muljaną

muljō (active first-person indicative singular)
muljaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
muljai (first-person indicative passive singular)
mulisi (active indicative second-person singular)
muljais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
muli (active imperative second-person singular)
muljasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
muljaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
muliþi (active indicative singular third-person)
muljai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
muljaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
muljaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
muljaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
muljōs (active dual first-person indicative)
muljaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
muljaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
muljaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
muljaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
muljamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
muljaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
muljanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
muljainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
muliþ (active indicative plural second-person)
muljaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
muliþ (active imperative plural second-person)
muljanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
muljainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
muljanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
muljain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
muljanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
muljanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
muljainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mulidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
mulidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mulidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
mulidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mulidē (active indicative singular third-person)
mulidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mulidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
mulidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mulidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mulidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mulidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
mulidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mulidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
mulidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mulidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
mulidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
muljandz (active participle present)
mulidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mulljan
Old High German: mullen
Middle High German: müllen
German: mühlen

Old Norse: mylja

Icelandic: mylja

Zero-grade ye-present, pre-Germanic *ml̥h₂ye-, from the root of *malaną (“to grind”).


flutjaną

flutjō (active first-person indicative singular)
flutjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flutjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
flutisi (active indicative second-person singular)
flutjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fluti (active imperative second-person singular)
flutjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
flutjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
flutiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
flutjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flutjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
flutjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
flutjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
flutjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
flutjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flutjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flutjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flutjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
flutjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
flutjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flutjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
flutjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
flutiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
flutjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flutiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
flutjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
flutjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
flutjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
flutjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flutjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
flutjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
flutjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
flutidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
flutidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flutidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
flutidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flutidē (active indicative singular third-person)
flutidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flutidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
flutidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flutidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flutidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flutidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
flutidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flutidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
flutidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flutidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
flutidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flutjandz (active participle present)
flutidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: flytja

Icelandic: flytja

Faroese: flytja, flyta

Norwegian: flytja, flytte

Old Swedish: flytia

Swedish: flytta

Danish: flytte

→ Middle English: flytten, flitten

English: flit

Scots: flit

Zero-grade ye-present from the root of *fleutaną.


switjaną

switjō (active first-person indicative singular)
switjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
switjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
switisi (active indicative second-person singular)
switjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
switi (active imperative second-person singular)
switjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
switjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
switiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
switjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
switjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
switjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
switjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
switjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
switjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
switjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
switjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
switjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
switjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
switjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
switjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
switjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
switiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
switjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
switiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
switjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
switjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
switjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
switjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
switjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
switjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
switjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
switidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
switidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
switidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
switidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
switidē (active indicative singular third-person)
switidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
switidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
switidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
switidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
switidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
switidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
switidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
switidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
switidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
switidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
switidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
switjandz (active participle present)
switidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *swittjan
Old Frisian: *switta
West Frisian: switte
Old High German: swizzen
Middle High German: switzen
German: schwitzen
Yiddish: שוויצן (shvitsn)

Zero-grade ye-present, pre-Germanic *swidye/o-, derived from the root of *swait- (“sweat”).


wīhijaną

wīhijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wīhijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wīhijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wīhīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wīhijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wīhī (active imperative second-person singular)
wīhijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wīhijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wīhīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wīhijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wīhijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wīhijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wīhijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wīhijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wīhijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wīhijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wīhijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wīhijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wīhijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wīhijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wīhijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wīhijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wīhīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wīhijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wīhīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wīhijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wīhijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wīhijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wīhijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wīhijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wīhijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wīhijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wīhidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wīhidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wīhidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wīhidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wīhidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wīhidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wīhidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wīhidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wīhidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wīhidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wīhidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wīhidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wīhidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wīhidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wīhidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wīhidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wīhijandz (active participle present)
wīhidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wīhijan
⇒ Old English: fulwian (“to baptize”) (< *fullawīhijan)
Middle English: fullen
English: full (obsolete)
Old Frisian: wīa
Saterland Frisian: wäie
West Frisian: wije
Old Saxon: wīhian
Middle Low German: wîen, wigen
Low German: wiehen
Old Dutch: wīen
Middle Dutch: wiën
Dutch: wijden
Limburgish: wieje
Old High German: wīhen
Cimbrian: baigan
German: weihen
Luxembourgish: weien

Old Norse: vígja

Icelandic: vígja

desc

Old Swedish: vīghia, vīgha (“to consecrate, unite in wedlock”)

Swedish: viga (“to unite in wedlock”)

→ Finnish: vihkiä

Danish: vie (“to dedicate, unite in wedlock”)


stribāną

stribō (active first-person indicative singular)
stribaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
stribai (active imperative second-person singular)
stribāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stribaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
stribāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
stribāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stribōs (active dual first-person indicative)
stribāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stribāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stribāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stribānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stribaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
stribaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
stribānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stribānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
stribānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
stribānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stribadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
stribadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stribadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
stribadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stribadē (active indicative singular third-person)
stribadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stribadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
stribadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stribadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stribadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stribadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
stribadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stribadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
stribadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stribadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
stribadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stribāndz (active participle present)
stribadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *stribēn (see there for further descendants)

Apparently from a *bʰ-extension of Proto-Indo-European *(s)ter(h₁)- (“to be stiff; be rigid; exert”), for which see Proto-Germanic *staraz (“stiff”) for more.


