wakaną

wakō (active first-person indicative singular)
wakaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wakai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wakizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wakaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wak (active imperative second-person singular)
wakazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wakaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wakidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wakai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wakadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wakadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wakaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wakōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wakaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wakadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wakaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wakadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wakamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wakaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wakandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wakaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wakid (active indicative plural second-person)
wakaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wakid (active imperative plural second-person)
wakandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wakaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wakandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wakain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wakandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wakandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wakaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wōk (active first-person indicative singular)
wōkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wōht (active indicative second-person singular)
wōkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wōk (active indicative singular third-person)
wōkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wōkū (active dual first-person indicative)
wōkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wōkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wōkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wōkum (active first-person indicative plural)
wōkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wōkud (active indicative plural second-person)
wōkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wōkun (active indicative plural third-person)
wōkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wakandz (active participle present)
wakanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wakan
Old English: wacan
Middle English: waken
English: wake
Scots: wake

Proto-Norse:

⇒ Old Norse: vakinn (past participle only)

Icelandic: vakinn

Faroese: vakin

Norwegian Nynorsk: vaken

→ Norwegian Bokmål: vaken

Elfdalian: watjin

Old Swedish: vakin, vaken

Swedish: vaken

Danish: vågen

Norwegian Bokmål: våken

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽 (wakan)

From Proto-Indo-European *weǵ- (“to be strong, be awake, be fresh, be cheerful”). Cognate with Latin vegeō (“be quick, be aroused, be alert”).


gnaganą

gnagō (active first-person indicative singular)
gnagaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gnagai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gnagizi (active indicative second-person singular)
gnagaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gnag (active imperative second-person singular)
gnagazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gnagaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gnagidi (active indicative singular third-person)
gnagai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gnagadau (active imperative singular third-person)
gnagadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gnagaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gnagōz (active dual first-person indicative)
gnagaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gnagadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gnagaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gnagadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gnagamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gnagaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gnagandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gnagaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gnagid (active indicative plural second-person)
gnagaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gnagid (active imperative plural second-person)
gnagandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gnagaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gnagandi (active indicative plural third-person)
gnagain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gnagandau (active imperative plural third-person)
gnagandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gnagaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gnōg (active first-person indicative singular)
gnōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gnōht (active indicative second-person singular)
gnōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gnōg (active indicative singular third-person)
gnōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gnōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
gnōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gnōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gnōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gnōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
gnōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gnōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
gnōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gnōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
gnōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gnagandz (active participle present)
gnaganaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*knaganą (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gnagan, *knagan
Old English: gnagan, *cnagan
Middle English: gnaȝen, gnawen, knawen
Scots: gnaw, knaw
English: gnaw, knaw
Old Frisian: *gnaga
Saterland Frisian: gnaue; gnauje; gnauelje
West Frisian: gnauwe
Old Saxon: knagan, gnagan
Middle Low German: gnāgen, knāgen
German Low German: gnagen, gnauen
Plautdietsch: gnoagen
Old Dutch: *gnagan, *cnagan
Middle Dutch: cnagen
Dutch: knagen, knauwen (possibly a contamination of knagen and kauwen)
Afrikaans: knaag, knae
Old High German: gnagan, knagan, nagan
Middle High German: nagen
German: nagen

Old Norse: gnaga, naga

Icelandic: naga

Faroese: gnaga, naga

Norn: nava (borrowed?)

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: gnaga, knaga, naga; (dialectal) gnågå

→ Danish: gnage

Norwegian Bokmål: gnage

→ Scots: nag, knag, kneggum

Old Swedish: gnagha

Swedish: gnaga

Danish: gnave, nage

Norwegian Bokmål: gnave

Elfdalian: gnågå

Gutnish: gnage

→ Middle English: *gnagen, *gnaggen, *naggen

→ English: gnag, knag (dialectal), nag

/ˈɣnɑ.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/

Probably onomatopoeic; or from Proto-Indo-European *gʰnēgʰ- (“to gnaw, scratch”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰen- (“to gnaw, grate, scrate, whit”).

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeic


dajjaną

dajjō (active first-person indicative singular)
dajjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dajjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dajisi (active indicative second-person singular)
dajjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
daji (active imperative second-person singular)
dajjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dajjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dajiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dajjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dajjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dajjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dajjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dajjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dajjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dajjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dajjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dajjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dajjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dajjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dajjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dajjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dajiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dajjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dajiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dajjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dajjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dajjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dajjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dajjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dajjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dajjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dajidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dajidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dajidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dajidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dajidē (active indicative singular third-person)
dajidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dajidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dajidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dajidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dajidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dajidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dajidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dajidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dajidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dajidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dajidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dajjandz (active participle present)
dajidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *daijan

>? Old English: dēon

Old Norse: *deggja

Old Swedish: dæggia

Swedish: dägga

⇒ Swedish: däggdjur

Danish: dægge

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (daddjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle, nurse”). Cognate with Latin fellō (“suck”), Old Church Slavonic доити (doiti, “to suckle”), Sanskrit धयति (dháyati, “he sucks, drinks”).


dijōną

dijō (active first-person indicative singular)
dijǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dijōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
dijōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
dijōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dijō (active imperative second-person singular)
dijōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dijōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dijōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dijō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dijōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dijōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dijōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dijōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dijōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dijōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dijōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dijōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dijōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dijōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dijōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dijōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dijōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dijōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dijōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dijōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dijōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dijōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dijōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dijōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dijōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dijōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dijōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dijōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dijōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dijōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
dijōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dijōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dijōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dijōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dijōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dijōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dijōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dijōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dijōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dijōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dijōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dijōndz (active participle present)
dijōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *dijōn

>? Old English: dēon

Old High German: *tīōn, *dīōn

Middle High German: tīen, dīen

Bavarian: deien

Old Norse: *día

Old Swedish: dīa

Swedish: dia, di

Old Danish: di

Danish: die

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₁éyeti (“to suckle, nurse”). Cognate with Latin fellō (“suck”), Old Church Slavonic доити (doiti), Sanskrit धयति (dháyati, “he sucks, drinks”).


