hnewwaną

hnewwō (active first-person indicative singular)
hnewwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnewwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hniwwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hnewwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hneww (active imperative second-person singular)
hnewwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hnewwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hniwwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hnewwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnewwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hnewwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hnewwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hnewwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hnewwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnewwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnewwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnewwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hnewwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hnewwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnewwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hnewwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hniwwid (active indicative plural second-person)
hnewwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hniwwid (active imperative plural second-person)
hnewwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hnewwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hnewwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hnewwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnewwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hnewwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hnewwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hnau (active first-person indicative singular)
hnauw (active first-person indicative singular)
hnuwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnaut (active indicative second-person singular)
hnauwt (active indicative second-person singular)
hnuwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnau (active indicative singular third-person)
hnauw (active indicative singular third-person)
hnuwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnuwū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnuwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnuwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnuwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnuwum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnuwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnuwud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnuwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnuwun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnuwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnewwandz (active participle present)
hnuwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hneuwan
Old High German: hniuwan, niuwan
Middle High German: niuwen

Old Norse: hnøggva, hnyggja (“to strike, cut off”)

Elfdalian: negga (“to butt”)

From Proto-Indo-European *knewH-e-ti, from *knewH- (“to scrape, scratch, rub”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κνύω (knúō, “to scratch”), Latvian knüt (“to itch”).


hrewwaną

hrewwō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrewwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrewwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hriwwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrewwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hreww (active imperative second-person singular)
hrewwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrewwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hriwwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrewwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrewwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrewwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrewwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrewwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hrewwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrewwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrewwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrewwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrewwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrewwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrewwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrewwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hriwwid (active indicative plural second-person)
hrewwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hriwwid (active imperative plural second-person)
hrewwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrewwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrewwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrewwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrewwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrewwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrewwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hrau (active first-person indicative singular)
hrauw (active first-person indicative singular)
hruwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hraut (active indicative second-person singular)
hrauwt (active indicative second-person singular)
hruwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrau (active indicative singular third-person)
hrauw (active indicative singular third-person)
hruwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hruwū (active dual first-person indicative)
hruwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hruwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hruwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hruwum (active first-person indicative plural)
hruwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hruwud (active indicative plural second-person)
hruwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hruwun (active indicative plural third-person)
hruwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrewwandz (active participle present)
hruwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hreuwan
Old English: hrēowan
Middle English: rewen, reowen, ruwen, ruen, reouwen, rowen, reowe, riewe, rewe
English: rue
Scots: rew
Old Frisian: *hriōwa, *hriuwa, *riouwa
West Frisian: rouwe
Old Saxon: hriuwan, hreuwan
Middle Low German: ruwen, rouwen
Low German: ruwen, rouwen, ruen
Old Dutch: *riuwan
Middle Dutch: rouwen
Dutch: rouwen
Afrikaans: rou
Limburgish: roewe
Old High German: hriuwan, riuwan
Middle High German: riuwen
Alemannic German: rüüwe
German: reuen

Old Norse: hryggva, (younger hryggja)
Icelandic: hryggja
Faroese: ryggja
Norwegian Nynorsk: ryggja

Of uncertain origin. Appears to trace back to a Proto-Indo-European *krew(H)-, with no secure extra-Germanic cognates. Theories include connections to Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂- (“blood”), as well as to *krows- (“to fall, beat, break, bruise”). In the latter case, cognate with Lithuanian krùšti (“to smash, crash, bruise”), Russian круши́ть (krušítʹ, “to destroy”), Russian сокруша́ться (sokrušátʹsja) (note the same sense evolution, also compare Czech truchlit from Proto-Slavic *truxlъ).

cog

сокруша́ться


lūkaną

lūkō (active first-person indicative singular)
lūkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lūkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lūkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
lūkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lūk (active imperative second-person singular)
lūkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lūkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lūkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
lūkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lūkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
lūkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lūkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lūkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
lūkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lūkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lūkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lūkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lūkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lūkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lūkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lūkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lūkid (active indicative plural second-person)
lūkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lūkid (active imperative plural second-person)
lūkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lūkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lūkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
lūkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lūkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
lūkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lūkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lauk (active first-person indicative singular)
lukį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lauht (active indicative second-person singular)
lukīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lauk (active indicative singular third-person)
lukī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lukū (active dual first-person indicative)
lukīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lukudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lukīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lukum (active first-person indicative plural)
lukīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lukud (active indicative plural second-person)
lukīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lukun (active indicative plural third-person)
lukīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lūkandz (active participle present)
lukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lūkan, *leukan
Old English: lūcan
Middle English: luken, louken
English: lock (merged with descendant of Middle English loken, lokken)
Scots: louk, lowk
Old Frisian: lūka
⇒ Saterland Frisian: touluuke, touluke
West Frisian: lûke
Old Saxon: lūkan
⇒ Middle Low German: belûken
⇒ Middle Low German: entlûken
Old Dutch: *lūcan
Middle Dutch: luken
Dutch: luiken
Old High German: *lūhhan, *liohhan
Middle High German: lūchen, liechen
German: lauchen, liechen
⇒ Old High German: innebilūhhan
⇒ Old High German: untarlūhhan
⇒ Old High German: ūzbilūhhan

Old Norse: lúka, ljúka

Icelandic: lúka, ljúka

Faroese: lúka

Norwegian Bokmål: lukke

Norwegian Nynorsk: lukka

Old Swedish: lūka

Swedish: lucka

Gothic: *𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (*lukan) (in 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (galukan) and 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (uslukan))

From Proto-Indo-European *lewg- (“to turn, bend”).


lūkaną

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


brinnaną

brinnō (active first-person indicative singular)
brinnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brinnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
brinnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
brinnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brinn (active imperative second-person singular)
brinnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brinnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brinnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
brinnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brinnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
brinnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brinnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brinnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
brinnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brinnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brinnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brinnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brinnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brinnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brinnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brinnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brinnid (active indicative plural second-person)
brinnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brinnid (active imperative plural second-person)
brinnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brinnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brinnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
brinnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brinnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
brinnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brinnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brann (active first-person indicative singular)
brunnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brannt (active indicative second-person singular)
brunnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brann (active indicative singular third-person)
brunnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brunnū (active dual first-person indicative)
brunnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brunnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brunnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brunnum (active first-person indicative plural)
brunnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brunnud (active indicative plural second-person)
brunnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brunnun (active indicative plural third-person)
brunnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brinnandz (active participle present)
brunnanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *brinnan
Old English: biernan, byrnan, birnan, beornan
Middle English: brennen, bren, brenne, brin, brine, brynne (especially Northern), berne, bernen, birne, byrne (uncommon or early), bearne, beornen (early), bærnen (Laȝamon), bærnenn, brennenn (Ormulum)
English: burn
→ Middle Scots: burn
Scots: burn
Middle Scots: bryn, byrn
Scots: bren, brenn, brend
Old Saxon: brinnan
Middle Low German: bernen, barnen, burnen
German Low German: brannen
Old Dutch: brinnan
Middle Dutch: bernen, barnen
Dutch: barnen
Limburgish: borre
⇒ Middle Dutch: branden (backformation)
Dutch: branden
Limburgish: branje, brenje
Old High German: brinnan
Middle High German: brinnen
Alemannic German: brünne (dated)
Bavarian: brinna
Cimbrian: prönnan
German: brinnen (obsolete)