leustaną

leustō (active first-person indicative singular)
leustaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
leustai (first-person indicative passive singular)
liustizi (active indicative second-person singular)
leustaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
leust (active imperative second-person singular)
leustazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
leustaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
liustidi (active indicative singular third-person)
leustai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
leustadau (active imperative singular third-person)
leustadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
leustaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
leustōz (active dual first-person indicative)
leustaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
leustadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
leustaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
leustadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
leustamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
leustaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
leustandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
leustaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
liustid (active indicative plural second-person)
leustaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
liustid (active imperative plural second-person)
leustandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
leustaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
leustandi (active indicative plural third-person)
leustain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
leustandau (active imperative plural third-person)
leustandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
leustaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laust (active first-person indicative singular)
lustį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laust (active indicative second-person singular)
lustīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laust (active indicative singular third-person)
lustī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lustū (active dual first-person indicative)
lustīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lustudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lustīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lustum (active first-person indicative plural)
lustīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lustud (active indicative plural second-person)
lustīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lustun (active indicative plural third-person)
lustīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
leustandz (active participle present)
lustanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Old Norse: ljósta
Icelandic: ljósta
⇒ Norwegian Bokmål: lystre
⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: ljostra
⇒ Swedish: ljustra

Probably derived from the Proto-Indo-European *lew-s- (“loose, loosen”) in *lausaz, *fraleusaną, with the original connotation of knocking something loose.


swerbaną

swerbō (active first-person indicative singular)
swerbaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swerbai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swirbizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swerbaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swerb (active imperative second-person singular)
swerbazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swerbaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swirbidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swerbai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swerbadau (active imperative singular third-person)
swerbadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swerbaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swerbōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swerbaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swerbadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swerbaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swerbadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swerbamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swerbaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swerbandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swerbaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swirbid (active indicative plural second-person)
swerbaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swirbid (active imperative plural second-person)
swerbandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swerbaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swerbandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swerbain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swerbandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swerbandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swerbaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swarb (active first-person indicative singular)
swurbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swarft (active indicative second-person singular)
swurbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swarb (active indicative singular third-person)
swurbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swurbū (active dual first-person indicative)
swurbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swurbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swurbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swurbum (active first-person indicative plural)
swurbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swurbud (active indicative plural second-person)
swurbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swurbun (active indicative plural third-person)
swurbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swerbandz (active participle present)
swurbanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Old English: sweorfan
Middle English: swerven, swarven
English: swerve, swarve
Scots: swerfe, swarfe, swerve, swarve

Old Frisian: swerva

West Frisian: swerve

Old Saxon: swerban, swervan

Middle Low German: swerven

Low German: swarven

Old Dutch: *swervan

Middle Dutch: swerven

Dutch: zwerven

Dutch: swerf, swerwe

Old High German: swerban

Middle High German: swerben

desc

⇒ Middle High German: swirbelen, swirbeln

German: schwirbeln

Old Norse: sverfa

Icelandic: sverfa

Norwegian Nynorsk: sverva

Swedish: svärva (dialectal)

i

Gothic: *𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 (*swairban) (in combinations: 𐌰𐍆𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 (afswairban), 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 (biswairban))

From Proto-Indo-European *swerbʰ- (“to turn; wipe; sweep”).


warnōną

warnō (active first-person indicative singular)
warnǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
warnōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
warnōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
warnōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
warnō (active imperative second-person singular)
warnōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
warnōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
warnōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
warnō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
warnōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
warnōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
warnōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
warnōs (active dual first-person indicative)
warnōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
warnōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
warnōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
warnōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
warnōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
warnōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
warnōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
warnōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
warnōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
warnōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
warnōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
warnōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
warnōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
warnōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
warnōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
warnōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
warnōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
warnōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
warnōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
warnōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
warnōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
warnōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
warnōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
warnōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
warnōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
warnōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
warnōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
warnōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
warnōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
warnōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
warnōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
warnōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
warnōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
warnōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
warnōndz (active participle present)
warnōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *warnōn
Old English: warnian, wearnian
Middle English: warnien, warnen
Scots: wairn
English: warn
Old Frisian: wernia, warna
Old Saxon: *warnōn
Middle Low German: warnen
Low German: warnen
Old Dutch: *warnon
Middle Dutch: wāernen
Dutch: waarnen (obsolete)
Limburgish: warne
Old High German: warnōn
Middle High German: warnen
German: warnen

Old Norse: varna

Old Swedish: varna

Swedish: varna

From Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to become aware; take heed”). Equivalent to *warnō (“warning”) + *-ōną.


wurhtaz

From Proto-Indo-European *wr̥ǵtós. Equivalent to *wurkijaną (“to work, to do work”) + *-þaz.


siglijaną

siglijō (active first-person indicative singular)
siglijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
siglijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
siglīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
siglijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
siglī (active imperative second-person singular)
siglijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
siglijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
siglīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
siglijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
siglijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
siglijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
siglijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
siglijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
siglijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
siglijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
siglijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
siglijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
siglijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
siglijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
siglijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
siglijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
siglīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
siglijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
siglīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
siglijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
siglijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
siglijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
siglijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
siglijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
siglijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
siglijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
siglidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
siglidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
siglidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
siglidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
siglidē (active indicative singular third-person)
siglidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
siglidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
siglidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
siglidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
siglidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
siglidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
siglidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
siglidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
siglidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
siglidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
siglidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
siglijandz (active participle present)
siglidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *siglijan
Old English: siġlan, seġlan
Middle English: seylen, saylen (merged with descendant of seġlian)
English: sail
Scots: sail
Old Frisian: sīla
West Frisian: sile
Old Saxon: *siglian, *sigalian
Middle Low German: segelen, sēgelen, seggelen (merged with descendant of *seglōn)
German Low German: seilen
Plautdietsch: säajlen
Old High German: *sigalen, *sigilen
Middle High German: sigelen, sigeln

