un-

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *un-
Old English: un-, on-
Middle English: un-
Scots: un-
English: un-
Old Frisian: un-
North Frisian: ün-
Saterland Frisian: uun-
West Frisian: ûn-, on-
Old Saxon: un-
Low German: on-, un-
Old Dutch: un-
Middle Dutch: on-
Dutch: on-
Afrikaans: on-
Limburgish: ón-
Old High German: un-
Middle High German: un-
Alemannic German: o-, u-
German: un-
Luxembourgish: un-
Yiddish: אומ־ (um-)

Proto-Norse: ᚢᚾ- (un-)
Old Norse: ú-, ó-
Icelandic: ó-
Faroese: ó-
Norwegian Nynorsk: u-, o-
Old Swedish: ō-
Swedish: o-
Danish: u-
Norwegian Bokmål: u-

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽- (un-)

Vandalic: *un-


twi-

Proto-West Germanic: *twi-

Old English: twi-, twio-, twy-
Middle English: twi-, twei-, twy-
English: twi-

Old Saxon: twi-

Low German: twi-

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: twee-

Old High German: zwi-

German: zwie-

Old Norse: tví-
Icelandic: tví-
Faroese: tví-
Norwegian Nynorsk: tvi-
Swedish: tve-
Danish: tve-
Norwegian Bokmål: tve-


ana-

Proto-West Germanic: *ana-
Old English: an-, on-
Middle English: on-
English: on-, an-, a-
Old Frisian: an-
Saterland Frisian: an-
West Frisian: oan-
Old Saxon: ana-
Middle Low German: ane-
German Low German: an-
Old Dutch: ana-
Middle Dutch:
Dutch: aan-
Old High German: ana-
Middle High German:
German: an-

Old Norse: á-

Icelandic: á-

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌰- (ana-)

From pre-Germanic *h₂enh̥́₂-. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀνα- (ana-).


sin-

Proto-West Germanic: *sin-
Old English: sin-, sine-
Old Frisian: sin-
Old Saxon: sin-
Old Dutch: sino-
Middle Dutch: sine-, sin-
Dutch: zene-
Old High German: sin-

Old Norse: sí-

Icelandic: sí-, sí

⇒ Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (sinteins)


ala-

Proto-West Germanic: *ala-

Old English: æl-, eal-, eall-, al-
Middle English: all-, al-
English: all-, al-
Scots: a'-, aw- au-

Old Norse: al-


þri-

Proto-West Germanic: *þri-

Old English: þri-

Old High German: drī-

Old Norse: þrí-

From pre-Germanic *tri-, combining form of Proto-Indo-European *tréyes.


ga-

Proto-West Germanic: *ga-
Old English: ġe-, i- — Late West Saxon, gæ- — Anglian, gi- — Northumbrian, ie- — Kentish
Middle English: ge-, ȝe-, i-, y-
English: a-, y-, i- (obsolete)
Old Frisian: ge-, gi-, je-, ie-, e-, i-, a-
Saterland Frisian: ge-
West Frisian: ge-
Old Saxon: gi-, i-, ge-, ga-
Middle Low German: ge-
Low German: ge-, e-, je-
Old Dutch: gi-, ge-
Middle Dutch: ghe-, ge-, (West-Flanders) i-, y-
Dutch: ge-
Afrikaans: ge-
West Flemish: ge-, e-
Old High German: gi-, ga-, ki-, ka-
Middle High German: ge-
Alemannic German: g- or ge- (euphonic)
Bavarian: g-
German: ge-
Luxembourgish: ge-
Vilamovian: gy-
Yiddish: גע־ (ge-)

Old Norse: g- (non-productive)

⇒ Old Norse: gnógr, glíkr, greiðr, greiða, granni

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰- (ga-)

Vandalic: *ga-

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“with, near, by, along”). Cognate with Latin co-, con-, prefix forms of cum (“with”). The irregular change from expected **ha- to *ga- is probably due to the unstressed nature of this prefix.

der

Indicates association or togetherness; co-.

Indicates completeness or wholeness. In verbs, also indicates perfectivity (a finished action).


twiz-

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *twiʀ-, *tuʀ-, *tiʀ-

Old English: te-, ti-, tō-

Middle English: to-

English: to- (obsolete)

Old Frisian: te-, ti-, tō-

Saterland Frisian: tou-

West Frisian: ta-

Old Saxon: te-, ti-, tō

Middle Low German: to-, tô-

German Low German: to-

Old Dutch: *ti-, *tō

Middle Dutch: te-, toe-

Dutch: (obsolete) te-, toe-

Old High German: zi-, zir-, zar-, zur-

Middle High German: zer-, zur-, zu-

German: zer-, zu-

Yiddish: צע־ (tse-)