Old Norse: brinna, brenna
Icelandic: brenna
Faroese: brenna
Norwegian: brenna, brenne
Elfdalian: brinna
Old Swedish: brinna
Swedish: brinna
Old Danish: brinnæ, brænnæ
Danish: brænde
Scanian: brænða
Gutnish: brinne

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (brinnan)

Kroonen reconstructs Pre-Germanic *bʰrénuh₁e-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- (“to boil, brew”).


brannijaną

brannijō (active first-person indicative singular)
brannijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brannijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
brannīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
brannijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brannī (active imperative second-person singular)
brannijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brannijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brannīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
brannijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brannijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
brannijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brannijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brannijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
brannijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brannijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brannijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brannijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brannijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brannijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brannijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brannijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brannīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
brannijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brannīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
brannijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brannijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brannijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
brannijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brannijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
brannijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brannijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brannidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
brannidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brannidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
brannidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brannidē (active indicative singular third-person)
brannidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brannidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
brannidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brannidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brannidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brannidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
brannidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brannidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
brannidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brannidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
brannidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brannijandz (active participle present)
brannidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *brannijan
Old English: bærnan, *brænnan
Middle English: brennen
English: bren
Scots: brenn, bren, brend
Old Frisian: berna, barna
⇒ Saterland Frisian: baanje, baddenje
West Frisian: baarne, barne, brâne
Old Saxon: brennian
Middle Low German: bernen
Low German: brennen, brannen
Old Dutch: brennen
Middle Dutch: bernen, barnen
Dutch: barnen
Limburgish: borre
⇒ Middle Dutch: branden (backformation)
Dutch: branden
Limburgish: branje, brenje
Old High German: brennen
Middle High German: brennen
Bavarian: brenna
German: brennen
Luxembourgish: brennen
Yiddish: ברענען (brenen)

Old Norse: brenna, brinna — Old East Norse
Icelandic: brenna
Faroese: brenna
Norwegian: brenna, brenne
Elfdalian: brinna
Old Swedish: brinna
Swedish: brinna
Old Danish: brinnæ, brænnæ
Danish: brænde
Scanian: brænða
Gutnish: brinne

Gothic: *𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*brannjan)


swimmaną

swimmō (active first-person indicative singular)
swimmaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swimmai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swimmizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swimmaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swimm (active imperative second-person singular)
swimmazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swimmaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swimmidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swimmai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swimmadau (active imperative singular third-person)
swimmadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swimmaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swimmōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swimmaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swimmadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swimmaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swimmadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swimmamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swimmaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swimmandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swimmaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swimmid (active indicative plural second-person)
swimmaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swimmid (active imperative plural second-person)
swimmandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swimmaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swimmandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swimmain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swimmandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swimmandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swimmaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swamm (active first-person indicative singular)
summį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swammt (active indicative second-person singular)
summīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swamm (active indicative singular third-person)
summī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
summū (active dual first-person indicative)
summīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
summudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
summīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
summum (active first-person indicative plural)
summīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
summud (active indicative plural second-person)
summīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
summun (active indicative plural third-person)
summīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swimmandz (active participle present)
summanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *swimman
Old English: swimman
Middle English: swymmen, suymmyne, sweme, swemmen, swimmen, swyme, swymme, squim (Northern)
English: swim
Scots: sweem, soom
Old Frisian: swimma
Saterland Frisian: swimme
West Frisian: swimme
Old Saxon: swimman
Middle Low German: swemmen
Low German: swimmen, swemmen
Plautdietsch: schwamen
Old Dutch: *swimman
Middle Dutch: swemmen
Dutch: zwemmen
Limburgish: zwömme
Old High German: swimman
Middle High German: swimmen
Bavarian: schwimma
German: schwimmen
Luxembourgish: schwammen
Vilamovian: śwyma
Yiddish: שווימען (shvimen)

Old Norse: svimma, symja — Old Norwegian, svima
Faroese: svimja
Icelandic: svimma, svima, symja
Norn: suma
Norwegian Nynorsk: symja, svemja
Jamtish: symi
Elfdalian: simma
Old Swedish: symma
Swedish: simma
Scanian: sømma
Old Danish: swimmæ
Danish: svømme, svemme
Norwegian Bokmål: svømme
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: svømma
Gutnish: sime

Of uncertain origin. Appears to stem from a quasi-Indo-European root *swem(bʰ)- (“to be unsteady, move, swim”), albeit with no certain cognates outside of Germanic. Kroonen rejects phonetic and semantic connection to Old Irish seinnid (“to reach, bring”). Orel (who reconstructs the Proto-Germanic as *swemmaną) considers the word a secondary ablaut of Proto-Germanic *swīmaną (“to move back and forth”), which he derives from a hypothetical earlier *swīp-m-anan and tentatively connects to *swaipaną (“to sweep”). This is semantically attractive, though requires a somewhat phonetically bold pre-form.


þersaną

þersō (active first-person indicative singular)
þersaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þersai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þirsizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þersaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þers (active imperative second-person singular)
þersazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þersaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þirsidi (active indicative singular third-person)
þersai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þersadau (active imperative singular third-person)
þersadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þersaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þersōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þersaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þersadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þersaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þersadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þersamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þersaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þersandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þersaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þirsid (active indicative plural second-person)
þersaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þirsid (active imperative plural second-person)
þersandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þersaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þersandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þersain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þersandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þersandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þersaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þars (active first-person indicative singular)
þurzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þarst (active indicative second-person singular)
þurzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þars (active indicative singular third-person)
þurzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þurzū (active dual first-person indicative)
þurzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þurzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þurzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þurzum (active first-person indicative plural)
þurzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þurzud (active indicative plural second-person)
þurzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þurzun (active indicative plural third-person)
þurzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þersandz (active participle present)
þurzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: *𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍃𐌰𐌽 (*þairsan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍃𐌰𐌽 (gaþairsan)

From Proto-Indo-European *ters- (“dry”).


felhaną

felhō (active first-person indicative singular)
felhaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
felhai (first-person indicative passive singular)
filhizi (active indicative second-person singular)
felhaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
felh (active imperative second-person singular)
felhazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
felhaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
filhidi (active indicative singular third-person)
felhai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
felhadau (active imperative singular third-person)
felhadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
felhaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
felhōz (active dual first-person indicative)
felhaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
felhadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
felhaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
felhadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
felhamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
felhaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
felhandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
felhaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
filhid (active indicative plural second-person)
felhaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
filhid (active imperative plural second-person)
felhandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
felhaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
felhandi (active indicative plural third-person)
felhain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
felhandau (active imperative plural third-person)
felhandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
felhaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
falh (active first-person indicative singular)
fulgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
falht (active indicative second-person singular)
fulgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
falh (active indicative singular third-person)
fulgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fulgū (active dual first-person indicative)
fulgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fulgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fulgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fulgum (active first-person indicative plural)
fulgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fulgud (active indicative plural second-person)
fulgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fulgun (active indicative plural third-person)
fulgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
felhandz (active participle present)
fulganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *felhan
Old English: fēolan
Middle English: felen
English: feal (“to hide”)
Old Frisian: fela
Old Saxon: felhan
Middle Low German: vēlen
Low German: fehlen
Old Dutch: felan
Middle Dutch: vēlen
Dutch: velen
Old High German: felahan, felhan
Middle High German: felhen, velhen

q

Proto-Norse: ᚠᛖᛚᛡᚺ (felᴀh), ᚠᛡᛚᛡᚺ (fᴀlᴀh) (first-person singular present/past indicative)

desctree

Old Norse: fela, *fjala
Icelandic: fela
Faroese: fjala
Old Swedish: fiæla, fiala
Swedish: fjäla (dialectal)
Old Danish: fiælæ, fialæ
Danish: fjæle
→ English: feal