Old Norse: sigla

Icelandic: sigla

Faroese: sigla

Norn: sallja

Nynorsk: segle

Ostrobothnian: sigel

Dalecarlian: sigel

Elfdalian: sigel

Old Swedish: sighla
Swedish: segla
→ Finnish: seilata

Old Danish:

Scanian: seğla

Danish: sejle

Norwegian Bokmål: seile

Gutnish: sigle, sjägle, sigla, sjegla

→ Old French: sigler, seigler, singler
Middle French: singler
French: cingler
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: singrar
Galician: singrar
Portuguese: singrar
→ Old Spanish:
Spanish: singlar

From *seglą (“sail”) + *-janą (“verbal suffix”).


sigizōną

sigizō (active first-person indicative singular)
sigizǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sigizōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
sigizōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sigizōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sigizō (active imperative second-person singular)
sigizōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sigizōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sigizōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sigizō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sigizōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sigizōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sigizōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sigizōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sigizōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sigizōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sigizōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sigizōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sigizōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sigizōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sigizōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sigizōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sigizōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sigizōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sigizōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sigizōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sigizōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sigizōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sigizōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sigizōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sigizōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sigizōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sigizōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sigizōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sigizōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sigizōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sigizōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sigizōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sigizōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sigizōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sigizōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sigizōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sigizōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sigizōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sigizōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sigizōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sigizōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sigizōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sigizōndz (active participle present)
sigizōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sigiʀōn, *sigʀōn

desc

Old English: sigorian, siġerian, sigrian

Old High German: sigirōn

⇒ Old High German: ubarsigirōn

Old Norse: sigra

Icelandic: sigra

Faroese: sigra

Norwegian: seire

Old Swedish: sighra

Swedish: segra

Danish: sejre

Verbal formation from *segaz (“victory, triumph”).

to win; gain; conquer; triumph; overcome


leukaną

leukō (active first-person indicative singular)
leukaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
leukai (first-person indicative passive singular)
liukizi (active indicative second-person singular)
leukaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
leuk (active imperative second-person singular)
leukazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
leukaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
liukidi (active indicative singular third-person)
leukai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
leukadau (active imperative singular third-person)
leukadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
leukaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
leukōz (active dual first-person indicative)
leukaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
leukadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
leukaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
leukadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
leukamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
leukaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
leukandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
leukaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
liukid (active indicative plural second-person)
leukaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
liukid (active imperative plural second-person)
leukandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
leukaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
leukandi (active indicative plural third-person)
leukain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
leukandau (active imperative plural third-person)
leukandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
leukaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lauk (active first-person indicative singular)
lukį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lauht (active indicative second-person singular)
lukīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lauk (active indicative singular third-person)
lukī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lukū (active dual first-person indicative)
lukīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lukudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lukīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lukum (active first-person indicative plural)
lukīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lukud (active indicative plural second-person)
lukīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lukun (active indicative plural third-person)
lukīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
leukandz (active participle present)
lukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*lūkaną (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *leukan
Old English: lūcan
Middle English: louken
English: louk, look (“to weed”) (dialectal)
Old Frisian: lūka
West Frisian: lûke
Old Saxon: *lūkan
Middle Low German: lûken
Low German: luken
⇒ Low German: lucksen
→ German: abluchsen (partially)
Old High German: liohhan
Middle High German: liechen
German: liechen

From Proto-Indo-European *lewǵ- (“to break”), cognate with Sanskrit रुजति (rujáti, “to break open”), Lithuanian lū́žti (“to break”) and Old Armenian լուծանեմ (lucanem, “to break, to loose”).


leukaną

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


bellaną

bellō (active first-person indicative singular)
bellaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bellai (first-person indicative passive singular)
billizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bellaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bell (active imperative second-person singular)
bellazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bellaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
billidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bellai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
belladau (active imperative singular third-person)
belladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bellaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bellōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bellaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
belladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bellaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
belladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bellamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bellaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bellandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bellaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
billid (active indicative plural second-person)
bellaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
billid (active imperative plural second-person)
bellandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bellaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bellandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bellain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bellandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bellandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bellaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ball (active first-person indicative singular)
bullį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ballt (active indicative second-person singular)
bullīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ball (active indicative singular third-person)
bullī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bullū (active dual first-person indicative)
bullīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bulludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bullīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bullum (active first-person indicative plural)
bullīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bullud (active indicative plural second-person)
bullīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bullun (active indicative plural third-person)
bullīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bellandz (active participle present)
bullanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Old English: bellan
Middle English: bellen
English: bell
Scots: bell

Old Saxon: *bellan

Middle Low German: bellen

German Low German: bellen

Old Dutch: *bellan

Middle Dutch: bellen

Dutch: bellen

Old High German: bellan

Middle High German: bëllen

Cimbrian: pèlln

German: bellen

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to sound; roar; bark”).


hwisprōną

hwisprō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwisprǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwisprōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwisprōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwisprōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwisprō (active imperative second-person singular)
hwisprōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwisprōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwisprōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwisprō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwisprōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwisprōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwisprōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwisprōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hwisprōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwisprōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwisprōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwisprōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwisprōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwisprōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwisprōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwisprōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwisprōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hwisprōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwisprōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hwisprōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwisprōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwisprōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwisprōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwisprōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwisprōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwisprōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwisprōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hwisprōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwisprōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hwisprōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwisprōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hwisprōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwisprōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwisprōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwisprōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwisprōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwisprōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwisprōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwisprōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwisprōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwisprōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwisprōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwisprōndz (active participle present)
hwisprōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwisprōn

Old English: hwisprian

Middle English: whisperen

English: whisper

Scots: whisper

Old Dutch: *wispron, *wisparon

Middle Dutch: wisperen

Dutch: wisperen

→? German: wispern

Limburgish: wiesperen

From *hwis- (“to hiss”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱweys-, *ḱwey- (“to hiss, whistle, whisper”). Cognate with Latin quiritō (“scream, screech, shriek, squall”).


hwisplōną

hwisplō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwisplǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwisplōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwisplōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwisplōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwisplō (active imperative second-person singular)
hwisplōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwisplōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwisplōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwisplō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwisplōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwisplōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwisplōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwisplōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hwisplōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwisplōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwisplōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwisplōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwisplōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwisplōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwisplōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwisplōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwisplōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hwisplōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwisplōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hwisplōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwisplōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwisplōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwisplōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwisplōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwisplōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwisplōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwisplōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hwisplōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwisplōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hwisplōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwisplōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hwisplōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwisplōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwisplōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwisplōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwisplōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwisplōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwisplōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwisplōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwisplōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwisplōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwisplōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwisplōndz (active participle present)
hwisplōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwisplōn

Old Saxon: *hwisplōn

Middle Low German: wispelen

German Low German: wispeln

Old Dutch: *wisplon, *wispalon

Middle Dutch: wispelen

Dutch: wispelen

Limburgish: wiespelen

Old High German: hwispalōn

Middle High German: wispeln

Cimbrian: bispalan

German: wispeln


hwīskrōną

hwīskrō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwīskrǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwīskrōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwīskrōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwīskrōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwīskrō (active imperative second-person singular)
hwīskrōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwīskrōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwīskrōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwīskrō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwīskrōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwīskrōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwīskrōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwīskrōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hwīskrōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwīskrōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwīskrōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwīskrōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwīskrōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwīskrōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwīskrōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwīskrōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwīskrōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hwīskrōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwīskrōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hwīskrōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwīskrōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwīskrōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwīskrōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwīskrōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwīskrōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwīskrōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwīskrōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hwīskrōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwīskrōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hwīskrōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwīskrōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hwīskrōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwīskrōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwīskrōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwīskrōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwīskrōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwīskrōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwīskrōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwīskrōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwīskrōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwīskrōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwīskrōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwīskrōndz (active participle present)
hwīskrōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Old Norse: hvískra
Icelandic: hvískra
>? Norn: hvista
Norwegian Nynorsk: kviskra, kviska
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kviskre
Swedish: viska
Danish: hviske
Norwegian Bokmål: hviske

From *hwis- (“to hiss”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱweys-, *ḱwey- (“to hiss, whistle, whisper”). Cognate with Latin quiritō (“to scream, screech, shriek, squall”).


kitilōną

kitilō (active first-person indicative singular)
kitilǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kitilōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
kitilōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kitilōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kitilō (active imperative second-person singular)
kitilōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kitilōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kitilōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kitilō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kitilōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kitilōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kitilōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kitilōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kitilōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kitilōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kitilōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kitilōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kitilōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kitilōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kitilōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kitilōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kitilōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kitilōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kitilōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kitilōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kitilōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kitilōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kitilōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kitilōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kitilōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kitilōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kitilōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kitilōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kitilōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kitilōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kitilōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
kitilōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kitilōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kitilōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kitilōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kitilōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kitilōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kitilōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kitilōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kitilōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kitilōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kitilōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kitilōndz (active participle present)
kitilōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*kitlōną (alternative)
*kutilōną (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *kitilōn

Old Frisian: *kitelja

Saterland Frisian: kiddelje

West Frisian: kitelje, kidelje

Old Saxon: kitilōn

Middle Low German: kittelen, kettelen

Low German: ketteln, keteln

German Low German: kiddeln, killern

→ German: killern

Old Dutch: *kitilon

desc

Middle Dutch: kitelen, ketelen, kittelen, kietelen

desctree

Dutch: kietelen, ketelen (obsolete), kittelen (dialectal), ketelen, kittelen
Negerhollands: kettel

desc

Old High German: kizilōn, kuzilōn, kizzilōn, chizzilōn, chuzzilōn

Middle High German: kitzlen, kitzeln

Cimbrian: kitzalan

German: kitzeln, kützeln, kutzeln

desctree

Old Norse: kitla
Icelandic: kitla
Faroese: kitla
Norwegian Nynorsk: kitla, kitle (e- and split infinitives), kile
Norwegian Bokmål: kile, kisle, kitle
Old Swedish: kitla, kitzla
Swedish: kittla
Danish: kilde, kildre

→ Old English: citelian
Middle English: kitelen
English: kittle
Scots: kittil, kittill

From *kitōną, from Proto-Indo-European *geyd- (“to sting; prick; tickle”) + *-lōną. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *gъdьlъ (“tickle”).