dēaną

dēō (active first-person indicative singular)
dēaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dēai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dēizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dēaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dē (active imperative second-person singular)
dēazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dēaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dēidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dēai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dēadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dēadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dēaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dēōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dēaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dēadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dēaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dēadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dēamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dēaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dēandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dēaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dēid (active indicative plural second-person)
dēaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dēid (active imperative plural second-person)
dēandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dēaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dēandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dēain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dēandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dēandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dēaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dedē (active first-person indicative singular)
dedēį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dedēt (active indicative second-person singular)
dedēīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dedē (active indicative singular third-person)
dedēī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dedēū (active dual first-person indicative)
dedēīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dedēudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dedēīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dedēum (active first-person indicative plural)
dedēīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dedēud (active indicative plural second-person)
dedēīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dedēun (active indicative plural third-person)
dedēīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dēandz (active participle present)
dēanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Saxon: *dājan

Low German: däirn

Old High German: tāen

Middle High German: tāen

/ˈdɛː.ɑ.nɑ̃/


dabaną

dabō (active first-person indicative singular)
dabaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dabai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dabizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dabaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dab (active imperative second-person singular)
dabazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dabaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dabidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dabai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dabadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dabadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dabaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dabōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dabaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dabadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dabaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dabadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dabamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dabaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dabandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dabaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dabid (active indicative plural second-person)
dabaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dabid (active imperative plural second-person)
dabandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dabaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dabandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dabain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dabandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dabandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dabaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dōb (active first-person indicative singular)
dōbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dōft (active indicative second-person singular)
dōbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dōb (active indicative singular third-person)
dōbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dōbū (active dual first-person indicative)
dōbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dōbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dōbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dōbum (active first-person indicative plural)
dōbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dōbud (active indicative plural second-person)
dōbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dōbun (active indicative plural third-person)
dōbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dabandz (active participle present)
dabanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *daban

⇒ Old English: ġedafen, dafen; dafenian (< *dabanōną)

⇒ Old English: ġedafenlīċ

Middle English: ȝedavenlic

⇒ Old Norse: dafna (< *dabanōną)

Icelandic: dafna

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽 (gadaban) (< *gadabaną)

→ Proto-Finnic: *tabat'ak (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finnic: *tapahtudak (see there for further descendants)

/ˈdɑ.βɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₂ebʰ- (“to pass, happen, occur, fit”). Cognate with Lithuanian dabinti (“to beautify, decorate, adorn”), Russian до́брый (dóbryj, “good”).


sleutaną

sleutō (active first-person indicative singular)
sleutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sleutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sliutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sleutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sleut (active imperative second-person singular)
sleutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sleutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sliutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sleutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sleutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sleutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sleutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sleutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sleutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sleutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sleutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sleutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sleutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sleutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sleutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sleutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sliutid (active indicative plural second-person)
sleutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sliutid (active imperative plural second-person)
sleutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sleutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sleutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sleutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sleutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sleutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sleutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
slaut (active first-person indicative singular)
slutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slaust (active indicative second-person singular)
slutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slaut (active indicative singular third-person)
slutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slutū (active dual first-person indicative)
slutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slutum (active first-person indicative plural)
slutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slutud (active indicative plural second-person)
slutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slutun (active indicative plural third-person)
slutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sleutandz (active participle present)
slutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sleutan
Old Frisian: slūta
Saterland Frisian: sluute, slute
West Frisian: slute
Old Saxon: *slūtan (in combination)
Middle Low German: slûten
German Low German: sluten, slüten
→ Danish: slutte
Norwegian Bokmål: slutte
→ Swedish: sluta
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: slutte, slutta
Old Dutch: *slūtan
Middle Dutch: sluten
Dutch: sluiten
Afrikaans: sluit
Berbice Creole Dutch: slokti
→ Saramaccan: sòotó
Limburgish: sloete
Old High German: sliozan
Middle High German: sliezen
German: schließen
Luxembourgish: schléissen
Yiddish: שליסן (shlisn)

Of uncertain origin.
Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *(s)klewd- (“to lock”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kleh₂w- (“nail, hook, pin, key”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kel- (“to crook, bend”), and compared with Latin clāvis (“key, bar, bolt”), Latin claudō (“close”), Lithuanian kliudyti (“to hamper, obstruct”), Old Irish cló (“nail”).
Kroonen, however, considers the word restricted to Germanic, and leaves its origin open, while Orel tentatively connects the word to *lūtaną (“to bow down”).


grōaną

grōō (active first-person indicative singular)
grōaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grōai (first-person indicative passive singular)
grōizi (active indicative second-person singular)
grōaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grō (active imperative second-person singular)
grōazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grōaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grōidi (active indicative singular third-person)
grōai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grōadau (active imperative singular third-person)
grōadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grōaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grōōz (active dual first-person indicative)
grōaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grōadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grōaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grōadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grōamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grōaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grōandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grōaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grōid (active indicative plural second-person)
grōaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grōid (active imperative plural second-person)
grōandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grōaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grōandi (active indicative plural third-person)
grōain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grōandau (active imperative plural third-person)
grōandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grōaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gegrō (active first-person indicative singular)
gegrōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gegrōt (active indicative second-person singular)
gegrōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gegrō (active indicative singular third-person)
gegrōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gegrōū (active dual first-person indicative)
gegrōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gegrōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gegrōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gegrōum (active first-person indicative plural)
gegrōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gegrōud (active indicative plural second-person)
gegrōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gegrōun (active indicative plural third-person)
gegrōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grōandz (active participle present)
grōanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *grōan
Old English: grōwan
Middle English: growen
Scots: grow
English: grow
Old Frisian: grōwa, grōa, grōia
North Frisian: growen, grojen
Saterland Frisian: groie, groaie
West Frisian: groeie
Old Saxon: *grōian
Middle Low German: grôjen, grôen
German Low German: grojen
Old Dutch: gruoien
Middle Dutch: groeyen
Dutch: groeien
Afrikaans: groei
Limburgish: gröjje
Old High German: gruoen
Middle High German: grüejen