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌷𐌰𐌽 (filhan)

Unknown. Possibly:
* If the sense “to go, enter” is original, related to *fulgāną (“to follow”), for which Kroonen reconstructs a Germanic-only root *pelk- (cf. Kroonen (2013), p. 159, s.v. *fulgēn-).
* If “to conceal” is original, related to Old Prussian pelkis (“cloak”), from an extension *pel-k- of Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“to cover, wrap; skin, cloth”).

m+

to put inside, to conceal, to hide, to bury


brūkaną

brūkō (active first-person indicative singular)
brūkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brūkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
brūkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
brūkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brūk (active imperative second-person singular)
brūkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brūkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brūkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
brūkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brūkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
brūkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brūkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brūkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
brūkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brūkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brūkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brūkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brūkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brūkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brūkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brūkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brūkid (active indicative plural second-person)
brūkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brūkid (active imperative plural second-person)
brūkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brūkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brūkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
brūkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brūkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
brūkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brūkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brūhtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
brūhtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brūhtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
brūhtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brūhtē (active indicative singular third-person)
brūhtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brūhtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
brūhtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brūhtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brūhtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brūhtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
brūhtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brūhtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
brūhtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brūhtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
brūhtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brūkandz (active participle present)
brūhtaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *brūkan
Old English: brūcan
Middle English: brouken
English: brook
Scots: brook, brouk
Old Frisian: brūka
North Frisian: bruwcken
Saterland Frisian: bruke
West Frisian: brûke
Old Saxon: brūkan
Middle Low German: brûken
Low German: bruken
→ Danish: bruge
→ Icelandic: brúka
→ Faroese: brúka
→ Norwegian Bokmål: bruke
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bruke
→ Polabian: brükot
→ Swedish: bruka
→ Finnish: ruukata
Old Dutch: *brūkan
Middle Dutch: bruken
Dutch: bruiken (archaic)
Limburgish: broeke
Old High German: brūhhan
Middle High German: brūchen
Alemannic German: bruuche
Central Franconian: bruche, brauche
Luxembourgish: brauchen
German: brauchen
Mòcheno: prauchen

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (brūkjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰruHg- (“to make use of”). Cognate with Latin fruor (“enjoy”).


bautaną

bautō (active first-person indicative singular)
bautaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bautai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bautizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bautaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baut (active imperative second-person singular)
bautazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bautaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bautidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bautai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bautadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bautadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bautaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bautōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bautaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bautadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bautaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bautadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bautamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bautaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bautandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bautaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bautid (active indicative plural second-person)
bautaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bautid (active imperative plural second-person)
bautandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bautaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bautandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bautain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bautandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bautandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bautaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bebaut (active first-person indicative singular)
bebautį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bebaust (active indicative second-person singular)
bebautīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bebaut (active indicative singular third-person)
bebautī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bebautū (active dual first-person indicative)
bebautīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bebautudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bebautīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bebautum (active first-person indicative plural)
bebautīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bebautud (active indicative plural second-person)
bebautīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bebautun (active indicative plural third-person)
bebautīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bautandz (active participle present)
bautanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bautan
Old English: bēatan
Middle English: beten, beete, bet, bete, betyn, beytt, beaten (Early Middle English), byete (Kent)
English: beat
→ Pennsylvania German: biede
Scots: beat, beit
Old Frisian: *bāta (in derivatives)
Old Saxon: *bōtan
Middle Low German: bôten
German Low German: boten
⇒ Middle Low German: bȫtelen
Old Dutch: *bōtan
Middle Dutch: bôten
Dutch: boten, botten, butten
West Flemish: botn
Old High German: pōzan, bōzan, bōzzan
Middle High German: bōzen, butzen
German: boßen (dialectal); bossen, possen
⇒ German: bosseln
German: Butzen (noun) (dialectal)
⇒? German: butzen, putzen (verb)
⇒ Middle High German: bōzelen, bōzeln
German: boßeln
→ Middle Low German: bōsselen
German Low German: boßeln
⇒ Old High German: anabōz (“anvil”)
Middle High German: anebōz
Cimbrian: hanapus
German: Amboss
→? Vulgar Latin: *bottō (perhaps directly borrowed into Old French, and other Romance languages borrowed from it)
Old French: bouter, boter
Anglo-Norman: boter, buter
→ Middle English: butten, bouten
English: butt
Middle French: bouter
French: bouter
Norman: bouter (Jèrriais), boutaïr (Guernésiais)
Sicilian: ammuttari (a + (i)n + *buttari)
Italian: bottare
Old Occitan: botar
Catalan: botar
Occitan: botar
West Iberian
Asturian: botar
Old Galician-Portuguese: botar
Galician: botar
Portuguese: botar
Spanish: botar
⇒? Late Latin: *botōnus, *bottonem (perhaps formed in Old French (bouter + -on), and other Romance languages borrowed from it)
Old French: boton
French: bouton
Norman: bouton
→ Middle English: botoun
English: button (see there for further descendants)
Scots: button
Yola: buththone, boththone
Italo-Dalmatian
Dalmatian: botaun
Italian: bottone
Sicilian: buttuni
Old Occitan: boton
Catalan: botó
Occitan: boton
Romansch: buttun, battung
Venetan: boton
West Iberian
Aragonese: botón
Asturian: botón
Old Galician-Portuguese:
Galician: botón
Portuguese: botão (see there for further descendants)
Spanish: botón (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: bauta

Icelandic: bauta

Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (*bautan)
→ Galician: botar
→ Portuguese: botar

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰewd- (“to beat, strike”). Cognate with Latin fūtō (“to argue”), Middle Irish búailid (“to beat, strike”), Albanian butë (“tender”).


lesaną

lesō (active first-person indicative singular)
lesaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lesai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lisizi (active indicative second-person singular)
lesaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
les (active imperative second-person singular)
lesazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lesaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lisidi (active indicative singular third-person)
lesai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lesadau (active imperative singular third-person)
lesadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lesaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lesōz (active dual first-person indicative)
lesaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lesadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lesaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lesadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lesamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lesaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lesandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lesaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lisid (active indicative plural second-person)
lesaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lisid (active imperative plural second-person)
lesandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lesaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lesandi (active indicative plural third-person)
lesain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lesandau (active imperative plural third-person)
lesandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lesaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
las (active first-person indicative singular)
lēzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
last (active indicative second-person singular)
lēzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
las (active indicative singular third-person)
lēzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lēzū (active dual first-person indicative)
lēzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lēzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lēzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lēzum (active first-person indicative plural)
lēzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lēzud (active indicative plural second-person)
lēzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lēzun (active indicative plural third-person)
lēzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lesandz (active participle present)
lezanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *lesan