stiurijaną

stiurijō (active first-person indicative singular)
stiurijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stiurijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stiurīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
stiurijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stiurī (active imperative second-person singular)
stiurijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stiurijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stiurīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
stiurijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stiurijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
stiurijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stiurijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stiurijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
stiurijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stiurijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stiurijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stiurijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stiurijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stiurijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stiurijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stiurijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stiurīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
stiurijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stiurīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
stiurijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stiurijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stiurijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
stiurijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stiurijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
stiurijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stiurijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stiuridǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
stiuridēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stiuridēz (active indicative second-person singular)
stiuridēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stiuridē (active indicative singular third-person)
stiuridēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stiuridēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
stiuridēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stiuridēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stiuridēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stiuridēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
stiuridēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stiuridēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
stiuridēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stiuridēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
stiuridēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stiurijandz (active participle present)
stiuridaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stiurijan
Old English: stīeran
Middle English: steren
Scots: stere, steir
English: steer, besteer
Old Frisian: stiūra, stiōra
Saterland Frisian: stjuure; stjúurje
West Frisian: stjoere
Old Saxon: *stiurian
Middle Low German: stûren
German Low German: stüren
Plautdietsch: stieren
Old Dutch: stiuren
Middle Dutch: sturen, stieren
Dutch: sturen, besturen
Afrikaans: bestuur
West Flemish: stieren
Old High German: stiuren
Middle High German: stiuren
German: steuern

Old Norse: stýra

Icelandic: stýra

Faroese: stýra

Norn: støra

Norwegian Nynorsk: styra

Elfdalian: styra

Old Swedish: stȳra

Swedish: styra

Old Danish: stȳræ

Scanian: ýra

Danish: styre

Norwegian Bokmål: styre

Gutnish: stöire

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (stiurjan)

From *steurō, *stiurijō (“steering, rudder”) + *-janą. The first element is of uncertain origin:
* Traditionally, from Proto-Indo-European *stew-r- ~ *stēw-r-, but this is now reconstructed as *steh₂-w-r-, from the adjective *steh₂urós based on a *w-extension of *steh₂- (“to stand, be firm”) (see *stāną), and is thus phonetically impossible.
* More likely, from *(s)twerH- (“to turn, twist, stir, agitate; to propel”), whence also *þweraną and Western *sturjan, *staurijan, with vowel/semivowel metathesis (*-wer- > *-ewr-).


reutaną

reutō (active first-person indicative singular)
reutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
reutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
riutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
reutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
reut (active imperative second-person singular)
reutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
reutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
riutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
reutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
reutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
reutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
reutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
reutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
reutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
reutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
reutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
reutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
reutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
reutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
reutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
reutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
riutid (active indicative plural second-person)
reutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
riutid (active imperative plural second-person)
reutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
reutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
reutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
reutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
reutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
reutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
reutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raut (active first-person indicative singular)
rutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raust (active indicative second-person singular)
rutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raut (active indicative singular third-person)
rutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rutū (active dual first-person indicative)
rutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rutum (active first-person indicative plural)
rutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rutud (active indicative plural second-person)
rutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rutun (active indicative plural third-person)
rutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
reutandz (active participle present)
rutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *reutan
Old English: rēotan
Old Saxon: *riotan
Middle Low German: rêten
Old High German: riozan, riuzan
Middle High German: riezen

Old Norse: rjóta

Icelandic: rjóta

Faroese: rjóta, rýta

From Proto-Indo-European *HréwdHti, from the root *HrewdH-.


streupaną

streupō (active first-person indicative singular)
streupaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
streupai (first-person indicative passive singular)
striupizi (active indicative second-person singular)
streupaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
streup (active imperative second-person singular)
streupazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
streupaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
striupidi (active indicative singular third-person)
streupai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
streupadau (active imperative singular third-person)
streupadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
streupaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
streupōz (active dual first-person indicative)
streupaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
streupadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
streupaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
streupadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
streupamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
streupaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
streupandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
streupaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
striupid (active indicative plural second-person)
streupaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
striupid (active imperative plural second-person)
streupandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
streupaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
streupandi (active indicative plural third-person)
streupain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
streupandau (active imperative plural third-person)
streupandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
streupaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
straup (active first-person indicative singular)
strupį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
strauft (active indicative second-person singular)
strupīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
straup (active indicative singular third-person)
strupī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
strupū (active dual first-person indicative)
strupīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
strupudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
strupīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
strupum (active first-person indicative plural)
strupīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
strupud (active indicative plural second-person)
strupīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
strupun (active indicative plural third-person)
strupīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
streupandz (active participle present)
strupanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *streupan
Old High German: *striofan
Middle High German: striefen
German: striefen (archaic, obsolete)

Old Norse: *strúpa, *strjúpa

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: strupe, strype

Norwegian Nynorsk: strupe, strupa, strype, strypa

Swedish: strypa

According to Kroonen, a back-formation from the iterative *strupōną (“to writhe”), with both traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *strewb-; he prefers to derive them from a root *strebʰ- (“to twist”), adducing Ancient Greek στρέφω (stréphō, “to twist”) as a cognate. This has been disputed, however.
Older theories derived the term from Proto-Indo-European *strew-, *sterw-, *ster- (“strip; beam; streak; ray”).


hrisjaną

hrisjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrisjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrisjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrisisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrisjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrisi (active imperative second-person singular)
hrisjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrisjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrisiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrisjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrisjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrisjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrisjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrisjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hrisjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrisjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrisjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrisjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrisjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrisjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrisjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrisjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrisiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hrisjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrisiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hrisjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrisjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrisjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrisjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrisjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrisjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrisjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hrisidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hrisidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrisidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hrisidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrisidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hrisidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrisidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hrisidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrisidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrisidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrisidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hrisidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrisidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hrisidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrisidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hrisidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrisjandz (active participle present)
hrisidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrissjan
Old English: hrissan; hrisian, hrysian
Middle English: resien, rusien, resen
Old Saxon: hrissian
Middle Low German: rissen