Old Norse: gróa

Icelandic: gróa

Faroese: gróa, grógva

Norwegian: gro

Old Swedish: grōa

Swedish: gro

Danish: gro

/ˈɡrɔː.ɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰreh₁- (“to become green, grow”).


alatjaną

alatjō (active first-person indicative singular)
alatjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
alatjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
alatisi (active indicative second-person singular)
alatjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
alati (active imperative second-person singular)
alatjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
alatjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
alatiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
alatjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
alatjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
alatjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
alatjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
alatjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
alatjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
alatjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
alatjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
alatjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
alatjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
alatjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
alatjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
alatjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
alatiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
alatjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
alatiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
alatjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
alatjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
alatjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
alatjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
alatjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
alatjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
alatjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
alastǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
alastēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
alastēz (active indicative second-person singular)
alastēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
alastē (active indicative singular third-person)
alastēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
alastēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
alastēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
alastēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
alastēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
alastēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
alastēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
alastēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
alastēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
alastēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
alastēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
alatjandz (active participle present)
alatidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: elta

Icelandic: elta

Faroese: elta

Norwegian Nynorsk: elta

Old Swedish: ælta

Swedish: älta

Danish: ælte

Norwegian Bokmål: elte

→ Middle English: elten

Scots: elt

English: elt

From *alaną (“to drive, move”) + *-atjaną.


skawwōną

skawwō (active first-person indicative singular)
skawwǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skawwōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skawwōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skawwōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skawwō (active imperative second-person singular)
skawwōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skawwōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skawwōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skawwō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skawwōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skawwōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skawwōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skawwōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skawwōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skawwōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skawwōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skawwōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skawwōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skawwōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skawwōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skawwōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skawwōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skawwōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skawwōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skawwōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skawwōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skawwōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skawwōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skawwōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skawwōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skawwōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skawwōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skawwōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skawwōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skawwōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skawwōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skawwōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skawwōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skawwōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skawwōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skawwōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skawwōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skawwōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skawwōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skawwōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skawwōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skawwōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skawwōndz (active participle present)
skawwōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skauwōn

Old English: sċēawian

desc

Middle English: schawen, schewen, schowen; scheawing, scewing

archaic <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">shew</i>

English: show (archaic shew)

Scots: shaw

⇒ Old English: sċēawung

Middle English: schawung, shawing, schewinge, schewynge

English: showing

Scots: shawing, showing

→ Old French: escauvinghe, escauwage; scawageour

→ Middle English: scavage, schevage, schewage; scavager

Scots: scavanger, scawanger

English: scavage; scavenger

Old Frisian: skāwia, skōwia, skōia

Saterland Frisian: skauje

West Frisian: skôgje, skoaie, skouje

Old Saxon: skouwōn

Middle Low German: schouwen

Low German: schauen

German Low German: schauen, schoen

⇒ German Low German: wohrschoen

desctree

Old Dutch: skouwon, scouwon
Middle Dutch: schouwen
Dutch: schouwen
Afrikaans: skou

Old High German: skouwōn, scouwōn

Middle High German: schouwen

German: schauen

⇒ Old Norse: skygna

→ Proto-Finnic:

Estonian: kava

Finnish: kaava

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁- (“to heed, look, feel, take note of”). Cognate with Latin cavēre (“to beware, heed”).


spehōną

spehō (active first-person indicative singular)
spehǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spehōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
spehōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
spehōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spehō (active imperative second-person singular)
spehōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
spehōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
spehōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
spehō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spehōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
spehōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
spehōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
spehōs (active dual first-person indicative)
spehōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spehōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spehōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spehōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
spehōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
spehōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spehōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
spehōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
spehōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
spehōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spehōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
spehōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
spehōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
spehōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
spehōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spehōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
spehōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
spehōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
spehōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
spehōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spehōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
spehōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spehōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
spehōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spehōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
spehōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spehōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spehōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spehōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
spehōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spehōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
spehōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spehōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
spehōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spehōndz (active participle present)
spehōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *spehōn
Old Saxon: *spehōn
Middle Low German: spēgen, spējen, spēen, spēn
→ Old Norse: speja, spæja
Icelandic: speja, spæja
Norwegian: speide
Swedish: speja
Danish: spejde
Old Dutch: *spion
Middle Dutch: spien, spieden
Dutch: spieden
Old High German: spehōn, spiohōn, *spihōn (attested in derivative spihāri (“spy”))
Middle High German: spëhen, spēn, *spiehen (attested in derivative spieher (“spy”))
German: spähen
→ Czech: špehovat
→ Polish: szpiegować
→ Vulgar Latin: *spiō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *speḱ- (“to look”). Cognate with Latin speciō (“look, stare, behold”), Ancient Greek σκοπέω (skopéō, “I view, examine”).


tukkōną

tukkō (active first-person indicative singular)
tukkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tukkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
tukkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
tukkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tukkō (active imperative second-person singular)
tukkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tukkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tukkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tukkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tukkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tukkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tukkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tukkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tukkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tukkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tukkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tukkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tukkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tukkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tukkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tukkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tukkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tukkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tukkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tukkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tukkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tukkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tukkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tukkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tukkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tukkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tukkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tukkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tukkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tukkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tukkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
tukkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tukkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tukkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tukkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tukkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tukkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tukkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tukkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tukkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tukkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tukkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tukkōndz (active participle present)
tukkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tukkōn
Old English: tucian
Middle English: tuken (influenced by Middle Dutch, Middle Low German tucken)
English: tuck
Scots: tuck
Old Frisian: *tukia
Saterland Frisian: tukje, tuukje; tokje
West Frisian: tûkje; (tûke)
⇒ West Frisian: tûkelje
Old Saxon: *tukkōn
Middle Low German: tucken
German Low German: tucken, tocken
Low German: tukken, tokken
Old Dutch: *tukkon, *tokkon
Middle Dutch: tucken, tocken
Dutch: tokken
⇒ Dutch: tokkelen
→? Old High German: tokkōn, tockōn (“to collide”)
Old High German: zucchōn, zocchōn
→? Vulgar Latin: *tuccō (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: toga
Faroese: toga
Icelandic: toga
Norwegian Nynorsk: toge