Old English: lesan

Middle English: lesen

Scots: lease

English: lease

Old Frisian: lesa

Saterland Frisian: leze

West Frisian: lêze

Old Saxon: lesan

Middle Low German: lēsen

Dutch Low Saxon: lezen

German Low German: lesen, läsen

Plautdietsch: läsen

desctree

Old Dutch: lesan
Middle Dutch: lēsen
Dutch: lezen
Afrikaans: lees
Berbice Creole Dutch: lesi
Javindo: lesen
Jersey Dutch: lêze
Negerhollands: lees
→ Lokono: alesedin
→? Mahican: lesówu
→ Papiamentu: lesa, leza
→ Sranan Tongo: leisi
Aukan: leisi
Saramaccan: lési
→ Caribbean Javanese: lési
→ Kari'na: resima
Limburgish: laeze, leuze

Old High German: lesan
Middle High German: lësen
Alemannic German: läse, lääse
Bavarian: lesn
Cimbrian: lesan, lèzan (Sette Comuni)
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: lese
German: lesen
Luxembourgish: liesen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: lese
Vilamovian: łaoza

Old Norse: lesa

Icelandic: lesa

Faroese: lesa

Norwegian Bokmål: lese

Norwegian Nynorsk: lesa

Old Swedish: læsa

Swedish: läsa

Old Danish: læsæ

Danish: læse

Elfdalian: leså

Gutnish: läse

Scanian: læsa

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (lisan)

From Proto-Indo-European *les- (“to gather”). Cognate with Lithuanian lèsti (“to pick, peck”).


þinhaną

þinhō (active first-person indicative singular)
þinhaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þinhai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þinhizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þinhaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þinh (active imperative second-person singular)
þinhazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þinhaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þinhidi (active indicative singular third-person)
þinhai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þinhadau (active imperative singular third-person)
þinhadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þinhaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þinhōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þinhaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þinhadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þinhaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þinhadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þinhamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þinhaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þinhandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þinhaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þinhid (active indicative plural second-person)
þinhaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þinhid (active imperative plural second-person)
þinhandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þinhaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þinhandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þinhain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þinhandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þinhandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þinhaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þanh (active first-person indicative singular)
þungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þanht (active indicative second-person singular)
þungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þanh (active indicative singular third-person)
þungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þungū (active dual first-person indicative)
þungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þungum (active first-person indicative plural)
þungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þungud (active indicative plural second-person)
þungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þungun (active indicative plural third-person)
þungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þinhandz (active participle present)
þunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þį̄han
Old English: þīon, þēon, ġeþingan
Middle English: theen
Scots: thee, the
English: thee
Old Frisian: thīgia
Saterland Frisian: tiegje
West Frisian: dije
Old Saxon: thīhan
Middle Low German: dîen, dîgen
Low German: deen
German Low German: dejen
→ Saterland Frisian: däie
Old Dutch: thīan
Middle Dutch: diën
Dutch: dijen
Old High German: thīhan, dīhan
Middle High German: dīhen
German: gedeihen, gediegen
Luxembourgish: gedeien
Yiddish: געדײַען (gedayen)

Gothic: 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þeihan)

/ˈθĩː.xɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *tenk- (“to be suitable”). Possibly related to Lithuanian ti̇̀kti (“to fit, suit”), pati̇̀kti (“to appeal, like”), Latvian tikt (“to arrive at”), Ukrainian такнути (taknuty, “to be helpful”), and perhaps Proto-Celtic *tonketos (“destiny”).


flehtaną

flehtō (active first-person indicative singular)
flehtaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flehtai (first-person indicative passive singular)
flihtizi (active indicative second-person singular)
flehtaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fleht (active imperative second-person singular)
flehtazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
flehtaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
flihtidi (active indicative singular third-person)
flehtai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flehtadau (active imperative singular third-person)
flehtadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
flehtaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
flehtōz (active dual first-person indicative)
flehtaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flehtadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flehtaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flehtadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
flehtamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
flehtaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flehtandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
flehtaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
flihtid (active indicative plural second-person)
flehtaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flihtid (active imperative plural second-person)
flehtandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
flehtaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
flehtandi (active indicative plural third-person)
flehtain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flehtandau (active imperative plural third-person)
flehtandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
flehtaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
flaht (active first-person indicative singular)
fluhtį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flahst (active indicative second-person singular)
fluhtīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flaht (active indicative singular third-person)
fluhtī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fluhtū (active dual first-person indicative)
fluhtīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fluhtudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fluhtīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fluhtum (active first-person indicative plural)
fluhtīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fluhtud (active indicative plural second-person)
fluhtīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fluhtun (active indicative plural third-person)
fluhtīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flehtandz (active participle present)
fluhtanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: fleohtan

Old Saxon: flehtan

desctree

Old Dutch: *flehtan
Middle Dutch: vlechten
Dutch: vlechten
Limburgish: vlèchte

Old High German: flehtan

Middle High German: vlehten

German: flechten

Luxembourgish: flechten

Old Norse: flétta

Icelandic: flétta

Faroese: flætta

Norwegian: flette

→ Middle English: *fletten

Middle English: fletting

Old Swedish: flǣtta, flǣta

Swedish: fläta

q

past participle <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmq-oda">flæth</i> attested

Old Danish: *flæthæ (past participle flæth attested)

Danish: flette

From Pre-Germanic *pleḱt-, an extension of Proto-Indo-European *pleḱ- (“to twine”).


þreskaną

þreskō (active first-person indicative singular)
þreskaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þreskai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þriskizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þreskaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þresk (active imperative second-person singular)
þreskazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þreskaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þriskidi (active indicative singular third-person)
þreskai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þreskadau (active imperative singular third-person)
þreskadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þreskaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þreskōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þreskaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þreskadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þreskaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þreskadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þreskamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þreskaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þreskandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þreskaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þriskid (active indicative plural second-person)
þreskaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þriskid (active imperative plural second-person)
þreskandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þreskaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þreskandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þreskain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þreskandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þreskandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þreskaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þrask (active first-person indicative singular)
þruskį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrast (active indicative second-person singular)
þruskīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrask (active indicative singular third-person)
þruskī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þruskū (active dual first-person indicative)
þruskīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þruskudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þruskīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þruskum (active first-person indicative plural)
þruskīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þruskud (active indicative plural second-person)
þruskīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þruskun (active indicative plural third-person)
þruskīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þreskandz (active participle present)
þruskanaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*þreskwaną (alternative)

Old English: þersċan, þresċan, þrexan

desc

Middle English: threshen, thresshen, threschen, thrasshen

Scots: thresch, thrash

English: thresh, thrash

Old Frisian: *therska

North Frisian: seenk (Amrum)

Saterland Frisian: täärske

West Frisian: terskje

Old Saxon: *threskan, *therskan

Middle Low German: derschen, dorschen

Low German: döschen

Frankish: *threskan

desctree

Old Dutch: *threscan
Middle Dutch: derschen
Dutch: dorsen, dorschen (obsolete spelling), derschen (obsolete)
Afrikaans: dors