⇒ Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌷𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ushrisjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreys- (“to bend; turn; move; shake”).


slakwjaną

slakwjō (active first-person indicative singular)
slakwjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slakwjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
slakwisi (active indicative second-person singular)
slakwjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slakwi (active imperative second-person singular)
slakwjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
slakwjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
slakwiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
slakwjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slakwjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
slakwjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
slakwjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
slakwjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
slakwjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slakwjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slakwjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slakwjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
slakwjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
slakwjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slakwjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
slakwjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
slakwiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
slakwjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slakwiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
slakwjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
slakwjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
slakwjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
slakwjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slakwjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
slakwjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
slakwjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
slakwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
slakwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slakwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
slakwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slakwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
slakwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slakwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
slakwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slakwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slakwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slakwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
slakwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slakwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
slakwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slakwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
slakwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slakwjandz (active participle present)
slakwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: sløkkva, slekkja

Icelandic: slökkva

Faroese: sløkkja

Norwegian Nynorsk: sløkkja, slekkja

Norwegian Bokmål: slokke

Elfdalian: slettja

Old Swedish: slækkia

Swedish: släcka

desc

Old Danish: slukkæ, slykkæ, sløkkæ, slækkiæ

Danish: slukke

Norwegian Bokmål: slukke

Gutnish: släkke

Scanian: sløkka

Causative of *slekwaną (“to extinguish, go out”). Seebold leaves the origin open, while Orel compares Lithuanian slė́gti (“to press, squeeze”) and Latin langueo (“to be faint”), apparently considering the verb related to *slakaz (“weak, slack”).

cog

(North Germanic) (transitive) to quench, extinguish


raubōną

raubō (active first-person indicative singular)
raubǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raubōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
raubōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
raubōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raubō (active imperative second-person singular)
raubōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
raubōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
raubōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
raubō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raubōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
raubōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
raubōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
raubōs (active dual first-person indicative)
raubōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raubōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raubōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raubōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
raubōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
raubōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raubōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
raubōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
raubōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
raubōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raubōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
raubōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
raubōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
raubōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
raubōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raubōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
raubōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
raubōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raubōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
raubōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raubōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
raubōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raubōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
raubōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raubōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
raubōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raubōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raubōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raubōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
raubōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raubōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
raubōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raubōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
raubōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raubōndz (active participle present)
raubōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *raubōn
Old English: rēafian
Middle English: reven, rayve, ref, refe, reffe, reve, revyn, reeve, ræven, reave, reaven, reavie, reavin, reawen (Early Middle English), ræfenn (Ormulum)
English: reave (archaic)
Scots: reve, refe, reif
Old Frisian: *rāvia
Saterland Frisian: roowje
West Frisian: rove
Old Saxon: rōbon
Middle Low German: rôven
German Low German: roven
→ Old Swedish: rova
Swedish: rova
Old Dutch: *rōvon
Middle Dutch: rôven
Dutch: roven
Afrikaans: roof, rowe
Old High German: roubōn
Middle High German: rouben
German: rauben
Luxembourgish: rawen, rowen
→ Late Latin: raubō (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: raufa

/ˈrɑu̯.βɔː.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp- (“to snatch”). Equivalent to *raubaz (“robbery”) + *-ōną.


bansijaną

bansijō (active first-person indicative singular)
bansijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bansijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bansīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
bansijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bansī (active imperative second-person singular)
bansijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bansijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bansīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bansijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bansijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bansijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bansijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bansijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bansijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bansijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bansijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bansijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bansijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bansijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bansijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bansijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bansīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bansijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bansīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bansijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bansijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bansijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bansijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bansijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bansijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bansijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bansidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bansidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bansidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bansidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bansidē (active indicative singular third-person)
bansidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bansidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bansidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bansidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bansidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bansidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bansidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bansidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bansidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bansidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bansidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bansijandz (active participle present)
bansidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: bæsa

Icelandic: bæsa

Faroese: bæsa

Norwegian Nynorsk: bæsa

(North Germanic) to put (an animal) in a stall


jōsijaną

jōsijō (active first-person indicative singular)
jōsijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
jōsijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
jōsīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
jōsijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
jōsī (active imperative second-person singular)
jōsijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
jōsijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
jōsīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
jōsijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
jōsijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
jōsijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
jōsijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
jōsijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
jōsijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
jōsijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
jōsijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
jōsijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
jōsijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
jōsijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
jōsijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
jōsijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
jōsīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
jōsijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
jōsīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
jōsijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
jōsijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
jōsijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
jōsijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
jōsijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
jōsijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
jōsijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
jōsidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
jōsidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
jōsidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
jōsidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
jōsidē (active indicative singular third-person)
jōsidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
jōsidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
jōsidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
jōsidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
jōsidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
jōsidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
jōsidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
jōsidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
jōsidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
jōsidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
jōsidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
jōsijandz (active participle present)
jōsidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: ǿsa

Icelandic: æsa

Faroese: øsa

Norwegian Nynorsk: øsa

From otherwise unattested *jōsiz (“tumultuous”) + *-janą, which is the vṛddhi gerundive of *jasaną (“to be loud; to struggle”), from Proto-Indo-European *yes- (“to well, seethe, foam, ferment”).