From earlier paradigm *tukkōþi ~ *tugunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *duk-nā́-ti ~ *duk-un-ánti, iterative to *teuhaną (“to draw, pull”).


haimatjaną

haimatjō (active first-person indicative singular)
haimatjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haimatjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
haimatisi (active indicative second-person singular)
haimatjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haimati (active imperative second-person singular)
haimatjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
haimatjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
haimatiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
haimatjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haimatjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
haimatjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
haimatjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
haimatjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
haimatjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haimatjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haimatjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haimatjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
haimatjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
haimatjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haimatjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
haimatjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
haimatiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
haimatjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haimatiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
haimatjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
haimatjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
haimatjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
haimatjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haimatjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
haimatjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
haimatjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
haimastǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
haimastēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haimastēz (active indicative second-person singular)
haimastēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haimastē (active indicative singular third-person)
haimastēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haimastēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
haimastēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haimastēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haimastēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haimastēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
haimastēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haimastēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
haimastēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haimastēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
haimastēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haimatjandz (active participle present)
haimatidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haimattjan
Old English: hāmettan
Old High German: *heimezzen, *heimezen
>? Middle High German: heimsen (possibly; 14th century and rare)
German: heimsen, einheimsen

Old Norse: heimta

Icelandic: heimta

Faroese: heinta, heimta

Norwegian Nynorsk: heimta, hemta, henta

Old Swedish: hæmta

Swedish: hämta

Danish: hente

Norwegian Bokmål: hente

→ Scots: hent, hint

→ Old French: hanter (also possibly from Old English)

Middle French: hanter

French: hanter

→ Middle Dutch: hanteren, hantieren
Dutch: hanteren
→ Indonesian: hantir
→ West Frisian: hantearje
→ Middle Low German: hantêren
→ German: hantieren
→ Norwegian Bokmål: håndtere
→ Swedish: hantera

→ Middle English: hanten, haunten

Scots: hant

English: haunt


geusaną

geusō (active first-person indicative singular)
geusaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
geusai (first-person indicative passive singular)
giusizi (active indicative second-person singular)
geusaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
geus (active imperative second-person singular)
geusazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
geusaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
giusidi (active indicative singular third-person)
geusai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
geusadau (active imperative singular third-person)
geusadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
geusaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
geusōz (active dual first-person indicative)
geusaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
geusadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
geusaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
geusadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
geusamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
geusaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
geusandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
geusaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
giusid (active indicative plural second-person)
geusaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
giusid (active imperative plural second-person)
geusandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
geusaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
geusandi (active indicative plural third-person)
geusain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
geusandau (active imperative plural third-person)
geusandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
geusaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gaus (active first-person indicative singular)
gusį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaust (active indicative second-person singular)
gusīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaus (active indicative singular third-person)
gusī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gusū (active dual first-person indicative)
gusīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gusudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gusīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gusum (active first-person indicative plural)
gusīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gusud (active indicative plural second-person)
gusīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gusun (active indicative plural third-person)
gusīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
geusandz (active participle present)
gusanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *geusan
Middle Dutch: gūsen
Middle Dutch: gusen
Dutch: guizen
⇒ Dutch: verguizen
Afrikaans: verguis

Old Norse: gjósa

Icelandic: gjósa

Faroese: gjósa

Gutnish: gjausa

Danish: gyse

Uncertain. Possibly representing a sigmatic aorist or s-extension to Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew- (“to pour”).


kustōną

kustō (active first-person indicative singular)
kustǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kustōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
kustōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kustōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kustō (active imperative second-person singular)
kustōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kustōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kustōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kustō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kustōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kustōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kustōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kustōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kustōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kustōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kustōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kustōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kustōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kustōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kustōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kustōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kustōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kustōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kustōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kustōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kustōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kustōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kustōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kustōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kustōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kustōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kustōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kustōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kustōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kustōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kustōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
kustōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kustōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kustōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kustōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kustōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kustōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kustōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kustōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kustōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kustōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kustōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kustōndz (active participle present)
kustōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kostōn
Old English: costian, costnian
Middle English: costnien; bicasten (partially)
English: costen; becast, cast about
Old Frisian: *kostia
Saterland Frisian: kostje
Old Saxon: kostōn
Middle Low German: kosten
Old Dutch: *kosten
Middle Dutch: *costen
Dutch: kosten ("to taste", archaic)
Old High German: kostōn
Middle High German: kosten
German: kosten
Mòcheno: kostn
→ Polish: kosztować

Old Norse: kosta

Icelandic: kosta

Swedish: kosta

From *kustuz (“trial, choice”) + *-ōną. Compare, in particular, Latin gustō (“to taste, sample”).


metōną

metō (active first-person indicative singular)
metǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
metōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
metōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
metōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
metō (active imperative second-person singular)
metōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
metōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
metōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
metō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
metōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
metōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
metōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
metōs (active dual first-person indicative)
metōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
metōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
metōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
metōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
metōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
metōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
metōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
metōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
metōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
metōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
metōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
metōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
metōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
metōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
metōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
metōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
metōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
metōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
metōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
metōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
metōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
metōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
metōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
metōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
metōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
metōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
metōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
metōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
metōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
metōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
metōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
metōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
metōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
metōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
metōndz (active participle present)
metōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: metegian, metgian, metian

Old Frisian: metigia

Old High German: mezzōn

Middle High German: mezzen

German: messen (merged with other verbs)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌽 (mitōn)

From Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to think about, reason, decide”). Cognate with Latin meditor (“think, reflect, consider”).