→ Vulgar Latin: *trescāre

Old French: trescher, treschier

Italian: trescare

Old High German: dreskan

desc

Middle High German: dreschen, dröschen, treschen, tröschen

German: dreschen

Luxembourgish: dreschen

Yiddish: דרעשן (dreshn)

desctree

Old Norse: þreskja
Icelandic: þreskja
Faroese: treskja
Norwegian Nynorsk: treskja, treska (dialectal) tryskja, trøskja, trøska, treiskje, trùska
Norwegian Bokmål: treske
Old Swedish: þriska, þryskja
Swedish: tröska
Danish: tærske, tæske

Gothic: 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽 (þriskan)

→ Vulgar Latin: *triscāre

Galician: triscar

Portuguese: triscar

Spanish: triscar

→ Proto-Finnic: *rehkidäk (see there for further descendants)

Probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub, turn”).


skeraną

skerō (active first-person indicative singular)
skeraų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skerai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skirizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skeraiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sker (active imperative second-person singular)
skerazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skeraizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skiridi (active indicative singular third-person)
skerai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skeradau (active imperative singular third-person)
skeradai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skeraidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skerōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skeraiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skeradiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skeraidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skeradiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skeramaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skeraim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skerandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skeraindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skirid (active indicative plural second-person)
skeraid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skirid (active imperative plural second-person)
skerandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skeraindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skerandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skerain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skerandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skerandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skeraindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skar (active first-person indicative singular)
skērį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skart (active indicative second-person singular)
skērīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skar (active indicative singular third-person)
skērī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skērū (active dual first-person indicative)
skērīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skērudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skērīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skērum (active first-person indicative plural)
skērīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skērud (active indicative plural second-person)
skērīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skērun (active indicative plural third-person)
skērīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skerandz (active participle present)
skuranaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skeran
Old English: sċieran, sċeran, sċeoran, sċiran, sċyran
Middle English: scheren, schæren, schere, scheryn, shere, sheren, ssere
English: shear
Scots: shear
Yola: shaure (preterite)
Old Frisian: skera
Saterland Frisian: schääre, skääre
West Frisian: skarre
Old Saxon: skeran, sceran
Middle Low German: scheren
Low German: scheren
Old Dutch: skeran
Middle Dutch: schēren
Dutch: scheren
Afrikaans: skeer
Berbice Creole Dutch: skeri
Negerhollands: skeer
Skepi Creole Dutch: skler, scar
→ Aukan: sikeli
→ Sranan Tongo: sker
→ Dutch: skeer
→ West Frisian: skeare
Limburgish: sjaere
Old High German: skeran
Middle High German: schërn
German: scheren
Hunsrik: scheere
Luxembourgish: schieren
Yiddish: שערן (shern)
⇒ Old High German: giskirri
Middle High German: geschirre
Alemannic German: Geschirr
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Gescherr
Luxembourgish: Geschier
German: Geschirr
→ Polish: szory
→ Russian: шоры (šory)
→ Old French: escirer
⇒ Old French: descirer
Middle French: deschirer
French: déchirer

Old Norse: skera
Icelandic: skera
Faroese: skera
Norwegian Nynorsk: skjera
Old Swedish: skæra, skiæra
Swedish: skära
Danish: skære
Norwegian Bokmål: skjære

Gothic: *𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (*skairan)

→ Old Occitan:

Catalan: esquilar

Occitan: esquilar

→ Old Spanish: esquirar

Spanish: esquilar
→ Galician: esquiloar
→ Portuguese: esquiar, esquilar

→ Proto-Finnic: *kerit'äk (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”) (though Kroonen reconstructs the verb as *skerH-, which appears to be an extension).


teraną

terō (active first-person indicative singular)
teraų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
terai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tirizi (active indicative second-person singular)
teraiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ter (active imperative second-person singular)
terazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
teraizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tiridi (active indicative singular third-person)
terai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
teradau (active imperative singular third-person)
teradai (indicative passive singular third-person)
teraidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
terōz (active dual first-person indicative)
teraiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
teradiz (active dual indicative second-person)
teraidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
teradiz (active dual imperative second-person)
teramaz (active first-person indicative plural)
teraim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
terandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
teraindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tirid (active indicative plural second-person)
teraid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tirid (active imperative plural second-person)
terandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
teraindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
terandi (active indicative plural third-person)
terain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
terandau (active imperative plural third-person)
terandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
teraindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tar (active first-person indicative singular)
tērį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tart (active indicative second-person singular)
tērīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tar (active indicative singular third-person)
tērī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tērū (active dual first-person indicative)
tērīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tērudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tērīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tērum (active first-person indicative plural)
tērīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tērud (active indicative plural second-person)
tērīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tērun (active indicative plural third-person)
tērīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
terandz (active participle present)
turanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *teran
Old English: teran
Middle English: teren, teer, teere, tere, tern, teryn, teer
English: tear
Scots: tere, teir, tair
Old Frisian: tera
Saterland Frisian: teere
West Frisian: tarre
Old Saxon: teran
Middle Low German: teren (merged with Proto-West Germanic *tarjan)
German Low German: tehren
→ Old Norse: tæra
Danish: tære
Swedish: tära
Norwegian Bokmål: tære
Norwegian Nynorsk: tæra, tære
Icelandic: tæra
Old High German: zeran
Middle High German: zern, zeren (merged with Proto-West Germanic *tarjan, a strong participle Middle High German zerzorn is attested)
German: zehren
Luxembourgish: zieren

Gothic: *𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (*tairan) (in 𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (distairan), 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (gatairan))

→? Vulgar Latin: *tīrāre

From Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to flay, split, cleave, crack”).


dwelaną

dwelō (active first-person indicative singular)
dwelaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dwelai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dwilizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dwelaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dwel (active imperative second-person singular)
dwelazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dwelaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dwilidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dwelai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dweladau (active imperative singular third-person)
dweladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dwelaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dwelōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dwelaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dweladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dwelaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dweladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dwelamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dwelaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dwelandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dwelaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dwilid (active indicative plural second-person)
dwelaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dwilid (active imperative plural second-person)
dwelandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dwelaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dwelandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dwelain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dwelandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dwelandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dwelaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dwal (active first-person indicative singular)
dwēlį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dwalt (active indicative second-person singular)
dwēlīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dwal (active indicative singular third-person)
dwēlī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dwēlū (active dual first-person indicative)
dwēlīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dwēludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dwēlīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dwēlum (active first-person indicative plural)
dwēlīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dwēlud (active indicative plural second-person)
dwēlīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dwēlun (active indicative plural third-person)
dwēlīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dwelandz (active participle present)
dulanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dwelan
Old English: *dwelan
⇒ Old English: ġedwolen
⇒ Old English: dwelian
Middle English: dwelen
Old Saxon: dwelan
Middle Low German: dwelen, dwēlen, twelen
German Low German: dwelen
Old Dutch: dwelan
Middle Dutch: dwelen
Dutch: (obsolete) dwelen
>? Old High German: twelan
Middle High German: twelen, tweln

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰwelH- (“to err, obscure”). See the related *dulaz (“confused; foolish”) for cognates.