Gothic: 𐍄𐍅𐌹𐍃- (twis-)

>? Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐍃- (dis-)

From Proto-Indo-European *dwís. Cognates include Latin dis-, Ancient Greek δίς (dís) and Sanskrit द्वीह् (dvīh).


uz-

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *uʀ-
Old English: or-
Middle English: or-
English: or-
Old Frisian: or-
Saterland Frisian: uur-
West Frisian: oar-
Old Saxon: ur-, or-
Middle Low German: or-
German Low German: oor-
Old Dutch: ur-, or-
Middle Dutch: or-, oor-
Dutch: oor-
Old High German: ur-
Middle High German: ur-
German: ur-
→ English: ur-
→ Dutch: oer-
Yiddish: אור־ (ur-)

Old Norse: ør-

Swedish: ur-

Norwegian Bokmål: ur-

Norwegian Nynorsk: ur-

Danish: ur-

Gothic: 𐌿𐍃- (us-)

From Proto-Indo-European *ud-s- (“up, out”), from Proto-Indo-European *úd (“up, out”); or perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂u-s- (“off, from”), related to Latin au-, Sanskrit अव- (ava-, “off, down”). Etymologically identical with Proto-Germanic *uz (“out, out of”).


fra-

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fra-, *far-, *fur-, *fir-
Old English: for-, fer-, fær-, fier-
Middle English: for-, far-, fer-, vor-, ver-
English: for-
Scots: for-
Old Frisian: for-
Saterland Frisian: fer-
West Frisian: for-, fer-
Old Saxon: far-, fir-, for-
Middle Low German: vor-
Low German: for-, ver-
Old Dutch: far-, for-, fer-
Middle Dutch: ver-
Dutch: ver-
Old High German: far-, fir-
Middle High German: ver-
German: ver-
Yiddish: פֿאַר־ (far-)

Old Norse: for-, fyr-, fir-

Icelandic: for-

Norwegian: for-

Swedish: för-

Danish: for-

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰- (fra-)

From Proto-Indo-European *pro- (“before, in front of”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πρό- (pró-, “in front of”).


anda-

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *anda-
Old English: and-, an-, ond-, on-
English: an-, and-, on-, un-
Old Frisian: *and-, und-, ant-
Saterland Frisian: änt-
West Frisian: unt-, ûnt, ûnd
Old Saxon: and-
Middle Low German: ent-
German Low German: ent-
Old Dutch: ant-
Middle Dutch: ont-, ant-
Dutch: ont-
Afrikaans: ont-
Old High German: ant-, anta-, int-
Middle High German: ent-, -int-, ant-
German: ent-, emp-

Old Norse: and-

Icelandic: and-

Faroese: and-

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰- (anda-), 𐌰𐌽𐌳- (and-)

Vandalic: *and-

From pre-Germanic *h₂entó-, a combining form or allative formation from the Proto-Indo-European root noun *h₂énts. Cognate with Proto-Tocharian *ā́ntë (“in front of”).
Compare Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌳 (and), which may preserve the original preposition *anda (or similar).


missa-

Proto-West Germanic: *missa-, *missī-
Old English: mis-
Middle English: mys-, mes-, mis-
English: mis-
Scots: mis-
Old Frisian: mis-
Saterland Frisian: mis-
West Frisian: mis-
Old Saxon: mis-
Middle Low German: mis-, misse-
German Low German: miss-
Old Dutch: mis-
Middle Dutch: mis-
Dutch: mis-
Afrikaans: mis-
Old High German: missa-, missi-
Middle High German: misse-
German: miss-, mis-
→ Vulgar Latin: *messa-
Old French: mes-
Middle French: mes-
French: més-, mé-
Occitan: mes-

Old Norse: mis-
Icelandic: mis-
Faroese: mis-
Norwegian Bokmål: mis-
Swedish: miss-
Danish: mis-

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌰- (missa-)


idi-

Proto-West Germanic: *id-

Old English: ed-

Middle English: ed-

English: ed- (obsolete)

Old Frisian: et-

Old Saxon: ed-

Middle Low German: ed-

Low German: ett-

Old Dutch: *ed-, *et-

Middle Dutch: et-, at-, ad-

Dutch: et-

Old High German: id-, ida-

Middle High German: ite-

German: it- (obsolete)

Old Norse: ið-, iðja-

Icelandic: ið-

Swedish: id-

Gothic: 𐌹𐌳- (id-)

From an unstressed variety of Proto-Indo-European *éti. Cognate with Latin et.


sēmi-

Proto-West Germanic: *sāmi-, *sām-

Old English: sām-
Middle English: sam-
English: sam

Old Saxon: sām-

Old Dutch: sām-

Old High German: sāmi-

From Proto-Indo-European *sēmi- (“half”). Cognate with Latin sēmi-, Ancient Greek ἡμι- (hēmi-).


