldīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
aldijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aldijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
aldijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
aldijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
aldijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
aldijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aldijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aldijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aldijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
aldijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
aldijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aldijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
aldijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
aldīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
aldijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aldīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
aldijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
aldijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
aldijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
aldijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aldijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
aldijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
aldijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
aldidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
aldidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aldidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
aldidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aldidē (active indicative singular third-person)
aldidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aldidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
aldidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aldidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aldidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aldidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
aldidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aldidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
aldidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aldidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
aldidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aldijandz (active participle present)
aldidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *aldijan
Old English: ieldan
Old High German: elten

Old Norse: elda, eldask

Icelandic: elda, eldast

Faroese: elda, eldast


kaupōną

kaupō (active first-person indicative singular)
kaupǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kaupōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
kaupōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kaupōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kaupō (active imperative second-person singular)
kaupōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kaupōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kaupōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kaupō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kaupōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kaupōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kaupōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kaupōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kaupōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kaupōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kaupōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kaupōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kaupōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kaupōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kaupōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kaupōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kaupōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kaupōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kaupōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kaupōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kaupōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kaupōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kaupōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kaupōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kaupōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kaupōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kaupōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kaupōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kaupōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kaupōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kaupōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
kaupōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kaupōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kaupōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kaupōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kaupōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kaupōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kaupōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kaupōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kaupōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kaupōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kaupōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kaupōndz (active participle present)
kaupōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kaupōn
Old English: ċēapian
Middle English: chepen
Scots: chepe, cheip
English: cheap
Old Frisian: kāpia
North Frisian: kupe, koope
Saterland Frisian: koopje
West Frisian: keapje
→ Dutch: kapen
→ English: cop
Old Saxon: *kōpōn
Middle Low German: kôpen
German Low German: kopen
Old Dutch: cōpon
Middle Dutch: côpen
Dutch: kopen
Afrikaans: koop
Berbice Creole Dutch: kopu
Negerhollands: koop, kop
Skepi Creole Dutch: kop
Limburgish: koupe
Old High German: koufōn, choufōn — Upper German, Alemannic, Bavarian
Middle High German: koufen
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: köife
Swabian: kaafe
Bavarian: kaufn, kaffa
Central Franconian: koofe, kaufe (Kölsch; Westerwald), koofn
East Franconian: kaafm
German: kaufen
Luxembourgish: kafen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: kaafe
Vilamovian: kaofja
Yiddish: קויפֿן (koyfn)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: kaupa

Icelandic: kaupa

Faroese: keypa

Norwegian Nynorsk: kaupa

Old Swedish: kø̄pa

Swedish: köpa

Old Danish: kø̄pæ

Danish: købe

Norwegian Bokmål: kjøpe

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kjøpa

Elfdalian: tjyöpa

Gutnish: kaupe

Scanian: køba

→ Scots: cowp, coup

Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽 (kaupōn)

→ Finnish: kaupata


justijaną

justijō (active first-person indicative singular)
justijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
justijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
justīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
justijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
justī (active imperative second-person singular)
justijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
justijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
justīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
justijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
justijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
justijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
justijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
justijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
justijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
justijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
justijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
justijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
justijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
justijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
justijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
justijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
justīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
justijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
justīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
justijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
justijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
justijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
justijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
justijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
justijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
justijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
justidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
justidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
justidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
justidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
justidē (active indicative singular third-person)
justidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
justidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
justidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
justidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
justidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
justidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
justidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
justidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
justidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
justidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
justidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
justijandz (active participle present)
justidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: ysta

Faroese: ysta

Icelandic: ysta

Norwegian: yste

Swedish: ysta

→ Scots: ost

(North Germanic) to curdle; to make cheese


luftijaną

luftijō (active first-person indicative singular)
luftijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
luftijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
luftīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
luftijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
luftī (active imperative second-person singular)
luftijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
luftijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
luftīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
luftijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
luftijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
luftijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
luftijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
luftijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
luftijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
luftijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
luftijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
luftijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
luftijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
luftijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
luftijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
luftijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
luftīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
luftijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
luftīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
luftijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
luftijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
luftijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
luftijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
luftijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
luftijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
luftijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
luftidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
luftidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
luftidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
luftidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
luftidē (active indicative singular third-person)
luftidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
luftidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
luftidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
luftidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
luftidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
luftidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
luftidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
luftidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
luftidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
luftidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
luftidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
luftijandz (active participle present)
luftidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *luftijan
Old Saxon: *luftian
Middle Low German: lüchten
German Low German: luchten, lüchten, (lichten)
(→ German: lichten) (merger with a derivative of *linhtaz)
Old Dutch: *luften
Middle Dutch: luchten
Dutch: luchten
→ West Frisian: luchte, luchtsje
Old High German: *luften
Middle High German: lüften
German: lüften
→ Saterland Frisian: lüftje
Luxembourgish: lëften

Old Norse: lypta, lyfta
Icelandic: lyfta
Faroese: lyfta
Norwegian Nynorsk: lyfta, lyfte, løfta, løfte
Norwegian Bokmål: løfte
Old Swedish: lypta
Swedish: lyfta
Danish: løfte
→ Middle English: lyften, liften
English: lift
Scots: lyft, lift

→ Proto-Samic: *loptëjëtēk

From Proto-Indo-European *lewp- (“to flake off, peel, damage”). Equivalent to *luftuz (“air”) + *-janą.

der

to air; put or raise into the air; raise aloft; elevate; lift


blinkaną

Proto-West Germanic: *blinkan

Old English: *blincan

Middle English: blenken, blynken

English: blink

→ Norman: blyîntchi

Scots: blink, blenk

Old Frisian: *blinka

desc

⇒ Saterland Frisian: blinkje (weak verb) (possibly from Low German)

West Frisian: blinke (strong verb) (possibly from Dutch)

Old Saxon: *blinkan

Middle Low German: blinken (weak verb)

German Low German: blinken

→ German: blinken

→ Norwegian: blinke

→ Swedish: blinka; (possibly also blänka)

→ Danish: blinke

⇒ Middle Low German: blinkeren

German Low German: blinkern

Old Dutch: *blinkan

Middle Dutch: blinken (weak verb)

Dutch: blinken (strong verb)

Afrikaans: blink

From Pre-Germanic *bʰli-n-ǵ-, a nasal-infix present formed from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ- (“to shine”) (whence also Proto-Germanic *blīkaną (“to gleam, shine”)).