helaną

helō (active first-person indicative singular)
helaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
helai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hilizi (active indicative second-person singular)
helaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hel (active imperative second-person singular)
helazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
helaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hilidi (active indicative singular third-person)
helai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
heladau (active imperative singular third-person)
heladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
helaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
helōz (active dual first-person indicative)
helaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
heladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
helaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
heladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
helamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
helaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
helandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
helaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hilid (active indicative plural second-person)
helaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hilid (active imperative plural second-person)
helandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
helaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
helandi (active indicative plural third-person)
helain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
helandau (active imperative plural third-person)
helandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
helaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hal (active first-person indicative singular)
hēlį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
halt (active indicative second-person singular)
hēlīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hal (active indicative singular third-person)
hēlī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hēlū (active dual first-person indicative)
hēlīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hēludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hēlīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hēlum (active first-person indicative plural)
hēlīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hēlud (active indicative plural second-person)
hēlīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hēlun (active indicative plural third-person)
hēlīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
helandz (active participle present)
hulanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *helan
Old English: helan, hœ̄lan
Middle English: helen, helien (merger with helian)
English: hele, heel
Scots: heil
Old Frisian: hela
West Frisian: hele
Old Saxon: helan
Old Dutch: *helan
Middle Dutch: hēlen
Dutch: helen
Old High German: helan
Middle High German: heln
German: hehlen
→ Swedish: häla, hälare

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱéleti, from *ḱel- (“to cover”). Cognate with Latin cēlō (“hide, cover, conceal”).


temaną

temō (active first-person indicative singular)
temaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
temai (first-person indicative passive singular)
timizi (active indicative second-person singular)
temaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tem (active imperative second-person singular)
temazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
temaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
timidi (active indicative singular third-person)
temai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
temadau (active imperative singular third-person)
temadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
temaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
temōz (active dual first-person indicative)
temaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
temadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
temaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
temadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
temamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
temaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
temandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
temaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
timid (active indicative plural second-person)
temaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
timid (active imperative plural second-person)
temandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
temaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
temandi (active indicative plural third-person)
temain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
temandau (active imperative plural third-person)
temandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
temaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tam (active first-person indicative singular)
tēmį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tamt (active indicative second-person singular)
tēmīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tam (active indicative singular third-person)
tēmī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tēmū (active dual first-person indicative)
tēmīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tēmudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tēmīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tēmum (active first-person indicative plural)
tēmīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tēmud (active indicative plural second-person)
tēmīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tēmun (active indicative plural third-person)
tēmīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
temandz (active participle present)
tumanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *teman
Old English: *teman; (temian); *tēme, *tȳme (in luftȳme, wiþertȳme)
Middle English: temen; *betemen
English: teem; beteem
Old Frisian: tima; timia
Saterland Frisian: täämelk
West Frisian: tiemje; betame, betamje
Old Saxon: teman
Middle Low German: temen; tēmelik, tâmelik
Low German: temen, tamen
Old Dutch: teman
Middle Dutch: tēmen
Old High German: zëman
Middle High German: zëmen; gezëmen
German: ziemen; geziemen; ziemlich

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (gatiman)

From Proto-Indo-European *dem- (“to put together”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δέμω (démō, “to build”).


stenaną

stenō (active first-person indicative singular)
stenaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stenai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stinizi (active indicative second-person singular)
stenaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sten (active imperative second-person singular)
stenazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stenaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stinidi (active indicative singular third-person)
stenai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stenadau (active imperative singular third-person)
stenadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stenaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stenōz (active dual first-person indicative)
stenaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stenadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stenaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stenadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stenamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stenaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stenandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stenaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stinid (active indicative plural second-person)
stenaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stinid (active imperative plural second-person)
stenandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stenaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stenandi (active indicative plural third-person)
stenain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stenandau (active imperative plural third-person)
stenandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stenaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stan (active first-person indicative singular)
stēnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stant (active indicative second-person singular)
stēnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stan (active indicative singular third-person)
stēnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stēnū (active dual first-person indicative)
stēnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stēnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stēnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stēnum (active first-person indicative plural)
stēnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stēnud (active indicative plural second-person)
stēnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stēnun (active indicative plural third-person)
stēnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stenandz (active participle present)
stunanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stenan
Old English: stenan, stinan
>? Middle English: stenen, steynen (regarded as byforms of stunien)
Old Saxon: *stenan
Middle Low German: stēnen, stȫnen (rounded form perhaps merged with *stunōn or *stunnjan)
Low German: stöhnen
→? Middle High German: stenen (northern)
German: stöhnen
Old Dutch: *stenan
Middle Dutch: stēnen
Dutch: stenen, steunen (rounded form perhaps merged with *stunōn or *stunnjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tenh₂- (“to crash, sound, thunder, roar, moan”). Cognate with Latin tonō (“to thunder”).


brekaną

brekō (active first-person indicative singular)
brekaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brekai (first-person indicative passive singular)
brikizi (active indicative second-person singular)
brekaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brek (active imperative second-person singular)
brekazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brekaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brikidi (active indicative singular third-person)
brekai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brekadau (active imperative singular third-person)
brekadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brekaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brekōz (active dual first-person indicative)
brekaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brekadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brekaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brekadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brekamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brekaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brekandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brekaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brikid (active indicative plural second-person)
brekaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brikid (active imperative plural second-person)
brekandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brekaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brekandi (active indicative plural third-person)
brekain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brekandau (active imperative plural third-person)
brekandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brekaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brak (active first-person indicative singular)
brēkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
braht (active indicative second-person singular)
brēkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brak (active indicative singular third-person)
brēkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brēkū (active dual first-person indicative)
brēkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brēkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brēkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brēkum (active first-person indicative plural)
brēkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brēkud (active indicative plural second-person)
brēkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brēkun (active indicative plural third-person)
brēkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brekandz (active participle present)
brukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *brekan
Old English: brecan
Middle English: breken
Scots: breke
English: break
Old Frisian: breka
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: breeg
Helgoland and Sylt: breek
Mooring: breege
Saterland Frisian: breke
West Frisian: brekke
Old Saxon: brekan
Middle Low German: breken
Low German: breken
→ Danish: brække
→ Norwegian Bokmål: brekke
→ Swedish: bräcka
Old Dutch: brekan, *brecan
Middle Dutch: brēken
Dutch: breken
Limburgish: braeke
Old High German: brëhhan
Middle High German: brëchen
German: brechen
Luxembourgish: briechen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: breche
Yiddish: ברעכן (brekhn)
→ Franco-Provençal: breyér
Bressan: brayë
Fribourgeois: brêyi
→ Old French: broiier (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽 (brikan)
→ Asturian: bregar
→ Catalan: bregar
→ Galician: breigar
→? Italian: brigare, briga
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: бри̏га
Latin script: brȉga
→ Bulgarian: брига (briga)
→ Slovene: briga, brigati
→ Portuguese: brigar
Papiamentu: bringa
→ Hunsrik: brike
→ Spanish: bregar
→ Venetan: sbregar

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰreg- (“to break”).