rīmaną

rīmō (active first-person indicative singular)
rīmaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rīmai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rīmizi (active indicative second-person singular)
rīmaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rīm (active imperative second-person singular)
rīmazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rīmaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rīmidi (active indicative singular third-person)
rīmai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rīmadau (active imperative singular third-person)
rīmadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rīmaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rīmōz (active dual first-person indicative)
rīmaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rīmadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rīmaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rīmadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rīmamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rīmaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rīmandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rīmaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rīmid (active indicative plural second-person)
rīmaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rīmid (active imperative plural second-person)
rīmandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rīmaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rīmandi (active indicative plural third-person)
rīmain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rīmandau (active imperative plural third-person)
rīmandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rīmaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raim (active first-person indicative singular)
rimį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raimt (active indicative second-person singular)
rimīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raim (active indicative singular third-person)
rimī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rimū (active dual first-person indicative)
rimīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rimudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rimīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rimum (active first-person indicative plural)
rimīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rimud (active indicative plural second-person)
rimīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rimun (active indicative plural third-person)
rimīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rīmandz (active participle present)
rimanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rīman
Old English: rīman
Middle English: rimen
English: rime, rhyme
Scots: rime, rhyme
Old Frisian: *rīma
⇒ Saterland Frisian: riemje
West Frisian: rime, rymje
Old Saxon: *rīman
Middle Low German: rîmen
German Low German: riemen
Old Dutch: *rīman
Middle Dutch: rimen
Dutch: rijmen
→ Vulgar Latin: *rīmāre
Old French: rimer
Middle French: rimer
French: rimer
Old High German: *rīman
Middle High German: reimen
German: reimen
Luxembourgish: reimen

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂rey- (“to customise, regulate, order, count, add”). Cognate with Latin reor (“calculate, count, reckon, think”).


jaatjaną

jaatjō (active first-person indicative singular)
jaatjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
jaatjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
jaatisi (active indicative second-person singular)
jaatjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
jaati (active imperative second-person singular)
jaatjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
jaatjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
jaatiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
jaatjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
jaatjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
jaatjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
jaatjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
jaatjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
jaatjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
jaatjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
jaatjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
jaatjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
jaatjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
jaatjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
jaatjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
jaatjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
jaatiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
jaatjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
jaatiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
jaatjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
jaatjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
jaatjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
jaatjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
jaatjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
jaatjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
jaatjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
jaastǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
jaastēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
jaastēz (active indicative second-person singular)
jaastēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
jaastē (active indicative singular third-person)
jaastēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
jaastēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
jaastēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
jaastēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
jaastēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
jaastēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
jaastēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
jaastēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
jaastēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
jaastēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
jaastēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
jaatjandz (active participle present)
jaatidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *jaattjan, *jāttjan
Old English: ġēatan
Middle English: ȝeaten, ȝaten, yeten
Old Frisian: gēta, gāta
⇒? Saterland Frisian: bijeedje
⇒? West Frisian: itigje, ytsje
Old Dutch: *jāetten, *jātten, *jāten
⇒? Middle Dutch: jaet (adverb, particle, interjection)
Old High German: jāezzen, jāzen
Middle High German: jāzen
⇒ Middle High German: bejāzen
⇒ Middle High German: verjāzen, verjāgen
⇒ Old High German: gijāezzen, gijāzen

Old Norse: játa, játta

Icelandic: játa

Faroese: játta

Norwegian Nynorsk: jata, jatta

Old Swedish: iǣt(t)a, iāt(t)a

Old Danish: jate

Danish: jætte, jatte; ⇒ forjætte

Norwegian Bokmål: jatte; forjette

to say ‘yes’, assent (to), consent, confirm, grant


landijaną

landijō (active first-person indicative singular)
landijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
landijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
landīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
landijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
landī (active imperative second-person singular)
landijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
landijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
landīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
landijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
landijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
landijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
landijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
landijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
landijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
landijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
landijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
landijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
landijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
landijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
landijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
landijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
landīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
landijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
landīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
landijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
landijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
landijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
landijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
landijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
landijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
landijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
landidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
landidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
landidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
landidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
landidē (active indicative singular third-person)
landidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
landidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
landidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
landidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
landidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
landidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
landidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
landidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
landidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
landidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
landidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
landijandz (active participle present)
landidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *landijan
Old English: lendan
Middle English: lenden, leende, leind, lend, lende, lendyn, leynd, leynde, lyende, lynde
Old Frisian: *lenda
⇒ Old Frisian: onlenda, undlenda
Old Saxon: *lendian
Middle Low German: lenden
Old Dutch: *lenden
Middle Dutch: lenden
⇒ Middle Dutch: belenden
Dutch: belenden
Old High German: lenten
Middle High German: lenten, lenden, leinten
German: länden (obsolete)

Old Norse: lenda

Icelandic: lenda

Faroese: lenda

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: lende

Old Swedish: lænda

Swedish: lända (obsolete), landa

Old Danish: lændhe

Danish: lænde (obsolete), lande


hwarbijaną

hwarbijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwarbijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwarbijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwarbīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwarbijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwarbī (active imperative second-person singular)
hwarbijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwarbijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwarbīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwarbijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwarbijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwarbijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwarbijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwarbijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hwarbijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwarbijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwarbijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwarbijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwarbijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwarbijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwarbijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwarbijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwarbīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hwarbijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwarbīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hwarbijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwarbijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwarbijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwarbijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwarbijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwarbijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwarbijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwarbidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hwarbidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwarbidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hwarbidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwarbidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hwarbidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwarbidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwarbidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwarbidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwarbidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwarbidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwarbidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwarbidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwarbidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwarbidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwarbidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwarbijandz (active participle present)
hwarbidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwarbijan
Old English: hwierfan
Old Saxon: hwerbian
Old High German: werban

Old Norse: hverfa

Icelandic: hverfa

Faroese: hvørva

Norwegian: kverve

Old Danish: hwærfæ

Danish: hverve, hverre


niitjaną

niitjō (active first-person indicative singular)
niitjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
niitjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
niitisi (active indicative second-person singular)
niitjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
niiti (active imperative second-person singular)
niitjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
niitjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
niitiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
niitjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
niitjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
niitjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
niitjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
niitjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
niitjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
niitjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
niitjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
niitjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
niitjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
niitjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
niitjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
niitjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
niitiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
niitjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
niitiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
niitjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
niitjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
niitjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
niitjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
niitjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
niitjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
niitjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
niistǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
niistēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
niistēz (active indicative second-person singular)
niistēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
niistē (active indicative singular third-person)
niistēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
niistēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
niistēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
niistēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
niistēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
niistēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
niistēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
niistēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
niistēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
niistēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
niistēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
niitjandz (active participle present)
niitidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: nǣtan (< *naitijaną)