wrībaną

wrībō (active first-person indicative singular)
wrībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wrībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wrībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wrībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wrīb (active imperative second-person singular)
wrībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wrībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wrībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wrībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wrībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wrībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wrībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wrībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wrībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wrībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wrībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wrībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wrībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wrībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wrībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wrībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wrībid (active indicative plural second-person)
wrībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wrībid (active imperative plural second-person)
wrībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wrībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wrībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wrībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wrībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wrībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wraib (active first-person indicative singular)
wribį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wraift (active indicative second-person singular)
wribīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wraib (active indicative singular third-person)
wribī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wribū (active dual first-person indicative)
wribīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wribudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wribīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wribum (active first-person indicative plural)
wribīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wribud (active indicative plural second-person)
wribīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wribun (active indicative plural third-person)
wribīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrībandz (active participle present)
wribanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wrīban
Old Frisian: *wrīva
Saterland Frisian: wrieuwe
West Frisian: wriuwe
Old Saxon: wrīvan
Middle Low German: wrîven, rîven
Dutch Low Saxon:
Twents: frieuwen
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: riwen
East Frisian: rieven
Mecklenburgisch, Pommerellisch, Northern Low Saxon (Bremisch): wriwen
Schleswig-Holsteinisch: wriewen
Westphalian:
Bentheimisch, Dortmundisch, East Westphalian (Lippe), Westmünsterländisch: riewen
Bentheimisch, Dortmundisch, Westmünsterländisch: friewen
Sauerländisch: reywen, reyben (Brilon, Wenden), rǖben (Niedersfeld), rīen (Finnentrop, Attendorn, Kirchhundem, Olpe), ruiwen (Meschede)
East Westphalian: rüiwen (Lippe), wruiben (Ravensberg), rieben (Wedemark)
Westmünsterländisch: frieben
Old Dutch: *wrīvan
Middle Dutch: wrîven
Dutch: wrijven
Afrikaans: vryf, vrywe
Limburgish: wrieve
Old High German: rīban, *rīvan, *wrīvan
Middle High German: rīben
Alemannic German: riibe
Central Franconian: rieve, frieve, reive
Hunsrik: reive
Luxembourgish: reiwen
German: reiben
→ Old French: riper
Middle French: riper, ripper
French: riper

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wreyp- / *wrīp-, from a labial extension of Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to turn”), whence Ancient Greek ῥίπτω (rhíptō, “to throw, cast”), though this is disputed.


drupatjaną

drupatjō (active first-person indicative singular)
drupatjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
drupatjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
drupatisi (active indicative second-person singular)
drupatjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drupati (active imperative second-person singular)
drupatjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
drupatjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
drupatiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
drupatjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drupatjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
drupatjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
drupatjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
drupatjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
drupatjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drupatjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drupatjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drupatjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
drupatjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
drupatjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drupatjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
drupatjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
drupatiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
drupatjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
drupatiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
drupatjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
drupatjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
drupatjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
drupatjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
drupatjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
drupatjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
drupatjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
drupastǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
drupastēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
drupastēz (active indicative second-person singular)
drupastēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drupastē (active indicative singular third-person)
drupastēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drupastēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
drupastēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drupastēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drupastēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drupastēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
drupastēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drupastēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
drupastēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
drupastēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
drupastēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
drupatjandz (active participle present)
drupatidaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*druppatjaną (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dropattjan, *droppattjan
Old English: dropettan, droppettan
Old Dutch: dropetten
Old High German: tropfezzen, trophezzen
Middle High German: tropfezen

Old Norse: *dropta

Icelandic: dryfta

Norwegian Nynorsk: dryfta

Swedish: dryfta

Danish: drøfte

Norwegian Bokmål: drøfte

To form into drops and fall; dribble; drip


fehaną

fehō (active first-person indicative singular)
fehaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fehai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fihizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fehaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
feh (active imperative second-person singular)
fehazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fehaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fihidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fehai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fehadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fehadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fehaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fehōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fehaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fehadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fehaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fehadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fehamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fehaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fehandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fehaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fihid (active indicative plural second-person)
fehaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fihid (active imperative plural second-person)
fehandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fehaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fehandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fehain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fehandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fehandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fehaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fah (active first-person indicative singular)
fēgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
faht (active indicative second-person singular)
fēgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fah (active indicative singular third-person)
fēgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fēgū (active dual first-person indicative)
fēgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fēgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fēgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fēgum (active first-person indicative plural)
fēgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fēgud (active indicative plural second-person)
fēgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fēgun (active indicative plural third-person)
fēgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fehandz (active participle present)
feganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *gafehan
Old English: ġefēon, ġefeohan
Old High German: gifehan

From Proto-Indo-European *peḱ- (“joyful, pretty”).


rudrijaną

rudrijō (active first-person indicative singular)
rudrijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rudrijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rudrīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
rudrijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rudrī (active imperative second-person singular)
rudrijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rudrijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rudrīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rudrijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rudrijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rudrijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rudrijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rudrijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rudrijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rudrijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rudrijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rudrijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rudrijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rudrijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rudrijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rudrijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rudrīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rudrijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rudrīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rudrijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rudrijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rudrijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rudrijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rudrijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rudrijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rudrijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rudridǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rudridēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rudridēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rudridēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rudridē (active indicative singular third-person)
rudridēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rudridēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rudridēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rudridēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rudridēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rudridēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rudridēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rudridēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rudridēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rudridēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rudridēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rudrijandz (active participle present)
rudridaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *ryderian, *āryderian (attested once as āryderende)

Derived from unattested *rudraz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rudʰrós.


kimbaną

kimbō (active first-person indicative singular)
kimbaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kimbai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kimbizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kimbaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kimb (active imperative second-person singular)
kimbazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kimbaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kimbidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kimbai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kimbadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kimbadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kimbaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kimbōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kimbaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kimbadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kimbaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kimbadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kimbamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kimbaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kimbandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kimbaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kimbid (active indicative plural second-person)
kimbaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kimbid (active imperative plural second-person)
kimbandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kimbaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kimbandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kimbain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kimbandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kimbandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kimbaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kamb (active first-person indicative singular)
kumbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kamft (active indicative second-person singular)
kumbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kamb (active indicative singular third-person)
kumbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kumbū (active dual first-person indicative)
kumbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kumbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kumbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kumbum (active first-person indicative plural)
kumbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kumbud (active indicative plural second-person)
kumbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kumbun (active indicative plural third-person)
kumbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kimbandz (active participle present)
kumbanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: ċimban

From Proto-Indo-European *gem- (“to grab; hold; press; pack; cram”).