kweþaną

kweþō (active first-person indicative singular)
kweþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kweþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kwiþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kweþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kweþ (active imperative second-person singular)
kweþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kweþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kwiþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kweþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kweþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kweþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kweþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kweþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kweþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kweþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kweþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kweþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kweþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kweþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kweþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kweþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kwiþid (active indicative plural second-person)
kweþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kwiþid (active imperative plural second-person)
kweþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kweþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kweþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kweþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kweþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kweþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kweþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kwaþ (active first-person indicative singular)
kwēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwast (active indicative second-person singular)
kwēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwaþ (active indicative singular third-person)
kwēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kwēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kwēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kwēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kwēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kwēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kwēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kwēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kwēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kwēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kwēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kweþandz (active participle present)
kwedanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kweþan
Old English: cweþan, cweðan — edh spelling, cwoða — Northumbrian
Middle English: quethen, queden, quethe, queþe, queþen, qweþe, qwethyn, cwæthen, cwethen, cweþen, cweðen, queðen (Early Middle English)
English: quethe (obsolete except in past tense quoth)
Scots: quethe (noun)
Yola: co, quo
Old Frisian: quetha
Saterland Frisian: kwede
Old Saxon: quethan, queþan, queðan
Middle Low German: queden
Old Dutch: quethan
Old High German: quëdan
Middle High German: quëden
Cimbrian: khödan

Old Norse: kveða
Icelandic: kveða
Faroese: kvøða
Norwegian: kveda, kvede
Old Swedish: kvæþa
Swedish: kväda
Danish: kvæde

Gothic: 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽 (qiþan)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷet- (“to say, speak”). Cognate with Old Armenian կոչեմ (kočʻem, “to call, invite”).


wrekaną

wrekō (active first-person indicative singular)
wrekaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wrekai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wrikizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wrekaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wrek (active imperative second-person singular)
wrekazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wrekaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wrikidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wrekai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wrekadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wrekadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wrekaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wrekōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wrekaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wrekadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wrekaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wrekadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wrekamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wrekaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wrekandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wrekaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wrikid (active indicative plural second-person)
wrekaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wrikid (active imperative plural second-person)
wrekandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wrekaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wrekandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wrekain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrekandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wrekandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wrekaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wrak (active first-person indicative singular)
wrēkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wraht (active indicative second-person singular)
wrēkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wrak (active indicative singular third-person)
wrēkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wrēkū (active dual first-person indicative)
wrēkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wrēkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wrēkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wrēkum (active first-person indicative plural)
wrēkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wrēkud (active indicative plural second-person)
wrēkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wrēkun (active indicative plural third-person)
wrēkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrekandz (active participle present)
wrekanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wrekan
Old English: wrecan
Middle English: wreken
English: wreak
Scots: wreke, wrek, wreik
Old Frisian: wreka
West Frisian: wrekke
Old Saxon: wrekan
Middle Low German: wrēken
Old Dutch: *wrekan
Middle Dutch: wrēken
Dutch: wreken
Afrikaans: wreek
Old High German: rëhhan, wrëhhan
Middle High German: rëchen
German: rächen
→ Luxembourgish: rächen

Old Norse: vreka, reka
Icelandic: reka
Faroese: reka
Norwegian: reke
Norwegian Nynorsk: reka
Old Swedish: vræka, rwæka
Swedish: vräka, räka (dialectal)
Danish: vrage
Gutnish: bräkä

Gothic: 𐍅𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽 (wrikan)

From Proto-Indo-European *wreg- (“track, hunt, follow”). Cognate with Hittite ūrki- (“track”), Tocharian B werke (“to chase, hunt”), Sanskrit व्रजति (vrájati, “to go, walk, move”), and perhaps Latin urgēre (“to be urgent”), Proto-Slavic *vèrťi (“to throw, cast”).


swefaną

swefō (active first-person indicative singular)
swefaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swefai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swifizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swefaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swef (active imperative second-person singular)
swefazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swefaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swifidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swefai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swefadau (active imperative singular third-person)
swefadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swefaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swefōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swefaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swefadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swefaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swefadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swefamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swefaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swefandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swefaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swifid (active indicative plural second-person)
swefaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swifid (active imperative plural second-person)
swefandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swefaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swefandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swefain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swefandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swefandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swefaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swaf (active first-person indicative singular)
swēbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swaft (active indicative second-person singular)
swēbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swaf (active indicative singular third-person)
swēbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swēbū (active dual first-person indicative)
swēbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swēbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swēbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swēbum (active first-person indicative plural)
swēbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swēbud (active indicative plural second-person)
swēbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swēbun (active indicative plural third-person)
swēbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swefandz (active participle present)
swebanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *swefan

Old English: swefan

⇒ Old English: āswefan

Middle English: asweved

desctree

Old Norse: sofa
Icelandic: sofa
Faroese: sova
Norwegian Nynorsk: sova, sove
Jamtish: sovo
Elfdalian: såvå
Old Swedish: sova
Swedish: sova
Old Danish: souæ
Danish: sove
Norwegian Bokmål: sove
Scanian: søva
Gutnish: syve

⇒ Old Norse: somna, sofna
Icelandic: sofna
Faroese: sovna
Norwegian Nynorsk: sobna, somna, somne, sovna, sovne
Norwegian Bokmål: sovne
Old Swedish: somna, sofna
Swedish: somna
Danish: sovne (obsolete)

From Proto-Indo-European *swep- (“to sleep”). Originally either a zero-grade present, or possibly an aorist-present.


skapjaną

skapjō (active first-person indicative singular)
skapjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skapjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skapisi (active indicative second-person singular)
skapjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skapi (active imperative second-person singular)
skapjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skapjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skapiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skapjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skapjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skapjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skapjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skapjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skapjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skapjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skapjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skapjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skapjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skapjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skapjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skapjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skapiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skapjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skapiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skapjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skapjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skapjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skapjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skapjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skapjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skapjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skōp (active first-person indicative singular)
skōpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skōft (active indicative second-person singular)
skōpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skōp (active indicative singular third-person)
skōpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skōpū (active dual first-person indicative)
skōpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skōpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skōpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skōpum (active first-person indicative plural)
skōpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skōpud (active indicative plural second-person)
skōpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skōpun (active indicative plural third-person)
skōpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skapjandz (active participle present)
skapanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skappjan
Old English: sċieppan, sċippan — Early West Saxon, sċyppan — Late West Saxon, sċeppan — Anglian, Kentish
Middle English: scheppen, schippen, schappen, schapen
English: shape
Scots: schape, schaipe
Old Frisian: skeppa
Saterland Frisian: skäppe, schäppe
West Frisian: skeppe
Old Saxon: skeppian
Middle Low German: scheppen
Low German: schapen
Old Dutch: skeppen
Middle Dutch: scheppen
Dutch: scheppen
Afrikaans: skep
Limburgish: sjape
Old High German: scafan, skaffan, scaphan, skepfen, scephen
Middle High German: schaffen, schepfen
Alemannic German: schaffe
Swabian: schaffa
German: schöpfen (archaic), schaffen
→ Low German: schaffen
→ Dutch: schaffen
Afrikaans: skaf
→ Saterland Frisian: skafje, schafje
→ Danish: skaffe
→ Faroese: skaffa
→ Norwegian Bokmål: skaffe
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skaffe, skaffa
→ Swedish: skaffa
Luxembourgish: schafen
Yiddish: שעפּן (shepn)

Old Norse: skapa, skepja
Icelandic: skapa, skepja
Faroese: skapa
Norwegian Bokmål: skape
Norwegian Nynorsk: skape, skapa
Old Swedish: skapa
Swedish: skapa
Danish: skabe