tuz-

Proto-West Germanic: *tuʀ-, *toʀ-
Old English: tor-
Old High German: zur-

Old Norse: tor-

Icelandic: tor-

Faroese: tor-

Norwegian Nynorsk: tor-

Swedish: tor- (dialectal)

Gothic: 𐍄𐌿𐌶- (tuz-)

From Proto-Indo-European *dus- (“bad”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δυσ- (dus-).


aba-

Old English: æf-, af-, of-

Old Norse: af-

Faroese: av-

Icelandic: af-

Swedish: av-

Danish: af-

Gothic: 𐌰𐍆- (af-)

From pre-Germanic *h₂epó-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó.


furai-

Proto-West Germanic: *forē-
Old English: fore-
Middle English: fore-, for-
English: fore-
Old Frisian: fore-
Saterland Frisian: foar-
Old Saxon: fora-
German Low German: vör-
Old High German: fora-
German: vor-

Old Norse: fyrir-, fyr-, for-

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰- (faura-)

From the preposition and adverb *furai (“before”).


furi-

Proto-West Germanic: *furi-
Old English: for-, fer-, fær-, fier-
Middle English: for-, far-, fer-, vor-, ver-
English: for-
Scots: for-
Old Frisian: for-
Old Saxon: far-
Middle Low German: ver-
Old Dutch: far-
Middle Dutch: ver-
Dutch: ver-
Old High German: fir-, far-, for-

Old Norse: fyrir-

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂- (faur-)

From the preposition and adverb *furi (“for, in front”).


firi-

Old English: fyr-

Old High German: firi-

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂- (fair-)

From Proto-Indo-European *per(i) (“through, across”), from *per-.

inh

expresses intensive or perfective meaning


unþa-

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *unþa-
Old English: oþ-, ūþ-
Middle English: oth-
Old Frisian: und-, ond-, and-
Saterland Frisian: und-
West Frisian: ûnt-
Old Saxon: and-
Middle Low German: ent-, unt-
German Low German: ent-
Old Dutch: ant-
Middle Dutch: ont-
Dutch: ont-
Old High German: unt-, int-
Middle High German: ent-
German: ent-

q

in 𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 (unþaþliuhan)

>? Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰- (unþa-) (in 𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 (unþaþliuhan))

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂u-nt-, from *h₂ew (“away from, off”).


steupa-

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *steupa-
Old English: stēop-, stēp-
Middle English: steop-, step-, stappe-, ste-
English: step-
Scots: step-
Old Frisian: stiāp-
Saterland Frisian: stäif- (possibly from Low German)
West Frisian: styp-, styf-
Old Saxon: *stiop-
Middle Low German: stiep-, stip-, stêf-, stîf-
German Low German: steev-, steef-
Old Dutch: *stiop-
Middle Dutch: stiep-, stippe-, stief-
Dutch: stief-
Afrikaans: stief-
Old High German: stiof-
Middle High German: stief-
German: stief-

Old Norse: stjúp-

Icelandic: stjúp-

Faroese: stjúk- (?)

Norwegian: styk- (< stjúk-, stýk-)

Swedish: styv- (possibly merged with Low German)

Danish: stiv-, stif-, sted- (through reinterpretation)

From *steupaz (“pushed away; cut off; abandoned; deserted; orphaned”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tew- (“to push”).


uba-

Old High German: ob-, oba-

Old Norse: of-

Gothic: 𐌿𐍆- (uf-)


feþur-

Old English: fiþer-

Old Norse: fer-

Icelandic: fer-

Danish: fjer-

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍂- (fidur-)

From pre-Germanic *kʷétwr̥-, probably resegmented as *kʷétur-, combining form of Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwóres.


wana-

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wana-
Old English: wan-, won-
Middle English: wan-, won-
English: wan-
Scots: wan-
Old Frisian: wan-, won-
Saterland Frisian: won-
West Frisian: wan-
Old Saxon: wan-
Middle Low German: wan-, wān-
German Low German: wahn-
Old Dutch: *wan-
Middle Dutch: wan-, waen-
Dutch: wan-
Old High German: wana-, wan-
Middle High German: wane-, wan-, wān-
German: wahn-

Old Norse: van-
Icelandic: van-
Faroese: van-
Norwegian Nynorsk: van-
Norwegian Bokmål: van-
Swedish: van-
Danish: van-


sama-

Proto-West Germanic: *sama-

Old English: sam-

Old Norse: sam-

Danish: sam-

Faroese: sam-

Icelandic: sam-

Norwegian: sam-

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰- (sama-)


ermun-

Old English: eormen-

Old Norse: jǫrmun-

Old Saxon: irmin-

Old High German: irmin-