Old Norse: níta; neita (< *naitijaną)

Icelandic: neita

→ Middle English: niten; naiten

Scots: nyte, nite

English: nait


nakwōną

nakwō (active first-person indicative singular)
nakwǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nakwōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
nakwōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
nakwōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nakwō (active imperative second-person singular)
nakwōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
nakwōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
nakwōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
nakwō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nakwōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
nakwōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
nakwōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
nakwōs (active dual first-person indicative)
nakwōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nakwōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nakwōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nakwōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
nakwōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
nakwōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nakwōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
nakwōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
nakwōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
nakwōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nakwōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
nakwōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
nakwōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
nakwōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
nakwōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nakwōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
nakwōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
nakwōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
nakwōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
nakwōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nakwōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
nakwōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nakwōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
nakwōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nakwōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
nakwōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nakwōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nakwōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nakwōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
nakwōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nakwōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
nakwōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nakwōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
nakwōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nakwōndz (active participle present)
nakwōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *nakōn

Old English: nacian; (nacod)

Middle English: naken; (naked)

Scots: nake; (nakit)

English: nake; (naked)

⇒ Middle English: nakenen

English: naken

Old Frisian: *nakja; (naked, naket)

Old Saxon: *nakōn; (*nakot)

(Middle Low German: nāket)

Old Dutch: *nakōn; (*nakot)

(Middle Dutch: nāket, naect)

(Dutch: naakt)

Old High German: *nakōn, *nachōn; (nakot, nacot, naccot, nackot, nachot, nahhut)

Middle High German: nacken (naket, nacket)

(German: nackt)

⇒ Middle High German: entnacken

Old Norse: nǫkkva, nøkkva

Icelandic: nökkva

Old Swedish: nakuðer

/ˈnɑ.kʷɔː.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *negʷ- (“naked”) + *-ōną.


wrītaną

wrītō (active first-person indicative singular)
wrītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wrītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wrītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wrītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wrīt (active imperative second-person singular)
wrītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wrītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wrītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wrītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wrītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wrītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wrītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wrītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wrītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wrītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wrītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wrītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wrītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wrītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wrītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wrītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wrītid (active indicative plural second-person)
wrītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wrītid (active imperative plural second-person)
wrītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wrītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wrītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wrītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wrītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wrītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wrait (active first-person indicative singular)
writį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wraist (active indicative second-person singular)
writīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wrait (active indicative singular third-person)
writī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
writū (active dual first-person indicative)
writīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
writudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
writīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
writum (active first-person indicative plural)
writīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
writud (active indicative plural second-person)
writīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
writun (active indicative plural third-person)
writīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrītandz (active participle present)
writanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wrītan
Old English: wrītan
Middle English: writen
English: write
Scots: writ, wryte, wret
Old Frisian: wrīta
Saterland Frisian: riete
West Frisian: write
Old Saxon: wrītan
Middle Low German: wrîten
Low German: rieten
Old Dutch: *wrītan
Middle Dutch: writen
Dutch: wrijten
Old High German: rīȥan, ᚹᚱᚨᛁᛏ (wrait), ᚹᚱᚨᛖᛏ (wraet)
Middle High German: rīȥen
German: reißen
→ Danish: ridse
Luxembourgish: räissen
→ Polish: rysować
→ Belarusian: рысава́ць (rysavácʹ)
→ Russian: рисова́ть (risovátʹ)
→ Ukrainian: рисува́ти (rysuváty)

Proto-Norse: ᚹᚱᚨᛁᛏᚨ (wraita), ᚹᚨᚱᛡᛁᛏ (warᴀit), ᚹᚨᚱᛁᛏᚢ (waritu)

Old Norse: ríta; rita

Icelandic: rita

Faroese: rita

Norwegian: rita

Old Swedish: rita

Swedish: rita

Old Danish: ritæ

Danish: rite

Of unclear origin.
Kroonen derives the root from a Proto-Indo-European *wreyd-, with no known cognates outside of Germanic. The only one who has since attempted to find cognates in this vein is Matasović, who links this root to Latin rīdeō (“to laugh”).
Pokorny and Lehmann suggest that the root is a d-extension of a Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to cut, scratch”), for which see Old Armenian գիր (gir, “letter; writing”) for more possible cognates. Latin rīma (“cleft, crack”) may also continue this same root. However, as with the unrelated *wlītaną (q.v.), the extension may have been with a different dental consonant than *d in the case of back-influence from iterative *writtōną.


hūdijaną

hūdijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hūdijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hūdijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hūdīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hūdijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hūdī (active imperative second-person singular)
hūdijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hūdijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hūdīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hūdijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hūdijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hūdijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hūdijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hūdijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hūdijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hūdijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hūdijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hūdijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hūdijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hūdijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hūdijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hūdijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hūdīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hūdijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hūdīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hūdijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hūdijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hūdijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hūdijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hūdijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hūdijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hūdijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hūdidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hūdidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hūdidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hūdidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hūdidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hūdidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hūdidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hūdidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hūdidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hūdidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hūdidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hūdidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hūdidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hūdidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hūdidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hūdidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hūdijandz (active participle present)
hūdidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hūdijan
Old English: hȳdan
Middle English: huden, hyden, hiden
English: hide
Scots: hide, hyde
Old Frisian: hūda, hēda
Old Saxon: *hūdian
Middle Low German: hü̂den
Low German: hüden
⇒ Low German: verhüden
Old Dutch: *hūden
Middle Dutch: huden
Dutch: huiden