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaskapjan) (from *gaskapjaną)

Vandalic: *skapjan, scapia

Of uncertain origin; the mechanical reconstruction of a supposed Proto-Indo-European *(s)keb- yields no formal cognates, in addition to containing a final *-b. Kroonen tentatively supports Lehmann's suggestion of derivation from *skappōną (“to scrape”), itself the iterative form of *skabaną (“to shave, scrape”). The semantic shift from "to scrape, hollow out" > "to form" is reasonable, albeit not very trivial. Compare also Gothic 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍃 (ufarskafts, “first fruits”), which appears to be a derivative of *skapjaną.


fraþjaną

fraþjō (active first-person indicative singular)
fraþjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraþjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fraþisi (active indicative second-person singular)
fraþjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fraþi (active imperative second-person singular)
fraþjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fraþjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fraþiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fraþjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fraþjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fraþjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fraþjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fraþjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fraþjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fraþjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fraþjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fraþjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fraþjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fraþjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fraþjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fraþjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fraþiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fraþjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fraþiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fraþjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fraþjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fraþjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fraþjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraþjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fraþjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fraþjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frōþ (active first-person indicative singular)
frōdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frōst (active indicative second-person singular)
frōdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frōþ (active indicative singular third-person)
frōdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frōdū (active dual first-person indicative)
frōdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frōdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frōdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frōdum (active first-person indicative plural)
frōdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frōdud (active indicative plural second-person)
frōdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frōdun (active indicative plural third-person)
frōdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraþjandz (active participle present)
fradanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fraþjan)

/ˈɸrɑθ.jɑ.nɑ̃/

From Pre-Germanic *prot-, o-grade of Proto-Indo-European *pret- (“to understand”). Compare, in particular, Lithuanian pràsti (“to become accustomed to”).


hlahjaną

hlahjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlahjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlahjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hlahisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlahjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlahi (active imperative second-person singular)
hlahjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlahjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hlahiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlahjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlahjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlahjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlahjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hlahjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hlahjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlahjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlahjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlahjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlahjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlahjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlahjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlahjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hlahiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hlahjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlahiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hlahjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlahjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hlahjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlahjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlahjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlahjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlahjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hlōh (active first-person indicative singular)
hlōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlōht (active indicative second-person singular)
hlōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlōh (active indicative singular third-person)
hlōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
hlōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
hlōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
hlōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
hlōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlahjandz (active participle present)
hlaganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hlahhjan
Old English: hliehhan, hlihhan, hlehhan, hlæhan, hlihan, hlichan, hlihgan, hlyhhan
Middle English: laughen
English: laugh
Scots: lauch
Yola: leeigh, leigh
Old Saxon: hlahhian, hlahan
Middle Low German: lachen
Low German: lachen
Plautdietsch: lachen
Old Dutch: *lahhen, *lahhan
Middle Dutch: lachen
Dutch: lachen
Afrikaans: lag
Berbice Creole Dutch: laki
Javindo: lach, lag, lah
Negerhollands: lach, lak
Petjo: lahen
Limburgish: lache
Old High German: hlahhan, hlahhēn
Middle High German: lachen
Alemannic German: lache
Cimbrian: lachan
German: lachen
Luxembourgish: laachen
Yiddish: לאַכן (lakhn)

Old Norse: hlæja
Icelandic: hlæja
Faroese: læa
Norwegian Nynorsk: læja, læ, le
Elfdalian: läa
Old Swedish: lēia, lea, lēa
Swedish: le
Old Danish: lē
Danish: le
Norwegian Bokmål: le

East Germanic

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hlahjan)

Crimean Gothic: lachen

From Proto-Indo-European *klek- (“to laugh, cackle”), a seemingly-onomatopoeic root attested in Germanic and Slavic languages. Cognate with Russian клекота́ть (klekotátʹ, “to scream (of birds of prey)”). Possibly related to Proto-Celtic *klokkos (“bell”).

cog

to laugh (+ genitive of thing laughed at)


wahsijaną

wahsijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wahsijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wahsijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wahsīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wahsijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wahsī (active imperative second-person singular)
wahsijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wahsijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wahsīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wahsijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wahsijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wahsijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wahsijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wahsijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wahsijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wahsijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wahsijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wahsijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wahsijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wahsijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wahsijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wahsijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wahsīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wahsijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wahsīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wahsijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wahsijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wahsijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wahsijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wahsijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wahsijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wahsijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wōhs (active first-person indicative singular)
wōhsį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wōhst (active indicative second-person singular)
wōhsīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wōhs (active indicative singular third-person)
wōhsī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wōhsū (active dual first-person indicative)
wōhsīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wōhsudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wōhsīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wōhsum (active first-person indicative plural)
wōhsīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wōhsud (active indicative plural second-person)
wōhsīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wōhsun (active indicative plural third-person)
wōhsīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wahsijandz (active participle present)
wahsanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wahsan
Old English: weaxan
Middle English: waxen
Scots: wax
English: wax
Old Frisian: waxa
Saterland Frisian: wacsa, wacsen
West Frisian: waakse
Old Saxon: wahsan
Middle Low German: wassen
Low German: wassen
Old Dutch: wassan
Middle Dutch: wassen
Dutch: wassen
Afrikaans: was
Old High German: wahsan
Middle High German: wahsen
Central Franconian: wahße, wahsse, waße, waaße (alternative spellings), wase (Dutch-based spelling), wohße (some dialects of Moselle Franconian), wohße, wohsse, woße
Hunsrik: wachse
Cimbrian: baksan
German: wachsen
Luxembourgish: wuessen
Yiddish: וואַקסן (vaksn)

Old Norse: vaxa
Icelandic: vaxa
Faroese: vaksa, veksa
Norwegian Nynorsk: veksa, vekse
Old Swedish: vaxa, væxa
Swedish: växa
Old Danish: waxæ
Danish: vokse
Norwegian Bokmål: vokse
Gutnish: vaksa

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wahsjan)
→ Catalan: guaixar

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ug-s-é-ti, a schwebeablaut zero-grade s-extension from *h₂weg- (“to grow”).


wahsijaną

wahsijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wahsijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wahsijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wahsīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wahsijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wahsī (active imperative second-person singular)
wahsijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wahsijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wahsīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wahsijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wahsijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wahsijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wahsijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wahsijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wahsijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wahsijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wahsijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wahsijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wahsijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wahsijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wahsijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wahsijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wahsīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wahsijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wahsīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wahsijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wahsijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wahsijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wahsijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wahsijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wahsijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wahsijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wahsidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wahsidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wahsidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wahsidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wahsidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wahsidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wahsidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wahsidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wahsidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wahsidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wahsidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wahsidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wahsidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wahsidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wahsidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wahsidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wahsijandz (active participle present)
wahsidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wahsijan
Old Frisian: wexa
Old Saxon: wahsian
Old Dutch: *wahsen
Middle Dutch: wassen
Dutch: wassen
Old High German: *wahsen
Middle High German: wichsen
German: wichsen
→ Danish: vikse
⇒ Old High German: giwahsen

Old Norse: vexa

Icelandic: vexa