ōbijaną

ōbijō (active first-person indicative singular)
ōbijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ōbijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
ōbīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
ōbijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ōbī (active imperative second-person singular)
ōbijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ōbijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ōbīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
ōbijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ōbijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
ōbijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ōbijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ōbijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
ōbijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ōbijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ōbijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ōbijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ōbijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ōbijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ōbijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ōbijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ōbīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
ōbijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ōbīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
ōbijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ōbijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ōbijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
ōbijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ōbijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
ōbijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ōbijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ōbidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
ōbidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ōbidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
ōbidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ōbidē (active indicative singular third-person)
ōbidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ōbidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
ōbidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ōbidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ōbidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ōbidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
ōbidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ōbidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
ōbidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ōbidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
ōbidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ōbijandz (active participle present)
ōbidaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*ōbjaną (alternative)

Old Frisian: ēwa, jōwa

⇒ Saterland Frisian: äiwje, eeuwje

⇒ Old Frisian: ōvenia, ōvonia, ōfnia

West Frisian: oefenje

Old Saxon: ōbian, ōvian

Middle Low German: ôven

German Low German: öven

→ Danish: øve

→ Swedish: öva

→ Norwegian: øve

Old Dutch: *uoven

Middle Dutch: oeven

Dutch: oeven (archaic, dialectal)

⇒ Middle Dutch: oefenen

Dutch: oefenen

Afrikaans: oefen

Old High German: uoben, uaben, uopen

Middle High German: uoben, üeben, üben

German: üben

→? Saterland Frisian: üübje

→ Luxembourgish: üben

Hunsrik: ieve

Rhine Franconian: iwe

Old Norse: *œfa

Icelandic: æfa

The causative-iterative formation to a lost strong verb *afaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ep- (“to labor, work”).


daugijaną

daugijō (active first-person indicative singular)
daugijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
daugijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
daugīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
daugijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
daugī (active imperative second-person singular)
daugijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
daugijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
daugīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
daugijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
daugijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
daugijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
daugijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
daugijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
daugijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
daugijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
daugijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
daugijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
daugijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
daugijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
daugijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
daugijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
daugīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
daugijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
daugīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
daugijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
daugijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
daugijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
daugijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
daugijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
daugijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
daugijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
daugidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
daugidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
daugidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
daugidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
daugidē (active indicative singular third-person)
daugidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
daugidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
daugidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
daugidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
daugidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
daugidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
daugidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
daugidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
daugidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
daugidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
daugidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
daugijandz (active participle present)
daugidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *daugijan
Old English: ġedīeġan
Old Saxon: ādōgian
Old Dutch: *dōgen
Middle Dutch: dogen
Dutch: dogen, gedogen
Afrikaans: doog

An intensive formation derived from the root of *duganą.


hungrijaną

hungrijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hungrijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hungrijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hungrīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hungrijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hungrī (active imperative second-person singular)
hungrijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hungrijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hungrīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hungrijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hungrijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hungrijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hungrijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hungrijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hungrijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hungrijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hungrijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hungrijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hungrijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hungrijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hungrijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hungrijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hungrīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hungrijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hungrīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hungrijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hungrijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hungrijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hungrijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hungrijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hungrijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hungrijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hungridǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hungridēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hungridēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hungridēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hungridē (active indicative singular third-person)
hungridēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hungridēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hungridēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hungridēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hungridēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hungridēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hungridēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hungridēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hungridēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hungridēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hungridēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hungrijandz (active participle present)
hungridaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hungrijan
Old English: hyngran
Middle English: hüngren, hingren, hengren
Scots: hungir
English: hunger
Old Saxon: hungrian
Old Dutch: hungeren
Middle Dutch: hongeren
Dutch: hongeren
Afrikaans: honger
Old High German: hungaren

Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (huggrjan)

(impersonal, with accusative) to be hungry, starve


nutōną

nutō (active first-person indicative singular)
nutǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nutōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
nutōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
nutōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nutō (active imperative second-person singular)
nutōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
nutōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
nutōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
nutō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nutōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
nutōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
nutōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
nutōs (active dual first-person indicative)
nutōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nutōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nutōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nutōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
nutōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
nutōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nutōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
nutōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
nutōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
nutōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nutōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
nutōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
nutōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
nutōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
nutōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nutōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
nutōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
nutōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
nutōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
nutōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nutōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
nutōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nutōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
nutōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nutōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
nutōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nutōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nutōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nutōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
nutōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nutōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
nutōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nutōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
nutōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nutōndz (active participle present)
nutōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *notōn

Old English: notian
Middle English: noten, notien
Scots: note

Old Frisian: notia

Saterland Frisian: nutje, nutsje

West Frisian: nutsje

Old Norse: nota

Icelandic: nota