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewdʰ- (“to cover, encase”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to hide, wrap up, conceal”). Cognate with Welsh cuddio (“hide”), Latin cū̆stōs (“guard, protector”), Ancient Greek κεύθω (keúthō, “to conceal”).


hulōną

hulō (active first-person indicative singular)
hulǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hulōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hulōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hulōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hulō (active imperative second-person singular)
hulōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hulōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hulōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hulō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hulōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hulōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hulōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hulōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hulōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hulōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hulōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hulōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hulōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hulōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hulōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hulōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hulōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hulōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hulōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hulōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hulōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hulōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hulōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hulōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hulōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hulōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hulōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hulōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hulōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hulōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hulōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hulōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hulōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hulōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hulōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hulōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hulōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hulōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hulōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hulōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hulōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hulōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hulōndz (active participle present)
hulōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *holōn

Old English: holian

Middle English: holen

English: hole

Old Saxon: *holōn

Middle Low German: holen

Old Dutch: *holon

Middle Dutch: holen

Dutch: holen (obsolete), hollen (backformed to the adjective)

Old High German: holōn

Middle High German: holen

Old Norse: hola

Icelandic: hola

Faroese: hola

Norwegian Nynorsk: hola

Swedish: håla

Old Danish: hule

Gothic: *𐌷𐌿𐌻𐍉𐌽 (*hulōn)

Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌷𐌿𐌻𐍉𐌽 (ushulōn)

From *hulaz (“hollow”) + *-ōną, or *hulą (“hole”) + *-ōną.


babalōną

babalō (active first-person indicative singular)
babalǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
babalōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
babalōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
babalōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
babalō (active imperative second-person singular)
babalōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
babalōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
babalōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
babalō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
babalōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
babalōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
babalōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
babalōs (active dual first-person indicative)
babalōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
babalōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
babalōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
babalōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
babalōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
babalōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
babalōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
babalōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
babalōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
babalōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
babalōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
babalōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
babalōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
babalōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
babalōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
babalōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
babalōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
babalōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
babalōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
babalōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
babalōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
babalōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
babalōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
babalōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
babalōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
babalōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
babalōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
babalōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
babalōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
babalōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
babalōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
babalōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
babalōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
babalōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
babalōndz (active participle present)
babalōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *babalōn, *bablōn, *wablōn

Old English: *bablian, *bæblian, *bæflian, wæflian

Middle English: bablen, babelen; *waffelen

Scots: bable, babil

English: babble, waffle

Old Frisian: *babelia

Saterland Frisian: babbelje, bale

West Frisian: babbelje

Old Saxon: *bablōn

Middle Low German: babbelen; brabbelen, brabbeln

Low German: babbeln

Plautdietsch: baublen

→ German: brabbeln

Old Dutch: *bablon

Middle Dutch: babbelen

Dutch: babbelen

Afrikaans: babbel

→ Old French: babiller

Middle French: babiller

French: babiller

→ Latin: babellare

Old High German: *papalōn, *babalōn; blabazzen

Middle High German: *papelen, *babelen; blabezen, blebezen, blebzen

German: pappeln, bappeln, babbeln; plappern

Old Norse: babbla

Icelandic: babla

Faroese: babla

Norwegian: bable

Swedish: babbla

Danish: bable, bavle

Gutnish: båbble, babble

Scanian: bebla

/ˈbɑ.βɑ.lɔː.nɑ̃/

From *baba- + *-lōną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰa-bʰa-, perhaps a reduplication of Proto-Indo-European *bʰā- (“to say”), or a variant of onomatopoeic *baba- (“to talk vaguely, mumble”), or a merger of the two.


walkaną

walkō (active first-person indicative singular)
walkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
walkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
walkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
walkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
walk (active imperative second-person singular)
walkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
walkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
walkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
walkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
walkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
walkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
walkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
walkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
walkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
walkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
walkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
walkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
walkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
walkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
walkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
walkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
walkid (active indicative plural second-person)
walkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
walkid (active imperative plural second-person)
walkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
walkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
walkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
walkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
walkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
walkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
walkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wewalk (active first-person indicative singular)
wewalkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wewalht (active indicative second-person singular)
wewalkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wewalk (active indicative singular third-person)
wewalkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wewalkū (active dual first-person indicative)
wewalkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wewalkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wewalkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wewalkum (active first-person indicative plural)
wewalkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wewalkud (active indicative plural second-person)
wewalkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wewalkun (active indicative plural third-person)
wewalkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
walkandz (active participle present)
walkanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *walkan
Old English: wealcan
Middle English: walken, walk, walke, walkyn, wolken (conflated with wealcian)
English: walk, waulk
Scots: walk
Old Saxon: *walkan
Middle Low German: walken
Low German: walken
Old Dutch: *walcan
Middle Dutch: walken
Dutch: walken
Old High German: walcan, walkan, walchan
Middle High German: walchen, walken
Bavarian: wålchn, wålgn, woika, woikn
Cimbrian: balchan
German: walken
→ Italian: gualcare
→ Old French: gauchier
Middle French: gauchier, gaucher, gauchir
French: gauchir
Walloon: wauquier
Old French: gauchie, guauche
Middle French: gauche, gaulche
French: gauche
→ English: gauche
Norman: gauche
Walloon: gôche

From Proto-Indo-European *welk-, *welg-, extended form of *welH- (“to turn, to wind, roll”).


wrīþaną

wrīþō (active first-person indicative singular)
wrīþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wrīþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wrīþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wrīþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wrīþ (active imperative second-person singular)
wrīþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wrīþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wrīþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wrīþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wrīþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wrīþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wrīþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wrīþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wrīþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wrīþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wrīþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wrīþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wrīþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wrīþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wrīþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wrīþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wrīþid (active indicative plural second-person)
wrīþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wrīþid (active imperative plural second-person)
wrīþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wrīþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wrīþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wrīþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrīþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wrīþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wrīþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wraiþ (active first-person indicative singular)
wridį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wraist (active indicative second-person singular)
wridīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wraiþ (active indicative singular third-person)
wridī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wridū (active dual first-person indicative)
wridīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wridudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wridīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wridum (active first-person indicative plural)
wridīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wridud (active indicative plural second-person)
wridīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wridun (active indicative plural third-person)
wridīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrīþandz (active participle present)
wridanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wrīþan
Old English: wrīþan
Middle English: writhen, wrythen
Scots: wryth, writhe
English: writhe
Old Dutch: *wrīthan
Middle Dutch: writen (with -t- by influence of an iterative *writtōną)
Old High German: wrīdan, rīdan, *rīdan (Lombardic)
Middle High German: rīden
German: reiden; (wrideln)
→ Old French: rider
Middle French: rider
French: rider
→ Italian: riddare

Old Norse: vríða, ríða — Old West Norse
Norwegian Nynorsk: vrida, vri
→ Norwegian Bokmål: vri
Elfdalian: rwaiða, wraiða, waiða
Old Swedish: vrīþa
Swedish: vrida
Old Danish: writhæ
Danish: vride
Norwegian Bokmål: vride
Scanian: vriða
Gutnish: bräida

From Proto-Indo-European *wreyt- (“to twist, writhe”).


sīganą

sīgō (active first-person indicative singular)
sīgaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sīgai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sīgizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sīgaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sīg (active imperative second-person singular)
sīgazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sīgaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sīgidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sīgai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sīgadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sīgadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sīgaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sīgōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sīgaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sīgadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sīgaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sīgadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sīgamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sīgaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sīgandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sīgaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sīgid (active indicative plural second-person)
sīgaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sīgid (active imperative plural second-person)
sīgandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sīgaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sīgandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sīgain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sīgandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sīgandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sīgaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
saig (active first-person indicative singular)
sigį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
saiht (active indicative second-person singular)
sigīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
saig (active indicative singular third-person)
sigī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sigū (active dual first-person indicative)
sigīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sigudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sigīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sigum (active first-person indicative plural)
sigīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sigud (active indicative plural second-person)
sigīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sigun (active indicative plural third-person)
sigīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sīgandz (active participle present)
siganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sīgan
Old English: sīġan
Middle English: sien
English: sie, sye
Old Frisian: sīga
North Frisian: siuken
West Frisian: sige
Old Saxon: sīgan
Middle Low German: sîgen
Old Dutch: *sīgan
Middle Dutch: sigen
Dutch: zijgen
Limburgish: ziege
Old High German: sīgan
Middle High German: sīgen
German: seigen

Old Norse: síga

Icelandic: síga

Faroese: síga

Norwegian: sige

Old Swedish: sīgha

Swedish: siga

Old Danish: sighæ

Danish: sige

According to Orel, a variant of *sīhwaną, which is from Proto-Indo-European *seykʷ- (“to pour out; gush; flow; run; trickle”).


hrītaną

hrītō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrīt (active imperative second-person singular)
hrītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hrītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrītid (active indicative plural second-person)
hrītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrītid (active imperative plural second-person)
hrītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hrait (active first-person indicative singular)
hritį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hraist (active indicative second-person singular)
hritīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrait (active indicative singular third-person)
hritī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hritū (active dual first-person indicative)
hritīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hritudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hritīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hritum (active first-person indicative plural)
hritīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hritud (active indicative plural second-person)
hritīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hritun (active indicative plural third-person)
hritīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrītandz (active participle present)
hritanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrītan
Old English: *hrītan
Old Frisian: *hrīta
Saterland Frisian: riete
West Frisian: rite
Old Saxon: hrītan
Middle Low German: rîten
Low German: rieten
German Low German: rieten
Old Dutch: *rītan
Middle Dutch: riten
Dutch: rijten
Limburgish: riete
Old High German: rīȥan
Middle High German: rīȥen
German: reißen
Luxembourgish: räissen

Old Norse: hríta

Icelandic: ríta

Faroese: ríta

Norwegian: rita

Old Swedish: hrīta

Swedish: rita

Compare *skrītaną, pointing to mobile *(s)-. Both are “chiming words” to *wrītaną, which might have resulted in mutually influencing semantics.


mōtijaną

mōtijō (active first-person indicative singular)
mōtijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mōtijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
mōtīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
mōtijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mōtī (active imperative second-person singular)
mōtijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mōtijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mōtīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
mōtijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mōtijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
mōtijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mōtijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mōtijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
mōtijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mōtijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mōtijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mōtijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mōtijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mōtijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mōtijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mōtijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mōtīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
mōtijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mōtīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
mōtijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mōtijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mōtijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
mōtijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mōtijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
mōtijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mōtijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mōtidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
mōtidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mōtidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
mōtidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mōtidē (active indicative singular third-person)
mōtidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mōtidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
mōtidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mōtidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mōtidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mōtidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
mōtidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mōtidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
mōtidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mōtidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
mōtidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mōtijandz (active participle present)
mōtidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *mōtijan
Old English: mētan
Middle English: meten, meeten
Scots: met, mete, meit, meet
English: meet
Old Frisian: mēta
North Frisian: mete
Saterland Frisian: mäite
West Frisian: mette
Old Saxon: mōtian
Middle Low German: môten, mö̂ten
Low German: möten, bemöten
⇒ Middle Low German: entmôten, entmö̂ten
Old Dutch: *muoten
Middle Dutch: moeten
Dutch: moeten
→ West Frisian: moetsje
Limburgish: mote
⇒ Middle Dutch: gemoeten
Dutch: gemoeten
⇒ Middle Dutch: ontmoeten, entmuten, untmuten
Dutch: ontmoeten
Old High German: muozen
Middle High German: muozen, muoten
⇒ Middle High German: *entmuozen, entmuoten
German: entmuten

Old Norse: mœta

Icelandic: mæta

Faroese: møta

Norwegian Bokmål: møte

Norwegian Nynorsk: møte

Old Swedish: mø̄ta

Swedish: möta

Old Danish: møtæ

Danish: møde